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BEAVER CREEK
VER SPORTS LAB FIS MASTERS CUP & WESTERN REG UNOFFICIAL RESULTS
MEN GIANT SLALOM
BEAVER CREEK
Saturday 2/ 4/2023 Start Time 12:30
Rocky Mountain Divison
Technical Data
Race Information
Jury
Technical Delegate Brenner, Ken
USA
Referee
Wyatt, Keli
USA
Chief of Race
Rupert, Ronald
USA
Course Name
BEAR TRAP
Start Altitude
2835m
Finish Altitude
2565m
Vertical Drop
270m
Course Length
0m
Course Setter
Rupert, Ronald
USA
Gates/Turning Gates 40/38
Start Time
12:30
Number of Competitors: 25, Number of NOCs: 4, FIS List # 0, Applied Penalty 10.00
F=1010
14471/01/22
Homologation Number
NOT PERMITTED TO START
DID NOT START
DID NOT FINISH: 1 competitor
6
5535559
FORREST, Terri
1957
8
USA
DISQUALIFIED
BEAVER CREEK
Rank
Bib
FIS Code
UNOFFICIAL RESULTS
VER SPORTS LAB FIS MASTERS CUP & WESTERN REG MEN GIANT SLALOM
Rocky Mountain Divison
Saturday 2/ 4/2023 Start Time 12:30
Name
YB
Class
Club
NAT
Time
Diff. Race Points
Brenner, Ken (USA) #893 __________________________________
Technical Delegate:
Forerunners
A - Glendining, J
D -
USA
C -
F -
B -
E -
Conditions on course
CLEAR
Snow:
Legend:
YB Year of Birth
2/ 4/2023 / BEAVER CREEK (USA) / 9283
Data Processing by Split Second Ver. 8.04 Rev. 2
HARD
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0C / 32F
Created 2/4/2023 at 15:01:27
Temperature - Finish:
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Page 2/2
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EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S REPORT
Finance & Audit Committee
August 23, 2019
U.S. House approves $5 M for future Hyperloop planning oversight
- Transportation/HUD funding bill earmarked $5M to create a regulatory framework within U.S. DOT for hyperloop projects
- Demonstrates that Congress recognizes the role hyperloop will play in the nation’s future transportation system
- Funds develop safety and environmental standards for hyperloop projects
- U.S. Representative Marcy Kaptur (OH-09) worked on the legislation to secure this funding
LEGISLATIVE AND ADVOCACY ISSUES
INFRA Grant Application – Irishtown Bend
- NOACA received grant award from U.S. Department of Transportation for $9.02 million
- Grace Gallucci attended award ceremony in Washington D.C. on 7/25 and met with Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao
- USDOT received 200 application requests totaling $9.8 million and only 20 applications were awarded funding
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Upcoming Events
• NOACA Annual Meeting, September 13, 2019
• Global Center for Health Innovation
• Keynote Speaker: Mark Jennings-Bates, Sky Driving Aviation
Topic:
“The Era of the Jetsons: The Future of Flying Cars”
ODOT has announced the solicitation projects for the Ohio Bridge Partnership Program (OBPP)
- Federal funds to counties and municipalities for roadway bridge replacement projects
- Up to $1 million per project at 100% share for construction
- Targeting projects for SFY 2022-23 program years
- Application will be available September 1 - October 15
More Information: http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/LocalPrograms/Pages/Ohio-Bridge-Partnership.aspx
NOACA will STRENGTHEN regional cohesion, PRESERVE existing infrastructure, and BUILD a sustainable multimodal transportation system to SUPPORT economic development and ENHANCE quality of life in Northeast Ohio.
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CONVENING NOTICE
The Management Board of Raiffeisen Bank S.A., a credit institution managed under a two-tier system, having the registered office in Romania, Bucharest, 246 C Calea Floreasca, Sky Tower Building, floors 2-7, district 1, registered at Trade Register's Office under no. J/40/44/1991, sole registration code 361820, VAT registration code RO361820, having a share capital of RON 1,200,000,000, fully paid, representing 12,000 ordinary shares having a nominal value of RON 100,000 each, registered as a credit institution at the National Bank of Romania under no. RBPJR-40-009/18 February 1999, FSA Decision no. A/75/30.01.2014 amended by FSA Decision no. A/239/27.03.2014, registered in FSA Public Registry under no. PJR01INCR/400009 ("Raiffeisen"), in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of Raiffeisen and with the provisions of the Company Law no. 31/1990 as subsequently republished and amended ("Companies Act") hereby convenes,
THE EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL SHAREHOLDERS' MEETING AND THE ORDINARY GENERAL SHAREHOLDERS' MEETING OF RAIFFEISEN
for the date of 21 April 2022 at 9.00, respectively 9:30 hours at the registered office of Raiffeisen located in Bucharest, district 1, 246 C Calea Floreasca, Sky Tower Building, floor 7, room 7.4 ("Meeting/Meetings").
The right to participate and vote within the Meetings belongs to all persons registered with the shareholders registry of Raiffeisen as at March 31 st , 2022, set as the reference date, within the meaning of art. 123 par. (2) and (3) of the Companies Act.
As at the date of the Convening Notice the total number of shares is 12,000 (twelve thousand) and the number of voting rights is 12,000 (twelve thousand).
I. The Extraordinary General Shareholders' Meeting Agenda is the following:
1. Approval of the completion of the EGSM's Decision no. 1 of April 23rd, 2019, modified and completed by the EGSM's Decision no. 2 of April 22nd, 2021, with
the possibility of issuing bonds with any frequency of the coupon, and with the corresponding extension of the Board of Directors mandate for the establishment of the frequency of the coupon.
2. Ratification of the decisions made by the EGSMs and OGSMs during the state of emergency and the state of alert that were established in Romania during the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. The empowerment of the Management Board to fulfil all formalities imposed for the implementation of the resolutions adopted by the Meeting, including but not limited to fulfilling publicity formalities and registration of resolutions at the Trade Registry and at any other competent authority.
II. The Ordinary General Shareholders' Meeting Agenda is the following:
1. Presentation of the Annual report by the Management Board on the Bank's separated and consolidated financial statements drawn up according to the International Financial Reporting Standards related to the financial exercise of the year 2021.
2. Presentation of the Report by the Financial Auditor on the Bank's separated and consolidated financial statements drawn up according to the International Financial Reporting Standards related to the financial exercise of the year 2021.
3. Presentation of the Annual Report by the Supervisory Board of Raiffeisen related to the financial exercise of the year 2021.
4. Analysis and approval of the Bank achievement of the Investment Plan related to the financial exercise of the year 2021, as well as the analysis and approval of the Bank Investment Plan related to the financial exercise of the year 2022.
6. Approval of the Bank's separated and consolidated financial statements drawn up according to the International Financial Reporting Standards, related to the financial exercise of the year 2021, approval of the distribution of the net profit related to the financial exercise of the year 2021 and approval of the Management Board members' discharge of responsibility for the financial year 2021.
5. Presentation of the Report by the Management Board regarding the proposal for the distribution of the net profit related to the financial exercise of the year 2021.
7. Analysis and approval of the Bank Income and Expenses Budget related to the financial exercise of the year 2022.
8. For the current financial exercise, establishing the remuneration for the members on the Supervisory Board of Raiffeisen, approving the principles and general limits regarding their supplementary remuneration, as well as approving the limits and general principles with regard to the remuneration to be granted to the Management Board members.
9. Electing some members on the Supervisory Board of Raiffeisen.
10. The empowerment of the Management Board to fulfil all formalities imposed for the implementation of the resolutions adopted by the Meeting, including but not limited to fulfilling publicity formalities and registration of resolutions at the Trade Registry and at any other competent authority.
If on the date of the first convening, respectively 21 April 2022, the legal and statutory requirements are not met for a valid assembly of the Meetings, a new Extraordinary General Shareholders' Meeting and/or a new Ordinary General Shareholders' Meeting are/is convened for 22 April 2022, at 9:00 hours and respectively 9:30 hours at the registered office of Raiffeisen located in Bucharest, district 1, 246 C Calea Floreasca, Sky Tower Building, floor 7, room 7.4 ("Meeting/Meetings"), having the same agenda.
The convening notice for the Meetings, the separated and consolidated financial statements concluded for the financial exercise of the year 2021, the Report by the Supervisory Board, the Report by the Management Board on the Bank's separated and consolidated financial statements related to the financial exercise of the year 2021, the Report by the Management Board regarding the proposal for the distribution of the net profit related to the financial exercise of the year 2021, the list containing information regarding the first name/surname, the residence and professional qualifications of the persons proposed to become a Supervisory Board member, the other documents related to the issues on the Meetings' Agenda, as well as the draft decisions will be made available for the shareholders by the Legal and Corporate Governance Directorate - General Secretariat, Shareholders and Participations Department on the bank website www.raiffeisen.ro, section „About us"/"Corporate Governance"/"Shareholders"/ „General Shareholders' Meetings", beginning with the date of March 21 st , 2022.
Within 15 days from the Convening Notice having been published the Agenda of the Meetings may be updated at the shareholders' request according to the legal provisions in force. Also, within the same term of 15 days from the Convening Notice having been published, the shareholders may propose candidates for the Supervisory Board member position. Detailed information on these rights can be viewed on the bank website www.raiffeisen.ro, section „About us"/"Corporate Governance"/"Shareholders"/ „General Shareholders' Meetings".
Any shareholder may participate at the Meetings personally or by representation. In case of participation by representative, the shareholder can empower any person, except for the members of the Management Board or of the Supervisory Board and officers of Raiffeisen, by way of a special power of attorney granted for these Meetings. A copy of the power of attorney shall be submitted at Raiffeisen
headquarters or sent by post to Raiffeisen's premises or sent by email to the address [email protected] with at least 48 hours prior to the date of the Meetings, under the sanction of losing the voting right. The template of the special power of attorney will be made available to the shareholders by Raiffeisen on its website, at the address www.raiffeisen.ro, section „About us"/"Corporate Governance"/"Shareholders"/ „General Shareholders' Meetings".
The access to the convened Meetings for the entitled shareholders shall be granted provided that their identity is proved with (i) the identification document for natural persons, (ii) and for legal persons with the certificate of registration (or an equivalent document for foreign legal persons) and with the identification document for the legal representative of the legal persons. The quality of legal representative shall be proven by emailing to [email protected] an ascertaining certificate issued by the Trade Registry (or an equivalent document for foreign legal persons) issued with no more than 7 (seven) days for Romanian legal persons, and with no more than 30 (thirty) days for foreign legal persons prior to the date of the Meetings.
Mihail-Catalin Ion
Vice-president of the Management Board of Raiffeisen Bank S.A.
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THE LIPKA JOURNAL
PHOTOGRAPHS / STORIES / OBSERVATIONS
JOE LIPKA
AUGUST 2022
WELCOME TO THE JOURNAL
AUGUST 2022
This month it’s two thirds serious and the rest is fun. On the serious side, the topic is reflections to two types. There is the obvious reflection of a lovely French country pond with lily pads and other colorful flowers. We go thousands of miles away to the coastal plains of Texas and an old empty mission to reflect upon mortality.
After all that seriousness, we need a little bit of fun with shadows. As photographers, we do our best to avoid putting ourselves in the frame. But sometimes, making yourself part of the composition is just the right thing to do.
If you’ve made it this far, please download this issue of the Journal and view it in Adobe Acrobat Reader. The interactive features of the Journal will be available for your enjoyment when you use Adobe Acrobat Reader.
A Tranquil Pond
A Tranquil Pond
Pop culture calls it a “Happy Place.” While we give that phrase an eye roll, we all have such a place (or if we’re lucky more than one) where we feel immediately comfortable and at ease. It is a place where our worries and cares disappear, and we can think about the most important things in life.
For me, tranquility and calm are a necessary part of the creative process. This small pond is one of those places where peace and quiet are found in abundance. The short time spent walking around the pond was very satisfying. I wished I could have spent more than a few hours there.
Bamboo Forest and Boat on the River, Suzhou, China
Giverny, France
The famous water lily pond at Giverny, France, where Claude Monet spent his last years painting the same scene from different angles and times of day.
Giverny, France
The gardens of Giverny, created by the famous French painter Claude Monet, are a testament to his passion for nature and his artistic vision. The most iconic feature is the Japanese-inspired water garden, which includes a pond filled with lily pads and surrounded by a variety of colorful flowers and plants. This serene setting has inspired countless artists and visitors alike, offering a peaceful retreat from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.
Giverny, France
The famous garden of Claude Monet is a must-see for art lovers and nature enthusiasts alike. The garden features a beautiful pond with water lilies, a Japanese bridge, and a variety of colorful flowers. Visitors can also explore the house where Monet lived and worked, which is now a museum dedicated to his life and work.
Giverny, France
The famous garden of Claude Monet, where he spent his last years.
The pond at Giverny, France, is a serene and picturesque scene. The water is calm, reflecting the surrounding trees and foliage. A willow tree with its branches hanging down adds to the tranquil atmosphere. The colors of the leaves range from green to yellow, indicating the changing seasons. The overall mood of the image is peaceful and inviting, capturing the beauty of nature in its most serene form.
Six Word Project
Jess would only fix old cars.
La Bahia
La Bahia
Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga, also known as Mission La Bahia, is a Catholic mission established by the Spanish in 1722 near Goliad, Texas.
After the Battle of the Alamo, the Mexican Army’s next stop was the Mission La Bahia. The fate of the inhabitants of La Bahia was a foregone conclusion.
Standing on the ramparts of the Mission, I wondered what it would have been like to stand there and know that I would probably be dead in the next few days. Would I see things differently on those last few days? Would the walls look the same? Are the closed doors prophetic?
The courtyard of the Mission San José, San Antonio, Texas.
The cannon at the Alamo, looking out over the Alamo Plaza.
The image shows an old, weathered wall with a door and a small window. The wall has significant cracks and peeling paint, indicating age and exposure to the elements. The door is simple and appears to be made of wood, with a rectangular shape and a series of vertical slats. The window is octagonal in shape, adding a unique architectural detail to the structure. The ground in front of the wall is covered with grass, suggesting that the building is located outdoors. The overall scene evokes a sense of history and abandonment.
The cross atop the church is a symbol of faith and hope, standing tall against the backdrop of the sky. The bird perched on the roof adds a touch of life to the scene, reminding us of the connection between nature and spirituality.
The interior of the house is simple and functional, with a wooden table in the center of the room. The walls are made of adobe and the floor is covered with brick tiles. There is a small window on the right side of the room, allowing natural light to enter. A cross hangs on the wall above the window, indicating that the house may have been used for religious purposes. The overall atmosphere of the room is quiet and peaceful, suggesting that it was a place of solitude and reflection.
The Alamo, San Antonio, Texas
NO LONGER EMBARRASSED BY CHEESY LANDSCAPES
Me and My Shadow
Me and My Shadow
“Everyone” says landscape photographers are supposed to get up really early to be in position to experience the blue hour (just before dawn) and skip the cocktail hour and dinner to take advantage of the golden hour (just before sunset). These photographic hours are worshipped because of the extreme directional light and dramatic shadows.
What does one do when those dramatic shadows include the photographer?
Snap away, I say, and make yourself part of the image.
Lefler's Antiques
Furniture & Collectibles
Arthur's Collectibles & Books
LL. Lefler (c)
Sex
513! Private Residence
Memoration 2010
The Badlands of South Dakota are a unique and stunning landscape, characterized by their eroded rock formations and diverse ecosystem. These formations, created over millions of years through erosion and sedimentation, create a dramatic and otherworldly terrain. The Badlands are home to a variety of plant and animal species, including rare and endangered species, making them an important conservation area. Visitors can explore the region on foot or by vehicle, taking in the breathtaking views and learning about the area's rich history and geology.
Left: A shadow of a person waving on a sandy beach with a large rock in the foreground and waves crashing onto the shore.
Right: A shadow of a person holding a camera on a tripod, standing on a dry, cracked landscape with mountains in the background.
The Alabama Hills, located in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains of California, are a popular destination for photographers and nature enthusiasts. The area is known for its unique rock formations, which have been shaped by wind and water over millions of years. The hills are also home to a variety of wildlife, including bighorn sheep, mule deer, and mountain lions.
The Alabama Hills are part of the Inyo National Forest, which covers an area of 1.3 million acres. The forest is home to a diverse range of plant and animal species, including the endangered California condor. Visitors to the Alabama Hills can hike through the forest, camp in designated areas, or simply enjoy the stunning views from the top of the hills.
The Alabama Hills are also a popular location for film and television productions. The area has been used as a backdrop for movies such as "The Big Lebowski" and "The Dark Knight Rises." The unique rock formations and vast open spaces make the Alabama Hills an ideal location for filming.
In addition to their natural beauty, the Alabama Hills also have a rich cultural history. The area was once inhabited by the Paiute people, who used the hills as a source of food and water. Today, visitors can learn about the area's history at the Alabama Hills Visitor Center, which offers guided tours and exhibits on the region's geology and wildlife.
Overall, the Alabama Hills offer a unique and breathtaking experience for anyone who visits. Whether you're a photographer, hiker, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of nature, the Alabama Hills are definitely worth a visit.
What to Do with the Rest?
Most of the images photographers make are forgettable. That’s not a bad thing. Forgettable images are doing just what they are supposed to be doing; not making an impression and being forgotten. Not every photograph is a winner. Some rise to the level of art, some are just visual clues for some great memories and some are questionable. That would be questionable in the manner of “Where was I when I took that photograph?” not the questionable that was a breach of good taste.
The trouble with selecting these days is purely a question of volume. In the past, if I would go out with my view camera for a week of photography, I would be happy with forty exposed sheets of film. Selecting and editing with that quantity of images was fairly easy to do. With my digital camera it would be easy to get about two thousand images after a week. Then the problem becomes one of selecting and editing. A much more complicated and time consuming process just because of the number of images is so much larger.
And then once you have figured out how many images are “good enough” what is going to happen to the rest?
A Tranquil Pond
This lovely pond full of lilies surrounded by a beautiful garden is quite a famous place. Claude Monet lived across the street and often came over to paint the pond. His efforts at describing the place in visual terms are much better than my humble efforts. Even when lots of tourists visit the place there is a sense of calm and tranquility one experiences in this place. With enough time to enjoy the tranquility and the various seasons one would not need another subject for art.
La Bahia
I visited the Mission at Goliad almost fifty years ago. It is one of those out of the way places that is historically important. It was well preserved because it had not been discovered by tourists. I remember the quiet, the emptiness and the fate of those that chose to defend their land.
Me and My Shadow
Sometimes it is necessary to not be really serious when making photographs. Artists (including me) have the tendency to vastly overrate their importance to the world. At such times it necessary to poke fun at ourselves to remind ourselves that we create because it is fun.
This small project is another installment in the More Memories than Dreams Project.
Joe Lipka has shared his vision since he began photographing.
In the last thirty years, his photographs have appeared in over one hundred twenty juried exhibitions, more than twenty solo exhibitions and his images have been published in *LensWork*, *Black & White Photography* (UK) and F-Stop Magazines.
His website www.joelipkaphoto.com has continuously evolved since it was launched in 2004. His blog *Postcards from the Creative Journey*, published weekly since 2010, feature a photograph and a little bit of writing.
His newest blog, *The Daily Photograph*, is simply that. A new and interesting image posted every morning at 8:00 AM.
---
**COLOPHON**
*The Lipka Journal, August, 2022*
*Joe Lipka*
© 2022 Joe Lipka Photography
Web site: [www.joelipkaphoto.com](http://www.joelipkaphoto.com)
Blog: [http://blog.joelipkaphoto.com/](http://blog.joelipkaphoto.com/)
Blog: [https://joelipkaphoto.typepad.com/the_daily_photograph/](https://joelipkaphoto.typepad.com/the_daily_photograph/)
*The contents of this computer media are copyrighted materials*
*Please note that this computer file has been provided as a consumer product for the private and non-commercial use of the purchaser only. Its’ contents are copyrighted in its entirety and may not be duplicated by any means without the consent of Joe Lipka or his heirs. Each article, portfolio and photographic image is copyrighted by the author and may not be duplicated for any purpose or by any means without his consent.*
All Rights Reserved.
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DHFL Pramerica Asset Managers Private Limited
2
nd
Floor, Nirlon House, Dr. A.B. Road, Worli, Mumbai - 400 030.
Tel: +91 22 6159 3000; Fax: +91 22 6159 3100; CIN: U74900MH2008FTC187029 Toll Free No.: 1800 266 2667; Website: www.dhflpramericamf.com
NOTICE CUM ADDENDUM [No. 19 of 2018-19]
NOTICE CUM ADDENDUM TO THE SCHEME INFORMATION DOCUMENT (SID) AND KEY INFORMATION MEMORANDUM (KIM) OF DHFL PRAMERICA GLOBAL AGRIBUSINESS OFFSHORE FUND
Change in the Fundamental Attributes of DHFL Pramerica Global Agribusiness Offshore Fund NOTICE is hereby given that DHFL Pramerica Trustee Company Limited, Trustees to DHFL Pramerica Mutual Fund vide resolution dated June 6, 2018, has approved the following changes to the fundamental attributes of DHFL Pramerica Global Agribusiness Offshore Fund (the "Scheme"), effective from October 17, 2018 ("Effective Date").
Particulars
Existing Scheme Features
Proposed Scheme Features
Name of the Fund
Type of scheme
Investment
Objective
Name of the und
er lying fund
Investment
Strategy
Asset Allocation
Product labeling
Benchmark
DHFL Pramerica Global Agribusiness Offshore Fund An open ended fund of fund scheme investing in Deutsche Invest I Global Agribusiness
The primary investment objective of the scheme is to seek to generate long-term capital growth by investing predominantly in units of overseas mutual funds, focusing on agriculture and/or would be direct and indirect beneficiaries of the anticipated growth in the agriculture and/or affiliated/allied sectors.
However, there can be no assurance that the investment objective of the Scheme will be achieved. The Scheme
does not guarantee/indicate any returns.
Deutsche Invest I Global Agribusiness
The scheme will predominantly invest in the units of Deutsche Invest I Global Agribusiness (the Underlying Fund), and or similar mutual funds, having an investment objective, strategy & risk profile similar to the stated underlying fund.
The investment style of the underlying Fund is a combination of value & growth. The fund management will invest into all principal areas of global agribusiness and will take further opportunities by investing into promising companies along the entire food chain.
About Deutsche Invest I Global Agribusiness (the Underlying Fund):
Investment objective and policy: The objective of the investment policy of Deutsche Invest I Global Agribusiness is to achieve an appreciation as high as possible of capital invested.
At least 70% of the underlying fund's assets are invested in shares, share certificates, convertible bonds, convertible debentures and warrant-linked bonds whose underlying warrants are for securities, participation and dividend-right certificates, and equity warrants of foreign and domestic issuers having their principal business activity in or profiting from the agricultural industry. The relevant companies operate within the multilayered food value chain. This includes companies involved in the cultivation, harvesting, planning, production, processing, service and distribution of agricultural products (forestry and agriculture companies, tool and agricultural machine manufacturers, companies in the food industry such as wine, cattle and meat producers and processors, supermarkets and chemical companies).
DHFL Pramerica Global Equity Opportunities Fund An open ended fund of fund scheme investing in PGIM Jennison Global Equity Opportunities Fund
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|---|---|---|---|
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|---|---|---|---|
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Authorized Signatory
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+ 44 (0)1932 506 173
[email protected] www.yacht-sentinel.com
Prices are subject to changes without notice. They exclude VAT and shipping cost.
UNIT 230, 222 KENSAL ROAD, LONDON, W10 5BN, UK
PRICE LIST
+ 44 (0)1932 506 173
[email protected] www.yacht-sentinel.com
Prices are subject to changes without notice. They exclude VAT and shipping cost.
UNIT 230, 222 KENSAL ROAD, LONDON, W10 5BN, UK
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[email protected] www.yacht-sentinel.com
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Outdoor Educator Position
Organizational Overview
The St. Croix River Association (SCRA) is the voice of the river and the only conservation organization with a watershedwide scope in the St. Croix River basin. As the friends group for the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (Riverway), we support and complement the National Park Service's work within the Riverway. Our focus is to increase people's awareness and appreciation of the River, and protect the rich natural and cultural resources of the Riverway.
Position Summary
The primary role of the Outdoor Educator is to manage the Rivers Are Alive K-12 program, in collaboration with the Riverway and other partners. They will work in a variety of environments, including our national park both on land and water, in classrooms, and in other venues for a wide variety of audiences varying in ages from pre-K to adults. Some program development responsibilities, especially curriculum writing and revision, are also required. The successful candidate will have the opportunity to work with a fun team of professionals dedicated to achieving the mission of SCRA and the Riverway, including SCRA and National Park Service staff, and many other partners.
Core Responsibilities
* Present general science, nature, and environmental education content to a diverse population of learners, including students and teachers
* Develop curriculum, deliver student-centered classroom and field trip programs in every season, and recruit, schedule school programs, and communicate program details to teachers
* Track program numbers and outcomes and evaluate activities to measure success and determine future needs and strategies
* Recruit, train, support, and appreciate Rivers Are Alive volunteers
* Work closely with Riverway Interpretation and Education Manager to schedule activities and coordinate logistics with other staff and volunteers
* Present thematic naturalist interpretive programs to diverse audiences on and off the river
* Other duties as assigned
* Assist with SCRA Outside adventures, stewardship activities, and other public programming
Qualifications
* Experience with leading outdoor and outdoor education activities for students in K-12
* Degree in natural resource interpretation, outdoor recreation, education, or related field
* Capable of working independently and as part of a team, detail-oriented, highly organized, and able to manage multiple projects and tasks at once
* Excellent oral and written communication skills
* Ability to communicate effectively and work collaboratively with other educators, school administrators, Riverway staff, outside partners, and volunteers
* Proficient with Microsoft Office products
* Must be a US citizen or permanent resident with a valid driver's license
* Physically able to lead programs which may include hiking, paddling, biking, and other recreational activities, and some night and weekend hours
This is a full-time, year-round position with the duty station at the SCRA office in St. Croix Falls, WI, and with a starting wage of $18 hourly plus benefits. A fingerprint and background check is required for the successful candidate. Send resume and cover letter to [email protected] by Wednesday, March 25. The position will be open until filled.
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The Motion Path Study of Measuring Robot Based on Variable Universe Fuzzy Control
Ma Guoqing, Yu Zhenglin, Cao Guohua, Zhang Ruoyan and Zheng Yanbin
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022
Abstract. For the problem of measuring robot requires a higher positioning, firstly learning about the error overview of the system, analysed the influence of attitude, speed and other factors on systematic errors. Then collected and analyzed the systematic error curve in the track to complete the planning process. The last adding fuzzy control in both cases, by comparing with the original system, can found that the method based on fuzzy control system can significantly reduce the error during the motion.
1 Introduction
Robots are complex mechatronic system and easily influenced by external and self structure [1]. Modern control technology for solving robot self-adaptation, self-learning ability provides a powerful help. At present, the common robot control technology includes adaptive control, robust control, optimal control, neural network control and sliding mode control.
Chang-Min Ko take a heavy industrial robot as the research object, PI control and fuzzy PD control are studied respectively. The result proves that the fuzzy PD control is more effective [2]. Yu mingliang designed the fuzzy PD control and separate integral control for the mobile robot, simulation results show that the tracking error of the robot becomes very small [3]. The fuzzy control was applied to a three freedom parallel robot by Jingjun Zhang [4]. To prove the control precision of the robot is improved by using fuzzy control, ADAMS and MATLAB joint simulation were used; Gao yanfeng proved that the predictive fuzzy control is more advantage than traditional fuzzy controller by arc seam tracking experiments [5].
2 Establish a model of measuring robot
Robot kinematics study the relationship between the each joint variable and the end position, in order to describe movement or rotation relationship between the joint and the end. Denavit and Hartenberg put forward DH parameter method. This section establishing the robot joint coordinates (as shown in Fig. 1) based on DH parameter method. Its corresponding DH parameters as shown in Table 1.
$\theta$ is joint angle, which represents angle between the $x_{i-1}$ and $x_i$ axis about the $z_{i-1}$ axis;
$d$ is link offset, which represents the distance from the origin of frame $i-1$ to the $x_i$ axis along the $z_{i-1}$ axis;
$\alpha$ is link twist, which represents the angle from $z_{i-1}$ axis to the $z_i$ axis about the $x_i$ axis;
$a$ is link length, which represents the distance from the the $z_{i-1}$ axis and the $z_{i-1}$ axis along the $x_i$ axis, for intersecting axis is parallel to $z_{i-1} \times z_i$;
| Axis | $\alpha$ ($^\circ$) | $a$ (m) | $\theta$ ($^\circ$) | $d$ (mm) |
|------|---------------------|--------|-------------------|---------|
| 1 | -90 | 0.150 | 0 | 0.173 |
| 2 | 0 | 0.000 | -90 | 0.161 |
| 3 | -90 | 0.125 | 0 | 0.000 |
| 4 | 90 | 0.000 | 0 | 0.640 |
| 5 | -90 | 0.000 | 0 | 0.000 |
| 6 | 0 | 0.090 | 0 | 0.266 |
3 PID parameters optimization based on variable universe fuzzy theory
For a low stiffness series system such as a measurement robot, with a PID parameters cannot meet the control precision of the system obviously. Controller can adjust PID parameters according to the system overshoot and...
time, steady-state error, and so on, in order to achieve the purpose of optimal control. The detailed process is as follows: the object of fuzzy control is proportional gain $k_p$, integral gain $k_i$ and differential gain $k_d$. For the velocity $k_{v0}$ and acceleration feed-forward coefficient $k_{a0}$. After initial position on the robot manually setting will no longer changed.
3.1 The design of fuzzy controller
3.1.1 Language and language variable value
Fuzzy language is used to describe an object by fuzzy control, fuzzy control objects has 5. Set the language of error variable is $E$, linguistic variable error rate of change of $E$, the proportional gain correction amount of linguistic variables is $\Delta K_p$, integral gain correction amount of linguistic variables is $\Delta K_i$, differential gain correction amount of linguistic variables is $\Delta K_d$. They are the domain \{-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3\} the corresponding language is \{NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB\}, expressed great negative, negative, small medium large zero, forward small medium, large forward great.
3.1.2 Language membership function values
Membership function of fuzzy control is mainly used for object describe the extent of the value, the language is related to the actual situation of this system and the objects understanding and judgment of operator. Membership function in compliance with objective reality as the standard, the membership function have many form, commonly used trigonometric functions, Gaussian function and so on, using the trigonometric functions in this project as shown in Fig. 2, the membership function of the specific value show in Table 2:
| input | $-\mu_e$ | -3 | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|-------|----------|----|----|----|---|---|---|---|
| E | | | | | | | | |
| NB | 1 | 0.65 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NM | 0.7 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NS | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ZO | 0 | 0.3 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| PS | 0 | 0 | 0.35 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0 |
| PM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.35 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
| PB | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.7 |
3.1.3 Language and language variable value
Fuzzy rules is composed of a series of fuzzy conditional statement, each statement on behalf of a relationship, such as when the error and error change rate is great. The output of the $\Delta K_p$ negative is great, This statement can be represented as IF $E = PB$ and $E_c = PB$ THEN $\Delta K_p = NB$. Fuzzy rules to a large extent affected the effect of fuzzy control. Here according to the experience of the engineering practice, set up $\Delta K_p$, $\Delta K_i$ and $\Delta K_d$, fuzzy rule shown in Table 3.
| $K_p$ | NB | NM | NS | ZO | PS | PM | PB |
|-------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| E | | | | | | | |
| NB | PB | PB | PM | PM | PS | ZO | ZO |
| NM | PB | PB | PM | PS | PS | ZO | NS |
| NS | PM | PM | PS | PS | ZO | NS | NS |
| ZO | PM | PS | PS | ZO | NS | NM | NM |
| PS | PS | PS | ZO | NS | NS | NM | NM |
| PM | PS | ZO | NS | NM | NM | NB | NB |
| PB | ZO | ZO | NM | NM | NM | NB | NB |
3.1.4 Defuzzification
The result is a collection of fuzzy reasoning, the process of transforming the fuzzy set to the output is called fuzzy solution, fuzzy methods include weighted average method and the maximum membership degree method. Maximum membership degree method, just as its name implies is to maximum membership degree in fuzzy set value corresponding linguistic variables as output. Set the output fields to A, then the output value of the maximum membership degree method is;
$$U = \{e^* | \mu(e^*) > \mu(e), e, e^* \in A\}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1)
In the actual situation of Chinese style $e^*$ may have more than one, then you can take the average or maximum minimum value, this article USES the method of minimum maximum, the description is as follows;
$$U = \text{Min}\{e^* | \mu(e^*) > \mu(e), e, e^* \in A\}$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
3.1.5 Variable universe factor
In fuzzy control, as the error decreases, error corresponding language variable values can also reduce accordingly. This will affect the precision of the fuzzy control, but the introduction of the theory of domain factor can contribute to real-time expansion theory domain. Improve the fine degree of control. In the literature [6] puts forward a new theory of variable domain factor, not only few parameters and is also small amount of calculation, front design, with reference to the literatur [7] to be considered at the same time, designed variable domain factors as follows:
$$\tau(x) = \lambda^{-1} |x|^{\lambda} + \varepsilon \quad (0 < \lambda < 1)$$ \hspace{1cm} (3)
in the type: $\lambda$ - scaling factor parameters, this article take 0.5 $c$ - the smallest positive number, this article take 0.001: Literature pointed out that the theory of variable domain factor in theory domain $U=[3 \ 3]$ need to meet the dual character, avoid zero, monotonicity, coordination and normality. For type (3) the variable domain factor to fully meet the above requirements.
4 The fuzzy optimization experiments of measuring robot path
4.1 The design of fuzzy controller
In Table 4 for the experiment of four posture of the robot, under the initial posture has completed the system manual adjustment of PID parameters, take 1 shaft, the step response as shown in Fig. 3 (a). Now by robot step response under different attitude to observe attitude of the influence of system error, this article selects three kinds of typical gesture, concrete numerical value shown in table 6. Tests found only 1 shaft has obvious change under the three attitude dynamic performance.
Fig. 3(b)/3(c)/3(d) in addition to position 3, the remaining 1 shaft dynamic performance under two kinds of gestures are getting worse, step response show obvious fluctuation. Contrast three kinds of attitude discovery, all dynamic performance with poor posture.
(a) step response of initial posture
(b) step response of pose1
(c) step response of pose2
(d) step response of pose3
Figure. 3. The step response of 1 axis in different posture
Table 4. Pose data of robot(uint (^°)).
| pose | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 |
|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| pose1| -1.83| 18.95| -12.86| -18.95| -14.40| -15.32|
| pose2| 0 | 26.68| 20.57 | 18.95 | 24.00 | 38.30 |
| pose3| -31.81| -18.95| 2.57 | -12.63| 9.60 | 7.66 |
4.2. The change of system error in the motion
From the previous section, the big arm forward 1 shaft dynamic performance is poorer, so when planning robot trajectory. Ensure the protraction of the big arm as far as possible. This paper shows a way to teach the planning of a straight line (two points determine a straight line) and a circular arc (three points to determine a circular arc). Concrete numerical value shown in table 5 and table 6. The speed of the robot is 90 mm/s and 70 mm/s in the finish line and arc trajectory.
Table 5. Trajectory data of line(uint (^°))
| Axis Point | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 |
|------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| origin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Start | -43.24| 26.22| 15.21| -31.01| -23.79| -42.27|
| end | -57.73| 55.91| 33.20| 19.48 | -39.36| -42.28|
Table 6. Trajectory data of circle(uint (^°))
| Axis Point | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 |
|------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| origin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apoint | 0.05 | 34.12| 27.83| 0.01 | -48.67| 0.02 |
| Bpoint | -20.50| 25.56| 14.09| 16.15| -46.63| -28.32|
| Cpoint | -11.46| -3.81| -20.97| 10.52| -38.89| -17.66|
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 is spindle motor error variation of 1 shaft in the motion of robot, can see from the diagram, whether a straight line trajectory or circular trajectory, and can match with velocity changes. In the process of robot movement, the following error is the dominance in error sources, and the error is relatively large. Linear and circular arc in the process of movement error range respectively is [285.83, 2443.26] and [226.42, 361.73], unit is pulse.
Now as an example, analysis the change of the error in a straight line motion, for the convenience of description. Set 1 shaft motor corresponding to the origin, the position of the starting point and end point of A, B, C respectively. As shown in Fig. 5, when the motor 1 received instructions from A to B, motor acceleration
instantaneous added to a larger values, making speed up in a short time. The resulting is follow error also rising sharply, when the speed reaches a certain value when the basic remain unchanged. At this point, the following error is similar to the horizontal line, will soon arrived at point B, speed quickly dropped to zero speed error caused by suddenly disappeared. 1 is the above process in Fig. 7, 2 is 1 shaft spindle motor curves in the process of the robot in a straight line (from B to C), the motor is reverse. The speed is negative. There for when the error is negative, due to the robot slower (90 mm/s). At this time of the error value relative to the previous inhibits PTP (A to B) are smaller. The formation of 3 and 1 are similar, just the distance of the robot walk further, speed is relatively large, so the error value also rose slightly.
Through the above analysis that can draw the following conclusion, the following error in the process of movement is the main error; he greater the velocity and acceleration, the greater the error also; the plus or minus of error depend on the direction of speed.
### 4.3. Experiment and analysis
To make up for the defects, this article into the fuzzy adaptive control. Through the optimization of PID parameters to further reduce the error.
Consider safety factors, in practical applications, the PID parameters, set the upper and lower limits, effect of the fuzzy control is shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, you can see that the feedforward, fuzzy control effect is more obvious.
In linear motion, for example, when the error suddenly rises, fuzzy control quickly down the overshoot (1) in Fig. 6. Once to set the upper and lower limit of PID parameters, PID parameters will not change, the error of line approximation (2 in Fig. 6). After movement has stopped, the speed of error caused by rapidly disappearing. At this time of the error is mainly composed of noise, friction factors, such as its value in the range of 3 cts change. Due to the change range is relatively small. Approximation error line is a horizontal line (3) in Fig. 7.
Here it should be pointed out that, the robot in the movement process and motion stops, the main factors causing error are not the same. So use movement at the end of the optimization of the PID parameters to adjust the system error of resting, the effect is not very ideal. This topic research the repositioning precision of the robot in between 0.06mm, the PID value of manual setting in the system when the speed suddenly 0 means that the error of the effect is satisfying, so when the velocity is zero, PID value is given the system initialization.
Mentioned earlier, the PID value is set the upper and lower, many times experiments show that the PID adjustable range is wide, error drop, the more obvious. But if the PID adjustment range is too wide, PID values has far deviated from initial value when speed is zero, if once the speed is zero at this time, PID suddenly give initial value, when system occur large overshoot and oscillation, it will be stabilized at about 20cts even after the shock elimination of error value. This is deadly, because it will greatly influence the positioning precision of the system repeated, so the PID upper and lower’s setting needs to be appropriate. After many experiments, can found, when the quantitative factor was set to 0.1, the scaling factor is set to change PID parameters in between, and the tracking accuracy and repeat positioning accuracy
are in good level (see Table 9 and Table 10). As shown in figure1, because suddenly initialise cause slight overshoot, the super tone value for 9 cts, but it can be seen that overshoot is almost just a moment, then the system back to the ideal level (3 cts) Visible is reasonable setting in front of the upper and lower limits. Table 9 and Table 10 is the optimization effect compared with the before.
**Table 7.** Set of quantization and scaling factor
| factor | E | Eₙ | ΔKₚ | ΔKᵢ | ΔKᵣ |
|--------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| vale | 10 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
**Table 8.** PID parameter range of motor 1
| parameters | Kₚ | Kᵢ | Kᵣ |
|------------|------|------|------|
| initial | 290 | 380 | 410 |
| range | [220,360] | [310,450] | [340,480] |
**Table 9.** Effect comparison before and after optimization (Line)
| scheme | max error(cts) | primeval | fuzzy control |
|--------|----------------|----------|---------------|
| process| | | |
| origin->Start | 1426.22 | 254.19 |
| Start->end | -286.18 | -32.22 |
| end->Start | 2443.26 | 418.27 |
| Speed of 0 | 2.99 | 2.96 |
**Table 10.** Effect comparison before and after optimization (circle)
| scheme | max error(cts) | primeval | fuzzy control |
|--------|----------------|----------|---------------|
| process| | | |
| forward direction | 362.33 | 77.62 |
| negative direction | -226.64 | -37.36 |
| Speed of 0 | 2.96 | 2.96 |
**5 Summary**
Analysed the influence of attitude, speed and other factors on systematic errors, planed the two trajectories (lines and circles), collected and analyzed the systematic error curve in the track to complete the planning process, added fuzzy control in both cases, by comparing with the original system, can found that the method based on fuzzy control system can significantly reduce the error during the motion path. This provide a basis for conduct robot motion path planning and optimization based on fuzzy adaptive control in the future.
**References**
1. Matveev A S, Hoy M, Katupitiya J, et al. Nonlinear sliding mode control of an unmanned agricultural tractor in the presence of sliding and control saturation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, **61**(9): 973-987, (2013).
2. Chang-Min Ko, Seung-Kyu Park, Tae-Sung Yoon, et al. Comparative Study of Fuzzy PD Control and PI Control for Heavy Duty Robot. International Conference on Industrial Technology, (2009).
3. Yuming Liang, Lihong Xu, Ruihua Wei, et al. Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Trajectory Tracking of Mobile Robot. International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Taipei, Taiwan: 4755-4760, (2010).
4. Jingjun Zhang, Chaoyang Lian, Ruizhen Gao, et al. 3-Degree-of-freedom Parallel Robot Control Based Fuzzy Theory. International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics: 221-224, (2010).
5. Gao yanfeng, Zhang hua, Mao zhiwei, et al. Predictive Fuzzy Control for a Mobile Welding Robot Seam Tracking. World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation: 2271-2276, (2008).
6. Cheng Shao, Dong Xiwen, Wang Xiaofang, etc. Variable Universe Fuzzy Controller Selection Factor telescopic. Information and Control, **39**(5): 536-541, (2010).
7. Li Hongxing variable universe adaptive fuzzy controller. Science in China: Series E, **29**(1): 32-42, (1999).
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We are hiring...
A full-time Innovation Centre Manager to successfully manage the day-to-day running of the ECOS Centre and provide a professional and comprehensive service to all tenants and users of Catalyst Inc
Key Information
- Full time and attendance at occasional evening and weekend events.
- Circa £25,000 per year depending on experience
- Competitive benefit package
- This post will be based at The ECOS Centre, Ballymena
- Reporting to Director of Corporate Real Estate and Facilities.
- Apply by Application form only
- Closing date is Monday, 10th April 2017 at 10am
- Interviews will be held on Wednesday, 12th April 2017
Catalyst Inc
Catalyst Inc is a not-for-profit organisation that invests the surplus generated from our agile workspace and facilities, providing the underwriting necessary for the community-led development of our entrepreneurial innovation ecosystem. Key to our model is the co-location of major technology corporations, world-class research and start-ups. Over 2,600 engineers, researchers, entrepreneurs and executives work in our campuses in Belfast, Derry/Londonderry and Ballymena. Our mission is to provide the home, networks and empathy to nurture anyone with the talent and ambition to produce world leading products and services.
Our Vision for Northern Ireland
A community of innovators so powerful that its people can change the world. Northern Ireland will become one of the most entrepreneurial knowledge economies in Europe by 2030.
Functions
Operational
1. Liaison and management of relationships with tenants of the Centre
2. Manage any refurbishment, renovations and office moves.
3. To market and represent Catalyst Inc and develop relationships with key strategic partners and stakeholders in NI, including mid & east Antrim, to ensure local support for the project, with the aim of maximising occupancy and collaboration.
4. Draft, negotiate and execute contracts, license agreements and other documentation.
5. Serve as point of contract for tenants and customers on contractual matters ensuring timely review and approval of variations.
6. Maintain contractual records and documentation such as receipt and control of all contract correspondence, customer contact information sheets
7. Negotiating the best deals with contractors and suppliers.
8. The management of services such as cleaning, waste disposal, catering and parking.
9. Maintaining awareness of Health and Safety issues in compliance with the company policy.
10. The management of building services management systems and access control – training will be provided.
11. Organisation of Information and Communication Technology to ensure continuity and development of service and provision of services to tenants.
12. The management of services such as cleaning, waste disposal, catering and parking.
13. Liaise with relevant council contractors and partners to ensure all maintenance defects or issues are resolved quickly and without too much disruption to tenants.
14. Responding appropriately to emergencies or urgent issues as they arise and dealing with the consequences.
Events
15. Taking responsibility for all event enquiries taking the booking through to delivery.
16. Proactively selling the venue and its facilities to new clients and generate bookings
17. Taking responsibility for the sales and marketing of the ECOS Innovation centre, including pricing, promotions and raising brand profile.
18. Attend local networking events to increase the profile of the centre with local community, business and media networks.
19. Work closely with internal catering provider to ensure a high quality of event delivery
20. Event management duties including setting up rooms for functions/meetings, which will include set up/take down furniture (chairs, tables, etc.)
21. Setting up and managing audio/visual, tele and video-conferencing technology for functions/meetings.
Programmes
22. Collaborate with programme managers to ensure a high quality of event delivery
23. To support the delivery of programme activities by coordinating and engaging in efficient and effective communications with key stakeholders.
24. Assisting in the social and electronic media channels promoting programme activity
25. To meet regularly with tenants collectively and individually to collate necessary data on growth, performance and satisfaction levels
26. Plan and organise regular tenant introduction sessions and social events.
**Administration**
27. Management of the reception administration including the smooth running of the reception area, dealing with incoming/outgoing telephone calls and mail, organisation and liaison with visitors and tenants.
28. Maintain a reliable database of existing tenants, users and prospective contacts.
29. Assist with the invoicing process to ensure payments are properly processed.
**Other**
30. Keep abreast of current and new developments in event management and all relevant areas.
## Person Specification
| Areas to be assessed | Essential | Desirable |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Qualifications** | • Educated to third level
OR
• Equivalent BTEC qualification AND relevant event management experience (2 years +) | • Educated to third level in a related subject such as business or marketing |
| **Experience/knowledge** | • Understanding of the importance of providing a good customer service and the reputational and financial impact on the business.
• Experience of working with a wide variety of people - customers, service providers, etc.
• Experience of working in a similar role such as sales/event/hospitality management
• Experience of working with technology, for example, audio visual, tele and video-conferencing, Wi-Fi, etc. | • Knowledge of building services installations.
• Knowledge of relevant statutory regulations for management of building facilities. |
| **Skills/qualities** | • Proficient in Microsoft Office, e.g., Outlook, Word, PowerPoint, Excel
• Ability to communicate clearly both orally and in writing
• Strong analytical and problem solving skills
• Strong attention to detail and the ability to work under pressure
• Excellent organisational skills
• A proven team player
• Self-motivated
• Ability to build and maintain relationships | • Experience of using CAD
• Qualified First Aider
• Qualification in Health and Safety
• Experienced networker |
| **Special requirements** | • Proof of right to work in the UK
• Flexibility to travel between sites
• On occasions to work evenings and weekends for events
• Ability to set up/take down tables, chairs etc. and to sort/deliver mail
• Ability to deal with onsite problems which may arise, on a timely basis
• Full current driving licence or working towards obtaining a driver’s license (valid in the UK) and access to a car or *access to a form of transport which will permit the applicant to carry out the duties of the post in full | |
Criteria may be enhanced to aid shortlisting. Exceptional candidates who do not meet the criteria may be considered for the role provided they have the necessary skills and experience *This relates only to any person who had declared that they have a disability, which debars them from driving.
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FEBRUARY 2020 REPORT
TECH
CHECKPOINT
KC vs US JOB POSTINGS
KC | 3,874 US | 575,363
+471
since Jan '20
+42,312
since Jan '20
TOP 10 OCCUPATIONS
TOP 10 Certifications
TOP 10 Skills
TOP 10 Hirers of Tech Talent
Report produced by the KC Tech Council | kctechcouncil.com
Data source: TalentNeuron by CEB Global, a Gartner Company | gartner.com
This data was collected early February, 2020.
TECH
CHECKPOINT
DATA TREND REPORT
FEBRUARY 2020
Thought leadership provided by ECCO Select
DATA INSIGHT
February is off and running with increases in postings, new certifications, and skills to meet the innovative demands for 2020. Following a post-holiday lull in January, the United States' open job postings for February increased by 7.6% from January. Similarly, Kansas City experienced an increase in open postings of 12.9%.
The Top 10 Occupations had a mix of activity for February. Software Engineer has reached the number one spot with 967 postings this month. Application Developer continues to fall to the bottom with -26 postings. Software Developer and Systems Engineer remain steady at 426 and 424 postings for February.
