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Common Weeds in South Florida Lawns
Weeds are simply defined as plants out of place. Here is a list of the most common weeds that can be found in South Florida lawns.
Get a Free Lawn Care Quote — (305) 267-1426
Get Rid of Weeds with One Two Tree
One Two Tree has specialized assessment and herbicide regiments to rid your property of pesky invasive species of weed. Our dedicated staff works with a regiment of herbicides that specifically target weeds on your property to control the population. This, in conjunction with their fertilization program prevents weeds from germinating and sprouting around well-trimmed lawns. This service also provides 30 day reapplications of fertilizer and insecticide based on necessity.
Bull Thistle – Cirsium vulgare
Bull thistle is a biennial growing into a rosette with large, fleshy, coarsely-toothed spiny leaves. The second year, a woody, flowering stalk produces a few, rose-purple blossoms. Produces less flowers than Canada Thistle but all flowers are fertile.
Quackgrass – Agropyron repens
Blue-green rough bladed perennial reproducing by seed and aggressive rhizomes. Erect stems, leaves rolled in bud, sheaths hairy. Short membranous ligule, large, very prominent clasping auricles. Spike seed head resembling perennial ryegrass. Spreads throughout lawn and from ornamental beds. Very difficult to control.
Broadleaf Plantain: Plantago rugelii Plantago major
A perennial rosette reproducing from seed. Leaves are large, rounded and deeply veined with wavy edges and purple petioles. Seed stems resemble a rat’s tail and support small flowers and seeds. Long tap root, similar to Dandelion, increases plants’ hardiness to stress and herbicides.
Crabgrass – Digitaria sp.
Several species that are true annuals. Peak germination by early summer. Yellow green leaves rolled in the bud with hairy edges, coarse textured, broad collar, membranous liguile and hairy sheath. Blade flat with sharp point. Seed head composed of three to ten finger like racemes or spikes, may appear purple to tan in color. Plant declines after seeding with shorter days. Eliminated by frost. Occurs all over the U.S., although less in the North than.
Dandelion – Taraxacum officnale
Perennial with long tap root produces by seed. Stems short arising from a rosette bearing oblong, lobed, narrow leaves. Large yellow flowers mature into round puffballs full of seed distributed by wind for miles. Mostly germinates during late summer.
Goosegrass – Eleusine indica
Annual forming rosette of flat stems, usually silvery at center. Leaves are folded in the bud with overlapping sheaths. Membranous ligule with sparse hairs on collar. Seed head forms two to ten finger-like spikes, zipper like, much broader than crabgrass. Germinates later than crabgrass. Persists under close mowing, even on putting greens.
Nutsedge : Cvperus esculentus (yellow) Cvperus rotundus (purple)
Also known as nutgrass, but is not a grass. Perennial, reproducing by seeds and nut like tubers on roots. Stems erect triangular. Leaves 3-ranked, narrow, grass-like basal. Seed on un mowed plants arranged in narrow spikelets on umbel like inflorescence. Yellow nutsedge has single fleshy tubers on ends of roots. Purple nutsedge has strings of tubers on wiry rhizomes.
Pennywort: (Dollarweed) Hydrocotvle sp.
A perennial growing from rhizomes, tubers and seed. Erect leaves with scalloped margins on a long petiole in the center of an umbrella like leaf. Found in moist to wet sites. Most common in Transition Zone, South.
Spurge: Euphorbia maculate E. supine
A summer annual that begins germination from seed when soil temperatures reach 85° F and continues all summer long. Small, oval, opposite leaves vary from dark green to red with a brown blotch on the upper surface. Reddish low growing stems, that fan out from the tap root, form a dense mat. Milky sap is sticky. Prolific seed producer, several thousand from one plant. Plant matures in a matter of days in hot weather.
Matchweed – Phyla nodiflora
Matchweed is a mat-forming perennial with opposing leaves on hairy branching stems. Leaves have small teeth at the outer tip. The purple to white flowers emerge around the tip of the seed stalk forming a match-head appearance. Matchweed spreads by both seeds and stolons along prostrate stems.
Where We Serve
Serving the Entire Miami-Dade County
Opa-Locka, Miami Lakes, Miami, Florida, Hialeah, Miami, Miami Shores, North Miami, North Miami Beach, Sunny Isles Beach, Aventura, Bal Harbour, Surfside, Miami Beach, Key Biscayne, Miami Springs, Doral, Coral Gables, Coral Terrace, Westchester, University Park, Pinecrest, South Miami, Glenvar Heights, Sunset, Florida, Kendale Lakes, Kendall West, The Hammocks, The Crossings, Three Lakes, Kendall, West Kendall, Palmetto Bay, Palmetto Estates, Richmond West, Cutler Bay, Homestead
Serving the Entire Broward County
Aventura, Bal Harbor, Bay Harbor Islands, Broward County, Coral Springs, Davie, Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Indian Creek, Miami, Miami Beach, Miami-Dade County, Miami Lakes, Miami Shores, Miami Springs, Miramar, North Bay Village, North Miami, North Miami Beach, Oakland Park, Pembroke Pines, Plantation, Pompano Beach, Southwest Ranches, Star Island, Sunny Isles, Tamarac, Weston
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Panic attacks are becoming more widespread and create very troubling situations for its sufferers. The world’s need for effective treatments has never been higher. Below are some tips that can help you to find relief when treating panic attacks on your own.
Adequate sleep is important, if you are dealing with panic attacks. Lack of sleep can drastically increase the likelihood of suffering an attack, and it can reduce your ability to think clearly and cope with an attack if it does happen. It’s best to aim for at least eight hours of sleep per night!
A little appropriate music can help you head off potential panic attacks before they get rough. Put on some soothing songs and focus on the words and the melody. Your symptoms should subside when you direct your thoughts to something else. Your body should begin to relax and the anxiety dissipate.
Try deep breathing and relaxation exercises when you are having a panic attack. By learning proper deep breathing techniques, you help prevent future panic attacks.
Dealing with anxiety is far more difficult if you have to face it alone. A good support system can help you overcome panic disorders. Friends are meant to be a support structure for you.
Keep in mind that you have experienced this before, and nothing terrible happened. If at all possible, keep in mind that negative thoughts will only exacerbate the condition; find a place of peace within yourself and relax to the best of your ability.
You should find someone to talk with when you feel the stress building, before it gets overwhelming. They will be able to offer comforting words which will help you relax. A hug is also a good option because it releases endorphins and relaxes you. Fellow human touch is very reassuring and can help you to feel calm and safe.
There are many different problems that cause people to have panic attacks The techniques used by the people in different support groups dealing with panic and anxiety, might also work on your panic attacks.
Realizing what triggers start your panic attacks can be vital to stopping them. When something or someone causes you to be distressed, just the anticipation of addressing it can be enough to initiate an attack. You need to express your emotions in a healthy way to avoid a panic attack,
If a child suddenly starts having lots of panic attacks, then you need to talk to them as soon as possible. Panic attacks in children often spring from a serious problem that they do not know how to deal with or ask for help with. Open up a conversation with your child, and let him or her know that he or she can be completely transparent with you.
Anxiety is a common, very real condition that affects people of all ages. Like you, these people deserve every available resource for living with panic attacks. There are different components to consider if you suffer from panic attacks. Follow these suggestions and find your way to curing panic attacks.
For more information on How to Stop Panic Attack, please visit Remedy for Panic Attack
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Definition of a leadership system: The system that connects leaders, and organizes the elements they control with critical relationships, which will produce a desired outcome.
Every organization has a leadership system. It might be a good one or a bad one, but there is a leadership system built into every organization.
In her book, Thinking in Systems, author Donella Meadows writes: “A system is an interconnected set of elements that is coherently organized in a way that achieves something. If you look at that definition closely for a minute, you can see that a system must consist of three kinds of things: elements, interconnections, and a function or purpose.”
A leadership system, therefore, is the theory of systems applied to leadership. Using Meadows definition any leadership system is going to exhibit three component parts – elements, interconnections, and function or purpose.
Elements of a Leadership System can be:
• The leader;
• Organizational Mission;
• The current system;
• The unique product or service being provided; and
• Governance including the regulatory environment.
Interconnections (critical relationships) of a Leadership System can include:
• Reporting structure;
• Core business processes; and
• Customer requirements.
Function or Purpose of a Leadership System may include:
• The customer;
• The way in which the customer will be served; and
• Plan on execution of organizational mission.
Though not immediately recognized, every organization of any size has a leadership system. The question is, does it work? As others, have noted, systems have a way of driving behavior that is not intended. This is probably at least one answer as to why a leader can go from one organization and produce transformational improvement and go to another organization and fail miserably.
In his book, The Power of Habits, author Charles Duhigg tells the story of the Rhode Island Hospital. At the time, it was a leading educational hospital and Level 1 Trauma Center. Its intensive care unit was considered one of the best in the country. It was also a place of feudal fights where nurses were pitted against surgeons and usually lost the battle. Dhuigg tells the true story of an elderly man who was brought in with a Subdural Hematoma. Immediate surgery was necessary. Only the surgeon, ignoring input from nurses in the OR operated on the wrong side of the man’s head. He eventually died. The man was not the last. Within a few months, others died to simple system procedural failure.
The good news is that changes were made. While it might be easy to say, they implemented check lists and other procedural changes, the reality is that they challenged, broke and then changed the entire leadership system. The result was a dramatic drop in errors and a prestigious award for Critical Nursing. Where the old leadership system put the surgeon at the top of the pyramid with virtual unquestionable authority, the new system empowered everyone around the care of the patient. Dhuigg concludes with an example of a routine surgery performed by an experienced and well trained surgeon. Before he started he went through a check list but missed a minor point. In response, the youngest and least experienced nurse pointed out the error which was welcomed by the surgeon.
A leadership system, therefore, is the system that connects leaders, and organizes the elements they control with the critical relationships to produce the desired outcome. With the example of Rhode Island Hospital and the old system, surgeons had enormous and even dictatorial power, which often came at the expense of the nurses. Under the new system, the surgeons (leaders) recognized and organized the nurses as both a critical element and relationship in the care of a patient (desired outcome). The perspective and input of nurses become valuable relationship that would make the whole greater than skill of the individual parts. The result was more intellectual and practical care given to the patient and not less. It was not a matter of surgeons winning or losing power and control. It was the patient receiving the best possible care.
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The introduction of connected intelligence into industrial settings and its integration into “smart cities,” create an unprecedented set of security risks to everyday life. At the summit, this breakthrough group will chart ways to increase the cyber resilience of urban environments on a global basis, looking at ways to improve readiness, responsiveness and reinvention.
Like all large organizations, cities struggle with the basic capabilities and competencies related to cybersecurity of their information, systems, and services. But the bigger challenge may be the cyber resilience of the urban environment. For example, Rotterdam (a member of the 100 Resilient Cities Initiative) published the first cyber resilience strategy for a city. Cyber resilience for cities should improve readiness, responsiveness and reinvention. The last category is perhaps the most challenging. More research and engagement is needed to help advance the understanding of how to define and advance cyber resilience.
This breakthrough group aims at testing two novel ideas as a means to tackle cybersecurity in resilient cities and the Internet of Things. First is the notion that the proliferation of smart, interconnected devices provides an opportunity rather than a threat to cybersecurity. By 2020, over 50 billion devices will be connected to the Internet, forming a network of sensors and collecting essential information about the network environment and the states of their interconnected peers. Rather than assuming these networks of sensors and devices will inevitably be exploited by malicious actors, new technical and organizational arrangements could be designed to harness the collective intelligence of these sensor networks for the purpose of securing and defending the Internet of Things. Second, a shift in the way security is managed may be needed since the sheer number of interconnected devices will make it almost impossible to consistently maintain the security of endpoints. Moving forward, network intermediaries will play a more prominent role in providing cybersecurity. A new model would enhance security at the network level through close collaboration among network providers. Smart cities can be used as a test-bed to experiment with this new approach.
This group also builds on EWI’s past work on critical infrastructure resilience and preparedness, including the use of the international information-sharing platform for sharing best practices for mitigating cyber risk to critical infrastructure.
In partnership with the Industrial Control System Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ICS-ISAC), the Cyberspace Research Institute and Unisys, EWI developed a concept and launched an action-oriented, interactive, community-based platform for international sharing about cyber risk to critical infrastructure and good practices for mitigating risk.
This breakthrough group will chart ways to increase the cyber resilience of urban environments on a global basis, looking at ways to improve readiness, responsiveness and reinvention.
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The breakdown voltage of transformer oil depends on many factors:
(1) The shape and size of the electrode;
(2) The distance between the electrodes;
(5) The characteristics of the applied voltage, the boost speed;
(6) Water, fiber, acid and other impurities.
In engineering practice, the first 5 items are fixed or basically fixed. The actual problems we encounter are all from the sixth item, how to remove the water, fiber and other impurities contained in the oil is the central task of our oil filtration work, what's more, the most difficult to control is the problem of moisture/water contained in transformer oil.
Water in new oil usually appears in three basic states, namely: (1) water deposited on the bottom of the container; (2) dissolved water; (3) water in an emulsified state. For insulating oil with certain characteristics, at a certain temperature, the content of dissolved water and emulsified water is certain, and the excess water will be deposited on the bottom of the container under a long-term static state. If it is not agitated, at room temperature, the water has little effect on the electric strength of the oil. Therefore, sometimes water or oil with a lot of water can be released from the low point of the container, but the insulating oil taken out from the upper and middle part of the container still has a high withstand voltage value. In this way, some of the water directly falls into the oil, and some is formed when the oil is aged and transformed into dissolved water. Therefore, in the qualified insulating oil stored for a long time, the deposited water will also be found.
The deposited water is separated from water and oil in a natural state. Therefore, it should not be mixed back into the oil when filtering the oil. We should make full use of this feature. For example, after a small barrel of new oil arrives, It should be stored vertically. When pumping oil, a part of the residual oil is left at the bottom of the barrel and finally collected together for further filtration. It is best to use oil separately from the dirty oil tank and the oil tank for filtering oil.First, it should be stored in the dirty oil tank for a period of time (not less than 3~5d), and then the oil drain valve from the side (not the bottom) of the dirty oil tank Take it out and pour it into another clean oil tank to recirculate and filter. Leave the deposited water in the dirty oil tank.
Except for the water deposited on the bottom of the container, water mainly exists in the oil as molecularly dissolved water and ultrafine emulsified water. The latter has a fatal effect on the electric strength of the oil. Later when we talk about the water contained in water, it refers specifically to dissolved water and emulsified water.
The moisture content in the oil is closely related to the temperature and the hygroscopicity of the oil itself. The hygroscopicity is also related to the presence of surface active substances and polar substances in the oil. In most cases, these substances refer to the formation after oxidation. Materials, charcoal and naphthenic acid. It should be pointed out that the rate at which oil absorbs water vapor from the air is much faster than direct contact between water and oil. Therefore, when storing and filtering insulating oil, every effort must be made to reduce or avoid direct contact between oil and humid air. Literature data show that when the temperature is 25℃, the water content of oil and air after 30d is more than doubled when the relative humidity is 80% than when the relative humidity is 25%.
When water exists in an emulsified state, the breakdown voltage of the oil will be reduced a lot, and the influence of dissolved water will be less. The ratio of the two states of water in oil is shifted by the temperature of the oil. When the temperature is about 25℃, most of the water is in the emulsified state, so the insulation strength is the lowest. As the temperature increases, the emulsified water will transform to the dissolved state, and the insulation strength will gradually increase, reaching 60℃~65℃ The maximum value, after reaching 80℃, due to the vaporization of water, the insulation strength gradually decreases. The insulating oil used in industry always contains a small amount of water, so it has this characteristic. Only the very dry and pure insulating oil that has been specially treated, its insulating strength is basically not changed with temperature in the range of 20℃~80℃.
It can be seen that, in order to improve the withstand voltage, some test personnel put the test oil cup containing the insulating oil in the drying box for baking. This approach is not correct. It cannot reflect the true situation of the oil because the temperature rises. After high, as the moisture status changes, the oil insulation strength will be significantly improved. The water in the emulsified state cannot be removed by ordinary clarification, filtration and other mechanical methods. This is one of the reasons why the oil filtration can not get a good effect at low temperature, so the oil filtration must be carried out at a higher temperature. The more surface active substances in the oil, the more stable the water in the emulsified state, so the aging of the oil will promote the formation of emulsions, which is not conducive to the improvement of electrical strength.
The content of dissolved water is related to the temperature of the oil. The higher the temperature, the more water is dissolved in the oil. When the temperature decreases, the excess water separates as water droplets, slowly sinks to the bottom, and the temperature dissolves to Go in the oil. Therefore, when the ambient temperature changes day and night, the oil continuously absorbs the water in the air, so that the water left in the oil gradually increases. It can be seen that repeated changes in oil temperature are detrimental to the oil. Generally, when the oil temperature is lowered at night, the humidity in the air is gradually increasing (up to 80% to 100%), so the impact is more significant. Using open-air oil tanks to filter oil, such as when the upper space of the tank is freely connected to the outside air, it is often difficult to improve the insulation strength, which is an important reason.
Therefore, to increase the breakdown voltage of transformer oil, an vacuum transformer oil degassing machine is necessary. Please consult us to know more about transformer oil filtration process.
PureTech Oil Filtration | www.cqpuretech.com
Add：1 Xinmao Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, China
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Australian researchers have found the coronavirus can survive 28 days on glass, currency and stainless steel.
The study was done by Australia's National Science Agency (CSIRO).
It appears to show that in a very controlled environment, the virus remained infectious for longer than other studies have found.
For example, 28 days is much longer than the flu virus can survive.
Researchers said Monday their findings highlight the need for cleaning and hand washing to combat the virus.
Their experiments showed that the virus survived longer in lower temperatures.
And it lasted longer on smooth surfaces than on complex surfaces such as cotton.
All the experiments were done in the dark to remove the impact of ultraviolet light because research has shown direct sunlight can kill the coronavirus.
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Lying on the River Mur, the capital of the federal province of Styria is dominated by the Schlossberg, where there has been a fortress since medieval times. The city owes its name to the latter, ‘Graz’ being derived from gradec, the Slav word for fortress or castle.
Between 1379 and 1463 and again from 1564 to 1619, Graz was the residence of a collateral line of the Habsburg dynasty, a circumstance to which the city owes a number of important architectural monuments.
A Habsburg closely associated with Graz and Styria was Archduke Johann (1782-1859), who fostered the economic and cultural development of the city. The Landesmuseum in Graz, which was started on his initiative, is called the Joanneum in his honour.
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Next fall, students in Fairfax will join a growing movement of innovative science achievement and learning in Virginia. Teachers from Willow Springs Elementary were selected to join a year-long, free professional development project designed to change the way science is taught in schools across the state.
Funded by one of the biggest grants ever awarded by the U.S. Department of Education, the Virginia Initiative for Science Teaching and Achievement (VISTA) teaches teachers how to shift from the traditional lecture-led classroom to problem-based learning. Problem-based learning is about examining “real world” problems and thinking like scientists to find solutions.
Ashley Hart, Michele Panczyszyn and Christine Phalon attended the Elementary Science Institute on the George Mason University campus, which ran from June 26 to July 24. This year’s theme was marine science.
As part of the institute, Fairfax-area students attended a free, two-week camp, which ran July 7 - 18. The embedded student camps give teachers a chance to practice the hands-on approach they are learning.
In addition to the free, four-week program, each teacher receives a $5,000 stipend; $1,000 in teaching resources, science materials, and web content for their classrooms; a master teacher assigned to coach them in the new teaching method throughout the school year; and a trip to the Virginia Association of Science Teachers Professional Development Institute in the fall.
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The essence of Japanese tea ceremony is “the beauty that appears in hospitality.”
The host must put their energy and attention on tea sets to a tea room for a tea ceremony.
Not only the tea room, the path way and the garden have to be welcoming.
Everything in the space and the ceremony itself are all considered as one art form.
The custom to drink tea was in Japan since early 9th century, but it was more for remedy.
In 14th to 15th century, big tea party include gambling was popular and it wasn’t elegant like tea ceremony.
In Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568 to 1603), Sen no Rikyu systematized the tea ceremony that we have today.
It became popular among Bushi.
The experts were particular about their tea cups, so they order made their cups or some of them made by them selves.
That’s how Japanese ceramic industry.
P.S. Please refer to before article “Japanese Traditional Scale Model Garden Set, Chanoyu, Kyoto” too!
This is JAPAN Style!
You should follow me on Twitter HERE.
If the eBay link is dead and you have questions about the item, please contact me here.
JapanStyle will join the Blog Action Day!!! It is an annual event that unites the world’s bloggers in posting about the same issue on the same day.
The aim is to raise awareness and trigger a global discussion.
The theme for 2009 is “Climate Change”. I’ll post some articles about it on 15th, so please visit my Blog!
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Our planet has a date and a target that it cannot miss - 2050. This is when we must achieve NET ZERO, when the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere will be equaled by the amount of gases removed. Carbon dioxide is the key player, which is why reducing our carbon footprint is so critical. While the Industrial Age heralded the rapid development and innovation that has brought us to where we are today, it also brought the unintended consequence of global warming and the resultant climate change. Our best route to hit the 2050 target is to stop using fossil fuels and transition to clean and green energy, such as nuclear and renewables. Much progress has been made in moving to renewable energy, predominantly in wind and solar; the challenge is that these two sources lack the reliability and predictability of old-fashioned coal powered stations. In order to ensure constant and balanced availability of supply, energy storage systems must be added to the grid where wind and solar are used. Such systems will store excess energy when available from the various sources, and then release it when demand exceeds supply.
Exploring the Energy Storage Options
Energy storage is not a new concept and there are various solutions available today for large-scale electricity suppliers and users. However, some of them, such as thermal storage and pumped water schemes are reliant on a region’s geophysical attributes. Thermal solutions require underground caverns for storage of media such as molten salt; and pumped storage is dependent on available water and suitable gradients to generate the energy. There is also the business model where the utility buys back energy from the consumer via net-metering from PV rooftop installations and EVs (electric vehicles). The real game-changer, though, is the Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, currently charging your phone and laptop.
The opportunities of large-scale battery storage are being explored by many municipalities and large industries. Banks of batteries are strategically placed in a storage hub, and can provide immediate back-up power when there is a peak in demand or a dip in supply. This technology has not been utilized before, because the costs were prohibitive, but they are now rapidly declining. The Netherlands has actively been pursuing the possibilities of large-scale battery storage, starting with the Giga Rhino project, a 12 Mw (megawatt) battery concept that was crowdfunded and based in Lelystad, at Wageningen University‘s Test Centre for Renewable Resources. This project has been so successful that a new project, the Giga Buffalo, at six times the scale of Giga Rhino, has recently been announced. The company who brought Giga Rhino from concept to reality and is now proposing the Buffalo is Giga Storage, based in South Amsterdam.
Ruud Nijs, CEO of GIGA Storage: “Storage and control of electricity is crucial for a reliable and affordable energy system. The GIGA Rhino energy storage system is the first step in making it possible to close down coal-fired power stations.”
TU Delft is also active in a wide range of energy-related research, including a large-scale energy storage section. The research is directed at optimization of biomass utilization, conversion of CO2, water and N2 into high-density liquid chemicals for bulk storage, as well as using electrolyzed hydrogen to improve automation in the process industry
Accelerating Universal Access to Meet SDG 7
While large-scale storage enables cities and countries to make a transition from relying on fossil fuels without the uncertainties of renewable energies, small-scale batteries have an important societal role. Although universal access to electricity has shown great strides since 2010, where 1.2 billion people were estimated to live without electricity, in 2019 there were still 759 million people who were excluded, 75% of them who live in Africa. This is only part of the story; there are still 2.6 billion people who use fuels such as firewood, manure, paraffin, and other noxious fuels for cooking, exposing themselves to health risks.
The impact of the pandemic has probably affected any improvement in reducing this figure. It is also highly improbable that countries will be able to provide the necessary grid infrastructure by 2030 to include their underserved citizens, many of whom live in remote areas. A better way has to be found to meet the goals and targets of SDG 7 - “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”.
This is where off-grid solutions come into play. Mini- and microgrids are already being rolled out and changing lives, and batteries for storage and backup are an essential component of these small smart grids. There are several small companies and start-ups that have devoted their energies towards providing microgrid solutions in Africa. Solarworks, based in Rotterdam, have been providing solutions for households and small businesses in Mozambique and Malawi for over a decade now. Zola Electric, who has spread its wings to the US West Coast, and has a footprint in Nigeria, Tanzania, Rwanda, and other countries and has over a million customers, with its head office in Amsterdam.
Managing the risks of Battery Storage
Projects and installations such as Giga Rhino create new safety risks. For example, what happens if a fire breaks out in a factory or industrial complex that has large-scale batteries on site? There is a need to understand how to mitigate large-scale battery risks, and risk management organization DNV will be building a Battery Safety Laboratory at Twente Safety Campus, not that far from the Giga Rhino site. The laboratory will be offering certification and safety testing of batteries, operational root cause analysis of battery events to build knowledge on risks and offer training to fire services on how to work with the hazards of batteries in a fire situation. The intent is to improve existing standards and possibly create new standards for safe battery management.
Alternatives to Lithium
While there are plentiful reserves of Lithium, it has a limited geographic footprint and there are only a few major producers. Over half the reserves are based in and around the southern Andes, with Chile holding the largest reserves. Australia and China are the other major producers. TU Delft has been exploring alternatives to lithium use in batteries, in their unique Batteries Laboratory. While there are probably no short-term alternatives to be forthcoming, there are several options being considered, using magnesium, calcium or zinc. The actual science of how Li-ion batteries perform is still imperfectly understood, and work accomplished in this laboratory will bring improvement to the world of batteries.
A World of Potential
Whether it is understanding how batteries work, upscaling them, or utilizing them to bring electricity and better health to the underserved, there are many opportunities to make a difference working in the energy storage space. The Hague and nearby Delft are a good location for anyone interested in innovating in this space, whether choosing ImpactCity or Yes!Delft as an incubator or accelerator for the next big idea. Ongoing learning in all areas of energy are readily available via TU Delft, either at the 160 hectare campus or online or one of the many alternatives available, such as EDx. Many start-ups relocate from their own countries to the Netherlands because of the enabling environment and the ease of finding impact investors, especially if they are working in the new energy space.
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Originally Posted: eSchoolNews
“No significant learning occurs without a significant relationship.” This quote from Dr. James P. Comer highlights the importance of strong teacher-student connections and the key role that teaching with empathy plays in the classroom.
Our charge as educators is to transition back to school as a positive opportunity for all students and foster a healthy mindset for ourselves, our colleagues, and our families. In their work with teachers, the presenters have embraced the importance of relationships in the classroom to ensure a healthy learning community.
Teaching with empathy is the key that unlocks authentic connections with each student to foster their sense of belonging and engagement regardless of their learning environment.
By inviting students to share unique perspectives and developing an empathetic lens, educators can strengthen teacher-student relationships and ensure that all students are engaged and connected to their learning. Students will only share their unique perspectives in environments where they feel safe.
Robert Letcher, Founder of EdGenuis, says it is imperative that students feel valued, respected, and cared about, whether in a face-to-face or online learning environment. This empathy-driven approach to building relationships is evident in classrooms where both teachers and students share their life experiences and understand each other’s differences.
Rachel Jorgensen, Coordinator of Work-Based Learning for the Anoka-Hennepin School District (MN), points out that students are coming into our learning community with unique needs. All of their actions and communications are attempts to have those needs met. The presenters agreed that healthier classroom communities happen when educators develop curricula and lessons through the lens of what their students might need and how to meet those needs.
The challenge is that we, as educators, often assume that students live the lives that we lived as children.
Teaching with empathy means being aware of how students’ own cultures, lives, and families have affected them.
How children are brought up in their culture impacts their ability to learn, experience content, and master understanding. Only by utilizing a universal design strategy of providing multiple manners in which content is delivered can students connect with and understand the content.
Teaching with empathy during a distance-learning or hybrid instructional situation includes providing empathy towards both students and parents. During this pandemic, parents are stressed in online learning and can be the weak link if left out of the educational process. Connecting to families, providing training, and being conscious of home situations can ensure healthy relationships.
The presenters emphasized that at this moment in time, with everything students are experiencing and everything going on in the world, placing connection in front of content is a very productive choice for educators to make.
Jorgensen recommends that educators prioritize the curriculum, determine what is essential right now, and introduce non-essential content when all students are back in the face-to-face learning environment. An empathetic educator would give themselves a permission slip to be flexible and make adjustments and prioritize.
There are steps that educators can do now to ensure that they are teaching with empathy. In a safe environment, ask questions and engage in active learning that invites students to share thoughts and experiences about themselves. Pre-reflect on lessons to consider all learners with diverse perspectives, needs, and resources, and ensure a balance of content and connections. Reflect after each lesson to assess their understanding of student perspectives and determine where adjustments are needed to ensure student connections. Offer avenues for students to provide feedback on lessons—and welcome it!
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By Dorinda Elliott
It’s a truth universally acknowledged: the more an economy develops, the more energy it uses. But just because it’s true doesn’t make it any less disturbing, especially in the face of global climate change. And so when Elizabeth Moyer, associate professor of atmospheric science at the University of Chicago, launched the discussion at a US-China climate forum at the University of Chicago with a chart illustrating the economic development trajectory of most of the world’s countries over the past hundred years, she sent a sobering message. The clustered dots went up and up and up, reflecting ever-growing energy use.
That chart does not bode well for the future, particularly given China’s ambitions: as China climbs the prosperity ladder, even despite the best of intentions the country may have to conserve energy use, its energy consumption will continue to grow. More importantly, what if China’s energy consumption continues to rely on carbon-emitting coal, which accounts for 80 percent of its total electricity? Moyers showed more slides illustrating a dramatic impact on climate, causing rising seas and ultimately, devastation for China’s low-lying coastal cities. “We aren’t going to conserve our way out of this,” Moyer said. “We are going to have to find more sources of energy.”
The discussions and presentations by American and Chinese experts speaking at the U.S.-China Forum on May 19, co-sponsored by the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, the Paulson Institute and the China-US Exchange Foundation, couldn’t be more urgent. The scholars agreed on the need for the United States and China—experts, government and business leaders alike—to work together to tackle energy challenges and the economic transformation that fighting climate change will require. They noted that the US-China climate agreement signed in November 2014, in which China committed to peak its carbon emissions by 2030, represents a significant step forward: it signaled a new willingness on the part of China to work with the United States and perhaps even set a model for other nations to follow.
At the conference, Michael Greenstone, a leading economist and director of EPIC, presented his groundbreaking research on the health impact of carbon emissions in China. He has studied life expectancy North and South of China’s Huai River, which demarcates the dividing line for consumption of coal-fueled heat in China. (There is no government-supplied free heating South of the Huai River.) According to Greenstone’s research, people living North of the river live 5 fewer years than people to the South. “The world needs to strike a balance between development and the need to protect the environment,” Greenstone said. “The price of energy should reflect the damage it causes in terms of health and climate.”
Wang Litao, an expert on air pollution at the Hebei University of Engineering, mapped out China’s aggressive targets for reducing air pollution (PM2 fine particle emissions)—25 percent for the Beijing/Tianjin/Hebei region, 20 percent for the greater Shanghai region and 15 percent for the Guangdong Pearl River Delta region by 2017. There is some progress already, she noted. Handan (Wang’s home town), which is one of the most polluted cities in China, saw a 17.5 percent reduction in PM2 emissions in 2014, largely because the government shut down a number of inefficient, small coal-fired plants. “I’m optimistic, because of the very strict actions taken by local and central government,” Wang said.
How will China achieve its ambitious targets? Zou Ji, one of China’s leading climate experts and the deputy director general of the National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation, said that China is working on many fronts, from developing new technologies to pushing for low-carbon urbanization, as some 300 million rural residents will move to the cities in the next few decades. But in the meantime, Zou said, China can’t shut down its coal-fired power plants, which for now are crucial for economic growth. He added that “China has the most advanced coal-fired technology,” with emissions, he said, comparable to that of natural gas. “We need to design the right strategy,” he said. “A change of value judgment will help China.” In other words, China somehow has to drive toward less individual energy consumption, not more.
That may not be easy, according to Pew Research presented by Dali Yang, professor of political science at University of Chicago. According to the survey, the environment doesn’t even rank second, third or fourth as a top complaint among Chinese citizens. (The rich-poor divide and corruption are the two top concerns.) Yang pointed out a generational shift, however, with more 17-29 year olds caring more about the environment across income groups than older age groups.
The morning session closed out with a wide-ranging conversation about China between Greenstone and Hank Paulson, chairman of the Paulson Institute and former Secretary of the US Treasury, who noted that the Paulson Institute is working on sustainable urbanization and climate change and air quality projects on the ground in China. “I believe that the US-China relationship is the most important in the world,” said Paulson. “We have plenty of differences, but a lot of shared interests, such as climate, and it’s harder to make progress on the areas where we have shared interests if we are not cooperating with each other.” Paulson called the recent US-China climate agreement “remarkable,” adding that “the biggest environmental and economic risk facing the world is climate change. The leaders in China are very committed to this.”
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Question: How can long-term monitoring of hydrological and ecological parameters support management strategies aimed towards wetland restoration and re-creation in a complex hydrological system?
Location: Newham Bog National Nature Reserve, Northumberland, UK, a site with a long history of active management, and recorded as drought-sensitive over the last 100 years.
Methods: Water level readings are correlated with longer-term hydrological databases, and these data related to vegetation data collected intermittently over a 12 year period. Two analyses are undertaken: (1) a composite DCA analysis of 1993 and 2002 survey data to assess plant community transitions within the wetland and over time, and (2) analysis of recent vegetation data to explore wider vegetation gradients. This allows (3) communities to be classified using NVC classes and (4) integrated with revised Ellenberg F-values.
Results: Drought impact and subsequent hydrological recovery over a 22-year period are quantified. Vegetation data display strong moisture and successional gradients. Analysis shows a shift from grassland communities toward mire communities across much of the site.
Conclusion: The site is regionally unique in that it has a detailed long-term monitoring record. Hydrological data and vegetation survey have allowed the impact of the most recent ‘groundwater’ drought (1989–1997) to be quantified. This information on system resilience, combined with eco-hydrological analyses of plant community-water regime/quality relationships, provide a basis for recommendations concerning conservation and restoration.
Nomenclature: Tutin et al. (1992).
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Today is Friday, April 26, the 116th day of 2002 with 249 to follow.
This is Arbor Day.
The moon is full.
There are no morning stars.
The evening stars are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
Those born on this date are under the sign of Taurus. They include naturalist John James Audubon in 1785; landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1822; author Anita Loos in 1893; Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's deputy, in 1894; inventor Charles Richter, responsible for the Richter Scale of earthquake measurement, in 1900; novelist Bernard Malamud in 1914; architect I.M. Pei in 1917 (age 85); actress/comedian Carol Burnett in 1936 (age 66); influential pop guitarist Duane Eddy in 1938 (age 64); pop singer Bobby Rydell in 1942 (age 60); and actors Giancarlo Esposito in 1958 (age 44) and Kevin James in 1965 (age 35).
On this day in history:
In 1607, the first British colonists to establish a permanent settlement in America landed at Cape Henry, Va.
In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, German-made planes destroyed the Basque town of Guernica, Spain.
In 1986, a fire at the Soviet Union's Chernobyl nuclear reactor north of Kiev resulted in the world's worst nuclear disaster.
In 1988, the Pennsylvania primary vote assured George Bush of the Republican presidential nomination.
In 1990, New York's highest court awarded the America's Cup to the United States, ruling the San Diego Yacht Club did not cheat by racing a catamaran against an inherently slower New Zealand monohull boat.
In 1992, powerful aftershocks rattled Northern California following a 6.9 earthquake that injured at least 65 people.
In 1993, a domestic Indian airliner slammed into parked truck during takeoff and crashed near the western city of Aurangabad, killing at least 55 of the 118 people aboard.
Also in 1993, gunmen seized the Costa Rica Supreme Court, holding 17 judges and five other people hostage. The standoff ended three days later when the assailants freed their hostages and were captured en route to the airport.
Also in 1993, the U.S. Holocaust Museum opened in Washington, D.C.
In 1994, South Africans began going to the polls in the country's first election that was open to all. Four days of voting would elect Nelson Mandela president.
In 1996, an auction of the belongings of Jackie Onassis yielded $34 million, about seven times what Sotheby's auction house had estimated.
A thought for the day: "The best proof of love is trust." Dr. Joyce Brothers said that.
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Friday, 20 May 2011
Anglo-Saxon Runes, The Futhorc
The Futhorc runes, descended from the Elder Futhark, are what was used as a written language in pre-christian England. It shares the runes of the Elder Futhark, but has extra to cover the new phonetic sounds on the Old English spoken language. In total there are 33 Futhorc runes. The runes came to Britain around the third century AD.
The Runes were seen as having the ability to impart magickal properties, using the runes in the correct order was to create a spell...which is why the act to spell, putting letters in the right order for words, shares the same word as spell in a magickal sense.
The Anglo-Saxon, Futhorc runes, are described in the Rune Poem, each verse dealing with each individual rune, in order. The verses give a small insight into the meaning of the rune, which along with it's name, will give the diviner its true meaning. In the poem, each rune is taken in order, and has three lines describing it's power. Taking those line, and the translated name of the rune, enables you to build up the full meaning of that rune, calling up the knowledge from the depths of your subconscious.
One method of using these runes with a magickal intent is to create a bind rune - the overlaying of two or three runes to create a new sigil. These can be practical bindrunes, with a specific intent, or personal, using the maker's initials to increase personal power.
A charm can be created by taking the phonetic sounds of each rune and recreating a word or sentence. This would be the art of Galdor, and each charm could be chanted.
They were also used in a practical form, simply as a way of making a mark. It's not unknown for a runestone to be inscribed with the equivalent of "I woz ere".
And, of course, there's the divinatory aspect. Unlike today, divination wasn't the main use of the runes for the Anglo-Saxons. Though there are desciptions of the runes being used in this way.
Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
Wealth is a comfort to all men;
yet must every man bestow it freely,
if he wish to gain honour in the sight of the Lord.
The aurochs is proud and has great horns;
it is a very savage beast and fights with its horns;
a great ranger of the moors, it is a creature of mettle.
The thorn is exceedingly sharp,
an evil thing for any knight to touch,
uncommonly severe on all who sit among them.
The mouth is the source of all language,
a pillar of wisdom and a comfort to wise men,
a blessing and a joy to every knight.
Riding seems easy to every warrior while he is indoors
and very courageous to him who traverses the high-roads
on the back of a stout horse.
The torch is known to every living man by its pale, bright flame;
it always burns where princes sit within.
Generosity brings credit and honour, which support one's dignity;
it furnishes help and subsistence
to all broken men who are devoid of aught else.
Bliss he enjoys who knows not suffering, sorrow nor anxiety,
and has prosperity and happiness and a good enough house.
Hail is the whitest of grain;
it is whirled from the vault of heaven
and is tossed about by gusts of wind
and then it melts into water.
Trouble is oppressive to the heart;
yet often it proves a source of help and salvation
to the children of men, to everyone who heeds it betimes.
Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery;
it glistens as clear as glass and most like to gems;
it is a floor wrought by the frost, fair to look upon.
Summer is a joy to men, when God, the holy King of Heaven,
suffers the earth to bring forth shining fruits
for rich and poor alike.
The yew is a tree with rough bark,
hard and fast in the earth, supported by its roots,
a guardian of flame and a joy upon an estate.
Peorth is a source of recreation and amusement to the great,
where warriors sit blithely together in the banqueting-hall.
The Eolh-sedge is mostly to be found in a marsh;
it grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound,
covering with blood every warrior who touches it.
The sun is ever a joy in the hopes of seafarers
when they journey away over the fishes' bath,
until the courser of the deep bears them to land.
Tiw is a guiding star; well does it keep faith with princes;
it is ever on its course over the mists of night and never fails.
The poplar bears no fruit; yet without seed it brings forth suckers,
for it is generated from its leaves.
Splendid are its branches and gloriously adorned
its lofty crown which reaches to the skies.
The horse is a joy to princes in the presence of warriors.
A steed in the pride of its hoofs,
when rich men on horseback bandy words about it;
and it is ever a source of comfort to the restless.
The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen;
yet every man is doomed to fail his fellow,
since the Lord by his decree will commit the vile carrion to the earth.
The ocean seems interminable to men,
if they venture on the rolling bark
and the waves of the sea terrify them
and the courser of the deep heed not its bridle.
Ing was first seen by men among the East-Danes,
till, followed by his chariot,
he departed eastwards over the waves.
So the Heardingas named the hero.
An estate is very dear to every man,
if he can enjoy there in his house
whatever is right and proper in constant prosperity.
Day, the glorious light of the Creator, is sent by the Lord;
it is beloved of men, a source of hope and happiness to rich and poor,
and of service to all.
The oak fattens the flesh of pigs for the children of men.
Often it traverses the gannet's bath,
and the ocean proves whether the oak keeps faith
in honourable fashion.
The ash is exceedingly high and precious to men.
With its sturdy trunk it offers a stubborn resistance,
though attacked by many a man.
Yr is a source of joy and honour to every prince and knight;
it looks well on a horse and is a reliable equipment for a journey.
Iar is a river fish and yet it always feeds on land;
it has a fair abode encompassed by water, where it lives in happiness.
The grave is horrible to every knight,
when the corpse quickly begins to cool
and is laid in the bosom of the dark earth.
Prosperity declines, happiness passes away
and covenants are broken.
Love and hugs
Picture: from 7th century Franks Casket, depicting the Germanic legend of Weyland Smith and containing a riddle in Anglo-Saxon runes. Wikipedia.
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- Last Updated on Wednesday, 01 August 2012 14:19
- Published on Wednesday, 01 August 2012 14:19
- Hits: 1316
Editor’s Note: In the year 1906, British Adm. Sir Jackie Fisher launched a revolutionary new type of a naval surface combat ship, reflective of his personal coat of arms motto: “Fear God and Dread Nought!” The new ship would become known as HMS Dreadnought, the world’s first modern naval battleship, and it brought about the world’s first arms race.
When HMS Dreadnought was built the U.S. Navy’s proving ground for large caliber naval weapons was at Indian Head, Md. Built in 1898, Indian Head was relatively new at the time of Dreadnought. But, as the new British battleship began eclipsing all known records for long gun accuracy in the first decade of the 20th Century and rendering the rest of the world’s navies obsolete, it was soon realized that Indian Head was insufficient to support the longer ranges of the new weaponry that modern battleships would now have to have. A new naval gun range would be needed.
It just so happened that a long stretch of fairly straight Potomac River existed approximately 20 miles downriver from Indian Head. It was located in King George County, and, when it was first built in 1918, it became known as “the Lower Station” of Indian Head.
