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['Modellierung sektorenübergreifender Systemdienstleistungen bei gekoppelt betriebenem Strom- und Gassektor']
['Aufgrund der steigenden Einspeisung elektrischer Leistung durch erneuerbare Energieanlagen und der gleichzeitig voranschreitenden schrittweisen Abschaltung von konventionellen Kohlekraftwerken, steigen die Anforderungen an eine zuverlässige, kostengünstige und klimafreundliche Bereitstellung von Flexibilitäten zum Erhalt der Systemstabilität. Mit der Gesamtsystembetrachtung aus Strom- und Gassektor können durch die Kopplung neue Freiheitsgrade erschlossen werden. In diesem Beitrag wird vorgestellt, wie eine sektorenübergreifende Erbringung von Systemdienstleistungen vom Strom- zum Gasnetz in einem dynamischen Energiesystemmodell im Zeitbereich der Mittelzeitdynamik abgebildet werden kann. Anhand von numerischen Fallstudien wird am Beispiel von Thüringen für verschiedene Szenarien ausgewertet, inwiefern durch eine sektorenübergreifende Betrachtung Flexibilitätspotenziale realisiert und die Betriebsgrenzen und somit die Stabilitätsbedingungen beider Sektoren eingehalten werden können.']
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3A1796502189.jsonld
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3A1831630710.jsonld
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['Chapter 5. The Evidence on Mergers and Acquisitions: A Historical and Modern Report']
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3A1831631768.jsonld
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3A1831631768.jsonld
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['Chapter 3. Migration and the Demographic Shift']
['This chapter investigates the two-way relationship between population aging and international migration. After documenting the trends for both, we review the supply-push and demand-pull determinants of migration, focusing particularly on the role of age and aging. We subsequently analyze the implications of migration in the context of aging for labor markets, as well as for health and public budgets, including in the context of political economy. Although immigration is sometimes suggested as a solution for the aging problem, the existing academic literature from different fields is more cautious about its role and potential. While some suggest that large-scale, selective immigration might contribute to alleviating demographic pressures, in general, researchers conclude that migration alone is not likely to play a significant role.']
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19
3A1831631776.jsonld
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3A1831631776.jsonld
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['Chapter 14. Workplace-Linked Pensions for an Aging Demographic']
['Pensions and population aging intersect in two ways. First, demographic change threatens the sustainability of traditional pay-as-you-go social security pensions, leaving workplace-linked pensions with a greater role in retirement provision. Second, as the Baby Boom generation enters retirement, new challenges arise around its retirement support. This chapter reviews some of the implications of population aging for workplace pensions in this new environment, outlines market considerations important for workplace-related pension design for the future, and discusses how governments can create an environment supportive of workplace-related pensions, should they wish to do so. We conclude that workplace-linked retirement saving systems will be asked to do even more than in the past, given the financial stress that pay-as-you-go government-run Social Security plans are confronting in the face of an aging demographic. This will require further product innovation and additional research.']
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19
3A1831631849.jsonld
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['Chapter 10. Conflict and Cooperation Within the Family, and Between the State and the Family, in the Provision of Old-Age Security']
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3A1831631849.jsonld
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['Chapter 10. Conflict and Cooperation Within the Family, and Between the State and the Family, in the Provision of Old-Age Security']
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['Chapter 14 Bankruptcy Law']
['Bankruptcy is the legal process whereby financially distressed firms, individuals, and occasionally governments resolve their debts. The bankruptcy process for firms plays a central role in economics, because competition drives inefficient firms out of business, thereby raising the average efficiency level of those remaining. The main economic function of corporate bankruptcy is to reduce the cost of default by having a government-sponsored procedure that resolves all debts simultaneously. The main economic function of personal bankruptcy is to provide partial consumption insurance to individual debtors and therefore reduce the social cost of debt. This chapter surveys theoretical and empirical research on both types of bankruptcy.']
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['Chapter 14 Bankruptcy Law']
['Bankruptcy is the legal process whereby financially distressed firms, individuals, and occasionally governments resolve their debts. The bankruptcy process for firms plays a central role in economics, because competition drives inefficient firms out of business, thereby raising the average efficiency level of those remaining. The main economic function of corporate bankruptcy is to reduce the cost of default by having a government-sponsored procedure that resolves all debts simultaneously. The main economic function of personal bankruptcy is to provide partial consumption insurance to individual debtors and therefore reduce the social cost of debt. This chapter surveys theoretical and empirical research on both types of bankruptcy.']
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3A1831632136.jsonld
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['Chapter 6 The Theory of Public Enforcement of Law']
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['Chapter 78 Quasi-experimental Evaluation of Regional Employment Subsidies']
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['Chapter 77 Pre-testing International Climate Change Policies: Methods and Results']
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3A1831632845.jsonld
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['Chapter 68 The Combinatorial Auction']
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['Since homo sapiens is a social animal, one might expect human nature the set of psychological propensities with which our species is naturally endowed to equip human beings to live in social groups. In this chapter, we consider the implications of this idea for economics and game theory. We begin by discussing four classic accounts of the forces that hold human societies together those of Hobbes, Hume, Rousseau, and Smith, who focus respectively on rational self-interest, convention, collective reasoning, and natural fellow-feeling. Turning to the modern literature, we review some of the ways in sociality has been introduced into decision and game theory by means of assumptions about non-self-interested preferences specifically, assumptions about altruism, warm glow, inequality aversion and reciprocity. We identify some of the limitations of these theories as explanatory devices, and suggest that these limitations derive from a common source: that sociality is being represented within a framework of methodological individualism. We then discuss more radical approaches to explaining social interaction, based on the concepts of expressive rationality and team reasoning. Finally, we pose the fundamental question of whether it is possible to explain social interaction all the way down without going beyond the bounds of methodological individualism.']
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['Author Index']
['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Economic Growth , such as Aaronson, E., Abowd, J.M., Abramovitz, M., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.']
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3A1831634759.jsonld
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['Chapter 21. A Unified Theory of the Evolution of International Income Levels']
['This chapter develops a theory of the evolution of international income levels. In particular, it augments the Hansen–Prescott theory of economic development with the Parente–Prescott theory of relative efficiencies and shows that the unified theory accounts for the evolution of international income levels over the last millennium. The essence of this unified theory is that a country starts to experience sustained increases in its living standard when production efficiency reaches a critical point. Countries reach this critical level of efficiency at different dates not because they have access to different stocks of knowledge, but rather because they differ in the amount of society-imposed constraints on the technology choices of their citizenry.']
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3A1831634767.jsonld
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['Chapter 20. The Effects of Technical Change on Labor Market Inequalities']
['In this chapter we inspect economic mechanisms through which technological progress shapes the degree of inequality among workers in the labor market. A key focus is on the rise of U.S. wage inequality over the past 30 years. However, we also pay attention to how Europe did not experience changes in wage inequality but instead saw a sharp increase in unemployment and an increased labor share of income, variables that remained stable in the U.S. We hypothesize that these changes in labor market inequalities can be accounted for by the wave of capital-embodied technological change, which we also document. We propose a variety of mechanisms based on how technology increases the returns to education, ability, experience, and “luck” in the labor market. We also discuss how the wage distribution may have been indirectly influenced by technical change through changes in certain aspects of the organization of work, such as the hierarchical structure of firms, the extent of unionization, and the degree of centralization of bargaining. To account for the U.S.–Europe differences, we use a theory based on institutional differences between the United States and Europe, along with a common acceleration of technical change. Finally, we briefly comment on the implications of labor market inequalities for welfare and for economic policy.']
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19
3A1831634791.jsonld
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['Chapter 17. Long-Term Economic Growth and the History of Technology']
['Modern economic growth started in the West in the early nineteenth century. This survey discusses the precise connection between the Industrial Revolution and the beginnings of growth, and connects it to the intellectual and economic factors underlying the growth of useful knowledge. The connections between science, technology and human capital are re-examined, and the role of the eighteenth century Enlightenment in bringing about modern growth is highlighted. Specifically, the paper argues that the Enlightenment changed the agenda of scientific research and deepened the connections between theory and practice.']
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['Wachstumstheorie']
19
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['Chapter 14 Growth Strategies']
['This is an attempt to derive broad, strategic lessons from the diverse experience with economic growth in last fifty years. The paper revolves around two key arguments. One is that neoclassical economic analysis is a lot more flexible than its practitioners in the policy domain have generally given it credit. In particular, first-order economic principles – protection of property rights, market-based competition, appropriate incentives, sound money, and so on – do not map into unique policy packages. Reformers have substantial room for creatively packaging these principles into institutional designs that are sensitive to local opportunities and constraints. Successful countries are those that have used this room wisely. The second argument is that igniting economic growth and sustaining it are somewhat different enterprises. The former generally requires a limited range of (often unconventional) reforms that need not overly tax the institutional capacity of the economy. The latter challenge is in many ways harder, as it requires constructing over the longer term a sound institutional underpinning to endow the economy with resilience to shocks and maintain productive dynamism. Ignoring the distinction between these two tasks leaves reformers saddled with impossibly ambitious, undifferentiated, and impractical policy agendas.']
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19
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['Chapter 12 Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence']
['This paper reviews, appraises, and critiques theoretical and empirical research on the connections between the operation of the financial system and economic growth. While subject to ample qualifications and countervailing views, the preponderance of evidence suggests that both financial intermediaries and markets matter for growth and that reverse causality alone is not driving this relationship. Furthermore, theory and evidence imply that better developed financial systems ease external financing constraints facing firms, which illuminates one mechanism through which financial development influences economic growth. The paper highlights many areas needing additional research.']
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19
3A1831634864.jsonld
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A consensus has emerged that the remarkable behavior of IT prices provides the key to the surge in U.S. economic growth after 1995. The relentless decline in the prices of information technology equipment and software has steadily enhanced the role of IT investment. Productivity growth in IT-producing industries has risen in importance and a productivity revival is underway in the rest of the economy. The surge of IT investment in the United States after 1995 has counterparts in all other industrialized countries. It is essential to use comparable data and methodology in order to provide rigorous international comparisons. A crucial role is played by measurements of IT prices. The U.S. national accounts have incorporated measures of IT prices that hold performance constant since 1985. Schreyer [Schreyer, Paul (2000), \u201cThe contribution of information and communication technology to output growth: A study of the G7 Countries\u201d. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, May 23] has extended these measures to other industrialized countries by constructing \u201cinternationally harmonized prices\u201d. The acceleration in the IT price decline in 1995 triggered a burst of IT investment in all of the G7 nations \u2013 Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, as well as the U.S. These countries also experienced a rise in productivity growth in the IT-producing industries. However, differences in the relative importance of these industries have generated wide disparities in the impact of IT on economic growth. 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['Chapter 10 Accounting for Growth in the Information Age']
['The “killer application” of the new framework for productivity measurement presented in this paper is the impact of information technology (IT) on economic growth. A consensus has emerged that the remarkable behavior of IT prices provides the key to the surge in U.S. economic growth after 1995. The relentless decline in the prices of information technology equipment and software has steadily enhanced the role of IT investment. Productivity growth in IT-producing industries has risen in importance and a productivity revival is underway in the rest of the economy. The surge of IT investment in the United States after 1995 has counterparts in all other industrialized countries. It is essential to use comparable data and methodology in order to provide rigorous international comparisons. A crucial role is played by measurements of IT prices. The U.S. national accounts have incorporated measures of IT prices that hold performance constant since 1985. Schreyer [Schreyer, Paul (2000), “The contribution of information and communication technology to output growth: A study of the G7 Countries”. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, May 23] has extended these measures to other industrialized countries by constructing “internationally harmonized prices”. The acceleration in the IT price decline in 1995 triggered a burst of IT investment in all of the G7 nations – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, as well as the U.S. These countries also experienced a rise in productivity growth in the IT-producing industries. However, differences in the relative importance of these industries have generated wide disparities in the impact of IT on economic growth. The role of the IT-producing industries is greatest in the U.S., which leads the G7 in output per capita.']