February's Top 10 Certifications continues to be led by Security Clearance; however, this certification decreased this month with -16 postings. Secret Security Clearance is a new certification to make the Top 10, with 132 postings. PMP had the most significant increase for February at +56 postings.
The Top 10 Skills for February had increases across the board. Computer Science continues to lead the Top 10 at +178, and Information Technology has the second-largest increase with +123 postings. For February, there are two new skills to make the Top 10, Architecture (488) and Information Systems (471).
The Top 10 Hirers of Tech Talent in February had several increases this month. Avacend, Inc. continues to lead the Top 10 Hirers of Tech Talent with 254 postings (+31). Oracle is the only hirer this month to experience a decrease in postings (-28). The new returning hirer of Tech Talent for February is Sprint Corporation (last seen in December 2019) with 77 postings. Perspecta joins the Top 10 Hirers of Tech Talent this month with 66 postings.
EMERGING IT MARKET TRENDS
The holidays are over, IT companies are in full speed ahead with 2020 initiatives, and we are approaching a 3-month gap before the next Federal holiday. Employee burn out in the information technology industry is a real concern for most employers. Tight deadlines, overnight shifts, and limited subject matter experts make it nearly impossible for employees to take time off. A recent study found that 37% of em ployees do not use their PTO, which results in 169 million vacation days lost, amounting to $52.4 billion (Runyon). Common reasons why employees do not use PTO include:
- Lack of additional resources to absorb responsibilities
- Confusing, negative, or vague PTO policies
- Impossible to disconnect from daily operations (Runyon)
It is a no brainer that taking time off improves employee engagement, productivity, and culture. Many information technology companies struggle to create an adequate support structure to allow shift changes, cross-training, and task reallocation.
ECCO Select has been refining information technology best practices for 25 years. ECCO Select offers competitive employee benefits packages and encourages time off for all associates. Reach out to ECCO Select today to see how we can help your team create a support
ive IT structure to increase your company's productivity and success for 2020.
Author: John McBride | Senior Client Development Executive [email protected]
Runyon, Mark. "Stop 'Vacation Shaming' Your IT Staff." InformationWeek, IT Network, 7 Feb. 2020, www.informationweek.com/strategic-cio/team-build ing-and-staffing/stop-vacation-shaming-your-it-staff/a/d-id/1336884?
GET IN TOUCH
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Pennsylvania State Association for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Inc.
Code: 215
9/09
OPERATING CODE FOR THE CONVENTION MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
I. Name of Committee
The name of this committee shall be Convention Management Committee of the Pennsylvania State Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Inc. (PSAHPERD).
II. Type of Committee
The Convention Management Committee is a Standing Committee
III. Purpose
The purpose of the Convention Management Committee shall be to plan, promote, finance and conduct the annual PSAHPERD Convention.
IV. Structure (membership/terms of service)
The Chair of the Convention Management Committee, hereinafter referred to as the Convention Manager, shall be selected by the PSAHPERD President-elect subject to an Executive Board approval. The Convention Manager will manage the Convention during the President-elect's Presidential year. This Committee shall consist of a Convention Manager, Convention Program Chair, and Subcommittees as hereinafter provided.
A. Qualifications
a. Present member of the PSAHPERD
1. Committee Chair (Convention Manager)
b. Prior service on the Committee
2. Committee Members (Subcommittee Chairs)
c. Two times minimum attendance at the PSAHPERD Convention
a. Present member of the PSAHPERD
3. Subcommittee Members
b. Two times minimum attendance at the PSAHPERD Convention
a. Present member of PSAHPERD
b. Interest in Convention Management Committee
B. Term
2. The Convention Management Committee members (except the Convention Program Chair) shall be appointed by the Convention Manager for a one-year term and are eligible for reappointment
1. The Convention Manager is approved for a two-year term. (first year preparation and the second year manage)
3. The Subcommittee members shall be appointed by the Convention Manager for a one-year term and are eligible for reappointment.
C. Membership
a. Convention Manager
1. Membership on this committee shall include the following:
b. Convention Program Chair
c. Convention Subcommittee Chairs to include but not limited to:
-Treasurer
-Registration
-Banquet
-AV/Equipment Coordinator
-Social
-Photographer
-Publicity
-Records
-Exhibits/Demonstrations
-Membership
-Student Activities
-In-service (Act 48)
d. Subcommittee members
-Convention Services (hospitality /transportation)
2. The Convention Manager serves on the PSAHPERD Executive Board and the Representative Assembly
V. Responsibilities and Procedures
1. Upon assuming the position, the Convention Manager shall perform the duties designated in the Operating Code and as assigned by the PSAHPERD President
A. Organization
2. The Convention Manager shall attend and participate in all PSAHPERD Executive Board Meetings
b. Spring
a. Convention upon assuming office (Sunday AM)
c. Fall
3. The Convention Manager shall regularly communicate with the PSAHPERD Executive Committee and the Convention Program Manager
d. Beginning of Annual Convention (Thursday PM)
4. The Convention Manager shall call and preside over meetings of the Committee as needed.
B. Policies and Procedures
a. Shall serve as the spokesperson for the Committee
1. General Responsibilities During Term of Office
b. Shall become familiar with the PSAHPERD Constitution and Bylaws, the Operating Code, Applied Strategic Plan (ASP), and budgets (PSAHPERD General Budget and Convention Budget)
d. Prepare and submit reports in the proper format
c. Attend and participate in the PSAHPERD Executive Board meetings and the Representative Assembly
e. Review the Convention Site Contract and become familiar with the site
f. Establish a working relationship and serve as the liaison with the hotel management and the hotel convention coordinator
and specifics for Convention planning and management
g. Advise and consult with the President on protocols and time sensitive issues for Convention
h. Oversee and direct all aspects of the Convention
i. Serve as the key trouble-shooter and problem-solver at Convention
. Regular communications with Committee members
j. Prepare and distribute the Final Convention Report
l. Attend and participate in the Annual Convention
n. Copy all official correspondence to the Executive Committee
m. Review and suggest revisions to the Operating Code as necessary
o. Provide information to keep publications current (Website, Newsletters, Journals, etc.)
q. Oversee and monitor the Convention Budget
p. Submit expense vouchers in a timely manner for payment throughout the year with all vouchers due by December 15 to the appropriate person (Executive Director for General Budget or Convention Treasurer for the Convention Budget)
r. Approve and sign all Convention Expense vouchers as budgeted
2. Specific Duties in Preparation for the Position Following Executive Board Approval
b. Review the Convention Site Contract and become familiar with the site and specifics for Convention planning and management
a. Communicate with the President-elect and the Convention Program Manager concerning plans and time lines for the following year's Convention
c. Prepare the agenda and inform appropriate attendees of the time and place for the Convention Planning Meeting for the next year to be held at the current Convention.
e. Shadow the current Convention Manager during the Convention
d. Preside at the Convention Planning Meeting to be held at the current convention for the upcoming Convention
f. Solicit and appoint Subcommittee Chairs for the next year's Convention and obtain contact information
g. Coordinate the production of save-the-date publicity to be available for distribution at the current Convention and throughout the year
3. Specific Duties Immediately Upon Taking Office
b. Update the directory with contact information as will be printed on the Website and in the Winter Journal
a. Attend the "new" PSAHPERD Executive Board meeting following convention
c. Read the "Conflict of Interest Policy" and sign the provided form in compliance
e. Review Journal responsibilities – see Addendum
d. Review the "Fraudulent or Dishonest Conduct and Whistleblower Policy Statement"
f. Confirm all Committee members and contact information to be printed on the Website and in the Winter Journal.
4. Specific Duties Prior to Spring Executive Board Meeting
b. Establish a contact with the hotel convention coordinator
a. Communicate with Committee members and review their responsibilities
c. Coordinate socials and food functions provided during the Spring
the Spring Convention Planning Meeting
meetings in consultation with the President and the Executive Director d. Arrange a site tour for the Convention Planning Committee to occur at
e. Prepare the agenda and inform appropriate attendees of the time and place for the Convention Planning Meeting
g. Preside at the Convention Planning Meeting
f. Prepare to present the Convention Budget, as created by the Convention Manager, Convention Treasurer, Executive Director, and PSAHPERD Finance Chair, to the PSAHPERD Executive Board for approval
h. Prepare the Committee oral or written report for the Spring Meeting
i. Prepare to attend the Convention Planning and Executive Board Meetings
5. Specific Duties Prior to the Fall Executive Board Meeting
b. Prepare the agenda and inform the appropriate attendees of the time and place for the Convention Planning Meeting
a. Communicate with Committee members to check their progress regarding their responsibilities
c. Prepare the Committee oral or written report for the Fall Meeting d. Prepare to attend the Convention Planning and Executive Board Meetings
f. Coordinate the production of a Convention brochure with the Convention Publicity Subcommittee Chair to have it printed, distributed and posted on the website by June 1
e. Coordinate with the Convention Program Chair and the President the Convention information to be published in the Spring/Summer Journal, Fall Journal and on the website
g. Coordinate socials and food functions provided during the Fall meetings in consultation with the President and the Executive Director
i. Oversee and arrange in consultation with the President the lodging, meals and/or travel needs for VIPs
h. Consult with the Convention Program Chair concerning room assignments and AV needs
j. Assign and notify persons receiving complimentary lodging
k. Prepare to distribute copies of convention registration form and hotel registration form for Executive Board preferential lodging at the Convention
6. Specific Duties Prior to Annual Convention
b. Contact the hotel regarding Executive Board preferential lodging requests at Convention
a. Communicate with committee members to check progress regarding their responsibilities
c. Confirm the specifics and special needs for all convention meal functions, sessions, and events with the appropriate PSAHPERD Executive Board members and hotel convention coordinator
e. Coordinate ordering, purchasing and distribution of all meal function tickets to include but not limited to award winners, special guests and other VIPs
d. Prepare a cumulative end-of-year report
7. Specific Duties During the Convention
b. Attend the Executive Board Meetings and the Representative Assembly
a. Monitor all Convention events
c. Attend the following sessions/functions but not limited to
-Opening General Session
-Awards Luncheon
-Exhibitor Reception
-President's Reception
-Appreciation Awards
-E B Cottrell Banquet
d. Serve as the key trouble-shooter and problem-solver at Convention
VI. Addendums
A. PSAHPERD Constitution and Bylaws
B. PSAHPERD Applied Strategic Plan
Future Directions Guidelines
C. Financial
2. Reimbursement Policy
1. Payables: Voucher Procedures and Form
3. Budget
Budget Sample
Development Procedures
4. Internal Audit Procedures
6. Convention Profit Distribution
5. General Ledger Sample
7. Investments
Purpose and Focus
Philosophy
Contact Information
9. Sponsor/Partner Guidelines
8. Treasurer's Report Sample
D. Journal Responsibilities and Deadlines
F. Convention Management
2. Subcommittees: Procedures and Time Lines
1. Procedures and Time Lines
Registration
Banquet
Treasurer
Social
Coordinator
Hospitality
Photographer
Records
Publicity
Exhibitors' Packet
Exhibits/Demonstrations
Forms and Sample Letters
Membership
Student Activities
In-Service (Act 48)
4. Convention Special Events: Procedures and Scripts
3. Precedents and Traditions
Cottrell Banquet
Opening General Session
Awards Luncheon
Past President's Breakfast
Future Professional Pizza Party and Business Meeting
Appreciation Awards/Student Recognition Awards st
President's Pre-banquet Reception
21
Century Endowment Reception
HERitage Reception
Exhibitor's Reception
Dance Gala
5. Convention Templates
b. Registration Form
a. Budget
c. Convention Evaluation Form
e. Convention Voucher
d. Session Evaluation Form
f. Convention PR/Brochure
a. Procedures and Time Lines
6. Convention Final Report
b. Content of Printed Program
7. Sample Letters
G. Convention Program Management
2. Program Session Proposal Template
1. Procedures and Time lines
3. Program Session Allotment
5. Presenter Guidelines
4. Session Evaluation
6 .Presider Guidelines
8. Format and Content of Program
7. Sample Grids and Forms
9. Sample letters
CC. Chronologies
EE. Electronic Letterhead
GG. Disclaimer Policy
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FORT LEE HISTORIC PARK - HUDSON TERRACE - FORT LEE – NJ - 07024
Dear Educator,
Thank you for expressing interest in our Living History program for school children in the fifth grade or higher, studying the American Revolution. As you requested, here is information regarding the program.
Purpose: To provide the experience of living in an 18 th century military camp through participation, demonstration and discussion.
Program: A minimum of five and a half hours (5 ½) and will include the following:
1) Film on Fort Lee (12 min)
9) Women's program
2) Guided tour of the Visitor Center
3) Dip candles and cast musket balls
4) March to camp (hut area)
5) Set up camp
6) Wood detail
7) Cook an 18 th century meal
10) Dinner
11) Perform Artillery Drill
12) Tour of gun batteries
13) Musketry Demonstration
14) Break up of camp
15) Return to Visitor Center
8) Tent demonstration
Who may come: Any class studying the Revolutionary War period (5 th grade & up)
Size of group: Must be limited to one class per day at a time. There must be at least three adult supervisors accompanying the group.
Days available: Wednesday, Thursday or Friday from September-December and March-June.
Times: Arrival time is at 9:30 am and leave at 3:00 pm.
Weather: If the program is cancelled the teacher must call to reschedule the trip.
What you supply: All food, drink and eating utensils.
What we supply: All cooking equipment, tools, materials and instructions.
Cost: $5.00 per person (please pay at the reception desk)
Pre-Visit: A pre-visit by the teacher in charge is required to discuss necessary preparations for the program. The appointment should be made as soon as possible after the class has been scheduled. We reserve the right to cancel if your group arrives unprepared.
We hope this information answers many of your questions about our program. If there is anything else you would like to know or would like to make a reservation please call us at 201461-1776 Wednesday-Sunday 10am-4:30pm. We look forward to seeing you.
Thank You,
FLHP Staff
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|
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Kwati ngqofika kafa, Kwafika, Usabantu ezela Emquingqethlana
rathela, Dlamkang' ukufundise tina'singakakawasi ukufunca
zukuloxi etjeni nasenewachini, Singakakawasi sabuya sakuyazi,
kwasehufha, Usabantu. Nosheiseni sahlabelela igama likaliklatia
izahlabelela amagama abamaningi, amanye singahawasi amanye
'esivasi zebekhe. Kwasenhawa inhlu zahusonda yebiwa abalungu
'ibalungu sebenuka baya lomu, Babuya bati lapra besex
ufa babuya bemuka bapindela eforu, Kwasenkumuka)
lvelemu umfungu vetu olungilayo hakulu yena angeshinjwe
muntu ngakuba nyagijima kakulu utakewapihisanu nomtun
zu wasengilandini bagala balinganisama wabuya watujwa
vasengifandhi wayapihisanu nolowaya omfutzyanyana
chikamire kakulu lwarya babuya baohlala) Kakuku igi
sifundiswa indaba hadio ubaba vetu asezulwini unkulunku
zu Kodwa tina bantu obamunyano sodukane, kodwa)
Die uzatanda ukuba seyse isinto esilungileyo katayeli wa
lwensa isinto etini bi uzakwala impela ukutwa nokuzondan po
kodwa yena uzatanda bonke abantu ngakuba alantu bake ja
kodwa bona abamasanga, Kodwa abamyihloze bayazik
mazi, Kodwa mina angasi ukuti sahlukraga nganino si
baku senjiva umuntu, amanye njenana, Ini uma abanyi
babe mukdope abange babe munyama lwensa nganina
isiphitile indaba ka Mankanjane indolana thasetyinge
Sum over
216. Manuscript:—Two accounts of the Church of England Mission Station Ekhanyeni near Pietermaritzburg, written by two Kaffir boys.
Folio. pp. 4. Contains an account by Mokonjane, son of Segezeyi, written by himself in Zulu, p. 1, and its literal translation, p. 2; another account by Skelems, son of Magwaza, written by himself in Zulu, p. 3, and its literal translation, p. 4. Presented by the Bishop of Natal.
A literal translation of the foregoing.
It came to pass when I arrived here, there came Sobantu (the Bishop) from Maritzburg. He told Mr. Sobantu (the Bishop) from Maritzburg. We told Mr. Sobantu (the Bishop) from Maritzburg. We not yet knowing how to read. We not yet knowing how to write on a slate or in a book. We not yet knowing how to write on a slate or in a book. Afterwards we knew. There arrived Sobantu (the Bishop) afterwards we knew. There arrived Sobantu (the Bishop) afterwards we knew. We sang the Song of Victoria ("God and all Shepstone." We sang the Song of Victoria ("God and all Shepstone.") in Haji. We sang many true songs, we not yet knowing others; now we know them.
Yes, indeed.— Now there was built the Sunday House (School Chapel); it was built by white men. They, the white men, are now gone away to the Slaves. After they had built them, (the houses here) they (the white men) went away again and returned to the slaves. (Mr. W. Ray)
There left us (at that time) William, our very good white man. He could not be left behind (in running) by any man, because he runs fast. Once he raced with an Englishman; they started on a line; afterwards the Englishman was beaten. He raced also with that short and very clever (man). Afterwards they sat down. Now we are taught the story of God, our Father who is in Heaven, Mukukukulu. But we black people went quite astray. But God wishes that we should do good things: He does not like the doing evil things. He forbids entirely war and hating one another. But He loves all men, for they are His people. And they (our fathers) know Him not. But the white people know Him. Only, in my part, I know not why we differ, since we are made thus by one person. Why is it that some should be white and some should be black?
Here ends the account of Alankanjane, son of Lotjenge.
Ekukonyeni siyajubula kakulu, Kuti kusihlwa sesihlile ngesonda kukale insimbi singene enhlini yokukuleka sikuleke. Gisofika Ekukonyeni ngangingakazi ukwloba. Gingakwazi ukubala incwadi, manje ngiyakwazi ukubala inavadi sesefundiswa. Kaloku siyabala siyafunda siyahlabelela amagama ka Dio. Kuti ngesonda singene enhlini yokukuleka kusasa, sikuleke. Kuti ilanga selizakuba pesulu, kukale insimbi yabelungu ibabi ze bafike ekaya sangene, enhlini yokukuleka, bakuleke bagunde izindaba zikafesu Kristu indodana ka Dio Unkulunkulu. Kuti, abelungu vapume enhlini yokukuleka: sesihla idina, sesigidi le, kukale insimbi ya bantu abamnyama.
Sibengena nati sesingena enhlini yokukuleka inkosi Usobantu esememeza kabantu bonke amazwi zikafesu Kristu indodana ka Dio. Sesikuleka sigupa pam bikwake sidumise uDio. sihlabelamama; sesipuma. Kubesikati selisakutynona ilanga. Sesihla ukulla. Sesigeda ukuhla sekukala insimbi yokubi za abelungu. Sebefika abe'ungu sesingena enhlini yokukuleka. Inkosi nom'kang sebefunsa izindaba zikafesu. Sesibuye sihlabelela amagama emva kwaleku sihlabelela igama lika Viktoria inkodi kazi yaseVgilande. Sesipuma seselala. Gemihla inkosikasi iyasifundisa ukubala imifanekiso. Sefundu ukubala nokuhlanganisa nokususa ematjeni esibala ngarvo, Sefundu incwadi yamanjise kodwa asikayazi yona 'impela. Indaba ka Skelenu indodana kakhawaz Ukupela
A literal translation of the foregoing
At Ekukangeni we are very happy. It is, at evening, after we have eaten, on Sunday, that the bell rings—we enter into the house of prayer—we pray. When I arrived at Ekukangeni, I did not yet know to write; I did not yet know to write a letter. Now I know to write a letter. We now have been taught. Now we cipher, we read, we sing hymns of God. It is, on Sunday, that we enter into the house of prayer early, we pray. It is, when the sun is high, that the white men come, they come from home; they enter into the house of prayer—they pray—they read the accounts of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, Mukulukulu. It is, the white men come, they come out of the house of prayer. Now we eat dinner. When we have finished the bell, the black men ring: when they have entered, we too now enter into the house of prayer. The Chief, Sobantu (the Bishop), preaches to all the people the words of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. Now we pray: we kneel down before him; we praise God; we sing hymns. Now we go out. Let it be the time that now the sun is setting, we now eat food—we now finish eating. Now the bell sounds for calling the white men; now the white men arrive; now we enter the house of prayer. The Chief and Mr. Baugh now they read the histories of Jesus Christ; now again we sing hymns. After that, we sing the hymn of Victoria, the Queen of England ("God save the Queen")—in Ngi.—Now we go out; now we sleep.
Daily, the Lady (Mrs. Colenso) teaches us to draw pictures. Now we learn to measure and to add, and to subtract on the slate which we have on. Now we read a book of the English: but we do not know that perfectly.
This is the account of Skelena, the son of Magwara.
|
<urn:uuid:72165a60-49e9-4918-966b-dc60900fce90>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-30
|
http://emandulo.apc.uct.ac.za/collection/Fuze/misc/Fuze_Two_Accounts.pdf
|
2024-07-14T20:54:04+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-30/subset=warc/part-00200-65338ae2-db7f-48fa-a620-71777c40d854.c000.gz.parquet
| 12,041,575 | 2,032 |
eng_Latn
|
eng_Latn
| 0.49896 |
eng_Latn
| 0.403515 |
[
"zul_Latn",
"eng_Latn",
"zul_Latn",
"eng_Latn"
] | false |
docling
|
[
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2023-24 Applied Ecology & Env Science (Plant Eco & Wetlands) Course Plan College of Forest Resources & Environmental Science-Michigan Tech
(128 + 3 co-
Semester
First Year
Total Credits curriculars)
Fall
First Year
Spring
Second
Year Fall
Second
Year Spring
Third Year (Courses
Fall are taken as
Third Year a block)
Spring
Fourth Year
Fall
Fourth Year
| Course 1 | Course 2 | Course 3 | Course 4 | Course 5 | Course 6 | Course 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FW2010 Vegetation of North America (4) | FW2051 Field Techniques (2) | BL1400 Principles of Biology Lecture (3) | BL1410 Principles of Biology Lab (1) Co-req: BL1400 | UN1015 Composition (3) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | |
| MA1135 Calculus for Life Sciences (4) Prereq: MA1031 or MA1032 | CH1150 University Chemistry Lecture (3) Coreq: MA1031 or MA1032 or MA1135 | CH1151 University Chemistry Lab (1) Coreq: CH1150 | FW1050 Natural Resources Professional (2) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | UN1025 Global Issues (3) | |
| FW3020 Forest Ecology (3) Coreq: FW2010 and FW2051 | FW3330 Soil Science (4) Prereq: CH1150 & CH1151 | MA2720 Statistical Methods (4) Prereq: MA1030 or MA1032 | Critical and Creative Thinking Gen Ed (3) Requirement See list | Free Elective (3) | Co-curricular (1) See list | |
| FW3110 Natural Resource Policy (3) | FW3200 Biometrics and Data Analysis (4) Prereq: FW2051 and MA2720 | FW3540 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (4) Coreq: MA2720 | Directed Elective (3) List below | Social Responsibility and Ethical Reasoning Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | | |
| FW3012 Survey of Silviculture (2) Prereq: FW2010 and FW2051 | FW3800 Insect Ecology (2) | FW3170 Land Measurements/GPS (1) Co- req: FW3190 Prereq: FW3540 | FW3190 Multi-Resource Assessment (3) Prereq: FW2051, FW3020, FW3200 & MA2720 | FW3600 Wildlife Habitat (3) | FW3840 Forest Health (3) | FW3180 Geomorphology, Landscapes& Ecosystems (2) |
| FW3410 Conservation Science (3) | FW4380 Landscape Ecology and Planning (3) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | Free Elective (3) | Co-curricular (1) See list | |
| FW4220 Wetlands (4) | FW4800 Communication for Natural Resources (2) Prereq: FW3190 | FW4811 Integrated Resources Data Collection (2) Prereq: FW3190 | Directed Elective (3) List below | Free Elective (6) | | |
| FW4830 Integrated Natural Resource Assessment (2) Prereq: FW4811 | FW4370 Forest and Landscape Hydrology (3) | Directed Elective (3) List below | Free elective (6) | Co-curricular (1) See list | | |
Spring
| Directed Choose at least 9 credits Electives | | |
|---|---|---|
| Course # | Course Title & Credits | Semester |
| BL2160 | Botany (4) | Spring |
| BL3490 | Principles of Ecology and Evolution (4) Prereq: BL1400 &1410 | Fall |
| FW3075 | Plant Biotechnology (3) | Spring |
| FW3320 | Forest Genetics and Genomics (3) | Spring |
| FW4120 | Tree Physiology (3) | Spring |
This is only a sample schedule and not an official degree audit. To run your official degree audit go to BanWeb -> Student Records -> Degree Audit -> Run Audit -> Latest -> Run Audit
1
2023-24 Applied Ecology & Env Science (Communicating NR) Course Plan College of Forest Resources & Environmental Science-Michigan Tech
| Semester | Course 1 | Course 2 | Course 3 | Course 4 | Course 5 | Course 6 | Course 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Year Fall | FW2010 Vegetation of North America (4) | FW2051 Field Techniques (2) | BL1400 Principles of Biology Lecture (3) | BL1410 Principles of Biology Lab (1) Co-req:1400 | UN1015 Composition (3) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | |
| First Year Spring | MA1135 Calculus for Life Sciences (4) Prereq: MA1031 or MA1032 | CH1150 University Chemistry Lecture (3) Coreq: MA1031 or MA1032 or MA1135 | CH1151 University Chemistry Lab (1) Coreq: CH1150 | FW1050 Natural Resources Professional (2) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | UN1025 Global Issues (3) | |
| Second Year Fall | FW3020 Forest Ecology (3) Coreq: FW2010 and FW2051 | FW3330 Soil Science (4) Prereq: CH1150 & CH1151 | MA2720 Statistical Methods (4) Prereq: MA1030 or MA1032 | Critical and Creative Thinking Gen Ed (3) Requirement See list | Free Elective (3) | Co-curricular (1) See list | |
| Second Year Spring | FW3110 Natural Resource Policy (3) | FW3200 Biometrics and Data Analysis (4) Prereq: FW2051 and MA2720 | FW3540 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (4) Coreq: MA2720 | ED3510 Communicating Science (3) Prereq: UN1015 and UN1025 | Social Responsibility and Ethical Reasoning Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | | |
| Third Year Fall (Courses are taken as a block) | FW3012 Survey of Silviculture (2) Prereq: FW2010 and FW2051 | FW3800 Insect Ecology (2) | FW3170 Land Measurements/GPS (1) Co- req: FW3190 Prereq: FW3540 | FW3190 Multi-Resource Assessment (3) Prereq: FW2051, FW3020, FW3200 & MA2720 | FW3600 Wildlife Habitat (3) | FW3840 Forest Health (3) | FW3180 Geomorphology, Landscapes& Ecosystems (2) |
| Third Year Spring | FW3410 Conservation Science (3) | ACC2000 Accounting Principles 1 (3) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | Free elective (7) | Co-curricular (1) See list | | |
| Fourth Year Fall | FW4800 Communication for Natural Resources (2) Prereq: FW3190 | FW4811 Integrated Resources Data Collection (2) Prereq: FW3190 | FW3760 Human Dimensions of Natural Resources (3) | MGT2000 Team Dynamics and Decision Making (3) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | Free Electives (3) | |
| Course # | Course title & credits |
|---|---|
| HU2840 | Interpersonal Communication (3) |
| HU3694 | Grant Writing (3) |
| HU3832 | Adv Digital Presentation (3) |
| HU3871 | New Media Theory (3) |
| HU4625 | Risk Communication (3) |
This is only a sample schedule and not an official degree audit. To run your official degree audit go to BanWeb -> Student Records -> Degree Audit -> Run Audit -> Latest -> Run Audit
2023-24 Applied Ecology & Env Science (Biotechnology) Course Plan College of Forest Resources & Environmental Science-Michigan Tech
Semester
Total + 3 co-
Credits (128 curriculars)
| Course 1 | Course 2 | Course 3 | Course 4 | Course 5 | Course 6 | Course 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FW2010 Vegetation of North America (4) | FW2051 Field Techniques (2) | BL1400 Principles of Biology (3) | BL1410 Principles of Biology Lab (1) Co-req: BL1400 | UN1015 Composition (3) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | |
| MA1135 Calculus for Life Sciences (4) Prereq: MA1031 or MA1032 | CH1150 University Chemistry Lecture (3) Coreq: MA1031 or MA1032 or MA1135 | CH1151 University Chemistry Lab (1) Coreq: CH1150 | CH1153 University Chemistry Recitation (1) Coreq: CH1150 | FW1050 Natural Resources Professional (2) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | UN1025 Global Issues (3) |
| FW3020 Forest Ecology (3) Coreq: FW2010 and FW2051 | FW3330 Soil Science (4) Prereq: CH1150 & Ch1151 | MA2720 Statistical Methods (4) Prereq: MA1030 or MA1032 | Critical and Creative Thinking Gen Ed (3) Requirement See list | Social Responsibility and Ethical Reasoning Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | | |
| FW3110 Natural Resource Policy (3) | FW3200 Biometrics and Data Analysis (4) Prereq: FW2051 and MA2720 | FW3540 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (4) Coreq: MA2720 | FW3075 Intro to Biotechnology (3) | FW2100 Introduction to Biochemistry (3) Prereq: CH1150 | | |
| FW3012 Survey of Silviculture (2) Prereq: FW2010 and FW2051 | FW3800 Insect Ecology (2) | FW3170 Land Measurements/GPS (1) Co- req: FW3190 Prereq: FW3540 | FW3190 Multi-Resource Assessment (3) Prereq: FW2051, FW3020, FW3200 & MA2720 | FW3600 Wildlife Habitat (3) | FW3840 Forest Health (3) | FW3180 Geomorphology, Landscapes& Ecosystems (2) |
| FW3410 Conservation Science (3) | FW3320 Forest Genetics and Genomics (3) | FW4120 Tree Physiology (3) | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | Free Elective (3) | Co-curricular (1) See list | |
| FW4800 Communication for Natural Resources (2) Prereq: FW3190 | FW4811 Integrated Resources Data Collection (2) Prereq: FW3190 | HASS Gen Ed Requirement (3) See list | BL3300 Introduction to Genomics (3) Prereq: FW3320 | Free elective (6) | Co-curricular (1) See list | |
| FW4830 Integrated Natural Resource Assessment (2) Prereq: FW4811 | FW4370 Forest and Landscape Hydrology (3) | FW4128 Conservation Genetics (3) BL1400 & BL1410 | Free elective (6) | Co-curricular (1) See list | | |
First Year
Fall
First Year
Spring
Second
Year Fall
Second
Spring
Year
Third Year (Courses
Fall are taken
as a block)
Third Year
Spring
Fourth
Year Fall
Fourth
Spring
Year
This is only a sample schedule and not an official degree audit. To run your official degree audit go to BanWeb -> Student Records -> Degree Audit -> Run Audit -> Latest -> Run Audit
|
<urn:uuid:1de756ef-aff1-47c6-9804-4377b2bb8240>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-38
|
https://www.mtu.edu/forest/undergraduate/applied-ecology/pdf/appliedecol2324.pdf
|
2024-09-09T15:35:48+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-38/subset=warc/part-00052-781f89b0-54ef-4e32-b51d-e5860e733e3a.c000.gz.parquet
| 862,432,644 | 2,698 |
eng_Latn
|
eng_Latn
| 0.7309 |
eng_Latn
| 0.712775 |
[
"eng_Latn",
"eng_Latn",
"eng_Latn"
] | false |
rolmOCR
|
[
3152,
5962,
8857
] |
AGENDA TOWN OF WILSONVILLE TOWN COUNCIL MEETING NOVEMBER 06, 2017
Call to Order
Opening Prayer
Roll Call
Minutes, October 23, 2017, Regular Council Meeting
October Treasurer's Report – Councilman Fluker
Approval of Checks
Mayoral Announcements
Council Agenda
Council Comment
Public Comment
Adjourn
|
<urn:uuid:54dcb965-aedb-4052-bf37-41711ad5285b>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
http://www.wilsonvilleal.com/uploads/1/0/5/3/10537188/wil20171106agn.pdf
|
2024-02-27T17:34:04+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2024-10/subset=warc/part-00148-d9675c6d-5c8d-45bb-9c98-c56e42022a4d.c000.gz.parquet
| 72,961,293 | 83 |
eng_Latn
|
eng_Latn
| 0.750472 |
eng_Latn
| 0.750472 |
[
"eng_Latn"
] | false |
rolmOCR
|
[
308
] |
A
Soft Starters VersiStart II 3 ... 15LDS
Features:
A
two-phase controlled soft starter
A
A
A
controlled by microcontroller easy mounting, also for retrofitting into existing plants
integrated bypass relay
A
no additional control voltage required
A no mains neutral conductor (N) required
A parameterization by means of three potentiometers
A
economically priced substitute for star-delta starters
A
A
A
current reduction during acceleration circuit-board version for mounting onto DIN rail
plug-in control terminals
A
degree of protection IP00
Function:
A soft acceleration and deceleration
A
potential-free control input for soft acceleration and deceleration
3 separately adjustable parameters:
starting torque, accel. time, decel. time
A two wire or three wire control
via contact or voltage 10-42VDC
A boost-start selectable
Options: (upon request)
A
Special voltages 230V and 480V
Please observe supplementary sheet with dimensioning rules.
12/08
Typical Applications:
door and gate drives pumps, ventilators conveying systems packaging machines
1.07
Soft Starters
VS II 3 ... 15LDS
1.08
Dimensions:
Connection Diagrams:
S - closed = acceleration; S - open = deceleration
S - closed = acceleration; S - open = deceleration
EMC
The limit values for emitted interference according to the applicable device standards do not rule out the possibility that receivers and susceptible devices within a radius of 10m are subjected to interference. If such interference, which is definitely attributable to the the emitted interference can be reduced by taking
operation of the soft starters "VersiStart II...LDS", occurs, appropriate measures.
To connect reactors (3mH) or a suitable mains filter in
Such measures are, e.g.:
series before the soft starter, or to connect X-capacitors
(0.15µ F) in parallel to the supply voltage terminals.
|
<urn:uuid:0a2607c8-5886-442f-904c-66e8e4d78930>
|
CC-MAIN-2025-05
|
https://advcontrol.eu/download/files/VersiStart_II_LDS_(65_32A).pdf
|
2025-01-14T13:23:40+00:00
|
s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=CC-MAIN-2025-05/subset=warc/part-00023-88b30a59-3c73-48ba-a167-077611bfd245.c000.gz.parquet
| 72,902,795 | 425 |
eng_Latn
|
eng_Latn
| 0.959876 |
eng_Latn
| 0.964339 |
[
"eng_Latn",
"eng_Latn"
] | false |
rolmOCR
|
[
1128,
1887
] |
Preliminary Drawing for R. P. Adams Model 4" GP-508-HD-PC ASME Steam Filter 200 PSIG Design Pressure
Notes: This is a preliminary drawing and should not be used for construction purposes.
Date:
R. P. Adams
P. O. Box 963
Buffalo, NY 14240-0963
Phone: (716) 877-2608
Fax: (716) 877-9385
Email:[email protected]
Proposal No.:
Customer:
Address:
Submitted by:
|
<urn:uuid:6e8db9eb-7a6c-4e80-8fe1-3612ebf6adf5>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
http://rpadams.com/public/userfiles/file/GP%20Drawings/GP508PCASME200%20Steam%20Filter.pdf
|
2018-10-15T10:31:58Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509170.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015100606-20181015122106-00064.warc.gz
| 316,876,034 | 120 |
eng_Latn
|
eng_Latn
| 0.551709 |
eng_Latn
| 0.551709 |
[
"eng_Latn"
] | false |
rolmOCR
|
[
373
] |
RVD: A Handheld Device-Based Fundus Video Dataset for Retinal Vessel Segmentation
MD Wahiduzzaman Khan\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{*} Hongwei Sheng\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{*} Hu Zhang\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{*} Heming Du\textsuperscript{3}
Sen Wang\textsuperscript{2} Minas Theodore Coroneo\textsuperscript{4} Farshid Hajati\textsuperscript{5} Sahar Shariflou\textsuperscript{1}
Michael Kalloniatis\textsuperscript{6} Jack Phu\textsuperscript{4} Ashish Agar\textsuperscript{4} Zi Huang\textsuperscript{2}
Mojtaba Golzan\textsuperscript{1} Xin Yu\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{*}
\textsuperscript{1}University of Technology Sydney \textsuperscript{2}University of Queensland \textsuperscript{3}Australian National University
\textsuperscript{4}University of New South Wales \textsuperscript{5}Victoria University \textsuperscript{6}University of Houston-Downtown
mdwahiduzzaman\[email protected]
\textsuperscript{*} Equal Contribution \textsuperscript{†} Corresponding Author
Abstract
Retinal vessel segmentation is generally grounded in image-based datasets collected with bench-top devices. The static images naturally lose the dynamic characteristics of retina fluctuation, resulting in diminished dataset richness, and the usage of bench-top devices further restricts dataset scalability due to its limited accessibility. Considering these limitations, we introduce the first video-based retinal dataset by employing handheld devices for data acquisition. The dataset comprises 635 smartphone-based fundus videos collected from four different clinics, involving 415 patients from 50 to 75 years old. It delivers comprehensive and precise annotations of retinal structures in both spatial and temporal dimensions, aiming to advance the landscape of vasculature segmentation. Specifically, the dataset provides three levels of spatial annotations: bundle-vessel masks for overall retinal structure delineation, general vein-artery masks for distinguishing the vein and artery, and fine-grained vein-artery masks for further characterizing the granularities of each artery and vein. In addition, the dataset offers temporal annotations that capture the vessel visualisation characteristics, assisting in diagnosing ocular diseases that require fine-grained recognition of hemodynamics fluctuation. In application, our dataset exhibits a significant domain shift with respect to data captured by bench-top devices, thus posing great challenges to existing methods. Thanks to rich annotations and data scales, our dataset potentially paves the path for more advanced retinal analysis and accurate disease diagnosis. In the experiments, we provide evaluation metrics and benchmark results on our dataset, reflecting both the potential and challenges it offers for vessel segmentation tasks. We hope this challenging dataset would significantly contribute to the development of eye disease diagnosis and early prevention. The dataset is available at \url{RVD}.
1 Introduction
The observation of the retinal vasculature patterns serves as a reliable approach to tracking the morphological changes of eyes over time. These morphological changes have been found to be closely associated with a spectrum of ocular diseases, e.g., diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma [83, 14]. Retinal vessel segmentation aims to provide pixel-level extraction of the visible vasculature from a fundus image [56]. It is the initial yet fundamental step in objectively assessing vasculature in fundus images and quantitatively interpreting associated morphometrics. Thus, this task plays a pivotal role in understanding and diagnosing ocular diseases.
Existing methods for retinal vessel segmentation are designed on image-based datasets [38, 72, 69, 25], as shown in Fig. 1 (a). Although these datasets have contributed valuable vessel annotations for studying retinal segmentation, the static nature of images inherently limits their ability to portray dynamic retinal characteristics, e.g., vessel pulsations. These dynamic phenomena play a vital role in facilitating comprehensive and in-depth understanding of retinal functionality and vasculature structure. Moreover, image-based datasets are captured by expensive bench-top ophthalmic equipment, which is operated by professionally trained clinicians [31, 34]. Such requirements potentially limit the scale of the datasets and data diversity, thereby adversely affecting the generalization ability of the models trained on these datasets.
In recent years, advances in imaging technology have enabled the usage of smartphone-based devices for retinal observation [79, 32]. They offer better flexibility and portability, allowing for scalable data collection. In this paper, we introduce the first video-based retinal vessel dataset (RVD), a collection of 635 smartphone-based videos with detailed vessel annotation. These videos are recorded from four clinics, including patients from 50 to 75 years old. Some examples of our dataset are shown in Fig. 1 (b). The sequential frames capture the continuous changes in retinal vessels and thus significantly facilitate the analysis of subtle fluctuations in the retinal structure. Therefore, the use of portable devices for data acquisition and the provision of the video modality remarkably overcome the limitations of existing datasets.
The annotations provided in our dataset span two dimensions: spatial and temporal. In the spatial dimension, we offer three distinct levels of annotations: binary vessel masks, general vein-artery masks, and fine-grained vein-artery masks. Each kind of annotation is tailored to specific clinical purposes. Specifically, for the binary vessel masks, we identify the sharpest and most representative frame from the video clip and generate binary masks representing the skeletal structure of the vessels. This mask primarily targets the holistic vessel structure but neglects the difference between arteries and veins. For general vein-artery masks, we differentiate veins and arteries based on their respective vessel calibres and generate separate masks for them respectively. Lastly, in contrast to the general differentiation between arteries and veins, the fine-grained vein-artery masks further divide each retinal artery and vein into sections based on a set of pre-defined vessel widths. We thus generate eight different vein-artery masks for each sample and these masks precisely reflect the granularities of retinal vessels. These sophisticated masks are highly demanded when detecting ocular diseases [3, 9].
In the temporal dimension, we enrich our dataset with annotations of the complex dynamics of retinal vasculature. For each video, we focus on the optic disk regions where the retinal vessel fluctuation normally occurs. We then select and annotate frames with the maximal and minimal pulse widths as well as label the existence of spontaneous retinal venous pulsations (SVP). The existence and extent of vessel changes signify vascular pulsations and cranial pressure-related alterations. Clinically, the signals of pulsation facilitate the detection of abnormalities in retinal vessels, while precise identification of pressure-related alterations aids in detecting temporally-dependent ocular diseases. Our integration of temporal annotations thus increases its potential for ocular disease diagnosis.
The distinction between smartphone-based and benchtop devices and data modality differences result in domain gaps, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Furthermore, since our data are collected by handheld devices
in clinics, our dataset also involves more realistic factors, e.g., the operations of the clinicians, surrounding illumination conditions, and eye movements of patients during video capture. Consequently, our dataset presents more challenges for existing vessel segmentation methods. More importantly, the large number of training samples and detailed annotations in our dataset will likely pave the way toward more advanced yet portable retinal analysis and more accurate disease diagnosis. In the experiments, we delve into an in-depth analysis of our dataset and provide benchmark results of different tasks on our newly curated dataset.
The main contributions of our paper are summarized as follows:
- **Dataset construction**: We construct a new video-based retinal vessel dataset (RVD) with rich spatial and temporal annotations for vessel segmentation tasks. To the best of our knowledge, RVD is the first mobile-device based dataset for retinal vessel segmentation.
- **Three-level spatial annotations**: Our dataset introduces three levels of annotations in spatial, comprising binary vessel masks, general vein-artery masks, and fine-grained vein-artery masks. The hierarchical and diverse descriptions of spatial annotations enable us to better analyze the vessel structure.
- **Temporal annotations**: Our dataset also provides temporal annotations of spontaneous retinal venous pulsations (SVP) to reveal the dynamic changes in retinal vessels. This enables the assessment of pulsatile variations in retinal vessels.
- **Benchmarking**: We investigate the gap between our dataset and previous retinal datasets by assessing the performance of several state-of-the-art methods. The experimental results will shed some light on mobile-device based retinal vessel segmentation.
## 2 Related Work
**Existing Retinal Datasets:** In the realm of retinal vessel segmentation, various retinal vessel datasets have been proposed. Existing datasets can be roughly categorized into two streams; binary vessel based ones and artery-vein based ones. Among the datasets with binary vessel masks, DRIVE [72], STARE [69], HRF [38], and CHASE_DB1 [25] have emerged as the most frequently used datasets. In fact, each of these datasets only comprises dozens of images. For example, DRIVE consists of 40 images captured in the 45-degree field of view, with an image size of $584 \times 565$ pixels. Besides, DRiDB [59], ARIA [23], IOSTAR [84], and RC-SLO [1] are another publicly available datasets for retinal vessel segmentation. However, they are less used in recent years considering their data quality and maintenance. Recently, the FIVES dataset has been introduced [34], with data distributed across four categories: normal retinas, retinas affected by Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, and Age-related Macular Degeneration. It comprises 800 retinal images.
Regarding the datasets with artery-vein masks, RITE [31], AV-DRIVE [60], INSPIRE-AVR [57], and WIDE [21] are the available ones. The AV-DRIVE dataset, derived from DRIVE, consists of 40 images and offers separate ground truth masks for arteries and veins. The INSPIRE-AVR is an independently constructed dataset with artery-vein ground truth masks. It consists of 40 color images in total. The WIDE dataset provides 30 scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) images.
In contrast to existing datasets which are collected with cumbersome bench-top devices and are composed of static images, our dataset is constructed with portable handheld devices and is video-based. Our dataset preserves the dynamic characteristics of vessels. Besides, existing datasets typically provide only one type of annotation for a specific research purpose, whereas our dataset offers annotations in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The spatial annotations include binary vessel masks, general vein-artery masks, and fine-grained vein-artery masks, respectively. The temporal annotations reveal the state of SVP, an important signal for diagnosing various diseases.
**Methods for Retinal Vessel Segmentation:** In the past years, a variety of methods have been developed for retinal vessel segmentation. Traditional methods mainly depend on handcrafted features [6, 16, 88, 76, 61, 28, 17, 36], which are less discriminative and effective [51]. With the unprecedented breakthroughs of deep neural networks (DNNs) in the image classification, detection, and segmentation tasks, researchers have explored the potential of DNNs in retinal vessel segmentation [22, 43, 35, 81, 89]. Many works [5, 42, 71, 58, 33, 15] adopt fully convolutional networks [46] to produce more accurate segmentation of retinal images by combining semantic information from deep layers with appearance information from shallow layers. Several works
Table 1: Comparisons of different retinal vessel segmentation datasets. “Num” denotes the number of annotated image frames.
| Dataset | Resolution | Modality | Device | Num | Dimension | Annotation type |
|------------------|--------------|----------|------------|-----|-----------------|-----------------|
| STARE [69] | $605 \times 700$ | Image | Benchtop | 20 | Spatial | Binary |
| DRIVE [72] | $768 \times 584$ | Image | Benchtop | 40 | Spatial | Binary |
| ARIA [23] | $576 \times 768$ | Image | Benchtop | 161 | Spatial | Binary |
| CHASE_DB1 [25] | $990 \times 960$ | Image | Benchtop | 28 | Spatial | Binary |
| INSPIRE-AVR [57] | $3962 \times 2048$ | Image | Benchtop | 40 | Spatial | Multi-class |
| HRF [38] | $3304 \times 2336$ | Image | Benchtop | 45 | Spatial | Binary |
| RITE [11] | $768 \times 584$ | Image | Benchtop | 40 | Spatial | Multi-class |
| FVDR [42] | $2048 \times 2048$ | Image | Benchtop | 480 | Spatial | Binary |
| RAIVR [29] | $768 \times 768$ | Image | IR Laser | 42 | Spatial | Multi-class |
| **RVD (ours)** | **$1800 \times 1800$** | Video | Hand-held | 1,270 | **Spatial + Temporal** | **Multi-class** |
have focused on modifying the U-Net structure [74, 64, 85] for vessel segmentation. [86] first introduces the residual connection into U-net to detect vessels. This idea has been adopted in later studies [4, 41, 26, 78]. [82] introduces the local-region and cross-dataset contrastive learning losses in training to explore a more powerful feature embedding space. Besides, several other methods employ various networks and strategies for retinal vessel segmentation, such as generative and adversarial networks [40, 70], ensemble learning [49, 75, 44], and graph convolutional network [68].
The aforementioned methods are mainly conducted on datasets DRIVE, STARE, CHASE_DB1, and HRF, with binary vessel masks as supervision. Thanks to INSPIRE-AVR, AV-DRIVE, and WIDE, many works have been proposed to distinguish artery and vein [18, 21, 87, 50]. In [47], a multi-task deep neural network with spatial activation is proposed. The constructed network is able to segment full retinal vessels, arteries, and veins simultaneously. More recently, transformer based models, e.g., ViT [20], Swin transformer [45], and Mask2Former [13], have been proposed. These models have demonstrated their superior performance in capturing visual concepts and become popular backbones in visual understanding tasks [54]. We thus choose these models in the experiments to study the characteristics of our proposed dataset.
3 Our Proposed RVD
In this section, we first describe our data collection process and data sources\(^1\) Concerning privacy and ethic, we perform this study in accordance with the guidelines of the Tenets of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all participants prior to any data collection, and all examination protocols adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Once clinical data have been collected, we need to clean and pre-process the data in order to facilitate clinicians’ annotations and neural network training. In our work, the annotations are provided by professionally well-trained clinicians, and they have been asked to not only annotate conventional spatial segmentation masks but also temporal segmentation masks for dynamic biomarkers, such as Spontaneous retinal Venous Pulsations (SVPs). Last, we will introduce the data split and relevant tasks that are supported by our dataset.