Then, when test firing got under way in earnest and the war clouds of the First World War began threatening the shores of America, it became more familiarly known as “Dahlgren” to honor Rear Adm. John Adolphus Dahlgren, the acknowledged “Father of Modern Naval Ordnance.”
Flash forward 94 years of today as the drive for a museum to honor nearly a century of scientific technology, invention, and innovation was formally launched last week.
The museum, much like Fisher’s vision of his HMS Dreadnought, will serve to underscore the products of engineering; some of the finest that this nation has ever produced. And much of that engineering came from the minds of the women who served Dahlgren through the years.
At the official inaugural of the Dahlgren Heritage Museum, held at the Dahlgren campus of the University of Mary Washington, four of those women reflected on that service before an audience of more than 200 attendees who came to hear about their experiences.
Gladys West led off the panel of the four that highlighted the evening’s focus: “Women in Science and Technology at Dahlgren.” West came to Dahlgren in 1956. She had just graduated from Virginia State University and had originally set her sights on a career as a math and science teacher.
“I did well in high school in my classes,” West explained, “and an adviser encouraged me to go into math and science...I was teaching in Martinsville but I always had wanted a higher paying job and when I got feelers from Dahlgren I came down. It was closer to home as I’m from the country and Dahlgren was very rural and I found Dahlgren delightful.”
West went on to marry here and raise a family while at the same time working on what was then one of the nation’s first super computers, the Naval Ordnance Relay Calculator or NORC. She also helped pioneer what was later to become the Global Positioning System and later earned a doctorate degree in public administration.
Next up on the panel was Ann Swope, at Dahlgren since 1981. Swope came up through Dahlgren’s co-op plan, beginning as an environmental scientist and ending up as current chief of staff at the base’s largest tenant activity, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division.
“I was hired over the phone,” Swope remembered, adding that she came from a family steeped in biological science but stressed that she “didn’t want to go into med school” because of the hours demanded of doctors.
“When I got here I was the only female in my building and there was only one restroom,” Swope said, “and I discovered immediately that it was a men’s room! Thankfully I was able to use another one across the road.”
Also awkwardly discovering a male-dominated environment was Dawn Murphy.
Murphy, who came to Dahlgren in 1983 as a computer scientist supporting the backbone of the Navy’s surface combatants, the Aegis fleet, found herself the lone woman on an Aegis cruiser.
“I ended up in the admiral’s quarters,” she said. “It was a great week...I had my own facilities and my own room!”
Cynthia Holland anchored the panel and spoke about her job on the base’s current premier project, the Navy’s experimental electromagnetic railgun, while at the same time holding down her other job, that of a full-time mom.
“I’ve been a naval officer and lived in science...basically, I’ve been a nerd my entire life,” she said. “Ninety percent of the challenges I’ve faced have nothing to do with my gender the other 10 percent do because they are maternity issues. But I’ve found this place really supportive and helped me be a good engineer as well as a good mommy.”
The evening, hosted by the museum’s foundation, was emceed by Ed Jones, editor of Fredericksburg’s Free Lance-Star newspaper and president of the Dahlgren Heritage Foundation.
Jones, the son of a Dahlgren engineer and a graduate of Harvard University, grew up on the base and was educated through primary schooling at the Dahlgren School, which he has often described as the cornerstone of his learning experience.
Jones, along with several other advocates, started brainstorming for a Dahlgren museum two years ago and noted “when we began we had the key question: ‘Is there enough support in this community for a museum?’
“Looking out over this gathering of more than 200 people tonight the answer is a resounding ‘Yes’!” he said in declaring the museum “open for business.”
Thus far, the museum’s foundation has collected approximately $140,000 in various kinds of donations. Its goal is to raise a total of $1,500,000 to operate the facility, which will be located at the former King George welcome center off U.S. 301 at the foot of the Harry Nice bridge.
The U.S. Navy will donate several obsolete cruiser and destroyer gun barrels and carriages to enhance the building. Additionally, the museum will feature a panoply of Dahlgren historical items that were built for the Navy.
Such items might include the famed Norden bombsight, static displays of guided missiles and remote controlled airplanes, possibly notes on the triggering device for the first atomic bomb, plus parts of the world’s first computers.
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At the physician’s office, a 30 year old male named Alex came in because of headaches and dizziness for the past few months. He also often stumbles while walking and recently fell down the stairs. His past medical history is insignificant. MRI of the brain and spinal cord shows herniation of the cerebellar tonsils.
Next to Alex, there’s a mother with her 4 years old child named Evi who had recurrent urinary tract infections. Evi was born with leg paralysis and leg deformities. Clinical examination reveals a mass on her lower back.
All right, both of them have a congenital neurological malformation, which occurs when there’s a primary defect in the developmental process of the nervous system. These conditions appear as the baby develops in utero and can vary in severity and presentation, ultimately impacting the infant's health, development, and survival. The most high yield neurological malformations are neural tube defects, posterior fossa malformations, syringomyelia, and holoprosencephaly.
Okay, let’s take a closer look at these disorders, starting with neural tube defects, or NTDs, which include spina bifida and anencephaly. They’re relatively common anomalies that develop when a portion of the neural tube - the precursor of the central nervous system- fails to close as it should during the fourth week of gestation. When the posterior neuropore doesn’t close well, the baby is born with spina bifida, which is Latin for “split spine”. But when the anterior neuropore doesn’t close properly, the forebrain fails to develop, and the baby is born with anencephaly or absence of a major portion of the brain and the skull. In spina bifida, there’s incomplete closure of the vertebrae and membranes of the spinal cord.
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It Argumentative analysis thesis a vital role in shaping the views and positions of the younger generation. Point 3 Now select a point and argue for and against it. Assumptions are a common ground for all arguments. For example, this thesis statement presents no argument for reader to ponder: Never ignore the instructions given by your tutor, as your grade depends much on how you managed to meet all the requirements set.
Introductory Paragraph Start your introduction with an interesting "hook" to reel your reader in. What reasons do I have in favor of my claim? The thesis statement model used in this example is a thesis with reasons. This should be an argument for the opposing view that you admit has some merit, even if you do not agree with the overall viewpoint.
Sample Thesis Statement Parents should regulate the amount of television their children watch. The thesis statement you aim to backup.
The mass media, including TV, radio, and newspapers influences people greatly especially younger generation. Generally, an argument consists of 2 components: Conclude the analysis with the discussion of your strongest point or with a short discussion of the subject matter as it pertains to your thesis.
Any essay type or topic Professional writers. General Argumentative Thesis Statements When writing an argumentative essay, a clear and defined thesis statement should explain why the topic is important and why readers should care. Cite reliable, current references.
Cite this Article A tool to create a citation to reference this article Cite this Article. Also look for erroneous facts, omissions of facts that you know should be there, and data that is dated or taken out of context. The first sentence of the second body paragraph should reflect an even stronger Assertion to support the thesis statement.
Generally, the second point listed in the thesis statement should be developed here. Explain what the evidence means.Thesis argumentative essay, - Thesis statement informal outline worksheet.
Rest assured that you will be assigned a pro in the field of your study. Moreover, all of our experts are familiar with reference styles and formatting.
How to Write a Comparative Analysis. Throughout your academic career, you'll be asked to write papers in which you compare and contrast two things: two texts, two theories, two historical figures, two scientific processes, and so on. As in any argumentative paper, your thesis statement will convey the gist of your argument, which.
Open your analysis with a paragraph that ends with your own thesis, either agreeing or disagreeing with the other person's thesis. Address the argument point by point. Do so in the same order in which the author or speaker presented his points.
Argument Essay #4. Click Here to View Essay "A Deadly Tradition" (PDF Document) Sample Argument Essay #5. Click Here to View Essay "Society Begins at Home" (PDF Document) Sample Argument Essay #6. THESIS STATEMENTS IN LITERARY ANALYSIS PAPERS *The thesis statement is one of the *A thesis statement is usually, but can be more than, one sentence long.
An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific.
THESIS GENERATOR. Thesis Statement Guide Development Tool. Follow the steps below to formulate a thesis statement. All cells must contain text. 1. State your topic. At the end of the introduction, you will present your thesis statement. The thesis statement model used in this example is a thesis with reasons.
Even though television can be.Download
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Alkalinity. You need it. Your body craves it. In order to enjoy optimal, immune boosting health, free from disease, inflammation, diabetes, cancer (YIKES) — you should maintain a slightly alkaline pH level, specifically, 7.365 on the pH scale of 0-14, 7 being neutral.
Our bodies work really hard to maintain itself within this small window. The more acidic our diet and lifestyle, the more we work against our body’s efforts. In turn, we leave ourselves feeling tired and our immune systems vulnerable to disease.
How did you get here in your acidic world? It’s your lifestyle.
What does that mean?
Our Standard American Diet, or SAD (appropriate initials!), is a major factor of acidity. It is a diet full of processed, highly acidic foods and drink, i.e. sodas, chips, sweets, fast food, DAIRY, alcohol, grains, heavy amounts of animal protein and SUGAR. When acidic foods are digested, an acidic residue is left behind. When too much acidic ash accumulates, it damages cells and tissues and robs the body of key minerals that help keep inflammation in check.
Constant stress and negative emotions are acidic culprits too. Emotions can have a greater impact on our blood and physical health than our food!
A lack of consistent exercise stagnates the body’s circulatory system. Oxygen through your cells is cleansing and alkalizing. Just do it.
These things increase acidity and inflammation in your body and causes major disruption to your system. So what do you do?
Four simple steps to alkalinity:
- More Water. Back this up with 32 oz of clean, filtered water each morning and you will be very pleasantly surprised by the way you feel. An easy way to make your water more alkaline is to add a little lemon or cucumber to filtered water. It’s weird because lemons, while acidic in your mouth (and on your teeth), are extremely alkaline when digested.
- More Greens, less sugar. A whole foods, plant based diet is the key to an alkaline system. Make 80% of your diet alkaline foods. Fresh vegetables, salads, leafy greens, omega oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains. Crowd out the bad with the good, then begin to cut and eliminate the bad. Think GREEN and whole foods with high nutritional value. And as always, NO artificial sweeteners—toxic, toxic, toxic. Check out this amazing chart.
- More Exercise. Essential because it pumps our blood and lymph around the body to remove wastes and helps deliver oxygen to cells for necessary functioning. Deep breathing can be hugely beneficial as it also controls stress and negative emotions.
- Supplements. Not the first solution, but part of the big puzzle – Utimate Omega 3s and probiotics.
Even if you just add three extra greens a day, morning water consumption and 15 minutes of daily exercise, you could feel a huge difference!
The big solution lies in creating a lifestyle where food, stress management and a mindful exercise practice all contribute to your optimal health. So dive in! What are you waiting for?
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Pictures may 'tell a thousand words,' but in today's megapixelated world of digital images, sorting and identifying them will be made much simpler through the work of EECS assistant professor Antonio Torralba and colleagues in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, CSAIL.
Torralba and his team have been developing very short codes or numerical representations that can be derived from individual images to enable automated cataloging of the billions of images on the Internet. Current to future applications of this work range from automatic indexing of digital images through downloadable software to making true machine vision possible in the future enabling robots to make sense of visual (numeric) data from their cameras and use this to locate themselves.
Specifically, Torralba's image data system will provide representation of a set of 12.9 million images from the Internet with just 600 megabytes of data--now available online and small enough to fit in the RAM memory of most current PCs and/or stored on a memory stick. In addition the software to enable searches of the database are being made universally available online. And the searches can be done in less than a second!
The key to Torralba's system is keeping the amount of data per image extremely small--a feature that does not prevent recognition and sorting--yet speeds the process. In addition, the system does not require break down of images into discrete sections as do many other current methods.
Torralba will be presenting his latest findings next month at the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2008, being held in Alaska. He has collaborated in this work with Rob Fergus at the Courant Institute in New York University and Yair Weiss from Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Torralba's work has been supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
Read more about this work in the MIT News Office article of May 21, 2008.
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Although they may be cheap, lentils are very nutritious, filling and very flavorful. From a nutritional standpoint, they are rich in fiber and in iron and are, consequently, ideal for people suffering from anemia.
Lentils have been a source of sustenance for our ancestors since prehistoric times and lentil artifacts have been found on archeological digs dating back 8,000 years. As a plentiful source of protein, lentils were found on the tables of peasants and kings alike and the poor, who could not afford fish during the season of Lent, substituted lentils.
Thought to have originated in the Near East and/or the Mediterranean area, lentils are small disks resembling a flat baby pea. When halved, dried lentils resemble their split pea cousins. They grow two to a pod and are dried after harvesting.
In Italy two major types of lentils are grown: the hiemal strain matures in late summer and produces larger seeds that are more delicate in flavor, whereas the minus strain matures in the spring and has smaller seeds.
In addition to playing an important role in soups and other first course dishes, lentils are a traditional Italian accompaniment for sausages. Lentils are served on New Year’s Day in Italy because their shape brings to mind tiny coins and people eat them in the hope that they won’t want for cash during the rest of the year.
There are hundreds of varieties of lentils, with as many as fifty or more cultivated for food. They come in a variety of colors with red, brown and green being the most popular. Lentils have an earthy, nutty flavor and some varieties have a slight peppery taste.
Select lentils that are dry, firm, clean and not shriveled. The color of lentils you choose will depend on your usage, but in general, the color should be fairly uniform. Canned lentils are also available, but it is just as easy to cook your own.
If your recipe calls for a lentil that will retain its shape when done, common brown lentils are the usual choice. Brown lentils still have their seed coat and have not been split. Most red, yellow and orange lentils tend to disintegrate with long cooking because the hulls have been removed. Slightly sweet in flavor, these are best reserved for pureed soups or stew thickeners. Other choices include French lentils which are olive-green and slate-colored. These will cook up the firmest. Persian green lentils will turn brown as they cook and become tender while still retaining their shape. Considered the most flavorful (and most expensive) are the French Puy lentils, which also retain their shape.
You may be able to find lentil flour in some specialty markets. It is used in India to make a fermented dough for bread.
Dried lentils have an indefinite shelf-life, yet another reason why our ancestors kept them as a staple food. With age, the color may fade a bit, but the flavor will not deteriorate. Store lentils in a sealed package or airtight container in a cool, dry place.
Cooked lentils may be refrigerated up to one week in a sealed container. Cooked lentils may also be frozen up to six months. However, they may fall apart when reheated, if not handled gently.
These measures will help you determine how many lentils you need for your recipe.
• 1 cup dry lentils = 2-1/2 cups cooked
• 1 pound dried lentils = 2-1/4 cups dry
• 1 pound dried lentils = 4 servings
• 1 pound dried lentils = 5 cups cooked
Lentils are a natural in soups and stews and also make a great cold salad. The high protein content in lentils makes them an excellent meat substitute.
Lentils need no pre-soaking and cook much more quickly than other dried legumes. To cook lentils, simply pick over to remove debris or shriveled lentils, rinse and drain. Cover with water or broth and boil for 2 to 3 minutes. Reduce heat and simmer until tender. Depending on the variety and age, cooking time may take anywhere from 10 minutes to 1 hour. Add salt once the lentils are completely cooked. Acidic ingredients such as wine or tomatoes can lengthen cooking time. You may wish to add these ingredients after the lentils have become tender. Older lentils will take longer to cook because they have lost more moisture. Do not mix newly purchased lentils with old ones. They will cook unevenly.
Lentil and Herb Salad
Lentils are popular across Italy, where they are grown in Umbria in the north and Puglia and Sicily in the south. Technically not a “bean,” lentils are legumes. Unlike beans, lentils require no soaking, so this salad is quick and easy to prepare. Serve as a side salad or add a cup of diced mozzarella and it makes a light main dish.
- 1 cup dried lentils
- 1/2 cup finely chopped red onion
- 2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley
- 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh basil
- 1 tablespoon thyme leaves
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
- 3 tablespoons red wine vinegar
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
Place lentils in a large saucepan. Cover with water to 2 inches above lentils; bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer 30 minutes or until tender. Drain well.
Place lentils in a large bowl. Stir in onion and next 4 ingredients (through pepper). Add vinegar and oil; toss well. Serve at room temperature.
Italian Lentil Soup with Rice and Spinach
- 1 cup (200 g) short-grained rice
- 1 cup (200 g) lentils
- 1 bunch spinach, washed and cut into strips
- 2 cloves garlic
- One whole onion
- 1 rib celery, cut in half
- 1 cup plain tomato sauce
- 4 tablespoons olive oil
- Salt and pepper to taste
Rinse the lentils and cook them for 30-45 minutes in 2 quarts of water with the onion and celery. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Remove the lentils with a slotted spoon and strain the broth, discarding the celery. Reserve the broth and onion separately.
Slice the onion and sauté it with the oil and the garlic for 3 minutes; add the tomato sauce and cook 2 minutes more. Add the lentils, the spinach and the lentil broth. When the soup comes to a boil add the rice and cook, stirring occasionally, until it is done, about 15 minutes. Adjust seasoning.
Lentils with Italian Sausage
- 1 pound dry lentils
- Cold water
- 2 pounds fresh italian sausage, sweet or hot
- 3 cups homemade or low sodium canned chicken broth
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- 1 small onion, finely chopped
- 1 rib celery, finely chopped
- 1 carrot, finely chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, finely minced
- 8 fresh sage leaves, chopped, or 1 teaspoon dried rubbed sage
- Salt and pepper to taste
- 3 tablespoons tomato paste, diluted in a little water
Wash lentils well by soaking them briefly in water and changing the water at least once. Put them in a 2-1/2-quart saucepan, add cold water to cover and bring to a boil. Lower heat to simmer and cook until not quite done, about 30-40 minutes.
Meanwhile, pierce the sausages in several places and then put them in a small saucepan. Add the chicken broth and place over medium heat. Bring to a gentle boil and simmer for about 40 minutes. From time to time, skim off and discard foam and fat that rise to the top. When sausages are done, remove the pot from the heat and let them sit in the broth while you finish the lentils.
Warm the oil in a medium skillet and saute the onion, celery, carrot, garlic and sage in the olive oil over medium heat until the onion is translucent and the vegetables are done.
Drain the sausages, saving their liquid. To the lentil pot, add the vegetables, season with salt and pepper and add the tomato paste. Mix gently using a wooden spoon. Add 3/4 cup of the broth in which you cooked the sausages. Taste and adjust the seasoning, if needed.
To serve, arrange the sausages on a platter next to the warm lentils.
Pasta with Lentil Bolognese
- 2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
- 1/2 small onion, chopped
- 1 small carrot, chopped
- 1 stalk celery, chopped
- 4 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 1/2 teaspoons tomato paste
- 1- 28 to 32 oz can whole peeled plum tomatoes, drained and roughly chopped (juice reserved)
- 1 1/4 cups dried green lentils
- Coarse sea or kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste
- 1/2 teaspoon crushed red pepper
- 1/2 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1 pound shaped pasta, such as cavatappi or rigatoni
- Pecorino cheese, grated or shaved
- Fresh basil, chopped
In a large pot over medium heat, warm the olive oil. Add the onion, carrot, celery and garlic and cook slowly until the vegetables soften and turn golden, about 20 minutes.
Increase heat to medium-high and add the tomato paste. Cook until the mixture dries out a bit, about 3 minutes. Pour in the reserved juice from the tomatoes and cook, scraping the browned bits from the bottom of the pan, until the liquid has reduced by half, 1 to 2 minutes.
Stir in the lentils, tomatoes, and 1 cup water. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat. Season with the oregano,crushed red pepper, salt and pepper and simmer until the lentils are tender, 30 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the lentils. (If the sauce begins to dry out, add additional water as needed.) Reduce heat to low and keep warm.
Cook the pasta according to the package directions; drain. Serve with the lentil sauce, sprinkle with the pecorino and garnish with basil.
Seafood Stew with Lentils
For the Fish Stock:
- 1 fresh flat-leaf parsley sprig
- 1 fresh thyme sprig
- 1 onion, chopped
- 1 carrot, sliced
- 1 celery stick, sliced
- 1 tablespoon black peppercorns, lightly crushed
- 2 and 1/4 lbs (1 kg) white fish or white fish bones and heads, gills removed
For the Stew:
- 3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, plus extra for drizzling
- 1 celery stick, chopped
- 1 carrot, chopped
- 1 onion, chopped
- 3 and 1/2 oz (100 grams) cooked lentils
- 9 oz (250 grams) fish and seafood cut into serving pieces, such as sea bass fillets, prepared squid, peeled prawns, peeled langoustines (small lobsters or use lobster claws) and scrubbed clams
- 28 oz can crushed Italian tomatoes
- 1 fresh flat-leaf parsley sprig, chopped
- 1 fresh basil sprig, chopped
- Salt and pepper
Prepare the Fish Stock:
Pour 3 pints (2 liters) water into a large saucepan, add the herbs, onion, carrot, celery and peppercorns and season with salt.
Gradually bring to the boil, then lower the heat and simmer for 30 minutes.
Remove from the heat, let cool.
Add the fish bones and return to the heat, bring just to the boil; lower the heat and simmer for 20 minutes.
Remove from the heat and let the fish bones cool in the stock for a stronger flavor. Strain the stock.
Prepare the Stew:
Heat 1 tablespoon of the olive oil in a skillet and add 1 tablespoon each of the celery, carrot and onion and cook over a low heat, stirring occasionally, for 5 minutes.
Stir in the lentils and cook for a few minutes more.
Heat the remaining olive oil in a shallow saucepan and add the remaining celery, carrot and onion and cook over a low heat, stirring occasionally, for 5 minutes.
Add the sea bass and the squid. Increase the heat to high and cook for 1 minute, then add the prawns, langoustines, clams and lentil mixture.
Pour in the strained fish stock, tomatoes and season with salt and pepper. Cook until the fish is tender.
Remove the pan from the heat and add the parsley and basil. Serve with a drizzle of olive oil.
Braised Chuck Steak with Savory Lentil Stew
Makes 4 to 6 servings
- 2 pounds beef chuck blade steaks, cut 3/4 to 1 inch thick
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 2-1/4 cups water
- 1 medium onion, finely chopped
- 2 bay leaves
- 1 cup uncooked lentils, rinsed
- 2 large carrots, diced
- 1/2 teaspoon dried Italian seasoning
Heat a large deep skillet with a cover over medium heat until hot. Add the beef to the skillet and brown evenly. Season the beef with salt and pepper to taste.
Add water, onion and bay leaves to the skillet; bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cover tightly and simmer 1-1/4 hours.
Add lentils, carrots and Italian seasoning to the skillet; return to a boil. Continue simmering, covered, 30 to 45 minutes or until lentils and beef are fork-tender.
Discard bay leaves before serving.
- Lovely Vegan lentil soup (brandyskitchen.wordpress.com)
- Lentil Loaf (sallyservesyou.com)
- Warm Lentil and White Bean Salad with Bacon and Roasted Grape Tomatoes (dishnthekitchen.wordpress.com)
- ~ Ditalini Pasta con le Lenticchie (Pasta with Lentils)~ (kitchenencounters.typepad.com)
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Let’s look at how to play a Gaug (G augmented) chord on the piano, and learn the pattern for building any augmented chord.
What Are Augmented Chords?
Augmented chords are major chords with the upper-note raised 1/2 step.
To build an augmented chord, we’ll start by building a major chord. Major chords are built using the first, third and fifth notes of the matching major scale. So to build a G major chord, we’ll play the first, third and fifth notes of the G major scale.
Then to convert the major chord into an augmented chord, we’ll raise the upper-note 1/2 step.
Chord Types Printable
Learn to play 17 types of piano chords using 12 different root notes with this 34-page PDF! Chords are sorted both by their root note (C, D, E, etc.) and type (major, minor, etc.).
How to Play a Gaug Chord
So to build a Gaug chord, we’ll start by building a G major chord using the first, third and fifth notes of the G major scale: G – B – D. Then we’ll raise the upper note D by 1/2 step, to D♯.
So to play a Gaug chord we’ll play:
G – B – D♯
You can use this pattern to build any augmented chord on the piano. Start with a major chord, then raise the upper-note one-half step to create an augmented chord.
Other Chord Types
There are many other chord types you can learn. Here are some others:
Now you know how to play a Gaug chord on the piano, and you can use this pattern to build any augmented chord.
Augmented chords aren’t as common as major chords, but it’s good to understand how to build them so when you need them you’re ready!
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In Nazi Germany, telling jokes about Hitler could get you killed
Hitler and Göring are standing on top of the Berlin radio tower. Hitler says he wants to do something to put a smile on the Berliners’ faces. Göring says, “Why don’t you jump?”
When a woman told this joke in Germany in 1943, she was arrested by the Nazis and sentenced to death by guillotine—it didn’t matter that her husband was a good German soldier who died in battle.
In this groundbreaking work of history, Rudolph Herzog takes up such stories to show how widespread humor was during the Third Reich. It’s a fascinating and frightening history: from the suppression of the anti-Nazi cabaret scene of the 1930s, to jokes made at the expense of the Nazis during WWII, to the collections of “whispered jokes” that were published in the immediate aftermath of the war.
Herzog argues that jokes provide a hitherto missing chapter of WWII history. The jokes show that not all Germans were hypnotized by Nazi propaganda, and, in taking on subjects like Nazi concentration camps, they record a public acutely aware of the horrors of the regime. Thus Dead Funny is a tale of terrible silence and cowardice, but also of occasional and inspiring bravery.
About the Author
RUDOLPH HERZOG is a historian and filmmaker. His documentary on humor in the Third Reich, Laughing With Hitler, scored top audience ratings on German Channel 1 and the BBC. The son of celebrated director Werner Herzog, he lives in Berlin.
Jefferson Chase is one of the foremost translators of German history. He has translated Wolfgang Scivelbusch, Thomas Mann and Götz Aly, among many others.
Praise for Dead Funny: Telling Jokes in Hitler's Germany…
“Dead Funny isn’t just a book of wildly off-limits humor. Rather, it’s a fascinating, heartbreaking look at power dynamics, propaganda, and the human hunger for catharsis.”
—The Atlantic, Best Books of 2012
“You’ve never seen Nazi Germany like this.” —The Stranger (Seattle)
“A concise, compelling book.” —The Independent
"Fascinating... Intriguing....Herzog, the son of the film-maker Werner Herzog, shares his father’s curious and mordant wit." —The Financial Times
“Dead Funny’s real value lies in the way it situates anti-Nazi folk humor in the shifting historical context of this grim bygone era, and the fact that the author is able to resuscitate such obscure jokes verbatim is a phenomenal feat … [the] book’s strikingly original historical research sets it apart from the glut of dry tomes which are still being cranked out about Nazi history.” —Time Out (New York)
"Chilling....[Herzog] shows, in unadorned language, the process of propagandising and the psychological capitulation of many Germans to the Nazis’ will." —PopMatters
“Herzog’s thesis is that, during the Third Reich, Germans relished jokes about their leaders. Throughout Hitler's 12 years in power, there were plenty of caustic gags doing the rounds—about Dr Goebbels’ club foot, or Hitler's limp Nazi salute, which made him look like a waiter carrying a tray, or the widely held suspicion that Goering wore his medals in the bath.” —The Guardian
“Herzog demolishes the idea that Germans didn’t know what the Nazis were up to: there were many, many concentration camp jokes. Germans under Hitler seemed to find it natural, and kind of funny, that ‘troublemakers’—including Jews and dissidents—should end up behind barbed wire.” —Macleans
Praise for the German Edition
"A thrilling book."
"The first comprehensive book on comedy and humor in the Third Reich. [...] The author brings together all manifestations of humor--wit, newspaper cartoons, cabaret, variety shows, entertainment, film, pop songs, and musicals... An important history."
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In the future, robots and advanced prosthetic limbs may be covered with a tactile skin that can harvest energy directly from the sun, powering their internal motors. In a new study published Wednesday in Advanced Functional Materials, a team of researchers at the University of Glasgow’s Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies group announced that it had created a flexible, transparent and tactile electronic skin, which could be used for either robots or amputees to make artificial body parts react more effectively.
“Applications requiring on-board energy sources are directly relevant,” Ravinder Dahiya, one of the paper’s authors, tells Inverse. “For example, in remote areas the disposable e-skin with biosensors and on-board source of energy could be critical to overcome some of the global health challenges.”
The skin is made up of a transparent layer based on graphene capable of sensing touch, alongside a second layer with a photovoltaic cell capable of harnessing energy from sunlight. The skin itself uses a minimal amount of energy, just 20 nanowatts of power per square centimeter, so the limb could act independently of energy sources.
The team placed the tactile skin layer onto a robot hand to test its reaction abilities. The sensors are capable of detecting a broad pressure range. When handed a soft object, the robot can sense the pressure and knows how hard to grip:
“Robots capable of sensing each other or robots interacting with humans are the scenarios for the future,” Dahiya says.
The concept has been demonstrated with a prototype, and the team tells Inverse that depending on hardware partners, the technology could reach the market within the next two to three years. It may take longer to find its way into prosthetics, as the technology will have to work with human tissue in mind.
It’s not the first time researchers have looked to emulate human skin for robots. In October, researchers at the University of Tokyo announced they had developed a robot capable of “sweating” to reduce component strain. The boost meant that the 123-pound “Kengoro” robot could do push-ups for 11 minutes without burning out any of its 108 motors.
The Glasgow team’s robot skin may find more use in artificial limbs than Kengoro, though. With the pressure meters, the skin can restore “critical haptic perception” to amputees, while the solar panels mean patients will be able to move freely through their lives without needing to worry about bulky battery packs or recharging. That said, the idea of supercharged solar robots that can feel their environment is pretty exciting.
Update 3/27: The story has been updated to include Dahiya’s comments.
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The flag of Peru was officially adopted on February 25, 1825. The flag is divided into three vertical sections: two red sections on the left and right sides and a white center section with the coat of arms in the center. The colors of the flag were chosen by Jose de San Martin, “The Liberator,” and also symbolize the Incas and their influence on Peru’s culture.
This flag is the state flag or national ensign, and is only used by state institutions during ceremonies. Peruvian citizens may use the national flag of Peru or civil flag, which contains only the red and white vertical stripes and does not feature the coat of arms.
The coat of arms is divided into thirds and contains pictures of a llama, a cinchona tree, and a cornucopia. The llama is a common pack animal in Peru with deep cultural significance. Before Incans resided in Peru, the Moche people would often offer llamas and llama body parts as offerings for the afterlife in burials of important people. During the Incan empire, llamas served as both pack and herding animals, and they continued to be buried with the dead. The Incan god Urcuchillay was also depicted as a multicolored llama.
The cinchona tree is native to Peru and is used for many medical remedies including treating malaria, killing parasites, relieving pain and fever, regulating heartbeat, and killing bacteria and fungi. The cornucopia universally symbolizes abundance.
During the flag raising, Peruvians sing the Marcha de Banderas, or March of Flags, written in 1897 by Jose Salas Libornio. The lyrics are as follows:
Long live, long live, long live Peru
and to its glorious immortal ensign
always carried aloft
the national flag.
They carry it with glory and honor,
Peruvian heroes with invincible ardor.
Up, up whenever the national flag.
This is the flag of Peru,
of white and red,
as a flame of love,
in Ayacucho and Junín
it dawned victorious with the
sun of Liberty.
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Since ancient times, eating garlic has been credited with many medical benefits, including fighting viruses, bacteria and cancer as well as lowering cholesterol.
But a new review finds that the evidence linking garlic to a reduced risk for many cancers is not creditable and, for others, it is very limited.
“The public wants to believe that garlic may be effective in reducing the risk of cancer, but so far scientific evidence is limited to conclude (it works) for all types of cancers,” said Dr. Oran Kwon, a researcher at Ewha Women’s University in Seoul, South Korea, and lead author of the study, published in the January issue of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Kwon’s research team did a meta-analysis, pooling the results of 19 published and scientifically sound studies that looked at garlic intake and risk reduction for specific cancers. They used the US Food and Drug Administration’s review system for evaluating the scientific evidence for making a health claim about a food.
Using those criteria, the researchers concluded that there was not creditable evidence to link garlic intake with a reduced risk for gastric, breast, lung and endometrial cancer. They found very limited, but credible, evidence linking garlic intake to a reduced risk for colon, prostate, esophageal, laryngeal, oral, ovarian and renal cell cancer.
The study urged that food labelling indicate that garlic is “highly unlikely” to reduce colon cancer risk and “highly uncertain” to reduce prostate cancer risk, and that there is a “highly uncertain” relationship between garlic intake and reduced likelihood of developing esophageal, laryngeal, oral, ovarian or renal cell cancer.
Kwon suggested that additional studies are needed.
Scientists have theorised that garlic may work in a number of ways to reduce cancer risk, including undoing the oxidative stress caused by “free radical” molecules, which can boost the risk of cancer and other health problems.
“The bottom line is, there is certainly not enough evidence for garlic for a health claim for any cancer prevention,” said Colleen Doyle, director of nutrition and physical activity for the American Cancer Society in Atlanta.
“There is weak evidence it may have an impact on some cancer sites,” she said.
Her advice? “If you like garlic, great. Roast it, chop it up, saute it. It’s not going to be harmful to you,” she said. “If, down the line, stronger evidence emerges that garlic has an impact on cancer, great. If you like it, eat it.”
Meanwhile, said Doyle, a garlic lover herself, focus on actions known to reduce cancer risk, such as eating a well-balanced diet.
“We do know that people who eat a diet with a mixture of fruits and vegetables, who eat mostly a plant-based diet, do tend to have lower rates of cancer.”
Source: The News, 11th January, 2009
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This February, we are celebrating Black History Month. Black history is about the achievements made by the African-Americans that persevered in the most challenging times of our society. There are important life lessons that kids can learn from our black heroes, and gaining wisdom from their experiences can prevent past mistakes. Teaching Black History will enable our kids to grow as better citizens, shaping them to be excellent leaders of tomorrow.
Unfortunately, discrimination and racism still exist in modern times, and it is happening someplace every day. According to the statistics researched by Harvard Public Health, 57% of black Americans have reported discrimination in their workplace, mostly about pay and consideration for promotions. Discrimination happens if a particular person or group is experiencing unjust treatment because of their race, religion, nationality, sex, or ethnicity.
We can teach our kids to appreciate people's differences and make them aware of this while young. Being aware that different people exist makes them understand, appreciate and respect others. It can help them build compassion and empathy and do what is right if they sense inequality.
Learn about their achievements
The Black History achievements helped the United States prosper, and the journey they had to succeed was not easy. Despite being oppressed in the past, our fellow African Americans had exerted their best efforts to be recognized in sports, fashion, food, literature, and politics. They have influenced America for so many years, and they will always be part of history.
Kids can learn about their accomplishments through history class, reading books, and visiting African American cultural museums. They may be fascinated by particular inventions our black heroes made or movements organized to help our world become a better place.
Life is challenging, and we will always encounter obstacles. Teaching kids to face hardships like what our African American brothers did is crucial to their lives. Today's youth can learn from the Black history about perseverance. Their stories will teach them not to give up, and the combination of love, hard work, and determination can lead to success.
It is natural for kids to be fearful; this is their usual response to unfamiliar things or situation. Eventually, fear can go away once your child gets familiar with a specific situation or they understand that it is okay to commit mistakes.
Black Month History can teach our kids about bravery and being courageous. One example of this is Ruby Bridges. She was admired when she became the first African American student to integrate an elementary school in the South in the 1960s. She was commended for her bravery on attending an all white school where she experienced discrimination. But this did not stop her on being present at school everyday. She is now a lifelong activist for racial equality and was made an honorary deputy marshal in a ceremony in Washington in the year 2000.
Kids can learn from Ruby's experience as well as other stories similar to it. Being courageous is about doing what is right and this black history month, we hope that the youth will be inspired by the bravery and hardwork of our African-American heroes.
Perfect For All Skin Types!
This bundle includes All-Natural Olive Oil Soap, Baby Massage Oil, and Sisal Soap Pouch. Made with All-Natural ingredients, gentle, safe for your little one. Good for baby gifts and party favors.
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Essentially the same reason these things are important to anyone, that land ownership gives a sense of self-worth and stability, and that education enables one to improve oneself intellectually and materially. These things were so important to the freed slaves after the War of Secession because these were the things that had been most denied to slaves. There was a large population of free black landowners in the South before the war, but to the former slaves this was the first step to equality with both the earlier free blacks and with white citizens. Education meant that the next generation could improve its lot. The first generation of freed slaves might be farm laborers and small landowners, the next could be larger farmers and teachers and clerks, the next could be doctors, lawyers, businessmen and artists.
The necessity of this was borne home to the freed African-Americans because of the social situation at the end of the war. The causes of the war had largely revolved around tariff legislation, economic exploitation of the South by industrial interests in the North and other economic and political issues. Slavery had been a minor cause of the war itself, although it was the most glaring example of America's failure to fulfill the ideals of the Revolution. As the war progressed and the Union needed a moral issue to keep morale up, slavery (in Lincoln's speech after the Battle of Antietam, or Sharpsburg) became that issue.
So, at the end of the war, slaves were freed, but the promised "40 acres and a mule" from the government did not appear, and so there were thousands of homeless blacks wandering around the South, the region completely destroyed, and all the whites being told that this devastation had been for the benefit of the blacks. Obviously, this caused problems, and racism became worse as time went by, peaking between 1890 and the late 1920s. Land ownership and education became the single most important thing to blacks in this environment, and stayed so through the Civil Rights movement post-WW II.
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Privacy Is Impossible Without Security, and Security is Being Challenged By the Privacy Requirements of Transparency and Access.
You can have security without privacy, but you cannot have privacy without security. This means you can have excellent security, let’s say, in the workplace, if you make everyone work without clothes on a system without Internet access as you log every keystroke they make and record their phone conversations. But this environment would be somewhat lacking in privacy.
To have privacy, you must have security to protect things you wish not to share from those who are interested. A simple form of security to maintain privacy is the window curtain. Privacy relies heavily on security. But the relationship becomes strained when it comes to transparency and access.
Transparency and access mean that people should be able to see what information is collected about them and be able to update or delete this information. Last February, the White House released the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights that included the principles of transparency and access. In July, the Commerce Department started holding meetings to decide concrete enforcement terms for the Privacy Bill of Rights with a focus on creating a consumer data transparency code of conduct for mobile apps. California’s Attorney General’s office is going after app developers that don’t have privacy statements and clear descriptions of how data is collected and used.
Transparency and access are rising in priority in the US and in the EU. The EU, while it is not law yet, would have transparency and access go so far as to grant people the right to be forgotten. This idea, being socialized currently by Viviane Reding, the Vice President of the European Commission, would mean that Google and Facebook would have to dump a person’s personal information on demand. Unsurprisingly, they are not huge fans of this.
How Does this Affect Network Managers and Security Professionals?
Implementing the systems required for transparency and access creates a host of technical challenges. For example, allowing consumers access to their information means that network managers have to develop and implement policies and procedures to allow access and modification. This leads to a huge authentication issue. Is it your customer, partner or employee wishing to see their information or is it someone posing as one of these persons? Imagine there is a boat with holes below the waterline for the propeller and the rudder. Holes like this are, of course, necessary but each additional hole, like water intake to cool the engine, means one more way for water to get in.
Now, think of this in terms of your network. Consumer access will create a huge hole below the waterline. And the way you implement the access needs to be transparent and user-friendly for the consumer. It can’t be a treasure hunt to find and modify information.
What Should You Be Doing?
Start thinking now about what information your company has that could be considered personal information. First of all, what is personal information? Under the California Online Privacy Protection Act, personally identifiable information includes first and last name, physical or email address, telephone number, social security number, or any other identifier that permits the physical or online contacting of a specific individual. Second, do you collect any of this data? If so, where do you store it and how would you give a customer access to this info, allow them to correct misinformation, and possibly remove this information from your database?
How Is This Really Going to Play Out?
While I think security professionals need to prepare to be a part of the transparency and access solution, the implementation will be limited and the right to be forgotten will have an even more narrow scope. What is coming, instead, is a higher expectation that companies: 1) know what information they are collecting, where it is stored, how it is used and whom it is shared with, 2) describe all of this in understandable language for the user, and 3) have a rock solid plan for ensuring information is aggregated and made anonymous in a way that even disclosure will not automatically lead to financial harm or personal embarrassment to the data subjects. This last one is no easy task in the age of Big Data pinpoint profiling. Companies are going to be faced with the choice of greater transparency and access (creating holes below the waterline) or re-thinking the way they collect and use information in order to de-link it from the individual.
Privacy is impossible without security, and security is becoming more of a challenge with the privacy requirements of transparency and access. For companies concerned with the security burden of implementing transparency and access and loath to allow folks to be forgotten, the solution will be to devise new ways to collect enough information for the business purpose but not so much that the data subject has cause for financial or personal concern. Companies that solve this dilemma will see their futures rise above others.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
John Hale in The Crucible by Arthur Miller epitomizes a dynamic character. Throughout the drama, Hale evolves from a man with intentions to free the world from satanic influence to a person who realizes the Salem witch trials were based on lies and fakery. Reverend Parris asked Hale to come and assist in the pursuit of evil.
Hale is cautious in accepting situations that people believe have witchery involved. As a recognized authority on the devil and witchcraft, initially Hale appears arrogant and authoritative. Although Hale had never really accused anyone of being a witch, he is ready to investigate and rid Salem of any demonic influences.
Hale arrives with his weighty books of authority. His idealism comes forth as Hale meets several of the characters involved in the night in the forest of naked dancing and flying: Abigail, Betty, and Tituba.
In addition, he is introduced to some of the well-known townspeople: John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, The Putnams, and the Coreys. Hale also observes some hysteria from the girls which increases his concern about the devil’s presence.
Since Proctor has chosen not to attend church, Hale comes to question him by asking Proctor to repeat the Ten Commandments. Proctor names all of them except adultery, which ironically is the one that he has broken.
Hale wants to find and prosecute witches. He is willing to convict anyone that appears to have the devil within him/her. Hale definitely believes that:
“…powers of the dark are gathered in monstrous attack upon this village. There is too much evidence to deny it.”
As the trial progresses, Hale begins to see some hypocrisy on the part of the court. He believes that the good people have nothing to fear because God will protect them. The judges do not always give a fair hearing to people who have proof that they are not witches. In addition, there are people like Rebecca Nurse who is considered to be one of the godliest women in Salem accused based on the shady testimony of Ann Putnam.
When Danforth fails to give a fair trial to Proctor, Hale doubts the purpose of the trials. Up to this time, Hale had signed seventy-two death warrants. Hale consistently challenges Danforth in his questioning of Mary Warren and John Proctor realizing that Proctor is telling the truth.
When Abigail Williams does not deny her affair with Proctor and threatens the court, Hale calls this to the attention of the court, but the court ignores him. Finally, when Proctor is sentenced to death, Hale denounces the court and leaves Salem.