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19
3A1831635054.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831635054", "(firstid)KEP:083768777", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01033-7" ], "publisher": "Elsevier North-Holland", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges", "trade agreements", "(classificationName=rvk)QR 750", "(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8", "(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten", "Art ; Economic aspects", "ART ; General", "Culture", "Art", "(classificationName=ddc)330", "WTO", "WIPO", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=ddc)706.88", "cultural goods", "GATT", "UNESCO", "international trade", "Kulturwirtschaft", "arts and cultural industries", "Kunst\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=loc)N8600", "Economic aspects", "Culture ; Economic aspects", "GATS" ], "title": "Chapter 33 Culture in International Trade", "abstract": "Cultural allegiances whether inherited, imposed or chosen, affect economic activity. Many of these cultural layers \u2013 ethnic background, religion, language, ideological orientation, and artistic interests \u2013 spill over national boundaries. Cultural ideas travel the world along many routes from the Silk Road to modern electronic networks. Historically, peripatetic artists, composers and writers have responded to shifting patronage and market opportunities. More recently, firms in the cultural industries develop and produce content and distribute it as widely as the market will bear. Visual and performing arts and the cultural industries have both common and distinct international economic dimensions. In trade agreements, countries voluntarily limit their policy options in return for restrictions on the choices of the other member countries. Arguments for protection versus openness for cultural activities are more complex and nuanced than for other economic sectors because of a wide range of views on how international cultural policy affects individuals and the national culture. The inclusion of GATS and TRIPS in the WTO made the WTO a more important influence on international cultural policy than its GATT predecessor. UNESCO continues to play a complementary role. The Florence agreement (1950) encourages the free flow of cultural products and a convention addresses illicit trade in cultural property, a heritage issue. Currently, UNESCO is the focus of efforts to create a rules-based convention to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, which is designed to either separate international cultural policy governance from the WTO or strengthen the bargaining position of cultural industry interests in WTO negotiations. 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['Chapter 33 Culture in International Trade']
['Cultural allegiances whether inherited, imposed or chosen, affect economic activity. Many of these cultural layers – ethnic background, religion, language, ideological orientation, and artistic interests – spill over national boundaries. Cultural ideas travel the world along many routes from the Silk Road to modern electronic networks. Historically, peripatetic artists, composers and writers have responded to shifting patronage and market opportunities. More recently, firms in the cultural industries develop and produce content and distribute it as widely as the market will bear. Visual and performing arts and the cultural industries have both common and distinct international economic dimensions. In trade agreements, countries voluntarily limit their policy options in return for restrictions on the choices of the other member countries. Arguments for protection versus openness for cultural activities are more complex and nuanced than for other economic sectors because of a wide range of views on how international cultural policy affects individuals and the national culture. The inclusion of GATS and TRIPS in the WTO made the WTO a more important influence on international cultural policy than its GATT predecessor. UNESCO continues to play a complementary role. The Florence agreement (1950) encourages the free flow of cultural products and a convention addresses illicit trade in cultural property, a heritage issue. Currently, UNESCO is the focus of efforts to create a rules-based convention to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, which is designed to either separate international cultural policy governance from the WTO or strengthen the bargaining position of cultural industry interests in WTO negotiations. These discussions take place in circumstances where there are serious shortcomings in the measurement of trade in cultural goods and services.']
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['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635054']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635100.jsonld
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['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(firstid)KEP:083768726', '(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01028-3', '(ppn)1831635100']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
[['Culture ; Economic aspects', 'regulation', 'Art', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', 'devolution', '(classificationName=loc)N8600', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'Economic aspects', 'cultural capital', 'Culture', 'non-market benefits', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'ART ; General', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'sustainable development', 'Kunstökonomie', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', 'Kulturwirtschaft', 'fiscal federalism', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88']]
['Chapter 28 Cultural Heritage: Economic Analysis and Public Policy']
['This chapter shows how economic theory and public policy analysis can illuminate decision-making relating to cultural heritage. We argue that from an economic viewpoint the appropriate conceptualisation of heritage is as a capital asset. Regarding heritage as cultural capital invites consideration of sustainability aspects, in parallel with the treatment of natural capital in economic theory, allowing us to derive a sustainability rule for cultural capital accumulation. The application of cost–benefit analysis to heritage investment appraisal is discussed, with particular reference to the assessment of non-market benefits. Turning to policy issues, we examine ways in which governments intervene in heritage markets, with particular attention to listing and other forms of regulation. Questions of institutional design, financing and policy delivery in a multi-jurisdictional framework are discussed, and finally the role of the private sector is considered, with emphasis on the possibility of crowding out and the incentive effects of public policy on private behaviour in the heritage field.']
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635100']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635305.jsonld
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['gnd:4315813-4', 'gnd:4268059-1']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
['oek']
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[['(doi)10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01008-8', '(ppn)1831635305', '(firstid)KEP:083768521']]
['Elsevier North-Holland']
[['copies', '(classificationName=rvk)QR 750', 'Art', 'Art ; Economic aspects', 'Economic aspects', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'ART ; General', 'originality', '(classificationName=ddc)330', 'prints', 'Culture', 'Culture ; Economic aspects', 'fakes', 'multiples', '(classificationName=bk, id=10642033X)83.79 - Wirtschaftssektoren: Sonstiges', '(classificationName=ddc)706.8/8', 'Kunstökonomie', '(classificationName=ddc)706.88', 'Kulturwirtschaft', '(classificationName=bk, id=106415824)20.05 - Kunst in Beziehung zu anderen Wissenschaftsgebieten', '(classificationName=loc)N8600']]
['Chapter 8 Copies of Artworks: The Case of Paintings and Prints']
['In his essay on imitation in the arts, Adam Smith considers that the exact copy of an artwork always deserves less merit than the original. But the hierarchy between copies and originals has changed over time. So has the perception of copies by lawyers, philosophers, art historians and curators. The development of a market for copies is part of a wider contemporary questioning of the boundaries between originality and copy. We analyze whether and how the various actors in the art market (artists, collectors, lawyers, curators, art historians and philosophers) contribute to valuing and creating or, at times, to killing copies. Artists and collectors have never belittled copies. Art historians think that copies have an important role in preserving the memory of lost artworks, and in educating young artists, but nevertheless consider copies better left to the reserves of museums. Lawyers are ambivalent and judicial precedents bear testimony to the ambiguous legal status of copies. Contemporary art historians and art philosophers have influenced curators and museums to organize exhibitions that make use of copies, giving them a new life.']
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4315813-4'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4268059-1'}]]
['gnd:4268059-1', 'gnd:4315813-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635305']
['Kulturwirtschaft', 'Kunstökonomie']
19
3A1831635461.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831635461", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80010-8", "(firstid)KEP:08376836X" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=msc)00B15", "(classificationName=loc)HB846.8", "\u00c9conomie du bien-\u00eatre", "Choix collectif", "cost sharing", "Social choice ; Mathematical models", "Welvaartseconomie", "Electronic books", "Social choice", "(classificationName=msc)91B15", "axiomatic", "Mathematical models", "Business & Economics", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie", "(classificationName=ddc)330.126", "(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6", "additivity", "rationing", "Escolha (teoria econ\u00f4mica)", "Escolha social (modelos matem\u00e1ticos)", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Shapley value", "(classificationName=msc)91B14", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 160", "(classificationName=msc)*91-06", "Bem-estar econ\u00f4mico", "Welfare economics", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "Economic Theory" ], "title": "Chapter 6 Axiomatic cost and surplus sharing", "abstract": "The equitable division of a joint cost (or a jointly produced output) among agents with different shares or types of output (or input) commodities, is a central theme of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. Ever since Shapley's seminal contribution in 1953, this question has generated some of the deepest axiomatic results of modern microeconomic theory. More recently, the simpler problem of rationing a single commodity according to a profile of claims (reflecting individual needs, or demands, or liabilities) has been another fertile ground for axiomatic analysis. This rationing model is often called the bankruptcy problem in the literature. This chapter reviews the normative literature on these two models, and emphasizes their deep structural link via the Additivity axiom for cost sharing: individual cost shares depend additively upon the cost function. Loosely speaking, an additive cost-sharing method can be written as the integral of a rationing method, and this representation defines a linear isomorphism between additive cost-sharing methods and rationing methods. The simple proportionality rule in rationing thus corresponds to average cost pricing and to the Aumann-Shapley pricing method (respectively for homogeneous or heterogeneous output commodities). The uniform rationing rule, equalizing individual shares subject to the claim being an upper bound, corresponds to serial cost sharing. And random priority rationing corresponds to the Shapley-Shubik method, applying the Shapley formula to the Stand Alone costs. Several open problems are included. The axiomatic discussion of non-additive methods to share joint costs appears to be a promising direction for future research.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "289-357", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780444829146", "(ppn)792481259", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn)0444829148", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE" ], "issued": "2002", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4166306-8" }, { "@id": "gnd:4143069-4" }, { "@id": "gnd:4022393-0" }, { "@id": "gnd:4079351-5" } ], "pageStart": "289", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80010-8", "P30128": "Handbook of social choice and welfare", "P60163": "Amsterdam [u.a.]" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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[['(classificationName=msc)00B15', '(classificationName=loc)HB846.8', 'Économie du bien-être', 'Choix collectif', 'cost sharing', 'Social choice ; Mathematical models', 'Welvaartseconomie', 'Electronic books', 'Social choice', '(classificationName=msc)91B15', 'axiomatic', 'Mathematical models', 'Business & Economics', '(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie', '(classificationName=ddc)330.126', '(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6', 'additivity', 'rationing', 'Escolha (teoria econômica)', 'Escolha social (modelos matemáticos)', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Shapley value', '(classificationName=msc)91B14', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 160', '(classificationName=msc)*91-06', 'Bem-estar econômico', 'Welfare economics', 'Modèles mathématiques', 'Economic Theory']]
['Chapter 6 Axiomatic cost and surplus sharing']
["The equitable division of a joint cost (or a jointly produced output) among agents with different shares or types of output (or input) commodities, is a central theme of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. Ever since Shapley's seminal contribution in 1953, this question has generated some of the deepest axiomatic results of modern microeconomic theory. More recently, the simpler problem of rationing a single commodity according to a profile of claims (reflecting individual needs, or demands, or liabilities) has been another fertile ground for axiomatic analysis. This rationing model is often called the bankruptcy problem in the literature. This chapter reviews the normative literature on these two models, and emphasizes their deep structural link via the Additivity axiom for cost sharing: individual cost shares depend additively upon the cost function. Loosely speaking, an additive cost-sharing method can be written as the integral of a rationing method, and this representation defines a linear isomorphism between additive cost-sharing methods and rationing methods. The simple proportionality rule in rationing thus corresponds to average cost pricing and to the Aumann-Shapley pricing method (respectively for homogeneous or heterogeneous output commodities). The uniform rationing rule, equalizing individual shares subject to the claim being an upper bound, corresponds to serial cost sharing. And random priority rationing corresponds to the Shapley-Shubik method, applying the Shapley formula to the Stand Alone costs. Several open problems are included. The axiomatic discussion of non-additive methods to share joint costs appears to be a promising direction for future research."]