3.1 Data Collection
For data collection, the employed hand-held fundus imaging devices are constructed by connecting a smartphone to the fundus camera lens. Then, clinicians are trained to operate the hand-held devices to examine patients’ retinas while collecting fundus videos. These participants are fully aware of data collection when they undergo their annual medical examinations. With the help of clinicians, a total of 415 patients from four different clinics participate in the data collection process. As data are collected in different clinics over the past five years, the employed smartphones are different, thus increasing the diversity of data sources. More specifically, 264 males and 151 females are included here. Their ages range from 50 to 75. People of these ages are commonly considered to be at high risk for eye-related diseases, such as glaucoma and hypertension [37]. Our dataset involves both videos recorded from healthy eyes and videos from eyes with ocular diseases.
During the collection, one eye of each patient is recorded at a time. In this manner, at least one fundus video of each patient has been recorded and some participate multiple times in video recording. As a
\(^1\)Our dataset follows the copyright Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 license ©.
result, a total of 635 RGB videos have been captured. All captured videos have a frame rate of 25 frames per second, with the duration varying between 2 to 30 seconds. The total number of frames in our dataset is over 130,000. This collection process ensures the generality and diversity of our dataset for retinal vessel analysis. The detailed information of our dataset is shown in Table 1 and some examples could be found in Fig. 1 (b).
### 3.2 Data Cleaning and Preprocessing
Although we have tried our best to minimize environmental interference during collection, the original videos still exhibit various noise, such as video jittering and motion blur. Such noise will severely degrade the quality of collected videos and impose more difficulties in annotations. Hence, we eliminate the noise in the footage to improve the quality of our dataset and facilitate annotations.
**Data cleaning:** Considering that blood vessel dynamics mostly appear in ODR, we remove the video segments without ODR and ensure the existence of ODR in all videos. To this end, we employ an ODR detection method to localize ODR. Specifically, we label ODR regions by bounding-boxes, and for each video, we only annotate one frame per 25 frames (\textit{i.e.}, 1 second), similar to [67]. Then, we leverage the labeled ODR as supervision to train the Faster-RCNN detection network [62]. After that, the remaining frames are labeled by the trained Faster-RCNN. Manual check is also conducted to modify erroneous detection results by annotators. We only select video segments in the dataset if their ODRs are detectable in a minimum of 30 continuous frames. Such operations help maintain the overall quality of our video data.
To further improve the data quality, we leverage the optical flow to pinpoint frames with a high level of blur. Optical flow captures the spatial alterations between distinct frames, and thus it could serve as an indicator of spatial sharpness. Frames with large optical flow are subsequently discarded, as they likely correspond to instances of blurring. Similar to ODR detection, annotators (non-experts) also manually remove frames that undergo severe blur but have not been spotted by optical flow.
**Data Preprocessing:** In retinal vessel segmentation, ODR and its surrounding area are the most representative regions of the eye and provide extensive details about retinal vessels. However, the inherent ocular movement results in varying ODR positions across different frames. Such variations can impede the precise observation and annotation of SVP by clinicians. To tackle this issue, we employ the template matching algorithm [7] to stabilize the ODRs across video segments, ensuring a consistent ODR placement and a fixed field of view across frames. This facilitates human observation and machine perception of dynamic changes surrounding the ODR, thus greatly enhancing annotations and clinical diagnosis.
### 3.3 Data Annotation
To ensure the annotation quality, six clinicians are involved in this process. In the process of annotation, we also incorporate inter-rater reliability using the IoU metric to ensure the consistency of annotations across different annotators. Specifically, after every 100 annotations, we will randomly select 5 frames from each clinician and then reassign the frames to another clinician for annotations. If the IoU is lower than 0.95, the annotations will be manually reviewed by a third clinician. For the temporal SVP annotations, each video has been annotated by three clinicians to reduce annotation bias.
#### 3.3.1 Spatial segmentation
To mitigate the redundancy of annotating similar video frames, we currently select and annotate two frames for each video. Here, we adopt a three-fold strategy to identify the most representative frame from a video: (1) A frame is in high image quality (high sharpness/contrast) and contains the most vessels in a video; (2) A frame can cover ODR, fovea, and macula regions without obstructions. These regions pathologically have a significant number of capillaries; (3) Based on the first frame, we choose another frame that not only has visible ODR with high-density vessels but also has a maximum spatial distance between its ODR and the previously selected ones. In this way, the annotated two frames will cover most of the retinal vasculature and any pathological regions of the retina. We then elaborate on creating three types of spatial annotations: binary vessel masks, general vein-artery masks, and fine-grained vein-artery masks, as follows:
**Binary vessel masks:** To generate the binary vessel masks, we adopt a similar method proposed in [48]. For each frame, we first draft a centerline-level annotation using the ImageJ software [65] and generate the delineation of vessel boundaries to obtain the main structure of vessels. Then we employ our experts to manually refine the structure by correcting the boundaries and improving the details of small capillaries. We can obtain the binary vessel masks by assigning the label to the refined structure (see Fig. 2 (b)).
**General vein-artery masks:** Many intracranial vascular diseases are found to be related to retinal vessels and affect the arteries and veins differently [2]. Thus, distinguishing between the retinal artery and vein plays a critical role in the clinical biomarker study of how various systemic and cardiovascular diseases affect the retinal vessels. In practice, the arteries and veins can be distinguished based on their difference in three aspects: color, light reflection, and calibres. The veins generally have a darker color than arteries and show a smaller central light reflex. Meanwhile, the veins are also wider than adjacent arteries. Then, clinicians only need to assign labels (*i.e.*, vein and artery) to the vessels and obtain the vein-artery masks, as shown in Fig. 2 (c).
**Fine-grained vein-artery masks:** Vascular morphology holds substantial clinical significance, as alterations in vessel diameters frequently signify the presence of various diseases. For example, damage of the small retinal vessels could result in diabetic retinopathy [39]. Similarly, glaucoma pathogenesis is postulated to be linked to alterations in the retinal vasculature, such as retinal arteriolar narrowing and decreased fractal dimension [10]. Despite the clinical importance of such information, existing datasets scarcely provide this type of labels. Therefore, we consider the morphological characteristics of each artery and vein in our dataset and thus provide fine-grained vein-artery masks based on the vessel widths.
Specifically, we first measure the vessel diameters automatically via “Vessel Diameters” plugin in ImageJ.\footnote{https://imagej.net/software/imagej/} Then, we divide the arteries into multiple small vessel segments based on the diameters of the vessels. Based on the largest diameter among these artery segments, we define four levels of widths according to specific ratios. More specifically, a vessel segment within the range of 0–25% of the largest diameter is categorized as level 0. Similarly, levels 1, 2, and 3 correspond to vessel widths in the ranges of 25%–50%, 50%–75%, and 75%–100% of the largest diameter, respectively. Afterward, we obtain four-class masks for arteries based on vessel widths. The same operation is also applied to veins. After the automatic processing, clinicians will validate the quality of the fine-grained
segmentation masks. This process ultimately yields eight-class masks for both arteries and veins (see Fig. 2 (d)). Those masks significantly enrich the granularity of our dataset.
3.3.2 Temporal localization
Existence of SVP: Based on the results of data cleaning and preprocessing, we utilize the stabilized videos and further annotate the dynamic state of vessel pulsations. Spontaneous retinal Venous Pulsation (SVP) plays a crucial role as a biomarker in retina assessments. Specifically, SVP is characterized by rhythmic pulsations evident in the central retinal vein and its branches, typically observable within the optic disc region (ODR) of the retinas. The absence of SVP holds substantial clinical significance, as it is correlated with certain pathologies. For example, the absence of SVP is associated with progressive glaucoma [53], and it is indicative of increased intracranial pressure [52]. Considering the requirement of specialized knowledge, we have invited multiple clinicians and finished the annotation of SVP presence or absence for each video in our dataset. Once the annotation process completes, we obtain 335 “SVP-present” videos and 300 “SVP-absent” videos respectively. This annotation establishes a fundamental task of SVP detection, facilitating further analysis and investigation on the relationship between SVP and eye diseases.
Temporal duration of SVP: After annotating the existence of SVP in the stabilized videos, some “SVP-present” videos may not contain SVP throughout the whole video. This means in some frames SVP is not visible. Using these videos to train an SVP classification model would suffer ambiguity especially when an entire video cannot be fed into a neural network. Therefore, we further provide temporal emergence annotations of SVP by indicating the starting and ending frames of retinal vessel fluctuation (see Fig. 2 (e)). The detailed duration of SVP serves two purposes: it acts as a valuable signal to improve the performance of SVP detection tasks and concurrently sets a new task for SVP temporal localization. We obtain videos in three distinct groups: 156 videos containing intermittent SVPs, 179 videos demonstrating persistent SVPs, and the remaining 300 videos without SVPs. These temporal annotations allow us to better understand retinal vessel dynamics.
“Peak” and “Trough” annotations of SVP: As discussed above, SVP reflects the temporal dilation and contraction in retinal vessels. The state with maximal dilation is characterized as “peak”, whereas those with maximal contraction are termed “trough”. Here, we select frames corresponding to the “peak” and “trough” states from each “SVP-present” video. Subsequently, we generate corresponding masks for these selected frames, yielding a total of 670 annotated masks. This annotation allows us to quantitatively measure the extent of pulsations and occurring positions of vessel pulsations.
3.4 Data Protocols
Data split: When partitioning our dataset for training and evaluation, we also take into account the similarity of the recorded videos of the same person. Specifically, we ensure that videos captured from the same patient are allocated to the same subset during the partitioning process. This strategy aims to decrease the similarity between training data and testing data and thus minimizes performance bias. In practice, we divide the data based on patient IDs. In this manner, the same patient’s videos will not appear simultaneously in both the training and testing sets. Then, we select 517 videos from the 635 videos for training and validation, and the rest 118 videos are used for testing. We also cross-validate a method with three different data splits and will release the dataset and data splits.
Metrics: Based on our annotations, we can conduct tasks in two major categories. (1) Retinal vessel segmentation metrics: Since the binary, general artery-vein and fine-grained vessel segmentation tasks are essentially semantic segmentation, we adopt the mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), mean Accuracy (mAcc), and macro-averaged F1-score (mfScore) to evaluate the performance of models on our dataset. Note that, mfScore is the average of F1-score by treating all classes equally and the F1 score is also known as the DICE score in binary classification or segmentation tasks\footnote{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-score}, the mfScore thus essentially equals the mean of DICE scores for segmentation tasks. (2) SVP recognition and temporal localization metrics: SVP recognition is to classify whether SVP exists in a video. SVP localization task is to identify the time period where SVP appears in a video. We adopt the Accuracy (Acc), Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC), and Recall for SVP recognition. The frame-mAP (F-mAP), video-mAP (V-mAP) [27] under IoU threshold 0.5 and mean Intersection over Union (mIOU) are adopted for the task of SVP localization.
Table 2: Segmentation results of different methods on our RVD dataset. “DLV3” denotes “DeepLabv3” and “M2F” denotes “Mask2Former”.
| Method | Backbone | ndIoU | mAcc | mFScore | General Artery-Vein | Fine-grained Artery-Vein |
|------------|----------|---------|---------|---------|---------------------|---------------------------|
| | | | | | mAcc | mFScore | mIoU | mAcc | mFScore | mIoU |
| UNet [63] | 66.59 ± 0.8 | 72.92 ± 1.0 | 76.67 ± 0.9 | 36.54 ± 1.5 | 57.37 ± 0.1 | 55.85 ± 1.2 | 12.81 ± 0.4 | 14.03 ± 0.7 | 19.16 ± 0.5 |
| ResNet50 [30] | 62.15 ± 0.6 | 65.84 ± 1.1 | 70.72 ± 0.7 | 47.92 ± 0.1 | 51.85 ± 0.6 | 57.21 ± 0.8 | 12.30 ± 0.3 | 19.50 ± 0.7 | 24.07 ± 0.5 |
| ResNet101 [30] | 64.77 ± 0.7 | 68.41 ± 0.9 | 72.56 ± 0.8 | 49.10 ± 0.2 | 53.06 ± 0.6 | 58.50 ± 0.7 | 13.15 ± 0.4 | 19.70 ± 0.6 | 24.72 ± 0.6 |
| ResNet50 | 70.27 ± 0.3 | 77.65 ± 0.5 | 79.51 ± 0.3 | 57.60 ± 0.1 | 66.80 ± 0.9 | 69.06 ± 0.2 | 24.84 ± 0.8 | 32.50 ± 0.4 | 34.11 ± 0.1 |
| ResNet101 | 70.74 ± 0.3 | 78.78 ± 0.5 | 79.99 ± 0.3 | 59.43 ± 1.1 | 68.58 ± 0.1 | 70.74 ± 1.7 | 31.62 ± 0.0 | 41.96 ± 1.1 | 42.89 ± 0.4 |
| Swin-T [45] | 70.36 ± 0.7 | 78.06 ± 0.6 | 79.14 ± 0.7 | 57.58 ± 1.3 | 69.14 ± 1.2 | 70.14 ± 1.4 | 24.14 ± 2.0 | 34.44 ± 3.3 | 36.06 ± 4.2 |
| M2F [12] | 70.27 ± 0.3 | 78.25 ± 0.5 | 80.80 ± 0.3 | 57.77 ± 0.1 | 69.14 ± 0.2 | 69.04 ± 0.6 | 26.04 ± 0.4 | 30.40 ± 0.3 | 32.02 ± 0.6 |
| Swin-B-1k | 71.20 ± 0.6 | 78.74 ± 0.9 | 80.38 ± 0.6 | 58.66 ± 0.9 | 68.43 ± 0.1 | 71.29 ± 0.8 | 25.30 ± 0.4 | 34.50 ± 0.3 | 34.81 ± 0.4 |
| Swin-B-2k | 70.99 ± 0.1 | 78.85 ± 0.6 | 80.19 ± 0.1 | 56.12 ± 1.1 | 68.31 ± 0.1 | 70.14 ± 0.4 | 25.28 ± 0.2 | 33.84 ± 0.3 | 34.86 ± 0.2 |
| Swin-L | F1=99.9% ± 0.0 | 78.70 ± 0.0 | 88.03 ± 0.0 | 66.49 ± 0.1 | 70.34 ± 0.1 | 73.09 ± 0.1 | 24.91 ± 0.2 | 33.04 ± 0.7 | 34.46 ± 0.3 |
4 Experiments
In this section, we employ state-of-the-art (SOTA) segmentation methods to examine the contributions and challenges of our newly curated RVD as well as establish a new benchmark for the dynamic vessel segmentation and localization tasks. As our data are collected from hand-held fundus imaging devices, we also investigate whether domain gaps between our dataset and existing ones which are captured by benchtop based devices.
4.1 Overall Results
We first focus on spatial segmentation tasks on our dataset. We conduct experiments of binary vessel segmentation, general artery-vein segmentation, and fine-grained artery-vein segmentation, respectively. We employ several popular used segmentation methods, including FCN [66], DeepLabV3 [11], Segmentor [73], and Mask2Former [12]. We also apply different backbones to these segmentation methods. The adopted backbones involves convolutional UNet [63], ResNet [30], ViT [20], and Swin Transformer [45]. We use the pre-trained parameters as initialization and train the networks on our training set. Due to the space limit, we only present the results of DeepLabV3 and Mask2Former in Table 2 and others are reported in the Appendix.
Even for the binary segmentation task, the highest mIoU results barely reach around 70%. For the more complex fine-grained artery-vein segmentation, the mIoU values further decline to approximately 25%. Some visual results are shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that current methods in general struggle to localize thin vessels. However, these thin vessels always play an important role in reflecting some diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis [80]. The performance of the SOTA methods implies the challenges of our dataset, but this also emphasizes the potential of our dataset for future studies.
We also conduct experiments on temporal SVP recognition and localization with our provided annotations. In SVP recognition, we train the models to predict whether SVP exists in a video. In SVP localization, we train the models to identify the time period where SVP appears in a video. We employ the models of LRCN [19], I3D [8], X3D [24], TSN [77], and VTN [55]. We use the metrics in Section 3.4 and report the results in Table 3. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to provide data and annotations for SVP recognition and localization. However, it is found that existing methods fail to recognize and localize SVP precisely on our real-clinic video data. For example, in SVP localization task, VTN only achieves 51.25% mIoU, which might not meet the needs of real-world applications. Such results indicate that more specific-designed methods are highly demanded.
4.2 Domain Gaps between RVD and Existing Datasets
We conduct a two-way evaluation process where models trained on our dataset are tested on previous datasets and models trained on existing datasets are also evaluated on our dataset. First, to evaluate
Figure 3: Visualization in the binary, general artery-vein, and fine-grained artery-vein segmentation.
Table 4: Evaluation of domain gaps between different datasets.
| Method | Backbone | RVD | C-DB | | RVD | DRI | | RVD | HRF | | RVD | FIVES | | General Artery-Vein |
|--------|----------|-----|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| | | C-DB | RVD | | C-DB | RVD | | C-DB | RVD | | C-DB | RVD | |
| UNet | | 70.23±0.2 | 62.17±0.1 | (65.21±0.0 | 62.21±0.0 | 70.89±0.0 | 58.81±0.0 | (69.55±0.2 | 68.92±0.4 | 61.05±0.2 | 28.11±0.0 |
| DLV3 | ResNet50 | 71.76±0.3 | 63.41±0.2 | 66.34±0.1 | 63.04±0.0 | 71.27±0.0 | 57.76±0.0 | (68.77±0.3 | 64.95±0.2 | 51.84±0.3 | 29.87±0.3 |
| | ResNet101| 71.89±0.4 | 63.59±0.2 | 66.72±0.0 | 63.98±0.1 | 71.98±0.0 | 58.17±0.0 | 68.81±0.2 | 65.26±0.3 | 52.56±0.2 | 30.30±0.4 |
| UNet | | 72.23±0.2 | 65.71±0.1 | 67.03±0.2 | 66.74±0.1 | 73.05±0.0 | 63.56±0.0 | 71.00±1.5 | 69.89±0.4 | 54.65±0.2 | 49.88±0.3 |
| Swin-T | ResNet50 | 72.40±0.2 | 65.88±0.1 | 67.18±0.2 | 66.80±0.1 | 73.15±0.0 | 63.66±0.0 | 71.10±1.5 | 69.98±0.4 | 54.74±0.2 | 51.24±0.4 |
| | ResNet101| 74.97±0.2 | 67.59±0.3 | 69.99±0.1 | 67.74±0.2 | 74.71±0.1 | 63.89±0.1 | 67.02±0.3 | 69.64±0.1 | 55.65±0.4 | 50.88±0.2 |
| M2P | Swin-T | 75.21±0.9 | 67.98±0.2 | 69.93±0.1 | 67.51±0.3 | 73.97±0.0 | 67.03±0.3 | 72.87±0.6 | 69.53±0.8 | 56.47±0.2 | 51.42±0.3 |
| | Swin-B-1k| 76.05±0.3 | 70.04±0.2 | 73.79±0.3 | 68.36±0.3 | 78.67±0.0 | 64.06±0.4 | 73.74±0.3 | 69.34±0.4 | 57.05±0.2 | 52.84±0.5 |
| | Swin-B-2k| 76.95±0.3 | 70.47±0.2 | 73.02±0.1 | 67.72±0.4 | 76.15±0.3 | 69.11±0.3 | 73.36±0.9 | 69.64±1.5 | 57.28±0.4 | 52.98±0.3 |
| | Swin-L | 76.80±1.3 | 70.47±0.2 | 73.02±0.1 | 67.72±0.4 | 76.15±0.3 | 69.11±0.3 | 73.36±0.9 | 69.64±1.5 | 57.28±0.4 | 52.98±0.3 |
binary vessel segmentation performance, we include the following datasets: CHASE DB1 (C-DB.), DRIVE (DRI.), HRF, and STARE (STA.). Then, we also conduct general artery-vein segmentation on the RITE dataset. The results are shown in Table 4. Note that existing datasets do not support fine-grained eight-class segmentation, and thus we did not test our data in this setting. Due to the domain gap, the models suffer performance drop. The results also indicate that our dataset provides unique data samples. The visualization is illustrated in the Appendix. From our experimental results above, we can tell that the retinal vessel segmentation is far from being solved. Our RVD dataset will serve as a valuable resource, motivating future explorations in retinal vessel segmentation.
5 Conclusion
In this work, we propose the first video-based retinal vessel segmentation dataset by employing handheld devices for data acquisition. Our dataset significantly complements the current benchtop-based datasets for retinal vessel segmentation and enables SVP detection and localization. More importantly, it offers rich annotations for both spatial vessel segmentation and temporal SVP localization. In comparison to existing datasets, our dataset is not only the largest scale one with the most diverse annotations but also more challenging. The domain gaps between our dataset and existing ones allows researchers to investigate how to minimize the domain gaps in vessel segmentation. Therefore, our curated dataset RVD is valuable for retinal vessel segmentation and would facilitate the clinical diagnosis of eye-related diseases.
Acknowledgement
This research is funded in part by ARC-Discovery grant (DP220100800) and ARC-DECRA grant (DE230100477). We thank all anonymous reviewers and ACs for their constructive suggestions.
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APPENDIX
A Broader Impacts Statement
The creation and introduction of our video-based retinal vessel dataset (RVD) have profound effects on both the research community and the broader healthcare domain.
Research Impacts. By providing a comprehensive dataset with both spatial and temporal dimensions, the RVD significantly facilitates the analysis of retinal vessel segmentation and leads to improved understanding and modeling of ocular diseases. By incorporating dynamic video data, this dataset offers a broader and richer scope of retinal information than the traditional static image-based datasets. It fosters new research opportunities in retinal vessel segmentation that emphasize dynamic temporal characteristics and more granular vessel details. The introduced domain gaps with handheld devices may promote the development of robust and adaptable models, thereby advancing state-of-the-art image analysis methods. By providing this dataset as a resource for the research community, we hope to facilitate widespread collaboration and accelerate the exploration in retinal disease detection, understanding, and diagnosis.
Societal Impacts. As adopted in our RVD dataset, smartphone-based devices have the potential to democratize retinal vessel examination by making it more accessible and less reliant on expensive, specialized ophthalmic equipment. Such an enhancement in accessibility consequently leads to earlier detection and prevention of a spectrum of ocular diseases. Handheld devices potentially increase equity in healthcare services.
Limitations. Although our RVD is the largest dataset for retinal vessel segmentation to date (635 videos with annotations), its scale is still limited compared to other datasets in computer vision and thus our dataset can be further extended in the future. Compared to the data collected with bench-top devices, the original videos captured with handheld devices involve more realistic factors such as operator techniques, varying lighting conditions, and eye movement of the patient. These factors will require more sophisticated data cleaning and preprocessing strategies to avoid the degraded quality and reliability of the data.
B Building RVD
Equipment. We use self-designed handheld devices for data collection. Compared to bench-top devices which are cumbersome and expensive, the devices we adopt here are lightweight and portable. Our devices are much cheaper and easier to access. Our devices are built by connecting a smartphone to the fundus camera lens via an optical tube (see Fig. 1).
Operation details. Clinicians use the handheld devices in Fig. 1 (b) to amass a collection of videos during eye health examinations. To accommodate handheld operation, each video lasts at least 0.5 seconds and does not exceed 25 seconds. The process initiates with the random selection of participants and their consent prior to recording. Then, either the left eye, the right eye, or both eyes are randomly selected for video recording. This method ensures that our dataset comprises both healthy and diseased eyes. Each participant joins in the recording process either once or multiple times. In our dataset, we try to eliminate the potential bias towards specific eye conditions and ensure a broad representation of various ocular health states from different people.
Statistics of our RVD. We show some statistical characteristics of the patients in Fig. 3. Age distribution among patients exhibits a Gaussian-like one, and more videos are collected from males rather than females in our dataset. From Fig. 3 (c), we conclude that most of the videos are collected from clinic 0 and clinic 3. Finally, the videos collected from the left eye and right eye are nearly balanced, as shown in Fig. 3 (d). More detailed statistical information on the videos can be accessed on our website in the future.
Characteristics of our videos. We show more samples in Fig. 2 to illustrate the diversity of our collected videos, e.g., samples with different sizes of optic disc regions (ODR), different illumination, and different vessel density. The ODR contains most of the vessels in the retina and the size of ODR is vital in retinal vessel segmentation. Different illumination and vessel density will also make our dataset more challenging by increasing the variety of samples.
Figure 1: (a): Bench-top device, which is cumbersome and expensive; (b): Our handheld device, which is lightweight and portable. It is built by connecting a smartphone to the fundus camera lens via an optical tube.
Figure 2: Diversity of our collected videos. (a): Samples with different sizes of ODR; (b): Different illumination; (c): Different vessel density.
Statistics of diseased and normal eyes. As indicated in Table 1, there are 317 videos of diseased eyes and 318 videos of normal eyes. Although the number of videos collected from different clinics varies, e.g., only dozens of videos are collected from clinics Q and R, while more than 200 videos are collected from clinics P and S, the diseased and normal eye videos for each clinic are balanced.
Table 1: The statistics of diseased and normal eyes.
| Clinics | P | Q | R | S | Total |
|---------|---|---|---|---|-------|
| Diseased| 132 | 18 | 16 | 151 | 317 |
| Normal | 140 | 15 | 42 | 121 | 318 |
C Experimental settings
C.1 Implementation Details.
We implement the benchmark in PyTorch using the open-sourced MMSegmentation [1]. For all methods, we leverage the default settings of each method in MMSegmentation and implement them on 4090 GPUs. We train each model for 40,000 iterations and select the checkpoints with the best validation results. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of final results, cross-validation is employed across our experiments.
Figure 3: Statistics of our dataset. (a): The age distribution of the participants; (b): The ratio of males and females; (c): The number of videos and patients in each clinic; (d): The number of videos collected from the left eye and right eye.
Figure 4: Visualization in the binary, general artery-vein, and fine-grained artery-vein segmentation.
C.2 More Results of Models
In Table 2, we present the segmentation results produced by FCN, PSPNet, and Segmenter. Each method leverages different backbones, e.g., UNet, ResNet, and ViT. The models are trained and tested with binary vessel masks, general artery-vein masks, and fine-grained artery-vein masks. We observe a consistent pattern that even though the methods have achieved the best results with binary masks, the highest mIoU is under 70. These results underscore the difficulties of existing methods in dealing with our dataset. Such results show the challenges inherent to our dataset and imply the potential of our dataset to inspire future studies. In Fig. 4, we show the complete segmentation results of FCN, PSPNet, DeeplabV3, Segmenter, and Mask2Former in our dataset.
C.3 Better domain gap analysis
In this section, we investigate the potential domain gaps in our RVD dataset. Such variations in distribution could arise from multiple factors: (i) Different clinical conditions; (ii) Variations of vasculature due to the presence and absence of disease and (iii) Different devices used for video capture. Furthermore, we consider the evaluation of baseline models on a third dataset.
C.3.1 Test across disease and normal videos
We evaluate our best-performing model Mask2Former with the Swin Transformer backbone on diseased and normal retinal videos. The binary segmentation results are reported in Table 3. The segmentation results on both diseased and normal eye videos are close, indicating the domain discrepancy between the diseased and normal videos is marginal in the context of retinal vessel segmentation.
Table 2: Segmentation results of “FCN”, “PSPNet”, and “Segmenter” on our RVD dataset.
| Method | Backbone | mIoU | mAcc | mFscore | mIoU | mAcc | mFscore | mIoU | mAcc | mFscore |
|------------|----------|--------|--------|---------|--------|--------|---------|--------|--------|---------|
| FCN [14] | U-Net | 67.82 ± 0.6 | 73.22 ± 0.6 | 77.08 ± 0.5 | 38.29 ± 0.9 | 39.85 ± 0.9 | 68.59 ± 0.9 | 11.47 ± 0.5 | 14.88 ± 0.9 | 19.95 ± 1.2 |
| | ResNet50 | 62.12 ± 0.5 | 66.05 ± 0.7 | 70.76 ± 0.8 | 49.22 ± 0.9 | 53.93 ± 0.9 | 58.99 ± 0.9 | 18.38 ± 0.6 | 21.43 ± 0.8 | 26.62 ± 0.4 |
| | VGG16 | 61.90 ± 0.6 | 65.30 ± 0.6 | 70.00 ± 0.7 | 48.00 ± 0.9 | 52.67 ± 0.9 | 58.00 ± 0.9 | 18.00 ± 0.6 | 21.00 ± 0.8 | 26.00 ± 0.7 |
| PSPNet [7] | U-Net | 68.53 ± 0.5 | 74.04 ± 0.5 | 77.80 ± 0.5 | 40.08 ± 0.7 | 42.27 ± 0.7 | 45.65 ± 0.7 | 12.27 ± 0.7 | 13.67 ± 0.8 | 16.34 ± 0.4 |
| | ResNet50 | 61.82 ± 0.5 | 65.25 ± 0.2 | 70.37 ± 0.5 | 49.08 ± 0.8 | 53.94 ± 0.9 | 58.71 ± 1.1 | 18.92 ± 0.8 | 22.10 ± 1.2 | 24.45 ± 1.1 |
| | ResNet101| 63.06 ± 0.6 | 67.11 ± 0.2 | 71.87 ± 0.1 | 47.76 ± 0.9 | 54.34 ± 0.9 | 57.12 ± 0.9 | 19.92 ± 1.0 | 29.92 ± 0.0 | 25.05 ± 1.5 |
| Segmenter [6] | ViT-L | 51.36 ± 0.3 | 53.12 ± 0.2 | 55.14 ± 0.9 | 32.54 ± 0.1 | 33.79 ± 0.1 | 33.61 ± 0.0 | 11.99 ± 0.1 | 12.71 ± 0.1 | 13.73 ± 0.3 |
| | ViT-S | 51.36 ± 0.3 | 53.33 ± 0.2 | 55.14 ± 0.9 | 32.54 ± 0.1 | 33.79 ± 0.1 | 33.61 ± 0.0 | 11.62 ± 0.5 | 12.17 ± 0.1 | 28.37 ± 0.9 |
| | ViT-B | 50.98 ± 0.3 | 52.90 ± 0.3 | 54.45 ± 0.7 | 34.03 ± 0.5 | 35.36 ± 0.1 | 36.40 ± 0.9 | 11.78 ± 1.1 | 12.30 ± 0.4 | 28.99 ± 1.2 |
| | ViT-L | 48.11 ± 0.3 | 50.80 ± 0.3 | 58.98 ± 1.1 | 34.70 ± 1.3 | 36.03 ± 0.8 | 37.55 ± 0.9 | 12.19 ± 0.1 | 12.75 ± 0.3 | 24.97 ± 0.6 |
Table 3: Binary segmentation results of Mask2Former on diseased/normal videos.
| Eye Condition | Diseased | Normal |
|---------------|----------|--------|
| mIoU | 74.25 | 73.96 |
| mAcc | 79.23 | 78.16 |
| mFscore | 81.18 | 80.08 |
C.3.2 Test across different devices
In our dataset, videos are acquired by using two types of camera models. To study the domain gaps between the data collected from different devices, we focus on the binary segmentation task and adopt the best-performing model Mask2Former with the Swin transformer backbone. Specifically, we train the model on data collected from one device and test it on that of another device. The results are shown in Table 4. The performance of the models varies slightly across different devices. This suggests that the variations in the data collection process introduce some domain gaps.
C.3.3 Test across different clinics
To study model performance across different clinics, we focus on binary segmentation and SVP detection. Here, we denote the four clinics as P, Q, R, and S. We adopt the same model in Section C.3.1 and test it on each clinic test data. The results are reported in Table 5 and Table 6. In both vessel segmentation and SVP detection, the model performances across different clinics are different, indicating that domain gaps exist in different clinics.
C.3.4 Test on the third dataset
We further conduct experiments to evaluate the domain gaps between our RVD dataset and existing datasets. To be specific, we train segmentation models on RVD and DRIVE with the same amount of samples and then test them on a third dataset CHASEDB. As seen in Table 7, models trained on RVD have lower performance compared to those trained on DRIVE. This indicates our dataset exhibits a larger domain gap with the existing datasets.
Table 4: Results of models trained on one device and tested on another device.
| Device | Metric | Device 1 | Device 2 |
|--------|--------|----------|----------|
| | mIoU | 69.37 | 71.07 |
| Device 1 | mAcc | 77.07 | 80.45 |
| | mFscore| 78.73 | 80.16 |
| | mIoU | 68.53 | 70.98 |
| Device 2 | mAcc | 74.2 | 77.99 |
| | mFscore| 77.85 | 80.04 |
Table 5: Binary segmentation results of Mask2Former across different clinics.
| Clinics | P | Q | R | S |
|---------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mIoU | 73.85 | 72.00 | 70.89 | 75.33 |
| mAcc | 79.63 | 77.72 | 75.63 | 81.78 |
| mFscore | 81.35 | 80.54 | 78.38 | 82.27 |
Table 6: Evaluation of the I3D model on SVP detection across various clinics.
| Clinics | P | Q | R | S |
|---------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| Acc | 64.58 | 50.00 | 60.00 | 58.33 |
| AUROC | 70.28 | 66.67 | 58.83 | 54.32 |
| Recall | 65.38 | 66.67 | 90.00 | 51.85 |
C.4 Domain Gaps between RVD and Existing Datasets
In Section 4.2, we highlight the presence of domain gaps between existing datasets and our retinal vessel dataset (RVD). To further demonstrate this phenomenon, we show a set of visualization results, which can be found in Fig. 5. We consider two distinct scenarios:
(a) Initially, we present the visualization results of models trained on existing datasets and then applied to our dataset. The results reveal a concerning trend of presence of overgeneralization in the predictions, thereby overlooking finer details. This underscores the difficulty for models trained on existing datasets to generalize to our dataset.
Table 7: Evaluation of domain gaps between RVD and existing datasets. The models are trained on RVD and DRIVE and tested on CHASEDB.
| Model-Backbone | RVD → CHASEDB | DRIVE → CHASEDB |
|----------------|---------------|-----------------|
| | mIoU | mAcc | mFscore | mIoU | mAcc | mFscore |
| DeepLabV3-R50 | 60.22 | 63.3 | 68.25 | 65.56 | 76.00 | 75.69 |
| Mask2Former-R50| 68.35 | 76.00 | 77.62 | 78.48 | 89.43 | 86.84 |
| Mask2Former-Swin-L | 63.47 | 67.60 | 73.04 | 79.88 | 90.97 | 87.87 |
(b) Conversely, we also show the visualization of models initially trained on our RVD, and then applied to existing datasets. Similar to the first case, the performance drop is observed after transferring. However, the transferred results reveal that more granular details, particularly of vessel structure, are preserved. Such a phenomenon suggests that models trained on our dataset exhibit much better generalizability and tend to adapt more efficiently to the existing datasets.
C.5 Computational Efficiency
We analyze the computational operations (i.e., GFLOPs) and inference time (i.e., ms) for trained models. Specifically, for models trained with spatial annotations, we analyze Mask2Former and DeepLabv3 with different backbones. The results are presented as follows in Table 8. The overall speed of different models is faster for processing our data. Models with larger backbones require more computational cost and more inference time, for example, from Swin-T to Swin-L, both GFLOPs and the inference time are increased a lot. However, we notice that the inference time may not linearly grow with GFLOPs across different models, since the inference time can be affected by many factors, e.g., CUDA optimization for different network structures.
For models trained with temporal annotations, we consider SVP detection with different backbones. We provide their GFLOPs and inference time in Table 9. The speed of models for SVP detection is still faster, e.g., LRCN processes each video in 89 ms. However, when compared with models in binary segmentation, their speed can be further improved. These results indicate that more sophisticated model structures are needed for our datasets.
Table 8: Computational efficiency of Mask2Former and DeepLabv3 with different backbones.
| Model | ResNet50 | ResNet101 | Swin-T | Swin-S | Swin-B-1k | Swin-B-22k | Swin-L | ResNet50 | ResNet101 |
|-------------|----------|-----------|--------|--------|-----------|------------|--------|----------|-----------|
| GFLOPs (G) | 40 | 59 | 28 | 36 | 86 | 160 | 270 | 347 | |
| Inference time (ms) | 27.30 | 29.7 | 31.3 | 45.3 | 67.2 | 62.8 | 92.2 | 24.5 | 33.7 |
Table 9: Computational efficiency of models trained with temporal annotations.
| Model | LRCN | I3D | X3D | TSN | VTN |
|-------|------|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| GFLOPs | 16 | 263 | 180 | 252 | 1374 |
| Inference time (ms) | 89.0 | 226.7 | 182.8 | 322.3 | 486.2 |
References
[1] MMSegmentation Contributors. MMSegmentation: Openmmlab semantic segmentation toolbox and benchmark. https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmssegmentation, 2020.
[2] Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, et al. An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929, 2020.
[3] Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. Deep residual learning for image recognition, 2015.
[4] Olaf Ronneberger, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox. U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention--MICCAI 2015: 18th
[5] Evan Shelhamer, Jonathan Long, and Trevor Darrell. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. *IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence*, 39(4):640–651, 2017.
[6] Robin Strudel, Ricardo Garcia, Ivan Laptev, and Cordelia Schmid. Segmenter: Transformer for semantic segmentation. In *Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision*, pages 7262–7272, 2021.
[7] Hengshuang Zhao, Jianping Shi, Xiaojuan Qi, Xiaogang Wang, and Jiaya Jia. Pyramid scene parsing network. In *CVPR*, 2017.
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KEVIN & THE BLUES GROOVERS
SOMETHING OLD
SOMETHING NEW
SOMETHING BORROWED
BLUES
1. Shakey Ground (3:43)
By Jeffrey Bowen, Alphonso Boyd, Edward Hazel
Stone Diamond Music Corporation (BMI), Jobete Music Co. Inc. (ASCAP), Southfield Music Inc. (ASCAP)
2. Movin’ On (feat. Ronnie Baker Brooks) (4:08)
By Kevin Gullage
KPATT Publishing (BMI)
3. Sweet Home Chicago (feat. Ronnie Baker Brooks) (5:33)
By Robert Johnson
Standing Ovation And Encore Music (SESAC)
4. So Called Friends of Mine (4:34)
By Kevin Gullage
KPATT Publishing (BMI)
5. Grits Ain’t Groceries (3:35)
AKA “All Around the World” by Titus Turner
Bro N Sis Music Inc (BMI)
6. Ain’t Nobody’s Business If I Do (6:39)
By Porter Grainger & Everett Robbins
Public Domain
7. Valerie (5:02)
By Abi Harding, Boyan Chowdhury, Dave McCabe, Russ Pritchard, Sean Payne / EMI Blackwood Music Inc (BMI), Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. (BMI)
8. My Baby Gave Me The Blues (feat. Norman Sylvester) (5:37)
By Kevin Gullage
KPATT Publishing (BMI)
9. The Blues Is Alright (4:50)
By James Milton Campbell
Malaco Music Company (BMI), Peermusic III Ltd. (BMI)
Personnel
Kevin Gullage – Lead vocals & piano on all tracks; Hammond melodion on track 7
Carlton Ross – Guitar on all tracks but 7; background vocals on tracks 1, 3, 7, 9
Tony Gullage – Bass on all tracks; background vocals on tracks 1, 3, 7, 8, 9
Terrence Higgins – drums on all tracks but 8
Brandon Adams – B3 organ on tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9; background vocals on tracks 3, 7, 9
Jason Parfait (504 Horns) – Alto, tenor, & bari sax on all tracks
Ian Smith (504 Horns) – Trumpet & trombone on all tracks
Roderick Jackson – Background vocals on all tracks
Charis Gullage – Background vocals on tracks 1, 3, 7, 9
Ernest Gullage – Background vocals on tracks 1, 3, 7, 9
Ronnie Baker Brooks – Guitar on tracks 2, 3
Terrel King – Lap steel guitar on track 4
Andy Bourgeois – B3 organ & Rhodes piano on track 5
Bruno Alves – Rhodes piano on track 1
John Dandry – Guitar on tracks 1, 9
Timothy Quinn – Guitar on track 7
Sean Willis – B3 organ on track 7
Michael ‘Lil Mike’ Harris – Drums on track 8
Norman Sylvester – Guitar on track 8
Credits
Produced by Tony Gullage
Co-produced by Brandon Adams and Jason Parfait
Executive Producer: Mark Samuels
Engineered by Jason Parfait, Joe Kolb and Adam Szczepkowski
Mixed by Jason Parfait and Tony Gullage
Mastered by Jason Parfait
Recorded at:
Jason Parfait Studio - Luling, Louisiana
Loyola University Studio - New Orleans, Louisiana
Padded Cell Studios - Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Photography by Zack Tullier
Cover/Digital Booklet Design by Braden Piper
Digipak/CD Design by Diana Thornton
Dedication
Dedicated to Tommy Peters.
Tommy you encouraged Kevin and the Blues Groovers and you also predicted many great things for us. We only wish that you were here to see it all happening. I’m sure you are looking down smiling and doing the “Tommy Dance.” Rest In Peace as we strive to keep the legacy of true music flowing through the atmosphere. We are forever grateful.
Thank You
Special thanks to Mark Samuels and Basin Street Records. What more could we hope for than to be a part of a great record label family. Thanks to Braden Piper; thanks for pulling this all together and making sense of it all. Thank you Eric Gales, Ronnie Baker Brooks, Norman Sylvester for putting your seals of approval on this CD by being a major part of it. Thanks to B.B. King’s Blues Club (New Orleans). Thank you John Dandry and Mike Harris; Once a Groover, Always a Groover! Thank you Keiko, Andy, Terrell, Andy J., Bruno, Charis and Ernest. The success of this record definitely is a result of everyone on it. Thanks to each and every one of you.
- Kevin and the Blues Groovers
At 23-years old, fast-rising star Kevin Gullage leads his band of veteran players, The Blues Groovers, with the poise of a seasoned performer. His impressive blend of soulful singing and dazzling blues piano infused with the experience of his bandmates is leaving audiences in awe. Born into a musical family in New Orleans, LA, Kevin Gullage showed prodigious signs of musical talent and followed in his father’s footsteps, embracing his passion for music as an instrumentalist, singer, and writer. Growing up interacting with artists such as Henry Butler, Gary Brown, Carol Fran and others in the New Orleans music scene influenced the development of Kevin’s musicianship and style from a young age. Kevin began his career as a multi-instrumentalist, but eventually turned his musical focus to piano. His passion for piano would lead him to study music at the prestigious New Orleans Center for Creative Arts, The Louis Armstrong Jazz Camp (whose alumni include Jon Batiste, Troy “Trombone Shorty” Andrews, and “Big Sam” Williams) and later Loyola University New Orleans.
At age 18, Kevin was selected as the pianist for the 2017 Thelonious Monk All-Star Sextet performing alongside jazz legend, Bobby Watson. The same year, he was invited to perform with the multi-Grammy winning band Blues Traveler at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival. Kevin has appeared in several movies including The Last Laugh starring Chevy Chase and Burning Cane starring Wendell Pierce. His voice was also featured in the 2019 release of Disney’s Lady & The Tramp.
In 2019, Kevin & the Blues Groovers became a resident artist at B.B. King’s Blues Club, New Orleans. With a resounding demand from their growing fan-base, Kevin recorded his first EP entitled Blues for the City. Kevin Gullage signed with the Grammy-winning record label Basin Street Records in early 2022. In the Spring of 2022, Kevin appeared in several episodes of ABC’s American Idol advancing to the top 50. With an all-star band behind him and bountiful talent of his own, Kevin Gullage is set to soar, as Kevin & The Blues Groovers look ahead to the many opportunities in the future.
Connect
Facebook: KevinAndTheBluesGroovers, OfficialKevinGullage
Instagram: KevinAndTheBluesGroovers, Kevin_Gullage
YouTube: Kevin Gullage, Kevin Gullage Playlist
Twitter: Kevin_Gullage
TikTok: Kevin_Gullage
Basin Street Records
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MAHABUBUR RAHMAN is born in a noble Muslim family on 28th May 1982. His father’s name is Alhaj Bazlur Rahman. His father is a reputed businessman of old Dhaka and also the Chairman of Notundhora Assets Ltd.
During the student life, Mahabubur Rahman passes S.S.C from Ahmed Bawany Academy, H.S.C from Idel College, Dhanmondi, Graduated from Stamford University and Post Graduate from Darul Ihsan University. Specially he has done professional Real estate courses.
At the of his student life, he started his career in real estate company in 2008. During his long career of 14 years, he was working in various reputed companies. Currently he is working as Assistant General Manager, Business Development of Notundhora Assets Ltd.
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Wednesday Rides
Wednesday Wanderers ride
I haven't led many rides recently for very good logistical reasons, so when the opportunity arose I stepped manfully in. However on the day Jen and I met the perfect storm of problems getting to Hornbeam in time for the start. Someone had decided to smash their's and someone else's cars into Harewood Bridge, leaving us with an about turn back to Pool and the ensuing queues that had built up, both in Pool and at the Harrogate by-pass roundabout. Fortunately, with liberal use of the mobile phone Jenny managed to contact enough people so that everyone knew what had happened to us. My thanks go to whoever stepped in and did the shouting bit at Hornbeam with the information on the different rides, because I was also co-opted for that duty. Also thanks to Dennis who took some of the Wanderers off on a hastily composed route.
I thought at this point I had managed to get out of the responsibility of leading, but others had a different idea. A posse of 10 riders were waiting for me to arrive, not in the Hornbeam car park, but at the end of Beech Road where I usually park (absolutely no escape). Thanks! to the gallant 10 who waited. Lovely day for cycling and like Brian Hanrahan (BBC corespondent) 'I counted them all out, and I counted them all back'. Not even the perils of Duck Street and its maniac lorry drivers, the rolling terrain around Thruscross reservoir, or the rather abrupt service at the 'Cobby Syke' Farm Shop Cafe seemed to put them off. Two of the group went back early and the rest carried on manfully (sorry Liz, also womanfully) around the res.
Looking at this picture halfway around Thruscross, I was beginning to wonder if the seven were going to 'bale' out on me. There were mutterings of them being used as cannon 'fodder' and someone thought it was the last 'straw'. Ah well at least the emogi's looked as though they were enjoying themselves (now is that the back row or the front?). From an indifferent start a reasonable ride was had by all (I think). Glyn
Long Ride
The Long Ride was leaderless this morning as Terry Smith was off to join the Awayday Ride. The general consensus of the thirteen riders was to head for Easingwold and take it from there. Leaving Hornbeam Park in dribs and drabs we reassembled at Low Bridge. Following some jolly banter with EG's it was off to Boroughbridge. At Boroughbridge it was decided to form two groups and PCJ was elected to lead the faster group. After some discussion we settled on a circuitous route to Easingwold taking in Brafferton, a zig-zag across the A19, and after some indecision around Husthwaite we headed for Oulston. Unfortunately, disaster struck as Paul's rear axle attachments parted company. We now headed directly to
Easingwold with Paul nursing his bike all the way. Arriving at Easingwold we found that the EGs were already ensconced at TeeHee! so it was the Sugar Mouse for us. After having had refreshments we left Paul waiting for his "taxi". The return journey was less eventful with a return route of Alne, Thorpe Underwood, Whixley, Cowthorpe and Knaresborough. PCJ
EG's Ride
On the way down to Low Bridge I got caught in the slipstream of Wheeleasy`s "A" team as they headed for Easingwold, now there`s a coincidence they must have read the day like the EG`s.
After last weeks small numbers we had a good number of likely lads at Low Bridge ie sixteen in total.
A big welcome to the following.
Bob Shears back with us for a short ride, he has sometimes to nip back to the service station for a tune up, so today it was shortish ride and then perhaps a fine tune up before upping the mileage.
Alan Banister (with one n ) nice to see you riding with us.
Also from the deep south (still in Yorkshire though) Terry Wadkin on his Italian push bike. All Wheeleasy knows the way to Easingwold so there will be no route description except to say the men`s downhill trophy was wrested from Dave (wonderwheels) Siswick, by Geoff by half a wheel, nice one.
Bob left us at Boroughbridge for his coffee, the rest of us (in groups of course) headed for Easingwould, and Dave P`s day was made.
Coffee/tea and beans were taken in cafe in the square by all of us, we were also joined for a time by Wheeleasy`s "A" team from Hornbeam Carpark.
The group then split again to return by their different ways.
A small group consisting of Bill, Dave P, Dave Watson, Norman and Roy headed for home. At Branton Green a bannana break was taken together with a discussion on keys and chords, a cord on your key stops it getting lost, however the lost chord was not found, which is understandable because being EG`s we would not be able to remember where we had put it in the first place.
Amongst our group there may have been some riders who thought Easingwold was a bridge to far, however getting to a destination is not the be all and end all, its how you get back, and this was done in fine style, congratulations to everybody, and thanks for a great and sociable ride, Oh! and the laughs. Dave P.