After several months, Hale returns on the day of Proctor’s execution. His purpose is to try to get Proctor to sign the false confession to keep from being hanged. Proctor does sign but refuses to give Danforth the copy of his signature. Hale begs Danforth for more time to convince Proctor to save his own life. Danforth refuses because it would make the court look bad.
In addition, Hale asks Elizabeth Proctor to ask her husband to save himself. She refuses because she believes that it is his decision. Obviously, the Reverend Hale would like to relieve himself of some of the guilt for the innocent people who were hanged after he signed their death warrants. Hale now knows that the entire proceedings have been a sham caused by silly girls and gullible adults with the devil and superstition on their shoulders.
We’ve answered 301,231 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Sleep disorder or sleep problem can be of several types. They are known as insomnia, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Other less prevalent problems of sleep disorder include Circadian Rhythm Disorders, snoring, night terrors or nightmares etc.
Sleep disorders or problem while sleeping are a group of conditions that frequently affects and impacts the ability of a person to sleep well on a regular basis. Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common nowadays and can be caused due to many reasons, of which health problem and over stress are common. Depending on the type of sleep disorder, people may face difficulties with the time of falling asleep and because of lack of sufficient sleep my also feel extremely tired throughout the day. The lack of sleep can, thus, have a negative impact on energy, mood, concentration, and overall health.
In most cases, sleep disorders are caused due to an underlying health problem. But, there can also be other reasons which cause sleep disorders. They are allergies and respiratory problems which make it difficult to breathe at night or while lying flat, nocturia (urinating at night), chronic pain and illness, any kind of stress, anxiety, tension etc.
The main types of sleep disorders are insomnia, sleep apnea, parasomnias, restless leg syndrome, etc. Insomnia is the inability of a person to fall asleep or to remain asleep. It can be caused due to jet lag, stress and anxiety, hormones, or digestive problems and can become very annoying and irritating to the person. It can cause depression, lack of concentration, weight gain etc. Sleep apnea is mainly characterized by pauses in breathing while sleeping. This is a very serious medical condition where the body takes in less oxygen than minimum. Thus, it causes the person to wake up during the night. Parasomnias are noted with the abnormal movements and behaviors during sleep which include sleep walking, nightmares, sleep talking, bed wetting etc. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) involves an overwhelming need to move the legs while sleeping.
Symptoms of sleep disorder can differ from person to person depending on the severity and type of this disorder. The most common symptoms of sleep disorders noted in people include difficulty either in falling or staying asleep, daytime fatigue, strong urge to take naps during the day (caused due to weakness), irritability or anxiety, lack of concentration and depression.
Treatment of sleep disorder depends on person to person on the type of disorder noted. It varies and may include better sleeping habits, medication or devices. Medical treatment for sleep disturbances require the person to intake sleeping pills, allergy or cold medication, melatonin supplements, necessary medications for any underlying health issues. For sleep apnea, patients may be provided with aiding breathing machines or surgical operations to get rid of the issue. Most important treatment method of sleep disorder is to change the life style and habits. Maintaining a healthy and routine life style can improve sleeping conditions.
The doctor will first perform a physical exam on the patient and gather information about the symptoms and medical history. They may also prescribe various tests to diagnose the exact cause of sleep disorder. One of these tests is polysomnography. It is a sleep study that evaluates the oxygen levels, body movements, and brain waves in order to know how they cause disturbances while sleeping. Another test is called the electroencephalogram where electrical activity in the brain is assessed and associated problems are noted. The third test is genetic blood testing which is used to diagnose narcolepsy and other underlying health conditions that might be causing sleeping problems.
The four foremost important methods of treating sleep disorder are use of medications, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sleep hygiene and sleep routines, and relaxation and exercises. These are the most commonly opted methods. But each individual type of sleep disorder can be treated differently and have their own methods of treatment. Insomnia can be treated with change in the daily habits. These will include trying to sleep on time, avoiding caffeine and fast or junk foods, regular exercises etc. In cases of jet lag when the body timer changes, treatment depends on the specific type of circadian rhythm disorder. These may include adjustment of bedtimes and rise times, appropriately timed melatonin use, and bright light therapy. Patients with sleep apnea may be provided a CPAP or continuous positive airway pressure. A mask is worn while sleeping which helps to keep the airway more open for extra oxygen and thus facilitate better sleep. There are also several types of surgery available for sleep apnea. Cutting down on caffeine when facing sleep disorder due to restless leg syndrome may help. Sleep disorder may also be treated with medicated drugs. Prescription medicines that might help to solve the problem include carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet), gabapentin enacarbil (Horizant), gabapentin (Neurontin), pramipexole (Mirapex), rotigotine (Neupro) etc.
People may face sleeping problems once in a while owing to certain causes. But, when sleeping disability becomes a habit and starts to occur on a regular basis, people should visit a doctor. Also, when lack of adequate sleep impacts daily life negatively with weakness, irritation and lack of concentration, people should seek medical help.
People with properly maintained sleep timings and who face no issues or problems while sleeping need not consult a doctor. When people get adequate sleep and feel fresh after a nap with great overall health, they become ineligible for the treatment of sleep disorders.
Sleeping pills used to soothe the nerves and make falling asleep easier can cause side effects if taken for a prolonged time. Over consumption of these medicines can indirectly harm the nerves and its functions. But, these side effects are rare and go away soon on its own if the medicine consumption is checked.
After medical treatment, patients should be careful about their life style habits and sleeping routines. They should try and maintain the healthy habits so that they do not suffer from sleep disorder again. Also, regular exercises and intake of medicines as prescribed can help people get comfortable sleep.
Sleep disorder can be treated easily and it does not take long to recover. Use of medications and other methods to control the signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation can bring results in the first week of treatment itself. People start showing improvement right from the first or second week of treatment. People who undergo operation or use machines for sleep disorder condition can also recover very soon.
The cost of sleep disorder is not very expensive. It can easily be treated with medicines and change in the life style habit. For people with insomnia and restless leg syndrome, treatment cost may range from Rs 200- Rs 800, inclusive of the consultation fees of the doctor. People with sleep apnea will require a great cost for the machines or surgical operations. Surgical operations or machine may cost around Rs 60,000- Rs 80,000.
Treatment of sleep disorders caused due to stress anxiety or work load involve no such standardized methods of treatment. These mainly include changes in the lifestyle and improvement of living conditions. Sleep disorder caused because of these can recur anytime these factors come into play. But, for cases like sleep apnea, where surgical treatment method is an option, or machines can be used, then, the treatment can become permanently effective.
Rs 200- Rs 80,000/-
A sleep disorder (somnipathy) is a disorder in the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders can interfere with mental and emotional function. A test commonly ordered for some sleep disorders is the polysomnogram.
1 Common sleep disorders
2 Broad classifications of sleep disorders
3 Common causes of sleep disorders
4 General Principles of Treatment
The most common sleep disorders include:
Bruxism: The sufferer involuntarily grinds his or her teeth while sleeping.
Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS): A sleep disorder of circadian rhythm, characterized by the inability to wake up and fall asleep at the desired times, but not by inability to stay asleep.
Hypopnea syndrome: Abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping.
Narcolepsy: The condition of falling asleep spontaneously and unwillingly.
Night terror or Pavor nocturnus or sleep terror disorder: abrupt awakening from sleep with behavior consistent with terror.
Parasomnias: Include a variety of disruptive sleep-related events.
Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD): Involuntary movement of arms and/or legs during sleep. See also Hypnic jerk, which is not a disorder.
Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD): Acting out violent or dramatic dreams while in REM sleep.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS): An irresistible urge to move legs while sleeping. Often accompanies PLMD.
What is insomnia?
Insomnia includes a wide range of sleeping disorders, from lack of sleep quality to lack of sleep quantity. Insomnia is commonly separated into three types:
According to the national institutes of health, the majority of chronic insomnia cases are side effects resulting from another primary problem.
Insomnia can affect people of any age; it is more common in adult females than adult males. The sleeping disorder can undermine school and work performance, as well as contributing to obesity, anxiety, depression, irritability, concentration problems, memory problems, poor immune system function, and reduced reaction time.
Insomnia has also been associated with a higher risk of developing chronic diseases. According to the national sleep foundation, 30-40 percent of american adults report that they have had symptoms of insomnia within the last 12 months, and 10-15 percent of adults claim to have chronic insomnia
Causes of insomnia
Insomnia can be caused by physical and psychological factors. There is sometimes an underlying medical condition that causes chronic insomnia, while transient insomnia may be due to a recent event or occurrence. Insomnia is commonly caused by:
Signs and symptoms of insomnia
Insomnia itself may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition. However, there are many signs and symptoms that are associated with insomnia:
Difficulty falling asleep at night. Waking during the night. Waking earlier than desired. Still feeling tired after a night's sleep. Daytime, fatigue or sleepiness. Irritability, depression, or anxiety. Poor concentration and focus. Being uncoordinated, an increase in errors or accidents. Tension headaches (feels like a tight band around head. Difficulty socializing. Gastrointestinal symptoms. Worrying about sleeping.
Sleep deprivation can cause other symptoms. The afflicted person may wake up not feeling fully awake and refreshed, and may have a sensation of tiredness and sleepiness throughout the day.
Having problems concentrating and focusing on tasks is common for people with insomnia. According to the national heart, lung, and blood institute, 20 percent of non-alcohol related car crash injuries are caused by driver sleepiness
Non-pharmacological approaches and home remedies for insomnia include:
Medical treatments for insomnia include:
Prescription sleeping pills anti-depressants over-the-counter sleep
Who gets insomnia?
Some people are more likely to suffer from insomnia than others; these include:
Travelers - particularly through multiple time zones shift workers with frequent changes in shifts (day vs. Night) the elderlydrug users adolescent or young adult students pregnant women menopausal women those with mental health disorders.
Sleep disorder is the condition where a person loses his night sleep completely or is able to sleep only for few hours or minutes. They feel a sudden restlessness when they go to sleep, or they naturally do not get any good sleep. Sleeping disorders can be of various types and they are not just only about the person's inability to fall asleep.
Some common types of sleeping disorders are:
All the disorders have one thing in common. They generally make the person feel tired all day long, due to complete or partial loss of sleep.
Sleeping disorders cannot be identified from the day one. The slow build up of symptoms are the only clue to the fact that one is suffering from this condition.
Some of the very common symptoms that would help the person to identify the problem are:
The homeopathic remedies involve the use of natural herbs and their extracts. All these are recommended by the doctors in prescribed dosages.
Some of the commonly used homeopathic remedies are:
1. Maintain a healthy lifestyle such as eating well, drinking water regularly, avoiding stress and maintaining a healthy weight. Frequently, individuals develop sleep disorders due to stress or obesity.
2. Establish a regular schedule for sleep. Wake up and go to bed at the same time everyday, including weekends. Establishing a regular sleep schedule will train your body to sleep soundly on a consistent basis.
3. Avoid taking naps throughout the day. If you take a nap during the day, then you will be less tired at night, be more restless and may not sleep as deeply.
4. Abstain from smoking, drinking alcohol or ingesting caffeine because they can keep you up at night. Even though alcohol makes you sleepy, it obstructs the quality of your sleep.
5. Exercise regularly so that your body will be tired, but do not exercise for 3 to 4 hours before you go to sleep, because it may energize you.
6. Refrain from eating heavy meals for dinner, which can make you feel uncomfortable and will prevent you from sleeping well.
7. Create a bedroom that is quiet, dark and a comfortable temperature, which will promote sleep and avoid disturbances.
8. Sleep on your side with your head slightly elevated to prevent the symptoms of sleep apnea.
9. Construct a bedtime routine such as reading, meditating or bathing. Having a routine will train your body to recognize that you are preparing for sleep, which will help you to fall asleep easier.
10. Use your bedroom for sleep only. Do not work or do any other tasks in your bedroom if possible. If your bedroom is used only for sleep, then you will associate the room with sleep, which will aid in falling asleep faster and sleeping deeply.
11. Get out of bed and engage in a non-stimulating activity, such as reading until you feel sleepy again. Sometimes lying in bed when you are not able to sleep makes it more difficult to feel sleepy.
A full-fledged sleep is important for human health. For many years, scientists are researching all of the parameters of sleep, ascertain their significance for the body, deal with the causes of snoring, which sometimes is the main enemy of the quality of sleep.
Without treatment, challenged the dream can lead not only to the constant fatigue, but also a cause of such effects as the occasional bout of drowsiness (gipnolepsiya), myocardial infarction, lowering the protective forces of the organism or violation of the brain.
According to the statistics they snore in sleep 25 % of the people on the earth after thirty years, and this applies to both men and women. Snoring makes it difficult to sleep man, but not prevents sleep so much as sleep apnea, which is the most serious consequence of snoring.
Reason for snoring:
1. Excessive weight muscle tone becomes weak, which is the cause of snoring. Even with a mild degree of obesity increases the risk of snoring in 10 times, and syndrome obstruktivnogo sleep apnea are diagnosed by more than half of the cases.
2. Hereditary anatomical differences (the defunct ago chin, little lower jaw - mikrognatiya, large tongue, cleft palate, iskrivlennaya septum nose, tongue)
3. Chronic diseases (adenoids nasal, sinus problems, chronic tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis)
4. Reduced the function of the thyroid gland. The lack of thyroid hormones causing nasal mucous membranes with edema and obesity, i. e. The right to two factors that provoke snoring.
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Do you have the curiosity to know about the Ways to Stop your CPU from overheating? You can easily Find out now in this detailed guide.
Without any further delay let’s find out. 🙂
The world of technology is changing each day – everyone knows that. Because of that, innovations like fanless PC, LynQ, or an interactive mirror should not come as a surprise to anyone. However, just because the industry is developing, it doesn’t mean that the already available devices don’t have any problems.
One of the most common ones that you encounter while using a computer is the CPU overheating, which is very easy to create and can be very harmful to the whole system. Fortunately, there are some things that you can do to prevent it.
Which ones? Well, you just have to keep reading if you want to find out.
How Hot Should The CPU Be?
Let’s start with the fundamental question – if you don’t know what temperature should the CPU has, then you might miss the moment in which it becomes overheating. However, it’s difficult to establish one temperature, as it depends on several factors, such as the type of the CPU, size, and kind of heatsink.
- below 60 °C – this is an average temperature for a computer that doesn’t do much, for example only the lights are on.
- 60 – 70 °C – this is an average temperature if you are doing things like playing simple games or watching videos
- 70 – 80 °C – this is an average temperature if you are playing in a more graphically intense game.
- 80 – 90 °C – this is the point where you should start to worry. When the CPU starts getting close to 90 °C, it will try to cool itself down.
- Above 90 °C – once the temperature of your CPU goes above 90 °C, it makes it impossible to function, which will cause the whole computer to slow down.
So What Should You Do To Stop CPU Overheating
1. Keep The Dust Away
Dirt is one of the common, if not the most common reason why your CPU is overheating. Even though it might seem obvious, it turns out that a lot of people forget about the fact that inside of your PC also needs cleaning from time to time, just like everything else.
The key to not having problems with your computer is to keep it clean. If it’s not kept clean, you will see a lot of dirt (dust, pet hairs,etc.) – that’s not a nice view for sure.
The problem with dirt is that it quickly finds a way to your computer, and sticks to the fans that are inside of it.
So what you should do? A good thing to start with would be regular cleaning of the internal fans (usually, there are four). To do it, turn off your computer and unplug it.
Open its case and use a can of compressed air to remove all the dirt. But remember, that in case your computer is extra dirty, you need to go outside to clean it, because if not then all the dirt will eventually find its way back into your PC.
2. Don’t Overclock It
If you don’t know what it means, overclocking is pushing your computer to work faster and harder by setting both the memory the CPU to run faster than their official speed grade. If the CPU gets too hot, it will slow down the whole computer, and in the worst case, you will need to buy a new CPU.
At the time of our research on “5 Ways to Stop your CPU from overheating”, we found a video about “Is Overclocking Worth It?” which is worth to watch.
If you don’t know how to tune down the overclock, don’t worry. You can use specific software for that – which one is the best, however, it depends on what brand is the processor of your PC.
3. Keep a Good Air Flow
This is the easiest thing that you can do to stop your computer from overheating – just give it some room to breathe. To do that, make sure that there is nothing against any of the sides of your PC.
Focus primarily on the back, as most of the hot air flows out that way. The ideal setting is when 2-3 inches are open on both sides, and the whole back is unobstructed.
If you’re keeping your computer inside the desk, don’t close the door all the time – keep it open sometimes. The fresh air usually enters from the front. If the door is closed all the time, the hot air can recycle inside of the desk getting hotter and hotter, the more the computer is working.
4. Component-specific Fans
Every component of your computer creates heat, not only the CPU. Furthermore, some of them can easily give the CPU a run for its money, like a high-end graphics card, or a fast memory.
Faster working hardware means more hot components, which is something that fan manufacturers realized. That’s why they created, and keep creating all kinds of fans for almost all parts of your computer.
For example, if you find out that it’s the graphics card that keeps overheating, you can upgrade to a larger fan. If it’s the memory that is problematic, you can buy a memory fan. So simple, but so genius.
5. Water Cooling Kit
Sounds bizarre, don’t you think? The water inside the computer – that won’t end well. Nothing could be further from the truth.
In the more high-end machines, a simple fan will probably be not enough. This is where the water cooling kit comes into play – water transfers heat well, and can save your CPU’s life.
If you’re afraid of the water creating a flood inside your computer, you have nothing to worry about. The water is enclosed inside the transfer system.
It is cycled to the CPU through a pump, where it absorbs the heat, and when it becomes hot, it is pumped out of your computer. Another good thing – they are effortless to install, even if you have no experience with computers whatsoever.
6. Use CPU Temperature Monitor like Smart Game Booster
Smart Game Booster is a simple and effective game optimization utility. It has been specifically designed to end the slow-play, low-efficiency, or low-frame experience of gamers.
If you notice a delay with your favorite computer games, Smart Game Booster will help you speed up your computer for an easy and smooth gaming experience.
The software provides a simple way to shut down background processes and other unnecessary services temporarily. Although it is possible to carry this out manually, the process is complicated and requires a higher level of computer literacy.
Smart Game Booster can intelligently scan your PC system, detect unnecessary processes and services as it runs, and automatically prevent them from releasing more RAM and CPU for the game.
In the meantime, it also intelligently optimizes a specific parameter system to maximize PC performance. In this way, you will experience a better gaming experience than ever before.
The GameBox feature automatically detects games on your computer. You can add or drag and drop games in the game area to enjoy your games in game mode. It also offers some professional, functional features: system optimization, acceleration of Internet setup, CPU, GPU and motherboard temperature, FPS boost.
One-click Game Booster for Your PC:-
Smart Game Booster terminates unnecessary processes, frees system resources, removes RAM, and launches items with one click. Simply press the “BOOST” button to automatically maximize your game FPS and give you the best gaming experience possible.
CPU and GPU Temperature Monitor:-
This CPU temperature monitor is a real-time hardware monitoring program. It can monitor and display hardware temperatures, such as processor, graphics processor, motherboard temperature, fan speed, and FPS in play. Always maintain SPF value above 60 at an average temperature.
Add all the computer games to the Smart Game Booster. Launch and quickly update your game on the Smart Game Booster instead of finding it one by one at different retailers such as Steam, Uplay, and Origin.
The overloaded system will slow down the game, but this gaming booster can optimize the configuration of your system to free up space, improve the performance of your PC, and accelerate the Internet to make your system more stable.
Speed up your computer with fast and easy disk defragmentation. Smart Game Booster runs the Analysis, Defrag Smart, Defrag Rapid, and Deep Defrag functions to solve computer response problems for a long time, to extend the life of the drive and improve hard disk performance.
The obsolete driver is another reason that causes screen problems, the blue screen of death, and a system crash. Smart Game Booster is a handy controller upgrade, which automatically detects controller status and updates outdated graphics and audio controller to make the gaming experience smoother and better.
We received one email from our one regular reader about CPU overheating, We are sharing with you that might be helpful to you.
Does a laptop need a fan?
(Q) For a few days, my laptop was producing a loud noise. It may have been the fan because I couldn’t feel any air blowing out of it.
The noise has now stopped but when I power on the laptop, I get a message saying something like “the computer cannot be started because the fan is not working,” or words to that effect.
However, there is an option to continue startup anyway. I am using the computer right now to type this email, so the laptop is working, but the lack of fan has me worried.
Is it safe to continue, especially as we are having such a hot summer? Mind you, knowing British weather, it won’t last and it will be cold and raining by the time you answer this!
Ans:- it’s hard to say whether it’s safe to use your laptop without a fan because it depends on how much heat the laptop produces, and how reliant it is on the fan to clear that heat.
Some laptops run fairly cool most of the time, such as when you are browsing the web, checking email, and so on, and they only need the fan for heavy-duty applications, such
as gaming or video editing. It would be best to repair the fan, but some laptops can be difficult to take apart so you may have to turn to a local computer repair shop for help.
In the meantime, a hardware-monitor tool, which monitors the temperature sensors inside the computer, will tell you how hot it is running.
Open Hardware Monitor (openhardwaremonitor.org) is a free tool that shows system information such as CPU load, disk usage, and temperature.
Intel says that it’s very unlikely that you’ll damage a processor by overheating it. A CPU will self-monitor the temperature and slow down the clock speed if it’s too high.
It may even stop completely or shut down the computer rather than exceed its temperature limits. Locking up and unexpected shutdowns are signs of a computer overheating.
We wouldn’t advise using the computer if it’s overheating but it might be fine for lightweight tasks until it can be repaired. We can’t say what temperature is safe because every CPU is different. However, some will work at temperatures as high as 100°C before shutting down.
Computers have become a part of our everyday life. Work, university or your own house – you use them in all of these places. Since they tend to be slightly expensive, you probably want your computer to live and work for a long time – to achieve that, you need to take very good care of it.
One of the ways in which you can do it is by making sure that the CPU doesn’t get overheated – and this is something with which you shouldn’t have any problems after reading this article — so good luck.
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View from Other Side of the Bridge bc
as translated through the words used by the original author.
WORD MEANINGS…..father of knowledge is the builder of a multitude of nations (via mother) perfume.
1. FIRST was written in 1688BC author unknown.
2. OXHEAD WORD OF HOT DAY written between 1279 and 461BC in Palestine.
View From the Interpretation of 1640 ad
as seen through the interpreters of the Bible
1. Abidah is the son of Abraham through the mother Ketura Gen.25:4 1688BC
2. Abida is the son of Abraham through the mother Ketura 1 Chron. 1:33
Which view do we choose to see? Why would we choose another?
The Strong Bridge Database gives us an easy way to view the original meanings of the words used by the original authors of the 66 books upon which the Bible is built.
Using the Strong Bridge Database we can then compare with the INTERPRETATIONS….of the KJB written in the 1600s ad and the original word meanings. We can then draw our own conclusions about the intent of the authors of the original 66 books. 66 books selected by the interpreters to sustain the teachings prevalent at the time.
Any other interpretation would either have been
- Rejected by the general public; most of whom could neither read nor write.
- Or the general public would have run away from the popularly held beliefs and discovered a different view of the original text.
Words do not lie; however humans concocted words and thenuse them to create whatever pictures they desire for other to see.
OILED MASS the true meaning of the popular word Christmas gives quit a different view than the money driven holiday that entraps the world in its clutches of religious myths.
EXISTENT OPEN WIDE FREEjesus, joshua, Jehoshuah,Jehoshua, Isaiah,Jesaiah, Jeshaiah is the reason for the season.
The story of creation we wrote is hidden in the transliterated words that have absolutely no meaning in English. Words that we have assigned meanings…meanings that have no connection to the original words.
We wrote this thousands of years ago and have managed to distort the stories through religious beliefs…HABITUAL HABITS of repeating NO SENSE.
Nonetheless math, science, and the search for knowledge just keeps repeating the same messages. Will continue to do so until we open our ears to HEARSIMEON and our eyes become SINGLE. The same single eye of the DUAL LIMITS continually facing the star of the east, the sun.
The only star that can be seen in the east from any place on the planet.
Mary Had a Little Lamb
Rebelliousmary had a little lamb. This ryhme is closer to the truth than the religous myths. The story we wrote is about birthing the earth creating DUAL LIIMITSMIZRAIM, EGYPT.
DUALITY is the world we live in.
A study of the word REBELLIOUS translated in New Testament as Mary and in the Old Testament as Miraim reveals much.
Religious myth is that there is a single virgin who birthed a child in a manger. When we put all of the scriptures together in their sequence we discover quite a different story. There are 19 different REBELLIOUSmary/miriam with different numbers and names of so called children or no children.
The RED EARTH is the virgin with the birthright. The birthright is passed on to the SWOLLEN HEEL of RED EARTH.
The EXISTENT OPEN WIDE FREE was birthed from the HOUSE OF BREADBETHELEHEM,JEBUS.
When we reconstitute the transliterated words of the Old Testament we can clearly see the New Testament is the same SWEET LITTLE BOOK about creation. Sweet in the mouth, bitter in the belly because it needs digesting. Digesting out all of the added English words which make up more than half of the Bible.
The balance being mostly transliterated words for which we do not know the meaning.
The STALK of JOURNEYING WATER from the house being destroyed by the star of the east, the sun,was planted outside the HOUSE OF BREAD
Closer Look at the Rebellious Builderschildren
Children – builders of Rebellious that come from the Egyptian Treasury of Glorious Rest…WILL ADD…the father by law.
Rebellious is the product of Grace Terminal, the place where WILL ADD father by law allows the birthing of the OPEN WIDE FREE EXISTENT builder.
WILL ADD is also the builder of REBELLIOUS. 5 different words are used in the NT for the word children. The only one that is directly connected in a specific scripture is in the….
GIFT HEAD OF HOUSE WEAPONMATTHEW 27 inside we find the WINDOW10 NAIL6 The word children in this instance means PRIMARY BUILDER.
There was no PRIMARY BUILDER produced by the REBELLIOUSMARY TOWERMAGDALENE
The sequence of builders/children of REBELLIOUS written in the scripture reveals the TRUTH. This can only be seen if we have done our diligent research of the original text.
1. ARRANGED WORD (KJB Numbers) Rebellious died in the sanctuary (the earth) OT
2. FIRST ARRANGE WORD HOT (KJB 1 Chronicles) Rebellious had no builders.
3. GIFT (KJB Matthew) Rebellious birthed OPEN WIDE FREE EXISTENT.
4. GIFT (KJB Matthew) Rebellious birthed OPEN WIDE FREE EXISTENT SWOLLEN HEEL OF RED EARTH WILL ADD CELEBRATED FROM USING THE OPEN HAND POWER HEARING.
5. GIFT (KJB Matthew)
a.Rebellious Tower birthed no PRIMARY BUILDER.
b.mother of SWOLLEN HEEL (TWIN OF RED EARTH) WILL ADD
6. GIFT (KJB Matthew)DIFFERENT REBELLIOUS produced SWOLLEN HEEL WILL ADD
7. GIFT (KJB Matthew) DIFFERENT REBELLIOUS produced none
8 MARK (KJB Mark) DIFFERENT REBELLIOUS produced none
9. MARK (KJB Mark) seed of the builder EXISTENT OPEN WIDE FREE SWOLLEN HEEL WILL ADD CELEBRATED FROM USING THE OPEN HAND OF POWER HEARING SISTERS.
10. MARK (KJB Mark) builder of REBELLIOUS LITTLE SWOLLEN HEEL WILL ADD PEACESALOME.
11. MARK (KJB Mark) builder of REBELLIOUS WILL ADD
12. MARK (KJB Mark) builder of REBELLIOUS SWOLLEN HEEL PEACE.
13. LIGHT BRINGER (KJB Luke) builder of REBELLIOUS EXISTENT OPEN WIDE FREE
14. LIGHT BRINGER (KJB Luke) REBELLIOUS sister of MISTRESS produced none.
15. LIGHT BRINGER (KJB Luke) SWOLLEN HEEL is builder of REBELLIOUS
16. SELF EXISTENT (KJB John) sister of REBELLIOUS produced none.
17. APOSTLE ACTS (KJB Acts) builder of REBELLIOUS is OPEN WIDE FREE EXISTENT BRETHREN.
18. APOSTLE ACTS (KJB Acts) REBELLIOUS is the mother of SELF EXISTENT MARK
19. ROAMING from STRENGTH (KJB Romans) REBELLIOUS that bestowed much labor produced nothing.
19 is the back of the head. Until the head does what nine means TURN TO NEXT FULL NUMBER, there will be no birthing of the HEAD OF THE HOUSE which has nothing to do with male dominance.
NINE is the serpent of wisdom that religious myths seek to destroy.
When we understand the meaning of the original words from the original text and have done our due diligent research of the Old Testament…..this story is easy to comprehend.
It is simply a recapitulation of the original story of CREATION. Not about people; but about the universe which has never stopped creating, expanding.
We Have to Look at the Three Parts
- sacred sanctuary that comes from the primitive root TO BE
- winnowing fields from a primitive root to CLARIFY
- WAVER that is a primitive root
What is the Sacred Sanctuary?
- it is enmishpat another transliterated word that means SACRED SANCTUARY.
- it is the DRIVING PASTUREWILDERNESS (of the) PRICK/CRAGZIN (more…)
Father of a Multitude of Nations
These are not the same. When we take two different original words and make them be one personage; we fail to grasp the story. It is not about personages; it is about creative processes
Without the High FatherAbram with Dominant HeadSarai that fell from the Flamesur of the Eastchaldees; there would be no Multitude of NationAbraham.
Still the religious entities fight over who came first LaughterIsaac or Will HearIshmael or Yah is SalvationJoshua/Jesus.. They have no interest in teaching the masses the truth.
The Contestmidian was ended with the InitiatedHenoch Father of KnowledgeAbida, the Strength of KnowledgeEldaah. This is found in the FIRST WORD OF THE HOT DAY translated as 1 Chronicles.
Chapter 1, verses 1 – 54 paint a very clear story of the creative progression starting with the Ruddyadam to the Gentle Bullocksdukes of Redesau..
We have a choice to continue to let this planet feed on sour milk and rotting meat or discover the simple truth of what was documented thousands of years ago. Simple truth that has been defiled by sour milk and rotting meat stories.
Failure to seek understanding of that which we already know and understand deep in our own being has led to allowing the religious entities to feed us their sour milk and rotting meat.
There are no keys, no secrets, no magic formulas that are not already resident in our holy temple/body.
We lack no good thing; but when we feed on sour milk and rotting meat we become weak, frail, at dis-ease and die.
What Did Our Pen Write About Depression?
A word translated in the KJB as Maachah, Maacah. From which comes the Machathite, Maachathi, Maachathites. Then interpreted as personages.
This word is used at least 29 times. The table below is not in any special order. Following the table there is one story written in the original meanings from one single verse.
Lest you think Depression is not important because it is Old Testament. There is no New Testament without the old. Remove all the references to the Old Testament words and the New Testament has no leg to stand on.
1 time in FIRSTGENESIS written 1688BC place unknown
1 time in EXISTENTJOSHUA from OPEN WIDE builder of PerpetuityNUN (1646BC in the place of the skullGilgal.) (more…)
Beginning in the 26th generating from the QHUEH and the 24th generating of the BMLEE we find some Happy builders.
They are found in the First Word of the Hot Day Weapon: inside is the One united oxhead to the power of 30. Otherwise translated as 1 Chronicles 7:30
Some Happy Builders
Prosperity of the open right hand will Level. Level the Superfluity Evil. (more…)
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At the entrance to the network through a proxy server , it becomes an intermediary between the computer user and the Internet. In the logs of visited resources remains the ip address of a proxy that enables the user to maintain their anonymity.
To access the net via proxies, you must register the settings of the browser the address and port number is used. For example, if you work in the Opera browser, open: "tools – options – Advanced – Network". Click the "Proxy servers". Check the used type of connection and write in these lines the address of the proxy serverand its port. Hit "OK" everything is ready, you can go online.
For convenience to enable and disable the proxy in Opera, open: "Tools – Design – Button" and drag you to a bar – for example, in the address bar, the icon "Proxy is enabled". Now you can enable and disable the proxy serverby clicking this icon.
For proxy settings in Mozilla Firefox open: "Tools – options – Advanced – Network", click "Configure" in the section "set parameters of Firefox connection with Internet". Select "Manually configure proxy", enter the address and port number, save the changes.
If you work with Internet Explorer, open: "Tools – Internet options – Connection", click "configure". Check the box "Use proxy server", select the desired data address and the port number, save the changes.
The most difficult when working through a proxy is not a browser setting, search quality and fast proxy server. Most public servers – that is, those for which information is laid out in open access, "live" only a few hours. To find a good proxy take a look here: http://spys.ru/proxies On this site you can not only select the desired proxy server, but test it for performance.
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The construction industry has existed in one form or another for as long as man has walked the earth. Thanks to advances in modern technology things like bridges, buildings, canals, parks and more can be built faster than ever.
Many construction companies are catching on to the fact that drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), can play a pivotal and extremely helpful role in the construction industry.
There are seven specific ways that drones are commonly used in construction projects.
Below we’ve outlined each of these methods and elaborated on how they benefit clients, construction companies, workers and the general public.
1 Land Surveying
Until just a few years ago, land surveying was a complicated and expensive part of construction. Expensive equipment had to be leased and multiple contractors had to trek into what was often uncharted territory. While there is still no substitute for boots on the ground in some circumstances, drone innovation has made land surveys much more cost-effective and efficient.
Drones not only allow you to get a general idea about property; they can provide you with much-needed details regarding the landscape and surrounding areas. This cuts down on equipment and manpower costs, and it offers contractors the ability to make well-informed estimates and decisions prior to accepting contracts or breaking ground.
2 Marketing & Promotion
For a construction project to be successful it needs to have clients. Savvy construction companies use drones to film aerial shots of the area prior to development. Along with scale models and 3D renderings of the finished product, sky-high shots of the area from multiple angles help potential clients visualize the transformation of the barren land.
If you want to stand out to potential clients and help them see how their ideas can become reality, you should seriously consider adding drone photography and videos to your arsenal of sales tools. This strategy can also be used to convince communities and task forces of the viability of your project.
3 Safety & Insurance
Insurance costs for construction projects are at an all-time high, and one way you can protect and improve your safety record is through the use of drones. Is a worker on-site without the proper safety equipment? Is a column out of alignment? Is the excavation being done improperly or not thoroughly? Use a drone to find out before anyone else, and remedy the issue before it becomes a larger liability.
Aside from using drones to prevent serious injuries or death to your coworkers or the end users of the construction, you might also be eligible for a discount on your insurance if you use UAVs to patrol the site in an effort to find and fix potential problems.
4 Showing Job Progress to Clients
Clients fund construction projects, but they can also impede progress by incessantly showing up on-site with shiny boots and ill-fitting hard hats. To appease clients and to prevent them from interfering with ongoing work, use a drone to film the site regularly.
If the client is constantly receiving videos and images of the progress being made, you’ll be able to spend more time on the actual work than you would if you were forced to babysit the financiers. Drones are also a helpful way to provide updates to clients who are unable to visit the area. It’s advisable to only film areas that are making good progress, unless the client stipulates otherwise.
5 Monitoring Multiple Job Sites
Successful contractors are rarely able to remain on-site throughout the duration of a construction project. They rely on information from foremen and inspectors to provide them with regular updates. That system works to some degree, but thanks to drones there is now another way to monitor multiple job sites without having to travel excessively.
A drone operator can provide you with clear views of specific aspects of the site as well as general aerial shots. You can do this with or without the knowledge of on-site subordinates, thus allowing you to see exactly what has been done and what needs to be done.
Large-scale contractors use UAVs for this purpose on a daily basis to make sure things are running smoothly, safely, and on schedule.
6 Construction Inspection
Inspections are a major part of construction. Not only are there federal, state and local codes that must be strictly adhered to, but clients and public interest groups often play a major role in construction project inspections. If you want to avoid needless distractions and potential delays, use a drone equipped with a camera/video recording device to inspect every nook and cranny of the site.
You can deploy a drone to show you what things look like on the roof of a skyscraper under construction or to give you an idea of how a tunnel is progression. Bridges between large chasms are prime locations to take advantage of drones. You can even use a drone to hover around the perimeter of a site to show you how closely the actual site resembles the model and/or blueprints.
Realistically, no matter what sort of project is underway, inspections can be made safer, faster and easier through drone use.
7 Monitoring Workers
You want to keep your workers safe and productive, but hiring an extra group of supervisors is cost-prohibitive. What can you do to ensure employees are “working hard” and not “hardly working?” Drones can patrol the area to keep an eye on everyone in general or to conduct surveillance on a specific person or group who might not be following protocol.
Today’s drones are non-invasive and in many instances the workers may not even be aware that they are under surveillance. This is ideal because as the old saying goes, “character is who you are when no one is watching.” Whether you want to take preventative measures to make sure the job is being done right and safely, or you need to verify the actions of someone in particular, today’s camera-equipped drones can be your strongest ally.
Latest posts by Stewart Lawson (see all)
- Do I Need a License to Fly a Drone? [Read Before You Fly] - July 1, 2017
- Best Fishing Drones – A Beginners Guide to Drone Fishing - June 3, 2017
- Important Drone Restrictions [Avoid Getting in Trouble] - May 22, 2017
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|Address||18 Hewett Street
The Curtain Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse located in Curtain Close, Shoreditch (part of the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. It opened in 1577, and continued staging plays until 1624.
The Curtain was built some 200 yards south of London's first playhouse, The Theatre, which had opened a year before, in 1576. It was called the "Curtain" because it was located near a plot of land called Curtain Close, not because of the sort of front curtain associated with modern theatres, but of its proximity of the City walls, curtain or curtain wall referring to the part of city walls between two bastions.
The Curtain Theatre was built in 1577 in Shoreditch, and was London's second playhouse. The exact location was for many years unknown, although it was believed to have been built near to The Theatre. Little is known of the plays performed at the Curtain or of the playing companies that performed there. Henry Lanman appears to have been its proprietor, who is described as a "gentleman." In 1585, Lanman made an agreement with the proprietor of the Theatre, James Burbage, to use the Curtain as a supplementary house, or "easer," to the more prestigious older playhouse. The first recorded mention of the Curtain is in 1584, when the City of London petitioned Shoreditch Council to shut down their playhouses.:63 From 1597 to 1599, it became the premier venue of Shakespeare's Company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, who had been forced to leave their former playing space at The Theatre after the latter closed in 1596. It was the venue of several of Shakespeare's plays, including Romeo and Juliet (which gained "Curtain plaudits") and Henry V. In this latter play the somewhat undistinguished Curtain gains immortal fame by being described by Shakespeare as "this wooden O." The Lord Chamberlain's Men also performed Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour here in 1598, with Shakespeare in the cast. Later that same year Jonson gained a certain notoriety by killing actor Gabriel Spencer in a duel in nearby Hoxton Fields. The Lord Chamberlain's Men departed the Curtain when the Globe Theatre, which they built to replace the Theatre, was ready for use in 1599. For seven years Henry Lanman (owner of the Curtain) had an agreement with James Burbage (owner of the Theatre) that all profit would be shared between them. This deal is how many believe Lanman was able to afford to open the Curtain, the rest is all very unclear. J. Leeds Barroll focuses in Shakespeare studies: An annual gathering of Research, Criticism and Reviews on the fact that Henry Lanman had offered the Curtain as an easer to James Burbage, proprietor of the Theatre. Thereby, he assumes that Lanman’s business, the Curtain, must have been doing as well as Burbage’s business, the Theatre, since both, Lanman and Burbage, had agreed on a pooling arrangement for seven years in 1585, to pool profits. As far as is known, Lanman ran the Curtain as a private concern for the first phase of its existence; He died in 1606 and it is assumed by Edmund Chambers that the theatre had been re-arranged into a shareholder’s enterprise before his death at some point. Thomas Pope, one of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, owned a share in the Curtain and left it to his heirs in his last will and testament in 1603. King's Men member John Underwood did the same in 1624.:63 The fact that both of these shareholders belonged to Shakespeare's company may indicate that the re-organization of the Curtain occurred when the Lord Chamberlain's Men were acting there. Otherwise, it would be very unwise of Burbage to pool profits if he did better in the first place. Thus, the suggestion is given that both proprietors were doing equal business. Burbage's father Richard had shares in the theatre at the time of his death.:144
The London theatres, including the Curtain, were closed for much of the period from September 1592 to April 1594 due to the bubonic plague according to Alchin in his complete works on Shakespeare. In 1597, people wrote to the local magistrates' court demanding that no plays take place at the Curtain or the Theatre that year.:37 The Curtain was named in John Stow's Survey of London in 1598, but was not listed in the 1603 edition. In 1600, the Privy Council tried unsuccessfully to shut down the Curtain theatre, and in 1603, the Curtain became the playhouse of Queen Anne's Men (formerly known as Worcester's Men, and formerly at the Rose Theatre, where they'd played Heywood's A Woman Kill'd With Kindness in February of that year).:64 In 1607, The Travels of the Three English Brothers, by Rowley, Day, and Wilkins, was performed at the Curtain.
The Curtain had been in use from 1577 until at least 1624, after which its ultimate fate is obscure as there is no record of it after 1627. The exact location of the Curtain is now known, following excavations in 2016, and there is a commemorative plaque for the theatre at 18 Hewett Street.:62
Even though the Curtain was closed sometime after 1624 without any clear causes, the issue of financial problems cannot be addressed to that event without evidence.
Archaeological remains uncovered
In June 2012, archaeologists from MOLA announced that they had discovered the remains of the theatre during trial excavation. The remains will be available for public access when work is complete. In 2013 plans were submitted to develop the site with a 40-storey tower of 400 apartments plus Shakespeare museum, 250-seat outdoor auditorium and park, with the archaeological remains visible in a glass enclosure called The Stage, Shoreditch. In May 2016, excavators announced that the theatre was not round, but rectangular, fitting into the space between existing structures along the city wall. The galleries were straight.
In popular culture
- N. W. Bawcutt, The Control and Censorship of Caroline Drama: The Records of Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, 1623-1673, Oxford, 1996, p. 141, 150.
- Joseph Quincy Adams, Shakespearean Playhouses, Boston, 1917, p. 76
- "The Curtain". Shakespeare Online. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- "Curtain Elizabethan Theatre". Elizabethan Era Online. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- Bowsher, Julian (July 2012). Shakespeare's London Theatreland: Archaeology, History and Drama. Museum of London Archaeology. ISBN 9781907586125.
- E.K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage volume III, Oxford, 1923, p. 359
- Stern, Tiffany (February 2004). Making Shakespeare: From Stage to Page. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0415319652. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- William Ingram, The Business of Playing: The Beginnings of the Adult Professional Theater in Elizabethan London, Cornell University Press, 1992, p. 222
- Chambers, Vol. 2, p. 403.