['2002']
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['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
19
3A1831635488.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083768343", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80008-X", "(ppn)1831635488" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=msc)91B15", "(classificationName=loc)HB846.8", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414844)83.13 - Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, Wohlfahrtstheorie", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 160", "\u00c9conomie du bien-\u00eatre", "social choice", "Escolha social (modelos matem\u00e1ticos)", "Bem-estar econ\u00f4mico", "(classificationName=ddc)330.126", "(classificationName=msc)00B15", "Welfare economics", "(classificationName=msc)*91-06", "Mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques", "Economic Theory", "voting systems", "Escolha (teoria econ\u00f4mica)", "Choix collectif", "Condorcet candidate", "(classificationName=msc)91B14", "Social choice", "proportional representation", "Electronic books", "Business & Economics", "Welvaartseconomie", "voting paradoxes", "Mathematical models", "Social choice ; Mathematical models", "(classificationName=ddc)330.12/6" ], "title": "Chapter 4 Voting procedures", "abstract": "Voting procedures focus on the aggregation of individuals' preferences to produce collective decisions. In practice, a voting procedure is characterized by ballot responses and the way ballots are tallied to determine winners. Voters are assumed to have clear preferences over candidates and attempt to maximize satisfaction with the election outcome by their ballot responses. Such responses can include strategic misrepresentation of preferences. Voting procedures are formalized by social choice functions, which map ballot response profiles into election outcomes. We discuss broad classes of social choice functions as well as special cases such as plurality rule, approval voting, and Borda's point-count method. The simplest class is voting procedures for two-candidate elections. Conditions for social choice functions are presented for simple majority rule, the class of weighted majority rules, and for what are referred to as hierarchical representative systems. The second main class, which predominates in the literature, embraces all procedures for electing one candidate from three or more contenders. The multicandidate elect-one social choice functions in this broad class are divided into nonranked one-stage procedures, nonranked multistage procedures, ranked voting methods, and positional scoring rules. Nonranked methods include plurality check-one voting and approval voting, where each voter casts either no vote or a full vote for each candidate. On ballots for positional scoring methods, voters rank candidates from most preferred to least preferred. Topics for multicandidate methods include axiomatic characterizations, susceptibility to strategic manipulation, and voting paradoxes that expose questionable aspects of particular procedures. Other social choice functions are designed to elect two or more candidates for committee memberships from a slate of contenders. Proportional representation methods, including systems that elect members sequentially from a single ranked ballot with vote transfers in successive counting stages, are primary examples of this class.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "173-236", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn)0444829148", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn13)9780444829146", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(ppn)792481259" ], "issued": "2002", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4143069-4" }, { "@id": "gnd:4022393-0" }, { "@id": "gnd:4079351-5" }, { "@id": "gnd:4166306-8" } ], "pageStart": "173", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0110(02)80008-X", "P30128": "Handbook of social choice and welfare", "P60163": "Amsterdam [u.a.]" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
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['Chapter 4 Voting procedures']
["Voting procedures focus on the aggregation of individuals' preferences to produce collective decisions. In practice, a voting procedure is characterized by ballot responses and the way ballots are tallied to determine winners. Voters are assumed to have clear preferences over candidates and attempt to maximize satisfaction with the election outcome by their ballot responses. Such responses can include strategic misrepresentation of preferences. Voting procedures are formalized by social choice functions, which map ballot response profiles into election outcomes. We discuss broad classes of social choice functions as well as special cases such as plurality rule, approval voting, and Borda's point-count method. The simplest class is voting procedures for two-candidate elections. Conditions for social choice functions are presented for simple majority rule, the class of weighted majority rules, and for what are referred to as hierarchical representative systems. The second main class, which predominates in the literature, embraces all procedures for electing one candidate from three or more contenders. The multicandidate elect-one social choice functions in this broad class are divided into nonranked one-stage procedures, nonranked multistage procedures, ranked voting methods, and positional scoring rules. Nonranked methods include plurality check-one voting and approval voting, where each voter casts either no vote or a full vote for each candidate. On ballots for positional scoring methods, voters rank candidates from most preferred to least preferred. Topics for multicandidate methods include axiomatic characterizations, susceptibility to strategic manipulation, and voting paradoxes that expose questionable aspects of particular procedures. Other social choice functions are designed to elect two or more candidates for committee memberships from a slate of contenders. Proportional representation methods, including systems that elect members sequentially from a single ranked ballot with vote transfers in successive counting stages, are primary examples of this class."]
['2002']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
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['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']
19
3A183163578X.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01011-2", "(ppn)183163578X", "(firstid)KEP:083768041" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt", "BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance", "Economia", "agency problems", "asymmetric information", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=loc)HG173", "Financieel management", "Economics", "Finance", "Finances", "(classificationName=ddc)332", "Entreprises", "payout policy", "(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003", "Corporations ; Finance", "Finan\u00e7as", "taxes", "(classificationName=ddc)332 22", "Finan\u00e7as das empresas", "\u00c9conomie politique", "Corporations", "dividends", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "repurchases", "(classificationName=loc)HB", "(classificationName=rvk)QL 000", "Capital assets pricing model" ], "title": "Chapter 7. Payout Policy", "abstract": "This paper surveys the literature on payout policy. We start out by discussing several stylized facts that are important to the development of any comprehensive payout policy framework. We then describe the Miller and Modigliani (1961) payout irrelevance proposition, and consider the effect of relaxing the assumptions on which it is based. We consider the role of taxes, asymmetric information, incomplete contracting possibilities, and transaction costs. The tax-related literature on dividends explores the implications of differential taxes on dividends and capital gains on stocks\u2019 valuation and firms\u2019 propensity to pay out cash in the form of dividends. The issues investigated in this literature are of central importance to corporate finance and asset pricing. It is important to understand the degree to which investor taxes are impounded into security prices, which in turn can affect investment returns, the cost of capital, capital structure, investment spending, and governmental revenue collection. The overall empirical evidence on this issue appears to indicate that from a tax perspective, dividends should be minimized. We review the theoretical as well as empirical literature on Signaling/Adverse Selection models and Agency models. The accumulated evidence indicates that changes in payout policies are not motivated by firms\u2019 desire to signal their true worth to the market. There is no evidence that firms that increase their dividends experience an unexpectedly high earnings or cash flow in subsequent periods. The literature does point out however, that changes in cash payments are negatively associated with firms\u2019 risk profile. This and other evidence seem to be consistent with the notion that both dividends and repurchases are paid when firms have excess cash flows in order to reduce potential overinvestment by management. We also review the issue of the form of payout and the increased tendency to use open market share repurchases. Evidence suggests that the rise in the popularity of repurchases increases overall payout and increases firms\u2019 financial flexibility. It seems that young, risky firms prefer to use repurchases rather then dividends. We also observe that many large, established firms and those with more volatile earnings substitute repurchases for dividends. We believe that the choice of payout method and how payout policy interacts with capital-structure decisions (such as debt and equity issuance) are important questions and a promising field for further research.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "337-429", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780080495071", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0444513620", "(ppn)1470858908", "(isbn)0080495079", "(isbn13)9780444513625", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article" ], "issued": "2003", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4508395-2" }, { "@id": "gnd:4269795-5" } ], "pageStart": "337", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01011-2", "P30128": "Handbook of the economics of finance ; 1,A: Corporate finance", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
['gnd:4508395-2', 'gnd:4269795-5']
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['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
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['Elsevier']
[['(classificationName=bk, id=106411519)83.50 - Geld, Inflation, Kapitalmarkt', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Finance', 'Economia', 'agency problems', 'asymmetric information', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=loc)HG173', 'Financieel management', 'Economics', 'Finance', 'Finances', '(classificationName=ddc)332', 'Entreprises', 'payout policy', '(classificationName=loc)HG173 .H345 2003', 'Corporations ; Finance', 'Finanças', 'taxes', '(classificationName=ddc)332 22', 'Finanças das empresas', 'Économie politique', 'Corporations', 'dividends', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'repurchases', '(classificationName=loc)HB', '(classificationName=rvk)QL 000', 'Capital assets pricing model']]
['Chapter 7. Payout Policy']
['This paper surveys the literature on payout policy. We start out by discussing several stylized facts that are important to the development of any comprehensive payout policy framework. We then describe the Miller and Modigliani (1961) payout irrelevance proposition, and consider the effect of relaxing the assumptions on which it is based. We consider the role of taxes, asymmetric information, incomplete contracting possibilities, and transaction costs. The tax-related literature on dividends explores the implications of differential taxes on dividends and capital gains on stocks’ valuation and firms’ propensity to pay out cash in the form of dividends. The issues investigated in this literature are of central importance to corporate finance and asset pricing. It is important to understand the degree to which investor taxes are impounded into security prices, which in turn can affect investment returns, the cost of capital, capital structure, investment spending, and governmental revenue collection. The overall empirical evidence on this issue appears to indicate that from a tax perspective, dividends should be minimized. We review the theoretical as well as empirical literature on Signaling/Adverse Selection models and Agency models. The accumulated evidence indicates that changes in payout policies are not motivated by firms’ desire to signal their true worth to the market. There is no evidence that firms that increase their dividends experience an unexpectedly high earnings or cash flow in subsequent periods. The literature does point out however, that changes in cash payments are negatively associated with firms’ risk profile. This and other evidence seem to be consistent with the notion that both dividends and repurchases are paid when firms have excess cash flows in order to reduce potential overinvestment by management. We also review the issue of the form of payout and the increased tendency to use open market share repurchases. Evidence suggests that the rise in the popularity of repurchases increases overall payout and increases firms’ financial flexibility. It seems that young, risky firms prefer to use repurchases rather then dividends. We also observe that many large, established firms and those with more volatile earnings substitute repurchases for dividends. We believe that the choice of payout method and how payout policy interacts with capital-structure decisions (such as debt and equity issuance) are important questions and a promising field for further research.']
['2003']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4508395-2'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4269795-5'}]]
['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163578X']
['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']
19
3A1831636115.jsonld
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['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']
['oek']
['Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)']
[['(doi)10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03030-5', '(firstid)KEP:083767711', '(ppn)1831636115']]
['Elsevier North Holland']
[['(classificationName=ddc)333.7', 'environmental policy coordination', 'Environmental economics', 'climate change', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Green Business', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umweltökonomie', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb', '(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5', 'integrated assessment', 'NATURE ; Natural Resources', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Environmental Economics', 'climate policy design']]
['Chapter 30 The Economics of Climate Policy']
['Economics has played an increasingly important role in shaping policy, in the United States and elsewhere. This chapter reviews some of the dimensions of the economic approach to analyzing, understanding, and developing solutions to the problem of climate change. We then turn to the issue of designing regulatory instruments to control the problem. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the political economy of greenhouse gas control in an international context.']
['2005']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4078523-3'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4061638-1'}]]
['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636115']
['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']
19
3A1831636301.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0099(05)02018-8", "(firstid)KEP:083767525", "(ppn)1831636301" ], "publisher": "North-Holland/Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5", "(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb", "values", "environment", "Environmental degradation", "elicitation", "(classificationName=ddc)333.7", "preferences", "Environmental policy", "uncertainty", "Environmental economics", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umwelt\u00f6konomie" ], "title": "Chapter 18 Cognitive Processes in Stated Preference Methods", "abstract": "Cognitive psychology is best known, to many environmental economists, through the filter of acrimonious debates over the validity of contingent valuation methods (CVM). Psychologists' views on CVM reflect concerns that are deeply rooted in their profession's history and theories. 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['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']
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['North-Holland/Elsevier']
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['Chapter 18 Cognitive Processes in Stated Preference Methods']
["Cognitive psychology is best known, to many environmental economists, through the filter of acrimonious debates over the validity of contingent valuation methods (CVM). Psychologists' views on CVM reflect concerns that are deeply rooted in their profession's history and theories. Although psychologists have participated in some CVM studies, their roles have rarely allowed them to present a comprehensive design philosophy, illustrated in actual studies. This chapter sets psychologists' critiques and alternatives within a general cognitive perspective on value elicitation, including stated preferences for environmental goods. It begins with a historical review, organized around two converging streams of psychological research. One stream leads from psychophysics to attitude research. The second leads from decision theory to decision analysis and behavioral decision research. The next section reports some environmental valuation studies arising from each tradition. These studies do not directly monetize environmental goods. However, they can still directly inform policies that do not require monetization and indirectly inform policies that do, by shaping studies with that ambition. The following section considers the role of cognitive studies in helping investigators to know what issues matter to people and present them comprehensibly. The concluding section of the chapter presents a cognitive approach to stated preference methods for environmental values one that could be developed most fully in collaboration with economists. It is built around a cognitive task analysis of the four main elements in any evaluation process: (a) specifying the valuation question, (b) understanding its terms, (c) articulating a value for that specific question (from more general basic values), and (d) expressing that value in a public form."]