Poddler's Ride
Unfortunately there was a car crash on Harewood Bridge which caused Glyn and me to be late getting to Hornbeam. After a quick dash to Killinghall, I met up with Monica and Jane, and we were soon off to Fountains Abbey, where scones and coffee were consumed. The view from the deer park was stunning on this beautiful autumn day. We cycled through Ripon, Bishop Monkton, and were soon back to the Drovers, and whizzing back to Ripley. Monica and I then left Jane at Ripley, and chatted our way down the Greenway back to Harrogate. Well done Jane for doing a hilly ride without complaint! 34 miles. Jen Appleyard
Trailer Ride
11 riders (ones alarm failed to go off!) gathered in the dark at 6.30(ish) to load the bikes for this months Awayday ride which was based around using the bike trailer.
Once loaded we set off and watched the sun get up as we made our way to Kirkby Lonsdale to start our ride.
Once there we were joined by Ian who had taken a day off work and was combining the ride with a trip on the Settle to Carlisle line and had made his own way there.
The weather forecast had been predicted to be OK but no expected the brilliantly sunny, blue and clear skies we experienced all day which made a fantastic back drop for the ride. As with all Colin' routes we were quickly climbing out of the town as we made our way towards Barbondale when Matthew had a puncture after we had gone along a path where the hedges had been cut. The only compensation was a great view over towards Kirby Lonsdale!
Back on the road we had a magnificent ride up Barbondale and then down into Dentdale for our first stop at Sedbergh. After the early start the coffee and cake were enjoyed by all before we got on our way again.
A steady climb out of Sedbergh and onto the country road that would take us over to Orton. This section of the ride was magic-there is no other word for it! The blue sky, sun on our backs, the Howgills at their best and good company as we made our way into Cumbria. We watched the cars ploughing along the M6 in the distance and quickly decided we knew what we preferred.
After crossing the M6 by an underpass we made our way to the Orson Scar cafe for a late lunch. We have been before on our Awaydays and the service, again, was efficient, friendly and the food tasty- definitely one of our favourite cafes to visit on awayday rides. Suitably refreshed we were ready to tackle the climb over to Appleby. Ian left us to go along the main road to enable him to be certain to get his train and the rest of us set off to climb up towards Orton Scar and the highest point of the ride.
The sun had gone in by now but the views were still not bad as we made our way across the moor and then down into Appleby to meet the trailer and then the ride home. 42 miles,
Thanks to Colin for another great route, for the good company of everyone on the ride, to Norrie of Sherwoods coaches who did a great job with getting us there and back and most of all for the Awayday spell which provided us, once again, with superb weather. Kevin
2850 feet of climbing in wonderful weather that showed off the area at its best. Another great ride which everyone enjoyed in great company.Ian,Jeremy and Matthew were awarded their 'Colin' badges as this was their first Awayday ride. And after quickly loading up we set off back home tired by well pleased with the days cycling.
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DESSERTS MENU
WWW.MEZESHISH.CO.UK
A service charge of 10% will apply for tables with 4 or more people.
V - VEGETARIAN N - CONTAINS NUTS
Dishes may contain wheat and nuts. Please ask your waiter if you have any allergy concerns.
All our dishes are made in clean and hygienic environment.
DESSERTS
RICE PUDDING 5.50
Baked rice and milk pudding sprinkled with cinnamon
BAKLAVA N 6.50
Golden brown filo dough, with a thick middle layer of crushed pistachio nuts, topped with syrup, finished with a sprinkle of pistachios and served with vanilla ice cream
KUNEFEN 7.50
HOMEMADE
Kunefe is a grilled dessert made from two layers of crispy filo dough filled with cheese and syrup and finished with a sprinkle of pistachios
DRIED FIGS N 5.50
HOMEMADE
Dried figs & walnuts in a syrup, served with vanilla ice cream
PEAR 5.50
HOMEMADE
Conference pear in syrup with walnuts served with vanilla ice cream
TARTA FANTASTICA 4.95
Vanilla and caramel ice cream, toffee sauce with almonds and chocolate covered toffee balls
STICKY TOFFEE PUDDING 4.95
A traditionally made round sticky toffee pudding packed with toffee fudge pieces with lashings of toffee sauce
BANOFFEE PIE 5.50
HOMEMADE
Topped with fresh bananas and toffee sauce
ICE CREAM 5.50
Choice of Vanilla, Chocolate or Strawberry
HOT BEVERAGES
TURKISH COFFEE 3.00
CAPPUCCINO 2.95
SINGLE ESPRESSO 2.00
DOUBLE ESPRESSO 2.75
AMERICANO 2.50
LATTE 2.95
MACCHIATO 2.95
MOCHA 2.95
TURKISH TEA 1.50
ENGLISH TEA 2.50
FRESH MINT TEA 2.75
HERBAL TEA 2.50
HOT CHOCOLATE 2.50
A service charge of 10% will apply for tables with 4 or more people
V: VEGETARIAN N: CONTAINS NUTS
Dishes may contain wheat and nuts. Please ask your waiter if you have any allergy concerns.
All our dishes are made in clean and hygienic environment
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OPEN POSITION AT SKEMA BUSINESS SCHOOL
SKEMA is seeking applicants for a position in MARKETING.
Rank: associate or full Professor.
Starting date: September 2021.
Permanent full-time contract.
Salary and conditions are competitive, in line with international standards.
REQUIREMENTS
* Hold a PhD in MARKETING or a related field, from a recognized institution
* Have previous publications in ranked journals, preferably in areas consistent with the specializations of current Faculty
* Show the ability to deliver quality teaching at different levels (undergraduate, master…)
* Demonstrate experience of teaching & learning innovation
* Committed to service and/or outreach activities
* Able to teach in English (knowledge of French, although not strictly required, would be appreciated – support in learning French will be offered)
* Be a team player with good communication skills, and the willingness to contribute to the activities of the Academy and the Research Center
EXPECTATIONS
* Publish peer-reviewed publications in relevant top journals (according to the SKEMA journal ranking list)
* Teach and develop new courses at different levels in MARKETING
* Supervise students at different levels (UG, master…)
* Participate in the student selection process
* Be a good academic citizen / Commit to the life of the institution and contribute in projects related to the school strategy
* If appropriate, take on a coordination role
ABOUT SKEMA BUSINESS SCHOOL
With 9,000 students of 120 nationalities and 48,000 graduates in 145 countries, SKEMA Business School is a global school which, through its research, its 50 teaching programmes and its international multi-site structure trains and educates the talents that 21st century businesses need. The school is now present on 7 locations: 3 campuses in France (Lille, Sophia Antipolis, Paris), 1 in China (Suzhou), 1 in the United States (Raleigh), 1 in Brazil (Belo Horizonte) and 1 in South Africa (Stellenbosch - Cape Town). Since 2019, the school has also launched many initiatives around artificial intelligence, including the creation of a research laboratory based in Montreal, one of the world's major AI hubs. In pursuing its ambitious global project, SKEMA seeks to stay at the forefront of innovation and education. We are therefore looking for women and men who reflect the school's values: academic excellence, humanism and multiculturalism. SKEMA's Faculty comprises more than 170 Professors. Their expertise allows us to provide educational programmes addressing the opportunities and challenges of a global environment. Structured around five research centers covering all major areas of business, and three Academies – Globalisation, Innovation and Digitalisation –, SKEMA offers great career opportunities for ambitious researchers.
SKEMA is multiaccredited - Equis, AACSB and EFMD Accredited EMBA. Its programmes are recognized in France (Visa, Master Degree, RNCP, CGE label), as well as in the United States (licensing), Brazil (certificação) and China.
For further information: https://www.skema.edu/
ABOUT RESEARCH
Members of the MINT (Market Interactions) Research Center study the complex and dynamic interactions in and between markets, consumers and society. They deploy a broad range of research methods to better understand these interactions from three different perspectives. First, they look at the relations between different stakeholders (relationality) in on-line communities, marketplace encounters, and in established and alternative market systems. Secondly, they consider the materiality of such relations (materiality) as instantiated in brands, technological interfaces, products and commons. Thirdly, they are also curious about the moral dimensions of these interactions (morality) as present in local versus global tensions, marketing managers' (mis)conduct, and practices of ideological contestation and resistance. By looking at these interactions, we aim to generate theoretical, managerial, and political insights toward a healthy, fair, and sustainable future. Members of the MINT Research Center have published in top academic journals, including Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Business Research, Industrial Marketing Management Journal, Psychology &
Marketing, European Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, Marketing Theory, and Journal of Interactive Marketing.
SKEMA Business School offers publication bonuses for peer-reviewed publications, following the French CNRS Journals Ranking list.
APPLICATION PROCEDURE
Applicants should send:
* a curriculum vitae
* a cover letter
* a selection of three representative publications
* a teaching statement and teaching assessments
The complete application package should be submitted in English and sent by email to: [email protected]
With object: application position in
MARKETING - FRANCE
Clarification questions can be directed to: [email protected]
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IRMTNZ Music Teachers
PROFESSIONAL
ETHICAL
CARING
our students put their trust in us we have a responsibility to them
Personal Integrity
Hold true to the values displayed to the public by IRMTNZ membership.
Professional Etiquette
Avoid giving unsolicited advice to another teacher's student; be prudent when commenting - refer queries to the student's teacher.
Safe Studios
Read and abide by the full IRMTNZ Student Safety Policy
Provide a safe, healthy, , well-equipped learning space.
Regularly review personal health and well-being
Guard against isolation: network and socialise with IRMTNZ members.
Remain trustworthy; accountable to yourself, others and IRMTNZ.
Ensure a new student has no obligations to a previous teacher.
If a student has more than one teacher ( masterclass, school or private) seek the most positive outcome for the student.
Keep first-aid handy. Have emergency survival kits and procedures. Know legal obligations and liabilities.
Know and avoid things that can cause student distress.
Be aware of signs that indicate child abuse.
Respond to any concerns using IRMTNZ procedures.
Respect Courtesy Honesty
Read and abide by the full IRMTNZ Code of Ethics
Professional Integrity
Uphold IRMTNZ Aims. Do your best for students. Support and encourage colleagues.
Cultural Awareness
Safe Practices
Observe Guidelines in the Student Safety Policy.
Establish and maintain professional boundaries.
In all, be ethical, impersonal, respectful, accountable.
Use professional behaviour and communication towards all students, colleagues and the public.
Respect another person's right to be different.
Listen; be honest; be polite.
Be discreet, courteous and constructive in expressing professional concerns.
Represent IRMTNZ only when authorised
Regard theTrade Descriptions act - avoid misleading advertising.
Be sensitive to other cultures.
Recognise other languages, traditions and social practices with understanding and respect.
Be aware of, and vigilant about, the need to use safe physical contact and safe student transport.
Avoid any physical contact, situation, or behaviour which could be construed as inappropriate.
Use sensible, professional communication by whatever means & media.
High Teaching Standards
Enjoy helping students to develop their musical abilities to the maximum.
Transparent Business Methods
Be Confidential
Be discreet about colleagues and students.
Keep all student information confidential - verbal, written or pictorial -
Continuous Professional Development:
Regularly appraise teaching competency & effectiveness.
Maintain vitality; keep developing and extending knowledge, skills and ability in music, education and best teaching practices.
Conduct professional business methods: set realistic fees; use a Terms of Tuition contract; make sure the terms are clearly understood by both student and teacher before lessons start.
unless prior approval has been given by the student or guardian to pass such information on.
Use anonymous terms as far as possible when reporting concerns or seeking advice over a student
IRMTNZ Music Teachers COMMITTED to the IRMTNZ Code of Ethics
IRMTNZ Music Teachers COMMITTED to the IRMTNZ STUDENT SAFETY POLICY
Raises AWARENESS
Provides INFORMATION
SAFE TEACHING CONDUCT
CHILD ABUSE
for the PROTECTION of
MUSIC TEACHERS THEIR STUDENTS IRMTNZ
How to RECOGNISE
CHILD ABUSE
provides
PRACTICAL
GUIDELINES
for
SAFE TEACHING CONDUCT
WORKPLACE SAFETY
Procedures to
RESPOND
and
RECORD
DISCLOSURE
by a student
CONCERNS
over a student
PERSONAL SAFETY CHECKS ALL MEMBERS
WHO ...
REPORT/ DISCUSS CONCERNS
DSP
( DESIGNATED SAFETY PERSON )
IRMTNZ
PRIVACY
POLICY
PROTECTS
MEMBERS
IRMTNZ,
PERSONAL CRIMINAL CONVICTION HISTORY REPORT Every three years
ACCOUNTABLE to OURSELVES, ONE ANOTHER and if necessary to the IRMTNZ ETHICS COMMTTEE
IRMTNZ STRENGTHENED
INCREASED VISIBLE ACCOUNTABILITY and CREDIBILITY
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A PBPK MODEL FOR COBICISTAT, A POTENTIAL STRONG CYP3A4 INHIBITOR FOR CLINICAL DDI STUDIES WITH CYP3A4 VICTIM DRUGS
L Almond, AB Ke and K Rowland‐Yeo
Simcyp (a Certara company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
Background
‐ Since the use of ketoconazole was discontinued, investigators have assessed and proposed alternative strong CYP3A4 inhibitors for use in Phase I clinical DDI studies.
‐ One such alternative is Cobicistat (COBI), a potent CYP3A4 inactivator that was developed specifically as a pharmacokinetic booster.
‐ COBI exhibits non linear PK due to auto‐inhibition of CYP3A4‐mediated elimination routes. However, a quantitative estimate of the fractional contribution of CYP3A4 (fm CYP3A4 ) to the elimination of COBI, that would be required to model auto‐inhibition, is currently unavailable in the literature.
‐ We present a PBPK model for COBI that can be used to assess the DDI liability of drugs in development that are metabolised by CYP3A4.
Methods
‐ A model workflow was devised to develop a PBPK model for COBI as a perpetrator using prior clinical and in vitro data to recover the multiple dose (MD) exposure after dosing of 100 mg and 200 mg QD (Figure 1).
‐ In vitro inactivation parameters 2 , corrected for non‐specific binding, were included in the model and the predicted interaction with midazolam (10 trials of age matched virtual subjects; Simcyp V15) was compared to corresponding observed data.
Results
‐ The developed model was able to recover the MD exposure of COBI after 100 and 200 mg QD; predicted and observed 1 AUC (0,Ƭ) values were 3.44 and 3.41 and 16.1 and 16.2 mg/L.h, respectively (Figure 2).
‐ The predicted midazolam AUC (0,∞) ratios were within 1.25 fold of the observed for both regimens; ratios were 13.4 and 12.9, and 19.0 and 20.7 for 100 and 200mg QD, respectively. The predicted midazolam C max ratios were within 2‐fold of observed 1 (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Simulated and observed
1
COBI concentration‐time profiles following administration of a) 100mg QD and b) 200mg QD for 14
days.
Data shown as the mean of each trial (n=15; grey lines) and the mean of the overall population (10 x n=15; black lines).
Figure 3. Simulated exposure and C max & AUC ratios of midazolam before (solid line) and after (dashed line) MD COBI a) 100mg QD and b) 200mg QD for 14 days. Data shown as the mean of each trial (n=12; grey lines) and the mean of the overall population (10 x n=12; black lines).
‐ Even at the lower dose (100mg), simulations indicated profound inactivation of CYP3A4 in the liver and gut (Figure 4).
‐ Although there were no clinical midazolam DDI data following single dose of COBI, use of the corresponding CLpo inputs into the model also recovered the single dose exposure of COBI (100‐400 mg).
Conclusions
‐ Although the model presented here is not fully mechanistic, in that it does not consider auto‐inhibition or other issues relating to its complex disposition, this "fit‐for‐purpose model" can be used to further investigate the potential of COBI as a perpetrator of CYP3A4‐mediated interactions.
‐ Ongoing verification of the model using CYP3A4 substrate drugs and drugs in development can help ensure prediction accuracy of the DDI liability of COBI.
‐ Further work is required to derive and incorporate a quantitative estimate of fm CYP3A4 . This would then allow auto‐inhibition to be propagated into simulations, replacing the need to use dose and regimen‐specific CLpo input data.
References
1Mathias AA, German P, Murray BP, Wei L, Jain A, West S, Warren D, Hui J, Kearney BP. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GS‐9350: a novel pharmacokinetic enhancer without anti‐HIV activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Mar;87(3):322‐9
2Xu L, Liu H, Murray BP, Callebaut C, Lee MS, Hong A, Strickley RG, Tsai LK, Stray KM, Wang Y, Rhodes GR, Desai MC. Cobicistat (GS‐9350): A Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Human CYP3A as a Novel Pharmacoenhancer. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2010 May 17;1(5):209‐13
ASCPT Annual Meeting, March 15‐18, 2017, Washington DC
Poster # LB‐042
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Journal of Medicine and Biology
Coffee Consumption Benefits and Risks on Human Health
Zemzem Ahmed Bedaso
1
and Kasim Roba Jilo
2*
1
Black Lion Hospital, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science P.O. Box.9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2
Holeta Bee Research Center, P.O. Box-22, Holeta, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia
Correspondence should be addressed toKasim Roba Jilo, Black Lion Hospital, Addis Ababa University, College of Health
Science P.O. Box.9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Received: August 05, 2022; Accepted: August 18, 2022; Published: August 28, 2022
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE
To review researches done on coffee consumption benefits and risks on human health.
RESULTS
Coffee has many chemical compounds like caffeine, diterpene, alcohols, and chlorogenic acid, that make it valuable for human health when used at per recommended level. Consumption of 3 up to 5 cups as standard daily is believed to prevent
different kinds of chronic illnesses. The coffee drink is linked with the prevention of several illnesses, including Parkinson's disease, liver disease, and Diabetes mellitus, helps to burn fat, increases our physical routine, boosts mood, and decreases
depression and suicide risk. It also reduces the risk of dementia, stroke, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Side effects are related to overdrinking and it can be controlled by consuming an appropriate amount of coffee in a day. Some groups, including
people with hypertension, pregnant women, children, and the elderly are prone to the side effects of coffee and they have to limit their intake. Even though coffee has been associated with a lot of health benefits, more research is needed to identify its
effect on health, possible future use as a remedy, and safe level of consumption considering its preparation and factors like age, sex, and different health issues.
KEYWORDS
Benefits; Coffee; Consumption; Human health; Risks
INTRODUCTION
Coffee is
the most
regularly consumed,
pharmacologically active caffeine-containing beverage and the second most traded commodity next to edible oil
[1]. It was discovered in Africa and through time distributed to different countries around the globe [2].
Coffea arabica L.
is classified under the genus Coffea, and the
Rubiaceae family [3]. Arabica coffee is highly
observed due to its high quality of test and it accounts for about 64% of the world’s total coffee production [4].
Coffee drinking is a vital regular part of daily life and most people start a day with coffee [5].
Citation: Zemzem Ahmed Bedaso, Coffee Consumption Benefits and Risks on Human Health. J Med Biol 4(1): 41-52.
© 2022 TRIDHA Scholars
Review Article| Vol 4 Iss 1
41
Consumers drink coffee for energy and pleasure [6]. Most caffeine is consumed in the morning hours, often at breakfast, when alertness is lowest, and very little in the evening before sleep [7].
The Active Ingredients of Coffee
Coffee is a complex beverage containing >1,000 compounds and the main constituents are caffeine, diterpene alcohols, chlorogenic acid and also minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids [9]. Several micronutrients are found in coffee, including magnesium, potassium, niacin, and vitamin E [9]. These compounds make coffee exert its biological effect on the physiological action of our body.
Coffee's Mechanisms of Action
The favorable effect of coffee is explained by many reasonable mechanisms due to the existence of a diversity of biological constituents [1]. The top identified compound is caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) due to its physiological effects as a bronchodilator, stimulant of the central nervous system, and causing increment in blood circulation, and respiration [10]. It is the key compound thru which coffee can influence many pathways in our body system.
Coffee has a tremendous impact on reducing the genesis and progression of different diseases through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and also by inhibiting carcinogenesis. Coffee beans contain phenolic antioxidant compounds and the major polyphenol is chlorogenic acid [5]. Chlorogenic acid compounds are recognized to contribute significantly to the antioxidant property of coffee [11]. It also activates the endogenous antioxidant defense system by increasing plasma levels of glutathione [12]. Cafestol and kahweol also can regulate a variety of inflammatory mediators to reduce inflammation [13]. In addition, the two coffee diterpenes can prevent cancer from occurring by blocking the activation of carcinogens and improving liver detoxification function and they can also inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis [13].
Pharmacokinetics
Caffeine is quickly and almost completely absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and then goes to all tissues, including the brain [14]. For humans, it takes around 15 to 120 minutes from the point of oral intake to the peak level of concentration in plasma [15]. Caffeine is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes, in particular, CYP1A2 [16]. In adults, caffeine is metabolized to 1-methyl uric acid and 1methylxanthine, and only one to five percent of consumed caffeine is found in the urine unchanged [17].
The elimination half-life of caffeine ranges between 3 and 7 hours and can be influenced by many factors, including sex, age, use of oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and smoking, and its half-life has been reported to be 2030% shorter in females than in males [17]. Smoking greatly accelerates caffeine metabolism, reducing the half-life by up to 50%, whereas oral contraceptive use doubles the half-life of caffeine [16]. Pregnancy greatly reduces caffeine metabolism, especially in the third trimester, when the half-life of caffeine can be up to 15 hours [16]. And also, several quinolone antibacterial agents, including pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and pipemidic acid, have been seen to reduce methylxanthine clearance [15].
Coffee itself can affect some other drugs, hence caffeine may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of the antipsychotic medications, decrease the elimination of theophylline increase the risk of toxicity of these drugs, and decreases serum concentrations of lithium by enhancing its elimination [9]. Thus, patients on antipsychotic drugs and lithium should limit their coffee intake.
Different Ways of Coffee Preparations
The caffeine content of coffee is dependent on its method of preparation and the product brand [17]. Depending on the brewing processes, three major types of coffee can be distinguished: (i) boiled unfiltered coffee, (ii) filtered coffee, and (iii) decaffeinated coffee (DC) [18].
A higher amount of titratable acids like caffeoylquinic acid and antioxidant properties are found in hot brew coffee, than that in the cold brew [11]. Roasting and processing methods may degrade several compounds, like antioxidant polyphenols and others that might be an important determinant for coffee functions.
Safety Standard
Coffee intake is determined by coffee cup size, the concentration of the brew, and frequency of consumption [5]. In epidemiological studies, one cup is often assumed to provide 85mg-100 mg of caffeine [9]. But, cup size may vary based on the population and the concentration of caffeine can vary on its preparation [9]. In healthy people between the age of 18 and 65, a daily dosage of 400 mg of caffeine does not increase well-being worries according to European Food Safety Authority [19]. Consumption of 2 up to 3 cups in a day is safe and has no side effects to beneficial according to various health studies [8]. But these estimations didn't consider age, sex, and other health issues.
Uses of Coffee for Human Health
Most research done previously suggests long-term coffee consumption can decrease the risk of many diseases and its effects depend on the up-on amount of caffeine contained, sex, age, and diet [20]. Regular coffee consumption is linked to reducing the risk of many chronic diseases [16]. Coffee effects have been ascribed to many different bioactive elements of coffee, including, phenolics, polyphenol, diterpenes, methylxanthine, and others, some of which can have also large synergetic effects [21].
Coffee affects the central nervous system
The central nervous system is stimulated by Caffeine by three mechanisms: inhibiting phosphodiesterase, blocking adenosine receptors (an endogenous inhibitory neuromodulator that prompts feelings of drowsiness), and mobilizing intracellular calcium storage [15]. Decaffeinated coffee enriched in chlorogenic acids can improve alertness, and reduce headaches and mental fatigue in comparison to non-enriched decaffeinated coffee [22]. Coffee helps to prevent degenerative disorders, many of which are related to neuro stimulating, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects [22]. Drinking 2 up to 3 cups of coffee per day is linked with about 30% lower risk of stroke and dementia [23]. A moderate intake of coffee improves brain function and reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, and dementia, and also assists with the prevention of Parkinson's disease by reducing its risk by 30- 60% [19].
Coffee Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Most studies have focused on the connotation of the intake of coffee and its influences on cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, high blood pressure, high serum glucose, and serum cholesterol level [8]. Coffee consumption has a potential favorable impact on the metabolism of lipid regulation and markers related to inflammation [24]. And also, caffeine appears to improve vascular function by reducing reactive oxygen species production and enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability [12].
Coffee Effects on Diabetes Mellitus
Coffee drinking is linked with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes [25]. Mechanisms are inhibition of the glucose6-phosphatase, inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption by phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid, and also by increasing energy expenditure and inducing weight loss [9]. Several epidemiological studies suggest that longterm, usual coffee drinking may help to maintain normal glucose tolerance [9]. So, it is significantly associated
with a decrease in all-cause mortality caused by type 2 diabetes [26].
Coffee Effects on Gastrointestinal System
Research done on epidemiology suggested that coffee brew may exert multiple effects on the digestive tract, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects on the mucosa, and pro-motility effects on the muscle layers [27]. Useful relations between coffee drinking and liver function are comparatively large [28]. Caffeine's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties reduce the risk of liver disease (cirrhosis, fibrogenesis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) [20]. All types of coffee have a significant effect on preventing the occurrence and progression of chronic liver disease [29]. The melanoidins in coffee may have an influence on liver fat and they can function as an antioxidant quenching radical and improve the reduced/oxidized glutathione balance in the colon [22]. In addition to this drinking coffee is linked with reductions in risks allied with the gallbladder such as gallstones and pancreatitis [12]. The consumption of ≥2 cups of coffee/d may reduce the risk of end stage renal disease in the general population, especially among men [30].
Coffee Effects on Cancer
Several constituents of coffee have been found to play a protective role against cancer and the most well-known is chlorogenic acids [31]. The moderate drinking of coffee particularly caffeinated coffee range 1 up to 6.5 cups per day is accompanied by a lower all-cause and cancer death [31].
Coffee Effects on Sport
Caffeine is also widely consumed by athletes as an ergogenic boost and as a psychoactive drug because it can augment alertness, enhance concentration and diminish fatigue [15]. By stimulating the nervous system, caffeine helps to make free fatty acids available from fat cells and these free fatty acids are then available to the body as a source of energy to fuel exercise. Coffee increases the amount of fat utilized during continuous aerobic exercise supporting the use of caffeine as an ergogenic aid during training or competition [32].
Adverse Health Outcomes Associated with Coffee
Although coffee drinking has been linked with health benefits, it can also have side effects related to a high level of consumption. Some groups, including people with hypertension, children, pregnant women, and the elderly may be more prone to the adverse effects of caffeine.
Even potentially small health benefits or risks associated with coffee intake may have important public health implications given its widespread popularity [8]. Some people report experiencing irregular heartbeat or headaches and are thus reluctant to drink coffee, which suggests variation among individuals to coffee intolerance [5]. Side effects include anxiety, insomnia, palpitation, as well as bone loss, and possibly increased risk of fractures [8]. Additionally, it reduces appetite level for food and causes restlessness and [1]. Symptoms of caffeine overdose may include agitation, delirium, seizures, dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia, myoclonus, nausea, vomiting, hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia [9]. Caffeine poisoning from the consumption of traditional sources of caffeine is rare because a very large amount (75 to 100 standard cups of coffee) would have to be consumed in a short time for the dose to be fatal [16].
Coffee Affects Blood pressure and Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is one of the most vulnerable to the negative effects of caffeine. Caffeine is the major acute blood pressure increasing compound found in coffee in non-habitual drinkers, but not in the habitual coffee drinkers and other compounds present in coffee may counteract these acute pressor effects [8]. The acute effects of coffee on the cardiovascular system might arise in the time immediately after coffee intake or in more
susceptible individuals [5]. Most studies show coffee increases blood pressure in patients having hypertension and it is advised to decrease coffee intake in this group of individuals.
Coffee Effect on Cholesterol
Studies have reported that the cafestol, diterpenes, and to a lesser extent, kahweol, found in coffee naturally can alter lipid enzymes and thus influence cholesterol levels, and also boiled coffee has a pronounced effect because of the higher concentration of diterpenes found in it [17]. Coffee drinking particularly unfiltered coffee is significantly contributed to increasing the total cholesterol, and low density of triglyceride and lipoprotein. So, people with abnormal lipid profiles have to consider using filtered coffee as opposed to preparations made without filtering.
How Coffee Affects Bone and Calcium
Drinking caffeine-containing beverages is linked with an increased risk of bone mass loss and fracture [33]. Uncompensated losses of calcium would be a dangerous issue aimed at the development of osteoporosis [34]. Caffeine leads to a slight decrease in the effectiveness of calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract [5]. Nevertheless, much evidence displayed that this effect is through caffeine-induced hypercalciuria [17].
This effect is biologically more relevant in women and it has deleterious effects especially in adult women because they don't consume enough amount of calcium to compensate adequately to maintain their calcium balance [34]. Evidence does not exist on caffeine's negative consequence on bone conditions of individuals who ingested the presently suggested day-to-day allowances of calcium [33]. So, drinkers of caffeinated coffee in particular are advised to ensure adequate calcium intake to minimize this side effect.
Influences of Coffee on Sleep
Caffeinated coffee can cause irritability and anxiety and reduce sleep quality by increasing the time required to fall asleep, interfering with the deepness of sleep, and reducing the total time spent sleeping [22]. If caffeine consumption is not properly regulated during the first daytime, sleep deprivation will be unsure and the performance deficits will be experienced during the subsequent daytime [35]. The interpersonal disparity in the effects of caffeine on sleep and anxiety is large [16]. For example, older adults 'sleep is more sensitive to coffee consumption as compared to teenagers [1].
Causing Dependency
The most widely used stimulant around the globe is caffeine and its dependence is a common issue, even overnight caffeine deprivation produces negative impacts on the mood that could be reversed by caffeine consumption [35]. Tolerance to caffeine may depend upon behavioral or biological effects made by caffeine level and patterns of consumption [17].
When withdrawal occurs, it is short-lived and relatively mild in the majority of people affected [17]. Significant withdrawal symptoms have been observed at long-term intakes as low as 100 mg/d, although they are more common through huge consumption [9]. Commonly reported caffeine withdrawal symptoms are headaches, fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, depressed mood, and difficulty concentrating [9]. These symptoms typically peak for 1 to 2 days after cessation of caffeine intake, with a total duration of 2 to 9 days, and can be reduced by gradually decreasing the caffeine dose [16].
Adverse effects of Coffee on the Gastrointestinal System
Coffee has been suggested as a trigger for some common digestive complaints like stomach aches and heartburn [12]. The tightness of the lower esophageal sphincter may be reduced by the consumption of coffee leading to the exacerbation of gastroesophageal reflux disease [36].
A few compounds in coffee like Chlorogenic acids, Nβalkanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (C5HTs) from coffee wax, and to a lesser extent, caffeine, stimulate the production of gastric juice [22]. Gastric acid secretion may vary depending on the roasting of the coffee consumed [12]. Compared to caffeinated one, decaffeinated coffee is linked with less reflux [37]. So, decaffeinated coffee can be an option for people who have gastroesophageal reflux disease. Coffee decreases iron absorption and zinc bioavailability, so to maximize iron and zinc absorption from a meal or supplements, concomitant intake of coffee should be avoided [9].
Coffee Effects on Children
A large amount of caffeine is not recommended for adolescents and young children and as European Food Safety Authority, recommended safe level is a limit of 3 mg per kg between the ages of 3 to 18 years [19]. Protracted nervous system development may render children highly sensitive to adverse influences of caffeine [17].
Coffee Effects on Pregnant Women
Consumption of caffeine in mothers has continually been linked to babies being born with lower birth weight [38]. Caffeine can easily cross the placenta thus, affecting fetal growth [39]. During pregnancy caffeine consumption at dose levels of >300, mg/day may interfere with fetal growth, particularly in smokers or heavy alcohol drinkers [17]. High caffeine consumption in pregnant mothers increases the risk of intrauterine growth retardation, miscarriage, and stillbirth [40].
Caffeine may also block specific adenosine receptors, as adenosine is involved in maintaining the balance between the availability and the use of tissue oxygen, blockage of its receptors could increase the susceptibility of the cell to hypoxia [17]. An intake of below 200 mg is approved as a safe level by European Food Safety Authority, however, to be cautious it is advisable to keep consumption as low as possible [19].
Coffee Effects on Reproduction
Coffee can decrease fertility in both sexes [1]. Based on data available from epidemiological studies, it may be prudent for women who plan to be pregnant and who are having difficulty conceiving to limit caffeine consumption to less than 300 mg/d in addition to stopping using tobacco and decreasing alcohol consumption [9]. And also in males, ingested caffeine is capable of crossing the blood-testis barrier [17]. Consumption of caffeine in males was hypothesized that affects the integrity of sperm's DNA and also semen parameters [41]. Caffeine consumption at dose levels of >400 mg/day may decrease sperm motility and/or increase the percentage of dead spermatozoa (only in heavy smokers) but will be unlikely to adversely affect male fertility in general [17].
Coffee Effects on Urinary System
The consumption of massive amounts of caffeine can lead to severe hypokalemia by increasing the loss of potassium in urine due to the diuretic effect [42]. It also increases urinary excretion of chloride, magnesium, and sodium and this process persist for at least 3 hours after consumption [36]. Excessive caffeine intake (>400 mg/day) may elevate the problems of detrusor instability (unstable bladder) development in women [17]. Women mostly experience urinary incontinence problems [20]. Studies on invitro culture cells reported that caffeine has been proposed to accelerate the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by increasing the size of the kidney but, this effect is not detrimental [43].
DISCUSSION
Coffee effects on human health have now become the subject of systematic research to identify the association between coffee as exposure and a range of outcomes. Coffee drinking gives several benefits for human health that have been proven and health benefits outweigh the
risks of moderate coffee consumption for the majority of health consequences considered. coffee consumption may support the prevention of numerous long-lasting illnesses; including type two diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, and liver disease (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) as Epidemiological research results suggested [14]. It increases our physical performance, burn fat, reduces the risks of stroke, liver, prostate, and colorectal cancer by 20%, the risk of Parkinson's disease by 25%, lowers the risk of Type II diabetes, reduces the risk of dementia, and protects our mind, brightens our mood, helps us to fight depression and minimize the risk of suicide by 50% [1].
Coffee supports increasing the quantity of certain important neurotransmitters which improves memory, general cognitive functions, and moods. Coffee has a bioactive compound called caffeine which stimulates the human brain and spinal cord and has positive effects on long-term memory [1]. In contrast to this, Patocka et al. [15] declared that drinking coffee has little to no impact on human long-term memory, and tasks that rely on working memory may be hindered because of it [20]. specified that at the low dose, it has been reported that caffeine has a positive consequence on cognitive performance, brain function, and memory, but at higher doses, it may be responsible for nervousness and anxiety. Epidemiological studies suggested that caffeine consumption decreases the risks of Parkinson's disease and delays its development of it [8,22]. Coffee consumption reduces the risks of overall stroke, especially ischemic stroke [44]. A study was done on middle-aged Korean women by Lee et al., 2017 also suggests that higher coffee consumption may have protective benefits concerning stroke risk.
Drinkers of coffee are less likely to be depressed than about;10 to 20%, they are also about half as likely to commit suicide [19]. But studies were done by Nawrot et al. [17] and Hl et al. [45] suggest that chronic and heavy caffeine ingestion may cause or exacerbate anxiety in adults with pre-existing anxiety disorders and panic in panic disorder patients and may be associated with depression and increased use of anti-anxiety drugs.
Coffee consumption may also help ameliorate metabolic syndromes and their associated complications such as obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases [18]. Following this, a study done by Chen et al. [46] also reported that overall coffee consumption was not correlated with Metabolic syndrome. Research done by Cheung et al. shows that the consumption of coffee did not significantly affect LDL-C levels. Also, in agreement with this, research done on rats by Feyisa et al. [18] concluded that treating rats with coffee decreased body weight, fasting serum glucose, uric acid, TC, TG, and LDL-C, and increased HDL-C in a dose-dependent manner.
Moderate coffee intake is positively associated with cardiovascular health and does not increase the risk of heart disease [24]. Decaffeinated coffee intake was also associated with reduced risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, indicating that components of coffee other than caffeine are likely driving the coffee and mortality connection [47]. Similarly, Ghavami et al. suggest that increasing coffee consumption may reduce the major and important CVD risk factors among the elderly with T2DM. On contrary, a study by Taylor et al. [14] shows that coffee consumption is associated with increases in several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including blood pressure and plasma homocysteine. The results of the acute studies indicate that caffeine induces an increase in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure especially in elderly, hypertensive, or caffeine-naive individuals, but it is only acute and self-limiting [8,17].
Even though some results show coffee interferes with bone physiology and may lead to a greater risk of bone fracture, others reported contrasting findings. Even if more drinking of coffee may be allied to a modest
decrease in bone mineral density the evidence did not exist of a substantially increased incidence of osteoporosis or fractures typically associated with osteoporosis [48]. Furthermore, coffee's antioxidant effects help decrease the risks of osteoporosis [36,49]. A study by Yu et al. suggests, that a slight increase in coffee intake might be beneficial in the prevention of osteoporosis among Chinese men. And also, a study done on Korean postmenopausal women within moderate ranges of consumption reported that coffee was inversely associated with osteoporosis and directly associated with bone mineral density [49].
Additionally, currently available evidence suggests that ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and limiting coffee consumption to 3 cups/d (300 mg/d of caffeine) may help reduce the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures, particularly in older adults [9,17,33,34]. Coffee has long been associated with indigestion, heartburn, and other gastrointestinal symptoms [11]. But, Carlo et al., [12] mentioned that coffee is not a major trigger of heartburn.
Caffeine is not likely to be a human carcinogen at a dose of fewer than 5 cups of coffee per 0mg caffeine/day) [17]. At present, there is little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer [14]. But, compared with noconsumption, coffee consumption of one or fewer cups per associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality, and a reduction in cancer mortality [31]. Due to its antioxidant effect, coffee is associated with decreased incidence of brain cancer, skin, liver, and colorectal cancers [19], a small reduction in the risk of hepatocellular cancer, and possibly breast cancer [50]. In a study done by Li et al. [51], a high daily intake of coffee was found to be associated with a significant decrease in ER-negative breast cancer among postmenopausal women. And also, Gavrilyuk et al. report shows, that in a population with high coffee consumption, endometrial cancer risk decreases in women consuming ≥8 cups/day, independent of the brewing method.
Caffeine intake was consistently associated with decreased birth weight and increased odds of small for gestational age neonates [52]. There is a linear association with low birth weight across the range of caffeine intakes [53]. A study by Choi et al. [39], on pregnant Korean women shows that heavy coffee drinking was independently associated with a higher risk of bleeding in early pregnancy. Currently, available evidence suggests that it may be prudent for pregnant women to limit coffee consumption to 3 cups/d providing no more than 300 mg/d of caffeine to exclude any increased probability of spontaneous abortion or impaired fetal growth [14].
According to Hinkle et al. study, coffee is not associated with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia it lowers the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus and there was no association to miscarriage, preterm delivery, or intrauterine growth restriction experientially checked at levels less than 200mg/d. On a contrary to this, even if it's less than the recommended 200mg per day, coffee boots the risks for lower birth and other poor outcomes [52,53].
Caffeine acting as an antioxidant can suppress skin damage induced by ultraviolet and thus protect skin cells from UV irradiation-induced oxidative stress [20]. Furthermore, caffeine's vasoconstrictive and immune suppressive effects might reduce the risks of rosacea [54]. Caffeine can contribute to pain relief when added to commonly used analgesic agents [16]. It has been found to decrease the systemic elimination of acetaminophen and to increase the bioavailability of aspirin, which may partially explain its efficacy in enhancing its analgesic effects [9]. In a study done by Strom et al. on individuals with a lot of office work, subjects who had consumed coffee before starting a pain-provoking office work task exhibited attenuated pain development compared with the subjects who had abstained from coffee intake.
Results and generalizations about the effect of coffee on health are complicated by many factors, including differences in age, gender, health status, type of coffee preparation, serving size, source of coffee, and other confounding factors like smoking [21]. Current evidence does not warrant recommending caffeine or coffee intake for disease prevention but suggests that moderate consumption of coffee can be part of a healthy lifestyle [16]. The moderate consumption of caffeine in normal adults has not been associated with any major adverse effects on mood or performance and most effects associated with higher consumption rates would be selflimiting [17].
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTION
In conclusion, coffee has many health benefits in every system of our body; but its side effects are related to an overdrinking or high levels of drinking and it can be controlled by consuming an appropriate recommended number of cups of coffee in daily life. Pregnant women, children, and old people are prone to the sideways effects of coffee and they have to limit their daily intake. Consumers only use coffee as a stimulant or for recreation purposes. So, it is important to educate based on the scientific evidence- about the health benefits of coffee and an appropriate level to consume. Even though coffee has been associated with a lot of health benefits, more research is needed to identify its side effect on health, possible future use as a remedy, and safe level of consumption considering its preparation and factors like age, sex, and different health issues, preparation procedures, and all materials used should be studied for different species at different agro-ecologies of different countries. In addition to this phytochemical analysis and each chemical, concentration should be compared with recommended standards for perfect human health in daily life, storage time, and packing materials and their side effects on coffee phytochemicals should be studied for all species of coffee in different parts of the world.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT PARTICIPATE
Not available
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
Not available
COMPETING INTEREST
Not available
FUNDING
Not available
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
Researcher Kasim Roba created the idea to be revied based on the personal observation that many people were suffering from gastric pain and hate drinking coffee. Dr. Zemzem Ahmed downloaded many journals and wrote the manuscript. Researcher Kasim corrected the whole paper and checked it together with Dr. Zemzem. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I am obliged to acknowledge Dr. Zemzem Ahmed. I need to acknowledge Dr. Abdi Deddefo who was encouraging me in everything for my success and Dr. Feto Esmo Beriso general director of Oromia research institute for his help in teaching me R software that helped me to analyze my data and scientific paper writing. I need to confess researcher Osho Tibesso from the USA for his fatherly advice when I was joining Hawassa University to learn my master of science and his wife Geno and Dr. Musa Jarso director of Holeta agricultural research institute and finally I need to
acknowledge Oromia agricultural research institute for their help all aspect.
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Guidance document: 105-14
Revised: November 8, 2019
VIRGINIA BOARD OF OPTOMETRY BY-LAWS
Article I. Officers of the Board
A. Election of officers.
1. The officers of the Board of Optometry (Board) shall be a President and a VicePresident.
2. At the first meeting of the organizational year, the Board shall elect its officers. Nominations for office shall be selected by open ballot. Voting will be by roll-call ballot and require a majority.
3. The organizational year for the Board shall be from July 1 st through June 30 th . At the first regularly scheduled meeting of the organizational year, the Board shall elect its officers with an effective date of January 1st. The term of office shall be one year.
4. A vacancy occurring in any office shall be filled during the next meeting of the Board.
B. Duties of the Officers
1. President.
The President shall preside at all meetings and formal administrative hearings in accordance with parliamentary rules and the Administrative Process Act, and requires adherence of it on the part of the Board members. The President shall appoint all committees unless otherwise ordered by the Board.
2. Vice-President.
The Vice-President shall, in the absence or incapacity of the President, perform pro tempore all of the duties of the President.
3. In the absence of the President and Vice-President, the President shall appoint another board member to preside at the meeting and/or formal administrative hearing.
4. The Executive Director shall be the custodian of all Board records and all papers of value. She/He shall preserve a correct list of all applicants and licensees. She/He shall manage the correspondence of the Board and shall perform all such other duties as naturally pertain to this position.
Article II. Meetings
Guidance document: 105-14
A. Number and organization of meetings.
1. For purposes of these bylaws, the Board schedules full board meetings to take place during each quarter, with the right to change the date or cancel any board meeting; with the exception that one meeting shall take place annually.
2. A majority of the members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. The current edition of Robert's Rules of Order, revised, shall apply unless overruled by these bylaws or when otherwise agreed.
B. Attendance of board members.
Members shall attend all scheduled meetings of the Board and committee to which they serve. In the event of two consecutive unexcused absences at any meeting of the Board or its committees, the President shall make a recommendation about the Board member's continued service to the Director of the Department of Health Professions for referral to the Secretary of Health and Human Resources and Secretary of the Commonwealth.
C. Order of Business.
The order of the business shall be as follows:
1. Call to order with statement made for the record of how many and which board members are present and that it constitutes a quorum.
2. Public Comment
3. Approval of minutes.
4. The Executive Director and the President shall collaborate on the remainder of the agenda.
Article III. Committees
A. Standing committees.
1. Special Conference Committee.
This committee shall consist of two Board members who shall review information regarding alleged violations of the optometry laws and regulations and determine if probable cause exists to proceed with possible disciplinary action. The President shall also designate another Board member as an alternate on this committee in the event one of the standing committee members becomes ill or is unable to attend a scheduled conference date. Further, should the caseload increase to the level that additional special conference committees are needed, the President may appoint additional committees.
Guidance document: 105-14
Revised: November 8, 2019
2. Credentials Committee.
The committee shall consist of two or more Board members. The members of the committee shall review non-routine licensure applications to determine the credentials of the applicant and the applicability of the statutes and regulations.
3. Continuing Education Committee.
This committee shall consist of two or more Board members who shall meet as required to review matters related to continuing education.
4. Regulatory/Legislative Committee.
The committee shall consist of two or more board members. The Board delegates to the Regulatory/Legislative Committee to recommend actions to petitions for rulemaking. This committee is responsible for the development of proposals for new regulations or amendments to existing regulations with all required accompanying documentation; the drafting of responses to public comment as required in conjunction with rulemaking; conducting the required review of all existing regulations as required by the Board's Public Participation Guidelines and any Executive Order of the Governor; and any other tasks related to regulations. In accordance with the Administrative Process Act, any proposed draft regulation and response to public comment shall be reviewed and approved by the full board prior to publication. The Board delegates the authority to develop proposals for legislative initiatives of the Board. Any proposed draft legislation and response to public comment shall be reviewed and approved by the full Board prior to publication.
5. Professional Designation (PD) Committee.
The committee shall consist of two or more Board members. The members of the committee shall review PD applications to determine if the requested PD name complies with the regulations.
B. Ad Hoc Committees.
There may be Ad Hoc Committees, appointed as needed and shall consist of two or more persons appointed by the Board who are knowledgeable in the particular area of practice or education under consideration by the Board. The committee shall review matters as requested by the Board and advise the Board relative to the matters or make recommendations for consideration by the Board.
Article IV. General Delegation of Authority
A. The Board delegates to Board staff the authority to issue and renew licenses and registrations for which statutory and regulatory qualifications have been met.
B. The Board delegates to the Executive Director the authority to reinstate licenses and registrations when the reinstatement is due to the lapse of the license or registration rather than a disciplinary action and there is no basis upon which the Board could refuse to reinstate.
C. The Board delegates to the Executive Director the authority to grant long-term continuing education waivers on a case-by-case basis to licensees with a verified long-standing illness and an attestation of not practicing. The Executive Director shall inform the licensee of the appropriate statute and shall direct the licensee to notify the Board if their situation changes, in which case the waiver may be extended, reconsidered or withdrawn.
D. The Board delegates to the Executive Director authority to grant an extension for good cause of up to 90 days for the completion of continuing education requirements upon written request from the licensee prior to the renewal date.
E. The Board delegates authority to the Executive Director to close non-jurisdictional cases and fee dispute cases without review by a board member.
F. The Board delegates to the Executive Director the authority to review information regarding alleged violations of law or regulation with at least one board member on a rotating basis to make a determination as to whether probable cause exists to proceed with possible disciplinary action.
G. The Board delegates to the Executive Director the authority to conduct an annual continuing education audit and take action as prescribed in any guidance document adopted by the Board on continuing education audits.
H. The Board delegates to the Executive Director the authority to take action as prescribed in any guidance document adopted by the Board on practicing with an expired license.
I. The Board delegates to the Executive Director the authority to negotiate consent orders with the Chair of a Special Conference Committee or formal administrative hearing.
J. The Board delegates to Board staff the authority to develop and approve any and all forms used in the daily operations of Board business, to include, but not limited to, licensure applications, renewal forms and documents used in the disciplinary process.
K. The Board delegates to the Executive Director the authority to sign as entered any Order or Consent Order resulting from the disciplinary process or other administrative proceeding.
L. The Board delegates to the Executive Director, the authority to provide guidance to the agency's Enforcement Division in any situation in which a complaint is of questionable jurisdiction and an investigation may not be necessary. The Executive Director will provide a quarterly report on such situations, if any.
Guidance document: 105-14
M. The Board delegates to the President the authority to represent the Board in instances where Board "consultation" or "review" may be requested where a vote of the Board is not required, and a meeting is not feasible.