- Collier, John Payne (2012). The works of William Shakespeare, the text formed from an entirely new collation of the old editions, with notes. General Books. ISBN 9780217290210. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
- Smith, David L.; Strier, Richard; Bevington, David (2002). The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576-1649. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0521526159.
- "The Curtain Theatre". London Borough of Hackney. 28 Feb 2007. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- "Remains of Shakespeare’s Curtain Theatre discovered in Shoreditch" (Press release). Museum of London Archaeology. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- Kennedy, Maev (2012-06-05). "Shakespeare's Curtain theatre unearthed in east London". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- "Curtain lifts on open-air stage at Shakespeare theatre site in Shoreditch". Evening Standard. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- "The Stage, Shoreditch". The Stage, Shoreditch. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
- Shakespeare in Love (1998) at the Internet Movie Database
- Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
- Shapiro, J. (2005) 1599: A Year in the Life of Shakespeare. Faber and Faber.
- Schoenbaum, S. (1987) William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life. OUP.
- Wood, M. (2003) In Search of Shakespeare. BBC Worldwide.
- Alchin, L. K. "William Shakespeare - The complete works". william-shakespeare.info. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
- Chambers, Edmund K. The Elizabethan Stage. Vol.5. New York: Oxford University Press,
2009. Print. 5 vols.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curtain Theatre.|
- Shakespearean Playhouses, by Joseph Quincy Adams, Jr. from Project Gutenberg
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Dickinsonia – The Earliest Known Animal
Dickinsonia was the earliest known animal. Also adapting the thumb piano to identify counterfeit drugs, robotic trousers and measuring the weight of water dropped by hurricanes
The earliest known animal – Ancient fat molecules shed light on what is the earliest known animal on Earth. Dickinsonia were strange creatures, ranging from a few millimetres to over a metre in diameter. These oval ‘quilted’ mattress like animals swam in ancient seas over 571 million years ago. When an extremely well-preserved fossil turned up in North Western Russia with steroidal fat molecules attached, the scientists could conclude that this fat cannot come from bacteria and is a marker for higher life, establishing the Dickinsonia as the earliest animal on Earth known so far.
Weighing the Water from Tropical Cyclones
When storms such as Hurricane Florence or Typhoon Mangkhut hit land, they bring extraordinary amounts of water in the form of rain. The strong winds cause havoc, but it’s the subsequent flooding and storm surges that are often responsible for the most fatalities and financial losses. With a warming atmosphere leading to these tropical storms carrying more and more water, we seriously need to understand what happens to the water when it’s dropped in such sudden events. By studying what happened to the water in Texas, last year when Hurricane Harvey made landfall, scientists hope to get a better idea for flood mitigation strategies and flood preparation. And to do this they measure location, flow and amount of water on land using GPS measurements taken from satellites to see the actual weight of water pressing down on the Earth’s surface.
Adapting the Thumb Piano to Identify Counterfeit Drugs
A new sensor based on a 3000 year old African musical instrument, the Mbira, Karimba or thumb piano, can be used to identify substances, including a poisonous chemical sometimes mistakenly added to medicines. The mbira sensor swaps the solid metal prongs for tubes that can be filled with the suspect fluid and the subsequent note when twanged changes with different densities of liquid. This can then provide an audible comparison to identify counterfeit or adulterated drugs.
How can a pair of trousers help you walk? Scientists at the University of Bristol are testing out different artificial muscles, sensors and controls which can be built into special trousers to help the elderly, and people with impaired mobility, get around better.
Picture: Artists impression of Dickinsonia, Credit: Nasa
Presenter: Roland Pease
Producer: Fiona Roberts
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Windows Communication Foundation
Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) is Microsoft’s unified programming model for building service-oriented applications. It enables developers to build secure, reliable, transacted solutions that integrate across platforms and interoperate with existing investments.
In This Section
- Guide to the Documentation
- A set of suggested topics to read, depending on your familiarity (novice to well-acquainted) and requirements.
- Conceptual Overview
- The larger concepts behind WCF.
- Getting Started Tutorial
- A set of walkthrough topics that introduces you to the experience of programming WCF applications.
- Basic WCF Programming
- A set of primer topics that you should understand to become a proficient WCF programmer.
- WCF Feature Details
- Topics that let you choose which WCF feature or features you need to employ.
- Extending WCF
- Topics that describe extending or customizing WCF to suit your unique requirements.
- Guidelines and Best Practices
- Topics that can help you to avoid mistakes and to create reusable applications.
- WCF Administration and Diagnostics
- Topics that describe a set of WCF functionalities that can help you monitor the different stages of an application’s life and diagnose problems.
- WCF System Requirements
- A list of WCF requirements.
- Operating System Resources Required by WCF
- A list of the resources that are provided by the operating system.
- Troubleshooting Setup Issues
- Describes how to troubleshoot WCF setup issues.
- Windows Communication Foundation Glossary
- Glossary terms used in WCF.
- WCF Samples
- Downloadable samples that provide working code projects that demonstrate features and programming techniques for WCF.
- WCF Tools
- Tools that help you to create and debug WCF applications.
- General Reference
- Topics that document the XML elements used to configure services and client applications.
- Feedback and Community
- Information about sending your comments or sharing information with others interested in WCF.
- Windows Communication Foundation Privacy Information (Version 3.0)
- Information on a feature-by-feature basis about what WCF applications reveal about end users.
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Last Published: 2010-03-21
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Based on the results of the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), in which metformin significantly decreased the development of diabetes in individuals with baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations of 110–125 vs. 100–109 mg/dL (6.1–6.9 vs. 5.6–6.0 mmol/L) and A1C levels 6.0–6.4% (42–46 mmol/mol) vs. <6.0% and in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, it has been suggested that metformin should be used to treat people with prediabetes. Since the association between prediabetes and cardiovascular disease is due to the associated nonglycemic risk factors in people with prediabetes, not to the slightly increased glycemia, the only reason to treat with metformin is to delay or prevent the development of diabetes. There are three reasons not to do so. First, approximately two-thirds of people with prediabetes do not develop diabetes, even after many years. Second, approximately one-third of people with prediabetes return to normal glucose regulation. Third, people who meet the glycemic criteria for prediabetes are not at risk for the microvascular complications of diabetes and thus metformin treatment will not affect this important outcome. Why put people who are not at risk for the microvascular complications of diabetes on a drug (possibly for the rest of their lives) that has no immediate advantage except to lower subdiabetes glycemia to even lower levels? Rather, individuals at the highest risk for developing diabetes—i.e., those with FPG concentrations of 110–125 mg/dL (6.1–6.9 mmol/L) or A1C levels of 6.0–6.4% (42–46 mmol/mol) or women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus—should be followed closely and metformin immediately introduced only when they are diagnosed with diabetes.Metformin Should Not Be Used to Treat Prediabetes — Diabetes Care 2020 Sep; 43(9): 1983-1987. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-2221
To evaluate the association between ischemic stroke and metabolic syndrome, DeBoer and Gurka reviewed more than 13,000 participants in prior studies and their stroke outcomes. Among that group, there were 709 ischemic strokes over a mean period of 18.6 years assessed in the studies. (Ischemic strokes are caused when blood flow to the brain is obstructed by blood clots or clogged arteries. Hemorrhagic strokes, on the other hand, are caused when blood vessels rupture.)
DeBoer developed the scoring tool, an online calculator to assess the severity of metabolic syndrome, with Matthew J. Gurka, PhD, of the Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics at the University of Florida, Gainesville. The tool is available for free at https://metscalc.org/.
Journal Reference: Mark D. DeBoer, Stephanie L. Filipp, Mario Sims, Solomon K. Musani, Matthew J. Gurka. Risk of Ischemic Stroke Increases Over the Spectrum of Metabolic Syndrome Severity. Stroke, 2020; 51 (8): 2548 DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028944
Presented with the following caveat:
I tried the calculator but I’m not quite sure how useful it will be in clinical settings. As far as insurance underwriting is concerned I probably won’t use it.
Yogurt was better than milk at ameliorating IR and liver fat in obese Chinese women with NAFLD and MetS, possibly by improving lipid metabolism, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and LPS, and changing the gut microbiota composition. This trial was registered at www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR-IPR-15006801.
After adjustment for potential confounders like aerobic exercise levels, doing any resistance exercise was associated with lower risk for metabolic syndrome, compared with no resistance training (hazard ratio, 0.83). People who met guidelines for recommended amounts of both resistance exercise (≥2 days/wk) and aerobic exercise (≥500 metabolic equivalent min/wk) had a 25% lower risk for metabolic syndrome than those who didn’t hit the recommended amounts.
Link to the original article below.
For optimal health, the waist should measure less than 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women.
Source: Expanding waistlines and metabolic syndrome: Researchers warn of new ‘silent killer’: Caused by overweight and obesity, metabolic syndrome affects 40 percent of Americans age 40 and older — ScienceDaily
Yes, I would like fries with that.
Arch Intern Med — Abstract: Effect of a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Nuts on Metabolic Syndrome Status: One-Year Results of the PREDIMED Randomized Trial, Dec 8/22, 2008, Salas-Salvadó et al. 168 (22): 2449
I am particularly fond of cashews and EVOO. My favorite EVOO is Borges. It won’t be long before we design dietary drill downs for our tele-underwriting scripts.
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This coming Monday, June 27, 2022, marks the 142nd anniversary of Helen Keller’s birth in 1880. To celebrate the occasion, the NFADB (National Family Association for Deaf-Blind) is hosting a free, online event featuring keynote speaker Dr. Susan Bruce, Professor and Chair, Teaching, Curriculum, and Society at Boston College. Dr. Bruce’s professional career has focused on how students with severe disabilities communicate, in particular those who are deafblind. Her research has encompassed literacy, assessment, teacher preparation, special education, and rare syndromes, including a key international research study on communication, language, and literacy in children who are deafblind. To register, visit the listing on the National Center on Deaf-Blindness website: NFADB Event: Helen Keller’s Birthday Celebration.
June 27 has been recognized as “Helen Keller Day” since 1980, when President Jimmy Carter issued a proclamation celebrating the “deafblind icon’s” life. During her lifetime, Keller met six of the nation’s Presidents, using the experience to “enlist them in the fight for equal rights for people with disabilities.” Learn more about her relationships and partnerships with these leaders from the Perkins School for the Blind description of Helen Keller, the president whisperer.
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Dpkg is the package manager from Debian GNU/Linux. It installs and deinstalls software packages. In Debian, packages are tightly integrated with the rest of the system, and can provide several scripts which dpkg will run at different parts of the installation. There are frontends that call dpkg, like dselect and apt.
Some of its features are:
- You (or a package) can move away a file and tell the package manager. Dpkg, knowing the file has been diverted will then install new versions to the new name.
- There a certain well-known names that many packages try to provide (like vi or lpr). Alternatives make that file to be a symbolic link to a file in /etc/alternatives. The package manager will maintain a registry of which packages provide that and will allow the system administrator to manage that, either by simple changing the links in /etc/alternatives or by using update-alternatives --config.
- Virtual packages:
- A package can depend on a virtual package. This is the same as depending on a disjunction of every package which declares it provides that package. Example: If a package depends on mail-transport-agent, it's as if it depended on exim, sendmail, etc.
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Influences of Multimedia Lesson Contents On Effective Learning
pp. 47-58 | Published Online: November 2013 | DOI: 10.12973/edupij.2013.212.4
Tuncay Yavuz Ozdemir, Mukadder Boydak Ozan, Ismail Aydogan
In the information era that we experience today, there is a rapid change in the methods, techniques and materials used for education and teaching. The usage of information and communication technology-assisted teaching materials are becoming more commonplace. Parallel to these developments, the Ministry of National Education took steps to develop IT substructures of all schools in the country and implemented many projects. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the multimedia lesson content used by teachers affect effective learning. This study is a qualitative study, conducted with 45 teachers working in primary schools during the 2011-2012 academic year. According to the study findings, participants believe that using multimedia lesson content during lectures increases student motivation, makes students more curious and interested, and think that using multimedia lesson content has positive effects.
Keywords: information technology, multimedia lesson content, teachers, effective learningReferences
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March is Nutrition Month! Eat Right For Good Sight
In honor of National Nutrition Month, we want to bring to your attention the importance of sound eating habits that support your vision and your overall health.
Incorporate More Of These Eye-Healthy Foods Into Your Diet
Spinach & Kale: Your eyes can be protected from damage and dangerous imbalances by the antioxidants in leafy greens.
Eggs and Fish: Eye disease and dry eyes can be prevented by Omega 3’s found in eggs and fish.
Broccoli: Broccoli is great for your retina health and can protect your eyes from sun damage. It’s also packed with eye-boosting beta carotene.
Garlic: Nutrients in garlic may protect against cataracts and eye disease.
Turkey: Turkey is full of zinc, which fights off age-related macular degeneration.
Oranges: Eye tissue can altogether improve by eating citrus fruits, like oranges. The Vitamin C in them is what does the trick!
Dark Chocolate: Flavonoids in dark chocolate keep not only your cornea healthy and strong, but your blood vessels too.
>>Check out this awesome link for great eye-healthy recipes.
3 Tips To Keep You Healthy!
- Avoid highly processed foods.
- Stay away from fatty foods.
- Minimal alcohol consumption.
Keep In Touch To Learn More!
Check out our Facebook page for more information about National Nutrition Month. And thanks for being our valued patients and friends!
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by Bernard Cornwell
Historical Fiction | 453 Pages | Published by HarperCollins in 2008
| Rating |
The 25th October marks the 600th anniversary of the battle of Agincourt, and what better way to remember the occasion than to read a highly evocative and remarkably convincing novel based on the battle itself. My first foray into the writings of Bernard Cornwell turned out to be a gut-wrenching, breath-taking and truly mesmerising experience. This is not a book for the faint of heart, Cornwell wields his pen like an axe, severing limbs from men left, right and centre until the pages are saturated in blood. Azincourt is disturbingly real and horrific in its truth; bloody, brutal and brilliant.
An extraordinary and dramatic depiction of the legendary battle of Agincourt from the number one historical novelist.
Azincourt, fought on October 25th 1415, St Crispin’s Day, is one of England’s best-known battles, in part through the brilliant depiction of it in Shakespeare’s Henry V, in part because it was a brilliant and unexpected English victory and in part because it was the first battle won by the use of the longbow – a weapon developed by the English which enabled them to dominate the European battlefields for the rest of the century.
Bernard Cornwell’s Azincourt is a vivid, breathtaking and meticulously well-researched account of this momentous battle and its aftermath. From the varying viewpoints of nobles, peasants, archers, and horsemen, Azincourt skilfully brings to life the hours of relentless fighting, the desperation of an army crippled by disease and the exceptional bravery of the English soldiers.
This novel tells the story of Henry V’s invasion of Normandy, from the prolonged siege of Harfleur and the subsequent march to Calais, to the battle of Agincourt itself. This is a tale of war and blood and death – of the rape and slaughter of civilians, of soldiers cut down in their thousands, and of men dying in true ignoble glory – hacked out in vivid and utterly convincing detail.
Cornwell has quite obviously done a considerable amount of research; the manner of warfare – the weaponry, the armour, the battles – are all described in incredible (and somewhat bloody) detail. Azincourt is simultaneously a lovesong to the English longbow. Told through the narrative of the protagonist, Nick Hook, Cornwell describes its use and implementation as the powerhouse of medieval warfare in rich detail. This depth of research creates a narrative which has all the action and drama of a movie whilst remaining true to the history.
If you like your characters in shades of grey, and splattered in blood, gore and shit, then Azincourt has a whole legion to supply. Cornwell creates characters who are either brilliantly psychotic or horrifically deranged, and even our protagonist Nick Hook makes a hard job of conjuring up any rapport. Strength and heroism are not exclusive to the good and just after all. But don’t let that put you off; this isn’t a novel about likeability, this is about one battle – this is about death and glory and the utter futility of both.
Azincourt is a novel written with gritty eloquence, fast-paced and to the point, whilst throwing in some of the most evocative passages of description I’ve ever read; both disturbingly realistic and eminently readable. Cornwell doesn’t shy away from the horrors of war, and neither does he pluck at the heartstrings – this is war; violent, bloody and terrible – brutal lives conveyed in brutal prose.
If you like your historical fiction like your grimdark fantasy, unflinchingly violent and bloody (and incredibly grim and dark), then I heartily recommend you read Azincourt. This is a fast paced and bloodthirsty tale which is supremely well researched. Bernard Cornwell is an incredible writer whose reputation as the master of historical fiction is well earned, I am only ashamed it took me so long to pick up one of his novels.
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Wuthering Heights is the name of Mr. Heathcliff’s dwelling. ‘Wuthering’ being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather. Pure, bracing ventilation they must have up there at all times, indeed: one may guess the power of the north wind blowing over the edge, by the excessive slant of a few stunted firs at the end of the house; and by a range of gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun. Happily, the architect had foresight to build it strong: the narrow windows are deeply set in the wall, and the corners defended with large jutting stones.
(Wuthering Heights, Chapter I, Emily Bronte)
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Today, we look at the question of size. The
University of Houston's College of Engineering
presents this series about the machines that make
our civilization run, and the people whose
ingenuity created them.
We understand things on the
scale that we experience them. We're often suprised
by how differently things behave when they're very
small or large. To see what I mean, try this
experiment. First find a very small and a very
large metal sphere -- say a BB and the big steel
ball used in the shot put. Now drop each of them
from a height of a few feet into a swimming pool.
You'll see that the shot
splash isn't at all like a scaled-up BB splash.
The large shot sends out a sheet of water that
breaks into a fine spray of drops. There are only a
few drops in the BB splash.
Before we had today's computer simulations, that was
how we could always tell whether a naval battle in a
movie was a scale model or full size. The
splashes never looked right in the scale model.
(Watch an old WW-II vintage movie about a naval
battle. You'll see.)
I once knew a badly crippled construction worker.
He'd been working on the ledge of a building that
was being demolished when he saw a two-ton scoop
swinging toward him -- very gently -- very slowly.
He put out his hands to stop it as he might have
stopped a child on a swing. And when it reached
him, it very gently crushed him. His experience
with playground swings had grieviously misled him
about the behavior of two-ton scoops.
Engineers think a lot about making scale models of
big prototypes. We wouldn't get very far if we had
to make full-size wind-tunnel tests of a Concorde
SST. The trick is to set the conditions in a small
model so its behavior is similar to the large
prototype. For example, we really could use a BB
experiment to learn about the large shot hitting
water, if we changed two things. The BB would have
to move much faster than the shot, and we'd have to
put just the right amount of detergent in the water
to cut its surface tension.
What the theory of modeling does is to tell us how
to stretch the dimensions of all the variables --
masses, speeds, material properties -- into
universal values. When we do this, funny things
happen. For example, we can learn about the
movement of microorganisms in our body fluids by
making laboratory experiments with large objects
moving very slowly through cold honey.
The problem of modeling is one part of a general
problem we have to face whenever we design things.
We have to find ways to see what's not obvious to
our eyes. We have to find ways to predict
complicated behavior before it becomes part of our
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston,
where we're interested in the way inventive minds
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Info : About
Engineering Branches (Biotechnology)
Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine.
Of the many different definitions available, the one formulated by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity is one of the broadest:
Biotechnology is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.
One section of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer, milk-products, and skin). Naturally present bacteria are utilized by the mining industry in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation).
There are also applications of biotechnology that do not use living organisms. Examples are DNA microarrays used in genetics and radioactive tracers used in medicine.
Modern biotechnology is often associated with the use of genetically altered microorganisms such as E. coli or yeast for the production of substances like insulin or antibiotics. It can also refer to transgenic animals or transgenic plants, such as Bt corn. Genetically altered Mammalian cells, such as Chinese Hamster ovarian cells, are also widely used to manufacture pharmaceuticals. Another promising new biotechnology application is the development of plant-made pharmaceuticals.
Biotechnology is also commonly associated with breakthroughs in new medical therapies and diagnostic devices.
See Also : -
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Spot Metal Trading
Gold trading in one form or another has existed for thousands of years. It has been used as a currency in its own right in many parts of the world or has served for the creation of “gold standards”, where the total amount of paper currency issued has been backed by a corresponding reserve of gold. Gold standards ceased as national economies grew significantly in the twentieth century and the overall production of gold, already unable to keep pace with the amount of money in circulation, decreased in relation to previous levels. The last country to stop using the gold standard was Switzerland. Prior to joining the International Monetary Fund in 1999, Switzerland had backed 40% of its paper money with its gold reserves.
The value of gold
As a commodity, gold has a reputation for keeping its value despite turbulence in other markets. Points of view differ on the intrinsic value of gold. As an element, it has properties that make it particularly well suited to certain industrial applications and esthetically its pleasing appearance makes it a metal of choice for jewelry. However, its value in gold trading is also driven by its scarcity compared to other commodities. 165,000 tonnes (the equivalent of 5.3 billion troy ounces) of gold had been mined in the world by 2009. Total yearly world supply is currently under 4,000 tonnes. Around half the world consumption of new gold is for jewelry. Investments account for another 40% and industry for the remaining 10%. This distribution means that the value of gold on the market is determined in a different way to that of major currencies such as the dollar or the Euro.
The price of gold
The universal benchmark price of gold, known as the London Gold Fixing, is determined to a large degree by the International Monetary Fund and central banks. Gold prices have recently been around $1,600 per ounce, a long way from the $35 per ounce fixed at the Bretton Woods conference of over 50 years ago when the gold standard was applied. When the gold standard was abandoned by the United States in 1971, gold trading prices increased dramatically to over $800 per ounce in the 1980’s. Between that peak and today’s level, gold prices have varied considerably, dropping as low as $260 per ounce in 1999.
How gold trading is done
Gold trading can be done in a similar way to currency trading. Gold prices are quoted in relation to the US dollar, the currency pair thus formed being XAU/USD. In the same way that traders will examine market conditions and price history to predict how one currency will perform against another, they can also do this for gold in relation to the dollar. A number of currency (forex) brokers also offer trading in commodities such as gold for this reason: it is a natural extension of the techniques and infrastructure required for successful trading in currencies. Leverage is also used in gold trading, allowing investors to make larger trades but only using a smaller amount of their own funds. In transactions like these, there is no physical delivery of the gold involved, just as there is no physical delivery in forex of a currency that you buy.
Factors affecting gold trading
US dollar: there is already a recognized relationship between the US dollar and gold prices. As the US dollar weakens in the market, gold prices tend to rise, and vice versa. Given the financial liabilities of the United States and the possibility that devaluation of the dollar may be the result, this would push gold prices up.
Demand for jewelry: with 50% of new gold being absorbed by this market, the jewelry sector and the consumption in countries like India, China, Italy, Turkey and the US have a significant influence on the price of gold. Of these, the Indian market for gold jewelry is the biggest. Specific events in that country alone can therefore bring about sizable swings in the market price of gold. Examples include the overall success or failure of harvests (farmers buy gold to hold when they have surplus cash), the seasonal demand generated by particular religious festivals and any natural disasters that perturb the economy and consumer demand with it.
Exchange-traded products: now that gold can be traded in exchanges and online as easily as any other paper currency or financial product, trading volumes and demand increase. Institutions handling gold for investor speculation in this way include the London Stock Exchange, Australian Stock Exchange (Gold Bullion Securities), the New York Stock Exchange (StreetTracks Gold) and the Electronic Traded Funds initiated by the World Gold Council.
“Safe haven” reactions: when political problems or increases in inflation occur with international impact, investors tend to move towards gold as a “safe haven”, meaning a commodity that is likely to hold its value even if other markets suffer.
Gold trading for diversification
Gold trading is of course just one possibility for investors seeking profits. It has specific advantages nonetheless in terms of diversifying an investment portfolio, particularly for investors who operate on a longer term basis. Gold has a low or negative correlation with other assets, meaning that decreases in the value of other assets either do not affect gold prices or in fact cause gold prices to rise. Gold prices are not linked to the performance of the economy or industry, and for this reason open positions in gold against the dollar can improve the consistency of results for investors in otherwise stable or unstable periods.
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Steel trusses are structures of steel bars connected into joints. Trusses according to structural mechanics is a bar system, geometrics of which is not changed if rigid joints are replaced with hinged ones. Only tensile and compressing stresses appear in elements of trusses if there is no misalignment of rods or out-joint loads.
Steel truss consists of two elements: chord and web.
The chord is a steel structures forming the outline of a truss. The web consists of posts and crossbeams connected to truss chords by means of welding. The Russian word «ферма» (in Russian it stands for a word “truss”) is derived form Latin word “Firmus” (firm). The main advantage of steel trusses is a reliability of structures; on this parameter they outperform any other types of structures, even those entirely made of steel. At the same time trusses weights less and consumes less steel in manufacturing. This allows reducing labor and transpiration costs. modern type of trusses can withstand huge loads and thus they are commonly used as support or floor structures.
Trusses are used wherever the huge safety coefficient is required and big weight is not acceptable.
Scope of application of steel trusses:
Steel trusses are of two types:
In the first case the axis of a truss form an axis which is capable of withstanding of multiaxial loads. Eachfaceofthisaxisisaplanetruss. Elements of a plane truss are located in one plane and thereby it can withstand significant loads directed from one side only.
Trusses can be divided into several types according to their structures: shape of the chord, dimensions of spans, structural static, type of joints, etc. Static trusses can be arch, beam, cable or framed. Other frequently used types of trusses are: polygonal, triangular, segmental, trapezoidal trusses and the ones with parallel chords.
The most common type of trusses is a combined truss. They are irreplaceable in constructions with live static loads. Structure of steel truss has no bends, thus it can cover spans with length of more than 70 m.
According to the most widespread classification of trusses they are divided into the following types:
Steel trusses are also divided into:
Light trusses are single-web frame with one row of gusset plates and chords of different cross-sections. Angles, channels, t-beams, seamless pipes of a different configuration are used for fabrication of this type. Light trusses of shape angles forming a structural tee are the most common. Gusset plates located between angles form its base. Anglesareweldedwithsidefilletwelds.
The base of a tube trusses are hot-rolled and welded tube and pipes. Welded ones are economically advantageous in fabrication of compression elements. The most feasible type of splice connection – is the one with direct abutment of contour welded pipes. In case if it is unable to perform shape cut, the ends of pipes are usually flattened and then welded to the chords of a truss. Trusses made of closed or open section have joints of a simpler structure.
Production engineering of steel trusses
Fabrication of steel trusses is carried out in several stages. The first stage is – preparation of KMD drawings.
Cutting stage includes CNC-machine cutting of sectional and plate steel.
Assembly of truss elements is performed in several stages with the help of tack-welding. Assembly of the whole rafter structure is done is a single working area.
The next manufacturing stage is the final welding of a structure. Direct-current power supply is used for this purpose. Welding method – semi-automatic. Once all welding works are finished, each seam should be thoroughly cleaned from weld spatter and metal flows.
Anti-corrosion treatment is a final stage of manufacturing at Chelyabinsk Steel Structure Plant. Steel structures are cleaned in shot-blasting chambers and then coated with several layers of anti-corrosion paints – primer and final coating (if required).
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In 1868, a treaty was signed with the Shoshone people establishing for them a reservation in the west central part of Wyoming Territory. In 1878, they would be joined by their longtime adversaries the Arapaho on what would become the Wind River Indian Reservation.
Also in 1868, the new American president Ulysses S. Grant made a surprising move by putting religious denominations in charge of overseeing new reservations throughout the West. On April 10, 1869, “Grant’s Peace Policy” went into effect. It was also known as the “Quaker Policy” because the Quakers influenced its enactment. This new policy rewarded those tribes that settled down, took up agriculture and stayed out of the way of encroaching white settlements. Indian people who continued to live away from the reservations would be considered “hostile.” Most importantly, the policy stated, “The church groups were to aid in the intellectual, moral and religious culture and thus assist in the humanity and benevolence which the peace policy meant.”
In Wyoming, The Episcopal Church received responsibility for the new Shoshone Indian Reservation. The church was never properly prepared to look after the 1,500 Shoshones who would live there. In the 1870s, the church was poor and lacked clergy. It wasn’t until 1883 that the first missionary clergyman was sent to the reservation.
John Roberts was born on March 31, 1853, in Wales. His interest was serving the church in the missionary field, and he was sent to Nassau in the Bahama Islands. It was there that he was ordained to the priesthood. However, Roberts yearned for a greater challenge. His opportunity came when he met Episcopal Bishop John F. Spalding who served Colorado and Wyoming. Spalding assigned him to work with the Shoshone in Wyoming.
Roberts’s trip there was a memorable one. He took the train to Green River and then traveled the last 150 miles by stage. . This journey came in the midst of a blizzard with temperatures nearing 60 degrees below zero. The journey took eight days; on February 10, 1883, he finally arrived at his new home. While serving in the Bahamas, Roberts had become engaged to a young church organist named Laura Brown. They kept up their relationship by exchanging letters until she was able to come to Wyoming. She arrived by train in Rawlins on December 24, 1884. Roberts met her there. They were married on Christmas Day at Saint Thomas Episcopal Church. They would raise five children during their years together.
At Fort Washakie, on the reservation, Roberts quickly went to work serving the people. He became the first superintendent of the government school. School attendance was compulsory for Indian children. Many attended against their will. In 1885, Roberts established The Church of the Redeemer that would serve the Shoshone people and other area residents.
The reservation wasn’t the only place where an Episcopal presence was needed. Roberts proceeded to organize congregations in Lander, Dubois, Crowheart, Riverton, Thermopolis, Milford, Hudson and Shoshoni. All but the latter three have active congregations at the present time. “Father Roberts,” as he became known, spent countless hours visiting those fledgling churches, traveling by horseback in all kinds of weather. He officiated at numerous baptisms, communion services, weddings and burials.
Roberts also became a close personal friend of Chief Washakie of the Shoshone. Washakie, who was in his early 80s when Roberts arrived, was seen as a fair but autocratic leader. One legendary story was told about this relationship. The chief’s son, Jim Washakie, was shot and killed in 1885 by a white man in an argument over a liquor purchase. When Chief Washakie heard of this, he became distraught and vowed to kill every white man he saw until he himself was dead. When Roberts heard of this, he visited the chief in an attempt to talk him out of it and the clergyman offered his own life instead. Washakie reconsidered and said, “I do not want your life. But I want to know what it is that gives you more courage than I have.” Roberts used the occasion to talk about his personal faith and converted Washakie to Christianity.
While this story says much about the character of both men, it was probably not true. The Roberts family tells a different story. Roberts indeed paid a visit to the chief after the incident. But Washakie’s comment was much different. Instead, he stated, “The white man did not kill my son. Whiskey killed him.”
Roberts saw the need for a Christian school on the reservation. The government school served mostly boys, and he felt it was important to educate the girls a well. This became possible in 1887 when Chief Washakie made a personal gift of 160 acres as a site for a new school. Washakie valued Roberts’s presence, and the chief felt it was important for his people to receive an education so that they would be prepared to live within the encroaching white society. The Shoshone Episcopal Mission School, later referred to as “Roberts’s Mission,” began operations in 1889 and served numerous reservation girls until it closed in 1945. The donated site on Trout Creek was long considered sacred ground by the Shoshone.
The school was built with the assistance of Episcopal Bishop Ethelbert Talbot, who raised funds for the complex. The bishop thought very highly of the Reverend Roberts and his dedication to Indian ministry. He once offered Roberts the opportunity to have a more prestigious position, but Roberts declined, saying, “Thank you, Bishop, but I hope you will never take me away from my Indians. I prefer to spend my life here among my adopted people.”
The Northern Arapaho tribe, led by Chief Black Coal, was allowed to settle on the Shoshone reservation in 1878. Roberts did not hesitate to expand his ministry to the Arapaho. Saint Michael’s Mission was established at the present site of Ethete in 1919. A church, a school and several other buildings were constructed. The log church was named “Our Father’s House.” The mission itself was named after Michael White Hawk, an Arapaho catechist who assisted Roberts in translating the Gospel of Luke into Arapaho.
In 1885, the Reverend Sherman Coolidge was assigned to the reservation to assist Roberts in his ministry. Coolidge was a full-blooded Arapaho priest who had been separated from the tribe as a young boy and raised by Captain Coolidge from the military post. He was educated in Minnesota and then sent back to his people. Both Roberts and Coolidge left enduring legacies through their work with the Arapaho.
The Reverend John Roberts also officiated at two prominent funerals. The first occurred on April 10, 1884. A woman known as “Wad-ze-wipe,” mother of Baptiste and stepmother of Bazil, died at about age 100. According to Shoshone tradition and early Wyoming historian Grace Raymond Hebard, this was Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Many modern scholars argue that Sacagawea died shortly after her historic journey and is buried in what’s now South Dakota. Roberts believed that “Wad-ze-wipe” was the true Sacagawea and recorded her as such in the church burial records.
The second funeral was that of the venerable Washakie, on February 22, 1900. Washakie, said to be 102, was buried with full military honors at the post cemetery. He had served the United States Army for many years as a scout. The Reverend Coolidge assisted Roberts in the service. In 1897, before his death, Chief Washakie summoned Roberts to his home for a visit. There, on January 25, Washakie officially became a Christian through baptism at the age of 97. He became active in this faith for his remaining three years and encouraged other Shoshones to become Christians as well.
Roberts served his people for as long as he was able. He served as became a bridge for Indian people with the white culture that surrounded the reservation. His style could best be described as “loving paternalism.” In his later years, he suffered from blindness. It was said he could identify visitors to his log home by the sound of their footsteps on a creaking floor. He died on January 22, 1949, and is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Lander. His Wyoming ministry lasted 66 years.
- Hebard, Grace Raymond collection, Chief Washakie files, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming.
- Talbot, Ethelbert. My People of the Plains. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906, 14.
- Hebard, Grace. Washakie: Chief of the Shoshones. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995, 160. First published 1930.
- Kingsbury, George. A History of Dakota Territory. Chicago, S.J. Clarke Company, 1915, Vol. I, 783-84.
- Markley, Elinor R. and Beatrice Crofts. Walk softly, this is God's country: sixty-six years on the Wind River Indian Reservation : compiled from the letters and journals of the Rev. John Roberts, 1883-1949. Lander: Mortimore Press, 1977, 5, 125. Markley and Crofts support Hebard (above) in her findings.
- Urbanek, Mae. Chief Washakie. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Publishing Co., 1971, 113-14.
- Urbanek relied heavily on the Grace Hebard files on Chief Washakie now at the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming.
- The undated photo of the Rev. Roberts is from the Wyoming State Archives, negative number 18894A, used with thanks; clothing on the people in the background suggests a date around 1930.
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"Instead of fixing the old mill, John Work decided to
build a new mill. John Work surveyed the area and found a good spot where
Fourteen Mile Creek curves back onto itself. To build this mill, Work
realized he would have to dig a tunnel for the water to flow through, but this
did not deter him, and he set to work.
"With two other workers, he began to dig the tunnel on January 14, 1814. Men began digging simultaneously from both sides of the hill. Work made his own explosives from saltpeter he mined from the cliffs running along the
"A huge celebration accompanied the completion of the tunnel. The settlers feasted, made speeches and drank to their heart’s content. One story relates a man weighing over 200 pounds rode through the tunnel on horseback.
"Yet only half the work was complete. The mill had not been built yet. As John Work set to work again, he discovered a serious problem. The spot where the building was supposed to stand had quicksand instead of rock underneath it. Work cleverly used large oak timbers to support the building, thinking wood submerged in water would not rot. History states the mill was fifty feet by thirty-five feet and had a stone foundation and a frame super-structure. The mill had three levels with an elevator, which transported grain from floor to floor. There were two great wooden overshot wheels that powered the mill. Each was twenty feet in diameter, five feet wide, and had twelve four by eight feet spokes. Indians and settlers alike came from as far away as
1832: "Tunnel Mill John" Work died in Clark County, Indiana.
"Sadly, on August 1, 1927 the great Tunnel Mill building burned." John Work's Tunnel Mill land "is now owned by the Lincoln Heritage Council of the Boy Scouts of America. The Boy Scouts use this land for camping and outdoor activities and call it Tunnel Mill Boy Scout Reservation."
Sarah Jackson and "Tunnel Mill John" Work are buried on the grounds of the land where they had lived -- as are other family members.
"Operators of Tunnel Mill
John R. Work
Wilfred M. Green
Henry C. Dodd
2007-06-08 websearch on “ ‘tunnel mill’ john work “
“Last Will and Testament of John Work”
“The State of Indiana
“Probate Court March Term A.D. 1832
“Upon this day the last will and testament of John Work, late of the County of Clark, deceased, was produced and proven in open Court by John Simonson, Joseph L. Bowman and Joseph Work, the subscribers to the same. The same is therefore ordered to be recorded and upon the application of Sarah Work and John R. Work the Executors named in said last will and testament the burthen of the execution of the same is granted to them by court. They having entered into bond in the penal sum of Sixteen Hundred Dollars, with Samuel Work and Joseph Work their security, conditioned according to law and took the oath required by law, as such Executors. It is therefore ordered that a certified copy of the said last will and testament of said John Work, deceased, together with letters testamentary, be issued to the Executrix and Executor under the proper seal of the court.
“I, John Work of the
“1st. I am not indebted to any person or persons excepting the amount of One Hundred Dollars to John and James Drummond, which I borrowed of the guardian, John Ferris, nor am I responsible as security for any. I therefore do not wish a sale of personal state generally. It is however my desire that the mare that I have been in the habit of riding and the two colts should be sold at vendue unless John Drummond and James Drummond will consent to take them or either of them at fair valuation to be made by two disinterested persons in part payment of which I owe them, the residue of personal estate (except my surveying instruments) after paying the claim of John and James Drummond, I hereby give to my wife, Sarah Work and my son, John R. Work to be equally divided between them and to be at their disposal after such divided.
“2nd. I devise and hereby give my wife, Sarah Work and my son John R. Work, in conjunction the use of my home place including the mills and all the land I own in No. 140 of the Illinois grant and the proceeds thereof during the time of the natural life of my said wife, Sarah Work, excepting and reserving to my three daughters or either of them the use of the saw mill a length of time sufficient to enable them or those whom they employ to saw timber scantling plank, etc. for the erection of a stone saw mill contemplated to be built at or near the old saw mill in No. 120 of the Illinois grant, and after the accase of my said wife, I give and bequeath the said home place including the mill and the land I owned in No. 140 of said grant with the appurtenances to my said son, John R. Work, to be enjoyed by him and at his disposal forever and I also hereby give to my said John R. Work, 60 acres of land in No. 139 of said grant beginning and bounded as follows, commencing at the South West corner No. 140 and running with the original line of No. 139 South 50 East 60 poles to the line dividing Nos. 139 and 140, thence with sine to the place beginning.
“3rd. I do hereby give my daughter, Anna Read, in fee simple all that part of the tract of land owned by me in No. 139 of the Illinois grant not heretofore given my son John R. Work, and in case it should appear on a fair estimate and valuation by my two sons-in-laws, Stephen Hutchins and John Shannon that said tract of land will be insufficient to make my said daughters Anna's part equal to that received by my other daughter and their husbands it is my desire and wish that the deficiency be made up together out of any of my real-estate heretofore given to my son, John R. Work.
“4th. I devise the residue of my real estate to be valued by my son-in-law, Stephen Hutchings and John Shannon and after the proposition received by them and the proportion received by my daughter, Anna Read and her late husband is ascertain on the amount or value thereof which is to be deducted. It is my desire my said son-in-laws shall divide the same and apportion the same by lot to themselves and my daughter, Ann Read. I desire this same cause to be pursued not only to same expenses but also that the most perfect harmony should exist between them in regard to my estate.
“5th. I have already given my son-in-law, John Farris, and my daughter, Rebecca what I considered their fill share of my estate, but as a memorial of my affection for them I hereby give them Ten dollars to be paid my executors out of any monies due me.
“6th. I have already given my son-in-law, as follows to Joseph Hutchings five hundred dollars, to John Shannon, four hundred and fifteen dollars, and to my daughter, Anna, and to her husband, William Read eighty five dollars and it is my desire said sums should be taken into the calculations in making the division and distribution of the real estate hereby given them in order that each may receive an equal portion and no more.
“7th. I have already stated that I owe debts, excepts the claim of John and James Drummond above specified which must be paid them as above provided. I, however, many years since became responsible as security for one Hugh Reed of Fayette County, Pennsylvania for a balance of which debt his land was sold by the sheriff and I became the purchaser and paid the debt, I afterwards disposed of the land this purchased for $100 more than I paid purchase money and as it was not my purpose to profit by the transaction but merely to secure myself. It is therefore my desire and I hereby enjoin it on my executors to pay the said Reed or his legal representatives in the case of his decease the sum of $100 to be paid out of the debt or monies due me from John Coombs when collected.
“8th. I here give my son-in-law, John Shannon, my surveying instruments in addition to his part above specified as a memorial of my friendship for him.
“9th. It is my wish to settle my whole estate without an executor or administrator but as I have considered outstanding debts due me in order the same may be collected and divided between my wife, Sarah Work and my son, John R. Work, after the payment of John and James Drummond and the amount to Hugh Reed, I do hereby constitute and appoint my said wife, Sarah Work and my son, John R. Work, my executors of this my last will and testament thereby revoking all other former wills or testaments heretofore made by me. In witness whereof I have set my hand and affixed to my seal this 19th day of December, in the year of our Lord, 1831. John Work (seal)
“Signed, sealed, published and declared as and for the last will and testament of the above names John Work, in the presence of us this 19th day of December, 1831.
John S. Simonson
J. L. Bowman
“I, John Work, of the County of Clark and the state of Indiana, being weak in body, but of sound mind and memory do hereby make and constitute the following codicil of my last will and testament now in the hands of Joseph Work, to-wit; having bequeathed my land in No. 120 of the Illinois grant to my daughters and my son-in-laws and as there is a sight on said land for a stone saw mill and a quarry of excellent rock and as I am fearful my said daughter and son-in-laws will not improve the same immediately and as my son, John R. Work and my grandsons, John Drummond and James Drummond desirous of building said mill and using said quarry for a time, it is my desire and I hereby give them the use of said quarry and sight of said saw mill together with a sufciency of ground in said No. 120 to carry on the business of said mill and quarry for the term of four years from next April, 1832, in consideration of their erecting and completing said stone saw mill at the expiration of which time said land, mill and etc. is bequeathed as specified and it is my desire and I hereby enjoin the same that my said son and grandsons shall have the refusal of purchasing said land and mill and provided my said daughters and sons-in-law agree to sell the same they giving as much as any other for the same when offered for sale. In witness whereof I have set my hand and affixed my seal this 28th day of December, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and thirty one.