['2005']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
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['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']
19
3A1831636328.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0099(05)02016-4", "(firstid)KEP:083767509", "(ppn)1831636328" ], "publisher": "North-Holland/Elsevier", "subject": [ "Environmental degradation", "benefit measurement", "(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5", "hedonic", "Environmental policy", "revealed preference", "(classificationName=ddc)333.7", "(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb", "differentiated product", "property value", "Environmental economics", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umwelt\u00f6konomie" ], "title": "Chapter 16 Property Value Models", "abstract": "One of the only places where environmental quality is traded on explicit markets is real estate. There are several techniques that can be used to study the effects of environmental quality on property values and infer willingness to pay for improvements. The most commonly used method is the hedonic model. In environmental economics the hedonic model has mainly been applied to the prices of real property and to wages. It assumes that there is a schedule of prices for the differentiated product (i.e., houses) that can be estimated. An alternative set of models postulates that consumers' choices are discrete between houses rather than continuous in characteristics as in the hedonic model. Discrete choice models are applied to estimate consumer preferences. Recently a model has been developed that mixes discrete and continuous decisions and emphasizes the locational equilibrium. This chapter reviews these techniques, with an emphasis on methodological issues and recent developments. Section 2 describes the theoretical models that underlie these techniques. The theoretical hedonic model is developed first, and then the theoretical modifications that are necessary for the discrete choice models are described. The main models are developed for residential properties, but differentiated factors of production are discussed briefly. Section 3 is devoted to the empirical issues involved in estimating a hedonic price schedule. This is the most common type of estimation in property value models. Section 4 discusses the empirical application of the second stage of the hedonic model, the estimation of the underlying preferences. Section 5 covers the two types of discrete choice models that are used in environmental economics, random utility models and random bidding models. 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['Chapter 16 Property Value Models']
["One of the only places where environmental quality is traded on explicit markets is real estate. There are several techniques that can be used to study the effects of environmental quality on property values and infer willingness to pay for improvements. The most commonly used method is the hedonic model. In environmental economics the hedonic model has mainly been applied to the prices of real property and to wages. It assumes that there is a schedule of prices for the differentiated product (i.e., houses) that can be estimated. An alternative set of models postulates that consumers' choices are discrete between houses rather than continuous in characteristics as in the hedonic model. Discrete choice models are applied to estimate consumer preferences. Recently a model has been developed that mixes discrete and continuous decisions and emphasizes the locational equilibrium. This chapter reviews these techniques, with an emphasis on methodological issues and recent developments. Section 2 describes the theoretical models that underlie these techniques. The theoretical hedonic model is developed first, and then the theoretical modifications that are necessary for the discrete choice models are described. The main models are developed for residential properties, but differentiated factors of production are discussed briefly. Section 3 is devoted to the empirical issues involved in estimating a hedonic price schedule. This is the most common type of estimation in property value models. Section 4 discusses the empirical application of the second stage of the hedonic model, the estimation of the underlying preferences. Section 5 covers the two types of discrete choice models that are used in environmental economics, random utility models and random bidding models. Section 6 briefly discusses the new locational equilibrium models, and the final section is devoted to conclusions and directions for further research."]
['2005']
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['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']
19
3A1831636344.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831636344", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0099(05)02014-0", "(firstid)KEP:083767487" ], "publisher": "North-Holland/Elsevier", "subject": [ "Environmental policy", "environment as an input in production", "Environmental economics", "environmental valuation", "Environmental degradation", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=ddc)333.7", "revealed preference methods", "applied welfare economics", "(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5", "(classificationName=bk, id=106420313)83.63 - Volkswirtschaftliche Ressourcen, Umwelt\u00f6konomie", "household production", "(classificationName=loc)HC79.E5 H32852 2003eb" ], "title": "Chapter 14 Valuing the Environment as a Factor of Production", "abstract": "This chapter explores the theory and practice of measuring the economic costs and benefits of environmental changes that influence production, both in the context of firms and of households. The theory uses models of household and firm decision making to map the influence of environmental changes to changes in human welfare. The goal is to measure, by compensating or equivalent changes in incomes, the welfare effects on people, in their roles as owners of firms, owners of factors of production, and consumers. The developing country context is most common for valuing the environment as an input, because agriculture and natural resource extraction are so much more important than in industrialized countries. When households or firms produce goods for sale on the market, and the environment influences the costs of production, we show the circumstances when one can use information embodied in the supply curve of the marketed good or the demand curve for an input into the production of the good to extract welfare measures for environmental change. When the environment affects the cost of production of goods households produce and consume, we show the restrictions on production technology that will permit welfare measure for changes in the environment. We also look at circumstances that permit the calculations of bounds for the exact welfare measures. We explore welfare measurement under a variety of institutional structures, including government support for agricultural commodities and open-access fisheries. Exact welfare measurement makes extensive demands for data. Because these demands are not often met in practice, researchers resort to a variety of approximations of welfare measures. 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['Chapter 14 Valuing the Environment as a Factor of Production']
['This chapter explores the theory and practice of measuring the economic costs and benefits of environmental changes that influence production, both in the context of firms and of households. The theory uses models of household and firm decision making to map the influence of environmental changes to changes in human welfare. The goal is to measure, by compensating or equivalent changes in incomes, the welfare effects on people, in their roles as owners of firms, owners of factors of production, and consumers. The developing country context is most common for valuing the environment as an input, because agriculture and natural resource extraction are so much more important than in industrialized countries. When households or firms produce goods for sale on the market, and the environment influences the costs of production, we show the circumstances when one can use information embodied in the supply curve of the marketed good or the demand curve for an input into the production of the good to extract welfare measures for environmental change. When the environment affects the cost of production of goods households produce and consume, we show the restrictions on production technology that will permit welfare measure for changes in the environment. We also look at circumstances that permit the calculations of bounds for the exact welfare measures. We explore welfare measurement under a variety of institutional structures, including government support for agricultural commodities and open-access fisheries. Exact welfare measurement makes extensive demands for data. Because these demands are not often met in practice, researchers resort to a variety of approximations of welfare measures. We assess these approximations, comparing them with the more exact measures.']
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19
3A1831636506.jsonld
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Economics of Common Property Management Regimes", "abstract": "The purpose of this chapter is to identify the reasons for collective action failures and successes in natural resource management, and to understand, in the light of economic theory, the mode of operation of the factors involved whenever possible. In the first section, we clarify the notion of a common property management regime and provide cautionary remarks about estimation methodologies commonly used. In Section 2, we focus on the general case where common property regulation is feasible yet only if governance costs are kept to a reasonable level. Emphasis is placed on such factors as the size of the user group, income or wealth inequality, and availability of exit opportunities. Special attention is paid to the aspect of inequality since this has remained a rather confused issue in much of the empirical literature. 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['Chapter 4. Economics of Common Property Management Regimes']
['The purpose of this chapter is to identify the reasons for collective action failures and successes in natural resource management, and to understand, in the light of economic theory, the mode of operation of the factors involved whenever possible. In the first section, we clarify the notion of a common property management regime and provide cautionary remarks about estimation methodologies commonly used. In Section 2, we focus on the general case where common property regulation is feasible yet only if governance costs are kept to a reasonable level. Emphasis is placed on such factors as the size of the user group, income or wealth inequality, and availability of exit opportunities. Special attention is paid to the aspect of inequality since this has remained a rather confused issue in much of the empirical literature. Economic theory can contribute significantly to improving our understanding of the manner in which it bears upon collective action. In Section 3, we discuss cognitive problems as an important impediment to the design and implementation of efficient common property management systems. We also present evidence of the deleterious effects resulting from the absence or inappropriateness of state interventions, particularly where they are motivated by private interests. In Section 4, the importance, under a co-management approach, of appropriate incentive systems at both the village and state levels is underlined and illustrated.']
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19
3A1831636662.jsonld
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['Chapter 42 The land market and government intervention']
['Two kinds of government intervention in the land market are considered. The first is the control of development, of which the most studied form is zoning, but we also consider the designation of conservation areas and the effects of growth controls. Growth control may raise the price of land, allowing an infrastructure charge to be made or growth may be limited by charging impact fees. The second kind of intervention aims to increase the supply of land, either by direct action, as in the Netherlands, through compulsory purchase or eminent domain, or through the reallocation of land ownership as in land readjustment schemes.']
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19
3A1831636743.jsonld
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['There has been an outpouring of high quality applied research in urban economics as in other specialties in the past decade. The reasons for the rapid growth of applied research are not difficult to identify: better theoretical frameworks within which applied research is undertaken; better econometric techniques and software; more and better data; and, probably most important, ever cheaper and more widely distributed computing power within the research community that provides easier access to, and analysis of, data. Data and research output now move around the world at the speed of light, and thousands of scholars in dozens of countries can access the US census and many other data sources. Not only is more high quality applied research being done but also it is now being done in many more institutions than it was a decade or two ago. The computer has reduced the inequality among academic institutions in their capability to do applied research.']
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3A1831637472.jsonld
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3A1831637499.jsonld
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['Chapter 1 Advances in regional economics']
['This chapter focuses on the advances made in regional economics. Regional economics analyzes the spatial dispersion and coherence of economic activities. Although it is a fairly recent discipline, the history of economics shows various early attempts to explicitly address spatial issuesfor e.g., in comparative costtheories and international trade theories. Initially, much of the field of regional economics was based on an analogy to general economics, the main difference being the explicit treatment of geographical space as a source of various locationallocation phenomena. Illustrative examples in this context are linear programming models for transportation analysis, spatial substitution problems in neoclassical production theories, inter-regional input-output analysis, and so forth. In a later stage, however, more emphasis was placed on the indigenous features of geographical space and its implications for the spatio-temporal evolution of complex spatial economic systems. Currently, regional economics appears to be a rich discipline with a great many linkages to urban economic problems, transportation problems, and natural resource problems.']
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['Chapter 67 Rural Poverty and Income Dynamics in Southeast Asia']
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['Chapter 67 Rural Poverty and Income Dynamics in Southeast Asia']
['Many rural households in Asia have been able to move out of poverty in the presence of increasing scarcity of farmland, initially by increasing rice income through the adoption of modern rice technology and gradually diversifying their income sources away from farm to nonfarm activities. Increased participation in nonfarm employment has been more pronounced among the more educated children, whose education is facilitated by an increase in farm income brought about by the spread of modern rice technology. An important lesson for poverty reduction is to increase agricultural productivity through the development and adoption of modern technology, which subsequently stimulates the development of the nonfarm sector, thereby providing employment opportunities for the rural labor force. This chapter explores the key processes of long-term poverty reduction in Southeast Asia using the Philippines and Thailand as case studies. JEL classification: O12, O15, O53, Q12, Q15']
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['Chapter 40 Food security and food assistance programs']
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3A1831638142.jsonld
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19
3A1831638452.jsonld
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['Chapter 9 Human capital: Migration and rural population change']
['The movement of labor out of agriculture is a universal concomitant of economic modernization and growth. Traditional migration models overlook many potential interactions between migration and development. Given imperfect markets characterizing most migrant-sending areas, migration and remittances can have far-reaching impacts, both positive and negative, on incomes and production in agricultural households. Linkages through product and factor markets transmit impacts of migration from migrant-sending households to others inside and outside the rural economy. Recent theoretical and empirical studies reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention.']
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3A1831638452.jsonld
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['Chapter 9 Human capital: Migration and rural population change']
['The movement of labor out of agriculture is a universal concomitant of economic modernization and growth. Traditional migration models overlook many potential interactions between migration and development. Given imperfect markets characterizing most migrant-sending areas, migration and remittances can have far-reaching impacts, both positive and negative, on incomes and production in agricultural households. Linkages through product and factor markets transmit impacts of migration from migrant-sending households to others inside and outside the rural economy. Recent theoretical and empirical studies reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention.']
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['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']
19
3A1831638916.jsonld
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['Chapter 27 Antitrust and competition in health care markets']
['In this chapter we review issues relating to antitrust and competition in health care markets. The chapter begins with a brief review of antitrust legislation. We then discuss whether and how health care is different from other industries in ways that might affect the optimality of competition. The chapter then focuses on the main areas in which antitrust has been applied to health care: hospital mergers, monopsony, and foreclosure. In each of these sections we review the relevant antitrust cases, discuss the issues that have arisen in those cases, and then review the relevant economics literature and suggest some new methods for analyzing these issues.']