N. Delegated tasks shall be summarized and reported to the board at each regularly scheduled meeting.
O. The Board delegates authority to the Executive Director to issue an Advisory Letter to the person who is the subject of a complaint pursuant to Va. Code § 54.1-2400.2(F), when a probable cause review indicates a disciplinary proceeding will not be instituted.
P. The Board delegates authority to the Executive Director to accept from a licensee or registrant, in lieu of disciplinary action, a Confidential Consent Agreement, pursuant to Va. Code § 54.12400(14), consistent with any guidance documents adopted by the Board.
Article V. Amendments.
A board member or staff personnel may propose an amendment to these bylaws by presenting the amendment in writing to the Executive Director for distribution to all Board members, the Board's legal counsel and staff personnel prior to any regularly scheduled meeting of the Board. An amendment to the bylaws shall be adopted, upon favorable vote of at least two-thirds of the Board members present at said meeting.
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EHS Management Systems
Overview:
Pfizer's Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Management Systems (EHSMS) framework is risk-based and designed to meet Pfizer's continually evolving and dynamic business and operating model. The risk-based approach offers flexibility, within defined boundaries, to apply alternative solutions that deliver equivalent levels of protection. The framework describes mandatory controls where there is potential for high consequence events and also presents risk control measures aligned with contemporary industry practices.
Pfizer's Global EHS team maintains a series of documents detailing the key components of Pfizer's EHSMS. These documents are designed to protect the environment and the health and safety of our colleagues and the communities in which we operate by establishing consistent risk thresholds while allowing our operations flexibility to make decisions to manage risk most effectively. The following diagram illustrates the EHSMS documentation structure:
Corporate EHS Policy
Establishes Pfizer's commitment to health, safety and the environment
Systems Manual
Describes the Pfizer EHS management system – big picture of who does what
EHS Standards
Implementation Documents
Recommended Practices
Global EHS SOPs
Reference Documents
AUGUST 2020
Breakthroughs that
Breakthroughs that change patients' lives
Describes WHAT outcomes Pfizer expects and also provides a framework for site programs
Describes HOW to achieve the outcomes we expect. "Recommended Practices", where provided, are the starting point for designing site programs
(cont. on next page)
Pfizer's Corporate EHS Policy is positioned at the top of the structure. The policy establishes the company's overall commitment to protect the health and safety of colleagues and protect the environment, while achieving high standards of Environmental, Health and Safety performance.
At the next level, the Systems Manual presents a high level overview of the EHSMS.
Pfizer's EHS Standards make up the third tier of the documentation structure. The Standards are arranged into four categories:
(cont. on next page)
Breakthroughs that
Breakthroughs that change patients' lives
Pfizer's Management Systems Standards (Series 100) are based on and aligned with the Plan-Do-Check-Act model. These Standards require facilities to:
* Assess and prioritize risks
* Establish goals to address highest priority risks and opportunities
* Document the processes used to accomplish those goals
* Evaluate progress and adjust processes as needed to address issues and ensure continual improvement
The Plan-Do-Check-Act model of Pfizer's EHSMS conforms to external management system recognition standards such as ISO 14001, ISO 45001, and OHSA VPP and is considered at least equivalent to these standards.
Pfizer leadership is accountable for ensuring compliance with EHS Standards. Leadership teams are responsible for assigning responsibilities and providing resources to ensure compliance with performance expectations.
Business units, divisions and facilities are responsible for implementing EHS Standards applicable to their operations (by referring to the Scope and Applicability sections of the Standard).
Implementation Documents make up the fourth and final tier of the structure. These documents, known as Recommended Practices, Reference Documents and Global Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), describe practical and recommended methods for conforming to EHS Standards.
Recommended Practices (RPs) are:
* Developed for situations that present significant risk to Pfizer, where, if not well-managed, the consequences of an incident would be severe (e.g., fatality, significant health impact, release, fire/ explosion leading to significant liability, harm to reputation, or business interruption) and where approaches/techniques are established and proven to be effective
* Created by technical experts and subjected to a formal review and approval process
* Mandatory (subject to the exception criteria below) because they are the accepted method for managing key risk areas
Exception: Operations wishing to adopt an alternative to a Recommended Practice must employ a risk based decision making (RBDM) process to verify that the alternative achieves comparable control of risk.
Reference Documents are:
* Provided by the relevant Communities/Networks of Practice as aids to program implementation for particular EHS Standards
* Non-mandatory; operations are not required to implement program elements and/or performance requirements included in Reference Documents; Global SOPs are detailed specifications that support Global EHS/Risk Management programs
Each component of the system is designed to work interdependently in an integrated manner that continually reinforces the common objective of improving EHS performance. To ensure sustainability of the EHSMS, Pfizer facilities are required to establish formal processes for core system components and to evaluate their effectiveness regularly.
AUGUST 2020
Breakthroughs that
Breakthroughs that change patients' lives
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FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH Sunday, December 29, 2019
Prelude
Welcome
Call to Worship
Leader: Wonder of wonders, God has come to us!
People: Not as a judge, but a Savior;
not in power, but as a servant.
Leader: Wonder of wonders, God comes to us!
People: Not in silence, but in the Word made flesh; not in the shadows, but bringing Light.
Leader: Wonder of wonders!
People: God is with us!
Hymn 137
MENDELSSOHN
Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
Hark! The herald angels sing, "Glory to the newborn King; peace on earth, and mercy mild, God and sinners reconciled!" Joyful all ye nations, rise, join the triumph of the skies; with the angelic host proclaim, "Christ is born in Bethlehem!" Hark! The herald angels sing, Glory to the newborn king!"
Christ, by highest heaven adored, Christ, the ever lasting Lord! Late in time behold him come, offspring of the virgin's womb. Veiled in flesh the Godhead see; hail the incarnate Deity, pleased on earth with us to dwell, Jesus, our Emmanuel. Hark! The herald angels sing, Glory to the newborn king!"
Hail the heaven-born Prince of Peace! Hail the Sun of Righteousness! Light and life to all he brings, risen with the healing in his wings. Mild he lays his glory by, born that we no more may die, born to raise all souls on earth, born to give us second birth. Hark! The herald angels sing, Glory to the newborn king!"
Prayer of Confession
(unison)
God of Bethlehem: you bless us richly; forgive our reluctance to share. You hold us close to your heart; forgive us for keeping others at arm's length. You shine in the shadows of our souls; forgive us for not sharing the Light. You lift us from where we have fallen; forgive us for not offering a helping hand. You grace us with joy; forgive us when we worship fear. Hear our prayers… (moments for silent reflections)
Words of Assurance
Anthem
God, Make Us Your Family
T. Whipple
Children's Message and Lord's Prayer Katie Morgan Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. Lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil, for thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.
Hymn 149
CAROL
It Came Upon the Midnight Clear
It came upon the midnight clear, that glorious song of old, from angels bending near the earth to touch their harps of gold; "Peace on the earth, good will to all, from heaven great news we bring." The world in solemn stillness lay to hear the angels sing.
Still through the cloven skies they come, with peaceful wings unfurled, and still their heavenly music floats o'er all the weary world; above its sad and lowly plains they bend on hovering wing, and ever o'er its Babel sounds the blessed angels sing.
Yet with the woes of sin and strife the world has suffered long, beneath the angel strain have rolled two thousand years of wrong; and we, through bitter wars, hear not the love-song which they bring: O hush the noise and end the strife, to hear the angels sing.
And ye, beneath life's crushing load whose forms are bending low, who toil along the climbing way, with painful steps and slow, look now, for glad and golden hours come swiftly on the wing; O rest beside the weary road, and hear the angels sing!
For lo, the days are hastening on, by prophet bards foretold, when with the ever-circling years comes round the age of gold, when peace shall over all the earth its ancient splendors fling, and the whole world send back the song which now the angels sing.
Pastoral Prayer
Offertory
Christmas Medley traditional
Doxology
OLD HUNDREDTH
Praise God from whom all blessings flow.
Praise Him all creatures here below. Praise Him above ye heavenly hosts. Praise Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Amen.
Prayer of Dedication
Scripture Lesson
Matthew 2:13-23
Sermon
Jonathan Dodson
Hymn 158
Good Christians All, Rejoice
Good Christians all, rejoice, with heart and soul and voice; give ye heed to what we say: Jesus Christ is born today; ox and ass before him bow , and he is in the manger now. Christ is born today! Christ is born today!
Good Christians all, rejoice, with heart and soul and voice; now ye hear of endless bliss; Jesus Christ was born for this! He has opened heaven's door, and we are blest forevermore. Christ was born for this! Christ was born for this!
Good Christians all, rejoice, with heart and soul and voice; now ye need not fear the grave; Jesus Christ was born to save! Calls you one and calls you all, to gain his everlasting hall. Christ was born to save! Christ was born to save!
Benediction
Passing of the Peace
Postlude
Service Notes:
Call to Worship and Prayer of Confession from Playing Hopscotch in Heave: Lectionary Liturgies for RCL Year A, the Rev. Thom M. Shuman. © 2013 Thom M. Shuman. Used with permission.
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APSAC
VERNON FULCHER
Award
Requirements: A K-11 student who has improved his/her attendance and academic performance due to a Pupil Services Counselor's intervention.
Note: Nominating Pupil Services Counselor must be an APSAC member.
Applicant's School ____________________________________________________________________________
Name of Applicant ____________________________________________________________________________
Applicant's Address ___________________________________________________________________________
Applicant's Phone ____________________________ Applicant's email _________________________________
Career or Educational Objective _________________________________________________________________
Parent Name_____________________________ Parent Signature___________________________________
Parent Alternate Phone _____________________________________ Parent Email ________________________
APSAC Member Name _________________________________Location ________________________________
Email _________________________________________________________Phone ________________________
Applicant- Write an essay explaining why you deserve this award. Include your personal goals and how you plan to reach them. Describe how your counselor assisted you to succeed or improve. Younger students may draw a picture with a few sentences explaining the picture.
APSAC Member- Provide a short narrative about this applicant. We would also like to take this opportunity to share with other LAUSD administrators and educators the impact Pupil Services has on students. Be sure to include your role in applicant's success!
Please include applicant's essay, attendance record, report card and APSAC Counselor's narrative with this application and return packet to:
APSAC c/o Jaime Corral, APSAC President LAUSD Homeless Education Program 121 N. Beaudry Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90012
Award recipient's counselor will be given award and check at the end of the school year.
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Accountability in the Context of Disaster Risk Governance
Accountability in the Context of Disaster Risk Governance
Editors
Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga,
University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom
Professor Richard Haigh
University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom
Emeritus Professor Siri Hettige
University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Suggested citation
Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R. and Hettige, S. (eds.) (2019) Accountability in the Context of Disaster Risk Governance; UNDRR. ISBN 978-1-86218-170-0
ISBN 978-1-86218-170-0
Copyright
The material in this publication is copyrighted. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes without prior written consent.
This findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this report do not reflect the views of UNDRR or of the United Nations Secretariat, partners of governments, and are based on the inputs received during various focus groups, consultative meetings, feedback received at conferences and the detailed literature.
# Table of Contents
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| Table of Contents | iii |
| List of Tables | iv |
| List of Boxes | iv |
| List of Abbreviations | v |
| Preface | vi |
| Acknowledgements | vii |
| About the Editors | ix |
| 1. Introduction | 1 |
| 1.1. About the report | 1 |
| 1.2. Aims and organisation of this report | 1 |
| 1.3. Definitions | 3 |
| 1.4. Target group | 4 |
| 2. Accountability in the context of disaster risk governance frameworks| 7 |
| 2.1. Disaster risk governance since the HFA | 7 |
| 2.2. Accountability in the SFDRR | 8 |
| 3. Defining accountability in the context of disaster risk governance | 11 |
| 3.1. Key terms and definitions | 12 |
| 4. Theories, process building and tools | 17 |
| 4.1. Lines of accountability | 17 |
| 4.2. Three lines of accountability (Transparency Accountability Initiative, 2014) | 18 |
| 4.3. Innovative elements of accountability | 20 |
| 5. Implementing accountability | 23 |
| 5.1. Who should be involved in accountability? | 23 |
| 5.2. How to create accountability | 23 |
| 6. Illustrations | 27 |
| 6.1. Joint responsibilities and collaboration – Post-earthquake reconstruction in Christchurch, New Zealand | 27 |
| 6.2. Structured chain of accountability – DRR in Algeria | 29 |
| 6.3. A local governance and accountability model for territorial and community resilience: Province of Potenza, Italy | 30 |
| 6.4. Accountability in disaster mitigation: the case of post-tsunami reconstruction and resettlement in Sri Lanka | 32 |
| 7. References | 35 |
| 8. Appendix 1 – Disaster risk governance | 38 |
# List of Tables
1. Definitions 3
2. Three lines of accountability 18
3. Innovative elements of accountability 20
# List of Boxes
1. Sendai Framework requests accountability standards for national government 9
2. Pre-requisites for accountability 13
3. Accountability standards for national government 14
4. Accountability in action: public interest litigation in India 19
5. Revamping existing governance structures 24
6. Joint responsibilities and collaboration – Post-earthquake reconstruction in Christchurch, New Zealand 27
7. Structured chain of accountability – DRR in Algeria 29
8. A local governance and accountability model for territorial and community resilience: Province of Potenza, Italy 30
9. Accountability in disaster mitigation: the case of post-tsunami reconstruction and resettlement in Sri Lanka 32
10. Key considerations for DRR governance based on the Sendai Framework 39
| Abbreviation | Description |
|--------------|-------------|
| CCA | Climate Change Adaptation |
| DRR | Disaster Risk Reduction |
| HFA | Hyogo Framework for Action |
| NGO | Non-Governmental Organisation |
| SFDRR | Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 |
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, adopted by the UN Member States in 2015, is designed to support the reduction of existing levels of risk and prevent new risks from emerging. In particular, it aims to substantially reduce disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health, and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries. The risks addressed by the Sendai Framework relate to both natural and man-made hazards, and small and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, and sudden and slow-onset disasters.
The Sendai Framework includes the guiding principle that “Disaster risk reduction requires an all-of-society engagement and partnership. It also requires empowerment and inclusive, accessible and non-discriminatory participation, paying special attention to people disproportionately affected by disasters, especially the poorest.” In that way, embedding disaster risk reduction and integrating it into the very culture of governance and daily work, is key to the success of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals.
The Sendai Framework recognises that the State has the primary role in reducing disaster risk. That responsibility, however, should be shared with all stakeholders, including local governments and the private sector. Accountability is an integral part of good governance. Those who are entrusted with the responsibility for handling various aspects of governance should be held accountable for what they are expected to do to ensure a significant reduction in disaster risks.
Disasters know no borders. Climate change and rapid urbanisation are adding to the mix of existing risks such as poverty, poor governance, poor land use, social exclusion, environmental degradation and human rights issues. Based on scientific evidence and practical knowledge, properly applied disaster risk reduction supports resilience and economic growth. This can alleviate societal tensions, limit the likelihood of conflicts and mitigate the impact of hazards on society.
While the world has made some progress on reducing human losses due to disasters, there is still a long road ahead of us in avoiding the creation of new risks and reducing existing ones for the generations to come.
Abhilash Panda
Acting Chief for Europe and Central Asia, UNDRR
Acknowledgements
This report is a product of literature reviews, focus group discussions and contributions from diverse stakeholders, as well as UNDRR nominated experts from the disaster risk governance and accountability working group. The Editors gratefully acknowledge the following individuals who have been part of that working group:
Alejandro Lara San Martín, Investigador, Observatorio Regional, Convenio de Desempeño para la Educación Superior Regional, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile
Alessandro Attolico, Executive Director, Provence of Potenza, Italy
Amjad Bhatti, DRR practitioner, Duryog Nivaran, Sri Lanka
Amjad Abbashar, Head, UNISDR Regional Office for Africa, Sudan
Angel Rangel, Presidente, Fundacion “Red de SolidaridadCiudadana”, Venezuela
Angelika Planitz, Advisor – Disaster & Climate Risk Governance, UNDP, USA
Ann Brower, Scientist, New Zealand
Ben Murphy, Humanitarian Advocacy Coordinator, Oxfam, Australia
Benjamin Wisner, Independent Consultant, USA
Charles Msangi, Economist and DRR Focal Point, Prime Minister’s Office Disaster Management Department, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Cristina Amaral, UNRC, Algeria
D. Bazarragchaa, Specialist, Policy, Coordination and Cooperation Department, National Emergency Management Agency, Mongolia
Dave Paul Zervaas, Programme Management Officer, UNDRR
Dom Hunt, Advisor, Emergency Directorate, Concern Worldwide, Ireland
Emma Renowden, Disaster Risk Reduction Advisor, Oxfam Australia, Australia
Esther Muiruri, Youth Beyond Disasters, Kenya
Fadi Hamdan, Managing Director, DRMC, Office 115, Beirut, Lebanon
Feng Min Kan, Head, UNISDR Regional Office for Asia Pacific, China
Fernando Perez de Britto, AI Systems Research – AISR, Making Smart Cities Initiative, Brazil
Francis Archer, Monash University Disaster Resilience Initiative, Australia
Frank Archer, Emeritus Professor, Monash University Disaster Resilience Initiative, Monash University, Australia
Hang thi Pham, Programme Officer, UNISDR Regional Office for Asia Pacific, Vietnam
Hemanthi Goonasekera, National Coordinator/CEO, Federation of Sri Lankan Local Govt. Authorities, Sri Lanka
Hamish G. Rennie, Senior Lecturer & Director of Planning Programmes, Member IGU Commission on Applied Geography, New Zealand
Hideyuki Shiroshita, Lecturer in Risk Management, University of Leicester, UK
Ismail Khan, Program Manager (Training and Research)/ DRM Facilitator and Practitioner, Network of Disaster Management Practitioners (NDMP), Islamabad, Pakistan
Jackie F. Steele, Associate Professor, Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo, Canada
John G Rees, Risk Research Champion, Research Councils UK (RCUK), British Geological Survey, UK
Julius Kabubi, Programme Officer, UNISDR Regional Office for Africa, Kenya
Kelum Jayasinghe, Professor, University of Essex, UK
Kenneth Westgate, Independent Consultant, Disaster Risk Management, Australia
Liliana Lopez Ortiz, Programme Officer, UNISDR, UK
Loy Rego, Technical Advisor, Resilience and the SDGs, MARS Practitioners Network, India
Martin Ras, DRR policy specialist, UNDP, USA
Mihir R. Bhatt, All India Disaster Mitigation Institute, India
Nibedita S Ray-Bennett, Lecturer in Risk Management, School of Management, Civil Safety and Security Unit, University of Leicester, UK
Nicholas You, Member of the board, Citiscope, the Huairou Commission, Kenya
Richard Pagett, International Development Adviser
Riyanti Djalante, Research Associate, United Nations University, Bonn, Germany
Rodrigo Gomes, Politics and Governance, Lisbon, Portugal
Satoru Mimura, Deputy Director General and Group Director for Disaster Risk Reduction, Global Environment Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA, Japan
Seyed Hesam Seyedin, Associate Professor, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Shafqat Munir, Disaster Risk Reduction Advisor, Oxfam Australia, Australia
Tarekegn Ayalew Yehuala, Institute of Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Studies, Bahir Dar University-Member of the PERIPERI U Consortium, Ethiopia
Tessa Kelly, Senior Disaster Law Officer, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Switzerland
Tony Masys, Lecturer in Risk Management, University of Leicester, UK
Urbano Fra Paleo, Associate Professor, University of Extremadura, Spain
Other contributors include:
Abhilash Panda, UNDRR, Brussels
Anuradha Senanayake, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
German Velasquez, Former Chief of Advocacy and Outreach, UNISDR
Kushani de Silva, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga holds the chair in Disaster Risk Management at the University of Huddersfield, UK. She is a leading expert in disaster resilience with an international reputation. She leads the University’s Global Disaster Resilience Centre, responsible for supporting research on disaster management portfolios. Dilanthi’s vision has always been to be an international leader in disaster risk reduction and management with specific emphasis on the built environment, and to champion the under representation of women in this key research area. An interdisciplinary background in Quantity Surveying, Facilities and Business Continuity Management, Education and Training, Gender and Disasters and Disaster Mitigation and Reconstruction provides her the opportunities to work across a broader disaster management research agenda including developing partnerships of international research teams, government, NGOs and communities. She has project managed to successful completion a large number of international research projects generating significant research outputs and outcomes. To date, she has produced over 300 publications, refereed papers and reports, and has made over 100 key note speeches in around 30 countries. She has led and chaired a large number of international conferences, including the International Conference on Building Resilience (ICBR) series which she co-created. She is a member of the Steering Committee of the UNISDR «Making Cities Resilient» Campaign. She is a member of the European Commission and UNIDR’s European Science & Technology Advisory Group representing the UK. She is also a Steering Committee member of the Frontiers of Development programme, a Collaborative Programme of The Royal Academy of Engineering, The Academy of Medical Sciences, The British Academy and The Royal Society). She is a Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). Further details on her activities can be viewed at: www.dilanthiamaratunga.net.
Richard Haigh is Chair of Disaster Resilience at the University of Huddersfield, UK. He has fifteen years of experience in urban disaster risk reduction and disaster risk governance and has secured over twenty research grants linked to disaster risk reduction and resilience building. Funders include the European Union’s Horizon 2020, LifeLong Learning and Erasmus programmes, the British Council and Newton Fund, and UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Richard is a UK Advocate to the UNISDR Making Cities Resilient campaign (2009-date). He is also an expert member of IOC-UNESCO Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System WG-I on Risk, Community Awareness & Preparedness. Since 1998 he has published: an edited book, published by Wiley Blackwell; seven book chapters in three edited books; Over fourty peer reviewed journal articles, the majority of which are in ISI or SCOPUS indexed journals; over two hundred refereed conference papers; and twelve edited conference proceedings. He is Founding Editor-In-Chief of the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment (2010-date) and Co-Chair of the 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2014, 2017 International Conferences on Building Resilience. Further details can be viewed at: https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/persons/richard-haigh/.
Siri Hettige is Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology at the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka and a member of Sustainable Development Council, Sri Lanka. He is also the Chairman, Social Science Research Committee, National Science Foundation, Sri Lanka since 2004, and former Director of the Social Policy Analysis and Research Centre, Faculty of Arts, University of Colombo. He was also the Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Colombo 1999-2002, and Head, Department of Sociology 1987 – 1988, 1995-1999. He is an Adjunct Professor at RMIT University, Melbourne and an Adjunct Research Associate at CEPUR, Monash University, Australia. His research interests include migration, poverty, education, youth and identity and politics, inequality, governance and development, community studies. His Key Scholarships, Fellowships and Grants: Monash Graduate Scholarship, Monash University, Australia; British Academy Fellow; Fulbright Senior Scholar, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Advisor to ILO on National Migration Policy in Sri Lanka; Principal Fellow, School of Philosophy, Geography and Anthropology, University of Melbourne, Australia. He has published widely in the areas of Youth, Peace and Sustainable Development and is widely recognized as one of the prominent academics leading research in areas of poverty, education, social policy, social and political conflicts and Youth studies. Professor Hettige can be contacted via: [email protected].
1 Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1. About the report
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (UNISDR, 2015) charts the global course in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). During the consultations and negotiations that led to its finalisation, strong calls were made to develop practical guidance to support implementation, ensure engagement and ownership of action by all stakeholders, and to strengthen accountability in DRR.
As a result, paragraph 48 (c) of the Sendai Framework calls upon “the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), in particular, to support the implementation, follow-up and review of this framework through [...] generating evidence-based and practical guidance for implementation in close collaboration with States, and through mobilization of experts; reinforcing a culture of prevention in relevant stakeholders [...]
This guide aims to support the above process by providing practical guidance on how to implement the Sendai Framework, and to ensure worldwide access to expertise, communities of practice, as well as professional networks. This guide facilitates access to essential thematic information, and provides clear advice and references that will help to get a good and thorough grasp of the subject covered. This guide is not meant to be an exhaustive handbook that will cover the topic in depth. Instead, those who need in-depth information will find pointers to other sources of a more specialised and detailed nature. The guide also aids in understanding the overall context in which the main subject is embedded. This guide offers specific advice on the steps suggested to implement a feasible and people-centered approach in accordance with the Sendai Framework.
In short, this guide is a pragmatic roadmap to programming an effective implementation strategy by promoting a good understanding of the main issues, obstacles, solution-finding strategies, resourcing and aspects for efficient planning.
1.2. Aims and organisation of this report
Almost all countries across the world have experienced disasters resulting from natural and man-made hazards, and related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks. This accumulation of experiences has been analysed and documented to varying extents by researchers and practitioners. Such analyses point to lessons learned and best practices that can be adopted to reduce disaster risk.
DRR is the policy objective of disaster risk management, and its goals and objectives are defined in disaster risk reduction strategies and plans. DRR is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk, as well as for managing residual risk. Collectively, these contribute to strengthening resilience and to the achievement of sustainable development.
Climate change has also compelled stakeholders at different levels to revisit conventional practices of DRR. CCA has become an important focus in disaster risk management. The increasing frequency and intensity of disasters resulting from natural and man-made hazards have brought about a transformation in the way disasters, disaster risks and disaster risk governance are ‘perceived’ by multiple stakeholders. There has been a shift in emphasis away from disaster management to disaster risk management, and a focus on reducing disaster risks for people, their livelihoods, vital infrastructure and institutions, and other stakeholders.
Alongside these changes, the scope of disaster risk governance has expanded in terms of ideas, stakeholders and modalities. On the one hand, CCA has become an integral part of disaster risk governance, with the involvement of both global and local stakeholders. This has made an integrated and coordinated approach an imperative in the disaster risk governance process. On the other, what is also equally important is to recognise that the outcome of disaster risk governance depends to a large degree on the extent
to which various stakeholders can be held accountable for their actions and inactions related to DRR. As outlined in the SFDRR, the accountability of multiple layers of stakeholders has become a critical factor in the achievement of the seven global targets and the reduction of disaster risk as an expected outcome of the framework. These stakeholders include not only different tiers of government, ranging from national through subnational to local, but also civil society, academia, scientific and research entities, business, professional associations and the media.
- To address this challenge, this practical how-to-do report focuses on accountability in the context of disaster risk governance.
- It outlines how accountability could be made an integral part of effective disaster risk governance.
- It considers why accountability is important and the progress achieved since the Hyogo Framework for Action: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities 2005-2015 (HFA), which preceded the SFDRR. This report provides technical and practical guidance for national government on how accountability can be made an integral part of effective disaster risk governance.
- It is intended that the report will help countries and partners to move ahead with the implementation of the SFDRR by harnessing the state of the art, countries’ experiences of disaster risk governance, and current best practices.
- It considers a range of definitions and dimensions of accountability, who should be involved and how to create effective accountability within disaster risk governance.
- It is complemented by a series of case studies to illustrate accountability in practice, while recommended steps, theories, process building and tools are described as the basis for operationalising accountability in diverse institutional settings.
1.3. Definitions
Table 1. Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Disaster risk reduction | Disaster risk reduction is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.
Disaster risk reduction is the policy objective of disaster risk management, and its goals and objectives are defined in disaster risk reduction strategies and plans. |
| Disaster risk governance | The system of institutions, mechanisms, policy and legal frameworks and other arrangements to report, coordinate and oversee disaster risk reduction and related areas of policy.
Good governance needs to be transparent, inclusive, collective and efficient to reduce existing disaster risks and avoid creating new ones. |
| Accountability | Accountability is an integral part of good governance. Those who are entrusted with the responsibility for handling various aspects of governance are held accountable for what they are expected to do to ensure a significant reduction in disaster risks.
Accountability is a legal and social obligation on the part of those holding political, bureaucratic or technical positions to carry out certain clearly defined responsibilities or functions. If these functionaries neglect their obligations and fail to perform expected functions without a justifiable reason or reasons, they can be held accountable for their commissions or omissions, and legal sanctions can be imposed on them as a deterrent.
Key elements that come together in the notion of accountability:
- Answerability - the need for justification of actions
- Enforcement - the sanctions that could be imposed if the actions or justification for the actions are found to be unsatisfactory
- Responsiveness - the ability of those held accountable to respond to the demands made |
| National government | National government is the government of a nation-state. The structure of national governments varies. Many countries have created autonomous regions by delegating powers from the national government to governments at a subnational level, such as a regional, state or local level. |
1.4. Target group
While recognising the multiple layers of stakeholders that should be involved to ensure effective accountability, the target group for this report is national governments that have overall responsibility to set up, maintain and sustain DRR policies and plans.
Government agencies play a critical role before, during and after a disaster; but the exact role of government is often unclear to other stakeholders. Even more difficult to decipher are the complex relationships between various government programmes, from national to subnational levels. Good governance most generally refers to a list of positive characteristics or principles of how government decision-making and policy implementation ought to be carried out.
Disaster risk governance at the global, regional, national and subnational levels is of great importance for the effective and efficient management of disaster risks. Clear strategies in national government, the focal point representing the national level, are needed, including a clear vision and mission, plans, competence, guidance, and coordination within and across sectors. It also requires the participation of relevant stakeholders, together with strengthening disaster risk governance, disaster response, rehabilitation and reconstruction. National governments need to facilitate collaboration and partnership across mechanisms and institutions for the implementation of instruments relevant to DRR and resilience building.
“National governments need to facilitate collaboration and partnership across mechanisms and institutions for the implementation of instruments relevant to disaster risk reduction and sustainable development.”
Accountability in disaster risk governance is a cross-cutting and complex governance issue for which each state has the primary responsibility to ensure that the public are safe and aware of risks, and to prevent and reduce disaster risks. This includes through international, regional, sub regional, transboundary and bilateral cooperation. This also requires political and legal commitment, public understanding, scientific knowledge, careful development planning, responsible enforcement of policies and legislation, national risk assessment, disaster loss data, people-centered early warning systems, and effective disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. This guide will play a key role in promoting the subject and indeed, it may help national governments to implement capacity building around it. It seeks to provide and mobilise knowledge, skills and resources required for promoting accountability as a key enabler of disaster risk governance.
To apply the main principles of the Sendai Framework, governments need to focus on political, technical, participatory and resource mobilisation components. As suggested by the Global Network of Civil Society Organisations for Disaster Reduction (2015), these include:
- The **political** component ensures strong political commitment from the top leadership and the establishment of a national coordination mechanism (National Platform) and a national strategy for DRR with clear targets, indicators and responsibilities;
- The **technical** component involves various activities such as developing disaster loss databases, national vulnerability, risk and capacity assessments, national indicators for DRR, and knowledge bases which report decision making processes;
- The **participatory** component involves relevant groups, including various government bodies, the private sector, NGOs and academic institutions; and
- The **resource mobilisation** component obtains and allocates the resources required for implementing the Sendai Framework.
| **Table 1: Summary of Key Findings** |
|-------------------------------------|
| **Key Findings** |
| - The majority of respondents (60%) believe that AI will have a significant impact on their job roles within the next five years. |
| - Respondents who work in finance and accounting (75%) are more likely to believe that AI will have a significant impact on their job roles compared to those in other industries. |
| - The most common concerns expressed by respondents include job displacement (40%), lack of transparency (30%), and ethical considerations (20%). |
| - Respondents who work in finance and accounting (80%) are more likely to express concerns about job displacement compared to those in other industries. |
Accountability in the context of disaster risk governance frameworks
2. Accountability in the context of disaster risk governance frameworks
2.1. Disaster risk governance since the HFA
International communities and countries all over the world have been working together and have learnt from over 20 years of work to prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to natural disasters. This has been in line with the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World and the HFA. Overall, the HFA provided critical guidance in efforts to reduce disaster risk and has contributed to progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Its implementation has, however, highlighted a number of gaps in addressing underlying disaster risk factors, in formulating goals and priorities for action, in fostering disaster resilience at all levels and in ensuring adequate means of implementation. The gaps indicated a need to develop an action-oriented framework that governments and relevant stakeholders can implement in a supportive and complementary manner. They also helped to identify the disaster risks to be managed and provided a guide on appropriate investment to improve resilience.
Extensive documentation of progress made since HFA, by global and national institutions, show some significant achievements. These include awareness creation, institutional development, capacity building and a reduction in disaster related losses, in particular mortality. It has also become clear that the development and implementation of effective DRR strategies are far more cost effective and beneficial than management of disasters once they have occurred.
As highlighted by Aysan & Lavell (2015), at the start of the HFA implementation period in 2005, disaster risk governance was predominantly perceived in terms of outputs and normative aspects of governance (policies and laws, financing, institutional structures, decentralisation, and platforms), rather than as a complex web of context specific processes and interactions of various aspects, institutions and actors. Also, the transformation of outputs into DRR outcomes (i.e. reduced disaster impacts or vulnerability) was not adequately considered. Disaster risk governance processes and progress, opportunities and obstacles, can only be adequately and thoroughly understood when based on an integrated analysis of specific regional, country or local contexts. The same applies to the monitoring of disaster risk governance progress. Emphasis was thereby given to establishing a set of principles and standards that countries can then apply according to their particular national idiosyncrasies.
For the HFA successor arrangement, it was important to embrace and integrate these new and emerging dimensions of disaster risk governance problems that have emerged since 2005. Therefore, the lack of progress in disaster risk governance is a challenge that relates to the restrictions, blockages and obstacles that exist within the overall governance arrangements, and is influenced by government action, the citizen state relationship and the features of the particular society that is attempting to implement it. The Sendai Framework identifies disaster risk governance as one of the four key priorities, but is also constrained by the structural limitations and defining contexts of a country, region or locality. It will mirror what is already in place.
As noted by Aysan & Lavell (2015) in their thematic review of disaster risk governance during the HFA implementation period, the gaps identified during HFA indicate a need to develop more practical and action-oriented initiatives. These include those that tackle underlying disaster risk drivers such as the consequences of poverty and inequality but also, climate change and variability, unplanned and rapid urbanisation, poor land management and compounding factors such as demographic change, weak institutional arrangements, non-risk-informed policies, lack of regulation and incentives for private sector DRR investment, complex supply chains, the limited availability of technology, unsustainable uses of natural resources, declining ecosystems, pandemics and epidemics. Aysan & Lavell (2015) concluded that these drivers will only be addressed by strengthening good governance in DRR at local, national, regional and international levels.
2.2. Accountability in the SFDRR
The SFDRR set out seven global targets:
- Substantially reduce global disaster mortality
- Substantially reduce the number of affected people
- Reduce direct disaster economic loss
- Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services
- Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategy
- Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries
- Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to people
The SFDRR has a broader and a more people-centred, preventative approach to disaster risk. It builds on the understanding that DRR practices need to be multi-hazard and multi-sectoral, inclusive and accessible in order to be efficient and effective. It also calls for coherence and coordination across international agendas.
In order to meet these challenges, there will need to be further development of sector and hazard specific risk assessments, regulations and expertise. The more complex our society becomes, the stronger is the need for increased understanding and action, both vertically (for instance between local, national, regional and global levels) and horizontally (for instance between communities, local administrations, professional and private institutions).
This increased scope means a need for increased collaboration between national governments and other sectors when dealing with issues such as health, basic services and critical infrastructure. This is essential for informed decision making, prioritising projects and planning for DRR measures (prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response). Unless national governments have a clear understanding of the risks they face, and discuss these with the public and other stakeholders, implementation of meaningful DRR measures may be ineffective. Risk assessment mechanisms need to have a strong foundation in national institutional frameworks with clearly assigned responsibilities and authority established through laws, regulations, standards and procedures (Amaratunga et al., 2016).
The values and principles of governance are equally important for achievements of the SFDRR in reducing disaster risk and understanding the changes, successes and failings in disaster risk management policy and practice. Disaster risk governance approaches need to become more DRR centric, rather than response or preparedness orientated. As Aysan & Lavell (2015) note, this would mean a more comprehensive appreciation of risks, including risks related to sustainable development, climate change, environment, economics and conflict. In this regard, disaster risk management is considered as an essential component of sustainable development that avoids the creation of new risks.
The SFDRR recognises the primary responsibility of States in DRR. The adoption of appropriate policies and effective strategies by States to reduce disaster risks has become increasingly urgent over the last decade. This is while disasters have continued to exact a heavy toll, and the wellbeing of persons, communities and countries have been adversely affected. The ability of States to discharge their responsibility in DRR varies widely due to diverse factors such as prevailing governance practices, the availability of knowledge and resources, and the nature of institutional infrastructure. For States to discharge their responsibilities under the SFDRR, it is necessary to promote good disaster risk governance at the national and local levels, as well as take various other measures needed to facilitate the process. It is only then that national governments could play their leading regulatory and coordinating role. In this regard, the governments need to integrate
both DRR and the building of resilience into government policies, plans, programs and budgets at all levels. Given the fact that DRR is a cost-effective investment in preventing future losses in material and human terms, mainstreaming DRR within the overall governance process is a logical step to take.
Good governance is widely discussed in the literature on international development. In general they refer to the process of making and implementing decisions by governments and other public or private corporate entities. Several important characteristics of good governance are widely referred to in the literature. They include: participation, consensus, accountability, transparency, responsiveness, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, inclusivity and rule of law. This wider perspective on governance is described in annex I.
These aspects of good governance are key factors that can largely determine the extent to which DRR may be achieved, both nationally and globally. This guide focuses on accountability as an entry point to establishing more effective disaster risk governance. However, accountability should not be viewed in isolation; these aspects of good governance are complementary and often reinforce each other. In other words, accountability can be established and strengthened only within a comprehensive good governance framework.
The realisation of the SFDRR targets in each country demands an unwavering commitment on the part of political leaders at all levels in policy making, planning, and implementation and follow up of actions under the SFDRR. It recognises the primary responsibility of national government in DRR. Since disaster risks pose an increasing threat to the lives and well-being of citizens in general, and vulnerable sections of the population in particular, ensuring accountability of leaders, governments and institutions has become critically important. This will ensure that they anticipate disaster risks, plan and implement appropriate polices, introduce enabling legislation where there are gaps, and carry out interventions to reduce risks and minimise losses.
“Accountability of leaders, governments and institutions has become critically important to ensure that they anticipate disaster risks and plan and implement appropriate polices, introduce enabling legislation where there are gaps, and carry out interventions to reduce risks and minimize various losses.”
#Box 01
Sendai Framework requests accountability standards for national government
The Sendai Framework articulates the importance of effective accountability for disaster risk management. It highlights that in order to enhance work to reduce exposure and vulnerability, thus preventing the creation of new disaster risks, accountability for disaster risk creation is needed at all levels.
SFDRR emphasises that DRR and management depend on coordination mechanisms within and across sectors, and with relevant stakeholders at all levels. It requires the full engagement of all State institutions of an executive and legislative nature at national and local levels. It also necessitates a clear articulation of responsibilities across public and private stakeholders, including business and academia, to ensure mutual outreach, partnership, complementarity in roles, and accountability and follow-up.
3 Defining accountability in the context of disaster risk governance
3. Defining accountability in the context of disaster risk governance
Accountability is an integral part of good governance. Those who are entrusted with the responsibility for handling various aspects of governance are held accountable for what they are expected to do to ensure a significant reduction in disaster risks. In this section, we examine different aspects of accountability, both legal and social.
Accountability usually connotes a legal obligation on the part of those holding political, bureaucratic or technical positions to carry out certain clearly defined responsibilities or functions. If these functionaries neglect their obligations and fail to perform expected functions without a justifiable reason or reasons, they can be held accountable for their commissions or omissions. Legal sanctions can also be imposed on them as a deterrent.
More innovative legal instruments, such as public interest litigation, can therefore be effective in the area of DRR. This is especially when disaster risks that affect large sections of the population are due to the absence of preventive measures or other omissions on the part of governmental or other authorities.
In modern democratic societies, governance is not confined to the State, since it functions in constant interaction with civil society and the market or corporate sector. In such a context, accountability also becomes a complex process, going beyond legal and judicial domains. Both civil society and corporate actors demand certain standards in governance and in the process, accountability also acquires a social dimension. For instance, citizens, through civil society action, demand their leaders, public institutions, corporate entities and professional groups to be responsive and answerable. However, the ability of civil society groups and others to perform a watchdog function depends on a range of factors. This includes their legal and civil rights guaranteed by enabling legislation pertaining to such areas as the right to information, social audit, public interest litigation, etc.
The ability of civil society organisations or citizen groups to act as checks and balances in the governance process also depends on participatory governance practices. These can enable them to participate in decision making processes as well as monitoring and evaluation of programs.
Each State has the primary responsibility to prevent and reduce disaster risk but the ability of the state depends on its planning, implementation and monitoring capacity. While accountability is a key ingredient to ensure state level planning, capability enhancement of implementation and follow up of DRR strategies and interventions is also critically important.
Accountability however needs to be strengthened not only at the level of the national government and national political leadership. Many decisions and actions under that responsibility are taken by functionaries and institutions to whom decision making power is delegated by higher authorities. These include relevant state institutions and officials. So, accountability also applies to such delegated authority.
There are also many state and non-state stakeholders whose actions and inactions are critical for DRR. However, this guide is confined to national governments and their actions.
3.1. Key terms and definitions
As an important pillar of good governance, there are several key elements that come together in the notion of accountability:
- **Answerability** - the need for justification of actions
- **Enforcement** - the sanctions that could be imposed if the actions or justification for the actions are found to be unsatisfactory
- **Responsiveness** - the ability of those held accountable to respond to the demands made
Power relations between the state, civil society and market actors determine the ability to demand and deliver accountability. Governments and their national civil defence, protection or emergency management systems should accompany the efforts to empower citizens to ensure accountability and responsiveness. These accountability mechanisms can include formal top-down, vertical processes, such as effective legislation and justice. They can also include horizontal and bottom-up, social accountability strategies, such as participatory budgeting, social audit, public expenditure tracking, social mobilisation and citizen monitoring (Amaratunga et al., 2016; Kohli, 2012; World Bank, 2014).
Effective accountability approaches in DRR should be built around two key elements: (1) capacity among citizens and civil society organisations to monitor the commitment of government and service providers, and (2) an effective information and communication system which acts as a feedback mechanism between the government, service providers and citizens (United Nations, 2008). To make accountability structurally possible, the institutional designs should consist of clear lines of authority, accountability and rational delegation of roles. It must also involve the generation of better quality information and performance benchmarking that is aligned with performance.
This has been further emphasised through a number of studies that identified the characteristics of accountable DRR governance arrangements at the following two levels (Newbourne, 2008):
1. At the community level this includes:
- Devolved structures that enable participation;
- Access to information;
- Capacities of communities to influence plans and actions;
- Inclusion of vulnerable groups in decision-making; Participatory M&E systems; and
- High level of volunteerism for DRR. (Twigg 2007)
2. At a national level this could include:
- Efforts by government agencies directed and coordinated towards DRR;
- Funds (e.g. from public sources) which are spent;
- Information gathered by officials made more widely available;
- Assets accruing to those institutions and other actors remaining under appropriate control; and
- Service to the community demonstrated. Accountability becomes meaningful only under certain conditions or prerequisites.
Governments need to create these necessary conditions in order to make accountability a living reality. These conditions are appropriate policies, enabling legislation, necessary institutional arrangements or reforms, allocation of sufficient resources, definition of clear roles and responsibilities, and effective enforcement mechanisms.
Pre-requisites for accountability
Each state will need to ensure that there is an established base of policies and mechanisms. These pre-requisites for accountability in DRR may include:
- Effective legislation to protect rights of vulnerable communities and making people aware of their rights.
- A national level emergency management agency to establish and maintain national standards and legislation, clear definition of roles and responsibilities for disaster relief organisations (governmental and non-governmental institutions and business sector organisations).
- A national level Integrated Financial Accountability Framework (IFAF) (IOSAI, 2015), quality control, audit mechanism, and other official structures and systems to evaluate DRR, relief and recovery efforts.
- Institutionalised service quality indicators and performance benchmarking to track performance on these indicators for service providers of DRR and recovery.
- National and state level expert committees with independent civil society representatives on board to foresee a disaster relief and recovery process.
- Laws to establish specific social accountability tools, such as social audit and public expenditure tracking surveys mandatory at regular intervals during the implementation of DRR, relief and recovery projects.
- Set up social accountability tools for process monitoring, e.g. participatory planning and budgeting, public expenditure tracking surveys and social audit.
- Civic engagement in DRR through information sharing.
- Capacity building of local governments and community based organisations by providing funding support and training on DRR.
- Popular participation in policy development and implementation and citizen demands for action to reduce disaster risk.
Knowledge, information and public awareness are critical ingredients of DRR. Availability of up-to-date knowledge is necessary for evidence-based decision-making. Promotion of research and exchange of knowledge are indispensable for rational and timely decision-making at all levels.
Effective dissemination of that information is key to creating public awareness. Proactive measures in this regard are critically important. Making information and data available in the public domain – such as websites, mass media, and regular publications – can fill the existing knowledge and information gaps. Right to information legislation can facilitate this process, as can making disclosure a legal obligation on the part of accountability holders. Making hazard maps and multi-hazard early warning information available to citizens and other stakeholders in a timely fashion should be made a clear and unambiguous responsibility of relevant institutions and functionaries.
Conventional indicators used to measure good governance in general are inadequate to monitor accountability compliance on the part of decision-makers. It is necessary to develop and incorporate specific indicators of accountability into the national disaster risk governance framework.
Institutional and individual performance depends as much on availability of necessary resources as on other factors. Governments need to take all possible measures to provide both human and financial resources to relevant institutions so that resource constraints do not hamper performance. It is also necessary to explore various ways of cost-sharing and resource-pooling in situations of serious resource constraints.
Good practices of self-reporting and self-certification on the parts of institutions, corporates and
#Box 03
**Accountability standards for national government**
Each state is ultimately responsible for the activities of service providers involved in DRR, relief and recovery, and is accountable to its citizens in the following ways:
### Pre-disaster preparedness and short-term recovery
- Develop appropriate regulations, policies, program requirements and processes to protect natural resources and vulnerable communities.
- Develop a pre-disaster natural and cultural resources action plan to identify and communicate priority actions.
- Monitor and make necessary adjustments to government assistance programs and their delivery to more appropriately and timely address recovery needs of the affected local communities.
- Provide financial assistance and advice for local government and other disaster relief agencies to successfully carry out disaster relief activities.
- Lead and coordinate state recovery planning and assistance.
- Ensure transparency and accountability of government expenditures and funds that aid disaster recovery.
- Participate in and support local recovery planning and mitigation efforts through technical assistance, expertise or other assistance.
- Maintain robust and accessible communications (and information) throughout the recovery process between the national government, partners and public to ensure ongoing dialogue and information sharing.
- Implement formal monitoring and social accountability evaluation, e.g. social audit, expenditure tracking surveys and citizen report card surveys in the disaster relief programs.
### Preliminary accountability processes
- Incorporate mitigation measures into re-development following a disaster to build the community back stronger to minimise future risk.
- Introduce strict rules as for new building permission and establishing sustainable livelihoods.
### Precautionary approaches for accountability
- Establish mechanisms and procedures for disaster relief organisations to team up with other professionals such as quantity surveyors (cost engineers) and environmental agencies when making proficiency in re-construction and costing under disaster and resources scarce conditions.
### Contingency plans for accountability under special conditions
- Establish an efficient budgetary mechanism for disaster relief by introducing rolling quarterly budget cycle formalised within a medium-term expenditure framework.
- Making sure all local reporting of accountability, each disaster relief agency in the field should be established as a “reporting entity”, preparing general purpose and special purpose financial reports, such as IFAF tables.
professionals can be more cost effective ways to ensure institutional or professional accountability. Tools to facilitate such practices could be developed with the participation of national and international experts.
The governance of DRR can be expected to develop over time with increasing exchange of ideas, learning from past experience, and new learning by doing. We should therefore expect continuous improvement, in governance in general, and accountability in particular.
4 Theories, process building and tools
4. Theories, process building and tools
4.1. Lines of accountability
Accountability requires agreement on clear roles, tasks and responsibilities of organisations, as well as individuals, and reporting on the actions taken. This is the basis on which stakeholders may monitor if their views and needs have been considered, and whether agreed standards of performance have been complied with. In this sense, accountability and transparency are closely interwoven. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and rule of law.
According to Polak, Luna, and Bercilla (2010), for greater transparency in development planning, and greater compliance and responsiveness amongst governments to obligations to ensure the safety and resilience of communities, three interrelated components of an enabling environment are important:
1. **Opportunities or strategies for participation and citizen action**: Establishing genuine forms of participation is a fundamental pathway to accountability. Citizens are taking a proactive role in engaging and claiming spaces, and developing meaningful forms of representation. This helps to ensure that their views and needs, as they relate to risk reduction, are heard. This pertains to the democratic space and support for citizen-led initiatives and equitable partnerships. For example, formal accreditation and membership on local decision-making bodies improves transparency in local planning. Freedom of association allows collective action that increases the chances that participation can be citizen-led.