“The forgoing codicil of the last will and testament of John Work was this day signed and sealed published and declared as an additional or codicil to said last wilt and testament of said John Work in our presence by the said John Work, December, 1831.
Joseph S. Simonson
J. B. Bowman
(State of Indiana)
“I, Henry Harrod, Clerk of the probate court, of the County of Clark do certify the annexed to be a true copy of the last will and testament of John Work and that Sarah Work be executrix and John R. Work executor therein names provided the same in the probate court by the oaths of John S. Simonson and Joseph Work and John L. Bowman, the subscribing witnesses thereto and they are duly authorized to take upon themselves the administration of said estate of the testator agreeable to said will. Witness my hand and seat of office this day of march, 1832.
“In witness whereof I hear unto set my hand and affix the official seal of the court, this fourth day of January, 1834.
John C. Lewman
Clerk, Clark Circuit Court “
1832: At the John Work House, Tunnel Mill, Clark County, Indiana: Death of "Tunnel Mill John" Work, age 72
1854: At the John Work House, Tunnel Mill, Clark County, Indiana: Death of Sarah Jackson Work, age 85
Burial: Faris-Work-Faris Cemetery, Tunnel Mill, Clark County, Indiana
+ + + + + + + +
Webpage by Lindberg-Work Family
2009-07-31: page first created
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In the present aggressive and developing world, the significance of training has never been progressively significant. Individuals are presently increasingly mindful of the proceeding with need to improve one’s self through grown-up learning. Because of variables, for example, time imperative, e-learning has immediately developed as an elective methods for proceeding with instruction.
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The inquiry numerous individuals pose is exactly how powerful is learning an unknown dialect on the web? The principle contrast between study hall learning and e-learning is the nearness of an educator. A decent educator perceives the adapting needs of the understudy. Notwithstanding that, a great instructor perceives the learning style of every individual understudy. He profits by the two factors and improves learning through various methods. Because of advances is numerous e-learning stages, these elements have been contemplated. The student’s needs and learning styles would now be able to be managed in like manner.
The present e-learning stages offer a wide scope of ways to deal with suit every student’s particular needs. A few stages even utilize facilitators – human or something else – to energize the understudy and improve the learning procedure. At the point when joined with the comfort of learning at one’s own pace, e-learning demonstrates to be a viable method for learning another dialect.A good example is Real Spanish, that offers a method to learn Spanish online focusing on the colloquial language as it is really spoken by Spaniards.
Studies demonstrate that more individuals favor e-figuring out how to the conventional study hall sessions. The adaptability the e-learning offers is by all accounts one of the central point that understudies contemplate. A few characters respond all the more decidedly to the web based learning condition. One clarification is that the relative namelessness that this sort of learning gives an understudy more certainty. Studies demonstrate that learning dialects online appears to introduce a progressively loosened up learning air. It has been demonstrated over and over that such a learning climate does a great deal as far as upgrading the learning procedure. The understudy finds out more and in a shorter range of time than ordinary. The understudy additionally will in general recollect a greater amount of what he has realized.
Online unknown dialect adapting additionally profits by the sum and nature of data and assets that can be found on the Internet. E-learning projects exploit this circumstance, upgrading adapting significantly more. So in the event that you are looking to gain proficiency with an unknown dialect, regardless of whether for expert or individual reasons, web based adapting very well might be the correct decision for you.
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In this section, you will learn how to make interrogative sentences. Before moving to the main topic, we would like to tackle the explanatory のだ （んだ）because understanding its functions is significantly important when making and responding to a question.
Explanation for How the Explanatory のだ （んだ） Works
The explanatory のだ （んだ） is one of the most frequently used words in Japanese. However, since there is no equivalent word in English and this word has a certain number of functions, some learners have difficulty understanding it. In this lesson, we will feature the major five functions.
First of all, let us start with the difference between のだ and んだ. They have the same meanings, but the formality is different. のだ is formal and preferred in writing while んだ is a casual and preferred in speaking. Here, we will make examples with んだ. Please regard them as sentences in conversation.
Next, let’s check the conjugation rules. The explanatory のだ （んだ） is used at the end of sentences. Pay close attention to the conjugation when you use nouns and na-adjectives with のだ （んだ） in affirmative sentences. Apart from that, you can directly connect it to other parts of speech (i-adjectives, verbs, etc.).
Nouns and Na-adjectives in Affirmative Sentences: to Attach な + んだ
|先生（なんだ / なんです）|
|好き（なんだ / なんです）|
Others: to Attach んだ
|学生（じゃないんだ / じゃないんです）|
|嫌い（じゃないんだ / じゃないんです）|
|かわいい（んだ / んです）|
|美味しくない（んだ / んです）|
|走る（んだ / んです）|
|泳がない（んだ / んです）|
Note: the negative-polite form: ません is not used with explanatory のだ （んだ）. Even though we explained the negative form: ないです is a colloquial expression, you can be formal enough by using のだ. Now, let’s move to the functions.
Five Functions of the Explanatory のだ （んだ）
|車は（買わない / 買いません）。||高い（んだ / んです）。|
|As for cars, [I will] not buy [it].||[It] is expensive.|
The first function is to express reasons. It’s not necessarily that there are two sentences like the above. For example, when you go out with a big luggage and bump into your mother, you say “旅行なんだ.” The plain meaning is “It’s travel,” but you have also expressed the reason why you have a big luggage by using んだ. Here are more examples.
|学校は（行かない / 行きません）。||風邪（なんだ / なんです）。|
|As for school, [I] won’t go.||[I] have a cold.|
|日本は寿司が有名（だ / です）よ。||美味しい（んだ / んです）。|
|As for Japan, sushi is famous.||[It] is delicious.|
|今日は（寝ない / 寝ません）。||勉強する（んだ / んです）。|
|As for today, [I will] not sleep.||[I] will study.|
|辛い（んだ / んです）ね。|
|(Interpretation) [It] is spicy, right?
*Said when you saw a person with a red face after he/she ate curry.
The second function is to express your interpretation. With the example above, the speaker interprets the curry as being spicy based off of the person’s flushed appearance. Interpretations don’t have to be correct. Take a look at some more examples.
|田中さんはレディーガガが好き（なんだ / なんです）ね。|
|(Interpretation) Tanaka-san likes Lady Gaga, right?
*Said when you saw Tanaka-san was lively singing her songs.
|(Interpretation) [Tanaka-san] sings Beatles’ [songs], too.
*Talked to yourself when you saw Tanaka-san read the lyrics of Beatles.
3. Discovery (Non-Physical Objects)
|(Discovery) My mobile is iPhone.
*Said to yourself when you wanted to know what iPhone was like and realized your mobile was actually the one.
The third function it to express discovery. The point here is that you cannot use this for physical objects. In the above example, you have discovered the form, the function, or the quality of iPhone, not the material itself. In another example, when you open a window and notice that it’s raining outside, you just say “雨だ” because you have found rain itself. However, if you realize that the rain is actually snow and it’s the first time for you to see snow, you can say “これが雪なんだ (This is the snow).” Namely, you have discovered what snow is like.
|(Discovery) Alcohol is good for health.
*Said to yourself when you had no idea about alcohol, but came to know that’s actually good for health.
|(Discovery) Penguins don’t fly in the sky.
*Said to yourself when you thought that penguins flied, but came to know they actually didn’t.
4. Summary (Rewording)
|ダンは日本人じゃ（ない / ありません）。||アメリカ人（なんだ / なんです）。|
|Dan is not Japanese.||[He] is American.|
The fourth function is to express summaries (rewording). You can roughly consider this as the equivalent to “in other words” in English.
|仕事を （やめる / やめます）。||転職する（んだ / んです）。|
|[I will] quit my job.||[I will] change my job.|
|寝るよ / 寝ます。||体調が悪い（んだ / んです）。|
|[I will] go to bed.||Lit. [My] condition is bad.|
5. Preliminary Remarks
|寿司は人気（なんだ / なんです）。||だから、少し高い（です）よ。|
|Sushi is popular.||So, [it] is a little expensive.|
The last function is to express preliminary remarks. Other functions you have learned so far modify prior sentences or situations. However, this function modifies following sentences. That’s the difference. By using this, you can call listeners’ attention to coming sentences. *You will learn Japanese conjunctions such as だから in other lessons.
|北海道は寒い（んだ / んです）よ。||上着が（いる / いります）よ。|
|Hokkaido is cold.||[You] need a jacket.|
|実は、もうすぐ結婚する（んだ / んです）。||結婚式は来月（だよ / です）。|
|Actually, [I will] get married soon.||Lit. As for the wedding, [it] is next month.|
As you learned in the sentence ending particle lesson, by omitting だ from んだ, you can also make feminine expressions. Note: when you omit だ from んだ, the remaining ん always becomes の. This is only applicable for casual tone. That is to say, the following sentence sounds casual.
Sentence ending particles can be used together with the omission like this;
- のだ can be pronounced as んだ in conversation.
- The conjugation needs only in affirmative sentences with nouns and na-adjectives.
- The functions are to express:
- Discovery (Non-Physical Objects)
- Summary (Rewording)
- Preliminary Remarks
We have covered the major and basic functions here. Although the explanatory のだ (んだ) is often used in everyday life, there are many usages. We will pick up the rest of them in other lessons. Then, this can actually be utilized for a question marker. Next, let’s learn how to make interrogative sentences with this.
- Next Lesson: Question Markers: か and の
- Previous Lesson: How Japanese Counting Systems Work in a Sentence
- Table of Contents
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It’s one thing to understand the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors. And another to remember the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors! If the man who put a rocket in space finds this challenging, how do you expect students to find this easy!?
If you teach statistics, you already know this! Students from all walks of life, MBAs, medicine, arts, STEM, etc., are troubled when asked to differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 errors! And don’t get me started on type 3 or type 4 errors! Here are Tamsin and Caitlin on Twitter ranting about Type 1 and Type 2 errors!
Tamsin, @anorakgirl, says “Statistics people! How am I supposed to remember anything for my exam when your naming is SO bad? Type 1 and Type 2 errors are just the last straw…”
Caitlin, @Saiki_36, “I’ve read 2 chapters and watched the videos on type 1 and 2 errors for stats and retained nothing. Goodbye brain.”
In fact, @stianwestlake, CEO of nonother than “Royal Statistical Society,” concludes.
To help, we address on this page:
- What are Type 1 and Type 2 errors?
- Seven ways to remember Type 1 and Type 2 errors.
- Real life examples of badly mixing up Type 1 and Type 2 errors.
- Trade-off between Type 1 and Type 2 errors.
What are Type 1 and Type 2 Errors?
Before we try and remember Type 1 and Type 2 errors, it is good first to understand the concept.
In statistics (and in life), we often start with a null hypothesis (a belief we hold) and test it using data (or evidence). Then, we evaluate the sample data (or evidence gathered) to conclude if we continue with the null hypothesis (or change belief we hold). It is always possible we make the wrong conclusion because the data is a sample only, or evidence may be insufficient. There are two ways of making this error. The two ways were named Type 1 error and Type 2 error.
- A type I error occurs when we reject a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population.
- This is also referred to as a false-positive.
- Measured by Alpha.
- A type II error is when we fail to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.
- This is also referred to as false-negative.
- Measured by Beta.
Students usually ask why we do not drop the type 1 and type 2 error terminology and call it a false positive and false negative! Technically, we use the type 1 and type 2 error terminology for hypothesis testing in statistics. Clearly, there could have been better ways to name these errors!
If you are looking for a primer on hypothesis testing, the Industrial Psychiatry Journal has one here.
Easy Ways to Remember Type 1 and Type 2 Errors
We have searched the internet and submit different ways that people have tried to remember the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors.
1) The Wolf Story to remember the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors
This is the most popular method to remember the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors.
Everyone probably knows the story of the boy who cried wolf! You only need to remember that the villagers committed both Type 1 and Type 2 errors in that order.
- When the boy cries wolf the 1st time, the villagers believe it to be true and rush to the scene but there’s no wolf. This is a false positive or Type 1 error.
- Then the boy cries wolf the 2nd time when a wolf is encountered and the villagers ignore or don’t believe there wolf. This is a false negative or Type 2 error.
2) Pregnancy & the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors
The close second is the pregnancy image doing the rounds on the internet.
3) The Rain and Umbrella & the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors
4) The DIY Calligrapher & the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors
If you are a calligrapher and want to make your own image -something like this is good.
5) Creating Your Own Memory Aid
- Type 1…
- another word for 1 is First
- First begins with the letter F
- F = false (actual) hypothesis which was accepted Then you know that for the Null Hypothesis it’s just the opposite i.e. it was true but it was rejected
- Therefore, you just need to remember “First False” and remember that the false is referring to the ACTUAL hypothesis
- Type 2… think “too true” = 2 true The (actual) hypothesis is TRUE but it was rejected. Again the Null would just be the opposite- it was false but accepted
- So if you remember either First False or Too True you’ll be fine bc you just know that it’d be the opposite
6) Number of Falses’ Method
Here is another memory aid from Professor Kelsey-Jo.
7) The Tradition Matrix Showing Type 1 and Type 2 Errors
And of course, you have the traditional method to understand and remember the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 errors in Hypothesis testing. Sometimes, the traditional way works best!
You now have at least seven ways to remember and distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 errors. Pick whatever suits you best
Examples of Misunderstanding Type 1 and Type 2 Errors
Elon Musk’s response to his COVID-19 Tests
Cant Call Type 1 & 2 errors “positively toward negative, right”
Unless you are a sitting president. Watch Trump’s Response on His COVID-19 Tests
Trump on his latest coronavirus test: “I tested very positively in another sense, so, this morning, yeah. I tested positively toward negative, right? So, no. I tested perfectly this morning, meaning I tested negative. But that’s a way of saying it. Positively toward the negative”On Fox News
Trump on his latest coronavirus test: "I tested very positively in another sense, so, this morning, yeah. I tested positively toward negative, right? So, no. I tested perfectly this morning, meaning I tested negative. But that's a way of saying it. Positively toward the negative" pic.twitter.com/El53NhCqOL— Aaron Rupar (@atrupar) May 21, 2020
Another Trump response on his colleague’s COVID-19 test results.
Trump: Katie, she tested very good for a long period of time and then all of the sudden today she tested positive… This is why the whole concept of tests aren’t necessarily great
Trump: Katie, she tested very good for a long period of time and then all of the sudden today she tested positive… This is why the whole concept of tests aren’t necessarily great pic.twitter.com/iM9Xo3jddU— Acyn (@Acyn) May 8, 2020
It is not just Donald Trump; the White House response was also unclear on potential Type I and Type II errors!
@MattGertz, Senior Fellow at @mmfa (and one who takes care to clarify that he is definitely not the GOP congressman) said on Twitter, “Dawning realization that nine months into the pandemic. senior WH officials think that if you test negative, it means that you definitely have not caught the virus and can do whatever you want and don’t need to quarantine if you’ve been in contact with someone with COVID.”
Trade off between Type 1 and Type 2 errors
Remember that there is always a trade-off between Type 1 and Type 2 errors. When you try and reduce Type 1 errors, you increase the odds of Type 2 errors. Therefore, controlling for Type 1 and Type 2 errors is based on the situation you are in.
@ProfJessieSmith points to The Texas Tribune article on bail reform to illustrate the trade-off between type 1 and type 2 errors.
Another good example for to show that controlling for Type 1 vs. Type 2 errors is based on the situation you are in is the example of screws. Assume you want to set the quality cut-off for boxes of screws. If the screws are used in airplanes, you want to minimize Type 2 errors as the cost of an error is an airplane failure – lethal and expensive. On the other hand, if the screws are used in a wooden table, you want to minimize Type 1 errors as the cost of an error is minimal.
PS: Please run if anyone mentions type 3 or type 4 errors! Don’t even reply!
Enjoy learning! Let us know if we can help you with tutoring, and one of our statistics tutors will be glad to assist you.
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Mexico's cuisine, a heritage that has become universal
And in addition to being combined with great versatility in different dishes, the cultivation of avocado, since then, has also been a source of sustenance for countless Mexican families, even as an export product, because of the 12 months of the year, nine are favorable for harvesting in Mexican soil.
The avocado has existed for a long time in Mexican cuisine and occurs in two regions in particular, Michoacan and Jalisco, although the most famous in Mexico is Michoacan. In fact, more than 80 percent of its production goes abroad; it is exported for its quality and texture.
In the past avocados were sold to other populations and today with a much more advanced technology, the Mexican avocado is exported to Japan, and around the world. But in those ancestral times, it was the fruit that not only fed all the people but also served as a trade. So it was a blessing to have a good avocado harvest. Today it is a source of income in the city of Uruapan, in Michoacán, where the avocado cooperatives meet to distribute their products in the world's food chains; the people live on avocado.
There is a variety of at least eight types of this fruit, but only two are used in gastronomy. The beauty of avocado is that, in addition to being delicate, it is very easy to work with and present. In Yucatan, there is one that is enormous, with a smooth and greasier texture and a totally different flavor.
But in addition to being tasty and varied, Mexican cuisine stands out for its pre-Hispanic history and the usefulness that ancestors gave to food. Mexico is an ancestral country. The many indigenous communities took their favorite fruits like vanilla, cacao, avocado and used them as rituals. Chocolate is used to bless Mayan weddings, and avocado is also used in religious festivals.
Mexican cuisine has a culture and history. It has many ingredients, an infinite number of recipes and seasonings depending on which state you are in and which house you eat at. Like the French, it is homemade. It is the kitchen of the grandmother, of the great-grandmother who has an ancestral tradition.
Mexican cuisine has many secrets, but it also has a lot to offer. Mexican cuisine will soon, if not already, be the main one in the world. In fact, the great chefs at their one-, two- and three-star Michelin restaurants already add a Mexican touch to their menus.
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Arabs and Muslims
Television shows and movies often portray Arabs and Muslims as evil and foolish. The stereotype of Arabs began with Rudolph Valentino in “The Sheik.” It has developed into the transnational villain of television and film and culture in general (Barsamian, 2001). Movies often cast them villains or financial backers of espionage plots as in “The Siege,” which depicts the U.S. military declaring martial law and imprisoning American Muslims and Arab Americans en masse following a series of terrorist bombings. In 1984, Shaheen argued that while the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s helped create more realistic television portrayals of African Americans and other ethnic minorities, the treatment of Arabs remained full of inaccurate myths and stereotypes.
Although anti-Muslim sentiments, in particular, seem to run throughout the United States more and more particularly since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, there is proof that the negative attitudes toward Muslims are rooted in a historical prejudice stemming from religious beliefs and practices of the Muslim culture. Islam is entrenched in Arab societies and has undoubtedly been one of the greatest dividers between the Christian West and the Middle East.
Portrayals of Arab and Muslim women are particularly negative. Historically, media have portrayed women in the Arab and Muslim worlds as either mysteriously exotic or oppressed and backward. Many images of Afghan women focus on the burqa, the traditional head to toe cover that shields women from public view. Stories depict them as “faceless and shapeless” (Palm Beach Post 2002), or stifled and restricted. Elantawy (2007) examined articles that “feed into the dominating yet distorted stereotype of the victimized and oppressed Muslim woman. She concluded that especially after 9/11, newspapers increased their photos of mostly Afghani women with their faces veiled to the outside world.
The frame of reference with which Americans perceive Middle Easterners today began forming in the mid-19th century when Western historians, geographers, ethnographers and Western Christian missionaries visited Palestine. They conveyed their impressions of the land and its peoples to readers and congregations in Europe and America (Christison, 1997). Arabs and Muslims first gained national attention in the late 1890s and early 1900s when immigrants began appearing in mainstream publications (Pulcini, 1993).
Initially characterized as peddlers and beggars, Arabs soon became the villains of choice for the motion picture industry (Shaheen, 1984). Historians speculate that the stereotype of Arabs that began with Rudolph Valentino in “The Sheik” has developed into the transnational villain of television and film and culture in general (Barsamian, 2001). Establishing such otherness has historically been a fluid undertaking applicable to any number of racialized groups (Ali, 2003). Although Americans probably did not have a clearly defined perception of Arabs, they used their exposure through the mass media to form a vague sense of Arabs as distasteful (Christison, 1997).
Akram (2002) attributes the demonization of Arabs/Muslims to “deliberate mythmaking by film and media” and purposeful stereotyping by government officials and independent polemicists who seek to justify the United States’ agenda abroad. She claims that these actions prey upon a vulnerable public, growing evermore fearful of the “unwelcome ‘other’ in our midst” (p. 61). When describing the media’s treatment of Arabs/Muslims in further detail, Akram explains how media never depict members of this group as “ordinary people, families with social interactions, or outstanding members of communities.” Instead, Arabs/Muslims conjure images of “holy war,” terrorism and oppressive patriarchy among the American public (p. 66).
Other studies explore how the media participates in the construction of “enemies” during times of crisis, such as the aftermath of Sept. 11. Bakalian and Bozorgmehr (2005) outline the phases of backlash faced by people of color who are of the same ethnicity or religion as the enemy group: first, the general public scapegoats the minority group; second, the media promotes existing hostile stereotypes, or creates new ones; finally, the government undertakes a systematic regime of “scrutiny and repression” (p. 7). In a related study, Merskin (2004) addressed how the spread of false information contributes to the process of “enemy image construction.” Like Akram, Merskin cites film and media, in addition to government authorities, as the parties responsible for the perpetuation of negative stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims among the public. She stipulates, as do the others, that these media behaviors function as a means of legitimizing and expanding political power (p. 158).
Suggested citation: Moody, M. (2011). Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims. Media Studies Overview. Accessed via http://miamedia1.blogspot.com/
- Contructing A Strong Paragraph: Stereotypes of Arab’s and Muslims in Western Society (emanjdotcom.wordpress.com)
- Handicap by Complexion: Response to Broadway Bound (arabamericanlit.wordpress.com)
- Reel Bad Arabs (hibajundi.wordpress.com)
- The Angry Arab Idiot (arunwithaview.wordpress.com)
- Arabs and Muslims must blame themselves for Western biases (rayhanania.com)
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Electro Hydrodynamic Thrusters (aka Lifters)
Courtesy of Blaze Labs Research
EHD stands for Electro Hydro Dynamics which is the study of the flow of a fluid under the effect of an electric field. The principle of ionic air propulsion with corona generated charged particles has been known as from the earliest days of the discovery of electricity. One of the first reference to sensing moving air near a charged tube appeared in year 1709 in a book titled ‘Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects’ by F.Hauksbee. Many other pioneers of electricity, including Newton, Faraday, and Maxwell, studied this phenomenon. Unfortunately, EHD is not a common topic in most high school syllabus, which is the main reason why most of the general public get confused when seeing such devices in action.
An EHD thruster is an electro hydrodynamic device which ionises air and moves the charged ion cloud in a way and direction to transfer momentum to neutral air molecules. By Newton’s third law of motion, action is equal and opposite to reaction, and the EHD thruster will move in the opposite direction of the ion cloud. Ionocrafts was the name given to the first kind of vertical takeoff EHD thrusters designed during the early 60’s, and form part of the EHD thrusters family. Recently, this effect has gained popularity under the less appropriately titled ‘lifter’ which due to the lack of knowledge of EHD by most people, has been related to some sort of antigravity effect. It is a well known fact that these devices produce thrust along their own axis, and not against the force of gravity as would be expected from an antigravity device. An EHD thruster in its simplest form is made up of two electrodes, one with a sharp edge, the ioniser and one with a smooth edge, the collector, which when powered by a high dc voltage (a few kV ) produces thrust against the surrounding medium, normally air.
For construction details, see the DIY Devices section.
The diagram below shows a EHDT in its most basic form. It consists of a fine wire, suspended above a sheet of aluminium foil, by a lightweight insulating support such as balsa wood. If a high voltage DC source is connected as shown, a thrust will be produced, propelling the device in the direction of the positive wire. This thrust is due the motion of air, or any other dielectric (insulating) fluid around the device, as described below.
The top sharp electrode ionises the air. If the electrode is positive, free electrons in the vicinity will accelerate towards it, and strip off other electrons from the air molecules around the sharp wire.
A cloud of heavy positive charges is thus formed, and the avalanche of electrons approaching the sharp electrode account for the corona & ionisation current. In their mad rush from the ion emitter to the smooth negative electrode, the positive ions bump into neutral air molecules-air particles without electric charge. The force exerted on them by the electric field is offset by the force of friction caused by collisions of the ions with the neutral air molecules. As a result, ions drift through the air gap with an approximately constant velocity Vd, that is proportional to the electric field given by Vd=kE, where the proportionality constant K is called the ion mobility, the highest the value the more mobile (faster) and the less friction is offered.
The terrific wallop in these collisions hurls a mass of neutral air downward along with the ions. The distance in cm traveled by an ionised air molecule until it hits a neutral air molecule is given by the mean free path and is equal to 5 x 10-3/P, where P=760 Torr at sea level. The larger the air gap relative to the mean free path, which works out to be equal to 6.6 x 10-6cm, the more probability there is of an ion repeatedly hitting neutral molecules, and therefore the more impacts and thus effective thrust we get. During these collisions, the ion charge is not transferred to the neutrals. When they reach the lower smooth electrode, the ions, still being positive, hit it and neutralise themselves. But the grid has no attraction for the neutral air particles that got bumped along. So the air flows right along the sides of the lower electrode, making a downdraft of neutral air beneath the EHD device. The fact that most ions are neutralised at the collector explains why the reading we get from ion measuring meters setup below such devices does not account for the measured thrust. In fact for a good EHD thruster, such a reading should be close to zero. If however, one accurately measures the force exerted by the air exiting the collector side over a flat surface, it is found that this force is equal and opposite to the thrust of the device.
An EHD thruster works without moving parts, flies silently, uses only electrical energy and when immersed in a fluid (air, oil, etc..) is able to lift its own weight together with additional payload. The basic design of the simple lifter has been fully described in the TT Brown US Patent N°2949550 filed in 1957 and titled “Elektrokinetic Apparatus”. Even though T.T.Brown was fully aware that the thrust from his devices was due to ion interactions, lack of EHD knowledge at that time, resulted in very low efficiency operation of these first EHD thrusters. Shown below is one of Brown & Bahnson’s designs described in US Patent #3,223,038, and an ultra simple EHDT made from aluminium foil, balsa wood and a fine copper wire.
While extensive research was performed in the 1950’s and 1960’s on the use of electric propulsion for interplanetary spaceflight, many promising concepts had to be abandoned due to the technological limitations of the power conditioning systems in use at the time. It is also understood that the research & development of ionic thrusters by NASA at those days was aimed mainly for interplanetary space flights, and the fact that ionocrafts need a fluid medium to work has led these fantastic devices to be largely abandoned by the scientific community since the late 1960’s.
To date no consistent effort has been made to reevaluate these approaches in light of modern power processing technologies and develop flying machines to operate within the atmosphere. During the 1960’s a lot of work on EHD technology had been accomplished by Major De Seversky (pictured below). De Seversky noticed an air flow developing between the two electrodes of an air ioniser commonly used to clean air. “To an old flyer like me,” said the major, “anything that stirs up a wind is a flying machine. So I began to develop the idea.” In fact a few years later, he patented The Ionocraft patent no:US3130945 in April 28, 1964. The major seemed concerned that the Ionocraft might be mistaken for a kind of space vehicle. “This is not a spacecraft,” he explained emphatically to forestall any possible misunderstanding. “It’s an airplane, designed to operate within the atmosphere. But it will be able to do things that no present type of aircraft can accomplish.” Indeed, this misunderstanding still prevails in the present days, but Blaze Labs research clearly shows that EHD thrusters and lifters do not work in vacuum.
End of Blaze Labs Article
Note that the Bifield Brown Effect is an effect apparently produced by capacitors or electrodes that are asymmetrical (of different sizes). This is what causes the majority of confusion around the “Lifter” devices. You can see from the images that one electrode is significantly larger then the other. Most Lifters or EHD thrusters are powered with voltages below 30kV. It is said that the Bifield Brown effect would become more apparent at more extreme voltages such as above the 50kV mark. The vacuum tests performed by Blaze Labs were performed with a Lifter powered at 30kV. NASA have also performed vacuum tests on a rotational lifter setup powered at 50kV. These tests are not 100% conclusive but it seems unlikely that a device based on the design of a Lifter will have any significant implications for propulsion technology.
For construction details, see the DIY Devices section.
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ICNIRP Paper - Mobile Phones, Brain Tumours and the Interphone Study: Where Are We Now?
The International Commission for Non Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has published a paper examining the Interphone results a year on and where the science is currenty at. The abstract states:
Background: In the past 15 years, mobile phone use has evolved from an uncommon activity to one with over 4.6 billion subscriptions worldwide. There is, however, public concern about the possibility that mobile phones might cause cancer, especially brain tumours.
Objectives: To review the evidence on whether mobile phone use raises risk of the main types of brain tumour, glioma and meningioma, with a particular focus on the recent publication of the largest epidemiological study yet – the 13-country Interphone Study.
Discussion: Methodological deficits limit the conclusions that can be drawn from Interphone, but its results, along with those from other epidemiological, biological and animal studies, and brain tumour incidence trends, suggest that within about 10-15 years after first use of mobile phones there is unlikely to be a material increase in the risk of brain tumours in adults. Data for childhood tumours and for periods beyond 15 years are currently lacking.
Conclusions: Although there remains some uncertainty, the trend in the accumulating evidence is increasingly against the hypothesis that mobile phone use can cause brain tumours in adults.
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- Purchase/rental options available:
This article focuses on the State Federation of Pennsylvania Women and its local affiliates during the Progressive era. Under the leadership of State Forest Commissioner and fellow clubwoman Mira Lloyd Dock, the Federation played a major role in the state's conservation and municipal improvement movements. As other Progressive era historians have shown, these reformers came from the elite and middle classes, and were as interested in converting their working-class neighbors as they were in transforming cities and conserving natural resources. Pennsylvania's clubwomen sincerely cared about the quality of life for their state's urban and rural populations. They believed education would win others to their causes, and they sought alliances whenever possible with less privileged folk. Keystone State females both worked with and opposed male reformers. Studying the State Federation of Pennsylvania Women and its Progressive era record thus illuminates the complexity of American conservation history.
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Middle school can be both exhilarating and exhausting. For doctoral student Courtney Williams, this makes it the perfect time to be a part of it.
Studying counseling psychology in the University of Georgia College of Education's department of counseling and human development services, Williams has worked with dozens of students at Clarke Middle School—African-American girls brimming with strong emotions and opinions. Her dissertation project, P.O.I.S.E. (Providing Outreach and Inspiration Through Sisterhood and Education), created a space for African-American girls to discuss experiences related to identity development.
But it was also the perfect time for the students involved in P.O.I.S.E., as it gave them a chance to be a part of research, understand their value in Williams' education and even, for some, connect with P.O.I.S.E. and Williams at a deeper level.
Williams picked this age group because middle school, for her, was an influential time. She was curious to see how an organized group that gave girls a space to discuss topics such as beauty, body image, bullying and social pressures might affect their overall sense of self.
"Middle school for me was tough—just finding a fit and a sense of belonging," she said. "But having a connection with older black women was key."
The purpose of the study was to design a group intervention addressing body image and self-esteem. To do this, Williams created an after-school group, P.O.I.S.E., which included lesson plans designed to get girls discussing critical topics during two-hour sessions. P.O.I.S.E. featured facilitators who were trained in group dynamics and always had a high adult-to-student ratio. A "control" group of girls, organized by the school counselor, was for both Latina and African-American girls. This group met for an hour and had a lower adult-to-student ratio. Williams' study began and ended with questionnaires for participants, and she also took audio recordings to gauge girls' attitudes and opinions about the topics they covered.
A few participants gathered recently in the Bulldog Room at Clarke Middle to join about two dozen family members, friends and faculty mentors from the UGA College of Education to hear the summary of Williams' work over the past year.
The result? The girls' general attitudes toward their hair and skin color increased as they took part in the group exercises. But participants' rating of their sociocultural attitudes toward appearance declined. Although, Williams, noted, that's not necessarily a bad thing.
"It means both groups felt less pressure to ascribe to cultural beauty norms," she said. From discussions in a focus group, Williams said she learned that participation in P.O.I.S.E. gave the girls the space and the tools to discuss these issues.
"Girls expressed confidence, but also shared the influence pop culture and social media has on their views of themselves," she said. "In P.O.I.S.E., girls didn't always think about these issues, but the experience gave them a way to discuss them."
Overall, Williams said, the P.O.I.S.E. girls had a strong support system through their family. Affirmations from mothers and older siblings such as "you are strong" and "you are beautiful" were common, and had a direct influence on their self-esteem. While beauty in the African-American community—especially when it comes to skin color and hair—can be hot-button topics, many of the girls embraced these elements and actually increased their satisfaction in these areas.
In some cases, Williams acknowledged that merely talking about negative issues associated with self-image sometimes introduced a new perspective to the girls. And time became another factor, Williams said; depending on the day or even the hour a girl's opinion of herself can change. "Body image is multi-faceted," she said. "Also, we need to understand that what we see on TV isn't always true."
Several P.O.I.S.E. members attending Williams' dissertation defense said the experience affected them positively—but it went deeper than that. By taking part in P.O.I.S.E., the girls recognized that they were part of a research study undertaken by a young African-American woman. By completing the surveys and taking part in the focus groups, they recognized that they were providing valuable research data to further Williams' education—and that inspired them.
"It was fun," said eighth-grader Silbiha Franklin, who took both the pre- and post-study questionnaire. Friend Miracle Robbins, a seventh-grader, said she enjoyed being a part of the project and also learning from it. "I learned I'm confident," she added.
Following Williams' presentation her father, Mitch Williams, noted that the study was also a turning point for Williams.
"I'm very excited about her growth and I think that she has arrived in terms of confidence and self-esteem," he said. "And it pleases me greatly to see that she has helped a community of girls."
Her advisor, professor Edward Delgado-Romero, also noted the positive influence she has had on the students at Clarke Middle School and beyond. "She has touched so many people and influenced so many people in her time here at UGA," he said.
Williams recently completed interviewing for counseling psychology pre-doctoral internships—a degree requirement that takes place as part of her doctoral training—she is also working on ways to continue the P.O.I.S.E. group. Hosting the discussions off-site could lead to a different dynamic compared to the school environment, she said. She is also working on funding opportunities to help with training facilitators and incentivizing participation.
Bottom line, she said, middle school girls are complicated. But while the study just scratched the surface of the realities faced by young African-American women, it laid the groundwork for gathering more information during this critical time of their lives.
"P.O.I.S.E. is so important to me and who I am," she said, eyes filled with tears, as she ended her dissertation defense presentation. "Words can't speak to how important you all are to me."
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The Pendulum Paradigm
Variations on a Theme and the Measure of Heaven and Earth
The pendulum is perhaps the simplest experimental devices ever constructed, and yet for all its simplicity it has historically enabled scientists to both investigate and enumerate gravity; the fundamental force that shapes the very universe. The pendulum has also allowed astronomers and geologists to measure the motion, mass and distribution of matter within the Earth, and its stately swing is at the very heartbeat of time. This book explores the many applications of the pendulum, from its employment as a fundamental experimental device, such as in the Cavendish torsion balance for measuring the universal gravitational constant, to its everyday, practical use in geology, astronomy and horology.
About the Author
Martin Beech is full professor of astronomy at Campion College, the University of Regina.
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The “write” stuff: third grade strategies and conventions for expository writing grade level: third grade written by: jere pearcy and grace van horne. In this expository writing practice worksheet, students explain three reasons why the person they nominate to be placed on a stamp should be selected students write. A great selection of free third grade writing prompts creative writing topics, animals, vacations, family, hobbies, endangered species, holidays, music. Mrs eisenacher's third grade class: home homework history math geography reading. 3rd grade expository writing lessons, activities, grammar | week-by-week writing curriculum [kathryn robinson] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers.
Grade 3 common core english language arts test guide 14 new york state grade 3 expository writing evaluation rubric score. Innovative 3rd grade expository writing activities and rubric this week-by-week common core aligned writing program includes 20 weeks of writing workshops. Find quality lessons, lessonplans, and other resources for third grade expository writing and much more.
300 ©2006 nancy fetzer expository writing lesson: 1-sentence one sentence: primary level purpose: this is the first organizer that primary-level writers (first grade. In this writing worksheet, students interview a person about their job students write out the persons responses to 5 questions on the lines provided.
Use this six-point rubric to evaluate expository writing it may also be used as a four-point writing rubric. Item also available as a digital download: 3rd grade expository writing - digital. Writing prompts for 3rd grade journal writing org grades the fun and excitement 3rd expository writing writings were journal by tenth grade students. Expository writing prompts with fiction annie's best day (grades 1-2) eating through the week (grades 1-2) the 100th day (grades 1-2.
2nd and 3rd grade comprehension expository text structure - free download as pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read online for free 2nd and 3rd grade. Expository writing worksheets expository writing worksheets and printables learning to write, expository writing lesson plans and rubrics. Here is a graphic preview for all the 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade, 4th grade, 5th grade, 6th grade, 7th grade and 8th grade informative and expository writing.
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Libraries are still important to the communities we serve, but the ways in which our patrons seek information and use our resources have changed with the growth of the web. Academic libraries have seen a steady decline in reference traffic since 1998, and the 2017 Public Library Data Service Report shows an almost 10% decline in reference transactions versus the previous fiscal year. According to the Pew Research Center, “librarian” is still among the most trusted occupations in our communities, but our patrons’ habits have changed while many of our service models have stayed the same.
Many libraries have turned to embedded librarianship as one solution to better serving patrons and demonstrating value to their communities. The term comes from the expression embedded journalism, which was first used at the start of the Iraq War in 2003 when journalists traveled with military units and reported from within the action itself. Similarly, being an embedded librarian means being where your patrons are. Embedding looks different depending on the type of library and the goals of the project, but all embedded librarian projects are focused on being part of the patron’s environment so that they can be available at points of need rather than expecting patrons to come to the library.
I teach a course on librarian embedment at San José State University’s iSchool, so I read many case studies about it. Some of my favorite examples include the Community College of Vermont’s support of classes via the learning management system, Queensland University of Technology in Australia’s incremental embedment into an engineering course, and Mount Royal University in Calgary’s experiment measuring the impact of various levels of embedment, from assignment design collaboration to coteaching. Each case study demonstrates common potentials and pitfalls of embedment within a course or curriculum. Librarian embedment can go beyond course-specific support and includes moving offices to or holding office hours in the departments with which they liaise, providing reference services in high-traffic spaces across campus, and becoming part of faculty research teams.
Similarly, librarians in K–12 settings can support instructors’ assignment and course design, support students’ online course activities with online guides, or even coteach classes.
In public libraries, the goal is also to embed library resources and librarian support at their patrons’ points of need. This can include having a librarian provide reference support at local community organizations such as those that support small businesses, veterans, immigrants, or the homeless; librarians supporting municipal planning and local government with research; or providing library services at community events. All of these options bring library services to members of the community who may never have thought of visiting the library or about how it could help them.
Embedded librarianship is about building strong relationships within the communities libraries serve and requires a deep understanding of the needs and habits of our patrons. One major challenge with embedment is workload. Some models can be labor-intensive, and having librarians leave the building can spread staff even thinner. Many libraries that have done embedded projects have tried small-scale pilots to anticipate the impact on their staffing and patrons. It’s possible that the success of an embedded librarian project will depend on altering existing services or staffing.
The environment in which libraries operate has changed significantly over the past two decades, so we have to consider changing our service models to meet current and emerging needs. Finding ways to support patrons without expecting them to visit the library can help libraries become even more vital to their communities.
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| 0.952827 | 716 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In 1869, Swiss physiological chemist Friedrich Miescher first identified what he called “nuclein” inside the nuclei of human white blood cells. This was later changed to, DNA. In 1953, the molecular structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Francis Crick. Since then, one of the most amazing discoveries in genetic research has been the multitudes of protein machines that repair DNA.
Recently, a “fundamentally new” DNA repair mechanism was discovered by researchers at Vanderbilt University! Science Daily describes it this way, “Tucked within its double-helix structure, DNA contains the chemical blueprint that guides all the processes that take place within the cell and are essential for life. Therefore, repairing damage and maintaining the integrity of its DNA is one of the cell’s highest priorities.”
Can you imagine on a good day, your body experiences damage in one million bases in DNA? Toxins, radiation, and just normal chemical activity in the cell can lead to all kinds of problems. Untreated could lead to cancer and death but all is not lost! A well designed scanning system which specializes on detecting problems within the DNA chain.
This newly discovered advanced mechanism found by the Vanderbilt team operates in bacteria. What it does is, it finds the lesion but unlike most known glycosylases, it flips out both the damaged base and the base it is paired with. Why? “This appears to work because the enzyme only operates on deformed bases that have picked up an excess positive charge, making these bases very unstable,” the article says.
What is so amazing about this particular repair mechanism, it’s able to attract other repair enzymes to the site which can speed up the repair process by 100 times! Although, this enzyme is “considerably different from that of other known DNA-binding proteins or enzymes,” with some similarity to a family of “very large molecules that possess a small active site that plays a role in regulating the cells’ response to DNA damage.”
Thankfully, the article doesn’t try to come up with an evolutionary story which wouldn’t reveal any useful information. Learning how things work, is what enhances information. Students and adults alike need biology for the information age based on engineering concepts with highly advanced intelligence behind the design rather than clinging to neo-Darwinian ideas that could not build a computer let alone create new information that DNA stores and programs with such amazing repair mechanisms to keep the cells alive!
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<urn:uuid:f29888f1-3794-4b99-93be-fa523be7de71>
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
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https://thebibleistheotherside.wordpress.com/2010/10/13/new-repair-mechanism-has-been-discovered-by-researchers/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647244.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319234034-20180320014034-00749.warc.gz
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en
| 0.957929 | 517 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Form and Content
Joseph P. Lash’s Eleanor and Franklin is the first biography of Eleanor Roosevelt to be based on her extensive personal papers. A longtime friend of the former First Lady, Lash writes from a deep sympathy for her. In the book’s fifty-six chronological chapters, he achieves an objective and thoughtful account of her formative years through her husband’s presidency. The book contains some striking photographs of the Roosevelt family and is very well documented. The Roosevelt family saved their letters, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s papers form a large part of the collections at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park, New York.
The main theme of the book is the way in which Eleanor Roosevelt surmounted a series of crises in her life to find her own personal identity. Her father’s alcoholism caused the breakup of her family when she was a young girl, and she sought a secure and dependable love for the rest of her life. Roosevelt found some of that affection when she attended the girls’ school Allenswood in England, especially in her close friendship with the headmistress of the school, Marie Souvestre. Unfortunately, she had to return to New York to enter the upper-class society to which she belonged. In 1905, Eleanor Roosevelt believed that she had achieved the romantic affection that she sought in her marriage to Franklin Roosevelt. The transition to married life proved difficult for her, however, and, after the birth of their...