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['Gesundheitsökonomie']
19
3A1831638916.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4130935-2", "sameAs": "Gesundheits\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638916", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Gaynor, Martin", "Vogt, William B." ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:08376495X", "(ppn)1831638916", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0064(00)80040-2" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=nlm)2000 N-043", "Economische aspecten", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)meda", "(classificationName=nlm)W 74", "(classificationName=bk, id=106409611)44.05 - Gesundheits\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=ddc)338.4/33621", "Econom\u00eda m\u00e9dica", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414984)83.70 - Banken, Versicherungen", "ECONOMIA DA SA\u00daDE", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=ddc)338.433621", "Medical economics", "Assurance-maladie", "Soins m\u00e9dicaux", "(classificationName=loc)RA410", "Economics, Medical", "Gezondheidszorg", "(classificationName=rvk)QX 700", "Service de sant\u00e9", "\u00c9conomie de la sant\u00e9" ], "title": "Chapter 27 Antitrust and competition in health care markets", "abstract": "In this chapter we review issues relating to antitrust and competition in health care markets. The chapter begins with a brief review of antitrust legislation. We then discuss whether and how health care is different from other industries in ways that might affect the optimality of competition. The chapter then focuses on the main areas in which antitrust has been applied to health care: hospital mergers, monopsony, and foreclosure. In each of these sections we review the relevant antitrust cases, discuss the issues that have arisen in those cases, and then review the relevant economics literature and suggest some new methods for analyzing these issues.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "1405-1487", "isPartOf": [ "(ppn)790791544", "(isbn)0444504710", "(isbn13)9780444504715", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE" ], "issued": "2000", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": { "@id": "gnd:4130935-2" }, "pageStart": "1405", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0064(00)80040-2", "P30128": "Handbook of health economics", "P60163": "Amsterdam [u.a.]" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Elsevier']
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['Chapter 27 Antitrust and competition in health care markets']
['In this chapter we review issues relating to antitrust and competition in health care markets. The chapter begins with a brief review of antitrust legislation. We then discuss whether and how health care is different from other industries in ways that might affect the optimality of competition. The chapter then focuses on the main areas in which antitrust has been applied to health care: hospital mergers, monopsony, and foreclosure. In each of these sections we review the relevant antitrust cases, discuss the issues that have arisen in those cases, and then review the relevant economics literature and suggest some new methods for analyzing these issues.']
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['national licence']
['']
['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638916']
['Gesundheitsökonomie']
18
3A1831638932.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4130935-2", "sameAs": "Gesundheits\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638932", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Scherer, F.M.", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083764933", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0064(00)80038-4", "(ppn)1831638932" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=ddc)338.4/33621", "\u00c9conomie de la sant\u00e9", "(classificationName=loc)RA410", "ECONOMIA DA SA\u00daDE", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Gezondheidszorg", "(classificationName=rvk)QX 700", "(classificationName=bk, id=106409611)44.05 - Gesundheits\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=nlm)2000 N-043", "Service de sant\u00e9", "Assurance-maladie", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)meda", "Econom\u00eda m\u00e9dica", "Electronic books", "Economische aspecten", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414984)83.70 - Banken, Versicherungen", "(classificationName=nlm)W 74", "Economics, Medical", "(classificationName=ddc)338.433621", "Medical economics", "Soins m\u00e9dicaux" ], "title": "Chapter 25 The pharmaceutical industry", "abstract": "This Handbook chapter surveys the extensive body of research on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry (with peripheral attention paid also to regulated medical devices). Pharmaceuticals is one of the world's most research-intensive industries, generating a continuing steam of new products that save lives and raise the quality of life. The discovery of new drugs has evolved over time from a decidedly empirical process to one based to a considerable degree upon fundamental scientific knowledge. Rich linkages have emerged between profit-seeking manufacturers and basic research performers such as universities and national laboratories. The safety and efficacy of new pharmaceutical products are stringently regulated in most industrialized nations, adding to clinical testing costs. Because of high expenditures on research, development, and clinical testing and because new products, once proven, might be imitated easily, patent protection is unusually important. The extension of patent protection to third-world nations under Uruguay Round Treaty mandates has precipitated vigorous policy debates. Patents, first-mover advantages, and the lack of good substitutes for significant new drugs often give rise to substantial monopoly power, against which many national governments have counterpoised a diverse panoply of price control mechanisms. When patents expire, however, generic substitutes often introduce vigorous price competition. 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['Chapter 25 The pharmaceutical industry']
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['Chapter 22 Economics of general practice']
['General (or family) practice and its role within primary care is increasingly regarded as the key to achieving efficiency and equity in many health care systems. This is particularly relevant where general practitioners (GPs) act as gatekeepers to specialist care. This chapter outlines the main economic issues in general practice. Within the context of gatekeeping, the first half of the chapter examines literature on agency, patient choice and preferences for GP services, and the utilisation of GP services. Given that much demand is determined by supply, this is followed by an examination of the determinants of referral behaviour, the effects of payment systems, and GPs as firms (partnerships and vertical integration). Overall, there has been little research by economists in these areas. This needs to be rectified giving the growing importance of primary care in many health care systems.']
['2000']
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['Gesundheitsökonomie']
18
3A1831638975.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083764895", "(ppn)1831638975", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0064(00)80034-7" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "public health", "Econom\u00eda m\u00e9dica", "Electronic books", "(classificationName=bk, id=106409611)44.05 - Gesundheits\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=rvk)QX 700", "(classificationName=ddc)338.433621", "(classificationName=loc)RA410", "(classificationName=bk, id=106414984)83.70 - Banken, Versicherungen", "Medical economics", "contracting out", "personal and professional services", "Soins m\u00e9dicaux", "nonprofit institutions", "analysis of health care markets", "government policy", "(classificationName=nlm)W 74", "Service de sant\u00e9", "(classificationName=ddc)338.4/33621", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Gezondheidszorg", "Economics, Medical", "\u00c9conomie de la sant\u00e9", "public goods", "(classificationName=nlm)2000 N-043", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)meda", "Economische aspecten", "boundaries of private and public enterprise", "regulation", "privatization", "ECONOMIA DA SA\u00daDE", "public enterprises", "Assurance-maladie" ], "title": "Chapter 21 Not-for-profit ownership and hospital behavior", "abstract": "The for-profit hospital is in the minority numerically in all developed countries. Although the for-profits' market share has been quite stable for decades, for-profit chains have grown in share and influence in the United States. By contrast, for-profit chains have made few inroads in other countries. The literature on hospital ownership addresses three fundamental questions. First, why do private not-for-profit organizations dominate the hospital industry? Second, how do private not-for-profits differ from for-profits in their behavior? Third, is the private not-for-profit form more efficient in this industry? The main difference between for-profit and private not-for-profit organizations is in the distribution of accounting profit. The latter do not distribute profits to equity holders and enjoy some competitive advantages, including tax exemptions and the ability to receive private donations. Various reasons for why the not-for-profit form is dominant are explored. Reasons involve: transactions costs of various ownership forms; fiduciary relationships between patients and providers; public goods; implicit and explicit subsidies; inertia; cartelization; and lack of profit opportunities. The review concludes that there is merit in an number of explanations, but no single explanation works perfectly. Certainly the transactions cost of various ownership forms must provide a partial explanation for observed patterns of hospital ownership. There is a rich empirical literature on hospital behavior. This chapter discusses comparative evidence by hospital ownership form on hospital cost, profitability, pricing and cost-shifting, uncompensated care, diffusion of technology, quality of care, and hospital capital funds and investment. In recent years, changes in hospital ownership have been common in the United States. Changes have occurred in all directions \u2014 from private not-for-profit to for-profit and the reverse, for example. Comparing hospital behavior before and after the conversion, the fact that a hospital converted seems to be more important than the type of ownership change that occurred. As competition among hospitals increases, differences in behavior among hospitals with different ownership forms should narrow. Privately owned hospitals in the U.S. were more alike than different. Private not-for-profit hospitals will have less latitude than previously to produce outputs they deem to be socially worthy. 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['Chapter 21 Not-for-profit ownership and hospital behavior']
["The for-profit hospital is in the minority numerically in all developed countries. Although the for-profits' market share has been quite stable for decades, for-profit chains have grown in share and influence in the United States. By contrast, for-profit chains have made few inroads in other countries. The literature on hospital ownership addresses three fundamental questions. First, why do private not-for-profit organizations dominate the hospital industry? Second, how do private not-for-profits differ from for-profits in their behavior? Third, is the private not-for-profit form more efficient in this industry? The main difference between for-profit and private not-for-profit organizations is in the distribution of accounting profit. The latter do not distribute profits to equity holders and enjoy some competitive advantages, including tax exemptions and the ability to receive private donations. Various reasons for why the not-for-profit form is dominant are explored. Reasons involve: transactions costs of various ownership forms; fiduciary relationships between patients and providers; public goods; implicit and explicit subsidies; inertia; cartelization; and lack of profit opportunities. The review concludes that there is merit in an number of explanations, but no single explanation works perfectly. Certainly the transactions cost of various ownership forms must provide a partial explanation for observed patterns of hospital ownership. There is a rich empirical literature on hospital behavior. This chapter discusses comparative evidence by hospital ownership form on hospital cost, profitability, pricing and cost-shifting, uncompensated care, diffusion of technology, quality of care, and hospital capital funds and investment. In recent years, changes in hospital ownership have been common in the United States. Changes have occurred in all directions — from private not-for-profit to for-profit and the reverse, for example. Comparing hospital behavior before and after the conversion, the fact that a hospital converted seems to be more important than the type of ownership change that occurred. As competition among hospitals increases, differences in behavior among hospitals with different ownership forms should narrow. Privately owned hospitals in the U.S. were more alike than different. Private not-for-profit hospitals will have less latitude than previously to produce outputs they deem to be socially worthy. The chapter ends with the author's agenda for future research."]
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19
3A1831638975.jsonld
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Comparing hospital behavior before and after the conversion, the fact that a hospital converted seems to be more important than the type of ownership change that occurred. As competition among hospitals increases, differences in behavior among hospitals with different ownership forms should narrow. Privately owned hospitals in the U.S. were more alike than different. Private not-for-profit hospitals will have less latitude than previously to produce outputs they deem to be socially worthy. 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['Chapter 21 Not-for-profit ownership and hospital behavior']
["The for-profit hospital is in the minority numerically in all developed countries. Although the for-profits' market share has been quite stable for decades, for-profit chains have grown in share and influence in the United States. By contrast, for-profit chains have made few inroads in other countries. The literature on hospital ownership addresses three fundamental questions. First, why do private not-for-profit organizations dominate the hospital industry? Second, how do private not-for-profits differ from for-profits in their behavior? Third, is the private not-for-profit form more efficient in this industry? The main difference between for-profit and private not-for-profit organizations is in the distribution of accounting profit. The latter do not distribute profits to equity holders and enjoy some competitive advantages, including tax exemptions and the ability to receive private donations. Various reasons for why the not-for-profit form is dominant are explored. Reasons involve: transactions costs of various ownership forms; fiduciary relationships between patients and providers; public goods; implicit and explicit subsidies; inertia; cartelization; and lack of profit opportunities. The review concludes that there is merit in an number of explanations, but no single explanation works perfectly. Certainly the transactions cost of various ownership forms must provide a partial explanation for observed patterns of hospital ownership. There is a rich empirical literature on hospital behavior. This chapter discusses comparative evidence by hospital ownership form on hospital cost, profitability, pricing and cost-shifting, uncompensated care, diffusion of technology, quality of care, and hospital capital funds and investment. In recent years, changes in hospital ownership have been common in the United States. Changes have occurred in all directions — from private not-for-profit to for-profit and the reverse, for example. Comparing hospital behavior before and after the conversion, the fact that a hospital converted seems to be more important than the type of ownership change that occurred. As competition among hospitals increases, differences in behavior among hospitals with different ownership forms should narrow. Privately owned hospitals in the U.S. were more alike than different. Private not-for-profit hospitals will have less latitude than previously to produce outputs they deem to be socially worthy. The chapter ends with the author's agenda for future research."]