2. **Recognised legitimate standards as the measurement against which actors are held to account**: The enactment of relevant legislation and implementation frameworks provides for institutional mechanisms, financing, and capacity development relating to DRR, ensuring a more responsive state for DRR delivery. Often referred to as the enabling legislative environment.
3. **High numbers and capacity of citizens claiming their rights and holding their government to account**: Maximising (and expanding) opportunities for participation in DRR and making demands on government institutions. This occurs through high capacities of claimants based on access to information, awareness of rights and standards relating to risk reduction, notions of citizenship and responsibilities to selves and others. It also occurs through the ability to mobilise others, knowledge of advocacy and policy influence through multiple, strategic pathways.
Accountability also lies at the heart of many of the potential benefits expected from decentralisation of disaster risk management (e.g., citizen participation in local affairs, improved service delivery; and transparency). Furthermore, it should offer protection against ‘elite capture’ of resources made available for DRR, though this is not easy and requires strong formal and informal systems in place to hold local power-holders accountable. This risk can be contained by developing effective self-governance structures at the community level that many of the community-based disaster risk reduction programs have been promoting (de Guzman, 2003). In this sense, civil society has a critical role to play in establishing the necessary conditions and mechanisms, not only at the community level, but also for ensuring ‘downward accountability’ of local authorities towards their constituencies.
However, roles and responsibilities between different levels of government (vertically) and across the various local actors (horizontally) are not always clear or monitored for DRR to ensure an effective system of accountability. Coskun (2015) warns that the involvement of multiple institutions and actors in DRR – including technical, political, administrative, national, local, formal, and informal – further diffuses the lines of accountability when faced with the consequences of various disaster risks, or the failure for their reduction.
4.2. Three lines of accountability (Transparency Accountability Initiative, 2014)
Table 2. Three lines of accountability
| Downward accountability of local governments to citizens | Political accountability is at the core of democratic decentralisation and a direct line of responsibility. Most countries do not have formal mechanisms of accountability specific for DRR, while in contrast the pressure to be accountable is expectedly higher for post disaster response. |
|----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Horizontal accountability within local governments and administrations | Administrative accountability of local civil servants and locally-elected officials, and traditional representatives to each other. This is also relevant across parallel institutional structures that have a role in DRR. DRR committees are one of the mechanisms that serve this purpose, but where they function, they seldom have a comprehensive mechanism for accountability. |
| Upward accountability of local authorities to national government | Enables upper layers of government to verify that local institutions are complying with major policy goals and statutes, and to monitor or track local government actions and expenditure. This happens more in relation to DRR plans and programs, and monitoring of finance. It is a mixture of administrative, financial and performance accountability. |
A majority of government officials tend to realise the political necessity of being seen to respond, and thus an understanding of the importance of the social contract with citizens and the legitimacy it endows. However, this social contract does not seem to extend to situations in which DRR is not politically rewarding. For example, politicians do not often prioritise DRR over citizens’ demands for socioeconomic development, including other pressing needs such as access to employment, health services or clean water.
Disasters that result in large-scale physical damage and/or loss of life, and have the potential to result in reputational losses for authorities, often prompt a high public demand for accountability. In many ways, responses to a disaster can highlight the functioning (or failing) of institutions and standards, in particular the relationship between states and citizens in a country. It provides an ‘acid test’ on the degree to which a given government is open and accountable to its citizens. The press, and, where international assistance is provided, donors, international media and increasingly the citizens (through social media), demand high levels of openness from the state after disasters, including revealing the causes of disaster risks and why they have not been mitigated. However, despite decades of public awareness raising by governments, the United Nations and non-governmental organisations, demand for accountability related to existing risk levels has been limited. The reasons for this are complex and little understood.
At the international level, there have been some attempts (generated by a major disaster event, i.e. the Indian Ocean Tsunami) to establish international standards for auditing accountability. The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI), which operates as an umbrella organisation for the external government audit community, set up the Accountability for Audit of Disaster Related Aid Working Group to deal with issues concerning disasters, including risk reduction. This was done in order to enhance good governance and accountability, and promote transparency and efforts related to anti-corruption through collective experience in the field of disaster risk management. In this context, auditing guidelines for disaster risk reduction (ISSAI 5510) were prepared and endorsed to provide guidance for Supreme Audit Institutions to improve their auditing (Coskun, 2014). INTOSAI supports a citizen-oriented perspective to enhance public accountability for a mutual relationship between the SAIs and citizens.
However, Coskun (2014) points out that performing an audit of disaster risk reduction from a citizen perspective will be a challenge for the SAIs. First, an audit mandate does not encompass all or most of the activities and organisations involved in DRR. Second, access to reliable and complete information to prepare a comprehensive audit report will be restricted. In addition to these challenges, Supreme Audit Institutions do not have sufficient tools to strengthen their cooperation with citizens. A more engaged citizenry is certainly key for achieving a higher level of cooperation and to make government more accountable.
Linked to accountability is the right of individuals and groups to appeal to the courts, including legislative provisions for disaster risk management if rules are violated. The institutions responsible for ensuring accountability, and realising and upholding existing DRR standards and principles (such as anticorruption commissions, judicial bodies, ombudsmen’s offices, and parliaments), need to have the required standing and capacity to fulfil these responsibilities. A number of countries include rights of enforcement or remedies for breaches of constitutional rights (IFRC/UNDP, 2014).
**#Box 04**
**Accountability in action: public interest litigation in India**
An example of enforcement of constitutional rights by citizens comes from India where constitutional rights can be enforced in the Supreme Court. Using a specific mechanism, termed ‘public interest litigation’, it is possible for a group of citizens to initiate a claim in the Supreme Court of India, as was done in 2013 concerning states’ inaction on establishing disaster laws to properly implement India’s Federal Disaster Management Act 2005. Although many countries do not have specific public reporting or parliamentary oversight mechanisms in their disaster risk management laws, there are other forms of general public accountability for government performance of their statutory and other obligations.
Source: IFRC/UNDP, 2014
When in place, transparency can encourage civil engagement and public accountability by rendering the public decision-making process more accessible. This, in turn, strengthens confidence in governments and public agencies. However, there are very few tools to ensure transparency in DRR. Transparency is understood as sharing the knowledge of risks and how to reduce them, though it is often limited to disaster preparedness only. Such information needs to be audited to obtain the confidence of national and international actors involved in the process, and to determine whether the activities contribute to reducing disaster risks and whether the financial resources allocated have been used in an effective and efficient manner.
Although the national HFA reports include examples of efforts to increase DRR transparency, it appears that many national public information sharing programmes were one time efforts with no follow up, and that the DRR activities were not audited for their effectiveness. They mostly report on specific measures to increase public awareness and national outreach campaigns on DRR. The key challenge, stated in the national reports for achieving lasting impact from these outreach activities, is the lack of financial and human resources to implement such measures.
The establishment of a more transparent deliberation process will not automatically ensure the attainment of the ultimate goals of reducing uncertainty in policy-making and increasing safety. The ownership and legitimacy of controlling risks may reside with certain professionals or the government, and conflicting views and interests still need to be reconciled. With more public access to data and more actors in the policy making arena, the lines of accountability need to be made clearer.
4.3. Innovative elements of accountability
Table 3. Innovative elements of accountability
| Broadly defined | Given the increasing significance of DRR today, accountability needs to be defined in broader rather than narrower terms in order to ensure that state and non-state actors live up to public expectations with regard to vulnerability reduction and preparedness improvement at all stages of disaster management. |
|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Long term process | DRR is a long term process covering pre-, during and post disaster situations. Effective accountability must also be present in all three periods. |
| Responsibility | It is important to identify the institutions and authorities that can be held accountable. This also needs to be carefully examined in order to apportion responsibility, including to establish a clear understanding of the state’s legal and moral obligations, and capacity to deliver all components of Sendai Framework. |
| Stakeholders | Accountability for DRR is an obligation on the part of many stakeholders from national government downwards. These include state institutions, business organisations, various professional groups, local government, media institutions and civil society organisations. Availability and accessibility of data and timely information can create an enabling environment to promote accountability on the part of many actors. |
| Collaboration | Given the diversity of potential actors and institutions involved in DRR, accountability is often a joint responsibility. In the case of slow onset disasters like sea level rise and pollution, scientific data can be critical for planning but sharing of such information is not common. Collaboration between actors, including effective communication mechanisms, is vital. An accountability systems approach emphasises the need to move beyond a narrow focus on supply-side versus demand-side accountability support, or a focus only on formal institutions, and instead to look more closely at the linkages among actors and how these can be strengthened over time. |
| Penalties and incentives | The lack of accountability on the part of governments, state institutions and public officials, as well as diverse private sector stakeholders, tends to magnify the material and human costs of disasters. While it is necessary to find effective ways to ensure accountability, these may include both penalties as well as incentives. Accountability is not about pinning responsibility on one centralised body like a national disaster management agency but enlisting multiple actors to take responsibility, both individually and collectively. It is important to ensure that their failure to do so is not inconsequential, in terms of both penalties and rewards. |
| Regulatory bodies | The role of regulatory bodies, in particular those relating to coastal resources, human settlement, construction and social and physical infrastructure, is critically important to ensure accountability on the part of many stakeholders such as land developers, industrialists, construction firms and state institutions. |
| External actors | While large-scale disasters such as tsunamis and earthquakes usually draw responses from institutions across a wider field, most of them naturally withdraw from the disaster zone over time, leaving behind newly built settlements, vital infrastructure and other arrangements, but also their responsibilities. The upkeep and maintenance of these often become the responsibility of national and local government institutions. |
Broad participation
It is important to identify the characteristics of the community and characteristics of the enabling environment, including how to encourage broad-based participation, strengthening the political involvement of citizens in decision-making processes, and in mechanisms for legitimacy and control. There is also a need to strengthen downward accountability by supporting feedback channels from the community and civil society to sub-national and even national government to articulate local needs and preferences.
There is a need to support citizens, particularly those most vulnerable to disasters, to understand relevant rights, policies and possible accountability pathways. This includes citizen involvement in monitoring DRR progress based on locally conceived priorities at every scale, including policy formulation and implementation.
Monitoring
Monitoring processes are critically important. This includes the need to provide a basket of indicators, providing clarity on the ‘nuts and bolts’ of monitoring, focusing on data management, improving systems to track and gauge disaster risk, and ensuring an alignment with the monitoring systems of the Sendai Framework.
(Source: Hettige, Amaratunga and Haigh, 2015)
5 Implementing accountability
5. Implementing accountability
5.1. Who should be involved in accountability?
Governments hold primary responsibility to safeguard the lives, livelihoods and health of people, vital services that people need and the interests of other stakeholders like businesses. Yet, disaster risk governance is a wide-ranging process that demands the involvement of multiple stakeholders such as political leaders at different levels of government, state institutions, private businesses, professional groups, civil society organisations, academics and researchers, and the media. In other words, a substantial reduction of disaster risk demands a coordinated and collaborative effort. But, it is necessary to identify functions and responsibilities of different actors so that it is possible to hold them accountable for their actions and inactions.
“disaster risk governance is a wide-ranging process that demands the involvement of multiple stakeholders such as political leaders at different levels of government, state institutions, private businesses, professional groups, civil society organisations, academics and researchers and the media.”
Given the multiplicity of actors involved in disaster risk governance, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive governance framework indicating the diverse tasks to be performed at different levels of government, definitive roles and functions of institutions, and statutory obligations of different stakeholders. While a comprehensive national DRR plan can define diverse functions and responsibilities of various stakeholders, new legislative enactments might be required to ensure legal enforceability of accountability obligations.
5.2. How to create accountability
There is a wide variation across the world with respect to governance structures. In many countries, there are three tiers of governance, namely, national, sub-national and local. In others, there is often a dual structure characterised by a division between national and local government. These divisions do not always display a clear division of responsibility, authority, function, resources or labour; Nevertheless, it is important to engage all layers of government, however imperfect they may be in actual practice of governance. On the other hand, a clear division of labour and authority across different tiers of governance from national to local can contribute greatly to implementation of accountability in DRR.
The need for enhancing good governance of disaster risks in all countries under the SFDRR is an opportunity that countries, citizens and other stakeholders can make use of to develop optimal governance strategies in collaboration with partners outside their own countries.
Revamping existing governance structures
Revamping the existing governance structures to cope with the challenges of effective DRR could potentially involve a comprehensive review of the prevailing development and other policies, laws, rules and regulations. It may also require a review of existing priorities in budgetary allocations, and the current levels of knowledge and awareness among different segments of the population and educational practices. Such a wide ranging review can point to the changes that are necessary to prepare the ground for formulating and implementing effective DRR strategies. These changes may include:
- Formulating appropriate development and other relevant policies such as sustainable natural resource management, planned urbanisation, voluntary and involuntary resettlement, industrial and agricultural development, land development, etc.
- Introducing enabling legislation, a right to information, a citizen’s charter, public interest litigation, etc.
- Devolving of power from the centre to sub-national and local levels.
- Developing hazard maps at different levels, i.e. national, regional and local.
- Introducing participatory systems of governance, decision making, planning and implementation, participatory budgeting at all levels, public consultations, participatory planning at the community level such as community action plans, etc.
- Institutionalising social audit systems to ensure accountability of institutions and decision makers, citizen’s report card, empowering citizens to participate in performance appraisal, and budget tracking involving civil society organisations at national and other levels.
The member countries that have agreed to work within the Sendai Framework will have great diversity in terms of their present governance structures as well as the resources available to them. Yet, given the urgency and necessity of DRR for all countries, each country has to make every effort to develop their capabilities to respond to the challenges in the best possible manner, often in partnership with other regional and global players.
Not all countries are at the same level of preparedness with respect to DRR or their level of exposure to natural and man-made hazards, and related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks.
This report provides a general framework for action by governments. What is outlined below are key steps that governments need to take in order to ensure their accountability for DRR.
1. Mainstreaming DRR into overall national policies
In many countries, disaster management has long been relegated to a particular line Ministry or an agency coming under a particular Ministry. Coordination with other relevant Ministries and agencies has often been minimal. Moreover, coordination with different tiers of government has also been minimal or non-existent. It is an imperative to mainstream DRR into national development and other policies, and to demand governments to play a clear and leading regulatory and coordination role. Development and other relevant sectoral policies of the State need to contribute to DRR. In many cases, existing policies might have to be reviewed in order to ensure that State policies do not obstruct the achievement of national and global DRR targets.
2. Enabling legislation
Beside State policies, a comprehensive review of existing legislation in relevant areas might be necessary in order to determine legal obstacles to DRR. Such a review is more than likely to indicate the type of new enabling legislation required to facilitate DRR.
3. Institutional development
The development, implementation and review of a comprehensive DRR strategy demands efficient institutional arrangements. The first step in this regard is an overall institutional mapping in order to identify the institutional gaps, deficiencies, weaknesses and requirements, including technical capabilities. Given the enhanced regulatory and coordination role of the State in the new DRR framework, the development of the necessary institutional infrastructure is a critical step in ensuring that governments and other accountability holders live up to public expectations with respect to DRR. It is important to clearly define each institution’s responsibility and also how and when each institution should connect to each other. It is also important to emphasise the legislative enactments and action plans to hold to account the institutions exposed to litigations.
4. Adequate resources
The implementation of a comprehensive DRR strategy would require unprecedented mobilisation of human, technical and financial resources. Given the resource and other constraints that many countries face, meeting this challenge would require careful thinking and planning. While reallocation of public finances in favour of DRR might help overcome some of the resource limitations, other strategies such as mobilisation of resources through partnerships can also be effective. Avoiding duplication of function and promoting resource sharing among institutions can be effective ways to overcome some of the resource constraints.
5. Empowerment of stakeholders
Complexity and the wide-ranging nature of disaster risks make it an imperative that governments promote effective coordination across diverse actors, both vertically and horizontally. But coordination is of limited value unless other stakeholders are empowered and given opportunities to play an active and responsible role in DRR. While enabling legislation can define the lines of authority and distinct responsibilities of different sectors and levels of government, allocation of required resources to different authorities with clear responsibilities is necessary to ensure timely actions. The importance of academic contributions through multi-disciplinary research should be emphasised, together with stakeholder consultations at various levels such as government, non-government organisations, academics, community and other local level officials.
6. Regular monitoring, evaluation and review
Given the diversity of actors and actions involved in DRR (i.e., political leaders, Ministries, national institutions, sub-national and local authorities, private sector; professional groups; civil society organisations), regular monitoring, evaluation and review of DRR processes and outcomes is critically important. This should be seen as part of an overall continuous improvement process. The assignment of this overall responsibility to a national body with the necessary resources and capabilities is important. This requires a clear demarcation of responsibilities with respect to generation and transmission of information in an efficient and timely fashion.
6 Illustrations
6. 1. Joint responsibilities and collaboration - Post-earthquake reconstruction in Christchurch, New Zealand
Christchurch and the surrounding Canterbury region experienced a series of earthquakes over 2010 and 2011. The first earthquake in September 2010 prompted a local state of emergency. The estimated cost of damage was in the order of $NZ 4 billion. While New Zealand had a relatively well-established framework for disaster risk management, the country was not well prepared to manage the long-term recovery process after a major event. The national government responded by creating the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Commission (the Commission) via the Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act 2010. The Commission was to act as a point of contact between local and national government in managing the recovery and to provide advice for prioritising resources and allocating funding. However, it was not given any special authority to make decisions.
Amongst ongoing aftershocks from the September event, a second major earthquake struck in February 2011, prompting a national state of emergency. This required a larger scale recovery effort with estimated costs of $NZ 40 Billion (approximately 20% of national GDP). In response to this event the national government took the opportunity to address the inadequacies of the Commission. The government believed that the advisory capacity of the Commission was not sufficient to contribute to an effective recovery process given the increased scale of recovery activity required. There was also a need for an entity to be responsible for facilitating coordination across national and local government, local residents, Ngāi Tahu (the local Maori tribe), NGOs, businesses and the private sector. As such, the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) was established under the State Sector Act 1988 and was subsequently given powers under the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act 2011 (which repealed the Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act). CERA had five operational units to oversee the recovery, covering community well-being, economic recovery, infrastructure, operations and the redevelopment of the national business district. It had overall responsibility for establishing recovery processes, managing the implementation of a new city plan and for overseeing the use of public funds.
The implementation of the reconstruction required CERA to coordinate with other organisations. In one example, CERA, alongside the New Zealand Transport Agency (the national highway authority) and the Christchurch City Council, became the clients of a temporary organisation called the Stronger Christchurch Infrastructure Rebuild Team (SCIRT). SCIRT was responsible for rebuilding Christchurch's wastewater, water supply, stormwater and road networks. It operated via an alliance with five major civil construction companies. The critical element of an alliance contract is that it is founded on the principle of collaboration, based on the concept that profits or losses are shared across the contracted parties. This was particularly useful early in the recovery process as it allowed for the reconstruction activities to commence before the true extent of damage and the associated costs were firmly established.
While SCIRT worked well in many respects, an official audit of its programme in 2013 identified two major risks that could disrupt the reconstruction process (see: Office of the Auditor-General, 2013). The first was a lack of clarity over roles resulting from limited involvement of CERA in planning the infrastructure rebuild programme. The second risk was a lack of
common understanding across the client organisations regarding what constituted appropriate infrastructure repair strategies. This was ultimately due to a debate over eligibility for funding. The debate arose from ambiguity in the national government’s pre-existing commitments to financially support local government in the event of a disaster. Emergency management guidelines stipulated that the national government would contribute to 60% of a local government’s infrastructure rebuild costs. But, due to the major costs involved in rebuilding Christchurch, there was greater scrutiny over what costs were eligible for this contribution. A final agreement on this contribution was confirmed in December 2015, almost five years after the February 2011 earthquake. Throughout the protracted debate, design guidelines were subject to ongoing review and some projects had several design revisions to ensure that the projects met the requirements of revised criteria.
Tensions between national and local government over available funding and lack of involvement of CERA as a client (an issue addressed subsequent to the audit) were key sources of strain on the collaborative principles of the alliance. Despite this, through ongoing efforts to respond to the dynamic environment of recovery, the alliance was able to progress its programme. As of August 2016, it is on track to complete by its scheduled date in December 2016.
Where to find more information
MacAskill, K. (2016), Rebuilding with resilience? A case study of post-disaster infrastructure reconstruction in Christchurch, New Zealand. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge
MacAskill, K. & Guthri, P. (2016), Post-disaster Reconstruction—What Does It Mean to Rebuild with Resilience?, January 2016, DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-21106-0_6. In Applications of Systems Thinking and Soft Operations Research in Managing Complexity
References
Office of the Auditor-General, 2013. Effectiveness and efficiency of arrangements to repair pipes and roads in Christchurch. Available at: http://oag.govt.nz/2013/scirt
The Treasury, 2011. Budget 2011 Information Release June 2011. Available at: http://www.treasury.govt.nz/downloads/pdfs/b11-2035181.pdf
Further info: www.scirt.co.nz; http://www.quakecentre.co.nz; http://ceraarchive.dpmc.govt.nz
6.2. Structured chain of accountability – DRR in Algeria
Algeria’s context is characterised by exposure to several major disaster risks; some of these risks are inherent to the country physiography whereas others are a consequence of human action, such as increased and unplanned urbanisation, unchecked expansion into agricultural areas, and shocks induced by climate change. The high level of vulnerability to major disasters and the hard lessons learned from major disasters, such as the flash floods in Algiers in 2001, the 1980 El Asnam earthquake, and the most recent earthquake in Bourmerdes in 2003 that caused thousands of deaths, led to decisive action to improve disaster risk reduction’s governance.
In the past decade, Algeria has established the legal basis for the creation of a DRR management national organisation. By the Law 04-20, the Government established the National Delegation for Major Risks (NDMR) as a national DRR coordination platform, and has also invested in strengthening and modernising its civil protection structure.
The most important DRR Governance achievement has been the launching of a multi-sectoral platform for the prevention and mitigation of major disaster risks, both at central and local levels. The NDMR was established within the Ministry of Interior. The National Delegate was nominated by Ministerial Decree with a mandate to develop a national prevention and protection plan. The NDMR is putting in place new instruments for inter-sectoral DRR planning and management, along with multi-sectoral information management system from national to local levels commensurate with a structured chain of accountability and command necessary for rapid intervention in case of disaster. Today, Algeria counts on one of the most advanced and well-equipped civil protection organisations in the continent. Providing a DRR coordination mechanism at the central level, the National Delegation for Major Risks has a clear prevention and preparedness mandate covering all major risks from earthquakes to biological and radiological risks.
The NDMR is putting in place new instruments for inter-sectoral DRR planning and management. This includes a multi-sectoral information management system from the national level to the local level, in a top down approach commensurate with a structured chain of accountability and command necessary for rapid intervention in case of disaster. The establishment of a multi-sectoral platform in the NDMR aims at promoting integrated plans and inter-sectoral risk analysis. The Delegation initiated a long administrative process to recruit dedicated staff and nominate sector representatives. It has now reached a stage where it has the means to start working.
The economic and social reforms of the last decades saw the extinction of many public enterprises that provided services and means in case of disasters. It was therefore necessary to review the governance structure. In addition, developing capacities for information management and risk assessment and analysis, as well as establishing processes for real time information, became necessary to monitor threats, and have preparedness and prevention plans in place. Further, there was a need for community participation and public awareness as part of the DRR culture. Local actors, as first respondents in case of disasters, needed to be adequately trained as well as be able to provide immediate response to save lives and promote accountability.
The UN system is supporting the Ministry of Interior, and expects to put in place a project for local governance to establish “model municipalities” that will be interacting with its citizens in a participatory manner. One of the expected results is to build mutual accountability as part of good governance practices, where local elected bodies and local Government representatives will promote an economic and social development model that will incorporate risk management as a pillar for sustainability and resilience.
Where to find more information
http://www.joradp.dz/jo2000/2004/084/FP20.pdf
http://www.unicri.it/news/article/2012.09.12_CBRN_Risk
http://www.un-algeria.org/images/CdCS_Algerie_2016-2020.pdf
6.3. A local governance and accountability model for territorial and community resilience: Province of Potenza, Italy
The Province of Potenza placed DRR in close connection with its *territorial governance and planning* institutional duties. This has transformed DRR and resilience to disasters into real "structural" policy-making and actions. These are being implemented by coordinating territorial and urban development and land-use, with a wide area vision and approach. This new concept of *territorial governance* provides for the structural introduction of "resilience" - to disasters and climate changes - into territorial development policies to be implemented through specific actions at local and urban levels.
Accountability is an integral aspect of the *governance* and the strategy outlined by the Province of Potenza in performing DRR and resilience implementation. By networking with Municipalities, relevant stakeholders and major groups, and also for monitoring the effectiveness of the whole action, the Province of Potenza is adopting a wider accountability system including, but going beyond, a financial perspective.
One of the main components of the Province’s accountability approach is through knowledge acquisition and sharing. The information produced and/or collected by other parties has been cataloged, elaborated for scenario building, mapping and consultation purposes, and provided for wide dissemination and public access using open sourced IT tools.
The information is also used for specific territorial analysis aimed at defining sustainable and resilient development policies and actions to be performed all over the territory.
Another important aspect is *social* accountability. In the Resilience implementation path performed so far, most of the efforts have been devoted to setting-up a complex system of progressive social involvement. The main purpose is to entrust and engage social groups and citizens in the institutional policy-making regarding territorial and urban sustainable and resilient development. Actions to support this include:
- Setting-up of a “permanent platform” with major groups for discussing problems and possible solutions to be adopted;
- Setting-up of IT communication tools for providing wide evidence of the actions performed and the progresses made;
- Organisation and implementation of specific capacity building activities, mostly addressed to institutional actors but with the enlargement also to civil society representatives;
- Implementation of specific awareness-raising and information campaigns;
- Co-working with non-government organisations, civil society associations, volunteering and social groups for applying to dedicated financing programs, such as the regional, national and EU programs;
- Raising support (not only financial) by the private sector, by means of specific engagement programs and initiatives;
- Setting-up of empirical processes of progressive confidence/trust building, outlined and calibrated on the specific and contingent needs of the different social components, and on reciprocal cooperation and assistance.
The last component is *political* and *public* accountability. A lot of work has been done for building and/or raising public support and political will. DRR and resilience building are comprehensive
and multidisciplinary processes where the role of the governments (at all levels) is pivotal for transforming good intentions into actions. The accountability system has been calibrated to include this fundamental component.
Actions include setting-up a permanent network with all the Municipalities and of a set of activities similar to those related to civil society, but more politically and institutionally addressed. Data collection and elaboration for the Local Government Self Assessments was performed jointly by the Province of Potenza and all 100 Municipalities. Empirical processes were set up for progressive confidence/trust building, outlined and calibrated on the specific and contingent features of the different political/public actors, and on reciprocal cooperation and assistance. Examples include:
- Evidence and visibility provided to the relevant political representatives for having contributed to finalisation of the SFDRR and the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement;
- Active engagement in the application process for the UNISDR Championship, where Province of Potenza – together with its 100 Municipalities – has been acknowledged as a World Role Model for “Inclusive Resilience and Territorial Safety” in January 2015).
A similar process to that for public accountability has also been set up for multi-stakeholder engagement.
Where to find more information
http://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/home/cityprofile/City%20Profile%20Of%20Provincia%20d%20Potenza/?id=3757
http://www.provincia.potenza.it
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/provpzresilient - @provpzresilient - #weResilient
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/provpzresilient
Any other relevant details
Dr Alessandro Attolico, Head of Territorial Planning and Development and Civil Protection Department at the Province of Potenza, SFDRR-SustDevAgenda2030-ParisClimateAgreement Local Focal Point, UNISDR Advocate of the Making Cities Resilient Campaign, Promoter and Facilitator of the Province of Potenza’s path towards Inclusive Resilience to Disasters ([email protected]; [email protected])
6.4. Accountability in disaster mitigation: the case of post-tsunami reconstruction and resettlement in Sri Lanka
In the aftermath of a major disaster, the challenge of reconstructing the built environment is formidable. The vital role of the built environment in serving human endeavours means that when elements of it are damaged or destroyed, the ability of society to function – economically and socially – is severely disrupted. Disasters have the ability to severely interrupt economic growth and hinder a person’s ability to emerge from poverty. The protective characteristics of the built environment offer an important means by which humanity can reduce the risk posed by hazards, thereby preventing a disaster. Conversely, post-disaster, the loss of critical buildings and infrastructure can greatly increase a community’s vulnerability to hazards in the future. Finally, the individual and local nature of the built environment, shaped by context, restricts our ability to apply generic solutions. After a disaster, there tends to be a greater emphasis on developing a more resilient built environment. This will only occur when we design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places that have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event.
A large-scale disaster demands an equally large response to deal with its aftermath in terms of rescue, relief, resettlement and rehabilitation. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which struck the coastline in Sri Lanka and several other countries in the region, resulted in a massive destruction in the affected areas in terms of deaths, injuries, loss of property and displacement of people. Although there was a massive and unprecedented response from local people, the government, the international community and civil society organisations, the scale of the interventions needed to cope with the situation was very large. Moreover, the process of resettlement and rehabilitation involved a sustained and long-term effort involving numerous institutions and stakeholders, both local and foreign. This naturally makes issues of accountability, of people and institutions involved in the effort, highly complex. Nevertheless, all efforts have to be made to ensure accountability of stakeholders towards the people and communities affected. However, unless, effective accountability mechanisms are in place, lapses are bound to occur.
This is what emerged out of a study, conducted ten years after the tsunami, in a number of resettled communities in southern and eastern Sri Lanka. It looks at some of the glaring examples from the field with respect to evident accountability lapses on the part of institutions.
The absence of an effective accountability mechanism and procedures has resulted in many shortcomings in the recovery process, adversely affecting the well-being of the communities affected by the disaster. People who are adversely affected cannot hold any individual or agency accountable for the lapses. Consequently, many people continue to suffer and live with many problems and do not see any possibilities for redress.
Given the scale of the Tsunami disaster, central government agencies played a dominant role in the recovery process, often at the expense of local institutions such as the local councils and community organisations.
When the central government agencies pulled out following the resettlement of affected people, local institutions often did not replace the central government institutions.
Most of the non-governmental organisations were not locally based. They naturally moved out after the resettlement process came to an end. These external NGO’s were not succeeded by locally based NGO’s in order to fill the void.
Community groups that were either pre-existing or emerged during the post-disaster period were active when external support from state and non-state sources was available, but became weak when such support came to an end. There are numerous instances where disaster victims experiencing various hardships in the years following resettlement found no agency or official was accountable for the shortcomings in various aspects of the recovery process. While many tried to find individuals remedies to their problems, others continued to suffer in silence.
Shortcomings in governance means that: agencies and officials involved in disaster mitigation cannot be held accountable for the lapses; the lack of accountability adversely affects the quality and reliability of work; and, citizens who are adversely affected have no access to grievance redress mechanisms.
There was evidence to show that there are no credible and enforceable accountability mechanisms to guide institutions and actors involved in disaster mitigation. There is a need to develop and institutionalise a social accountability mechanism that can persuade external and local agencies to be accountable to communities they serve during the resettlement and rehabilitation process. This situation has serious implications for the well-being of disaster victims and accordingly, there is an urgent need to adopt an explicit policy on social accountability. The formulation, adoption and implementation of an evidence based policy can be the basis for remedying the above situation. This policy needs to cover all stages of the disaster cycle and the responsibility for adhering to the policy needs to be shared by all stakeholders. This policy should guide the development and use of social accountability tools by both state and non-state actors.
Where to find more information
- Hettige, S., Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R. & Weerasena, N. (2018). Mainstreaming social transformation into recovery and development projects in Sri Lanka. Journal of Engineering Procedia, Elsevier; Volume 212, 2018, Pages 387-394, [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.050](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.050)
- Weerasena, N., Amaratunga, D., Hettige, S., Haigh, R. & Sridarran, P (2018), Provision of social infrastructure to resettled victims of the tsunami: Evidence from the grass roots. Journal of Engineering Procedia, Elsevier; Volume 212, 2018, Pages 212, 379-386. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.049](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.049), SCOPUS Indexed.
- Hettige, R., Haigh, R & Amaratunga, D. (2018), Community level indicators of long term disaster recovery, Journal of Engineering Procedia, Elsevier; Volume 212, 2018, Pages 1287-1294, Volume 212, 2018, Pages 1287-1294, SCOPUS Indexed.
- Hettige, S., Amaratunga, D. and Haigh, R. (2015) Book of Abstracts on Ensuring Accountability in Disaster Risk Management and reconstruction. University of Colombo & University of Huddersfield, Colombo, Sri Lanka. ISBN 978-1-862181-34-2 ([http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/28486/](http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/28486/))
- Hettige, S, Amaratunga, D., Hettierachchi, S. and Haigh, R. (2014) Tsunami Recovery in Sri Lanka: Ten Years On: Book of Abstracts. University of Colombo, University of Huddersfield and University of Moratuwa, Colombo, Sri Lanka ([http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/28490/](http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/28490/))
- Haigh, R., Amaratunga, D. & Hettige, S. (2015), Briefing paper on Taking stock of the Tsunami recovery process. Research Report. University of Huddersfield.
7 References
7. References
Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R. and Hettige, S. (2016). The role of accountability within disaster risk governance In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Building Resilience, Massey University / The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 688-698. ISBN 978-0-473-37268-2.
Aysan, Y. and Lavell A. (2015). Disaster risk governance during the HFA implementation period, UNDP Thematic Review, in 2015 Global Assessment Report.
Bovens, M. (2005), “Public Accountability”. In Ferlie, Ewan. Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. & Christopher Pollitt (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Public Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coskun, A. (2015). THE EXPANSION OF ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORK AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTIONS, INPUT PAPER Prepared for the Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015.
De Guzman (2003). The dynamics of educational reforms in the Philippine basic and higher education sector, Asia Pacific Education Review, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp 39–50.
FEMA (2011). National Disaster Recovery Framework Strengthening Disaster Recovery for the Nation, US Department of Homeland Security.
Global Network of Civil Society Organisations for Disaster Reduction (GNDR) (2015). https://www.gndr.org
Hettige, S., Amaratunga, D. and Haigh, R. (2015). Briefing paper on ensuring accountability in disaster risk management and reconstruction, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK.
International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (IOSAI) (2015) The Integrated Financial Accountability Framework (IFAF). For more information visit www.issai.org.
Kohli, D.S. (2012). Manual on Social Accountability: Concepts and Tools, Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability.
McNeil, M. & T. Mumvuma. (2006). Demanding Good Governance: A Stocktaking of Social Accountability Initiatives by Civil Society in Anglophone Africa. Washington DC: WBI Working Paper No.37261.
Newbourne, P. (2008). ‘Accountability and Non-discrimination in Flood Risk Management Investigating the potential of a rights-based approach: Honduras case study’ London: ODI http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2575.pdf (accessed: 27/09/19).
OECD (2014). “The role of accountability in promoting good governance”, in Accountability and Democratic Governance: Orientations and Principles for Development, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264183636-4-en
Polak, E., Luna, E. M., and J. D., Bercilla. (2010). Accountability for Disaster Risk Reduction: Lessons from the Philippines. Climate and Disaster Governance.
Transparency Accountability Initiative (2014). https://www.transparency-initiative.org
Twigg, J. (2007). ‘Characteristics of a Disaster-Resilient Community, a Guidance Note’. DFID Disaster Risk Reduction Interagency Coordination Group.
UNISDR (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
United Nations (2008). Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response Guidance and Indicator Package for Implementing Priority Five of the Hyogo Framework, United Nations New York and Geneva, http://www.unisdr.org/files/2909_Disasterpreparednessforeffectiveresponse.pdf
UNDP (2014). Issue brief: Disaster Risk Governance: Crisis Prevention and Recovery.
World Bank (2014). Mapping Context for Social Accountability, Social Development Department, Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank Institute, (2005). Social Accountability in the Public Sector; Washington DC: WBI Working Paper No.33641.
World Banks (2014). Social Accountability: What does it mean for the World Bank?, Social Accountability Sourcebook, Chapter 2, Washington, DC: World Bank.
8 Appendix
8. Appendix 1 – Disaster risk governance
The Sendai Framework has a strong emphasis on governance. It identifies “Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk” as one of the four priorities where focused action is needed across sectors, by authorities at local, national, regional and global levels. Compliance and enforcement of regulations and standards are easier where legal obligations are in place. The importance of establishing a strong legal basis for DRR, supported by transparent monitoring and compliance mechanisms, has been recognised and clearly stated in this priority area.
“A substantial proportion of the challenges and solutions outlined in Sendai Framework are related to the need to invest and strengthen governance capabilities.”
There is a need to strengthen governance, and institutional, legal and policy frameworks to manage existing and future risk scenarios with a clear vision, plan, competence, guidance and coordination within and across sectors, including the participation of relevant stakeholders. This, in turn, fosters collaboration and partnership across mechanisms and institutions for the implementation of instruments relevant to achieving sustainable and resilient development.
Such a system can be effectively applied to the management and oversight of disaster risk reduction for resilience and residual risk management strategies. According to GNDR (2015), good disaster risk governance is the single most important factor in reducing disaster risk, particularly risk governance at the point of implementation (i.e. sub-national, local levels). In view of its importance, a substantial proportion of the challenges and solutions outlined in Sendai Framework are related to the need to invest and strengthen governance capabilities, particularly at sub-national and local levels.
“Good disaster risk governance is the single most important factor in reducing disaster risk, particularly risk governance at the point of implementation.”
Key considerations for DRR governance based on the Sendai Framework
These are some of the key considerations that can be used by governments in enhancing DRR governance based on the Sendai declaration.
- The need to tackle underlying disaster risk drivers such as persisting poverty and inequality, unplanned and rapid urbanisation and climate change.
- The measures should be taken with a people centric perspective.
- Devolution of power and responsibility to lower layers of government such as local government.
- The decisions to be evidence based and evidence to be derived from both research and well documented field experience.
- Research based knowledge and understanding to guide key decisions with respect to DRR.
- DRR to be given high priority in the allocation of resources.
- The need to prevent the poor and vulnerable groups in society from bearing greater disaster risk through effective risk sharing mechanisms across society.
Key aspects of disaster risk governance
This guide focuses on accountability as an entry point to establishing more effective disaster risk governance. However, accountability should not be viewed in isolation; aspects of good governance are complementary and often reinforce each other. In other words, accountability can be established and strengthened only within a comprehensive good governance framework.
These key aspects of good governance include participation, consensus, accountability, transparency, responsiveness, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, inclusivity and rule of law. While these are generally applicable principles that are applied in diverse institutional settings, it is necessary to determine how they can be operationalised in the context of disaster risk governance.
Participation
Disaster risk governance involves multiple stakeholders and actors. The adoption of a participatory approach to DRR can ensure the participation of all stakeholders, including vulnerable sections of the population. Tools such as public consultations, participatory budgeting and participatory planning can be effective ways to ensure participation of citizens in the governance processes. Social audit tools like the Citizen’s Report Card can provide an effective feedback mechanism for decision makers and institutions so that they are able to take remedial action.
Consensus
It is almost natural for democratic societies to tolerate a diversity of views, ideas and interests. Yet, on certain critical issues, there is a need to build broad consensus in order to pursue shared societal goals. DRR is such an issue that demands consensus across diverse stakeholders. An inter-institutional coordinating mechanism like an inter-ministerial steering committee can help build the necessary consensus on contentious issues.
Accountability
Accountability is a way of ensuring adherence to a set of common principles, values and objectives. If those in positions of power and authority take responsibility for their actions and inactions, and certain unambiguous sanctions follow in the case of neglect of responsibility, it is easier to ensure responsible decision making. However, a prior institutional mapping might be required to identify issues with respect to lines of authority, assignment of responsibility, etc. so that accountability holders can be identified with a high degree of accuracy.
Responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency
Responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency are necessary to ensure timely action with respect to DRR. Certain institutional reforms might be necessary to improve individual and organisational performance based on measurable performance indicators. Periodic surveys can collect the data necessary to analyse the experience of users or citizens, and provide an effective feedback tool to facilitate corrective action.
Equity and inclusiveness
Disasters, both human induced and natural, have traditionally affected vulnerable sections of the population more than the others. This is not an acceptable situation within a good governance framework. So, policies and interventions are required to ensure equity so that the poor and other vulnerable groups are not worse off during and after a disaster. Moreover, marginalised groups enjoy equal rights and protection in situations of natural and human induced disasters. No segment of the community should be marginalised from the governance processes. Identification of vulnerable areas and groups through hazard mapping could facilitate the development of appropriate risk insurance policies and programs.
Rule of Law
If good governance prevails in a country, rule of law applies to all citizens equally, including those who are in authority. Both personal and official actions of various stakeholders need to adhere to the Rule of Law. If decision makers violate the laws, sanctions need to follow after due legal process. Appropriate legislation can be enacted to provide legal redress, i.e. public interest litigation, in case a certain section of the population is unduly affected by actions or inactions of an institution or a responsible public or private actor.
Accountability in the Context of Disaster Risk Governance
Editors:
Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga,
University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom
Professor Richard Haigh
University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom
Emeritus Professor Siri Hettige
University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
ISBN 978-1-86218-170-0
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**Club Activities**
- **Jesse Besser Museum Activity for July**
On Saturday, July 25 from 12 - 2pm, the Besser Museum will host a free Family Fun Day featuring the topic of fishing. We have an awesome fish exhibit by Ralph Bolda and Betsy Willis that we will be highlighting that day. We have also asked the Woodcarvers if they would display their fish pieces and maybe work on making wooden lures or just work on their pieces during the program. We have asked Howard Lahti if he could demonstrate how to do a fish boil; he said we would need to get about 50lbs of fish donated for his demonstration and to allow visitors to have a small sample of fish. We would like to invite the Walleye Club to participate by demonstrating how to properly clean fish and what to look for when cleaning fish, and demonstrate how to make crawler harnesses.
I have also spoken with Bruce Kirschner and he will be contacting the president of the bass club; we would like them to do casting lessons with a small wading pool in the backyard. I am thinking of contacting someone to tell fishing stories or give great fishing tips; I was thinking Steve Speaks.
If you have other ideas to add to a fishing day program please let me know. I think this a great way for the Besser Museum to complement the Brown Trout Festival. I will be attending your June 10 meeting to present my idea to your club.
Thank you,
Chris Witulski
Education Curator
Besser Museum of Northeast Michigan
356-2202
- **Fish Cleaning –Carl Kelly**
Similar to the cormorant harvests, the fish cleaning has been sluggish due to the weather but will pick up as the weather straightens around allowing the DNR to get on the water. He would like to increase to a total of four teams; he currently has two on standby at this time. If you are interested in being part of this program, please telephone Carl ASAP @ 356-4694.
• **Jim Johnson- Speaker at the May Meeting**
Jim Johnson was the speaker of the month and everyone reported that Jim did a great job at presenting the material on reef development for the big lake and were really excited about the possibilities that it might provide for habitat. He stated that they are targeting three existing reefs off of Lafarge and are looking to increase it by 800’ in length and 30’ wide. The DNR recognizes that the efforts will also assist the other species but sees it as an opportunity to increase natural production in the area near the river mouth for spawning walleye.
In addition, Jim targeted on issues on a commercial fisherman in Tawas who is suing the DNR for violating his believed constitutional rights to harvest walleye on the Saginaw Bay by not responding to his request for such permits. If you are interested in reading the article, you can locate it in *The Bay City Times*, May 12, 2009 edition. It is worth the time to read it.
Jim also discussed the samples that are necessary from club members to identify the stomach contents of the local fish and would appreciate any members’ assistance providing this valuable information. He thought that a club tournament would be a great time to get this information.
Thanks Jim for taking the time to visit our club with all this valuable information.
**Club News**
• **Lincoln Lions Fishing Tournament**
The Lions are hosting their 26th annual fishing tournament for salmon, trout, and walleye starting on June 10th and ending the 14th. If you are interested in getting information for this event, you can contact Jon Krutlin @ 354-2020 or the contact from the Lions @ day 989-736-8151 or evening 989-471-5557.
• **Captain Ed Update on Cormorants**
There has not been a great deal of success due to the poor weather, lots of wind, to harvest the birds. They will report when they more to discuss.
• **Walleye Club Clothing**
If you are interested in getting a Walleye Club jacket, please give Steve Hubert a call @ 657-4646, so he can make it worthwhile to put orders together. It is really not a cost saver to order one jacket at a time. If you plan on getting one, call ahead, so he can plan for orders. Steve will have hats, t-shirts etc. at the monthly meetings for you to purchase. The Club ordered 36 Hanes fleece pullover-hooded sweatshirts in various colors and sizes for $25.00.
✓ We have specialty items that have been ordered: 2 jackets (Bob and Sam), medium sweatshirts, large window sticker (Joseph Cumi) which should to be picked up at this meeting or arrangements made to be picked up and paid for.
• **TBWC Web Site**
You can access the new web page at [www.tbwalleye.com](http://www.tbwalleye.com). Todd already put some information out there for us and would gladly take any additional information that you might have such as pictures or news. The sight is under development at this point. You should take a minute and see what it looks like and give us some input on what you would like to see on the web sight. If you have any pictures to add, you can do so on the web site or by contacting Todd through the web site. You can also BLOG (say what’s on your mind) on this web sight. Please keep it to fishing related topics.
• **Big Bite Baits**
We will have product available at the June meeting for those that have an interest in trying the baits that John discussed at the February meeting. Romeo will have it available at all meetings and those interested in getting it outside meeting times will need to make arrangements with him. You can contact him for more detail. We have some jigs, and biobait. I will not be at the meeting due softball and will enlist someone’s assistance (Gregg you have been chosen AGAIN) to get the material there. I will have everything priced @ $5. You can also give me a call if you are not able to make it. I will also keep some with me at the tournaments and when I go fishing.
• **Brown Trout**
It is that time of the year the club volunteers it’s time to help the Brown Trout with various tasks from weighing fish to serving beer. The schedule is not cast in stone yet but I did get a preliminary schedule which is nearly a duplicate of last year. There will be a special USPS mailing to all current members detailing the schedule along with duties for each as well as raffle tickets for the Club Car XRT 1550 Utility Vehicle and Trailer.
Your help is needed to make this another success for the club. This is our only fund raiser to help support the fishing related activities the club does for the community.
**Club Tournaments**
• **Night Eyes, May 29th and 30th, 2009**
It was quite a two-day tournament with an intolerable amount of cold and wind. Friday proved to be a challenge with the wind changing on Wednesday pushing all the warm water out and to the west. Those that had been pre-fishing found that their plans were going to change and would have to find new water or bang out what had been working before the tournament. Many of us that went out and found fish earlier in the week found that they were gone come Wednesday and Thursday. Friday was windy and choppy and proved to be the better of the two nights and allowed people to move around to some extent. A few boats headed south and most remained in the bay to hit the spots that were working earlier like Grass Island, Partridge Point, North Shore, the Humps, Sulfer, and the Big Reef. Those that did well boated fish while the majority tried to bang at least three to remain in the hunt for the next day. Leading the pack in day one were: Hubert’s 5 fish, LaPlaunt 5 fish, and Skiba 5 fish. When everyone arrived at the harbor, the weather forecast did not look promising for anyone heading more than one mile offshore because the wind was
clipping at 10-20 out of the North West, and you could see the white caps just off the break wall. Gregg and I were one of the last to launch and watched as Moose, Steve, and Jim screamed inside of Sulfur to run south, and we could see the pounding that they were taking. This in no way was the beating that all three would take to get to the area that they wanted to fish. Gregg and I headed out and stopped about one mile north of Sulfur after spearing the first wave- maybe 5’. The winds never died and the guys that went south had tough time fishing let alone trying to make it back. Jim and crew came back empty handed after fighting 8’ waves and not able to fish for more than 30 minutes. Jim told me that his boards were diving so deep after coming off a wave that the baits were out of the water. Moose and crew boated 5 decent fish but were not sure that they could make it back, and after meeting them in the harbor, their wet attire proved that they should have stayed in Black River. Steve reported the night’s fishing as the worst conditions that he has fished on the big lake ever! He attributed his success to his crew and everyone putting in the hard work setting lines, fighting fish, and not getting sick. He reported that they were done fishing both nights before 10:30, and Saturday did all they could to stay dry with the huge waves. We have to be thankful that everyone made it back safely and in one piece. The top prize went to the Hubert crew pulling a total for both nights of 44.61#’s winning a total of $615. They fished off of Scare Crow on Friday and Saturday targeting 17-15’ of water with 18’s and Husky Jerks. Steve reported that Saturday was a mixture of good driving and hard work by all four team members. He said that without all of them, they would not have been successful. Coming in second, and having an equally good catch but not traveling nearly as far was the team of Ben Skiba, Brad Skiba, and Chris Wade. They fished the Partridge Point area and inside Grass Island Reef using 18’s and Reef Runners. They boated a total of ten fish weighing 31.55#’s and winning $262. Third place was won by Don Harrison, Weasel Al Douglas and Larry Donajkowski Jr. who caught fish on the North Shore between the Humps and White Fish Point with 18’s and Rattling Rogues. They pulled two fish Friday and five on Saturday for a total weight of 24.97#’s. Fourth Place went to the PBR crew of Brian Matchett, Mark Byce and stand in for Jim Watt’s, Bob Jackowiak who pulled one fish Friday and five on Saturday for a total of 22.99#’s. They hit their fish in Black River with deep diving cranks in 30’ of water. When they pulled in to weigh their fish, Bob pulled off his rubber boots and dumped a boot full of water- it was cold he said. Rounding out at fifth place were Don and Matt Mischley pulling three fish on Friday and two on Saturday for a total of 22.12#’s.