(The entire section is 438 words.)
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<urn:uuid:4803e161-c603-48a8-a73a-cab706f3f072>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.enotes.com/topics/eleanor-franklin/in-depth
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en
| 0.962022 | 309 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Kitty Hawk as a center of offshore commercial wind energy? Maybe. Looking at the Environmental Assessment the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) just issued, that may be the case.
Any real utility grade development of the site is a long way off—a minimum of five years under the best of circumstances, but it is interesting to note that one of the studies authors remarked that the site is one of the most promising on the East Coast.
As originally mapped out the site would have been one of the largest in the world—in fact, at over 1900 square miles, it may have been the largest. However, concerns about shipping lanes and visual pollution shrank the area to a little over 190 square miles and moved it 24 nautical miles off shore.
If the site is developed, the big remaining question is where would all that power go (something around 2000 MW—enough energy for a good sized city). Although a BOEM map shows a power line coming to the Outer Banks, there is universal agreement that the Outer Banks does not have the transmission lines to handle that amount of power. A possible scenario would link the wind energy field with the Virginia Beach field 20 miles to the north. The Hampton Roads area already has a transmission network able to handle the energy load.
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<urn:uuid:03882e8c-3dd0-47e7-ba47-5bf48b2c0795>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.brindleybeach.com/blog/is-wind-energy-in-the-obx-future/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406365.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529183529-20200529213529-00079.warc.gz
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en
| 0.949981 | 259 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Ambassador scores another first
BOSTON – Guyana Legends: Folk Tales of the Indigenous Amerindians is a collection of 50 folktales of the first people to inhabit Guyana and the contiguous regions of the north coast of the South American continent. It is compiled and written by author Dr. Odeen Ishmael.
Very little is known of Amerindian history in Guyana before the arrival of European settlers in the early 17th century and, actually, no written form of their languages existed until about 70 years ago. Indeed, much of the history of the Amerindian people is based on oral traditions which are not quite clear because the periods when important events occurred are difficult to place. Still, native oral traditions are very rich in folk stories of the ancestral heroes and heroines of these indigenous people.
These stories which interweave in the realms of mystery, romance, humor, superstition, magic and fantasy, are part of the rich oral traditions of these people. Above all, they tell of their closeness to their natural environment and this is reflected in the roles of the forest animals in many of the stories in this collection. Undoubtedly, these folktales, and the lessons they impart, add to the rich cultural blend of the people of Guyana and the wider Caribbean region.
This present collection of Amerindian legends was compiled over a lengthy period of many years during which the author listened to and collected versions of these tales from elderly Amerindians in various regions of Guyana, and more recently from Amerindian residents of the Delta Amacuro region of Venezuela, on the frontier with Guyana.
Readers will find these legends of the original inhabitants of Guyana informative in the anthropological sense, in addition to being interesting and entertaining at the same time.
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<urn:uuid:720e9f6a-dd41-4c16-bb57-35429fa6f5e4>
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CC-MAIN-2015-32
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http://caribinsight.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1715:folk-tales-share-guyanese-culture-to-the-world&Itemid=451
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987171.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00043-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.950508 | 365 | 2.859375 | 3 |
NOTE: This item is not available outside the Texas A&M University network. Texas A&M affiliated users who are off campus can access the item through NetID and password authentication or by using TAMU VPN. Non-affiliated individuals should request a copy through their local library's interlibrary loan service.
A Monte Carlo approach to modeling lost person behavior in wilderness areas using a geographic information system
MetadataShow full item record
Monte Carlo modeling techniques using mean information fields (MIF), developed by Torsten Hagerstrand in the 1950s, were integrated with a geographic information system (GIS) to simulate lost person behavior in wilderness areas. Big Bend Ranch State Natural Area, a 265,000 acre park acquired by Texas Parks and Wildlife, was used as the study area. A comprehensive GIS data base for the park was developed, including relevant layers of contours, hydrography, vegetation, roads/trails, and other man-made features. Travel behaviors were collected from 1 18 lost person mission reports provided by the National Association of Search and Rescue (NASAR). Two models for travel rate and time mobile were developed from these data using linear regression; the first model providing probabilities for input into the MIF based on four significant variables: age, age,-4, sex, and equipment. Only age was significant in determining the total time mobile for the second model. In a simulation program written in ARC/INFO, these initial probabilities in the MIF were modified according to attributes of the terrain underlying the MIF and according to the lost person's characteristics. Visibility was calculated for each cell in the MIF, and the probabilities of the visible cells were converted to ranges. A random number was generated, and the cell encompassing that random number became the new center of the MIF. Several Monte Carlo simulation runs were conducted, and model behavior was observed by outputting the simulation waypoints and the topographic data on 1:24,000 color maps. The adult lost person profile model migrated an average of 4 kilometers in a predominantly northwest direction from the test point and chose locations which contained drainage features, roads, or gentle slopes. The northwest direction of travel appeared to be partly a result of the southeastern trend of the underlying topography. These choices reflect the lost person behavior data model well, although distance traveled was overestimated and underestimated for minimum and maximum values, respectively. Five simulations for a child profile were performed as a comparison to the adult profile. These simulation runs yielded shorter distances and a preference for gentler slopes.
DescriptionDue to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.
Includes bibliographical references.
Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.
Erickson, Lori (1995). A Monte Carlo approach to modeling lost person behavior in wilderness areas using a geographic information system. Master's thesis, Texas A&M University. Available electronically from
Request Open Access
This item and its contents are restricted. If this is your thesis or dissertation, you can make it open-access. This will allow all visitors to view the contents of the thesis.
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<urn:uuid:58a730ca-1990-4d4a-88d3-5e8c90e76fe6>
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CC-MAIN-2018-09
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http://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1995-THESIS-E75
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223094934-20180223114934-00230.warc.gz
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en
| 0.933816 | 671 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The trend of warmer temperatures and less precipitation than usual in Red Deer continued in September.
Data up to Sept. 28 showed a monthly mean temper of 12 C, which is 2.1 C higher than normal of 9.9 C.
“That makes it the 18th warmest September of record,” said Rob Griffith, lead meteorologist with Environment and Climate Change Canada, about the preliminary data available for September.
The temperature ranged from a high of 27.6 C on Sept. 16 to a high of 8.3 C on Sept. 20. Overnight lows ranged from 11.2 C on Sept 1 to -1.6 C on Sept 28.
When it came to precipitation, the city saw 17.8 mm as of Sept. 28. The normal is 50.2 mm making it the 17th driest September on record.
But Griffith said about four millimetres more fell Sept. 29 which would push it from 35 per cent of normal to about 40 per cent.
The warm, dry September came after Red Deer had its 12th warmest summer on record with a mean temperature of 15.9 C for June, July and August.
After facing its sixth wettest June, the city had its seventh driest July, and its 45th driest August.
The average high for the beginning of October is about 15 C, and Red Deer should reach that temperature during the first few days of this week before dipping to 13 C on Wednesday and 11 C on Thursday, and climbing back up to 21 C on Friday.
“As we get into the next long weekend it looks like temperatures in the low 20s, and looks to continue into at least the middle of next week at this time.”
Griffith said low 20s are definitely warm for October, but temperatures will continue to drop as the month progresses.
He said if people have plants outdoors that need to be protected from frost they should make sure to keep an eye on the temperature because Environment and Climate Change Canada’s frost forecasts or advisories came to an end for the season on Sept. 30.
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<urn:uuid:1b72de5d-3293-4d08-a4ff-5b6b7e940413>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.reddeeradvocate.com/news/red-deer-enjoyed-mild-september-6829611
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100739.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208081124-20231208111124-00107.warc.gz
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en
| 0.967749 | 436 | 2.59375 | 3 |
I never really noticed this church before, but on the way home after lunch the other day I had some time to spare, so I thought I would have a look. This is another of the some 130 catholic churches in Paris, the Saint Thomas d’Acquin Church. (When I came home I found out that Saint Thomas Aquinas was a 13th century Sicilian Dominican Doctor of Theology, working in Rome, Paris… His fame as a scholar made him the Patron Saint of Universities and Students.)
The church is a bit hidden and I believe not much visited by “tourists”, but I was struck by the beauty of its interior… however, first some history.
Originally, in 1632, a Dominican chapel was built here. The present church dates from 1683 under the name of Saint Dominique, connected to a Jacobin (Dominican) monastery. The origin of the name “Jacobins” for these Dominicans was that their original and major convent was established at rue Saint Jacques (James, Jacob…).
Just after the 1789 Revolution, the church was renamed Saint Thomas d’Acquin, but the church and the monastery were soon emptied in line with the Revolutionary ideas.
The “Jacobins” was also the (nick-)name of one of the leading movements during the Revolutionary years (Robespeierre…) and they were so called due to the fact that they used the (empty) premises of the Dominican Jacobins for their meetings, mostly at rue Saint Jacques, but also here.
The concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII in 1801, allowed the church to be reopened for religious services, but the monastery buildings have since been occupied by the Army. Napoleon and Josephine came here as Godparents for a baptism in 1802.
Pope Pius VII held a mass in this church December 26, 1804. The Pope had come to Paris for the coronation of Napoleon as emperor some three weeks earlier (December 2). (You should read the story of Pius VII, it’s fascinating.) On the famous painting by David (at the Louvre, copy at Versailles), we can see Pius VII.
What the Pope could not admire then was a large part of the beautiful wall and ceiling (especially the “Transfiguration”) decorations, mostly added during the 19th century, nor the stained glass windows, from 1902.
The organ (1777) is by F-H Clicquot, member of the family which made most of the famous French organs (nothing to do with “Veuve Clicquot”).
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<urn:uuid:ed507da3-525c-4298-999f-45438db38644>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.peter-pho2.com/2011/01/saint-thomas-dacquin-church.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.979529 | 551 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The clinical features of aspergillosis can include invasive lung infection and disseminated disease, usually with fever, cough, spitting up blood, and chest pain. Aspergillosis may mimic asthma with cough and inspiratory stridor (noise on breathing in) or sinusitis with fever, localized pain.
Aspergillosis is due most often to Aspergillus fumigatus or Aspergillus flavus and less commonly A. niger, A. terreus, or A. nidulans. These fungi frequently colonize the upper respiratory tract and are among the most common in the environment.
Diagnosis may be difficult. It usually requires a biopsy. The advent of effective, less toxic antifungal drugs (such as itraconazole) has improved therapy. The prognosis (outlook) with aspergillosis depends on the early institution of effective antifungal drug therapy or on regaining more normal immune function.
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<urn:uuid:60aac829-d80e-4eb0-9b55-6c1ff3b77e81>
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CC-MAIN-2017-51
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http://lymphedemapeople.com/wiki/doku.php?id=glossary:aspergillosis
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592202.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217000422-20171217022422-00294.warc.gz
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en
| 0.919002 | 208 | 3.125 | 3 |
Maintaining a healthy weight
Older adults need to maintain a healthy weight
Many Americans are overweight. Being overweight can increase the risk for high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers. Recent research suggests that people can be a little heavier as they grow older without added risk to health, although just how much heavier is not yet clear.
As people age, they usually need fewer calories to maintain a healthy weight. Older people may become less active, too. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight should be an ongoing part of health care. People who need to lose some weight shouldn’t try to lose weight too fast and should avoid extreme approaches. Quick weight loss plans often deprive the body of important nutrients and usually don’t keep the weight off.
Be physically active
Physical activity can help reduce and control weight by burning up calories and should be part of a healthy lifestyle at any age. Moderate exercise that places weight on bones, such as walking, helps maintain and possibly even increases bone strength in older adults – another good reason to exercise. Scientists looking into the benefits of exercise for older adults agree that appropriate exercise improves overall health at any age. Regular exercise can improve the functioning of the heart and lungs, increase strength and flexibility and contribute to a feeling of well being.
You don’t have to jog or do aerobics to benefit from exercise. Any regular physical activity is good. Regular brisk walking is an easy and enjoyable form of exercise that helps control weight, but you will benefit from any form of gentle exercise, even light gardening. Use common sense to prevent injury when exercising, and check with your doctor before beginning a vigorous exercise program or if you haven’t exercised in a while.
Reduce calories, not vitamins and minerals
To lose weight, you need to reduce the amount of calories you eat. But you need to do this without giving up important nutrients. A weight-reduction diet will be difficult to follow if you always feel hungry. Choosing low fat foods allows you to cut calories without sacrificing important vitamins and minerals. For example, one cup of skim milk has about the same amount of calcium as one cup of whole milk, but only traces of fat and half the number of calories. On the other hand, fatty spreads and dressings, sugary foods such as candy or soft drinks and alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine and liquors add calories to your diet, but have little or no nutrients. Limiting your intake of fats, sweets and alcoholic beverages will help keep the calories in your diet down, without sacrificing nutrients.
Source: Food Facts for Older Americans, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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<urn:uuid:3068d8b0-cb49-47e3-a400-b143e2149787>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.education.ne.gov/ns/cacfp/news/foodnutrition/maintaining-a-healthy-weight/
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en
| 0.940731 | 543 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Getting young people to stay active can be a challenge in our world filled with video games, pre-recorded television, and addictive cell phone apps. It seems like everywhere you look, youth are being enticed to sit and stare at a screen. But keeping kids active is more important than ever--not only for their current well-being, but for their future health as adults.
Make it fun.
In general, people are more likely to participate in something that they view as fun over something that they view as work. Making exercise a fun experience is particularly important for kids.
Make sure to engage friends and family while encouraging kids to get healthy. Join a sports league. Go for a family bike ride. Play a game of freeze tag with other kids in the neighborhood. The Partnership for a Healthy Lincoln is a great resource for ways to make exercise fun.
Make it a routine.
If your family’s schedule allows, choose a consistent time every evening/week for fitness. Perhaps you can schedule fitness for the first hour after school gets out or a routine walk after dinner. Make a ritual out of going to the park every Saturday morning.
Make it a family value.
Youth value what their parents value. Luckily for you, this means an opportunity to stay active and healthy for yourself. When your children see you making a priority to stay physically healthy, it will become a part of their concept of normalcy.
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<urn:uuid:8202d4f2-5ea9-40f7-9a26-d6c026c5f344>
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CC-MAIN-2018-09
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https://www.cedars-kids.org/about/news.html/article/2014/09/18/tips-for-keeping-your-kids-active
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816138.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225051024-20180225071024-00111.warc.gz
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en
| 0.963339 | 291 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Single Super Phosphate (SSP) Fertilizer industry is the pioneering fertilizer industry in the country and playing an important role in Indian Economy which is based on Agro Productivity. First SSP plant was established by EID Parry during 1906. Manufacturing of SSP is based on perhaps the simplest chemical reaction amongst chemical fertilizer industry. The main raw materials required are rock phosphate and sulphuric acid. SSP is a straight phosphatic multi-nutrient fertilizer which contains 16% water soluble P2O5, 12% sulphur, 21% calcium and some other essential micro nutrients in small proportions. SSP, which is a poor farmer’s fertilizer (price-wise), is an option to optimise the use of phosphatic fertilizers. It also helps to treat sulphur deficiency in soils (40% Indian soil sulphur deficient) as well for further enhancement of yields at the least cost. In various crops, which require more of sulphur and phosphate like oilseeds, pulses, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, tea etc, SSP is an essential fertilizer.
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<urn:uuid:b82967cb-80d0-4616-9d61-d09a3c576263>
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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http://mbapl.datagrid.co.in/news/single-super-phosphate-ssp/
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en
| 0.949252 | 224 | 2.90625 | 3 |
THE SOVIET 'GREAT PURGE' IN THE OPINIONS OF GERMAN EMIGRÉ WRITERS (1936-1939)
Languages of publication
A discussion of the evolving stand of the German anti-Nazi émigrés towards the 'great purge' in the Soviet Union in 1936-1939 is presented. To the mid-1930s the Soviet 'experiment' enjoyed the interest of leftist and liberal groups among the German intelligentsia. The achievements of the Soviet Union were confronted with the economic breakdown in the West and the growing political crisis in the Weimar Republic. After the NSDAP came to power, the German opponents of Hitler placed their hope in a change in the foreign policy of the Kremlin. Particular expectations were inspired by the conception of 'people's fronts', formally accepted at a Comintern Congress in 1935. Due to the above mentioned tendencies the political trials held in the Soviet Union became for the German refugees a test of ethical and world outlook stances. Many émigrés failed to tackle the moral challenge. In the name of preserving an illusory unity of the refugee milieu its members either avoided an open criticism of Soviet reality (Thomas Mann) or directly ( Bertolt Brecht, Heinrich Mann) or indirectly (Lion Feuchtwanger) defended the official interpretation of the trials. Another frequent stand was passive observation of the undertakings pursued by the Kremlin (Klaus Mann). The critics of the Soviet 'purge' (Leopold Schwarzschild), who regarded the events in Russia to be a confirmation of the impossibility of cooperating with émigré members of the German Communist Party, found themselves in a minority. Even communist dissidents (Arthur Koestler, Manes Sperber) did not openly criticise the Soviet Union until the signing of the Stalin-Hitler pact, i. e. after 23 August 1939.
Publication order reference
CEJSH db identifier
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<urn:uuid:2f63b11b-9c4e-4db1-854a-fb68302d50c7>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.275d73d2-4ef2-39b0-8afe-7274ef7e5752?printView=true
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en
| 0.875066 | 400 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Just when you thought driverless cars and automatic braking were the most mind-blowing automotive technologies out there, Volvo comes along and decides that regular body panels are just kind of passé.
As the sole automaker participating in an EU-funded research effort, Volvo has engineered a wild new battery technology that can be integrated into body panels, significantly reducing both cost and weight issues plaguing contemporary hybrid and electric vehicles.
The technology essentially sandwiches a super capacitor between layers of nanomaterial, itself composed of carbon fiber and polymer resin. The result is a material that can be easily molded and integrated in various places on the vehicle. Volvo’s new tech can charge and store energy faster and more effectively than conventional batteries, while also saving space and weight. Like other batteries, Volvo’s innovative material can be recharged by plugging it directly into a charging source or through regenerative braking.
The savvy Swedes are trying out the technology with a trunk lid and plenum cover tested on the Volvo S80. The plenum cover will also be able to replace the start-stop battery and front strut tower bar, cutting their collective weight by 50 percent.
Volvo’s press release notes the company believes “the complete substitution of an electric car’s existing components with the new material could cut the overall weight by more than 15%. This is not only cost effective but would also have improvements to the impact on the environment.” We would, however, be interested in what sort of implications this would impose on the vehicle’s crashworthiness.
If these numbers can be realized, it would represent a major step forward for Volvo into hybrid and electric technologies. Although the company is poised to break ground in the U.S. with the gasoline-powered Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid expected to follow the redesigned 2015 Volvo V60, successful application of this technology would set the brand completely apart from the green tech crowd.
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<urn:uuid:3ca5eeaa-71a7-4d64-9558-839d62cec9a7>
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/volvos-new-body-panels-are-also-batteries-251017/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463676.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00292-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.94723 | 396 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Digital Twins for construction – less risk and more return on investment for builders, architects and developers. While digital twins have been used for years in manufacturing and aviation, adoption is slowly making its way to construction.
A digital twin is a virtual model of a building that collects real-world information about the structure via sensors, drones and other wireless technology. The “twin” continuously learns from multiple sources, including advanced analytics, machine-learning algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) to gain valuable insights about the performance, operation or profitability of a project, whether built or in progress.
Digital twins can be used to conduct tests, gain insight or record events and experiences without impacting the built object. A digital twin can also integrate historical data from past usage to compare deviation to a baseline.
What you should know
It’s important to note that a digital twin is a concept, not a single product or a piece of software, writes tech executive Vijay Raghunathan in Entrepreneur. In fact, the idea involves multiple technologies including 3D simulation, AI and cloud computing.
Twinning goes beyond a simulation to help users understand not only what can happen in the real world but what is happening in real time, he says.
This real-time reporting makes digital twins excellent for running simulations and trying out hypothetical scenarios before putting money or resources into a new construction project. The lessons learned from a twin can be applied to the original system with less risk and more return on investment.
A digital twin can be used for visualization, documentation, adherence to codes, modeling, analysis and planning. While twin tools are only being used sporadically in the construction industry, many industry watchers predict they will soon become an invaluable methods for pros like facilities managers, developers, architects, designers, builders, engineers and owners. Here are some common applications:
- A twin can help facilities managers know how a building is performing in real-time, which enables them to tweak performance to optimize efficiency. This data can be used for planning and designing future buildings, said Chitwan Saluja, digital technologies manager for Jacobs’ north division.
- Digital twins can prevent serious accidents by helping predict potential failures in systems like HVAC, water and electrical. This can save on time, resource costs and expensive shutdowns, said Saluja.
- They can help retail designers and developers create more profitable stores by providing data on the busiest times; where to place queues; and the correct indoor air temperature for optimal sales, said architect Zigmund Rubel, president and CEO of A Design + Consulting in San Francisco. “A digital twin can say that the temperature is too hot and this will affect sales in the retail section unless you change it by five degrees,” he said.
- Digital twins provide a project team with access to as-built and as-designed models, which are constantly synced in real-time. This allows companies to continuously monitor progress against the schedule laid out in a 4D BIM model, according to Intellectsoft.
- A twin can be handed over to the client to help support ongoing structural enhancements. The insight they provide can help inform future decision making and offer invaluable insight.
- In healthcare projects, digital twins help determine the number and placement of exam rooms, waiting areas and staffing needs. “Healthcare is taking off in terms of technology,” Rubel said. “Because the construction costs for these facilities are so high, there’s a lot more interest.” Staffing costs at medical centers are also high, so if digital twins can help save one nurse or doctor, they are really valuable.”
While digital twin technology is expected to greatly benefit the construction industry in years to come, there are challenges to its adoption, said Saluja. First is the cost of the systems to create and manage digital twins.
“I would expect it will become a question of who will pay, which often comes back to the procurement method used for a project,” she said.
Because digital twinning requires a range of technology and software, creating a twin is not simple, Rubel cautions.
“There’s not one program that you just go in and buy shrink-wrapped off the shelf and then create a twin in a few days,” said Rubel. This means time and money must be spent to provide education and training to the team as well as investing in the necessary infrastructure. The cost varies greatly depending on the type of project, he added.
“Because it’s a new technology I think everyone has to realize that it’s going to be an investment,” he said.
While adding sensors into buildings and other built assets isn’t difficult, Saluja said, the hard part will be gathering the information created and exchanged during the lifecycle in a consistent and organized manner so that it can be reused without the need for extra investment of time and money.
Additionally, until twins are fully adopted, owners and contractors may not understand or appreciate how digital models can improve operation and maintenance. This means they are not asking for them or including them in design and construction budgets. If an owner does request a twin, sometimes its benefits are not fully implemented.
- Skanska USA created a digital twin using the indus.ai program for a student housing project at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).
- Chevron Corp. is using the technology to predict maintenance problems in its oil fields and refineries, according Supply Chain Management Now.
- Using its OneModel approach, Gafcon is applying digital twin technology to several projects, including the $1.2 billion JW Marriott expansion project in Los Angeles and the $1.5 billion redevelopment of San Diego’s waterfront.
- LiRo Group is testing the technology on the New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority’s $10 billion East Side Access project, for which it is construction manager.
- A Design + Consulting used digital models to help optimize the layout of a cancer hospital project in China, resulting in significant capital and operational cost savings.
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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http://vietnamconstruction.vn/en/digital-twins-for-construction-less-risk-and-more-return-on-investment/
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| 0.933522 | 1,264 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Growing up in the 1980s, the View-Master stereo viewer with it’s iconic red plastic shell and round paper discs were a common sight for me and pretty much everyone I knew. Pre-loaded discs with 3D images were available of everything from far away cities to scenes from Star Wars movies. Local toy stores sold View-Master products with an unimaginable number of options to suit every kid’s 3D viewing desires.As I grew up, I fondly remembered the View-Master as a relic of my childhood, never realizing that at one point in time, it was a viable photographic medium that you could create yourself! WHAT?! I could have been making my own View-Master discs all this time?! Introduced at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York City, the View-Master stereo camera was created by a man named Edwin Eugene Mayer while working for a company called Sawyer’s. The View-Master was not merely a toy for displaying images in glorious stereoscopic color, but a whole photographic system including a camera, splicer, viewer, and projector. Stereoscopic photography was not new in 1939, and in fact was very popular as far back as the late 1800s where people would take two nearly identical photographs of the same subject using a dual lens stereo camera in which the lenses were roughly the same distance apart as the eyes on a human face. By capturing the same image twice at slightly different angles, a 3D effect could be achieved by looking at the two images using a stereoscopic viewer such as the one to the left. Of course, these early stereo viewers could only display a single image at the time, but the concept was very popular. I won’t pretend to know the whole history of stereoscopic viewers, but upon the View-Master’s release and its round discs containing 14 small images making up 7 stereoscopic images, the concept of seeing more than one image without having to change a slide was probably very exciting. At first, consumers couldn’t make their own View-Master discs, as the only option was commercially available discs produced by the Sawyer’s company, but that would soon change. In this week’s Keppler’s Vault, we take a look at an article from the August 1955 issue of Modern Photography where Norman Rothschild looked at the whole View-Master system which allowed anyone to create their own homemade View-Master discs. Amazingly, the View-Master camera worked with standard 35mm film and would expose small 12mm x 14mm images on the 35mm film which you could either mail back to Sawyer’s to get mounted, or use the available cutter to cut out the tiny exposures yourself. A standard 20-exposure roll of film was good for 37 stereo pairs, and a 36-exposure roll created a whopping 69 stereo pairs, good enough for nearly 10 discs! A really neat feature of the View-Master camera is that when starting off with a fresh roll of film, the camera only exposes the bottom half of the roll of film. Once you get to the end of the roll, you turn a “Shift Knob” located in between the two lenses, and the lenses move into position to capture images on the top half of the roll. As you continue to take more images, the film travels backwards into the film cassette, meaning that once you’ve reached the end of the roll, there is no need to rewind your film as it’s already at the beginning of the roll again! At the time, there were several options for viewing your discs. There were a variety of handheld viewers, some requiring an external light source and some with a built in one, a simple 2D projector that would project the dual images on a regular projection screen, and a really neat Stereoscopic 3D projector that when used with a special aluminized screen and polarized glasses, would allow anyone in the room to see the images in glorious 3D! Take THAT James Cameron’s Avatar! The View-Master system was quite robust with several filters, closeup attachments (with parallax correction prisms), and even flash attachments. There were certainly other options available at the time, many of which took larger stereo images on regular 35mm film and even some medium format stereo cameras, but none were as complete of a package aimed at the amateur than the View-Master system. I’ll admit to never really having much interest in stereo cameras, but it is clear that the View-Master Personal Camera was not just another stereo camera. These things don’t show up for sale often, but after reading the article below, it’s going to take a bit of will power to not immediately go on eBay looking for one!
All scans used with permission by Marc Bergman, 2018.
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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https://www.mikeeckman.com/2018/08/kepplers-vault-17-view-master-stereo-camera/
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| 0.965058 | 986 | 3.046875 | 3 |
What results do you want to show in your Excel dashboard?
What should readers take away from it?
These five design tips will help you showcase your data clearly and directly.
Scroll down for the video.
Learn how to create this interactive Excel report in the upcoming ‘Visually Effective Excel Dashboards’ Course.
1. Create emphasis
Add a strong contrast to headings to show at a glance the KPIs on display in your dashboard.
Contrast on the heading: Actual Revenue VS. Budget
A subtle contrast on alternating table rows visually separates them, improving readability.
Subtle contrast on the table rows
2. Connect different elements
Show relationships with alignment.
For example, here we’ve aligned the ΔPY to a centre line. For an increase, it’s shown to the right of the centre line. For a decrease, to the left.
ΔPY aligned left of the centre line for decrease and right of the line for increase.
Using this layout trick and colour on these bars makes this more readable and more quantifiable, as we count shapes easier from distance.
Legible from a distance: performance.
Numbers in a table should be right aligned in their cell so you can immediately tell larger or smaller numbers apart. The convention is to align numbers to the right. Generally, text is left-aligned.
Headers can be an exception to this, based on preference.
Numbers should be right-aligned. The header is centre-aligned here.
3. Draw parallels and create associations
Two things that should be repeated consistently in your dashboard are abbreviations and color usage.
The common visual shorthand of a down red arrow and green up arrow is repeated in this table, each time positioned next to a -% or +%.
Using arrow icons in addition to colour increases legibility from distance of this data.
From afar, the viewer can visually differentiate high performing or low performing companies, before going up close to examine details.
4. Organise content and create focal points
Think about proximity. What will you choose to group or separate?
This example shows %ΔPY grouped with its visual (a conditionally-formatted bar chart), to imply they are connected.
Metric and visual grouped together
White space separates this set from %ΔB and its visual.
This use of proximity helps clarity and adds visual punctuation in what would otherwise be a densely-packed table.
5. Balance large elements with smaller elements
In this dashboard, the large table on top is balanced with 2 mid-sized charts below it. The borders are also aligned.
This balance unifies the different elements and reinforces their interconnectedness.
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<urn:uuid:5b5b8a9a-c054-4c73-97f7-bb6eeee6d68a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://www.xelplus.com/5-design-tips-for-excel-dashboards-reports/
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en
| 0.8593 | 560 | 2.515625 | 3 |
You’ve probably heard about morning sickness and heartburn during pregnancy, but did you know constipation is extremely common as well?
Pregnancy changes a woman’s hormones, which in turn relaxes the intestinal muscle. In addition, the added pressure of an expanding uterus can further change your intestines. When it relaxes, the flow of food through your body slows down.
The issues with pregnancy.
Unfortunately, constipation occurs in nearly half of pregnant women and can continue in the months following a baby’s arrival. In fact, many women who didn’t experience it while carrying their child might feel a sudden onset after giving birth.
As your body continues to expand and hormones change, your intestinal muscle begins to relax—causing your entire digestive track to slow down.
If you experienced a long labor or had a bowel movement in the process, it may take a couple of days to refill your intestines. And if you had a c-section, it can take up to four days to produce a bowel movement.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.dulcolax.com/about-constipation/women-and-pregnancy
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en
| 0.952475 | 215 | 2.78125 | 3 |
On 18th May the boys in Year 1 enjoyed an exciting and stimulating day of hands on activities to enhance their understanding of the Victorian Seaside.
They began by sampling a range of seaside activities such as making postcards, decorating mugs, making miniature sailing boats, using shells to decorate small boxes and dressing up in Victorian beach clothing. When they returned to Orchard Hall in the afternoon, they found it set up as an old fashioned pier with amusement stalls for them to spend their old pennies (1d) on. Boys took turns to be exuberant stall holders, promoting their stalls by shouting words of encouragement to passers by, and to be customers paying 1d for the experience on each stall. The stalls included roll the penny, hook a duck, build a sandcastle, buy a souvenir and a very popular café in which boys could relax and be served tea and cakes in silver service style with a Squirrels twist! Everyone had a fantastic day and learnt a huge amount about the British seaside in the past.
Thank you to our parent helpers for their enthusiastic involvement and to Friends of Squirrels for generously funding the experience.
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://wimbledoncommonprep.co.uk/newsletter/summer-2015/year-1/seaside-workshop
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en
| 0.961762 | 234 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Ready for your daily dose of FUD? How about a paper linking antibacterial soap to muscle impairment? That's right, now you can be paranoid that cleaning your hands might hurt your heart later in life.
Specifically, the researchers looked at triclosan, a widely used antibacterial chemical, which you'll find in soap, deodorants, mouthwashes, toothpaste, bedding, and a whole bunch of other things. It's generally assumed to be safe for humans because it binds to proteins without becoming biologically available — plus there are limited ways that it gets into our bodies.
Concerned by the fact that triclosan has been detected in waterways and human waste, some researchers set out to see how it effected muscle control, both in petri dishes and animal models. In vitro, they found the chemical impaired isolated heart muscle cells and skeletal muscle fibers from being able to contract properly by blocking calcium channel communication. Moving up to animal models, mice showed a 25% reduction in heart function after being exposed to the chemicals, an 18% reduction in grip strength for up to an hour after dosing; and fathead minnows that spent a week in contaminated water swam worse than those that hadn't.
Such effects are enough to put the animals at risk for predation. "We were surprised by the large degree to which muscle activity was impaired in very different organisms and in both cardiac and skeletal muscle," said co-author Bruce Hammock in a press release. "You can imagine in animals that depend so totally on muscle activity that even a 10-percent reduction in ability can make a real difference in their survival."
We're still a long way from showing there are directly negative effects on humans — after all, we'd require a much higher exposure than mice to feel the effects, but the ubiquity of the chemical has the authors worried.
"In patients with underlying heart failure, triclosan could have significant effects because it is so widely used," co-author Nipavan Chiamvimonvat said. "However, without additional studies, it would be difficult for a physician to distinguish between natural disease progression and an environmental factor such as triclosan."
With more research, we may get a better idea about what's happening. In the meantime, you can just use normal soap and not worry about it.
Photo by Michael Kovalenko via Shutterstock
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
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en
| 0.96491 | 490 | 2.875 | 3 |
Communication is a key component in the response to COVID-19. At the beginning of the epidemic in Burkina Faso, a helpline was set up to allow the public to alert the community of suspected cases and contact cases. This helpline was a key part of the communication system around the disease, initially with tens of thousands of calls per day. But this number dropped considerably after a few weeks. In this blog post we look at the possible reasons for this decline and, more generally, the importance of investing well in communication strategies about the disease.
The first cases of COVID-19 were recorded in Burkina Faso on 9th March 2020. Initially considered by the majority of the population as a “disease of the Western countries” that could not withstand the heat of Burkina Faso, and/or as a “disease of the rich” affecting a certain elite, until the new coronavirus just crossed its borders. As part of its health response plan, the Ministry of Health set up a warning unit and a single call centre for the whole country, in the capital Ouagadougou. This centre was initially equipped with two telephone numbers to receive paid emergency calls from individuals who showed signs of COVID-19.
From tens of thousands of calls a day at the beginning…
Very quickly, this 2-number telephone hotline system was overwhelmed and those who tried in vain to reach the warning unit soon complained via interactive radio broadcasts or social networks. In response to this situation, the Government, with the support of mobile phone companies, set up a helpline, 3535, with more than 47 telephone extensions run mainly by volunteers. These volunteers received about 50,000 emergency calls a day from all over the country. The volunteers were paid a modest fee of about USD10 a day. In reality, the initial feeling of invincibility to the virus that had prevailed in Burkina Faso soon gave way to psychosis after the first COVID-19 related death was announced on 18th March 2020. This death was all the more worrying for the public as it was the first in Sub-Saharan Africa. This was the beginning of the deconstruction of the myth that Africans were resistant to the coronavirus, partly fueled by an African student’s recovery from COVID-19 in China and widely reported in sub-Saharan Africa. Another factor fueling the public’s psychosis was mathematical modelling that predicted an implosion of COVID-19 cases in the country. Suddenly, everyone felt that they were in imminent danger and were encouraged to alert the health services of any symptoms that might resemble COVID-19. This was reflected in the words of one official on the monitoring committee: “We do not sleep here anymore. We work 24/7. “
…to a sudden drop in the number of calls, coupled with threats and insults to call centre operators
About one month after the index case in Burkina Faso, the call centre began to record a significant drop in the number of emergency calls. From an initial 50,000 calls per day, operators were now receiving only 14,000 as at mid-April. This trend has not been reversed since then, down to between 1,000 and 4,000 calls per day by August 2020. Alongside the drop in the number of calls received, call centre operators were recording more and more calls with ulterior motives, often accompanied by threats and insults against them. “There are people calling and threatening to come and attack and beat us up,” said one call centre manager. On 17th June 2020, out of 9,052 calls received from all regions of the country by the call centre operators, only 6 were directly related to the disease, the rest were threats or insults to the operators, or complaints to the authorities.
Possible reasons for the drop in the number of calls and complaints
These are many reasons that led to the decline in the number of calls. First of all, there was the public’s dissatisfaction with the services provided by the call centre. In fact, most of the operators working in the call centre were volunteers who, initially, had received no training on how to communicate effectively with the population on the symptoms of the disease, the rumors surrounding it or the concerns it raises. In addition, many users of the 3535-helpline complained that they had waited in vain for the promised visit by the investigation team, or had tried unsuccessfully to reach someone on the call centre line. This may have resulted in poor communication and frustration for some callers, and the resulting “bad publicity” may have discouraged many from calling the 3535-helpline.
In addition, the government’s communication on the management of the epidemic was flawed, leading to a flurry of false rumors which discredited the government’s actions. As one member of the government acknowledged, “There have indeed been some mistakes and failures”. In addition, the measures taken by the Government to limit the spread of the disease, including the closure of air and land borders, markets, places of worship; curfews and quarantine of towns affected by the disease exacerbated the financial difficulties of households without a stable income and living from hand-to-mouth. For many, “it’s better to go out and get the coronavirus with the chance of getting cured, than to stay at home and die of hunger for sure” – meaning that they were no longer really thinking about the disease. Worse, “fake news” ended up driving the national opinion that the disease did not exist in Burkina Faso. Others even ended up seeing COVID-19 as a “government conspiracy” to attract funding from international donors and generous donations at the national level. In such an atmosphere, there was a sense of mistrust and the 3535-helpline was therefore used less and less by the population.
Public mistrust was made worse by the statements made by some patients suffering from COVID-19 or their relatives about the poor quality of hospital care. They denounced, among other things, the poor quality of meals, the absence of or poor condition of toilets, and hospital wards that looked like “prisons”. These dissuasive testimonies also included the refusal of health care staff to admit people accompanying patients to hospital, failure to return bodies to families in the event of death, and poor communication between health care staff and patients’ families about the treatment of the illness. Families publicly claimed that their relatives died in hospital because of medical errors and/or delays in care.
Finally, it is important to underline the impact of stigmatization. Indeed, people with COVID-19 reported being stigmatized in their communities. Even after recovery, their neighbors or workmates often avoided them, even if this was sometimes implicit. This would have led some people to hide their symptoms and avoid calling the helpline for fear of being declared positive and being stigmatized.
How to improve the effectiveness of the helpline
The helpline is an important communication source through which the public can access information on COVID-19. It is also the primary means of alerting the public about suspicious and contact cases. To optimize its effectiveness, good investments should be made in the implementation of the helpline program including (i) Disease communication, (ii) Recruitment, training and motivation of call centre operators, and (iii) Provision of call centre equipment.
Indeed, investing in crisis communication taking into account socio-cultural aspects is crucial to improve the culture of trust between the public and the health system, especially between patients and caregivers. Such an investment would also facilitate the acceptance of the information given by the government to the population. This would then strengthen the quality of patient care, limit the spread of false rumours and the stigmatization of those affected and, ultimately, promote the attractiveness of the helpline.
Call centre operators should also be trained well in advance on how to communicate effectively with the helpline users. Indeed, people who call in an emergency context are often worried and need to have their concerns listened to in an attentive, knowledgeable and compassionate manner. In addition, it is important to recruit an adequate number of operators and to motivate them sufficiently to cope with the high flow of calls and the resulting workload.
Finally, investments should be made in call centre equipment, including the acquisition of a sufficient number of telephone sets. Better still, call centres should be spread throughout the country (decentralization) to reduce pressure on the only centre in the capital. This would encourage people to call the helpline for information or to provide alerts in the event of symptoms suggestive of the disease or contact with a sick person. It is also through this that the Ministry of Health would be better equipped to deal with potential future health emergencies requiring the use of a helpline.
Orokia Sory is a research assistant at RESADE (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). She is a macro-economist by training and an expert in public health, specifically health policies and systems.
Yamba Kafando is a health geographer, expert in health financing, health policy and systems analysis. He is currently Director of Operations and Researcher at RESADE.
Charlemagne Tapsoba is a researcher at the Centre de Recherche en Santé in Nouna (Burkina Faso) and an associate researcher at RESADE (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). His main field of interest is health policy and systems research. He has conducted several studies in the field of strategic purchasing.
Issa Kaboré is a medical doctor and research assistant at Recherche pour la Santé et le Développement (RESADE) (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). He was a front-line worker in the fight against COVID-19 in Burkina Faso.
Joël Arthur Kiendrébéogo is a doctor, health economist, lecturer at the Joseph Ki-Zerbo University and associate researcher at RESADE (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). He is currently doing a PhD thesis in public health at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) in Anvers (Belgium) and the University of Heidelberg (Germany) on learning processes in health financing policies and, more specifically, strategic purchasing in Burkina Faso’s health sector.
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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https://sparc.africa/2021/06/strategic-investments-in-communication-improve-the-fight-against-covid-19-the-case-of-the-3535-helpline-in-burkina-faso/
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en
| 0.966746 | 2,162 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Maryland's top education official is recommending that Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse start sharing the limelight with classic fiction in classrooms throughout the state.
Superintendent Nancy S. Grasmick, an Archie fan in her youth, tried out comics in third-grade classrooms in eight elementary schools across the state last year. The experiment was so well-received that she will announce today that she wants to expand the use of graphic novels and comic strips to middle schools.
"We never said this program would supplant ... our regular basic reading program," Grasmick said, "but it could provide a huge motivation for some of our students."
Teachers have long seen comic books peeking out from a backpack or the corner of a desk or tucked between the pages of a textbook. Bringing them into the light, Grasmick hopes, will grab the imagination of boys and give teachers another way of enticing reluctant readers into good literature.
The state has worked with Disney Publishing Worldwide and Diamond Comic Distributors to put together kits for 200 classrooms in the state. Maryland teachers looked through dozens of comic books and picked those that were not violent and did not contain inappropriate language.
Supporters of the concept say that comics can attract students of any age or ability, and work particularly well with those who do not enjoy reading and would rather be out playing basketball in the driveway or sitting at a computer with a video game.
But experts disagree on whether using comic books to teach is a good idea.
"I don't think that is where I want my 9- or 10-year-old child spending their time in school," said Timothy Shanahan, president of the International Reading Association.
Young students need practice in reading, he noted, and comic books have fewer words.
"It might be a choice of reading 1,000 words versus 300 words," Shanahan said. "You don't want it to replace more substantial reading."
Others see comics as just another genre, like poetry or nonfiction.
"I wouldn't want to replace books with comic books, but why is it either or?" said Susan Sonnenschein, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County who studied the use of comics in the eight schools.
For the pilot project, Disney took the state's standards for reading in third grade and created comics-based lesson plans that incorporated skills already being taught, such as how to understand plot and character.
So when Logan Walker, 8, a third-grader at Clarksville Elementary, read comic books this month, he learned onomatopoeia and identified the traits of characters just as he had with other literature this year.
But the part of the lesson that was most fun, according to Clarksville students, was creating their own comic books. They drew the pictures and wrote the text, then pasted them into a book.