['2000']
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['Gesundheitsökonomie']
18
3A1831639106.jsonld
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['Elvesier']
[['poverty development', '(classificationName=ddc)339.2', 'Economics', 'Revenu ; Répartition ; Modèles mathématiques', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 200', 'Electronic books', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=bk, id=106420380)83.32 - Wettbewerb', 'Répartition', 'Inégalité sociale', 'Revenu ; Répartition ; Recherche', 'intra-household inequality', 'Electronic reference books', 'Inequality', 'income distribution', '(classificationName=loc)HB523', 'growth and distribution', 'Pauvreté', '(classificationName=bk, id=106416340)83.14 - Einkommen, Beschäftigung, Arbeitsmarkt', 'Revenu', 'Income distribution', '049', 'Économie politique']]
['Chapter 13 Income distribution and development']
['This paper is a review of the post-war literature on income distribution and development. It argues that the literature has cycled from one consensus to another, responding to emerging policy issues and new analysis. On the basis of the review, the paper identifies five areas that will command the attention of analysts in the coming two decades: (i) country case studies rather than cross-country regression analysis; (ii) the phenomenon of increasing inequality; (iii) different levels of disaggregation, particularly distribution between broadly defined groups; (iv) intra-household allocation; and (v) alternative modes of redistribution in face of inequality increasing tendencies.']
['2000']
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['gnd:4013887-2', 'gnd:4013898-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639106']
['Einkommen', 'Einkommensverteilung']
19
3A1831639327.jsonld
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['Chapter 22 Political economics and macroeconomic policy']
['This chapter surveys the recent literature on the theory of macroeconomic policy. We study the effect of various incentive constraints on the policy making process, such as lack of credibility, political opportunism, political ideology, and divided government. The survey is organized in three parts. Part I deals with monetary policy in a simple Phillips curve model: it covers credibility issues, political business cycles, and optimal design of monetary institutions. Part II deals with fiscal policy in a dynamic general equilibrium set up: the main topics here are credibility of tax policy, and political determinants of budget deficits. Part III studies economic growth in models with endogenous fiscal policy.']
['1999']
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['gnd:4037174-8', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639327']
['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
19
3A1831639483.jsonld
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['Chapter 11 Consumption']
['Consumption is the largest component of GDP. Since the 1950s, the life cycle and the permanent income models have constituted the main analytical tools to the study of consumption behaviour, both at the micro and at the aggregate level. Since the late 1970s the literature has focused on versions of the model that incorporate the hypothesis of Rational Expectations and a rigorous treatment of uncertainty. In this chapter, I survey the most recent contribution and assess where the life cycle model stands. My reading of the evidence and of recent developments leads me to stress two points: (i) the model can only be tested and estimated using a flexible specification of preferences and individual level data; (ii) it is possible to construct versions of the model that are not rejected by the data. One of the main problems of the approach used in the literature to estimate preferences is the lack of a ‘consumption function’. A challenge for future research is to use preference parameter estimates to construct such functions.']
['1999']
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['gnd:4037174-8', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639483']
['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
19
3A1831639572.jsonld
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Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(ppn)1831639572", "(doi)10.1016/S1574-0048(99)01010-1", "(firstid)KEP:083764305" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=106420224)83.12 - Makro\u00f6konomie", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "computational intelligence", "Macroeconomics", "educative learning", "ODE aproximation", "expectations", "multivariate models", "dynamic expectations models", "stochastic recursive algorithms", "(classificationName=bk, id=106416332)83.00 - Volkswirtschaft: Allgemeines", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 300", "expectational stability", "adaptive learning", "MSV solutions", "stability", "sunspot equilibria", "cycles", "instability", "multiple equilibria", "learning", "(classificationName=loc)HB172.5", "(classificationName=ddc)339", "least squares learning", "stochastic approximation" ], "title": "Chapter 7 Learning dynamics", "abstract": "This chapter provides a survey of the recent work on learning in the context of macroeconomics. Learning has several roles. First, it provides a boundedly rational model of how rational expectations can be achieved. Secondly, learning acts as a selection device in models with multiple REE (rational expectations equilibria). Third, the learning dynamics themselves may be of interest. While there are various approaches to learning in macroeconomics, the emphasis here is on adaptive learning schemes in which agents use statistical or econometric techniques in self-referential stochastic systems. Careful attention is given to learning in models with multiple equilibria. The methodological tool is to set up the economic system under learning as a SRA (stochastic recursive algorithm) and to analyze convergence by the method of stochastic approximation based on an associated differential equation. Global stability, local stability and instability results for SRAs are presented. For a wide range of solutions to economic models the stability conditions for REE under statistical learning rules are given by the expectational stability principle, which is treated as a unifying principle for the results presented. Both linear and nonlinear economic models are considered and in the univariate linear case the full set of solutions is discussed. Applications include the Muth cobweb model, the Cagan model of inflation, asset pricing with risk neutrality, the overlapping generations model, the seignorage model of inflation, models with increasing social returns, IS-LM-Phillips curve models, the overlapping contract model, and the Real Business Cycle model. Particular attention is given to the local stability conditions for convergence when there are indeterminacies, bubbles, multiple steady states, cycles or sunspot solutions. 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['Chapter 7 Learning dynamics']
['This chapter provides a survey of the recent work on learning in the context of macroeconomics. Learning has several roles. First, it provides a boundedly rational model of how rational expectations can be achieved. Secondly, learning acts as a selection device in models with multiple REE (rational expectations equilibria). Third, the learning dynamics themselves may be of interest. While there are various approaches to learning in macroeconomics, the emphasis here is on adaptive learning schemes in which agents use statistical or econometric techniques in self-referential stochastic systems. Careful attention is given to learning in models with multiple equilibria. The methodological tool is to set up the economic system under learning as a SRA (stochastic recursive algorithm) and to analyze convergence by the method of stochastic approximation based on an associated differential equation. Global stability, local stability and instability results for SRAs are presented. For a wide range of solutions to economic models the stability conditions for REE under statistical learning rules are given by the expectational stability principle, which is treated as a unifying principle for the results presented. Both linear and nonlinear economic models are considered and in the univariate linear case the full set of solutions is discussed. Applications include the Muth cobweb model, the Cagan model of inflation, asset pricing with risk neutrality, the overlapping generations model, the seignorage model of inflation, models with increasing social returns, IS-LM-Phillips curve models, the overlapping contract model, and the Real Business Cycle model. Particular attention is given to the local stability conditions for convergence when there are indeterminacies, bubbles, multiple steady states, cycles or sunspot solutions. The survey also discusses alternative approaches and recent developments, including Bayesian learning, eductive approaches, genetic algorithms, heterogeneity, misspecified models and experimental evidence.']
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['gnd:4037174-8', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639572']
['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
19
3A1831639777.jsonld
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['Chapter 20. Term Structure of Uncertainty in the Macroeconomy']
['Dynamic economic models make predictions about impulse responses that characterize how macroeconomic processes respond to alternative shocks over different horizons. From the perspective of asset pricing, impulse responses quantify the exposure of macroeconomic processes and other cash flows to macroeconomic shocks. Financial markets provide compensations to investors who are exposed to these shocks. Adopting an asset pricing vantage point, we describe and apply methods for computing exposures to macroeconomic shocks and the implied compensations represented as elasticities over alternative payoff horizons. The outcome is a term structure of macroeconomic uncertainty.']
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19
3A1831639807.jsonld
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['Chapter 18. Macro, Money, and Finance : A Continuous-Time Approach']
['This chapter puts forward a manual for how to setup and solve a continuous time model that allows to analyze endogenous (1) level and risk dynamics. The latter includes (2) tail risk and crisis probability as well as (3) the Volatility Paradox. Concepts such as (4) illiquidity and liquidity mismatch, (5) endogenous leverage, (6) the Paradox of Prudence, (7) undercapitalized sectors (8) time-varying risk premia, and (9) the external funding premium are part of the analysis. Financial frictions also give rise to an endogenous (10) value of money.']
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19
3A1831639831.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8", "sameAs": "Makro\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6", "sameAs": "Geldtheorie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639831", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "House, C.L.", "Basu, S." ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.05.001", "(ppn)1831639831", "(firstid)KEP:083764054" ], "publisher": "Elsevier Science", "subject": [ "Sticky wages", "Real wage cyclicality", "Handbooks and manuals", "Composition bias", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=ddc)339", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 300", "(classificationName=loc)HB172.5", "User cost of labor", "Macroeconomics" ], "title": "Chapter 6. Allocative and Remitted Wages : New Facts and Challenges for Keynesian Models", "abstract": "Modern monetary business-cycle models rely heavily on price and wage rigidity. While there is substantial evidence that prices do not adjust frequently, there is much less evidence on whether wage rigidity is an important feature of real world labor markets. While real average hourly earnings are not particularly cyclical, and do not react significantly to monetary policy shocks, systematic changes in the composition of employed workers and implicit contracts within employment arrangements make it difficult to draw strong conclusions about the importance of wage rigidity. We augment a workhorse monetary DSGE model by allowing for endogenous changes in the composition of workers and also by explicitly allowing for a difference between allocative wages and remitted wages. Using both individual-level and aggregate data, we study and extend the available evidence on the cyclicality of wages and we pay particular attention to the response of wages to identified monetary policy shocks. Our analysis suggests several broad conclusions: (i) in the data, composition bias plays a modest but noticeable role in cyclical compensation patterns; (ii) empirically, both the wages for newly hired workers and the \u201cuser cost of labor\u201d respond strongly to identified monetary policy innovations; and (iii) a model with implicit contracts between workers and firms and a flexible allocative wage replicates these patterns well. We conclude that price rigidity likely plays a substantially more important role than wage rigidity in governing economic fluctuations.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "297-354", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(ppn)885666399" ], "issued": "2016", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6" }, { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8" } ], "pageStart": "297", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.05.001", "P30128": "Handbook of macroeconomics", "P60163": "Saint Louis" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
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['Chapter 6. Allocative and Remitted Wages : New Facts and Challenges for Keynesian Models']
['Modern monetary business-cycle models rely heavily on price and wage rigidity. While there is substantial evidence that prices do not adjust frequently, there is much less evidence on whether wage rigidity is an important feature of real world labor markets. While real average hourly earnings are not particularly cyclical, and do not react significantly to monetary policy shocks, systematic changes in the composition of employed workers and implicit contracts within employment arrangements make it difficult to draw strong conclusions about the importance of wage rigidity. We augment a workhorse monetary DSGE model by allowing for endogenous changes in the composition of workers and also by explicitly allowing for a difference between allocative wages and remitted wages. Using both individual-level and aggregate data, we study and extend the available evidence on the cyclicality of wages and we pay particular attention to the response of wages to identified monetary policy shocks. Our analysis suggests several broad conclusions: (i) in the data, composition bias plays a modest but noticeable role in cyclical compensation patterns; (ii) empirically, both the wages for newly hired workers and the “user cost of labor” respond strongly to identified monetary policy innovations; and (iii) a model with implicit contracts between workers and firms and a flexible allocative wage replicates these patterns well. We conclude that price rigidity likely plays a substantially more important role than wage rigidity in governing economic fluctuations.']
['2016']
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[[{'@id': 'gnd:4121333-6'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4037174-8'}]]
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['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
19
3A1831639912.jsonld
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['Chapter 15. New Methods for Macro-Financial Model Comparison and Policy Analysis']
['The global financial crisis and the ensuing criticism of macroeconomics have inspired researchers to explore new modeling approaches. There are many new models that deliver improved estimates of the transmission of macroeconomic policies and aim to better integrate the financial sector in business cycle analysis. Policy making institutions need to compare available models of policy transmission and evaluate the impact and interaction of policy instruments in order to design effective policy strategies. This chapter reviews the literature on model comparison and presents a new approach for comparative analysis. Its computational implementation enables individual researchers to conduct systematic model comparisons and policy evaluations easily and at low cost. This approach also contributes to improving reproducibility of computational research in macroeconomic modeling. Several applications serve to illustrate the usefulness of model comparison and the new tools in the area of monetary and fiscal policy. They include an analysis of the impact of parameter shifts on the effects of fiscal policy, a comparison of monetary policy transmission across model generations and a cross-country comparison of the impact of changes in central bank rates in the United States and the euro area. Furthermore, the chapter includes a large-scale comparison of the dynamics and policy implications of different macro-financial models. The models considered account for financial accelerator effects in investment financing, credit and house price booms and a role for bank capital. A final exercise illustrates how these models can be used to assess the benefits of leaning against credit growth in monetary policy.']