Upcoming Activities –
1. Lake Wyniah, June 7, 2009
2. Lion’s Harrisville Tournament June 10-14
3. Lake Huron, June 21, 2009 7-3
4. Mullet Lake, June 28, 2009
5. Lake Huron, July 12, 2009 7-3
6. Brown Trout 18-19th Walleye Extravaganza 2
7. Jesse Besser Museum Family Fun Day, July 25th 12-2
8. Saginaw Bay, August 9, 2009 7-3
9. Make your reservations for the Soo (fishing day may change)
Other Events:
***** Please let Romeo know the events you are involved with by calling 356-1703 work 358-5219 email [email protected] – we’d like to promote our member’s activities and accomplishments -*****
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS
Scott Ouellette Alpena Rick Colonna Millersburg
Tom Cloft Alpena Jerry Yarch Rogers City
NEXT MEETING: Wednesday, June 10, 2009 @ 7:00 pm
• Besser Tech Room - Room 112 in the BTC
Meetings are the second Wednesday of every month
AGENDA:
➢ Old Business
o Questions on Jim Johnson
o Night Eyes wrap up
o Cormorant update
➢ New Business
o Chris Wituski- Museum- Family Fun Day
o Lincoln Lions Fishing Tournament, June 10-14
o Plans for Mullett Lake
o Plans for Saginaw Bay
o Soo Tournament- Discussion to move the tournament day to Sunday like always- Many club members have shared that they don’t see the advantage to the Saturday since some may only be able to be in the Soo for Saturday and Sunday. Jim and I agreed and want to have the club vote at the meeting. If you are planning on fishing the tournament, make sure that you get an email address to Denny so he can send out a note to all members via email on the decision.
❖ ADDRESS, EMAIL, OR PHONE NUMBER CHANGES?
❖ PLEASE CALL DENNY BURNS @ 354-2419 ANYTIME AND LEAVE A MESSAGE😊
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A Three Dimensional Modeller for Art and Design Education
Charles Monkhouse
Chesterfield College of Technology and Arts
Introduction
The original brief for this project was to explore the use of the micro computer for the teaching and promotion of three dimensional understanding in education. Initially it had been intended to adapt existing software, but it soon became apparent that there were no suitable packages for this work. Not only were there very few three dimensional modellers in existence which could meet the resources of education, but these were based on an ancestry of draughting and engineering, presenting often complex and unsympathetic environments for art and design users.
Consequently it became necessary to create a new environment for this purpose to which would be added a scheme of work for introducing and teaching three dimensional concepts. The name adopted for this environment was Timaeus, borrowed from the Platonic dialogue which describes the construction of the universe.
References and Precedents
Three dimensional form and spatial understanding are areas of vital importance to almost all design and production and yet areas which our education provides no real strategy for teaching. The urgent need of such a strategy is argued by Professor Bruce Archer, but this task is made difficult by the lack of academic literature directly applicable to these studies. Consequently precedents were sought principally from the field of art and design and its main practitioners.
Perhaps because of the individualist and practical nature of art and design education, less has been written about these practices than might be expected. One notable exception is Keith Critchlow’s Order in Space. His clear and precise introduction of solid geometry and non rectilinear structure provided both an inspiration and challenge to designing Timaeus. Similarly Edvard Lanteri’s Modelling and Sculpture provided a lucid account of the stages and procedures traditionally used in sculpture.
The work of many artists and designers was examined, particularly their drawings. Most influential was the printmaker Piranesi, whose Carseri etchings first suggested the dual hierarchies of form and structure used in Timaeus.
The Hardware, Operation and Interface
The RM Nimbus was chosen as the host machine because at the time it was the only common educational computer with sufficiently powerful features for three dimensional modelling. Because of the lack of educational resources only standard equipment, a colour monitor and mouse, where assumed to be available.
To keep the operation of the program simple and easy to learn a WIMPS (windows, icons, mice and pointers) environment was designed which reflected the program structure. The use of menus means that the program can be self prompting, and by rendering the keyboard redundant except for the input of names, complicated keystrokes are avoided. The addition of context sensitive help and an on screen tutorial provides support for everyday operation.
The problems and solutions of three dimensional computer graphics are well researched and documented by Newman and Sproull besides others. This left two important issues to be resolved in the interface. First the definition of form which determines the data structures of the program. Second the structure of space which determines how forms are built, edited and manoeuvred in space.
The nature of form
A major characteristic of any three dimensional modeller is its definition of form. This determines not only how the form is stored, but the operations that can be performed on it and the ways it can be drawn.
From the beginning solid modelling was rejected. Apart from technical considerations of speed and memory, there are strong artistic precedents for using a system based on line. Sculptors and designers have relied on the use of line in drawing and continuing this tradition provides a greater emphasis on form and structure than solid modelling could achieve. An extension of line to faceted drawing preserves the linear and structured character of the image while allowing extra features of planes and surfaces to be incorporated and drawn with hidden line removal.
A form itself is taken to be, at it’s most abstract, a thought of three dimensional complexity. In practice this means the consideration of a group of locations in space. This might be the relationship of a single point to a coordinate system, the pairing of two single points as a straight line, a sequence of points defining a curve and so on. A simple grouping of points is called a line. Lines are grouped as forms and a collection of forms is a scene.
This defines a simple hierarchy of forms from single locations, through lines and forms to a whole scene. It is important to realize that an object at every level of this hierarchy constitutes a form. Access to each level of this hierarchy provides flexibility in the building, editing and manipulation of forms.
Because the output of the program is essentially linear, each form is drawn as a series of lines indicating simple relationships of locations. Two other variables, the use and colour of line increase the quality of line expression. The colour variable is self evident. The use variable further defines the relationship of locations being described and in particular determines how the line is drawn. For instance uses of lines included a string — a simple linking of points, a plane — which fills the defined area as a facet, and a surface — a continuum of facets.
Finally all forms can be treated as components of more complex forms. After manoeuvring a number of forms as separate objects in the scene these can then be united as one new form. This process can be used recursively with each newly created form being used as a component of a future form.
The structure of space
All systems of creating forms in space, not only on computers but in drawing and direct construction are biased. That is they have a tendency to encourage particular formal configurations. For instance draughting has a bias towards treating the third dimension as perpendicular to the drawing plane. Lego, as a constructional system, also provides a rectilinear bias, where as a plastic medium such as clay encourages organic rather than geometrical forms. Similarly if a three dimensional modeller on a computer uses an x, y, z
coordinate system for the input of data then more rectilinear thinking will be encouraged, whereas polar coordinates will encourage more spherical thinking. We may tend to think of space as neutral but in fact it is structured, either by the medium or the conventions we organise our three dimensional thought in.
As one of the main purposes of Timaeus was to introduce different types and classes of form (e.g. employing spherical and non rectilinear geometries), a coordinate system was avoided for the main input of data. Instead a system of crating was adopted, where points in space are located relative to their position on another crate or structure. Therefore the use of different crates structures the space differently, encouraging original solutions to formal problems. Structures are provided in libraries of forms but as all structures can be made as forms, it is easy to define new structures to suit the task in hand.
This system of crating is used not only in the creation of new lines but in manoeuvring forms in a scene. Thus in both stipulating the position of points in a line and locating a form in a scene it is simply a matter of pointing to its location on a previously defined structure. Local variations and orientations can then be achieved by altering coordinates.
One advantage of the crating method for locating objects in space is that it encourages a structured approach to three dimensional work. A complicated form can be structured by a hierarchy of structures, starting with a simple form such as a cube or sphere and either modifying it or building on it to create the required structure.
A further advantage of using crating for accessing locations in space is that it
1. **The building of a truncated icosahedron**
Stage 1
Three x,y,z planes established within a cubic structure
Stage 2
Icosahedron built on the x, y, planes.
Stage 3
Hexagons components of the truncated icosahedron hung on the icosahedron structure.
Stage 4
The completed truncated icosahedron within the original cubic structure.
allows more natural projections, such as perspective to be employed at all stages of operation. This allows the creative process to be viewed and considered from the most convenient angle just as in drawing or three dimensional construction.
**Dual Structure**
Three dimensionally *Timeaeus* offers a dual structure. The nature of form employed encourages forms to be built in components and joined together as increasingly complex forms. However the use of crates for building and manoeuvring provides spatial structures of almost infinite variety.
This notion of dual structure is only one interpretation of the program's three dimensional interface. In fact the component forms, the structures used and the final product are all one and the same — that is a form. They are made in exactly the same way and are all interchangeable. The main difference between a component and a structure is its application in the building process.
But by admitting the dual structure of form within the program students are encouraged to think both of the hierarchy of components that build a form and the form's overall structure. To consider not only the parts but the whole, simultaneously.
---
2. **Development of a double ribboned torus**
The basic line is modelled on fifteen-sided polygons. This line is duplicated and orientated, first into a continuation of the line and then into a double line. The double line is treated as a ribbon and repeated to make a second ribbon which interweaves with the first.
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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
SCHEDULE 13D
Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
(Amendment No. 5)*
Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
(Name of Issuer)
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (Title of Class of Securities)
70261F103 (CUSIP Number)
David Delaney Concord Investment Partners Ltd. 60 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 702 Toronto, ON, M4T 1N5 Canada (416) 951-9214
Avi Geller Leonite Capital LLC 1 Hillcrest Center Drive Suite 232 Spring Valley, NY 10977 (845) 517-2340
Eric Shahinian Camac Partners, LLC 350 Park Avenue, 13th Floor New York, NY 10022 (914) 629-8496
With a copy to: Douglas K. Schnell Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation 650 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, CA 94304 (650) 493-9300
(Name, Address and Telephone Number of Person Authorized to
Receive Notices and Communications)
August 19, 2022
(Date of Event which Requires Filing of this Statement)
If the filing person has previously filed a statement on Schedule 13G to report the acquisition which is the subject of this Schedule 13D, and is filing this schedule because of §§ 240.13d-1(e), 240.13d-1(f) or 240.13d-1(g), check the following box: ☐
Note. Schedules filed in paper format shall include a signed original and five copies of the schedule, including all exhibits. See § 240.13d-7 for other parties to whom copies are to be sent.
* The remainder of this cover page shall be filled out for a reporting person's initial filing on this form with respect to the subject class of securities, and for any subsequent amendment containing information which would alter disclosures provided in a prior cover page.
The information required on the remainder of this cover page shall not be deemed to be "filed" for the purpose of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Act") or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section of the Act but shall be subject to all other provisions of the Act (however, see the Notes).
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
CUSIP No. 70261F103
13D
Page 4 of 17
(1) NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS
David Delaney
CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP (see instructions)
(a) ☒(b) ☐
SEC USE ONLY
SOURCE OF FUNDS (see instructions)
AF
CHECK BOX IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED PURSUANT TO ITEM 2(d) or 2(e) ☐
CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Canada
(7) SOLE VOTING POWER
0 shares
NUMBER OF
(11) AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON
226,521 shares
(12) CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES CERTAIN SHARES (see instructions) ☐
(13) PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11)
Less than 1%
*
(14) TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON (see instructions)
IN
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
CUSIP No. 70261F103
13D
Page 5 of 17
(1) NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS
Leonite Capital LLC
(2) CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP (see instructions)
(a) ☒(b) ☐
(3) SEC USE ONLY
(4) SOURCE OF FUNDS (see instructions)
WC, OO
(5) CHECK BOX IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED PURSUANT TO ITEM 2(d) or 2(e) ☐
(6) CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION
Delaware
NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH
(7) SOLE VOTING POWER
0 shares
(8) SHARED VOTING POWER
1,034,702 shares
(9) SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER
0 shares
(10) SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER
1,034,702 shares
(11) AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON
1,034,702 shares
(12) CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES CERTAIN SHARES (see instructions) ☐
(13) PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11)
3.9%
*
(14)
TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON (see instructions)
OO
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
CUSIP No. 70261F103
13D
Page 6 of 17
(1) NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS
Leonite Fund I, LP
(2) CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP (see instructions)
(a) ☒(b) ☐
(3) SEC USE ONLY
(4) SOURCE OF FUNDS (see instructions)
OO
(5) CHECK BOX IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED PURSUANT TO ITEM 2(d) or 2(e) ☐
(6) CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION
Delaware
NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH
(7) SOLE VOTING POWER
0 shares
(8) SHARED VOTING POWER
154,644 shares
(9) SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER
0 shares
(10) SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER
OO
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
CUSIP No. 70261F103
13D
Page 7 of 17
(1) NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS
Avi Geller
(2) CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP (see instructions)
(a) ☒(b) ☐
(3) SEC USE ONLY
(4) SOURCE OF FUNDS (see instructions)
AF
(5) CHECK BOX IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED PURSUANT TO ITEM 2(d) or 2(e) ☐
(6) CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION
United States of America
NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH
(7) SOLE VOTING POWER
0 shares
(8) SHARED VOTING POWER
1,189,346 shares
(9) SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER
0 shares
(10) SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER
1,189,346 shares
(11) AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON
1,189,346 shares
(12) CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES CERTAIN SHARES (see instructions) ☐
(13) PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11)
4.5%
*
(14) TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON (see instructions)
IN
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
CUSIP No. 70261F103
13D
Page 8 of 17
(1) NAMES OF REPORTING PERSONS
Camac Partners, LLC
(2) CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOX IF A MEMBER OF A GROUP (see instructions)
(a) ☒(b) ☐
(3) SEC USE ONLY
(4) SOURCE OF FUNDS (see instructions)
OO
(5) CHECK BOX IF DISCLOSURE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IS REQUIRED PURSUANT TO ITEM 2(d) or 2(e) ☐
(6) CITIZENSHIP OR PLACE OF ORGANIZATION
Delaware
NUMBER OF SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON WITH
(7) SOLE VOTING POWER
0 shares
(8) SHARED VOTING POWER
1,635,157 shares
(9) SOLE DISPOSITIVE POWER
0 shares
(10) SHARED DISPOSITIVE POWER
1,635,157 shares
(11) AGGREGATE AMOUNT BENEFICIALLY OWNED BY EACH REPORTING PERSON
1,635,157 shares
(12) CHECK IF THE AGGREGATE AMOUNT IN ROW (11) EXCLUDES CERTAIN SHARES (see instructions) ☐
(13) PERCENT OF CLASS REPRESENTED BY AMOUNT IN ROW (11) 6.1% *
(14) TYPE OF REPORTING PERSON (see instructions) OO
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
CUSIP No. 70261F103
13D
Page 9 of 17
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
* Percentage calculated based on 26,698,688 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of Pasithea Therapeutics Corp.
Explanatory Note
This Amendment No. 5 (this "Amendment") amends and supplements the Schedule 13D filed on June 1, 2022, as amended on June 16, 2022, June 27, 2022, July 27, 2022, and August 11, 2022 (as amended, the "Schedule 13D"), by the Reporting Persons relating to the Common Stock of the Issuer. Information reported in the Schedule 13D remains in effect except to the extent that it is amended, restated or superseded by information contained in this Amendment. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Amendment have the respective meanings set forth in the Schedule 13D. All references in the Schedule 13D and this Amendment to the "Statement" will be deemed to refer to the Schedule 13D as amended and supplemented by this Amendment.
Item 2. Identity and Background
Item 2(a) is amended and restated as follows:
(a) Name
This Statement is filed by:
(i) the "Concord Persons," which are Concord IP2 Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the Province of Ontario ("Concord"), Elderhill Corporation, a corporation organized under the laws of the Province of Ontario ("Elderhill"), and David Delaney;
(ii) the "Leonite Persons," which are Leonite Capital LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Leonite"), Leonite Fund I, LP, a Delaware limited partnership ("Leonite Fund"), and Avi Geller; and
(iii) the "Camac Persons," which are Camac Partners, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Camac Partners"), Camac Capital, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Camac Capital"), Camac Fund, LP, a Delaware limited partnership ("Camac Fund"), and Eric Shahinian.
The Concord Persons, the Leonite Persons and the Camac Persons are referred to collectively as the "Reporting Persons."
Each of the Reporting Persons is party to the Joint Filing and Advocacy Agreement, as further described in Item 4 and filed as an exhibit to this Statement. Accordingly, the Reporting Persons are making a joint filing.
Page 12 of 17
Item 2(c) is amended and restated as follows:
(c)
Present Principal Occupation or Employment and the Name, Principal Business and Address of any Corporation or Other Organization in Which Such Employment is Conducted
The principal business of Concord and Elderhill is investing in securities. The principal occupation of Mr. Delaney is serving as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Concord Investment Partners Ltd. Mr. Delaney is the sole officer and director of each of Concord and Elderhill.
The principal business of Leonite Fund is investing in securities. The general partner of Leonite Fund is Leonite Advisors LLC ("Leonite Advisors"). The principal business of Leonite is serving as a holding company for a family office. The principal occupation of Mr. Geller is serving as chief investment officer of Leonite and the managing member of Leonite Advisors.
The principal business of Camac Fund is investing in securities. Camac Partners is the investment manager of Camac Fund. Camac Capital is the general partner of Camac Fund. The principal occupation of Mr. Shahinian is serving as the manager of Camac Capital.
Item 2(f) is amended and restated as follows:
(f) Citizenship
Concord and Elderhill are both corporations organized under the laws of the Province of Ontario. Mr. Delaney is a citizen of Canada.
Leonite is a Delaware limited liability company. Leonite Fund is a Delaware limited partnership. Mr. Geller is a citizen of the United States of America.
Camac Partners and Camac Capital are both Delaware limited liability companies. Camac Fund is a Delaware limited partnership. Mr. Shahinian is a citizen of the United States of America.
Item 3. Source and Amount of Funds or Other Consideration.
The second paragraph under Item 3 is amended and restated as follows:
The shares of Common Stock purchased by Leonite were purchased with working capital (which may, at any given time, include margin loans made by brokerage firms in the ordinary course of business). The aggregate purchase price of the 1,189,346 shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Leonite Persons is approximately $1,460,289 (including brokerage commissions and transaction costs).
The third paragraph under Item 3 is amended and restated as follows:
The shares of Common Stock purchased by Camac were purchased with working capital (which may, at any given time, include margin loans made by brokerage firms in the ordinary course of business). The aggregate purchase price of the 1,635,157 shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Camac Persons is approximately $1,694,404 (including brokerage commissions and transaction costs).
Page 13 of 17
Item 5. Interest in Securities of the Issuer.
The first paragraph under Item 5(a) and (b) is amended and restated as follows:
(a) and (b) The responses of the Reporting Persons to rows 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 13 on the cover pages of this Statement are incorporated herein by reference. As of 4 p.m., Eastern time, August 31, 2022, the Reporting Persons beneficially owned 3,051,024 shares of Common Stock, representing approximately 11.4% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock. The percentage in this paragraph relating to beneficial ownership of the Common Stock is based on 26,698,688 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of August 8, 2022, as reported in the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022, of the Issuer.
The third paragraph under Item 5(a) and (b) is amended and restated as follows:
Mr. Geller may be deemed to have the power to direct the voting and disposition of the shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by Leonite and Leonite Fund, and may be deemed to be the indirect beneficial owner of such shares. Mr. Geller disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares for all other purposes.
Item 7. Material to be Filed as Exhibits.
Item 7 is amended and restated as follows:
The following documents are filed as exhibits:
Exhibit Number
1
Joint Filing and Advocacy Agreement.*
2 Letter to the Issuer's Board of Directors, dated June 1, 2022.*
3
Press release, dated June 23, 2022.*
4 Joinder Agreement, effective as of August 19, 2022.
* Previously filed.
Description
Page 14 of 17
SIGNATURES
After reasonable inquiry and to the best of my knowledge and belief, I certify that the information set forth in this statement is true, complete and correct.
Dated: September 1, 2022
CONCORD IP2 LTD.
By: /s/ David Delaney
Name:
David Delaney
Title: President
ELDERHILL CORPORATION
By:
Name:
/s/ David Delaney
David Delaney
Title: President
/s/ David Delaney
David Delaney
LEONITE CAPITAL LLC
By: /s/ Avi Geller
Name: Avi Geller
Title: CIO
LEONITE FUND I, LP
By: Leonite Advisors LLC, its General Partner
By: /s/ Avi Geller
Name: Avi Geller
Title: Managing Member of the GP
/s/ Avi Geller
Avi Geller
CAMAC PARTNERS, LLC
By: Camac Capital, LLC
its general partner
By: /s/ Eric Shahinian
Name: Eric Shahinian
Title: Managing Member of the GP
Page 15 of 17
CAMAC CAPITAL, LLC
By: /s/ Eric Shahinian
Name: Eric Shahinian
Title: Managing Member
CAMAC FUND, LP
By: Camac Capital, LLC
its general partner
By: /s/ Eric Shahinian
Name: Eric Shahinian
Title: Managing Member of the GP
/s/ Eric Shahinian
Eric Shahinian
Page 16 of 17
Schedule A
Transactions by the Reporting Persons in the Past 60 Days
The following table sets forth all previously unreported transactions with respect to the Common Stock effected in the 60 days preceding August 31, 2022, by or on behalf of the Reporting Persons, inclusive of any transactions effected through 4:00 p.m., Eastern time, on August 31, 2022.
Price per Share
| 8/17/2022 | Purchase | 155,773 | $ | 1.2087 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8/29/2022 | Purchase | 5,000 | $ | 1.1681 |
| 8/30/2022 | Purchase | 17,828 | $ | 1.1472 |
| 8/18/2022 | Purchase | 100,000 | $ | 1.2685 |
| 8/19/2022 | Purchase | 54,644 | $ | 1.2982 |
Page 17 of 17
JOINDER AGREEMENT
The undersigned agrees, effective as of August 19, 2022, to become a party to the Joint Filing and Advocacy Agreement, dated May 31, 2022 (as it may be amended or restated from time to time, the "Joint Filing Agreement"), between (a) Concord IP2 Ltd., Elderhill Corporation and David Delaney; (b) Leonite Capital, LLC and Avi Geller; and (c) Camac Partners, LLC, Camac Capital, LLC, Camac Fund, LP and Eric Shahinian.
The undersigned will be considered to be within the term Party under the Joint Filing Agreement. The undersigned agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of the Joint Filing Agreement.
LEONITE FUND I, LP
By: Leonite Advisors LLC, its General Partner
By: /s/ Avi Geller
Name: Avi Geller
Title: Managing Member of the GP
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No. 5.
Antiphon.
Allegro.
PIANO.
p cresc. risoluto
non legato
non legato
Soprano.
Alto.
Tenor.
Bass.
Let all the world in every corner sing,
Let all the world in every corner sing,
*NOTE. An alternative version of this song for solo voice will be found in the appendix.
Copyright 1911 by Stainer & Bell Ltd.
heavens are not too high, His praise may thither
fly:
The earth is
fly:
The earth is
not too low, His praises there may grow.
not too low, His praises there may grow
Let all the world in every corner sing,
Let all the world in every corner sing,
My God and King.
Let all the world in every corner sing,
My God and King.
Let all the world in every corner sing,
My God and King.
Let all the world in every corner sing,
My God and King.
dim.
The Church with Psalms must shout,
No door can keep them out:
But above all, the heart must bear the longest
A Tempo.
Let all the world in every corner sing,
Let all the world in every corner sing,
Let all the world in every corner sing,
every corner sing,
world sing,
corner sing,
Largamente
Tempo alla lma
My God and King.
Largamente
Tempo alla lma
My God and King.
Largamente
Tempo alla lma
My God and King.
Largamente
Tempo alla lma
My God and King.
My God and King.
Poco più lento
Let all the world in every corner sing, My God and
Poco più lento
Let all the world in every corner sing, My God and
Poco più lento
Let all the world in every corner sing, My God and
Poco più lento
Let all the world in every corner sing, My God and
Poco più lento
Tempo alla Ima
King.
Tempo alla Ima
ff
p molto cresc.
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All Siletz Tribal Offices Closed to public to limit the spread of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus). All Staff are operating on a limited basis and will return calls or emails within 48 hours. If you call, please leave a clear message with your name and phone number. The health and safety of employees, tribal members, clients and the community is important to us and we appreciate your patience during this time. Be Safe! Thank You!
The Tribe is in need of certified homes to care for Tribal Children in need of emergency, short term and long term placements.
To see how you can help please call today
Siletz Tribal Indian Child Welfare Department 541-444-8272
Pharmacy MAIL ORDER SERVICE AVAILABLE!!
WE CAN NOW PROVIDE MAIL ORDER SERVICE TO ALL SILETZ TRIBAL MEMBERS:
LIVING WITHIN THE 11 COUNTY SERVICE AREA
Please note that this service is not eligible for the “Auto-Fill” program. ALL “Auto-Fill” prescriptions must be picked up at the pharmacy. THANK YOU PHARMACY STAFF
EMERGENCY HOUSING ASSISTANCE FUNDING OPEN FOR 2022
Entire application must be complete before assistance can be provided. Assistance cannot exceed $1,500.00 and participants may only access this program once every 3 (three) years. This program serves CTSI tribal members looking to avoid foreclosure, facing eviction and those that are homeless, anywhere in the United States of America. There is no waiting list for this program. Funds will be available once funds are received each fiscal year and will be offered based on a first-come, first-served basis. When funding has been exhausted, applications will no longer be accepted. Applications are available through the Siletz Tribal Housing Department, the CTSI website and all area offices www.ctsi.nsn.us
Need Rental Housing?
The Siletz Tribal Housing Department encourages you to apply for the Low Income Rental Program waiting list:
Siletz (1, 2, 3, 4 bedroom)
Lincoln City (2, 3 bedroom)
Neachesna Village
Applications can be obtained on-line from the Siletz tribes’ website or calling:
1-800-922-1399 Ext 1322
(541) 444-8322
FAX (541) 444-8313
www.ctsi.nsn.us
2022
Low-Income Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
Low-Income Household Water Assistance Program (LIHWAP)
“Crisis/Shut-off/Regular”
Electric or Water Bill ~OPEN~
All Siletz Tribal members and Households with tribal children. (Income based). To see if you qualify or have questions. Contact: Casey Godwin by phone or email- 541-444-8311 [email protected]
You can also contact the Eugene A/O for applications: 541-484-4234
Email Reminders
If anyone would like reminders of special meetings, cultural classes or special events, etc. Contact Nora at the Eugene Area Office to be put on the email list.
Telephone: (541) 484-4234 or email: [email protected]
Chinook Winds Casino Resort
Sign up for an electronic newsletter:
www.chinookwindscasino.com
“You are strong when you know your weaknesses,
You are beautiful when you know your flaws,
You are wise when you learn from your mistakes”
Hi Everyone,
I am home again! I came home Wednesday; May 4th and my sister went to the Dallas Retirement Village, real close to her son’s home there in Dallas on May 5th. Bittersweet for me. I know she will get good care there, but it was just so sad for me to see her go. It will be much easier to visit her though since it is only 90 minutes from Eugene versus going to Astoria was 4.5 hours away. I just hope she is happy there with all the many more things she will get to do now.
I want to wish my Lane, Benton, and Linn County area elders a happy Birthday each month, (first names only). 😊 So Happy Birthday wishes to our May elders, since I couldn’t put them in last month, Marc, Bonnie, Dennis, Tami, and Huey. Happy Birthday wishes to our June elders, Milton, John, Wendy, Christopher, James, Ricky, Patrick, Nancy, and Dona. With wishes for good health, wealth, prosperity, love, a day filled with lots of happiness and fun throughout the year to come.
I hope you had a fun filled Cinco de Mayo on Thursday the May 5th. And Mother’s Day on Sunday the 8th. I was taken to early dinner, flower and herb plant shopping after followed by a sweet visit to the local ice cream shop. Fun Mother’s Day indeed. It could have been a lot less rainy and cold is my only complaint 😞
CTSI Virtual Culture Nights – June 8th at 6pm – Tule and Cattail Contact Nick Viles 541-484-4234 x1757 (See Flyer)
Free Marketing 101 – Small Tribal Business workshop June 9th from 6-9pm ZOOM (See Flyer)
Language Classes – See Flyer for dates. Questions contact Nick Viles 541-484-4234 x1757 (See Flyer)
The dates of the Book Club for the next few zoom meetings will be the 2nd and 4th Thursday of each month from now on. For June it is the 14th and the 28th. I do enjoy listening and seeing everyone on the zoom meeting. Just let AJ Warren know you want to get the Book Club ZOOM link invitation address and he will send you one. His email is [email protected] and the Elders program phone number is 541-444-8212 for any questions.
The next Elders Council Meeting is scheduled for Saturday, June 18th at 1:00pm at the Salem HeeHee Ilahee RV Park in Salem, Oregon. To contact the Elders Program for any event, use this number, 541-444-8212, be sure to leave your name, and phone number with your question and you will get a call from the Elders staff.
The next monthly Diabetes dinner zoom meeting with Kim Lane is planned for Tuesday June 21st. 6-7 PM
OUTDOOR BINGO AT Eugene A/O 5:30-7pm – Please RSVP by June 10th by calling 541-484-4234 (See Flyer)
Bumble Bee Atlas at Camp Creek Hills June 28th, If you are interested in attending this event please contact: Josh Seekatz at 541-444-8308 or [email protected] (See Flyer)
Truly, Verdene McGuire, Eugene area Elders Representative - Lane, Linn, and Benton Counties
[email protected]
Cell: 503-890-0742
Upcoming Education Items
- **JOM Passport to Summer Fun** - Hurry and get your June activity passport from your local Education Specialist! Complete as many fun activities as you can by the end of June to be entered into our raffle. Join us on June 25th @ 6pm via Zoom to share all of your passport fun with other Tribal youth! Contact Candace to join in on the summer fun!
- **CTSI Annual Student Gathering** – Please join the Education department as we celebrate and honor the 2022 Higher Education, AVT and graduate level graduates on June 23rd at 6pm via Zoom! All students and their families are welcome. Contact Candace to register by June 10th at 4:30pm.
- **Higher Education and Adult Vocation Training Applications are Due Soon!** – Are you interested in attending college or a vocation school? Don’t forget to apply for the CTSI Higher Education or Adult Vocation Training programs. Applications are due by June 30th. Remember to fill out your Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) by June 30th as well! Applications can be found on the CTSI webpage: Go to Services and Programs, then Education, and then “Post-Secondary Education”. For questions or more information, please contact Candace.
- **Oregon Tribal Student Grant** – The State of Oregon recently released information on the Oregon Tribal Student Grant. This grant is open to all members of the nine Oregon Tribes attending a community college or public/private (non-profit) college or university for their first associates, bachelor, or graduate degrees. This application is currently open until August 1st, 2022. There is a component that will need to be filled out by our Enrollment Department. Email Candace for more information on how to apply for this grant.
Education Program Opportunities
If you are interested please call or email Candace to sign up for the Youth Activities email list or check out the CTSI youth Facebook page and the CTSI website for up-to-date announcements about online events, at home activities and more.
- **JOM** – Johnson O’Malley (JOM) benefits K-12 Native American students in support of their intellectual growth, vocational goals and cultural enrichment. The programs also advances the participant’s physical, social and emotional growth. Basic services such as tutoring, cultural enhancement, recreational activities and college preparation classes are provided to supplement existing educational programs available in communities.
- **Siletz Tribal Youth Activity Fund** – The Youth Services Program focuses on the well-being of young people and advocates for the needs of youth. Tribal and other resources are used in developing positive community models. The program provides academic and leisure time activities in a supervised setting and young people participate in constructive pursuits after school and on weekends.
- **Online Tutoring** – We realize that schooling has experienced some difficulties regarding consistency. We are currently offering on demand as well as scheduled academic support available 24/7. This program is open to all students: K-12, Higher Ed, and AVT. Space is limited as hours are available. Contact Candace to sign up.
Higher Ed/AVT Reminders
- The Free Application for Federal Student Aid aka FAFSA is currently open for the 2022-23 school year. Students can fill out the application at financialaid.gov. If you are interested in applying to Higher Ed or certain AVT programs, FAFSA needs to be done no later than June 30th, 2022.
- The Higher Education and Adult Vocation Training Program applications are due by June 30th, 2022. Applications can be turned in at any point up to the due date. Applications can be found on the tribe’s
website under the “post-secondary education” section or by emailing Candace. If you have any questions, please reach out to Candace.
- Adult Education and AVT applications for clock hour schools/programs (such as beauty schools and truck driving programs) can be turned in at any point. If you are interested in applying to these programs, contact Candace for more information.
**Graduation Incentives**
The Siletz Tribal Incentive Program recognizes Siletz tribal students for their academic achievements. Help celebrate your child’s graduation or grade promotion by submitting a copy of their diploma, GED, or report card showing the change in grade. All Higher Ed/AVT students who graduate also need to send in their diploma or certificate. Email Candace for a graduation incentive application.
| PreK – 12 Achievement | Incentive | Higher Ed/AVT Achievement | Incentive |
|-----------------------|-----------|---------------------------|-----------|
| Headstart/Preschool | $10 | One Year AVT | $100 |
| Kindergarten | $10 | Two Year AVT | $200 |
| Elementary School | $20 | AA, AS, AAOT | $200 |
| Middle School | $50 | BA/BS | $75 plus a Pendleton blanket |
| High school/GED | $100 | MA | $300 |
| | | PhD | $300 plus a Pendleton blanket |
---
**Thinking of attending college during the 2022-2023 Academic year? Here’s what you need to know**
- **FAFSA Opens for Applications Oct. 1st**
- *(at www.fafsa.ed.gov)*
*If applying for Higher Education funds for the 2022-2023 academic year, students must completed their FAFSA by June 30th*
- **CTSI Higher Education Grant Application Due June 30th**
- [www.ctsi.nsn.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Higher-Education-Application.pdf](http://www.ctsi.nsn.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Higher-Education-Application.pdf)
- **CTSI Graduate Application Due June 30th**
- [www.ctsi.nsn.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Graduate-Student-Application.pdf](http://www.ctsi.nsn.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Graduate-Student-Application.pdf)
Contact an Education Specialist in your area for more information.
- **Siletz Area & Out-of-State**
- Jeff Sweet
- [email protected]
- 541-444-8373
- **Eugene Area**
- Candace Hill
- [email protected]
- 541-484-4234
- **Portland Area & Washington**
- Katy Holland
- [email protected]
- 503-238-1512
- **Salem Area**
- Sonya Moody-Jurado
- [email protected]
- 503-390-9494
Visit [www.ctsi.nsn.us/post-secondary-education/](http://www.ctsi.nsn.us/post-secondary-education/) for applications.
The 477-Self Sufficiency Program (SSP) is open and providing essential services to eligible families and individuals residing in the CTSI 11-County Service Area. Due to Covid-19, all tribal offices are closed to the public. We are still accepting applications and conducting appointments over the phone, through email or video conference. The SSP has prioritized the following services:
- **Pre-Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (Pre-TANF) / Non-Recurrent Short Term Benefits**: Siletz families below 185% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) may be eligible for short-term financial assistance that doesn’t exceed 4 months. The financial assistance is meant to provide basic needs and address short-term emergent needs;
- **Regular Temporary Assistance for Needy Families**: Siletz families below the countable income limits and FPL may be eligible for monthly grant assistance to meet basic needs;
- **General Assistance for Single Adults**: Siletz single adults below the countable income limits and FPL may be eligible for monthly grant assistance to meet basic needs;
- **Emergency Assistance**: Siletz families or single adults may be eligible for support services to prevent eviction or utility shut off. Income guidelines apply;
- **Classroom Training**: the Program is still providing financial assistance (tuition, stipends and support services) to eligible Native Americans attending GED, Higher Education or Vocational/Occupational Training.
- **Childcare Assistance**: The Program offers childcare assistance to eligible TANF families while they engage in work or self-sufficiency activities;
- **Foster Care Support Services**: Childcare assistance to employed foster parents. The Program covers “working hours only” and limited respite.
- **Home Visiting**: The Program is accepting new families into the Early Childhood Home Visiting Program and working with current families to provide lessons in-person. Staff and families will be required to adhere to social distancing and wearing masks.
- **Direct Placement**: Support services (work clothing, transportation, tools, etc.) for Native Americans that recently gained employment. Must apply within 7-days of hire.
Other services such as Work Experience and On-the-Job Training may be available on a limited basis.
If you recently lost your employment due to Covid-19 and need assistance to meet your basic needs, please contact your local CTSI Tribal Office for an application. Additional eligibility criteria apply. SSP staff will reach out to you by phone or email. You can also email [email protected] for more information. Please include your name, phone number and the city/county you reside in.
*Don't cry over the past, it's gone.*
*Don't stress about the future, it hasn't arrived.*
*Live in the present and make it beautiful...*
On the Job Training (OJT) is an incentive based program for employers to directly hire clients that need additional training/skills to meet the needs of the position.
**Employers:**
- Hire the client as a regular employee
- OJT reimburses a percentage of the client’s initial wages
- Provide training that meets your needs
If you are an employer interested in hosting an OJT placement please contact your local office.
**Clients:**
- OJT provides employers an incentive to hire you
- Gain hands on experience
- Enhance your skills and employability
- Clients must apply within 7 days of hire
**Who can apply:**
Enrolled members of Federally recognized tribes or descendants
**Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians:**
Siletz Area Office: Jamie (541) 444-8266
Portland Area Office: Tamra (503) 238-1512
Salem Area Office: Angelica (503) 390-9494
Eugene Area Office: Cathy (541) 484-4234
*Clients must meet eligibility criteria and services are available on budgetary basis*
STVRP is here to help members of ANY federally recognized Tribe (living within the Siletz Tribe's service area) with barriers to employment. We work with individuals who have disabilities.
Examples of Services
- Guidance and counseling
- Referral to employment services
- Résumé writing
- Interviewing techniques
- Job coaching
- Culturally relevant and individualized services
- Evaluations, assessments and training placement opportunities
- Adaptive equipment
For more information about STVRP, please inquire at 800-922-1399. We also maintain resource and employment boards, so please make an appointment if you're interested. You can speak to VR staff in the following locations:
Makayla Jackson
Job Developer/Counselor
Eugene Area Office
2468 W 11th Ave.
Eugene, OR 97402
541-484-4234, ext. 1752
Toni Leija
Job Developer/Counselor
Salem Area Office
3160 Blossom Drive NE, STE 105
Salem, OR 97305
503-390-9494, ext. 1861
Tamra Russell
Job Developer/Counselor/TSS 1
Portland Area Office
12790 SE Stark St., STE 102
Portland, OR 97233
503-238-1512, ext. 1411
Jamie Bokuro
Intake Specialist/Job Coach
Siletz Area Office
201 SE Swan Ave.
Siletz, OR 97380
541-444-8266
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) affects people in different ways. Some people may develop PTSD after experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening event, like war zone combat, a natural disaster, sexual assault, or a car accident. PTSD can affect anyone at any age.
**Symptoms** (varies from individual to individual):
- Upsetting memories, nightmares of reliving the incident
- Intrusive thoughts or feelings, i.e., guilt
- Feeling on edge or numbness
- Trouble sleeping after a traumatic event
- Avoiding people, places, or memories of the trauma
- Increased alertness, anger, irritability, rage, or hatred
PTSD affects people in different ways. At first, it may be difficult to do daily activities you are used to doing, like go to work, go to school, or spend time with people you care about. Most people start to feel better after a few weeks or months. For some people, PTSD symptoms may start later, or they may come and go over time.
If it's been longer than a few months and thoughts and feelings from the trauma are upsetting you or causing problems in your life, you may have PTSD. Your primary medical provider may refer you to a mental health clinician who can work with you to overcome the effects of trauma [Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (nih.gov)].
The Siletz Job Developer/Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors are available to assist you with your vocational needs.
Jamie Bokuro (Siletz) 541-444-8266 x1266
Makayla Jackson (Eugene) 541-484-4234 x1752
Tamra Russell (Portland) 503-238-1512x1411
Toni Leija (Salem)- 503-390-9494x1861
Siletz Home Visiting Program
Now serving all federally recognized and Alaskan Native families who meet eligibility criteria!!
Home Visiting Provides:
- Parenting and life skills for successful and positive parenting
- Support and encouragement
- Resources and referrals
- A culturally sensitive, evidence based curriculum
- Ongoing services from prenatal until child is 3 years old
- Virtual Visits currently
For more information contact:
Danelle Smith
Siletz and Coast Range
541-444-9603 or 1-800-922-1399
[email protected]
Lori Christy
Salem, Portland and Surrounding Areas
503-390-9494
[email protected]
Cathy Ray
Eugene and Surrounding Areas
541-484-4234
[email protected]
Go to www.ctsi.nsn.us home visiting to view past success stories.
Eligibility requirements:
- Live in 11-County Service Area
- Family is expecting or has an infant under twelve months of age.
- American Indian/Alaskan Native head of household or dependent child and meet one of the following criteria—
- Income below 300% federal poverty level for last 30 days
- Household that resides in rural location that has limited employment opportunities
- First time parent
- Household with at least one adult without a post-secondary certificate
- Family experienced trauma, chemical dependency or mental health barriers.
- Other eligibility criteria may apply so contact our staff if you have questions.
Children are learning all the time as they play and interact with others and the world around them. Providing a variety of things for your children to explore and play with, things to experience and many interactions with you and others is a perfect way for them to learn. Here are a few things you can try.
**Counting Fingers and Toes**
Toddlers love to count their fingers and toes. Count their fingers or toes out loud while pointing to each one. Help them learn how to touch each one only once as you count out loud. As they try it on their own they may count out of order, that is very normal and not important at this stage. The more you count fingers and toes and other objects they will eventually learn the concepts of numbers.
For different variations of this learning activity for toddlers and twos, count the stairs as you go up and down, count bubbles floating in the air, or count the number of plates in the dishwasher.
**Skills learned:** Basic number skills and one-on-one correspondence skills
**Helping Errands**
Little ones love to help so send your toddler on different “errands” around the house. Have them go get their shoes, take a toy to their room, find their cup etc. Not only does this give your one-year-old a sense of independence and accomplishment but they also are learning to listen and follow directions.
**Skills learned:** Understanding directions and memory skills
**Finger Painting**
Finger painting is fun for children of all ages although it can be a bit messy. If the weather is nice and you can go outside and you are okay with some mess then go for it. But if you want to stay inside without a mess here are some suggestions. Put some tempera paint in a Ziploc bag and let your child squish and spread the paint around through the plastic bag. You might want to use a slightly thicker bag like a freezer bag. You can tape the bag to the table so it stays in one place. If you want something to save you can put a piece of paper in the bag with the paint.
**Skills learned:** Sensory integration - exploring with touch and sight, fine motor skill development as well as creativity
Community Health: June 2022
Jamie Boe, Community Health Advocate
Phone: 541-484-4234 Email: [email protected]
Siletz Community Health Phone Numbers
- Siletz Community Health Clinic 1-800-648-0449
- Purchased/Referred Care (PRC) 1-800-628-5720
- Resource Line 541-444-9613
- CARE Program 541-444-9680
Siletz Mail Order Pharmacy
For prescription refills, please call the Siletz Community Health Clinic Pharmacy 7-10 days before you run out of your prescription. This allows the pharmacy time to contact your health care provider, if necessary, and mail it to you.
Pharmacy Refill Line: 541-444-9624
Indian Health Clinic Registration Forms Available at the Eugene Area Office
- Siletz Community Health Clinic & PRC (Siletz, OR)
- Ko-Kwel Wellness Center (Eugene, OR)
- Chemawa Indian Health Center (Salem, OR)
Oregon Health Plan (OHP) Applications
Available at the Eugene Area Office, or you can apply online at: http://www.OregonHealthCare.gov
OHP Phone: 1-800-699-9075
We are here to assist you with any questions that you may have about OHP.
Contact your Eugene CHA, Jamie @ 541-484-4234
Tribal Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Line: 541-444-9633
We provide transportation to and from medically related appointments as a last resort to Siletz tribal members who lack transportation. To determine eligibility for transport services, please call the Siletz transport hub at least 48 hours in advance and leave a detailed message. Someone will call you back within two days.
Men’s Health Month
During the month of June we want to encourage men to remember to take care of their health & wellness. It’s a fact that women are 100% more likely to visit a doctor for annual exams and preventative services than men. It’s not surprising that men end up living shorter lives and suffer more illness during life compared to women. Men are 10 times more likely to get inguinal hernias, and 5 times more likely to have aortic aneurysms than women. Not to mention testicular cancer, and prostate cancer. For these reasons, it’s very important for the men out there to get your annual exams every year. This step of preventative care alone can save you guys from dealing with health crisis down the road. They can check your blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, prostate health and more. There is also quite a bit we can do in between these wellness exams to protect our health, like eating smaller portion sizes, adding more fruits and vegetables to our meals, and getting regular exercise. When it comes to exercise, choose to do the things that you enjoy, like going for walks, playing sports, or playing with your kids or grandkids. Remember that you are important to your friends and family, so take care of yourselves guys!
https://www.menshealthnetwork.org/
National Great Outdoors Month
Hiking, fishing, camping, gardening. When the weather starts to warm up, these are some of the activities that come to mind. June is the month to celebrate the spirit of the great outdoors, and to experience the wellness that comes with getting outside more. Try something you’ve never done before like geocaching, or exploring a new hiking trail. Visit a national or state park that you haven’t visited before. Learn to find and sustainably harvest our cultural food items, like camas bulbs, or natural medicines. Whatever you do, be mindful of the delicate ecosystems that surround us while you appreciate these gifts from mother earth.
https://www.ctsi.nsn.us/healthy-traditions-project/
https://stateparks.oregon.gov/
https://www.nps.gov/state/or/index.htm
Reserve America Website
Nutrition Education Class
Cooking with Herbs & Spices:
June 14th 6pm-7pm
Introduction to Cooking with Herbs and Spices
Where
Virtual class on Zoom
When
July 14th 6-7pm
Who
Open to Lane County adults with limited food budgets
How
Registration is required. Sign up with Jamie Boe by emailing: [email protected] or call 541-484-4234
Details
This class is a fun and interactive 45 minute to 1 hour class. You will receive tips and strategies to help you confidently use herbs and spices in your cooking.
Would you like to learn to:
• Learn basics about herbs and spices
• Identify popular flavor combinations
• Learn how to make your own herb and spice mixes
• Receive recipes that make it easy to try new flavorful dishes, limiting extra salt or fat
Space is limited to 25 tribal members for this class. Please RSVP by July 13th with your Name, Phone #, and Email by contacting Jamie Boe, Community Health Advocate @ 541-484-4234 or email [email protected]. A zoom link will be provided to you shortly before the class date.
Commodity Supplemental Food Program: Service by Linn Benton Food Share
For seniors living in Linn and Benton counties, The Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) works to improve the health of:
Low-income persons at least 60 years of age by supplementing their diets with nutritious USDA Foods, including:
- Dairy including milk and cheese
- Grains including cereals, long grain, and brown rice, assorted pastas
- Fruits including juices, raisins, and canned fruit
- Vegetables including potatoes, pasta sauce, canned vegetables, sweet potatoes, soups
- Proteins including canned meat, chili, stews, and peanut butter
- Legumes including dry and canned beans and dry lentils.
Recipients receive a box of food monthly.
Please contact Susan James at [email protected] or call 541-730-6390 for more information.
* You can also request an application from Jamie Boe, Community Health Advocate.
| Household size | Monthly | Yearly |
|----------------|---------|--------|
| 1 | $1,473 | $17,667|
| 2 | $1,984 | $23,803|
| 3 | $2,495 | $29,939|
| 4 | $3,007 | $36,075|
| 5 | $3,518 | $42,211|
| 6 | $4,029 | $48,347|
| 7 | $4,541 | $54,483|
| 8 | $5,052 | $60,619|
| For each add’l household member, add... | 512 | 6,136 |
COUNSELING SERVICES
Mental Health counseling services are now available through the EAO!