"I liked thinking of the characters, like how they would act," said Natalie Ryan, 9.
Many of the students' comic books tell a story that ends with a lesson. In Katie Rozier's, one girl tries to tease another, but learns a lesson when a book she placed above a door falls on the principal's head. "Oops," her comic reads.
Another Howard County student wrote a comic about a pupil who doesn't do his homework and - surprise - gets bad grades.
Jeremy Kaplan, 8, said that long before the comics lessons, he loved reading Calvin and Hobbs.
"It impressed me that they let me read comics in school," he said.
This "new approach" to teaching reading is not really new, said Philip Lanasa, a professor of education and multimedia at Cameron University in Oklahoma. Comics were used in classrooms in the 1970s and have seen a resurgence in recent years. Children have seen their comic book heroes turned into movies such as Spider-Man, and graphic novels, essentially long comic books, have become popular, Lanasa said.
"Teachers are rediscovering how to use them," he said.
Perhaps it is the time we live in, Lanasa said, but students like comics because they have heroes that readers can cheer for and who they can see triumph over foes.
But should comic books be used instead of finer works of literature?
"If the teacher handles it correctly, it may be the way to promote further engagement in other types of literature," said Stephen G. Mogge, an assistant professor in the graduate reading program at Towson University. "If it is treated as a study in genre, it is entirely appropriate."
Shanahan fears that students who are poor readers might use the pictures in comics as a crutch and not read the words at all. Schools, he said, should be providing more demanding material.
Alberta C. Porter, a teaching specialist who uses the program in Harford County schools, says comic books are just one element in a larger curriculum.
"The same strategies that I use with the Island of the Blue Dolphins can be used when teaching comics," she said.
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| 0.97405 | 1,031 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Every April for the last 40+ years Earth Day has been a reminder of the importance of environmental conservation to protect the Earth for future generations. This movement brought awareness to environmental issues and initiated public policies to protect the water and air that we all need to survive. The Clean Water Act, a direct descendent of the Earth Day movement, was the foundation for establishing wastewater discharge control to “restore and maintain chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters.”
Today, centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems serve over 75% of the U.S. population, with 16,000+ municipal wastewater treatment facilities in operation. These facilities collect wastewater from homes, businesses, and industries and process it to remove pollutants such as pathogens, organic matter, ammonia, chemicals, and nutrients. If these pollutants enter back into the ecological systems, they are a serious risk to the health and well-being of waterways, animals, and humans.
Within a treatment facility, wastewater undergoes a series of physical, biological, and chemical processes. At each step pumps and valves move wastewater through the system so that the resulting effluent is clarified and safe for the environment. Unfortunately, many treatment facilities are old and in need of repair. Because they deal with harsh materials, improvements require the highest-quality components to maintain the highest level of operation.
The hardware and industrial supplies needed to keep these plants running should be from top-quality suppliers like Caylor Industrial. Our staff of experienced professionals deliver solutions that improve productivity and reliability in all types of wastewater treatment facilities. As treatment facilities age, choosing the right valves and fittings from a trusted source contributes to the effectiveness of pump systems to maintain high levels of environmental protection.
Caylor Industrial Sales is the company that has all the necessary products to serve the wastewater treatment industry that keeps the water clean and flowing. For more information on our products and services contact us today.
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They call it Passchendaele
The Rain was still relentless as we wandered around the town which will always be in the psyche of The British and Commonwealth nations who fought there. Again, I would not swap places
with the men who fought, lived, survived and died at that hell on earth, Passchendaele.
The Battle of Passchendaele or Third Battle of Ypres was one of the major battles of WWI. The battle consisted of a series of operations starting in June 1917 and petering out in November 1917 The attack served several strategic purposes. A successful attack offered the British a chance of inflicting significant casualties on the German army. A breakthrough in Flanders would hinder the German submarine campaign against British shipping, and also help prevent German Zeppelins from attacking targets in mainland Britain. Whether successful or not, the attack would prevent the German Army from exploiting the serious morale problems of the French.
During the battle, British troops launched several massive attacks, heavily supported by artillery and aircraft. However, they never managed to make a breakthrough in well-entrenched German lines. The battle consisted of a series of 'Bite and Hold' attacks to capture critical terrain and wear down the German army, lasting until the Canadian Corps took Passchendaele on 6 November 1917, ending the battle.
Passchendaele has become synonymous with the misery of fighting in thick mud. Most of the battle took place on reclaimed marshland, swampy even without rain. 1917 had an unusually cold and wet summer, and heavy artillery bombardment destroyed the surface of the land. Though there were dry periods, mud was nevertheless a constant feature of the landscape; newly-developed tanks bogged down in mud, and soldiers often drowned in it.
As you can see from the two pictures below from different angles, farmland can still be a quagmire.
The battle is a subject of fierce
debate among historians, particularly in Britain. The volume of the British Official History of the War which covered Passchendaele was the last to be published, and there is evidence it was biased
to reflect well on Douglas Haig and badly on General Gough, the commander of the Fifth Army. The heavy casualties suffered by the British Army in return for slender territorial gains have led many
historians to follow the example of David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of the time, and use it as an example of senseless waste and poor leadership
There is also a revisionist school of thought that seeks to emphasise the achievements of the British Army in the battle, in inflicting great damage on the German Army, relieving pressure on the distressed French, and developing offensive tactics capable of dealing with German defensive positions, which were significant in winning the war in 1918.
Casualty figures for the battle are still a matter of some controversy. Some accounts suggest that the Allies suffered significantly heavier losses than the Germans, while others offer more even figures. However, no-one disputes that hundreds of thousands of soldiers on both sides were killed or crippled.
The last surviving veteran of the battle was Private Harry Patch (17 June 1898 - 25 July 2009).
Our trip to Ypres was coming to an end, but we still had so much to do. Cramming the
important site was a must. The Household Cavalry holds a certain amount of admiration for me as I was briefly in the regiment. So a trip to see the memorial was a must. It is located down
a little passageway (which is well signed posted) in Zanvoorde.
The memorial was unveiled on 4 May 1924 by former British Commander-in-Chief Lord Haig. The memorial - an obelisk featuring a Household Brigade roll of honour - marks the site where the Life Guards met a severe fate on 30 October 1914 when, while holding Zanvoorde Hill, they were attacked by German forces and suffered substantial losses.
We next hit Ploegsteert or “Plug Street” to the men in WWI as Ypres was “Wipers” and Whyteshaete becoming “White Sheet”. Going into Ploegsteert woods is eerie as I am sure it’s just a trick of an over active mind but it is very quiet. Maybe, the wind in the trees but nothing, no birds or distant road -Just peace and quiet, making the cemeteries in the woods tranquil and a solemn place. One of my favourite memorials is the Ploegsteert memorial. Indeed, I took one of my favourite photographs here (see below).
The memorial commemorates more than 11,000 servicemen of the United Kingdom and South African forces who died in this sector during the First World War and have no known grave. The memorial serves the area from the line Caestre-Dranoutre-Warneton to the north, to Haverskerque-Estaires-Fournes to the south, including the towns of Hazebrouck, Merville, Bailleul and Armentieres, the Forest of Nieppe, and Ploegsteert Wood. The original intention had been to erect the memorial in Lille.
Most of those commemorated by the memorial did not die in major offensives, such as those which took place around Ypres to the north or Loos to the south. Most were killed in the course of the day-to-day trench warfare which characterised this part of the line, or in small scale set engagements, usually carried out in support of the major attacks taking place elsewhere.
It does not include the names of officers and men of Canadian or Indian regiments (they are found on the Memorials at Vimy and Neuve-Chapelle) and those lost at the Battle of Aubers Ridge, 9 May 1915, who were involved in the Southern Pincer (the 1st, 2nd, Meerut and 47th Divisions - they are commemorated on the Le Touret Memorial). Hyde Park Corner holds two graves of equal sadness for different reasons. Rifleman Samuel McBride, 2nd Bn. Royal Irish Rifles, executed for desertion on 07/12/1916, Row A. 17.
Thankfully, but very belatedly pardoned on 08/11/2006 as was all the 306 British Empire Soldiers executed in WWI. Another sad grave is that of under-age soldier, Private Frederick William Giles. He was serving with the 1st/4th Royal Berkshire Regiment when he was killed. He died on 28th April 1915 aged 17. He was the son of son of Frederick James and Sarah Giles living at 9 Hilcot Road in Reading, Berkshire.
Ever since Paul McCartney made the video to “Pipes of Peace” when I was 12, I have wondered about that famous football match. It was therefore decided that we see the place for ourselves.
The Christmas truce was a series of widespread, unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front around Christmas 1914, during World War I. Through the week leading up to Christmas, parties of German and British soldiers began to exchange seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches; on occasion, the tension was reduced to the point that individuals would walk across to talk to their opposite numbers bearing gifts.
On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, many soldiers from both sides – as well as, to a lesser degree, from French units – independently ventured into "no man's land", where they mingled, exchanging food and souvenirs. As well as joint burial ceremonies, several meetings ended in carol-singing. Troops from both sides were also friendly enough to play games of football with one another Close to Prowse Point Cemetery, on the north side of this road is another cross which commemorates the Christmas Truce of 1914 - the Khaki Chums cross. It is near where the houses are located, on the edge of a field. More recently, an information board has been erected beside the cross.
To get in the Bayernwald Trenches you need a combination code from the local tourist information centre in Kemmel. We didn’t have it. But luck and kindness of locals we got it, so we thank the
un-named man who lived close by for his help. The Bayernwald Trenches are a carefully restored section of an original German trench system dating from 1916.
The reconstruction was carried out in the original trench section under archaeological conditions. It is named Bayernwald ('Bavarian Wood') as it was Bavarian units which had first been stationed here. Adolf Hitler had served here in 1914/15 (see pic below), and was awarded an Iron Cross close by, while working as a Company Runner. He returned to visit the site in June 1940, following the fall of France
Stark reminders of the aftermath of Battle of Passchendaele are the memorial at The Menin
Gate and Tyne Cot Cemetery. The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in perpetuity by King Albert I of Belgium in recognition of the sacrifices made by the British Empire in the defence and liberation of Belgium during the war. It is the largest cemetery for Commonwealth forces in the world, for any war.
The name "Tyne Cot" is said to come from the Northumberland Fusiliers seeing a resemblance between the German concrete pill boxes, which still stand in the middle of the cemetery, and typical Tyneside workers' cottages – Tyne Cots.
The cemetery lies on a broad rise in the landscape which overlooks the surrounding countryside. As such, it was strategically important to both sides fighting in the area. The area was captured by the 3rd Australian Division and the New Zealand Division, on 4 October 1917 and two days later a cemetery for British and Canadian war dead was begun. The cemetery was recaptured by German forces on 13 April 1918 and was finally liberated by Belgian forces on 28 September.
After the Armistice in November 1918, the cemetery was greatly enlarged from its original 343 graves by concentrating graves from the battlefields, smaller cemeteries nearby and from Langemark. The Cross of Sacrifice that marks many CWGC cemeteries was built on top of a German pill box in the centre of the cemetery, purportedly at the suggestion of King George V, who visited the cemetery in 1922 as it neared completion.
The King's visit, described in the poem The King's Pilgrimage, included a speech in which he said:
We can truly say that the whole circuit of the Earth is girdled with the graves of our dead. In the course of my pilgrimage, I have many times asked myself whether there can be more potent advocates of peace upon Earth through the years to come, than this massed multitude of silent witnesses to the desolation of war.— King George V, 11 May 1922
The stone wall surrounding the cemetery makes-up the Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing. Upon completion of the Menin Gate memorial to the missing in Ypres, builders discovered it was not large enough to contain all the names as originally planned.
They selected an arbitrary cut-off date of 15 August 1917 and the names of the UK missing after this date were inscribed on the Tyne Cot memorial instead.
Additionally, the New Zealand contingent of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission declined to have its missing soldiers names listed on the main memorials, choosing instead to have names listed near the appropriate battles. Tyne Cot was chosen as one of these locations. Unlike the other New Zealand memorials to its missing, the Tyne Cot New Zealand memorial to the missing is integrated within the larger Tyne Cot memorial, forming a central apse in the main memorial wall.
To end our trip to Ypres it would be fitting to mention the Menin Gate. The Menin Gate is one of four memorials to the missing in Belgian Flanders which cover the area known as the Ypres
Salient. Broadly speaking, the Salient stretched from Langemark in the north to the northern edge in Ploegsteert Wood in the south, but it varied in area and shape throughout the war.
The Salient was formed during the First Battle of Ypres in October and November 1914, when a small British Expeditionary Force succeeded in securing the town before the onset of winter, pushing the German forces back to the Passchendaele Ridge. The Second Battle of Ypres began in April 1915 when the Germans released poison gas into the Allied lines north of Ypres. This was the first time gas had been used by either side and the violence of the attack forced an Allied withdrawal and a shortening of the line of defence.
There was little more significant activity on this front until 1917, when in the Third Battle of Ypres an offensive was mounted by Commonwealth forces to divert German attention from a weakened French front further south. The initial attempt in June to dislodge the Germans from the Messines Ridge was a complete success, but the main assault north-eastward, which began at the end of July, quickly became a dogged struggle against determined opposition and the rapidly deteriorating weather. The campaign finally came to a close in November with the capture of Passchendaele.
The German offensive of March 1918 met with some initial success, but was eventually checked and repulsed in a combined effort by the Allies in September.
The battles of the Ypres Salient claimed many lives on both sides and it quickly became clear that the commemoration of members of the Commonwealth forces with no known grave would have to be divided between several different sites.
The site of the Menin Gate was chosen because of the hundreds of thousands of men who passed through it on their way to the battlefields. It commemorates casualties from the forces of Australia, Canada, India, South Africa and United Kingdom who died in the Salient. In the case of United Kingdom casualties, only those prior 16 August 1917 (with some exceptions). United Kingdom and New Zealand servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at Tyne Cot, a site which marks the furthest point reached by Commonwealth forces in Belgium until nearly the end of the war.
New Zealand casualties that died prior to 16 August 1917 are commemorated on memorials at Buttes New British Cemetery and Messines Ridge British Cemetery. The memorial, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield with sculpture by Sir William Reid-Dick, was unveiled by Lord Plummer on 24 July 1927.
Every night at 8.00pm a moving ceremony takes place under the Menin Gate. The Last Post Ceremony has become part of the daily life in Ypres and the local people are proud of this simple but moving tribute to the courage and self-sacrifice of those who fell in defence of their town.
In 1928, a year after the inauguration of the Menin Gate Memorial, a number of prominent citizens in Ypres decided that some way should be found to express the gratitude of the Belgian nation towards those who had died for its freedom and independence. The idea of the daily sounding of the Last Post - the traditional salute to the fallen warrior - was that of the Superintendent of the Ypres Police, Mr P Vandenbraambussche.
The Menin Gate Memorial on the east side of Ypres was thought to be the most appropriate location for the ceremony. Originally this was the location of the old city gate leading to the Ypres Salient battlefields and The Menin Road, through which so many British and Commonwealth troops had passed on their way to the Allied front line. The privilege of playing Last Post was given to buglers of the local volunteer Fire Brigade.
The first sounding of Last Post took place on 1st July 1928 and a daily ceremony was carried on for about four months. The ceremony was reinstated in the spring of 1929 and the Last Post Committee (now called the Last Post Association) was established.
Four silver bugles were donated to the Last Post Committee by the Brussels and Antwerp Branches of the Royal British Legion. From 11th November, 1929 the Last Post has been sounded at the Menin Gate Memorial every night and in all weathers. The only exception to this was during the four years of the German occupation of Ypres from 20th May 1940 to 6th September 1944.
The daily ceremony was instead continued in England at Brookwood Military Cemetery, Surrey. On the very evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate, in spite of the heavy fighting still going on in other parts of the town. Bullet marks can still be seen on the memorial from that time.
I am sure that each and everyone who visits Menin, would like to thank the Ypres townsfolk and the fire brigade for their tribute. Certainly in 2006, the NMBS warmly shook the hands of the buglers from the fire service.
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Imagine purchasing a new washer and dryer. Inside is a little package with the usual owner’s manual and warranty information, but also … a little usb drive.
Imagine receiving a similar usb drive when you purchase a new car. And another when you buy a piece of furniture. You file them away thinking they might come in handy some day, and time goes on.
One day the dryer stops working. You take off the back hoping it’s an easy fix, and you spot a broken bracket with a number on it. Rooting through the filing cabinet you find the packet with the owner’s manual and usb drive. Pop the drive in the computer, and a digital repair manual automatically appears. A quick search yields the broken bracket; then you right-click and print. Your trusty 3D printer begins to warm up, and minutes later a new bracket is waiting for you fresh off the printer. A couple of bolts later, and your dryer is back in business.
Through the same process you’re able to fix a multitude of problems, from a fried circuit board in your microwave to a broken shock mount in your car. 3D printing doesn’t have to be only for repairs, either. Imagine the possibilities suddenly open to you as you tinker around on your hobbies or design a new playhouse for your kids. Sounds pretty futuristic, doesn’t it? Hopefully, we can see the day when this is as normal as printing out driving directions on your home printer.
For me 3D printing has always been too expensive or cumbersome to really take seriously… until recently. I have seen the light, and here are a few news headlines to help you understand why:
- Surgeons use 3D printing to help fix serious skull defects for young South African girls
- Chinese doctors use 3D-printed replicas to practice separating conjoined twins
- Custom implants created using LENS 3D printing may soon fix complex injuries
- Scientists build a 3D printer that can print objects smaller than red blood cells.
- UC San Diego students prepare to break world record with 3D-printed rocket engine
- NASA funds research to create stronger materials using 3D printing
- Chinese inventor develops the first ever 3D-printed washing machine for shoes
- Create your own 3D-printed carbon fiber racing bike
- World’s first chocolate printer
That is cool and all, but what about applications in our industry?
- Someone’s built a 12.5 meter 3D model of London – and you can play with it
- ElevatedMaps launches to create artistic 3D-printed custom maps of any place in the worldElevated
- 3D-printed social topographies of San Francisco intelligently blend art with data
- Eco-friendly robotic 3D printer produces architecture from soil on-site
- These robots will 3D print a steel bridge over a canal in Amsterdam
- Six incredible 3D-printed buildings: they can 3D print a single family home for $5000 using recycled materials
The cool thing is that this is going on right now. I, for one, can hardly wait to print out my own chocolate and rocket engines!
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Covid-19 has changed the music industry forever, but the music industry has not been crippled. If anything, musicians have shown the world their resilience. When concert venues shut down, live streaming gained popularity. When the doors shut to private lesson studios, teachers took their students online via Zoom and other platforms. But what will music education look like in the 2020-2021 school year? Is music education in jeopardy as school districts make decisions about the budget after the world’s largest recession?
The three most common scenarios for returning to the classroom are 1. Keep schools open at half capacity or socially distant, 2. Alternate groups of students in a one-week virtual school-one week physical school plan, or 3. Make schools completely virtual. For school choirs, any amount of singing may pose dangers for students. The American Choral Directors Association wrote in their Covid-19 Response Committee Report June 15, 2020, during face-to-face instruction with physical distancing, teachers should consider rehearsing outdoors and if they cannot rehearse outdoors, they should consider room ventilation, space, and cleaning and sanitizing processes, among a long list of other suggestions. Yet, even as they plan for the many possible scenarios, the CDC recorded “on March 17, 2020, a member of a Skagit County, Washington, choir informed Skagit County Public Health (SCPH) that several members of the 122-member choir had become ill." Their report says, "The act of singing, itself, might have contributed to transmission (of Covid-19) through emission of aerosols, which is affected by loudness of vocalization.” Their report goes on to conclude that after a 2.5-hour rehearsal, 86.7% of the choir members subsequently became ill. In my mind, this leaves no safe way to sing without a vaccine or treatment.
In the case that we do make music class virtual, what can be done? Should music be cut and teachers laid off? The American Choral Directors Association has a long list of ideas ranging from using online meeting platforms like Zoom to exploring other musical ideas like music history, technique, music theory, and the discussion of music text. A workbook like the Learn Music Through Coloring Series where students can explore music at home by coloring may be one answer to this dilemma, as many students do not have access to instruments. Whatever the case may be, music most likely will be a low priority for schools trying to fit Math, Science, and English standards into a virtual school year.
It is always important for students to find a way to create music. Whether they remain at school or at home, there is no easy answer, but with the advent of technology, we find ourselves as Americans in a fortuitous position. Teachers can easily video themselves teaching with their phone and upload it to Youtube for their students. We have online meeting platforms and the internet. If we have learned nothing from our recent past, it is that music education will survive and prove to everyone it is resilient and strong.
Brinckmeyer, Lynn and De La Rosa, Lou. “Covid-19 Response Committee Report” American Choral Directors Association. June 15, 2020, https://acda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ACDA-COVID-19-Committee-Report.pdf
Hamner, Lea and Dubbel, Polly. “High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice — Skagit County, Washington, March 2020” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 14, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e6.htm
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Try it yourself: in a dim room, impale a kosher dill pickle on two prongs, each of which is attached to one wire from an electric cord. Then (observing all possible safety precautions) plug it in.
Briefly, little happens. You hear a hum. You smell a stench. A wisp of smoke floats upward from the tormented pickle.
And then—what's this? One end of the pickle lights up! It sheds a lovely flickering yellow glow. In the darkened room, the effect is entrancing.
It's a moment of wonder and magic.
Here's the explanation: the atoms of NaCl salt in the pickle's brine exist as free-floating sodium and chlorine ions within the watery interstices of its cells. When electricity is pumped through the system, the sodium ions rush to one pole of your homemade device to seize an electron and make themselves complete. The ion rises one quantum level up and is made temporarily complete.
Like a not-fully-competent juggler, however, the sodium ion can seize the extra electron but cannot hold it. The ion falls from the higher energy quantum to the lower, releasing a packet of light in the process. Thus the lovely yellow glow.
Shakespeare was an electric pickle, and so was Virginia Woolf when she wrote A Room of One's Own. They were hooked into the psychic electricity of their times. They took in more energy than one person can hold. They went up a quantum. They fell back down. They shed light.
Try it yourself: plug into the Zeitgeist. Feel the power. Now create a work of art. Shed the light.
See how easy it is? I told you so.
The pickle, unfortunately, is not much good for anything after this exercise. Throw it out.
© 2002 by Michael Swanwick and SCIFI.COM.
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Drivers attempting to maneuver through the flood of students parading around campus might find it difficult to believe Wisconsin faces serious issues in recruiting young people to come live and work here.
But for permanent Madison residents and veteran Wisconsinites, it’s a commonly held axiom that these young people are just passing through, on their way to some other final destination.
This widely accepted phenomenon has come to be known as a “brain drain,” whereby college-educated young people funnel out of Wisconsin after graduation as they seek long-term employment and permanent residence elsewhere.
But, in a recent study, three University of Wisconsin researchers found the term “brain drain” to be a misnomer. The researchers concluded that rather than skilled labor draining out of the state, a related, but markedly different, problem exists — the lack of a “brain gain.”
When highly skilled and educated workers are attracted to a particular state, that state is said to experience a “brain gain.” It would be unsurprising if Wisconsin — home to one of the largest and most elite universities in the world and to the sprawling urban environment of Milwaukee — boasted a considerable brain gain.
But this is a departure from reality. The state has consistently struggled to attract college-educated young people from universities across the country to move here for employment. The study found only six states — Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, California and Michigan — to have a lower in-migration rate of college graduates than Wisconsin.
“These data suggest that it is not a large outflow of college educated people that is driving Wisconsin’s net loss of college graduates, but rather extremely low rates of in-migration,” the study said. “Accordingly, Wisconsin’s migration dynamic is characterized less by a ‘brain drain’ and more so by a lack of a ‘brain gain.’”
For UW students — especially those who don’t call Wisconsin home — this failure to attract other college graduates here and compensate for the people who leave may mean they don’t see the future of their own careers in Wisconsin.
Explaining how the Badger State got to this point begins with the Great Recession of 2008 and with the policies the state government pursued in its immediate aftermath.
A tale of two states
In 2008, the U.S. economy experienced a major recession, the likes of which had not been seen since the Great Depression of the 1930s. States across the country stumbled in its wake and policymakers pursued divergent paths to combat its far-reaching effects.
UW professor of applied and agricultural economics Steven Deller said some state governments chose to cut taxes and reduce government spending in the years following the recession, while others chose to do the opposite.
Wisconsin and Minnesota embodied these two divergent approaches to the recession, Deller said. Wisconsin decided to cut taxes and drastically reduce government spending across the board, while its neighbor to the northwest chose to raise taxes and increase spending. In part because of these policies, the two states experienced dramatically different rebounds following the recession.
“By law, state governments have to have a balanced budget. So when you’ve got a recession and your revenues fall off the table, you can do one of two things: cut spending or raise taxes and try to keep revenues up,” Deller said. “Wisconsin cut spending across the board while Minnesota raised taxes. Minnesota went through the Great Recession and rebounded much better than Wisconsin did.”
Deller said cutting taxes and reducing government spending — particularly on education and environmental regulations — is unattractive to people with college degrees.
“I think the fact that we’ve been able to retain 85 percent of the college graduates here kind of dispels that notion [of a brain drain]. However, we need to do a better job promoting ourselves and our opportunities outside of the state.”Tricia Braun, WEDC
Jordan Urbanek, a UW alumnus and Wisconsin native who left the state after graduation, echoed Deller’s claims. He said part of the reason he left was because of the policies the state government pursued under Gov. Scott Walker.
“I saw the university get gutted, lose funding and lose tenured professors,” Urbanek said. “And with the lax environmental policies that the state government is producing, I get really worried about whether the water will be safe the drink and the air will be safe to breathe. I wanted to go to a place where I’d feel more supported and where I’d see more growth.”
Deller said these Wisconsin policies have favored industries that operate under what economists refer to as “ordinary competition.”
Ordinary competition, Deller said, includes firms that hold little market power over the price of their goods. Instead of driving profits through innovation and technological improvements, these firms pay as little as possible in taxes and wages to make money.
“The way that they drive profitability is by driving down costs,” Deller said. “They look for lower taxes, they look for cheaper labor and they look for limited regulation. Wisconsin policy seems to be aimed at fostering those old legacy industries — like cheese production.”
As a result, firms operating under ordinary competition typically target “unskilled” — non-college educated — labor.
The counterpart to ordinary competition, Deller said, is “quality competition.” Broadly, firms in these markets derive profit by being innovative. Additionally, these firms seek “skilled labor” from people with college degrees and don’t pay less in wages to make a profit.
College-educated people need the motivation to migrate to other states for employment and residence, Deller said. Graduates go to places that value investments typically important to them — including public works, environmental regulations and higher education.
To attract graduates, these firms are more willing to be located in states like Minnesota, which tax more and enforce greater regulations for projects typically important to the college-educated demographic.
“These innovative firms are really more willing to tax themselves to invest in education and protect the environment and things like that, because of the kind of labor they want to attract,” Deller said. “That’s what those folks want.”
Ultimately, Wisconsin’s post-recession policies favored industries with limited demand for college-educated workers, and which instead seek low-wage, typically non-college educated labor.
As a result, Deller said college graduates throughout the country see limited benefits to moving to Wisconsin. The state doesn’t prioritize the issues and policies they care about, so industries typically composed of college graduates are hesitant to place themselves in the state.
But Tricia Braun, chief operating officer at the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation, said there are jobs in Wisconsin attractive to college graduates. While the state struggles with bringing talent here, Braun said it has seen success in keeping native Wisconsinite graduates in the state.
Braun said the problem lies in the inaccurate belief Wisconsin doesn’t have good jobs for college graduates, because the data suggests opportunities abound here. Braun believes there is a lack of awareness among graduates that careers aligned with their skills and goals actually do exist here.
“I think the fact that we’ve been able to retain 85 percent of the college graduates here kind of dispels that notion [of a brain drain],” Braun said. “However, we need to do a better job promoting ourselves and our opportunities outside of the state.”
But whether the problem lies in cemented policy or in mere perception, Wisconsin faces undeniable problems drawing college graduates to live and work here.
As Braun mentioned, however, the state has seen success in retaining college graduates. In contradiction to the notion of a “brain drain,” Wisconsin has one of the “stickiest” populations in the country — that is, people born here tend to stay here.
Stick with what you know
This success was stressed in the data from Deller’s study, which found Wisconsin to have an exceptionally low rate of students leaving the state after college — a rate even lower than those states with a brain gain.
“Based on the most recent data available, Wisconsin has one of the lowest rates of out-migration among all states,” the study said. “In fact, Wisconsin’s out-migration rate is below that of many states showing a brain gain, such as Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Virginia and Montana.”
This datapoint led the researchers to conclude the problem is not a brain drain, but rather an inability to foster an environment conducive to attracting college graduates — that lack of a “brain gain.”
“I have a few friends that are staying, so I’ll be able to continue those friendships and I also really like the size of Madison. I lived in Minneapolis for a summer and I prefer the medium-sized city of Madison. I also have family that lives in Madison too”Tyler Okonek, graduating UW student
As a result, the study said efforts put into retaining UW graduates are misguided, because in-state UW students are very — indeed, increasingly — likely to stay in the state after graduation.
“A singular focus on the retention of college graduates is somewhat misplaced,” the study said. “Wisconsin is already a relatively ‘sticky state.’ Approximately 60 percent of college graduates currently living in Wisconsin were also born in the state of Wisconsin, which places it 8th highest among all states.”
This is a point which has been emphasized by UW officials who seek to dispel the notion of a “brain drain” composed of fleeing UW graduates — an effort that culminated in a university marketing campaign on the subject.
Jocelyn Milner, the director of academic planning and institutional research in the Office of the Vice Provost for Academic Affairs, said UW has actually seen increased success in retaining UW students after graduation.
In data Milner cited from UW’s Academic Planning and Research Institute, 66 percent of Wisconsin alumni called Wisconsin home in 2015-2016. That number is more than 20 percent higher than the same statistic from 20 years ago, and UW graduates’ in-state residency has risen every year since at least the early 1990s.
The UW School of Pharmacy has seen even more success in this regard. Alyson Kim, associate dean for marketing and communications at the UW School of Pharmacy, said the school has seen success in keeping its students in the state after they graduate.
“At the UW–Madison School of Pharmacy, we are the top producer of pharmacists in the state of Wisconsin, and the majority of our doctor of pharmacy degree students who seek employment choose to stay in Wisconsin after graduation,” Kim said.
Specifically, 74.5 percent of UW School of Pharmacy doctor of pharmacy graduates who accepted a position within three months of graduation in 2017 took a job in the state, Kim said.
Milner said the university at-large has created incentives for its students to stay in the state after graduation, including many programs that provide highly specific training for a career best fit in Wisconsin and tailored for the needs of its economy.
Additionally, Milner said UW saves a significant portion of its incoming freshman class each year for in-state students, an incentive which helps keep Wisconsinites in the state and contributes to the “sticky” population
“For undergraduates, the majority of spaces have been for Wisconsin residents and we have a commitment to educate a certain number of Wisconsin resident freshmen,” Milner said. “It’s a partnership with the people of the state of Wisconsin. It’s part of the public trust that the university has with the people of the state.”
UW senior Tyler Okonek echoed Milner’s sentiments and said he is excited to be staying in Madison after he graduates this May. He recently accepted a position with CUNA Mutual Group as an insurance actuary, and he said there are a lot of opportunities for insurance industry jobs in Madison.
“I have a few friends that are staying, so I’ll be able to continue those friendships and I also really like the size of Madison,” Okonek said. “I lived in Minneapolis for a summer and I prefer the medium-sized city of Madison. I also have family that lives in Madison too.”
But not all UW students feel the state offers them opportunities for success after graduation. Many, such as Urbanek, feel compelled to leave the state for post-graduation plans.
Urbanek, who studied Spanish at UW and medicine at the Wisconsin Academy of Rural Medicine, accepted a position as a resident physician in Seattle. He said he didn’t see a future for his career in the state’s economy because certain laws — primarily including those limiting women’s reproductive health rights and lax gun regulations — darkened the prospect of practicing medicine in rural Wisconsin.
But Milner said UW students leaving the state after graduation doesn’t have to be a bad thing for the university or for the state.
Milner said it’s part of the Wisconsin Idea to take one’s education out into to the global economy and pointed to UW’s past encouragement of students to study abroad during their time at the university as evidence of that.
“Ten or 15 years ago, the Board of Regents set a goal for 25 percent of undergraduates to study abroad,” Milner said. “Well, if you’re going to encourage students to study abroad, that suggests to me that there’s a value for students experiencing the world and seeing the world — and maybe taking their education and their Wisconsin values abroad.”
But the problem is ultimately bigger than UW and much of its solutions lie outside of the university’s purview. The problem lies in attracting graduates from elsewhere throughout the country to move here.
How to go about solving that problem has been the subject of statewide discussions for years and the trajectory and implications of the issue have yet to be seen. The year 2018, however, could bring major changes to how it is discussed and addressed.
Wisconsin appears to have found itself in a paradoxical situation.
On one hand, the state is successful at retaining in-state college graduates to work here and contribute to its economy — a datapoint which suggests jobs exist in this state which are appealing to the college-educated demographic.
On the other hand, the state faces major issues in attracting others to come here, leaving it with both an economy and a population with a very low “churn” — change over time through businesses starting up and shutting down, and people moving in and out.
Braun said WEDC is developing innovative jobs in industries popular for college graduates, but states similar to Wisconsin — like Minnesota, Colorado and North Carolina — are experiencing much more of a gain from college graduates.
Policy-makers and experts on the subject might disagree on how to best solve the problem, but they agree the problem exists.
WEDC has taken an approach aimed at advertising all of Wisconsin’s benefits to a seemingly unaware general public, while UW researchers like Deller have said policies coming from the governor and the state Legislature have to be aimed at fostering more innovative and competitive industries.
Where the state goes from here has yet to be seen, and 2018 may be a key year in determining the trajectory of this issue.
Walker, the entire state Assembly and half of the state Senate are all up for election this year. And with Democratic hopes of a “blue wave” in 2018, there may be major policy changes in the coming years.
For now, though, those drivers attempting to commute through campus on a busy school day will probably still find it hard to believe many young, college-educated people don’t see their future in Wisconsin beyond their cap and gown.
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Fish Health Monitoring
Viruses are the most abundant organisms on the planet. All fish viruses present in B.C. farm-raised salmon are naturally occurring in the Pacific Ocean. Most viruses are not harmful to fish and are not a risk to human health. However, because farmed fish live in greater density than wild fish – like people living in a city compared to people living in the country – some viruses can pose health risks to farmed salmon. As a result, fish health is monitored regularly by farm company veterinarians, and by the government.
Thousands of fish health screenings on wild, hatchery-raised, and farm-raised salmon have been completed by professionals in B.C., Alaska, and Washington State and not a single test confirms the presence of any exotic fish viruses or diseases, including ISA. In addition, all salmon producing members of the BCSFA have developed a viral outbreak management plan, which allows for a quick and decisive industry-wide response if a virus of concern is ever detected in any B.C. salmon farm.
Ongoing monitoring and research is key to the health and survival of both wild and farm-raised fish. B.C. salmon farmers stringently monitor and test their fish, and take great pride in raising healthy fish by keeping the environment in good condition for all species. Farmers participate in sampling programs run by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) to assist with viral monitoring. Regular sampling by government, companies and independent third parties ensure very clear picture of the health of B.C farm-raised salmon.
Vaccinations and Reducing Antibiotic Usage
Vaccines are an integral part of fish health management. B.C. salmon farming companies administer vaccines to all fish - prior to leaving the hatchery - to protect them against common bacterial and viral pathogens that occur naturally in the Pacific marine environment, such as Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN).
Farmers understand the connection between a healthy ecosystem and healthy fish.
- By vaccinating fish and preventing pathogen outbreaks in farm-raised salmon, the risk of disease transmission between farm-raised salmon and wild salmon
- By giving fish a better start right out of the hatchery, understanding how best to reduce any stress while in the ocean, and paying more attention to potential side effects of excessive usage, B.C. salmon farmers have steadily reduced the level of antibiotics used over the past two decades.
Antibiotics are an important part of animal and human welfare. In aquaculture, antibiotics are rarely used and, if required, are only available through prescription by a licensed veterinarian for the purpose of managing bacterial illnesses in fish.
Over the past two decades B.C. salmon farmers have significantly reduced their use of antibiotics and continue to manage the health of fish stocks responsibly, with as little antibiotic use as possible - working toward the elimination of its use in the future. The goal is to avoid microbial resistance and environmental factors.
As a whole, the aquaculture industry in B.C. continually strives to set a high standard for antibiotic reporting.
Sea Lice Management
Sea lice in B.C. marine waters
Sea lice are a naturally-occurring parasite of marine environment and have evolved to attach to migrating salmon as they travel through the ocean. There are 12 species of sea lice in B.C.’s coastal waters but Caligus clemensi (or C. clemensi, commonly known as the herring louse) and Lepeophtheirus salmonis (or L. salmonis, commonly known as the salmon louse) are the two most commonly studied species in the B.C. coastal environment.
- Beamish, R., J. Wade, W. Pennell, E. Gordon, S. Jones, C. Neville, K. Lange and R. Sweeting. 2009. A large, natural infection of sea lice on juvenile Pacific salmon in the Gulf Islands area of British Columbia, Canada. Aquaculture 297: 31-37.
- Beamish, R.J., Neville, C.M., Sweeting, R.M., and Ambers, N.J. 2005. Sea lice on adult Pacific salmon in the coastal waters of Central British Columbia, Canada. Fisheries Research 76: 198-208.
Sea lice management on farm-raised salmon
While juvenile salmon are free of sea lice when they enter into the ocean pens, they are susceptible to sea lice infestations, particularly caused by L. salmonis. B.C. salmon farmers take proactive and preventative measures to ensure their fish host low levels of sea lice - following a range of best management practices and monitoring programs to manage sea lice abundance and ensure that any potential increases in abundance is mitigated.
Atlantic salmon farm employees are required by regulation to examine their fish every two weeks, at a minimum, for regular sea lice counts during March 1 to June 30, to coincide with Out Migration of wild salmon. If those counts show an average of three motile lice per fish, companies are required to take action to reduce the absolute lice count over subsequent weeks. This means either treating the fish (see “Treatments”) or removing them, if a harvest is planned. When exceeding the three motile abundance, numbers and the planned management response must be reported to DFO within 7 days.
During the rest of the year, salmon farmers are required to conduct sea lice counts at least once a month. Again, if the abundance threshold of three motile lice has been exceeded, monitoring must increase to every two weeks, and actions must be taken within 30 days to manage motile lice abundance. Reporting to DFO is monthly, no later than the 15th of the following month, and DFO also performs random quarterly checks of all active B.C. salmon farms to verify the accuracy of industry reporting.
In order to forecast mitigative measures or actions that might be needed to ensure that farm-raised salmon are not further contributing to the sea lice number on wild fish, B.C. have established wild salmon sea lice monitoring programs in all farming regions of the provinces - working collaboratively with researchers in academia and the government.
B.C. salmon farming companies are transparent in sharing information and reporting data. Atlantic salmon farmers have committed to posting monthly updates of sea lice monitoring data collected on their farm sites, which can be found online:
Despite our current knowledge, some public concern remains about the potential effect of sea lice (from salmon farms) on B.C.’s wild salmon stocks. The BC Salmon Farmers Association Sea Lice Report - January 2016 addresses these concerns.
The rate of sea lice infestation changes from year to year on both farm-raised and wild salmon. This is directly linked to annual changes in wild host populations and environmental conditions. Factors such as high numbers of Pacific herring, for example, can be correlated to elevated lice counts of C. clemensi on farm-raised salmon in the same region, at that particular time. Similarly, it has been found that high wild salmon returns in the autumn months of one year can be correlated to elevated lice counts of L. salmonis in the following spring, for wild and farm-raised salmon in the same region.
Sea lice prevalence can also be related to environmental conditions, with sea lice thriving in warm (higher-than-average) water temperatures . Pairing high temperatures with high salinity (due to decreased freshwater mountain run off, and decreased levels of precipitation in an area) create an optimal environment for sea lice to flourish.
2015 Research Results
Studies have shown that, in British Columbia regardless of the presence or absence of salmon farms, there is wide variability in sea lice prevalence in coastal locations. Research over the past decade shows lice levels are significantly linked with ocean conditions and variations in wild hosts.
Since the early 2000's, there has been much study on sea lice prevalence on B.C.’s wild and farm-raised salmon. In 2015, researchers noted an increase in sea lice prevalence on juvenile wild salmon compared to the previous year. This occurrence was quite similar to levels observed in 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2010, and much lower than levels observed in 2004.
The state of knowledge on L. salmonis and C. clemensi sea lice species has grown extensively over the last several years through collaborative research, mostly driven by the need to better understand the relationship between far-raised salmon and sea lice numbers on wild salmon. For example, the Broughton Archipelago Management Program, which began in 2010 as a multi-year sea lice monitoring and research program, has produced several important studies on the ecology and behavior of sea lice with respect to salmon farms. The collaborative work included the federal government, industry, academia and conservation groups. For more information see Broughton Archipelago Monitoring Program and some related studies:
Fisheries and Oceans Canada has also held two scientific peer-review processes to assess the state of knowledge and provide regulatory scientific advice on the management measures, monitoring and interactions of sea lice, with respect to wild and farm-raised fish. These processes again engaged a wide range of participants from academia, conservation groups, industry and government. As a result two documents have been produced, summarizing the scientific literature with respect to sea lice knowledge and management in Canada. For the reports resulting from these processes, summarizing what is known about sea lice population ecology, monitoring and mitigation, see:
B.C. salmon farmers emply a number of techniques to manage sea lice on farm-raised salmon. These measures include decreasing the number of cultured fish on farms through harvest, and the use of therapeutants Emamectin benzoate (SLICE©) and Paramove 50©.
SLICE© has been used in British Columbia since 1999 as an effective tool to control sea lice, and is only authorized for use under the professional guidance of a licensed veterinarian. It is milled directly into the feed and used sparingly to ensure sea lice levels on farm-raised salmon remain low and are not a threat to out-migrating juvenile wild salmon.
In 2015, therapeutant use in B.C. farm-raised salmon averaged 1.4 treatments per production cycle. The average quantity of in-feed therapeutant used to treat sea lice on B.C. salmon farms in 2015 was 1.25g of active ingredient per tonne of salmon produced, a reduction of 0.35g per tonne in 2014 (GSI, 2016).
For more information on studies of the effectiveness and safety of emamectin benzoate see the following references:
Salmon farmers continue to research and implement alternative controls for sea lice such as vaccines and non-medicinal controls – including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatments.
Because hydrogen peroxide, in this case, is used for pest control, it is classified as a pesticide. Federal approval and a permit for its use from the BC Ministry of Environment has been granted to salmon farmers in B.C.