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3A1831639920.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8", "sameAs": "Makro\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6", "sameAs": "Geldtheorie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639920", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Mitman, K.", "Krueger, D.", "Perri, F." ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083763961", "(ppn)1831639920", "(doi)10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.04.003" ], "publisher": "Elsevier Science", "subject": [ "Handbooks and manuals", "(classificationName=loc)HB172.5", "Recessions", "Wealth inequality", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "(classificationName=ddc)339", "Social insurance", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 300", "Macroeconomics" ], "title": "Chapter 11. Macroeconomics and Household Heterogeneity", "abstract": "The goal of this chapter is to study how, and by how much, household income, wealth, and preference heterogeneity amplify and propagate a macroeconomic shock. We focus on the US Great Recession of 2007\u201309 and proceed in two steps. First, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we document the patterns of household income, consumption, and wealth inequality before and during the Great Recession. We then investigate how households in different segments of the wealth distribution were affected by income declines, and how they changed their expenditures differentially during the aggregate downturn. Motivated by this evidence, we study several variants of a standard heterogeneous household model with aggregate shocks and an endogenous cross-sectional wealth distribution. Our key finding is that wealth inequality can significantly amplify the impact of an aggregate shock, and it does so if the distribution features a sufficiently large fraction of households with very little net worth that sharply increase their saving (ie, they are not hand-to mouth) as the recession hits. We document that both these features are observed in the PSID. We also investigate the role that social insurance policies, such as unemployment insurance, play in shaping the cross-sectional income and wealth distribution, and through it, the dynamics of business cycles.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "843-921", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(ppn)885666399", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE" ], "issued": "2016", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6" }, { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8" } ], "pageStart": "843", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.04.003", "P30128": "Handbook of macroeconomics", "P60163": "Saint Louis" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
['gnd:4121333-6', 'gnd:4037174-8']
['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
['oek']
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['Elsevier Science']
[['Handbooks and manuals', '(classificationName=loc)HB172.5', 'Recessions', 'Wealth inequality', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', '(classificationName=ddc)339', 'Social insurance', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 300', 'Macroeconomics']]
['Chapter 11. Macroeconomics and Household Heterogeneity']
['The goal of this chapter is to study how, and by how much, household income, wealth, and preference heterogeneity amplify and propagate a macroeconomic shock. We focus on the US Great Recession of 2007–09 and proceed in two steps. First, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we document the patterns of household income, consumption, and wealth inequality before and during the Great Recession. We then investigate how households in different segments of the wealth distribution were affected by income declines, and how they changed their expenditures differentially during the aggregate downturn. Motivated by this evidence, we study several variants of a standard heterogeneous household model with aggregate shocks and an endogenous cross-sectional wealth distribution. Our key finding is that wealth inequality can significantly amplify the impact of an aggregate shock, and it does so if the distribution features a sufficiently large fraction of households with very little net worth that sharply increase their saving (ie, they are not hand-to mouth) as the recession hits. We document that both these features are observed in the PSID. We also investigate the role that social insurance policies, such as unemployment insurance, play in shaping the cross-sectional income and wealth distribution, and through it, the dynamics of business cycles.']
['2016']
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['national licence']
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['gnd:4037174-8', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639920']
['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
19
3A1831639998.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8", "sameAs": "Makro\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6", "sameAs": "Geldtheorie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639998", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Hall, R.E.", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.03.010", "(firstid)KEP:083763899", "(ppn)1831639998" ], "publisher": "Elsevier Science", "subject": [ "Propagation", "Financial crisis", "(classificationName=loc)HB172.5", "(classificationName=ddc)339", "Slump", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Handbooks and manuals", "Great recession", "Economic driving forces", "Macroeconomics", "Confidence", "Sources of economic fluctuations", "Unemployment", "Stagnation", "Economic shocks", "Labor-force participation", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 300" ], "title": "Chapter 27. Macroeconomics of Persistent Slumps", "abstract": "In modern economies, sharp increases in unemployment from major adverse shocks result in long periods of abnormal unemployment and low output. This chapter investigates the processes that account for these persistent slumps. The data are from the economy of the United States, and the discussion emphasizes the financial crisis of 2008 and the ensuing slump. The framework starts by discerning driving forces set in motion by the initial shock. These are higher discounts applied by decision makers (possibly related to a loss of confidence), withdrawal of potential workers from the labor market, diminished productivity growth, higher markups in product markets, and spending declines resulting from tighter lending standards at financial institutions. The next step is to study how driving forces influence general equilibrium, both at the time of the initial shock and later as its effects, persist. Some of the effects propagate the effects of the shock\u2014they contribute to poor performance even after the driving force itself has subsided. Depletion of the capital stock is the most important of these propagation mechanisms. I use a medium-frequency dynamic equilibrium model to gain some notions of the magnitudes of responses and propagation.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "2131-2181", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(ppn)885666399", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article" ], "issued": "2016", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6" }, { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8" } ], "pageStart": "2131", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.03.010", "P30128": "Handbook of macroeconomics", "P60163": "Saint Louis" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Chapter 27. Macroeconomics of Persistent Slumps']
['In modern economies, sharp increases in unemployment from major adverse shocks result in long periods of abnormal unemployment and low output. This chapter investigates the processes that account for these persistent slumps. The data are from the economy of the United States, and the discussion emphasizes the financial crisis of 2008 and the ensuing slump. The framework starts by discerning driving forces set in motion by the initial shock. These are higher discounts applied by decision makers (possibly related to a loss of confidence), withdrawal of potential workers from the labor market, diminished productivity growth, higher markups in product markets, and spending declines resulting from tighter lending standards at financial institutions. The next step is to study how driving forces influence general equilibrium, both at the time of the initial shock and later as its effects, persist. Some of the effects propagate the effects of the shock—they contribute to poor performance even after the driving force itself has subsided. Depletion of the capital stock is the most important of these propagation mechanisms. I use a medium-frequency dynamic equilibrium model to gain some notions of the magnitudes of responses and propagation.']
['2016']
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['national licence']
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['gnd:4037174-8', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831639998']
['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
19
3A183164004X.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8", "sameAs": "Makro\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6", "sameAs": "Geldtheorie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183164004X", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": [ "Mian, A.", "Sufi, A." ], "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(firstid)KEP:083763848", "(ppn)183164004X", "(doi)10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.03.005" ], "publisher": "Elsevier Science", "subject": [ "Macroeconomics", "Housing", "Inequality", "(classificationName=rvk)QC 300", "(classificationName=loc)HB172.5", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Distribution", "(classificationName=ddc)339", "Consumption", "Recession", "Household debt", "Handbooks and manuals" ], "title": "Chapter 5. Who Bears the Cost of Recessions? The Role of House Prices and Household Debt", "abstract": "This chapter reviews empirical estimates of differential income and consumption growth across individuals during recessions. Most existing studies examine the variation in income and consumption growth across individuals by sorting on ex ante or contemporaneous income or consumption levels. We build on this literature by showing that differential shocks to household net worth coming from elevated household debt and the collapse in house prices play an underappreciated role. Using zip codes in the United States as the unit of analysis, we show that the decline in numerous measures of consumption during the Great Recession was much larger in zip codes that experienced a sharp decline in housing net worth. In the years prior to the recession, these same zip codes saw high house price growth, a substantial expansion of debt by homeowners, and high consumption growth. We discuss what models seem most consistent with this striking pattern in the data, and we highlight the increasing body of macroeconomic evidence on the link between household debt and business cycles. Our main conclusion is that housing and household debt should play a larger role in models exploring the importance of household heterogeneity on macroeconomic outcomes and policies.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "255-296", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(ppn)885666399", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article" ], "issued": "2016", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4037174-8" }, { "@id": "gnd:4121333-6" } ], "pageStart": "255", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.03.005", "P30128": "Handbook of macroeconomics", "P60163": "Saint Louis" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
['gnd:4037174-8', 'gnd:4121333-6']
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[['(firstid)KEP:083763848', '(ppn)183164004X', '(doi)10.1016/bs.hesmac.2016.03.005']]
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[['Macroeconomics', 'Housing', 'Inequality', '(classificationName=rvk)QC 300', '(classificationName=loc)HB172.5', '(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek', 'Distribution', '(classificationName=ddc)339', 'Consumption', 'Recession', 'Household debt', 'Handbooks and manuals']]
['Chapter 5. Who Bears the Cost of Recessions? The Role of House Prices and Household Debt']
['This chapter reviews empirical estimates of differential income and consumption growth across individuals during recessions. Most existing studies examine the variation in income and consumption growth across individuals by sorting on ex ante or contemporaneous income or consumption levels. We build on this literature by showing that differential shocks to household net worth coming from elevated household debt and the collapse in house prices play an underappreciated role. Using zip codes in the United States as the unit of analysis, we show that the decline in numerous measures of consumption during the Great Recession was much larger in zip codes that experienced a sharp decline in housing net worth. In the years prior to the recession, these same zip codes saw high house price growth, a substantial expansion of debt by homeowners, and high consumption growth. We discuss what models seem most consistent with this striking pattern in the data, and we highlight the increasing body of macroeconomic evidence on the link between household debt and business cycles. Our main conclusion is that housing and household debt should play a larger role in models exploring the importance of household heterogeneity on macroeconomic outcomes and policies.']
['2016']
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['national licence']
[[{'@id': 'gnd:4037174-8'}, {'@id': 'gnd:4121333-6'}]]
['gnd:4037174-8', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183164004X']
['Makroökonomie', 'Geldtheorie']
19
3A1831640120.jsonld
{ "@graph": [ { "@id": "gnd:4006292-2", "sameAs": "Bev\u00f6lkerungsentwicklung" }, { "@id": "gnd:4006294-6", "sameAs": "Bev\u00f6lkerungs\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "gnd:4123185-5", "sameAs": "Familien\u00f6konomie" }, { "@id": "https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831640120", "@type": "bibo:Article", "creator": "Fogel, Robert William", "description": "Campusweiter Zugriff (Universit\u00e4t Hannover) - Vervielf\u00e4ltigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.", "identifier": [ "(doi)10.1016/S1574-003X(97)80026-8", "(firstid)KEP:083763767", "(ppn)1831640120" ], "publisher": "Elsevier", "subject": [ "(classificationName=bk, id=106420216)83.11 - Mikro\u00f6konomie", "Family demography ; Economic aspects", "(classificationName=bk, id=106405373)83.03 - Methoden und Techniken der Volkswirtschaft", "(classificationName=rvk)QU 000", "Population ; Economic aspects", "Famille", "Population ; Aspect \u00e9conomique", "Population", "Aspect \u00e9conomique", "(classificationName=ddc)304.6", "(classificationName=loc)HB849.41", "Huishoudingen", "(classificationName=ddc)339.22", "Electronic books", "Economische aspecten", "Bevolkingsontwikkeling", "Aspectos econ\u00f3micos", "(classificationName=linseach:mapping)oek", "Economic aspects", "D\u00e9mographie de la famille ; Aspect \u00e9conomique", "D\u00e9mographie de la famille", "Familia", "Family demography" ], "title": "Chapter 9 New findings on secular trends in nutrition and mortality: Some implications for population theory", "abstract": "This chapter describes the evolution of thought on, and knowledge of, the secular decline in mortality; provides new evidence and new analytical techniques that have made it possible to switch attention from famines to chronic malnutrition as the principal link between the food supply and mortality. The chapter also proposes a new theory of the way that the food supply and population were brought into equilibrium between 1700 and the twentieth century; and suggests some implications of the theory for current population issues. The findings discussed in the chapter indicate that the elimination of chronic malnutrition has played an important role in the secular improvement of health and life expectancy. They also suggest that the elimination of stunting and wasting at early ages is of major importance in the reduction of morbidity and mortality rates at middle and late ages. The relevance of these findings for current policy issues may be more obvious for Third World countries than for currently industrialized countries.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "433-481", "isPartOf": [ "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(ppn)790160374", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0444826459", "(isbn13)9780444826459" ], "issued": "1997", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4006292-2" }, { "@id": "gnd:4123185-5" }, { "@id": "gnd:4006294-6" } ], "pageStart": "433", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-003X(97)80026-8", "P30128": "Handbook of population and family economics", "P60163": "Amsterdam [u.a.]" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Chapter 9 New findings on secular trends in nutrition and mortality: Some implications for population theory']
['This chapter describes the evolution of thought on, and knowledge of, the secular decline in mortality; provides new evidence and new analytical techniques that have made it possible to switch attention from famines to chronic malnutrition as the principal link between the food supply and mortality. The chapter also proposes a new theory of the way that the food supply and population were brought into equilibrium between 1700 and the twentieth century; and suggests some implications of the theory for current population issues. The findings discussed in the chapter indicate that the elimination of chronic malnutrition has played an important role in the secular improvement of health and life expectancy. They also suggest that the elimination of stunting and wasting at early ages is of major importance in the reduction of morbidity and mortality rates at middle and late ages. The relevance of these findings for current policy issues may be more obvious for Third World countries than for currently industrialized countries.']