Hydrogen peroxide breaks down quickly in water into water and oxygen and does not accumulate in sediment or have a withdrawal period for treated fish.It is not considered a contaminant by the BC Ministry of Environment and is actually recommended by MOE as an alternative cleaner for boaters to use instead of bleach. It is also listed by third-party certification group, the Aquaculture Stewardship Council, as the only parasiticide treatment with a 0 rating for persistence and toxicity in the environment.
For additional information concerning sea lice research, please see the below links and studies.
Piscine Reovirus (PRV) / Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI)
Over November 27 and 28, 2017, our Association, in collaboration with the BC Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, hosted a workshop entitled ‘Exploring PRV & HSMI in Europe & BC’ in Campbell River, BC. The objective of the workshop was to better understand Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) andits association with Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) in Norway and British Columbia.
This workshop brought together 13 leading, international experts in PRV and HSMI research and was moderated by Dr. George Iwama, President and Vice Chancellor of Quest University, BC.
The BC Salmon Farmers Association has worked collaboratively with all experts involved in the workshop over the past number of weeks to develop this report as an accurate representation of the research presented at this workshop. Much of what was presented and discussed at the workshop is new and on-going research, and has yet to be published.
Our members recognize that rigourous, peer-reviewed science is at the core of understanding complex issues such as the relationship between PRV and HSMI and the variance in how this pathogen and disease are recognized in Norway, British Columbia and elsewhere, globally. Therefore, although there are some areas where consensus of all speakers could not be found on the points recorded in this report, the Association supports the communication of all perspectives and research discussed.
PRV First Evidence:Archived samples indicate the presence of PRV in the environment over twenty years before its initial identification in Norway, in 2010 (1988, Norway, and 1977, BC).
PRV Range, Globally:Several genotypes of PRV have evolved regionally and have been identified globally in the marine environment, to date, in Norway, Chile, the North Pacific (BC and Washington), Atlantic Canada, and Japan.
PRV Hosts:The known host range of PRV globally includes: Cutthroat Trout, wild and farmed Chinook Salmon, Sockeye Salmon, Steelhead Trout, Coho Salmon, Chum Salmon, Pink Salmon and wild and farmed Atlantic Salmon, and a range of non-salmonid species.
PRV Prevalence (North Pacific Coast):On the west coast of North America, reports in 2014 and 2015 indicated that the prevalence of PRV in wild Pacific salmon was less than 20% (from BC studies, Miller et al. 2014 and Marty et al. 2015) but more recently, new US research (Purcell et al. 2017), revealed that PRV prevalence within adult Pacific Salmon and trout stocks was, on average, very low at 3.4%.
Effects of laboratory-based studies of PRV infections on pathology, immune function and respiratory physiology performed in BC: Several studies onAtlantic Salmon and Sockeye Salmon infected with PRV have shown no pathological evidence of disease. Moreover, in Atlantic Salmon, a comprehensive examination of the fish’s respiratory physiology revealed no effect of PRV infection on overall fitness. This research is currently underway on Sockeye Salmon.
HSMI First Evidence:HSMI was first characterized in 1999 in Norway.
Correlation between PRV and HSMI:In 2017, PRV was correlated with the development of HSMI, in Norway. In contrast, in BC, HSMI has not been induced to date using BC Atlantic and Sockeye Salmon exposed to a BC strain of PRV.
To date, HSMI has only been described in farmed fish, globally (never diagnosed in wild fish). Like any other disease, the development and severity of HSMI is likely dependent upon the interactions of the host, pathogen, and environment.
Salmon Farms and HSMI: In Norway, HSMI is a production concern for farmed salmon but only accounts for approximately 2% of industry mortality. In contrast to the 600+ farms that develop HSMI each year in Norway, HSMI has rarely been diagnosed on salmon farms in B.C. and it has never been associated with an elevation in mortality.
Read the report.
Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA)
Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) is a viral disease that principally affects Atlantic salmon – the species most commonly farmed in British Columbia – and doesn’t pose any risk to human health. It has never been confirmed in the North Pacific despite thousands of wild, hatchery and farm-raised fish being tested.
Because of the risk ISA poses to Atlantic salmon, members of the BCSFA have participated in regular testing of our farm-raised fish for ISA, and roughly 6,000 tests so far have shown no ISA on our sites. In 2012, around 1,000 fish were tested: all returning negative results. Our farms continue to see good fish health and high survival rates. Given the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to the disease, this is another indicator that ISA is not present.
In recent years there has also been expanded testing of wild fish by the CFIA, which has shown no ISA presence in B.C. ISA is a reportable disease in Canada, which means that anyone who suspects ISA in finfish they own (or work with) is required by law to notify the CFIA.
Confirmed cases of ISA:
Infectious Salmon Anaemia Reports - CFIA
To detect viruses, such as ISA, scientists use Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, which are highly sensitive. Presumptive positive tests require further testing before they can be deemed valid or confirmed. The additional testing includes isolating a suspected virus or sequencing of the virus - both of which has never been successful in B.C.
The quality of samples, which organs are tested, and the size of the sample all play a key role in the success of PCR tests. There are important guidelines to the collection, preservation and treatment of samples that need to be followed for the most reliable results.
To reduce the chance of ISA or other disease being introduced to B.C., any imports of fish eggs, milt and broodstock have been highly regulated. Along with disinfection and quarantine requirements, these products also have to be sourced only from ISA-free facilities and geographic areas.
Infectious Heaematopoietic Necrosis (IHN)
Infectious Heaematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) is a natural virus of the Pacific Ocean that has no effects on human health. Studies have shown that IHN can be carried regularly by wild salmon who have a natural resistance to it without any negative impacts on their health. However, the health of Atlantic salmon can be affected by IHN, as they have not developed immunity to it.
The routine fish health monitoring programs for B.C. salmon farmers include regular tests and sampling for the health status of their stocks, which includes checking for IHN. In May and July of 2012, two Cermaq Canada farm sites tested positively for IHN after routine testing. In both cases, this was identified early and Cermaq immediately reported it to CFIA and isolated the farm sites. The company also informed their farming colleagues and enacted a pre-determined action plan to manage the situation. All other required and appropriate parties, such as community partners, were notified and the company has continued to act proactively.
Kudoa thyrsites is a marine organism that is carried by many fish species in all oceans. While it causes the salmon flesh to soften quickly after harvest, which is unsightly, it does not harm the fish in any way during their lifecycle, nor is it harmful to human health.
Salmonoid Rickettsial Septicaemia (SRS)
Salmonoid Rickettsial Septicaemia (SRS) is a fish disease that is caused by the bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. It affects multiple species, including Pacific and Atlantic salmon. This is a variant that is unique to the North Pacific Ocean, and it is suspected that a reservoir for the bacteria exists in the marine environment, in non-salmon fishes and shellfish. The infection is managed using antibiotics.
Salmon Alphavirus (SAV)
There are three types of Salmon Alphavirus (SAV) that can affect Atlantic salmon and Rainbow trout in freshwater and saltwater, causing damage to the pancreas. To test for viruses, researchers generally use a preliminary screening test called PCR, and then follow that with cell culture to confirm presence.
Government labs have tested for SAV on B.C. salmon farms and have never found it. It is not a federally-reportable disease because of the low risk that it poses to fish. SAV does not pose any risks to human health.
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV)
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) is a naturally-occurring ocean fish virus with several strains found in the waters of B.C. It is found in herring populations and reports in other species are often associated with the migration of herring. VHSV can be passed to salmonids, both wild and farm-raised, but it is not highly pathogenic to salmonids and rarely causes the clinical symptoms of VHS. It can, however, be lethal to Pacific herring, Pacific hake, Pacific sardines and walleye Pollock. VHSV does not pose any risks to human health.
VHS, which is caused by the VHS virus, is a reportable disease in Canada. If salmon farmers suspect the disease on their farms they must report it to the CFIA. The CFIA publishes all confirmed cases of VHSV in Canada.
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Families in South East Wales, looking to occupy the kids during lockdown, are being urged to check out an exciting new website for children that teaches gas safety – with a difference.
Featuring Safety Seymour, a cuddly superhero bear from outer space, the new website www.safetyseymour.co.uk uses storytelling, cartoons, classroom-style activities and even yoga and origami to alert families to the danger of deadly carbon monoxide.
The website has been launched jointly by Britain’s gas networks, which operate and maintain the country’s underground gas pipes, delivering gas safely to millions of homes and businesses.
Known as the silent killer, carbon monoxide can be produced by anything that burns, like faulty or badly maintained gas boilers, cookers, and fires, as well as barbecues and wood burners. It can’t be seen, smelt or tasted but it kills some 40 people a year and leaves many more with life-changing injuries.
Wales & West Utilities runs the gas network locally and the company’s People & Engagement Director, Sarah Hopkins, said: “With people spending much more time at home, gas safety is more important than ever. We’ve come together with the other gas networks to bring a set of resources into homes across the UK during these exceptional times. Gas safety is such an important life lesson and we’ve learnt through our classroom-based sessions, which have been running since 2015, how well children respond to the interactive way in which it’s taught, via Safety Seymour.
“These new materials provide an essential resource for educators and parents alike so that young children can learn about gas safety at home, in an exciting way.”
The Safety Seymour programme is aimed at Key Stage 1 pupils and features games, drama and craft to help them and their families stay safe from the dangers of carbon monoxide in their homes.
Previously delivered in schools, the programme has been specifically developed for online use as people of all ages across the UK, and world, adapt to working and learning from home. The materials have been developed by creative learning company with input from teachers.
One youngster who supports the launch of the materials is 7-year old, Jaydee-Lee Dummett. After Wales & West Utilities visited her school last year to run a Safety Seymour school session, Jaydee-Lee quickly reeled off the emergency gas telephone number – 0800 111 999 – after spotting the deathly signs of carbon monoxide poisoning. Jaydee-Lee’s quick thinking not only saved the lives of her family, but also saw her win the Child of Courage award at the 2019 Pride of Britain Awards.
Jaydee-Lee said: “I remembered the signs of carbon monoxide poisoning from the Safety Seymour session and helped save my family’s lives. It’s so important to learn about gas safety, as you never know when you might need it. These new activities will give children, like me, the knowledge needed to stay safe. I can’t wait to give them a go!”
Sarah added: “We are all learning to live our lives in new ways, and it is hoped that these materials will give parents and teachers a free resource to offer education whilst children can’t be in school. We are proud to partner with the other UK gas networks to develop these Safety Seymour resources to make sure children can keep their learning going at this challenging time.”
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Red-eye gravy is a type of gravy often found and originating in the American South, in regions such as Alabama and Louisiana. Typically made from rendered pork fat and drippings deglazed with coffee, the origin of the name has a fair amount of myth and rumor surrounding it. Red-eye gravy is often served with biscuits, grits, ham, and cornbread and can be a part of just about any type of meal found in the Southern portion of the United States (US).
While some sources point to red-eye gravy getting its name from a famous person, such as former US President Andrew Jackson asking for gravy like the red eyes of the cook, purported to have been drinking the night before the fabled meeting, it is likely that the name comes from the appearance of the gravy. If red-eye gravy is prepared traditionally with coffee and pork fat, the grease from the fat and the coffee separate in a container. If held in a round container such as a bowl, then the separate elements can resemble an eye, with the clear fat resembling the iris and the darker coffee appearing similar to a bloodshot eye. Other sources sight the use of coffee in the gravy as the source of the name, as eating it will potentially give a person a caffeine rush that could lead to a lack of sleep.
Regardless of the origins of the name, making red-eye gravy is a fairly simple process. Typically, it begins with cooking a ham, or part of a ham such as the fat back, in a skillet. Salted country ham is often preferred for flavor and for fat content, and the piece of ham may need to be scored with a knife before cooking. During the cooking process, fat will render out from the ham and small bits of meat will inevitably stick to the skillet.
Once the ham is cooked, it is removed from the skillet and set aside. The skillet is then deglazed using coffee, though water can be used but will lack a great deal of the flavor typically associated with red-eye gravy. A small amount of coffee is added to the hot skillet and then stirred with a spatula or spoon to loosen up the bits of ham still stuck to the pan, sometimes called fond, and this is then removed from the skillet to a serving bowl or gravy boat. The finished red-eye gravy is often used for dunking cornbread or biscuits into, or poured over the cooked ham with grits or eggs.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Chronic medical conditions is the leading cause of death in the United States. Nearly half of all adults have at least one chronic medical condition. Over the past 20 years there has been a significant rise in chronic disease. Over the past 15 years childhood obesity and diabetes is growing at an astronomical rate. Who is to blame? Nobody can really state exactly who, but is it possible that the US government, specifically the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible?
In 1992, the USDA released the first Food Guide Pyramid. The USDA obviously had good intentions, through heavy research the pyramid was developed to prevent, chronic disease, obesity, and dental carries. Over the years the Food Guide Pyramid evolved to in to more user-friendly versions, MyPyramid (2005) and MyPlate (2011). Despite making the guides more user-friendly, the USDA did little to evaluate data and change the science supporting the pyramid. Unfortunately, the USDA got it completely wrong. Since the ’92 Food Guide Pyramid was released there has been a dramatic increase in chronic disease and obesity. Has the Food Guides failed the American people?
Let us evaluate the guides. The ’92 version has grains, fruits, and vegetables filling the bottom two rows of the pyramid, accounting for 20 of 26 possible servings. The 2005 version is much of the same, with a large portion dedicated to carbohydrates, but like the ’92 version, the largest portion is dedicated to grains. The 2011, MyPlate is simplified for the consumer, but again indicates most of your plate be comprised of carbohydrates. In fact, when you breakdown the percentages the guides recommend the consumer eat approximately 75% of calories from carbohydrate sources. What is wrong with this you ask? Well, below I have outlined 5 reasons why the USDA might be responsible for the rise in chronic disease and obesity.
Five Reasons Why the USDA Might Be Responsible for the American Obesity and Chronic Disease Epidemic
Reason #1: Misleading information
The guides suggest grains (bread, pasta, rice) account for the largest portion of carbohydrate consumption. The guides do not state 100% whole-grain. To the average consumer, this gives the impression that refined breads and pasta is a fantastic option. So, the lay person, goes to a restaurant orders a plate of spaghetti and a side of garlic bread, and thinks -‘this is a healthy low-fat meal’. After all, according to the guides this meal is well within the guidelines set forth by the USDA.
Additionally, the original guide said 6-11 servings of breads, grains, and pasta / day. Servings is key, because most individuals, myself included, grossly overestimate what constitutes a serving. Another note on servings: it gives a range of servings; 6-11 servings. This tells the consumer that you must have a minimum of 6 servings of grains. This misleading information has led to over-eating and over-eating of the wrong foods.
Reason #2: Satiety
Countless studies have correlated carbohydrate intake to increased hunger, specifically foods with high glycemic index (1, 2, 3). Primarily because of the insulin and blood glucose spike caused following the ingestion of carbohydrates. Newer research indicates that a higher than normal protein diet may actually be the reason for their partial success in inducing weight loss (4). Weigle, et al, found that the subjects felt more satiated with high-protein diet (5). In addition, Weigle’s team found total caloric intake decreased with when consuming more protein (5). There are two theories behind protein’s ability to increase satiety: 1 – High protein foods take longer to digest and leave the gut. 2 – Protein may impact our the hunger and satiety hormones of ghrelin and leptin. So the USDA is telling us to eat foods, that physiologically trigger us to eat more.
Reason #3: Insulin
When we eat carbohydrates insulin is released by the pancreas to begin glucose uptake from the blood. Insulin’s job is to take blood glucose and facilitate storage of glycogen – our primary energy source. Insulin is also an indirect gate-keeper to fat metabolism, by inhibiting the release of glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that has the opposite role of insulin. Glucagon is designed to take glycogen and convert it to glucose. Glucagon also creates glucose through lipolysis (the breakdown of fat). If we eat carbohydrates, the insulin response inhibits glucagon – thus prevents us from burning fat.
Reason #4: Elevated Inflammatory Markers
Chronic inflammation is a primary cause of most chronic diseases (6). Excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates, low dietary fiber intake, and a high omega-6 to omega-3 ratios are strongly associated with the production of proinflammatory molecules (7). One large study compared a Western diet and high protein diet. In this study, the western diet group had greater levels of inflammatory markers, including CRP and E-selectin, whereas those on the high protein diet had a significant decrease of inflammatory markers (8).
Reason #5: Importance Fat
In the original food guide pyramid it is stated that fats should be used sparingly. In both the 2005 version and 2011 version, the USDA’s guide says nothing about fat. This gives the impression that fat should be avoided. This is a huge mistake. Fat, specifically, Omega-3 fats – found in nuts, fish, and seeds – is very important. Clinical studies in adults with high cholesterol have shown that nuts lower LDL-cholesterol and improve the overall blood lipid profile (9). Additionally, frequent nut and seed consumption is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 and fibrinogen(10).
Does this indicate the USDA got it wrong and led the American people down the wrong path? I believe the aforementioned reasons have led to an increase in obesity and chronic disease in America. Is it really a coincidence that following the release of the guides there has been a dramatic rise in obesity and chronic disease? That being said, I believe in personal responsibility – I think it is up to the individual to make wise decisions. The USDA is not telling people to stop exercising. So, although I believe the USDA may have been a contributor – some blame should be put on the people.
What do you think? Can we blame the USDA’s Food Guides for steering the American people in the wrong direction?
- Wien M A, et al. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. Int J Obes 2003. 27:1365-1372
- Roberts SB. High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: is there a connection? Nutrition Review 2000. 58:163-169
- Arumugam V, et al. A high-glycemic meal pattern elicited increased subjective appetite sensations in overweight and obese women. Appetite. July, 2007.
- Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper A. Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss? Lancet 2004;364:897
- Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin andghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:41–8.
- Stehouwer CDA, Gall M-A. Twisk JWR, Knudsen E. Emeis JJ. Parving H-H. Increased urinary albumin excretion, endothelial dysfunction and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: progressive, interrelated, and independently associated with risk of death. Diabetes.2002;51(4): 1157-1165.
- Neustadt J. Western Diet and Inflammation. IMCJ. Vol. 10: 2 Apr/May 2011.
- Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Fung TT, et al. Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am JClin Nutr.2004;80(4):1029-1035.
- Mukuddem-Petersen J, Oosthuizen W & Jerling J. A systematic review of the effects of nuts on blood lipid profiles in humans. J Nutr. 135: 2005. 2082–2089.
- Rajaram, S, Connell, KM, and Sabate´ J. Effect of almond-enriched high-monounsaturated fat diet on selected markers of inflammation: a randomised, controlled, crossover study. BR J of Nut. 2010: 103, 907–912.
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Swaddling Newborns: How, Why, and for How Long?
The act of swaddling babies has its roots in thousands of years of human history. Today, it is still a common practice in many parts of the world. However, there has been an ongoing debate as to whether swaddling is good or bad. It can be a confusing time when every person you talk to gives different advice! The general consensus is that swaddling is safe when done properly and supports the baby’s transition from the womb to the outside world.
Why should I swaddle my baby?
The main idea behind swaddling is to help comfort a newborn baby. Think about it: your baby right now is in a completely warm, cozy, dark, calming environment. What she feels in the third trimester is the tightness of your womb hugging her at different angles. She is sleeping in a warm bath of fluid. When she is born, there is no longer that feeling of security. It has been replaced with bright lights, unfamiliar sounds, diapers, and being placed in a bassinet to sleep. You may notice that unswaddling a newborn baby produces the ‘startle reflex’ when her limbs jerk out and she starts to cry.
The benefit to swaddling is to calm a baby and encourage sleep, which is very important during those early weeks of sleepless nights! It allows the baby to feel safe and secure in between feedings. However, you do not have to swaddle your baby at all times. You can also place your baby dressed in only a diaper on your bare chest. This is called skin to skin and promotes bonding as well as breastfeeding.
The dos and don’ts of swaddling
You do want to make sure that you leave a little bit of room in the leg area so that baby can still move her legs around somewhat. Generally babies remain in the fetal position with their arms and legs flexed when swaddled. Do not cover the baby’s head with the swaddle blanket as this can cause overheating, but rather use a hat if you’re worried about the baby getting cold. Remember not to swaddle babies with their arms straight down if you plan on breastfeeding, as infants often show you signs of hunger by putting their hands in their mouths. This is also a basic way most babies like to comfort themselves.
How do I swaddle baby?
There are many swaddling techniques, but loose and ineffective swaddling techniques made using an undersized blanket can generally be kicked off by a wakeful baby. Think of swaddling a baby like wrapping up a burrito — it needs to be secure on the sides or it won’t work! As you get more practice you’ll see what works and what doesn’t for your baby.
The best type of blanket to use for swaddling is one that is relatively sturdy yet does not overheat baby. Cotton is the best material. You will want to stay away from thick fluffy and furry blankets. Many popular types are made to prevent baby from moving the blanket over her face which could interfere with her breathing. They are typically fabric blankets such as a sleep sack, which are shaped like a small sleeping bag, with ‘wings’ that fold around the baby’s tummy and around underneath the infant. Some of these products employ Velcro patches or other fasteners.
How long do I need to swaddle?
Every baby is different even from the start. Some babies are comfortable to never need swaddling, and others will want it for weeks or even months. You will know the time is right to stop when your baby is able to fall asleep without being wrapped tightly in a receiving blanket.
A general rule of thumb is that babies have outgrown the need for swaddling once they are able to roll over on their own at four to five months. This means that they will now need full use of their arms and legs to be able to roll back onto their backs.
Sara Fung is an experienced registered nurse specializing in postpartum, labour and delivery, and prenatal education. Currently she is a prenatal and postpartum nurse doula, providing at-home support for breastfeeding, baby care, sleep, and more. She also offers individualized, private prenatal classes to mothers and their families. www.storkmaternity.ca
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Kingman Brewster, Speech for the Yale Daily News annual banquet, 1964.
Kingman Brewster Papers. Manuscripts & Archives, Yale University.
© Yale University Library, 2009
As Yale’s president from 1963 to 1977, Kingman Brewster (1919–1988) led the university through a profound national identity crisis. As the war in Vietnam reached its peak, and as racial tensions in New Haven grew to a head, Brewster was tasked with spiritually guiding America’s young leaders while judiciously managing the direction of the University. He did so by embracing two cardinal — and often conflicting — principles.
First and foremost, Brewster acted in the interest of the academics. To that end, he consistently tried to preserve the purity of the educational environment by defending free speech and an open forum of ideas. Second, although he sought to preserve institutional neutrality in order to ensure the unfettered intellectual growth of Yale’s students. Brewster himself was an opinionated man; when speaking for himself, not for Yale, he rarely tempered his words.
Brewster delivered a speech (an early draft of which is seen here) at the Yale Daily News’s banquet in 1964. As a former chairman of the News — Brewster graduated from Yale in 1941 — he wrote impassioned, and often controversial, critiques of ROTC, secret societies, and old money in his editorials. As president, he would hold standing meetings with the chairman to discuss editorials and news coverage. His speech here is light-hearted; Brewster mocks then-Chairman Joseph Lieberman for engineering negative stories merely to balance his otherwise glowing coverage of Woodbridge Hall.
Regardless of how much he valued the press, Brewster was a pragmatist. One night, in the final year of his presidency, the News planned to publish a story about Brewster’s troubled alumni relations. He called the News’s office late that evening; he said he felt no shame in asking them not to publish the article. It was printed the next day.
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Gdansk is deeply entrenched in the history of Europe. This is where the first shots of World War II were fired and where, in 1980, trade union leader Lech Walesa led a major dock strike to advocate for more respect for human rights in communist Poland. This first massive social uprising in a country behind the Iron Curtain was later seen as the beginning of the fall of the Soviet Union.
An earlier strike at the Gdansk shipyards in 1970 was brutally oppressed by the Polish government. But in 1980, Solidarność, Walesa’s illegal trade union, managed to rally 17,000 workers. This brave fight for freedom is remembered by Gdansk in the European Solidarity Center (ESC). Founded in 2014, the Center houses the Solidarity Museum, a modern award-winning institution with a uniquely visual collection. The building’s architecture is also striking: giant rusted plates of steel are a reference to the shipyards.
The European Solidarity Center is located north of Gdansk’s old city centre, on the edge of the former Lenin shipyard. Visitors enter the museum through the famous Gate No. 2, which played a key role during the strike as the daily meeting place for the dock workers. The museum’s permanent exhibit Roads to Freedom illustrates the fight of Solidarność through thousands of photos, films and objects. Read the 21 demands of the strikers, handwritten on wooden signs, now listed by UNESCO as part of the common heritage of humankind. Lech Walesa and his colleagues fought for the right to strike, better living conditions and freedom of speech in Poland.
Another impressive display is the riot police van, a stark reminder of the martial law that remained in effect for 3 years after the strike. You can also see the replica of a supermarket with bare shelves, symbolizing the hardship of life in communist Poland. The exterior part of the museum holds a piece of the Berlin Wall, an army tank, and the wall that Walesa had to climb to take part in the strike.
The Solidarity Museum is a very modern and interactive facility. English descriptions and audio tours in multiple languages provide a fascinating overview of the historic events and the victory of Solidarność. At the end of the exhibit, visitors can leave a message on a giant piece of art that forms the word ‘Solidarność’. The museum also offers a café, restaurant and museum shop. Most of the year, visitors have access to the observation platform on the roof for an excellent view over the former Lenin shipyard.
Outside stands the 42-metre-high Solidarity Monument: 3 concrete crosses with ship anchors. This is in memory of the 42 dockworkers who were shot during the 1970 strike. The Polish government promised to create this monument during the negotiations that resulted in the Gdansk agreement, signed with Solidarność on 31 August 1980. Just 10 years later, in 1990, Lech Walesa was voted president of Poland in the country’s first democratic elections.
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During reconstruction on West Victoria Street, an archeological and ancestral burial site were found under the asphalt at the edge of the road.
It’s a reminder that this city has been occupied for millennia and that Kamloops imposed itself on unceded land — including all the heritage sites created before settlers arrived.
As a community, we need to start to talk about what that looked like.
First, a review:
There’s good archeological and oral historical evidence that Kamloops and the entire Thompson Valley have been occupied since the last Ice Age.
The area along the river from Kamloops to Chase has been called “the cradle of Secwepemc culture” — cultural traits that first appeared here are found through Secwépemcúl’ecw.
During that 500-plus-generation-long occupation, Kamloops became a pre-colonial hub that left a dense material record.
Among B.C. cities, Kamloops is second only to Victoria in number of known archeological sites within 10 kilometres of the city centre.
So, what happened? How did this land go from cradling Secwepemc to an urban swath of Euro-Canadian settlement?
Let’s go to that spot on West Victoria Street, where the ancestral burial site was found.
By around 1880, all the land around there, what would become Kamloops, had been taken up under a series of colonial land ordinances.
Under these new land laws, white settlers could “pre-empt” — or occupy — free on promise of improvement, up to 320 acres of land. None of that land had been ceded to colonial authorities by treaty, sale or military force.
Secwepemc were unilaterally dispossessed of their homelands by pen strokes.
The pre-emption scheme was forbidden to Indigenous people, who were being relegated to the first Indian reserves in this period.
By about 1876, when the Indian Act was passed, all the prime land in the Thompson Valleys was claimed or settled by whites.
There’s some crucial context here about the transfer of land from Secwepemc to seme7 (settlers).
First, deadly epidemics threw Indigenous communities into crisis. The 1862-1863 smallpox bout was particularly brutal, killing more than two-thirds of Secwepemc around Kamloops.
By 1910, reduced populations were all confined to Indian reserves and federal Indian Agents controlled every aspect of Indigenous life.
Permission was needed to leave reserves, fish or gather in groups. Permission was needed to live.
Residential schools were a part of Indigenous population control, too, freeing up future land. By the 1930s, two entire generations of Secwepemc (and Nlaka’pamux and Syilx and other) kids had been stolen and raised at the Kamloops Industrial School.
All the while, Kamloops grew.
Tk’emlups families that had owned and occupied this land for millennia became all but invisible.
But the archeological sites remain.
Those sites are still here, under West Victoria, downtown, Sagebrush, Aberdeen, Brocklehurst and Valleyview. There is no neighbourhood in Kamloops that was not Tk’emlups first.
It’s an uncomfortable truth that the racist laws of a colonial state allowed a new Kamloops to flourish without impediment.
But every square inch has been built on lands that belonged to another nation.
When ancient bones or stones are uncovered in the city, when we’re confronted with material evidence of the Secwepemc past, we should not allow ourselves to be surprised by that.
To imagine these sites are rare, one-offs or exceptions is a denial of our history that comes at the expense of Indigenous rights.
Secwepemc heritage is embedded in the landscape in Kamloops.
We will continue to find sites as we dig and build. Many have been destroyed, but more are still there, under malls and lanes and schools and parks of Kamloops.
This is the reality of colonial occupation.
The question is: How is Kamloops going to reconcile this past with the future we want to make?
Joanne Hammond is a Kamloops-based archeologist. Interested in more? Go online to republicofarchaeology.ca. Dig It is KTW’s regularly published column on the history beneath our feet in the Kamloops region. A group of nine archeologists working in the area contribute columns to KTW’s print edition and online at kamloopsthisweek.com.
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Taking a break in our series of postings on the laws and characteristics of social justice, we thought we’d look at what many people presume to be the task of social justice: creating a perfect society here on earth, instead of one that is just for as many people as possible.
|Henri de Saint-Simon|
To many people, however, “social justice” means nothing less than the perfection of human society by any means necessary — the stated goal of one of the founders of “Christian socialism,” Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825). As his fundamental principle is expressed, “The whole of society ought to strive towards the amelioration of the moral and physical existence of the poorest class; society ought to organize itself in the way best adapted for attaining this end.”
As Dr. Julian Strube of Heidelberg University has characterized this overriding principle of the socialist movement from the earliest time, there is an obsession with creating the “Kingdom of God on Earth.” No other consideration is to have any weight whatsoever. Individual rights, traditions, customs, laws, traditional religions, even God must go down before this one principle that justifies everything.
That is what “social justice” is all about to the socialists, and why social justice and socialism are equivalent terms. That is, unless you’ve been reading the blog series on the laws and characteristics of social justice, or dipped into CESJ co-founder Fr. William Ferree’s pamphlet, Introduction to Social Justice (1948).
While it might seem paradoxical, the modern understanding of social justice came out of the theories of the agrarian socialist Henry George (1839-1897), who strongly influenced the thought of Monsignor John A. Ryan (1869-1945) and the founders of the Fabian Society.
Briefly — which is all we have time for this fascinating subject — the influence of the Fabian Society continues to be pervasive down to the present day. Aiming at the revision of traditional Christianity as part of its program of uplifting society, Fabianism is an offshoot of the New Age “Fellowship of the New Life.”
Founded in England in 1883, the Fellowship of the New Life was part of the greater New Life movement that evolved out of the “New Christianity” of Henri de Saint-Simon and other early socialists. Reflecting a distorted understanding of human nature, the group sought to attain “the cultivation of a perfect character in each and all” in this life through pacifism, vegetarianism, and simple living. (Colin Spencer, The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. London: Fourth Estate Classic Publisher, 1996, 283)
|Edward R. Pease|
Soon after the founding of the Fellowship, members wanted to begin using the power of the State to transform Christianity and bring society around to their views; “Christianity and Socialism are said to be convertible terms.” (Edward R. Pease, A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1916, 25.) There was also a desire to get away from the subordination of the material to the spiritual that, as they saw it, characterized traditional concepts of religion and interfered with progress. (Ibid., 39.)
The Society was inspired in large measure by the shared enthusiasm of co-founders Edward Reynolds Pease (1857-1955) and Frank Podmore (1856-1910) for the theories of Henry George, and skepticism about spiritualism. (Ibid., 28) After a number of organizing meetings, members of the Fellowship founded the Fabian Society as their political arm on January 4, 1884. (Ibid., 28-33.) As Pease related,
To George belongs the extraordinary merit of recognising the right way of social salvation. The Socialists of earlier days had proposed segregated communities; the Co-operators had tried voluntary associations; the Positivists advocated moral suasion; the Chartists favoured force, physical or political; the Marxists talked revolution and remembered the Paris Commune. . . . George recognised that in the Western States political institutions could be moulded to suit the will of the electorate; he believed that the majority desired to seek their own well-being and this could not fail to be also the well-being of the community as a whole. From Henry George I think it may be taken that the early Fabians learned to associate the new gospel with the old political method. (Ibid., 20-21.)
George shared with the Fabians “a desire to explore the possibilities, within existing economic theory, of using legislation to regulate the economy for the general good.” (George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, Third Edition. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961, 693; cf. Harold G. Moulton, The New Philosophy of Public Debt. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1943, 71-89.) As Sabine commented, “Fabian economics was for the most part not Marxian but an extension of the theory of economic rent to the accumulation of capital, on lines already suggested by Henry George. Fabian policy was based on the justice and the desirability of recapturing unearned [i.e., non-labor] increment for social purposes.” (Sabine, A History of Political Theory, op. cit., 740.)
Within this framework, ultimately nothing matters but the material welfare (as defined by those in power or who wish they had had power . . . over others) of the greatest number . . . of those who qualify for beneficiaries of that welfare (as defined by those in power or who wish they had had power . . . over others).
|Msgr. Ronald A. Knox|
As for the rights of others? No need to concern yourself about the lives, liberty, or private property of those whose consciousnesses have not been raised. They are of the unenlightened, the ungodly (regardless what those in the know worship as God) and may safely be ignored or treated as the legitimate prey of the godly or the enlightened. As Msgr. Ronald Knox explained,
To be born again makes you a new creature; the seed of grace, ransomed from a drowning world, must not be confused with the unregenerate; they are (so to say) a different kind of animal. They alone, and not the ungodly, have legal rights. (Msgr. Ronald Knox, Enthusiasm: A Chapter in the History of Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961, 584.)
The problem, of course — actually a couple of problems — is that this belief violates the first principle of reason by assuming that some people are somehow inherently better than others. It also implies that God is at the service of man instead of the other way around, as Fulton Sheen explained in his first book God and Intelligence in Modern Philosophy (1925).
All in all, it seems that there is a basic misunderstanding of the social tool of the State and its proper role . . . which boils down to the meaning and purpose of life . . . which we will look at next week.#30#
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The inaugural flight of China’s new Long March 7 rocket next month will be the first launch from the nation’s newest spaceport.
Long March 7 will carry a prototype re-entry capsule for China’s next-generation human spacecraft when it lifts off from the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on June 26.
Located on Hainan Island, Wenchang is China’s first orbital launch site located on the coastline. The Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch facilities are all situated inland.
Wenchang will be the primary launch site for Long March 7 and Long March 5 rockets. Wenchang is located 19 degrees above the equator, which will make it easier for China to launch satellites into equatorial orbit.
China wants to put astronauts on the moon by 2036, a senior space official said, the latest goal in China’s ambitious lunar exploration program.
China must “raise its abilities and use the next 15 to 20 years to realize manned lunar exploration goals, and take a firm step for the Chinese people in breaking ground in the utilization of space”, Lieutenant General Zhang Yulin, deputy commander of the China Manned Space Program, said.
The paper cited experts saying China needed first to develop a powerful enough rocket to lift a payload of at least 100 metric tons into low Earth orbit. It also needs more advanced technology, including new space suits, for a lunar mission.
China’s space budget is still only about one-tenth of the United States’ outlays, officials have said. According to Chinese state media, China spends about $2 billion a year on its space program, though details are vague.
“It’s our next goal to reuse manned spacecraft. We want to make our space exploration cost-effective,” Zhou Jianping said, as China marks Space Day, newly designated by the government to commemorate China’s first satellite launch on April 24, 1970….
Chinese experts have already built a prototype model to test theories on the reusable rocket booster’s landing subsystems. They have completed “experimental verifications” using “multiple parachutes” supposedly attached to the booster, a source with China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technologies (CALT), developer of China’s Long March rocket series, said.
“The experiment has laid solid foundation for the realization of reusable rockets in the country,” the source said.
Ma Zhibin, deputy director of CALT’s aerospace department also confirmed to Xinhua Thursday in a separate interview that Chinese scientists are working on reusable rockets, although the technologies they employ may differ from those of SpaceX.
“There is of course more than one way to do this … I believe we could see some serious results during the 13th Five-Year Plan period,” he said, referring to the five years between 2016 and 2020.
NASA would received $19.3 billion in FY 2016 under an Omnibus spending measure unveiled early Wednesday by Congress. The amount would be $1.27 billion more than last year and $756 million above the amount requested by President Barack Obama.
The Commercial Crew Program would receive “up to $1.24 billion,” which is the amount requested by the Administration. It would mark the first time that Congress has fully funded the program if it receives the total amount. It is not clear exactly what the phrase “up to” means.
Just about every other major program would receive a boost in spending, including the Space Launch System, Orion deep space vehicle, International Space Station, and the Science and Space Technology programs.
“China’s rise as a major space power challenges decades of U.S. dominance in space—an arena in which the United States has substantial military, civilian, and commercial interests,” the report states.
Below are some key excerpts of the report’s section about China’s space program, including an overview, a description the program’s structure, conclusions and recommendations. You can read the full report here. The section on the space program begins on p. 272.
China is eyeing a next-generation human space transportation system to carry taikonauts to future space stations and to conduct missions to the moon, Mars and asteroids, according to a report on a Chinese space blog.
A feasibility study proposes a conical spacecraft similar to the American Orion and Apollo capsules capable of carrying between two and six crew members. The capsule would be attached to service modules of different sizes similar to the ones used for Apollo missions.
The Tianzhou-1, which literally means “heavenly vessel”, will carry propellants, living necessities for astronauts, research facilities and repair equipment to China’s second orbiting space lab Tiangong-2, said Zhou Jianping, chief engineer of China’s manned space program.
Cargo transportation system is a key technology China must master and make breakthroughs to build its own space station, said Zhou who is also a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the country’s top political advisory body….
According to Zhou, Tianzhou-1 will be blasted off on top of a next-generation Long March-7 rocket, possibly from a new launch site in the southern Hainan Province.
Research on the Long March-5 carrier rocket – to be used to lift the Tiangong-2 lab into space – Tiangong-2’s payload, and selection of astronauts for the mission are currently “progressing in an orderly manner,” Zhou said.
Tiangong-2 will be larger than its predecessor and will resemble the Salyut space station first flown by the Soviet Union in the 1970’s. It will have docking ports on both ends.
“With China’s current technologies of manned space flight and moon probe, we have the technology basis to realize the manned lunar mission,” said Zhou Jianping, chief designer of China’s manned space program.
Zhou…said that challenges and a lot of preparation precede the realization of the manned lunar mission.
For example, it requires the research and development of a bigger carrier rocket and the bigger and more sophisticated manned spacecraft, he added.
Lei Fanpei, chairman of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), have given journalists an outline of the China’s plans for it space program over the next 15 years:
China hopes to put a rover on Mars around 2020, complete a manned space station around 2022 and test a heavy carrier rocket around 2030, a top space scientist revealed Sunday.
A feasibility study on the country’s first Mars mission is completed and the goal is now to send an orbiter and rover to Mars….
The Tiangong-2 space lab will be launched around 2016 along with the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft and Tianzhou-1 cargo ship. Around 2018, a core experimental module for the station will be put in place.
By around 2022, China’s first orbiting space station should be completed. It will consist of three parts — a core module attached to two labs, each weighing about 20 tonnes.
A powerful carrier rocket is essential for a manned moon landing.
The rocket is envisaged as having a payload capacity of 130 tonnes to low Earth orbit. Once in service, it will help with missions between 2030 and 2050, and secure China’s position in terms of space exploration and technology.
China has launched a spacecraft to the moon designed to pave the way for a future lunar sample return mission.
The spacecraft, launched today aboard a Long March 3C rocket, will circle the moon and then re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere in a test of its navigation system and heat shield. It is a precursor for the Chang’e-5 sample return mission set to launch around 2017.
The Long March 3C upper stage, which will also loop around the moon, is carrying LuxSpace’s M4 payload. The payload includes an amateur radio beacon and a radiation sensor.
“This is the first ever privately funded mission to the moon and it happens 45 years after the first landing on the moon,” saide Jochen Harms, managing director of LuxSpace.
M4 stands for Manfred Memorial Moon Mission. The mission honors Manfred Fuchs, the founder of LuxSpace’s parent company OHB, who died 0n April 26, 2014.
Toward the end of the year, China will launch a spacecraft to the moon that will return for a soft landing on Earth. Officially, this is a test of a ship that will return soil samples from the moon, but Morris Jones suspects there’s more to it than that:
This analyst also suspects that China is also testing technology for a future Chinese astronaut launch to the Moon. The re-entry capsule is a scale replica of the capsule used on China’s Shenzhou astronaut spacecraft.
China has not released a lot of information on the mission, and has not even revealed any diagrams or photographs of the entire spacecraft. We have seen the re-entry module in photographs, but little else….
We believed that China would fly this mission in a free-return trajectory to the Moon. This meant that the spacecraft would fly around the far side of the Moon and use the Moon’s gravity to sling it back to Earth.
This mission profile was used by the Soviet Union’s “Zond” lunar probes, which were themselves tests for a cosmonaut launch to the Moon that never happened. A free-return trajectory was also used to bring the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission back to Earth.
Recently, a story published by China’s state news agency Xinhua gave a different perspective. It claims that the spacecraft will actually enter orbit around the Moon.
Last week, China Space News published a short article on efforts by engineers to recover rocket boosters for later reuse. Based on a Google Translate version of the original article, it sounds like they are pursuing an approach quite different from SpaceX’s propulsive landing system.
The article quotes an engineer has saying the recovery approach involves attaching paraglider-type “wings” to the booster that would allow it to glide to a soft landing. This technology has reached the “experimental verification stage.”
Future steps include powered flight tests. The article indicates that the development process is estimated to take about four years.
With ties with the United States frayed over Ukraine, Russia has rushed to deepen its ties with China. Everyone’s favorite Josef Stalin-loving deputy prime minister was in China last week to lay the foundation for deeper cooperation in space.
Deputy Prime Minister Dmitri Rogozin has followed last week’s rhetorical bombshell — that Russia was not interested in extending operation of the International Space Station, or ISS, beyond 2020 — by trumpeting a future of increased cooperation with the emerging Chinese National Space Agency.
Meeting with his Chinese counterpart, Deputy Prime Minister Wang Yang, in Beijing on Monday, Rogozin announced on Twitter that he had signed “a protocol on establishing a control group for the implementation of eight strategic projects.” In a later Facebook post, he said “cooperation in space and in the market for space navigation” were among the projects.
The partnership appears to be aimed largely at post-ISS cooperation. China has plans to place a multi-module space station in orbit by 2020 to which Russia could contribute.
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