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['Bevölkerungsentwicklung', 'Bevölkerungsökonomie', 'Familienökonomie']
19
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['Chapter 1 Introduction: Population and family economics']
["This chapter provides an overview of the rationale, contents, and organization of the Handbook of Population and Family Economics . Theodore Bergstrom's opening chapter traverses the burgeoning theoretical literature concerned with understanding the rationale for the formation, structure, and dissolution of, and resource allocations within families and households. Yoram Weiss' chapter focuses on family formation and dissolution, while the chapter by Jere Behrman focuses on models that describe the allocation of resources among members of households and the empirical evidence on intrahousehold distribution. The chapter by John Laitner examines the kin-based linkages among adult family members who do not co-reside in households. The second and third parts of the Handbook are concerned with the economics literature that examines fertility, infant mortality and adult mortality, and the interactions between mortality and fertility. The diversity and depth of the work reviewed and presented in the Handbook conveys both the progress that has been made by economists in understanding the forces shaping population processes, including the behavior of families, and many questions empirical and theoretical, that still remain."]
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['Chapter 15 Monte carlo simulation and numerical integration']
['This chapter discusses simulation methods that are both important and useful in the solution of integration problems, and discusses the principles for the practical application of simulation in economics with a focus on integration problems. The simulation methods are generally straightforward for the investigator to implement, relying on an understanding of a few principles of simulation and the structure of the problem at hand. By contrast, deterministic methods require much larger problem-specific investments in numerical methods. Simulation methods can provide solutions for two related integration problems. One integration problem arises in model solution for agents whose expected utilities cannot be expressed as a closed function of state and decision variables. The other occurs, when the investigator combines sources of uncertainty about models to draw conclusions about policy. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, which make use of samples that are neither independently nor identically distributed, have greatly expanded the scope of integration problems with convenient practical solutions.']
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['Chapter 15 Monte carlo simulation and numerical integration']
['This chapter discusses simulation methods that are both important and useful in the solution of integration problems, and discusses the principles for the practical application of simulation in economics with a focus on integration problems. The simulation methods are generally straightforward for the investigator to implement, relying on an understanding of a few principles of simulation and the structure of the problem at hand. By contrast, deterministic methods require much larger problem-specific investments in numerical methods. Simulation methods can provide solutions for two related integration problems. One integration problem arises in model solution for agents whose expected utilities cannot be expressed as a closed function of state and decision variables. The other occurs, when the investigator combines sources of uncertainty about models to draw conclusions about policy. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, which make use of samples that are neither independently nor identically distributed, have greatly expanded the scope of integration problems with convenient practical solutions.']
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['Datenverarbeitung', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
11
3A1831640414.jsonld
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['Chapter 15 Monte carlo simulation and numerical integration']
['This chapter discusses simulation methods that are both important and useful in the solution of integration problems, and discusses the principles for the practical application of simulation in economics with a focus on integration problems. The simulation methods are generally straightforward for the investigator to implement, relying on an understanding of a few principles of simulation and the structure of the problem at hand. By contrast, deterministic methods require much larger problem-specific investments in numerical methods. Simulation methods can provide solutions for two related integration problems. One integration problem arises in model solution for agents whose expected utilities cannot be expressed as a closed function of state and decision variables. The other occurs, when the investigator combines sources of uncertainty about models to draw conclusions about policy. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, which make use of samples that are neither independently nor identically distributed, have greatly expanded the scope of integration problems with convenient practical solutions.']
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['Datenverarbeitung', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
19
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['Chapter 6 Sectoral economics']
['This chapter discusses a common set of methods that are not currently in wide use in either microeconomics or macroeconomics, but constitute a core of the methodology for models in many different sectors of the economy. The chapter also provides an overview of the varieties of sectoral models, and discusses the ways in which some of the methods of sectoral economics can be used to great advantage in microeconomics or macroeconomics. It is now possible to estimate entire models and to solve these models using nonlinear programming or stochastic control theory methods. These methods permit the consideration of accurate models and the inclusion in the analysis of the effects of uncertainty. The progress in sectoral modeling is based on the foundation of earlier work in activity analysis, linear programming, and the solution of models with economies of scale that permits the development and solution of realistic models with many commodities, processes, productive units, plants, and markets.']
['1996']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
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19
3A1831640503.jsonld
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The chapter also provides an overview of the varieties of sectoral models, and discusses the ways in which some of the methods of sectoral economics can be used to great advantage in microeconomics or macroeconomics. It is now possible to estimate entire models and to solve these models using nonlinear programming or stochastic control theory methods. These methods permit the consideration of accurate models and the inclusion in the analysis of the effects of uncertainty. 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['Chapter 6 Sectoral economics']
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['Chapter 6 Sectoral economics']
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It is argued that, on the one hand, several genuine properties of innovation processes make the possibilities offered by agent-based modelling particularly appealing in this field, and that, on the other hand, agent-based models have been quite successful in explaining sets of empirical stylized facts, which are not well accounted for by existing representative-agent equilibrium models. An extensive survey of agent-based computational research dealing with issues of innovation and technological change is given and the contribution of these studies is discussed. 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['Chapter 25 Agent-based Models of Innovation and Technological Change']
['This chapter discusses the potential of the agent-based computational economics approach for the analysis of processes of innovation and technological change. It is argued that, on the one hand, several genuine properties of innovation processes make the possibilities offered by agent-based modelling particularly appealing in this field, and that, on the other hand, agent-based models have been quite successful in explaining sets of empirical stylized facts, which are not well accounted for by existing representative-agent equilibrium models. An extensive survey of agent-based computational research dealing with issues of innovation and technological change is given and the contribution of these studies is discussed. Furthermore a few pointers towards potential directions of future research are given.']
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['Datenverarbeitung', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
19
3A183164097X.jsonld
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It is argued that, on the one hand, several genuine properties of innovation processes make the possibilities offered by agent-based modelling particularly appealing in this field, and that, on the other hand, agent-based models have been quite successful in explaining sets of empirical stylized facts, which are not well accounted for by existing representative-agent equilibrium models. An extensive survey of agent-based computational research dealing with issues of innovation and technological change is given and the contribution of these studies is discussed. 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['Chapter 25 Agent-based Models of Innovation and Technological Change']
['This chapter discusses the potential of the agent-based computational economics approach for the analysis of processes of innovation and technological change. It is argued that, on the one hand, several genuine properties of innovation processes make the possibilities offered by agent-based modelling particularly appealing in this field, and that, on the other hand, agent-based models have been quite successful in explaining sets of empirical stylized facts, which are not well accounted for by existing representative-agent equilibrium models. An extensive survey of agent-based computational research dealing with issues of innovation and technological change is given and the contribution of these studies is discussed. Furthermore a few pointers towards potential directions of future research are given.']
['2006']
['http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en']
['national licence']
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['gnd:4011152-0', 'gnd:4066528-8', 'gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183164097X']
['Datenverarbeitung', 'Wirtschaftswissenschaften', 'Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
16
3A1831641119.jsonld
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This chapter surveys major subject areas of peace economics, highlighting seminal as well as current contributions. Particularly noteworthy among the newer developments is how major datasets like the Correlates of War Project have fostered a rapid growth of econometric studies based on relatively large cross-country panels. The topics surveyed include: the relation of peace economics to both defense economics and peace studies; data sources and trends for interstate, intrastate, and extra-state conflict; the costs of conflict; the conflict life cycle; the determinants of interstate armed conflict, with emphasis on the role of territory, economic development, and economic interdependence; arms rivalry, proliferation, and arms control, with particular attention given to the foundational models of Richardson and Intriligator and Brito; the technological and geographic dimensions of conflict, including their connections with Schelling's inherent propensity toward war or peace, various Lanchester war models, and the offense\u2013defense balance; appropriation and exchange theory, wherein appropriation undermines the security of exchange at the same time that exchange shapes the incentives for appropriation; experiments in peace economics, most notably the path-breaking prisoner's dilemma experiments of the 1950s; and future directions in the field.", "contributor": "Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)", "extent": "1211-1258", "isPartOf": [ "(isbn13)9780080478296", "(isbn)0444519106", "(ppn)1655666568", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE-article", "(isbn13)9780444519108", "(collectioncode)ZDB-1-HBE", "(isbn)0080478298" ], "issued": "2007", "language": "http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-1/en", "license": "national licence", "medium": "rda:termList/RDACarrierType/1018", "dcterms:subject": [ { "@id": "gnd:4065004-2" }, { "@id": "gnd:4132793-7" }, { "@id": "gnd:4134192-2" }, { "@id": "gnd:4063255-6" }, { "@id": "gnd:4115806-4" }, { "@id": "gnd:4134037-1" } ], "pageStart": "1211", "isLike": "doi:10.1016/S1574-0013(06)02035-7", "P30128": "Handbook of defense economics", "P60163": "Amsterdam" } ], "@id": "urn:x-arq:DefaultGraphNode", "@context": { "sameAs": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs", "subject": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject", "isPartOf": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf", "contributor": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor", "title": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title", "identifier": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier", "isLike": { "@id": "http://umbel.org/umbel#isLike", "@type": "@id" }, "language": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/language", "@type": "@id" }, "creator": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator", "description": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description", "publisher": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher", "medium": { "@id": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/medium", "@type": "@id" }, "issued": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued", "license": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "pageStart": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/pageStart", "P60163": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#P60163", "P30128": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#P30128", "abstract": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract", "extent": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/extent", "umbel": "http://umbel.org/umbel#", "rdau": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/u/#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/", "rdam": "http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/#", "gnd": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/", "isbd": "http://iflastandards.info/ns/isbd/elements/", "rda": "http://rdvocab.info/", "doi": "https://doi.org/" } }
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['Chapter 35 A Survey of Peace Economics']
["Peace economics can be defined as the use of economics to understand the causes and effects of violent conflict in the international system and the ways that conflict can be avoided, managed, or resolved. This chapter surveys major subject areas of peace economics, highlighting seminal as well as current contributions. Particularly noteworthy among the newer developments is how major datasets like the Correlates of War Project have fostered a rapid growth of econometric studies based on relatively large cross-country panels. The topics surveyed include: the relation of peace economics to both defense economics and peace studies; data sources and trends for interstate, intrastate, and extra-state conflict; the costs of conflict; the conflict life cycle; the determinants of interstate armed conflict, with emphasis on the role of territory, economic development, and economic interdependence; arms rivalry, proliferation, and arms control, with particular attention given to the foundational models of Richardson and Intriligator and Brito; the technological and geographic dimensions of conflict, including their connections with Schelling's inherent propensity toward war or peace, various Lanchester war models, and the offense–defense balance; appropriation and exchange theory, wherein appropriation undermines the security of exchange at the same time that exchange shapes the incentives for appropriation; experiments in peace economics, most notably the path-breaking prisoner's dilemma experiments of the 1950s; and future directions in the field."]
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['Chapter 35 A Survey of Peace Economics']
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