Beginning in April 2022 – Virtual Sessions Available
2468 W. 11th Ave.
Eugene OR 97402
Please contact our team for an appointment:
Ro Zientara LPC (Mental Health Therapist)
&
Rowena Jackson (Peer Recovery Mentor)
At: 541.484.4234
Health Benefits of Quitting Smoking
- **20 Minutes after quitting**—Your heart rate drops. (CDC)
- **12 hours after quitting**—Carbon monoxide levels in your blood drops to normal. (CDC)
- **A few months after quitting**—Your sense of smell and taste may improve. (National Cancer Institute)
- **2 weeks to 3 months after quitting**—Your heart attack risk begins to drop. Your lung function begins to improve. (CDC)
- **1 to 9 months after quitting**—Your coughing and shortness of breath decreases. (CDC)
- **1 year after quitting**—Your added risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker. (CDC)
- **5 years after quitting**—Your stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker, 5-15 years after quitting. (CDC)
- **10 years after quitting**—Your lung cancer death rate is about half that of smokers. Your risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas decreases. (CDC)
- **15 years after quitting**—Your risk of coronary heart disease is back to that of a nonsmoker. (CDC)
June is National Cancer Survivor Month
National Cancer Survivors Day was established to recognize those who have successfully fought or are in the process of fighting the disease. It would not be surprising to find out that each one of us knows a person who has either succumbed to cancer or is currently battling the disease. That is simply how prevalent the disease has become, alarmingly affecting the lives of millions of Americans. This month of June, we take time to celebrate National Cancer Survivor Month as these brave survivors have managed to prevent the disease from taking their lives and deserve all the praise and support they need to get on with their lives after cancer.
Who Exactly are These Survivors? Experts from the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute defines a cancer survivor as any individual who has been diagnosed with cancer and remains alive and well. This includes patients who are currently undergoing treatment, as well as those who have finished treatment and are considered cancer-free.
The Good News Thanks to a number of treatment options in both conventional and holistic cancer treatment, people are living longer lives after a cancer diagnosis.
Commercial Tobacco Quitline 1-800-QUIT-NOW
AI/AN Line now available (option 7) 1-800-784-8669
CTSI VIRTUAL CULTURE NIGHTS
All Tribal Members and Families Welcome
Upcoming Dates:
June 8 at 6 pm: Tule and Cattail
Sponsored by the Education and Culture Departments
Contact Nick Viles at [email protected] or 541-484-4234 x1757 to sign up
FREE
MARKETING 101
SILETZ TRIBAL SMALL BUSINESS WORKSHOP
JUNE 9TH 6-9 PM ZOOM
Portland Area
503-238-1512
[email protected]
Siletz Area
541-444-8207
[email protected]
Salem Area
503-390-9494
[email protected]
Eugene Area
541-484-4234
[email protected]
JOIN US
ONABEN
SIGN UP TODAY FOR SPRING SESSION ON-LINE LANGUAGE CLASSES
LEARN NUU-WEE-YA'
TUESDAYS APRIL 12-JUNE 14
5:00 PM-BEGINNING CONVERSATION 1
5:45 PM- BEGINNING CONVERSATION 2
THURSDAYS APRIL 14-JUNE 16
5:00 PM-ONGOING CONVERSATION
SATURDAYS 5/7, 5/21, 6/11
NOON-IMMERSION CONVERSATION HOUR
TO SIGN UP CONTACT NICK VILES AT [email protected] OR 541-484-4234 X1757
We're Back!
Calling All Gamers K-12
CTSI
Minecraft Gathering
JUNE 18, 2022 @ 10:30 am
Contact
[email protected] for registration or questions
OUTDOOR BINGO
AT THE
CTSI EUGENE AREA OFFICE
2468 W. 11TH AVE. EUGENE, OR 97402
JUNE 22ND FROM 5:30 TO 7PM
JOIN US FOR BINGO,
HOT DOGS, CHIPS,
AND A FUN TIME!
PRIZES!
RSVP BY JUNE 10TH
BY CALLING THE EUGENE AREA OFFICE
AT (541) 484-4234
Join the CTSI Education Department as we celebrate and honor our 2022 Higher Education, AUT, and Masters graduates!
All students and their families are welcome!
June 23rd at 6pm via Zoom
Registration closes June 10th at 4:30pm
CONTACT YOUR AREA EDUCATION SPECIALIST TO SIGN UP AND GET THE ZOOM LINK
Katy Holland
Portland Area
(503) 238-1512
[email protected]
Sonya Moody-Jurado
Salem Area
(503) 390-9494
[email protected]
Jeff Sweet
Siletz Area/Out of Area
(541) 444-8373
[email protected]
Candace Hill
Eugene Area
(541) 484-4234
[email protected]
The Pacific Northwest Bumble Bee Atlas will be facilitating a day to explore the pollinator community at the CTSI’s Camp Creek Hills property near Springfield, OR. Tribal members are invited to enjoy a day learning techniques to identify and monitor native pollinators. It will also be an opportunity to explore the diverse Oregon white oak, prairie, and forested habitats found on the Camp Creek Hills property.
Native pollinators are often overlooked by land managers due to their inconspicuous size, but are a critical component in sustaining native ecosystems. In recent years, native pollinator populations have been undergoing dramatic population declines nationwide. The Pacific Northwest Bumble Bee Atlas is an effort by the Xerces Society to improve our understanding of the status and trends of native pollinator populations.
Camp Creek Hills
36405 Camp Creek Rd, Springfield OR
If you are interested in attending this event contact:
Josh Seekatz – 541.444.8308 or [email protected]
CTSI JOM Passport to Summer Fun!
Hurry and get your June activity passport from your local Education Specialist!
Complete as many fun activities as you can by the end of June to be entered into our raffle!
Join us on June 25th @ 6pm via Zoom to share all of your passport fun with other Tribal youth!
Email your area Education Specialist to receive your June passport and instructions.
Katy Holland
Portland Area
(503) 238-1512
[email protected]
Sonya Moody-Jurado
Salem Area
(503) 390-9494
[email protected]
Jeff Sweet
Siletz Area
(541) 444-8207
[email protected]
Candace Hill
Eugene Area
(541) 484-4234
[email protected]
Siletz Tribal Members:
If you or your family would like to share in some FREE, fresh produce, you may pick it up at the Siletz/Eugene Area office on Wednesday between 2:30 and 4:00 pm. Any produce that is not picked up at this time can be picked up later on in the week from 9 am-4pm. It just will not be as fresh. On occasion we will have non-perishable and frozen items available.
Since our tribal office remains closed to the public during the COVID-19 pandemic, the food distribution will take place outside the building. Face masks and social distancing are required. If you don’t have a mask, one will be provided.
Please bring your own bags or cooler to transport your food. You may call ahead and check on the availability of food.
Siletz Office: 541-484-4234
2468 W. 11th Avenue, Eugene, OR
This food is collected and distributed by Food for Lane County, Eugene, OR. The Siletz tribe and FFLC are working in a joint effort to alleviate hunger in our community.
USDA distribution dates for June 2022
Siletz
Monday June 6th 9 a.m. – 3 p.m.
Tuesday June 7th 9 a.m. – 3 p.m.
Wednesday June 8th 9 a.m. – 3 p.m.
Thursday June 9th 9 a.m. – 3 p.m.
Friday June 10th 9 a.m. – 3 p.m.
Salem
Tuesday June 21st 1:30 – 6:30 p.m.
Wednesday June 22nd 9 a.m. – 6:30 p.m.
Thursday June 23rd By appt only
CALCIUM-RICH FOODS
LIKE us on Facebook at Siletz Tribal FDPIR. We would like to see more people sharing their recipes on our FB page. Like us at SILETZ TRIBAL FDPIR.
Sammy Hall, USDA Program Director,
[email protected]
Phone: 541-444-8279
FAX: 541-444-8306 or 503-391-4296
## 2022-2023 Hunting and Fishing Tags Distribution Schedule
*Tribal offices are closed to the public due to COVID-19 restrictions. Tribal members wanting a tag should call to have tags mailed to them beginning the first date of tag issuance 541-444-8227 or 541-444-8232*
| Type of Tag | Number Available | Season Dates | Date to Start Tag Issuance | Method of Issuance |
|-----------------------------|------------------|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| Deer | Early Archery*** | 50 | 8/27-9/25 | 8/1 at 8:00 AM at Natural Resources Office | First Come First Served* |
| | General Rifle | 375 | 10/1-11/4** | 8/15 | First Come First Served* |
| | Antlerless – Adult | 12 | 10/1-11/4 | Lottery applications available 8/1; due 8/26; drawing 9/6; tags issued 9/7 | Lottery – Open to Elders Only |
| | Antlerless – Youth | 8 | 10/1-11/6 | Lottery applications available 8/1; due 8/26; drawing 9/6; tags issued 9/7 | Lottery – Open to Youth Ages 12-17 Only |
| | Late Archery | 50 (minus # of early season tags filled) | 11/19-12/11 | *First Distribution:* 10/17 at 8:00 AM at NR Office
*Second Distribution:* 10/31 at 8:00 AM at NR Office (see Note 2 below) | First Come First Served* |
| Elk | Antlerless - Youth | 3 | 8/15-12/31 | Lottery applications available 6/1; due 7/1; drawing 7/5; tags issued 7/6 | Lottery – Open to Youth Ages 12-17 Only |
| | Early Archery | 25 | 8/27-9/25 | 8/1 at 8:00 AM at Natural Resources Office | First Come First Served* |
| | 1st Season Rifle | 25 | 11/12-11/15 | Lottery applications available 8/29; due 9/23; drawing 10/3; tags issued 10/4 | Lottery |
| | 2nd Season Rifle | 25 | 11/19-11/25 | Lottery applications available 8/29; due 9/23; drawing 10/3; tags issued 10/4 | Lottery |
| | Antlerless | 15 | 1/1/23-3/31/23 | Lottery applications available 8/29; due 9/23; drawing 10/3; tags issued 12/1 | Lottery |
| | Late Archery Antlerless | 56 | 11/26-12/11 | *First Distribution:* 10/17 at 8:00 AM at NR Office
*Second Distribution:* 10/31 at 8:00 AM at NR Office (see Note 2 below) | First Come First Served* |
| Salmon | Salmon | 200 | 11/1-12/30 (estimate) | 8/15 | First Come First Served |
* No early calls to “save” a tag for someone. Must call to have a tag mailed no earlier than the first day of distribution.
** Season for Youth ages 12-17 is 10/1 - 11/6 (2 additional days at end of general season)
*** Unfilled Deer Early Bow tags must be returned to Natural Resources by 10/7.
**NOTE 1:** A Tribal member may obtain only ONE elk tag in their name during the 2022-2023 hunting season (bow, bull and cow tags all count towards the one tag), except as noted below.
**NOTE 2:** *First Distribution:* For hunters who have not been issued an early season deer archery tag (for deer tags) or any elk tag (for elk tags).
*Second Distribution:* For any eligible hunter, regardless of what other tags they have received.
| Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat |
|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| | | 31 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| | | Time Sheets Due | Produce Plus Food 2:30-4pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | |
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| | USDA Distribution Siletz 9-3pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | USDA Distribution Siletz 9-3pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | USDA Distribution Siletz 9-3pm | Immersion Conversation 12-1pm |
| | | Language Class Beginning Conversation (1) 5pm Conversation (2) 5:45 | Produce Plus Food 2:30-4pm | Language Class Ongoing Conversation 5pm | Pay Day Produce Plus Food 9-4pm RSVP EAO Outdoor BINGO Marketing 101—ONABEN 6-9pm | |
| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Time Sheets Due Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Produce Plus Food 2:30-4pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Elders Meeting Salem HesHee Ilahee RV Park 1pm Minecraft Gathering Zoom 10:30am |
| | | Language Class Beginning Conversation (1) 5pm Conversation (2) 5:45 | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Language Class Ongoing Conversation 5pm | | |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| | Holiday CLOSED | USDA Distribution Salem 7:30-8:30pm | Produce Plus Food 2:30-4pm | USDA Distribution Salem By Apppt. ONLY Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Pay Day Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | CTSI JOM Passport to Summer Fun! ZOOM 6pm |
| | | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Language Class Ongoing Conversation 5pm | | |
| | | Language Class Beginning Conversation (1) 5pm Conversation (2) 5:45 | EAO—Outdoor Bingo 5:30-7pm See Flyer | CTSI - Student Gathering Zoom 6pm | | |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | | |
| | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Time Sheets Due Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Produce Plus Food 2:30-4pm | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | | |
| | | Language Class Beginning Conversation (1) 5pm Conversation (2) 5:45 | Produce Plus Food 9-4pm | Language Class Ongoing Conversation 5pm | | |
| | | Bumble Bee Atlas at Camp Creek Hills | | | | |
The Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
The Eugene Area Office Staff
541-484-4234 1-800-922-1399
Jessica Hibler, Supervisor x1751 [email protected]
Nick Viles, Language/Traditional Arts Instructor x1757 [email protected]
Candace Hill, Education Specialist/JOM x1763 [email protected]
Jenifer Jackson, Tribal Service Specialist/477SSP x1755 [email protected]
Cathy Ray, Intake Specialist/Job Coach x1756 [email protected]
Makayla Jackson, Job Developer/Counselor/VRD X1752 [email protected]
Jamie Boe, Community Health Advocate x1753 [email protected]
Ro Zientara, Mental Health Therapist x1758 [email protected]
Rowena Jackson, Peer Recovery Mentor x1758 [email protected]
Nora N Williams-Wood, Clerk x1750 [email protected]
Verdene McGuire, Eugene A/O Rep. [email protected]
Vacant, Elders On-Call Transport
“Sometimes in life we just need
Someone who will be there for us
Someone who will listen
Someone who will understand us…”
Youth Antlerless Elk Hunt
Applications Due
July 1, 2022
3 Tags
Hunt runs from
August 15 to December 31
Applications available at kiosk
at the back door of the Tribal
Admin office in Siletz and on
the Tribal website under
Natural Resources beginning
June 1
Open to Tribal youth age 12-17
who have a valid Hunter Safety
Card
Call Natural Resources Manager
Mike Kennedy at 541-444-8232
if you have questions
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That’s a Wrap
By Evan Kramer
Another year is coming to an end and a common refrain I hear from people is how fast time feels like it’s going. So stop and smell the roses because it isn’t going to get any slower. Let’s see what all happened in 2005…
The Port Orford City Council had a new mayor and two councilors as of January 12, when Mayor Jim Auborn and councilors Steve Abbott and Milton Finch were sworn in. Mayor Auborn announced he would select outgoing city councilor Jim Campbell to replace him on the council. Auborn had been presented with petitions signed by over 200 people asking that Campbell be appointed to the vacant council seat.
Jay Stoler was reelected Chamber of Commerce president by the board and spent the rest of the year keeping the Chamber in the news with a series of articles on Chamber activities.
With the Oregon Dungeness Crab season only nine weeks old the 2004/05 harvest broke the record for the most poundage caught ever caught. This happened during the first week in February. Also at the beginning of February, the Ford Family Foundation awarded the Port Orford Public Library a grant of $150,000 for construction of a new library.
Residents of Port Orford were rattled by the news on February 10 that six trees in Buffington Park had been sawed down by vandals and four other trees were damaged. A reward fund was started and eventually grew to over $3,000 for arrest and conviction of the perpetrators but even that amount of money couldn’t get anybody to talk. The case remains open.
The Port Orford City Council chose Mark Creighton as its new police chief on March 7. He was sworn in on March 28 and replaced temporary police chief George Simon.
A large group of people attended the March city planning commission meeting regarding a request to demolish the old city jail. The public supported saving the jail.
Milton and Dee Finch’s blue healer Ace was poisoned and died on March 11. The Finch’s offered a $500 reward for information leading the arrest and conviction of the person(s) responsible. The reward grew to over $6,000 by the end of March but as of the end of the year the perpetrator(s) was never found. Several other dogs and cats were died mysteriously around the same time that Ace was poisoned.
A meeting on Tsunami awareness was held at the Port Orford Community Building on March 23. The recurring theme from the panel discussion which included many emergency service providers was “head for higher ground.”
The Oregon Library Association named Port Orford Public Library librarian Tobe Porter as Library Employee of the Year at its annual conference on April 6.
Port Orford/Langlois School District Superintendent Marv Ott announce in early April that he was going to leave the district at the end of June and take a superintendent job with the Banks School District. Ott was only with the Port Orford district for one year but distinguished himself in many ways including attending as many school activities as possible.
The movie for the week of April 15-21 at the Savoy Theater was Academy Award winner for best movie of 2004, Million Dollar Baby, directed by and starring Clint Eastwood.
Port Orford quietly welcomed Oregon National Guard corporal Pete Legg back to town from his tour on duty in Iraq where he was stationed in Baghdad. Legg said he planned to make a career in the military and has since left town in continuing his career.
Continued on Page 2
That’s a Wrap
Continued from Front Cover
The Love Monkeys “struck” again this time at Buffington Park where they worked on the Butterfly/Hummingbird Garden weeding and pruning. The group has adopted a two mile section of Highway 101 near Humbug Mountain State Park where they clean up the trash left by motorists.
The city council met on Monday, April 18 and approved Resolution 2005-22 providing for the issuance and sale of City of Port Orford revenue bonds for the sewer upgrade in the amount of $2,542,000 with the first payment due on April 20, 2006.
Richard Mollier died at his apartment in Port Orford on April 11. He loved fishing and watching sports and was a big Ducks fan. Despite being in a wheelchair he was a familiar figure around town; not letting his handicap stop him. We miss you Richard.
Popular radio disk jockey was Wolfman Jack was back on the airwaves despite being deceased for ten year. Radio station KDCQ (K-Dock) out of Coos Bay started airing his old radio programs which had been repackaged for syndication. (This was exciting news to me, an old Wolfman Jack fan from his XERB days.
The city council met on May 16 and gave the “old city jail” a reprieve from the wrecking ball when they passed a motion to deny a request by the property owner to demolish the jail. The council motion included an acceptance by the council of the property owner’s offer to preserve the jail with the city vacating a portion of Eighth Street to him and the city getting the jail for a small city park.
Special District elections for board members are held in May of each “odd” year. This year’s election featured few contested races except for the three open positions on the Port of Port Orford Commission. Scott Luhr, David C. Rickel, and Robert Mielenz were elected to the Commission.
Pacific High School held its annual graduation ceremony on June 3 and 33 students graduated with 25 going on to college. The graduates, with help from high school counselor Jerry Cox, were awarded $525,188 in scholarships.
On Tuesday, June 14 an earthquake struck off the California coast near Crescent City. A Tsunami alert was put into effect in Curry County and Port Orford residents and emergency responders did well as they headed for higher ground in Cedar Terrace.
Coos-Curry Electric Cooperative held their annual meeting on June 18 at Pacific High School. Owner-members approved two by-law changes including one to make all voting by mail-in ballot and a second change which will reduce the number of board members from nine to five.
The city council met in special session on June 20 for the purpose of evaluating city administrator Ken Knight’s job performance. It was held in public rather than executive session. The council voted unanimously to work out an amicable
That’s a Wrap
Continued from Prior Page
separation agreement with Knight. Meanwhile preparations for Port Orford’s Fourth of July Jubilee were going on with the theme of this year’s event “The Ocean Port with No Bar to Cross.” The grand marshal in the parade was fisherman Bill Cobb.
Next week: More ups and downs as the year 2005 winds down.
Garrison Lake Outlet
SHN Consulting Engineers held a meeting in Port Orford on Wednesday, December 21, to discuss the engineering plans for a Garrison Lake outlet through Tseriadun State Park. The meeting was led by Ron Stillmaker from SHN who presented a history of the project plus engineering drawings for a lake outlet culvert through the park and improvements to the existing lake outlet channel. The project began in November 2004 with an agency meeting to get things going and SHN was hired by Oregon State Parks to do the engineering of the project. Stillmaker emphasized that the drawings presented were not a “final” design. He said the environmental issues were not complete nor were the socio-economic issues. He said the design needed to be completed by December 31, 2005.
Stillmaker listed several goals of the outlet project, the main one being keeping the lake at a steady level to avoid flooding. He described the lake outlet to be constructed through the park as a “relief valve”. Stillmaker said the intent of the lake outlet channel was to allow the lake to start overflowing into it when the water level reached 14’ 6”. When the lake is at a lower level water won’t flow through the outlet.
Stillmaker said the level the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife wanted to see the lake at was 14’ 6”. Port Orford Watershed Council Chairman John Leuthe spoke against that level and said he wanted to see it lower. He is a lakeshore property owner and spoke of all the trees which have been killed off by the high lake levels. He said historically the lake has not been this high based on the evidence from the trees.
The proposed outlet would begin to the south of the Twelfth Street boat ramp, go underground through the park to Little Round Lake and come out where the water will join the existing outlet channel. The proposal for going through the park is that water will flow through a buried 6’ tall by 12” box culvert.
Stillmaker said none of the agencies has signed off on the project. He didn’t want to be pinned down on the potential cost of the project but at one point under pressure through out the figure of one million dollars. Funding is another issue which will have to be resolved before construction can begin. The lake level on Christmas Day was 15’ 5” as measured at the Twelfth Street Boat Ramp. On the evening of December 26 wave overtopping filled in the temporary lake outlet at Agate Beach once again showing the importance of a more stable solution. Watch for the lake to rise.
Letter to the Editor,
Many thanks to all the folks who came to the Art for Art’s Sake Show. Over $500 was raised for the arts programs of North Curry Families and Children’s Center. Your support is greatly appreciated. Gratefully,
Linda Tarr
Port Commission Meeting
By Jane Cramer
The Port Commission with all members and Port Manager Gary Anderson present met in regular session on December 20. Here are highlights of that meeting.
Just before the meeting began, a group of Christmas carolers made a surprise visit and sang to the Commissioners and the public.
Commissioners agreed to honor a request from the City Parks Commission to let them have a few of the unused pilings on Port property to use for their proposed BMX park.
DEQ has basically given the Port a clean bill of health for the property at 5th Street and Harbor Drive. Final action will be taken after a public comment period which ends on January 2.
Port Manager Gary Anderson has advertised for an attorney to help prepare the paperwork for the proposed annexation on advice received from county and state officials.
January and February meetings will be held on the third Thursday of the month instead of the third Tuesday because of Council Chamber scheduling conflicts in those months.
Commissioners were given copies of the Employee Handbook so they can review it on a yearly basis to assess whether any changes are in order. Bob Mielenz was interested in employee disciplinary and grievance policies and employee drug testing programs. Anderson will bring more information about this to the January meeting.
Anderson presented Resolution 2005-9 for Commissioners to read, but said no action was needed unless the Port decides to apply for a $500,000 Port Transportation Solution Grant for a permanent dredge solution. By next month they should have a pretty good idea if it will be feasible to apply for the grant.
Other items discussed were: funds budgeted for next year’s dredging; consideration of membership in Oregon Ports Group; a Special Districts Conference in February; and the dismal prospects of this year’s crab season due to low prices offered by buyers, the lack of interest by buyers and the possibility of unfair competition by larger boats from the north.
Soft Pastel Classes
The Langlois Library, in partnership with the Port Orford Library will sponsor a series of soft pastel classes taught by Port Orford artist, Georganne White. Classes will be held on four (4) Wednesdays, 1p-3p, beginning January 11. The cost is $25/class or $80/series. Materials will be provided. Preregistration is required as class size is limited to eight participants. Call (541) 348-2066 to register.
Writer’s Conference
The Eleventh Annual South Coast Writer’s Conference will be held on February 17 and 18 in Gold Beach. Friday session features workshops from 9:00am-4:00pm at the Curry County Fairgrounds. Participants can choose between four different, writing intensive workshops.
An author’s reading and book signing will be held on Friday night from 7:00-10:00pm featuring keynote speaker Molly Gloss. This event is free of charge and open to the public. It will be held in the Curry Showcase Building on the Fairgrounds. Molly Gloss is a fourth generation Oregonian who has authored four novels and numerous short stories, essays, and book reviews. Her novel, The Jump Off Creek, won an Oregon Book Award and Pacific Northwest Booksellers Award, and was a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award. Her work, which ranges widely from science fiction to historical and western, often explores questions of landscape, and the human response to wilderness.
More workshops are scheduled for Saturday at Gold Beach High School. There are 24 workshop sessions this day. Saturday night features a writer’s circle from 7:00-9:00pm at the Showcase Building at the Fairgrounds.
To register for the writer’s conference contact Southwestern Oregon Community College, (541) 247-2741, www.socc.edu/scwriters/, [email protected].
This conference has evolved from one man’s dream of energizing local writers and luring others to Gold Beach during the winter season with an affordable, educational conference. To honor this dream, the Bob Simons Award has been created. While you’re in your workshops, keep in mind the South Coast Writer’s Conference Anthology. This is a volume of writings exclusively from conference presenters and participants. Please ask for details on both the Simons Award and Anthology at the time of registration.
Eminent Domain Ordinance
The Curry County Board of Commissioners approved Ordinance 05-14 on November 28. The Ordinance was inspired by the US Supreme Court decision in the Kelo versus City of New London, Connecticut which allowed for the use of eminent domain powers for the benefit of private property owners. It passed in the Supreme Court by a 5-4 margin.
The Curry County Ordinance states that “the Curry County Board of Commissioners is philosophically opposed to such encroachments on the traditional rights of owners or real property” and that the Commissioners “believe that the power of eminent domain should be used to acquire property only for public purposes, as traditionally has been the case in Oregon.”
Ordinance 05-14 adds Article One: Division Ten as an amendment to the Curry County Code - Prohibition of taking property for private use and Section 1.10.010 - No eminent domain for purely private benefit. Curry County shall not use the power of eminent domain for the sole benefit of private entities. Curry County’s use of power of eminent domain shall continue to be limited to Article I, Section 18 of the Oregon Constitution.
The Curry County Commissioners are Ralph Brown, Chairman; Lucie La Bonne, vice chair; and Marlyn Schafer. The effective date for this Ordinance is February 26, 2006.
Red Hat Society
2005 was filled with parties, excursions, and festivities. 2006 brings more of the same as well as some Red Hat changes. Our first Thursday monthly morning coffees will now be held from 10:00-12:00 at the Port Orford Senior Center. We will plan our winter activities so please join us to see old friends and meet new ones.
We’re a social group that is open to all women over 40 who like hilarity and mirth! Dues are $5 per year. Where else can you have so much fun for $5? Contact the Queen Mum if you want more information. 332-6920.
Cramped for the Holidays?
Give yourself the gift of “elbow room”
Put your family or friends up at the
Powder House Vacation Rental
343 9th Street
Call for reservations (541) 332-5039
Great in town location, only 3 blocks to the beach!
Holiday Traditions
by Viv Williams
Our second annual Christmas Caroling Party on December 17 was delightful. This year we sang our way along the Elk River serenading Ben and Jean Corazza and their daughter Pat DiGiacomo, Esther Conley, Ed Byczek, and Chet and Sara Dacayana. Our wonderful hosts and hostesses treated us with to many delicious goodies. Deacon Dave Beuerman helped us conclude the Women’s Guild raffle of a beautiful Thomas Kinkade illuminated wreath by drawing the winning ticket that belonged to Pam Lawrence. We sincerely thank everyone who purchased tickets. This raffle helps us support many local endeavors such as Common Good, Meals on Wheels, etc.
On Wednesday, December 21, we celebrated Craig Perdue’s First Reconciliation at our Advent Reconciliation Service and Breakfast. St. John’s Religious Education Director Helene Harrington-Collins has been working with Craig over the past few months helping him prepare for this wonderful Rite.
We were pleased to have been invited back to decorate the Bishop’s bedroom in the Hughes House. What a wonderful activity to share with other organizations throughout our area! Speaking of decorations, Port Orford looks the way all towns should look this Holiday Season – beautiful and bright including our own white lights and wreaths!
The parishioners of St. John’s wish everyone a safe, happy, and peace-filled New Year! We invite you to join us at Mass on Sundays at 8:30am and Wednesdays at 9:00am. For more information, please call 253-6250.
Famous Firsts
Virginia Dare - 1st child born in the American colonies, Aug. 18, 1587 Roanoke Island, NC
Oldest known joke in the world (2,500 years old) - “Wishing to teach his donkey not to eat, a pedant did not offer him any food. When the donkey died of hunger, he said ‘I’ve had a great loss. Just when he had learned not to eat, he died!’”
First electrically lit Christmas Tree - Edward Johnson, 1882, New York City.
First Web Browser - written in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee. The first image on the web was in 1992.
Count de Grisley (and I hope his name wasn’t prophetic!) - First magician to perform the trick of sawing a women in half.
Sam Patch - First known person to survive jumping off of Niagara Falls. 1829.
Jefferson Long - First black elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Georgia, 1870.
Thomas E. Selfridge - First airplane fatality, 1908. Orville Wright was seriously injured in the same accident.
Arthur R. Eldred - First boy to reach the rank of Eagle Scout, 1912, Oceanside, NY.
Continued on next page
Sea Breeze Florist
Happy New Year!
World Wide Wire Service
(541) 332-0445 Shop 311 6th St.
888-484-2234 (toll free) Port Orford
World Healing Service
The Annual World Healing Service will be commemorated on Saturday, December 31 at 4:00am at the Unity of Bandon Church. The World Healing Service was initiated by John and Janet Randolph-Price and has been continued as an annual time of prayer and meditation by millions of people of all faiths worldwide. It is believed that if enough people join together to think and pray about peace and harmony, this will become reality for our planet.
This vigil for peace occurs at 12:00 noon, Greenwich Mean Time which translates to 4:00am Pacific time. This event will be facilitated by Rev. Robin Haruna, Unity of Bandon’s minister, and includes a candlelighting service for World religions. “This is a unique time for us on the peaceful South Coast of Oregon to focus on the healing of our planet. This year it is especially important that we focus on prayers for world peace.” All are welcome to attend. Due to the early hour, dress is casual. For more information call 541-347-4696.
Famous Firsts
Continued from prior page
Chuck Yeager - First person to break the sound barrier. 1947. (But who was the first to fly faster than a speeding bullet?)
Desi Arnaz, Jr. & Lucille Ball - Appeared on the cover of the first “TV Guide”, April 1953.
BREUER CONSTRUCTION LLC
Since 1964
Residential & Commercial Construction
Computer drafting service
Quality, Integrity, and Reliability
Bonded and Insured-CCB#111694
Ask for Rudi or Ty
541-332-1502
e-mail [email protected]
www.breuerconstruction.com
“Homemade Jam”
Chris Vorster and his daughter, Willow Owings, performing as “Homemade Jam,” will appear at the Biscuit Showroom at Gold Beach Books this Saturday night, December 31, from 7-10pm. The first hour of their concert will be dedicated to children. The local duo is known for both classic and new folk rock tunes, many of their own composition, including “Stormy Night in Oregon.” They will also be signing copies of their CD during intermission. The concert is free and open to all ages. The Biscuit Coffeehouse, also part of Gold Beach Books, will feature gourmet pizza by the slice and soft apple cider, which can be enjoyed during the performance. The bookstore is located Highway 101 and First Street in Gold Beach.
Annual Meeting
You are needed and wanted to attend the annual meeting of the Friends of Cape Blanco on Thursday, January 19, at 10:00am at Port Orford City Hall in the council chambers. Only you can vote to elect new board members or reelect those whose terms are expiring. Only you can approve the budget for 2006 which will be at least $80,000. And only you can approve in concept the work plan of activities for the new year.
There will be brief reports by the leaders responsible for interpretation, events, publicity, restoration and the outdoor sign project not yet completed. The Annual Plan will be worked out in detail at the meeting with Parks staff after the Annual Meeting. Refreshments will be on offer. Let us celebrate together.
Richard L. Santos
Construction
• New Construction •
• Project Management •
• Manufactured Homes •
• Concrete Work •
• Site Development •
(541) 347-5901
CCB # 152127
Winter Term Begins January 9
By now, most of you have had an opportunity to at least glance at the winter class schedule that you found in your mail boxes for Southwestern Oregon Community College (SWOCC). If not, we have plenty of extras at the Gold Beach outreach office located on the Curry County Fairgrounds. What we would like to draw your attention to is an appreciation for the fact that most of us have demanding schedules, especially during business hours. For those of you who have considered taking continuing education classes, whether for credit, or for personal interest, but cannot find one that fits, we would like to offer you a winter class online. If you have access to a computer (and we can help with that too!), you can register for one of many online courses through SWOCC, Chemeketa, or Columbia Gorge Community Colleges, and work it around your busy schedule. These classes are gaining in popularity precisely due to their flexibility, therefore they fill quickly.
The Winter term class schedule currently shows 79 online classes, some of which have already been closed due to maximum enrollment. Don’t know where/how to begin? Take advantage of our free Introduction to Online Learning class, which will be held in three different county locations in January. This one-hour class is specifically designed to teach you all the skills necessary to master effective online registration and online class participation. Please call SWOCC at 541-247-2741, 469-5017, or 541-253-7553 for more information and pre-registration for all Winter term classes.
Women’s Time Out
Come match your antique and collectible appraisal skills against our Professional’s! Arrive early so you can check the display and make your appraisal. During the program, our appraiser will give her professional opinion and tell us why. Prizes will be given!
Ladies of all ages are invited to the Wednesday Women’s Time Out buffet luncheon and program on Wednesday, January 4th at 11:30 a.m. at Bandon Face Rock Golf Course, 3235 Beach Loop Dr., Bandon. Cost is $9.00 inclusive.
Relax and enjoy the beautiful voice of music guest, Linda Berge as she accompanies herself on the keyboard.
Speaker, Patty Griffin of Gaston, Oregon will give us her personal insights into “Appraising Life’s Valuables”.
To make reservations and arrange complimentary child care today, please call Kandi - 348-2028 for Bandon/Langlois; Rosalee - 332-5133 for Port Orford or e-mail Rosalee at [email protected]. Reservations must be honored, given to a friend or cancelled 24 hours prior.
Wednesday Women’s Time Out is sponsored by Stonecroft Ministries and Bandon/Port Orford CWC.
Letter to the Editor,
The library Christmas trees left the same way they arrived – on 80mph winds, leaving in their wake over $800 in the Library Foundation’s building fund. I cannot find enough forms of appreciation to adequately thank Jeff and Angie MacFarlane of Camp Blanco RV Park for all their acts of kindness to the Port Orford Library. You are super friends and neighbors.
The Library Tree Lot was open two shifts a day for 14 days—all filled by very generous volunteers. A special happy new year wish to: Nancy & David Angelesco, Paulianne Balch-Rancourt, Paul Bodtke, Karen Butts, Carrie Carr, Weld & Elma Champneys, John Cervini, Sara Clark, Jane & Frank Cramer, Carrie Grant, Dusty Harrington—Collins, Midge Hayes, Larry Hennigh, John Hewitt, Jerry Muskrat, Jon Porter, Jim and Pat Rhoades, Carrie Rogers, Mary Ann Ryskie, Cari Shields, and Cynthia Solberg. Thank you for working in the rain and wind, for giving your time during a very busy season.
Sincerely yours,
Tobe Porter, Director
Port Orford Public Library
Surgery Floor Replaced
Curry General Hospital sports a newly installed floor in its surgical suite this month thanks to a charitable grant received from Trust Management Services LLC, with supplemental funds from the hospital auxiliary.
The former floor was showing its age, according to Kelli McKinney, R.N., surgery department manager. “Working hand-in-hand with our dozen or more surgeons at Curry General Hospital, I know how important an aseptic environment is to performing our many types of procedures and surgeries. We are very appreciative to Trust Management and our own auxiliary volunteers for funding the cost of replacing our tired, worn out floor.”
Trust Management’s funding was received via the Curry Health Foundation.
Physicians now using the hospital surgery suites include Reg Williams, MD; Ted Taylor, DO; Michael O’Gara, DO, family practice doctors; Charles Hochberg, MD, obstetrician-gynecologist; Steven Shimotakahara, MD and Douglas Hoffman, MD, ear, nose and throat specialists; Frank Larson, MD, general surgeon; John Flaxel, MD, ophthalmologist; and Jon Davis, MD, Richard Jany, MD, orthopedic specialists; and Dara Parvin, MD, and Paul Coelho, MD, spinal specialists.
Medicare Part D Information
A representative from the Curry County Retired and Senior Volunteer Program will be at the Port Orford branch of the Curry Health Department (NCFCC) to help with Medicare Part D on December 29.
Call toll free 1-888-811-1521 if you have any questions about Medicare Part D or to make an appointment. If you live in Langlois call the same number and we can meet at the Langlois Library.
God’s Green Earth Nursery & Things
Would like to thank our customers and our community for their patronage and support in 2005. We look forward to serving you in 2006.
Bob, Donna, Tammy & Heather
CLASSIFIED ADS
CLASSIFIED ADS are $3.50 for the first 25 words or less, and 10¢ each additional word (if any.) Our normal deadline for submission is 3:00pm Tuesday to be in that Thursday’s paper. Downtown Fun Zone, Inc., 832 Hwy 101, Box 49, Port Orford, OR 97465 (541) 332-6565.
REAL ESTATE & RENTALS
SISKIYOU COAST REALTY We are still having a great selling season. Our listings are almost all sold. We need more properties to sell. Free broker price opinion. Call Sandra for knowledgeable honest service. (541) 332-7777.
C.A. SMITH REAL ESTATE, We’ll help you buy a property. We’ll help you sell a property. We specialize in the Port Orford and Gold Beach area. Call us today (541) 332-4132, located on the corner of Hwy 101 and Washington St.
LITTLE HOUSE @ Paradise Pt- vacation cabin. 90 year old original homestead cozy cabin, sleeps up to 4. On Garrison Lake, secluded, w/prvt beach access. Pets welcome w/deposit, non smoking. Rates for daily, weekly or monthly. (800) 987-4946.
NEED A SELLER AGENT only? Ed Beck ‘Neath the Wind Realty, Inc. 332-9463. Unsure but considering? Talk to Ed at Timeworn Treasures. 332-2046.
FOR RENT: LEASE/OPTION: Newly constructed house in town; 3 bed, 2 bath, double car garage, almost 1500 sf; $875.00/month plus deposit; no smoking, no pets; call BandonRentals @ 347-1876.
FOR RENT 2 BEDROOM 2 BATH
Lakefront home. Minute walk to beach. Call (541) 290-9857.
ON THE LAKE secluded 3 bedroom 2 bath house. 2 car garage. No pets. No smoking. $850 mo. Call 332-5044.
RENTALS AVAILABLE. Choose from ocean front, incredible ocean views, close to Garrison Lake or country living. Call Sara at ‘Neath the Wind Realty, Inc. 332-9463.
FOR RENT: $700.00 month. 2 Bd house with attached garage. Washer / Dryer. Fenced yard. Close to town. Near Garrison Lake. No smoking and no pets. (541) 347-9274 / (541) 290-9862. Schradieck
FOR RENT: 3 BEDROOM, 1 1/2 bath in town, close to library, city hall. New carpet, new linoleum, dishwasher, lawn mower provided. No pets, No smoking. $625.00 a month plus a $500.00 security deposit with excellent references. Please call (541) 472-1852 or (541) 659-3518. Available Feb. 1st.
SERVICES
INTERNET FOR LESS!! Briskweb, Inc. Serving Port Orford Northward. Unlimited usage, nationwide dialup. Great for traveling. $16.00/Monthly. http://www.briskweb.net 332-1337.
KEY’Z LOCKSMITH SERVICE – keys, installations, repairs, locks opened. Auto, home, business. Bonded 332-7404.
IF YOU’RE NOT SELLING your products or services online, you are ignoring over 100 million potential customers! Find out what a website can do for you. Call Judy at JT dataworks today. 253-6868.
Gypsy’s Café & Dock Tackle
490 Dock Road • (541) 332-8985
Open 7 Days a Week
THE GURU IS IN! Here’s a computer technology expert who can deliver what you need. Set-up to overhaul, desktop to network, web page to database, tutoring to training, friendly ‘techie’ at your service. Scotty 332-0530.
LOCAL COMPUTER TECH! Friendly and knowledgeable with good reputation. Tutoring, computer repair, networking (Cisco trained), house calls, will travel. Reasonable rates. Call James 332-1337.
PORT ORFORD COUNSELING
Christine Richardson Ph.D. Specializing in depression, anxiety and stop smoking. (541) 332-0381.
MOBILE MECHANIC. Domestic and Import car, truck, van, general repair; gas engines only. Car rebuilding, electrical wiring on vehicles and trailers. Also small engine repair on chainsaws, mowers, compressors, brush cutters, and chippers, water pumps, etc. Asplan 12” & 16” tree chipper knife replacement. On site repair, 40 years experience. Local references. John 332-0798 or Cell (541) 260-4197.
RETIRED PLUMBER 35 years experience looking for part-time work. 348-2195.
24 HOUR EMERGENCY SERVICE!
Free estimates! Blue Sky Tree Service (541) 347-7400.
Continued on next page
**Classified Ads**
Continued from previous page
**MR. APPLIANCE IS BACK** and doing in-home repairs. Call (541) 297-9530.
**MISCELLANEOUS**
**TRADITIONAL CHINESE** Medicine formulas available for cold, lung support, joint / tendon, prostate, hepatitis c, cardiac, sleep, cholesterol. Sea Breeze 332-0445.
**MINI STORAGE/U-HAUL.** 200+ storage units, 150+ climate controlled. Airport-U-Stor, across from Ocean Spray 347-4356.
**MAKE THE SWITCH & SAVE!** No Contract. No Commitment! Get unlimited Internet access. Only $9.95 month. Sign up today. 1-888-769-7003, or visit www.imbris.com/coastspecial.
**120MIN PHONE CARDS** are back in stock at the Downtown Fun Zone! $5.99 each.
**FOR FEDEX AND UPS** come to the Youth Center at 101 11th St SW in Bandon. For all your copy needs see us first for brochures, rack cards, business cards, invitations, or just a few copies in color or black & white. Open Mon-Fri, 9-4 (Effective October 24th open hours will change to 10am-3pm). 347-8336.
---
**LOST:** Light frame bifocal glasses. If found, please call 332-2222.
**FOR SALE:** D-20-P-6 Komatsu Dozer, 6 way blade, LGP Tracks. Looks good, runs great $11,000.00 (541) 661-4409.
**NEW MOVIES THIS WEEK:** “American Pie Band Camp”, “Grizzley Man”, “Dark Water”, “The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill”, “Into the Blue”, “The Football Factory”, “Empire of the Wolves”, “Black Dawn”, “Undiscovered”, “Shooting Gallery”, “Hit Me”, and “Happy Here and Now”. New movies being released next Tuesday include “The Wedding Crashers” and “The Gospel”. Please remember items are due back by 3:30pm the next business day. Reservations must be prepaid so cannot be taken over the phone. Downtown Fun Zone, Inc. Open 9:30-6 Mon-Thurs and 9:30-7 Friday and Saturday. Closed Sundays.
**STORAGE:** New 10x20 Shorepine Storage. 332-2046. Clean fill dirt also wanted. (858) 229-5670.
**SAMME’S LAUNDRY SERVICE** wash and fold $1.00 a pound. Comforters, blankets, sleeping bags, tablecloths, shirts, pants, etc. Wash and press dry cleaning and alterations. Tuesday thru Friday 9am – 3pm 347-9493. After hours drop box available.
---
**COMPACT FLASH AND SD** Cards for digital cameras now available at The Downtown Fun Zone, Inc. 332-6565.
**OUR THRIFT STORE** Located in Bandon on Hwy 101 across from the Blue diamond nursery. We have great deals on used furniture, books, household supplies, and much more. Open 6 days a week, Mon-Sat. Call for a free pickup of donated items 347-8336.
---
**Burning Bowl Service**
Unity of Bandon will mark the passage of 2005 with a “Burning Bowl” service on Sunday, January 1 at 11:00am. As 2005 completes its cycle and the Year 2006 is born, it is a time to let go of false beliefs and attitudes that do not serve our highest purpose, and open the way for new, fresh, insights and inspiration.
Fire is symbolic of the purification process and participants will be given the opportunity to write down what they wish to release and then burn the paper on which they write these things. Through this process, unwanted and limiting attitudes and behavior patterns such as fear, guilt, and unforgiveness can be released to create space for new blessings. Unity of Bandon is located one mile south of Eleventh Street on Highway 101. All are welcome to attend. Call 347-4696 for more information.
Police Report
By Chief Creighton
12-12 A complaint was received from a female who reported that she was walking on Jackson Street, and a vehicle swerved toward her to try and hit her and her dog. Police made contact with the suspect who denied the allegations. Police received two additional complaints similar to the above case. Please contact the Port Orford Police Department at 332-9013 to provide a statement if you witnessed one of these instances.
12-14 Police stopped a vehicle operated by an un-licensed driver. The vehicle was impounded. The driver was issued a traffic citation.
12-16 A report was received form a local business that a gaming machine had been broken by a patron.
12-16 Police contacted a male subject who was intoxicated in violation of a court order not to consume alcohol. Police contacted the judge, and a determination was made to issue the male subject a citation for probation violation and provide him a ride home. No further action taken.
12-16 Police were headed off duty, and the officer stopped at Circle K to pick up a candy bar to bring home to his wife. As the officer walked into the store, the same male subject from earlier was walking out of Circle K with a six pack of beer. Arrested for Probation violation was Joshua Northcutt. He was transported to the Curry County Jail where he was lodged on the charges.
12-16 police responded to Idaho and 11th Street on a complaint of a female yelling. Upon arrival police learned the female had fallen and all the groceries that she was carrying were on the road. Police assisted the female to pick up the groceries, and gave her a ride home. No further action taken.
12-16 police responded to a complaint where one male assaulted another. Information was taken.
12-27 Police were on patrol in the school zone and observed a small bird sitting in the roadway in the path of oncoming vehicles. The quick thinking officer immediately stopped traffic, grabbed the suicidal bird, and placed it into protective custody. Having no jail with bars small enough to hold the bird, and knowing the handcuffs wouldn’t fit, the quick thinking officer transported the small bird to True Value Hardware and Lois Miller was given the bird.
Port Orford City Hall received a complaint that someone’s dog had locked them out of their vehicle. The Port Orford garage was contacted who assisted in un-locking the door.
CHIEFS NOTE: We now have three vehicles patrolling our community. Reserve Officer John Fink has completed over 400 hours of training, and experience, and is now qualified to work as a single unit patrol vehicle for traffic control and service calls. I would like to thank John for all the time he has volunteered in the efforts to keep our community safe. I would also like to thank our other reserves Chuck Forsyth, Isaac Jamieson, Randy Farr, and Matt Eckart who also provide our community with many volunteer hours.
A special note to VIP Jerri Muscrat who has provided more than 500 hours of office help since June 2005. She has recently left our department for a paid position and will be missed by all. Thank you Jerri for all your help. Volunteerism is very important in a community like ours with few resources.
Department Personnel wish you all a Happy New Year. Please party sensibly, and have a designated driver because we will have three cars patrolling on New Years Eve. Please don’t take a chance, and help keep our community safe.
Happy New Year
Dinner Special $35.00 for TWO
Your Choice:
• Seafood Fettuccini
OR
• Surf and Turf
Dinners include: gourmet fresh salad, entrée, fresh vegetable, choice of potato, bread, dessert and bubbly
Live Music Port & Ferguson Starboard Bros. Band call 332-4515
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Locating An Epicenter Lab Answers
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Locating An Epicenter Lab Answers
From one seismogram, you will determine the distance from the seismic station's location to the epicenter of an earthquake. This will provide for your drawing one circle on a map. But you. Access Free Finding The Epicenter Lab With Answers. need two more circles to solve for the location of the epicenter.
Finding The Epicenter Lab With Answers
Locating an Epicenter - Bell Set your compass at a radius equal to the distance from Denver to the earth- ... REAL-WORLD LAB(continued) 2 ... you find the epicenters of many earthquakes in [Filename: Epicenter_Lab.pdf] - Read File Online - Report Abuse
Earth Epicenters Lab Answers - Free PDF File Sharing
Find the time differences in the P and S waves for all three cities. Use your travel time curve, ESRT p11, to determine the distance to epicenter for each city/earthquake. Part 2. Using the distance to epicenter information above, the map and map scale, plot the location of the earthquake. This
LAB: Locating An Epicenter
a) To locate the epicenter on the map, for each city, consturct a circle whose radius is equal to the distance form the city to the eipcenter. b) Use the scale of distance of yoru map to set the drawing compass at the correct radius. 2. Mark and label the epcenter on the map where all three circiesl intersect.
Finding Epicenters Lab Answer Key Lab
This Locating Earthquake Epicenter Lab Answer Key PDF Kindle is delivered in simple words. This makes it easy for the reader to know the meaning of the contents Locating Earthquake Epicenter Lab...
Locating Earthquake Epicenter Lab Answer Key Locating ...
Finding The Epicenter. Displaying top 8 worksheets found for - Finding The Epicenter. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Finding epicenters and measuring magnitudes work, Example answers, Finding the epicenter, Locating the epicenter of an earthquake, Regents earth science name plotting epicenter work, Locating epicenters, Skill 28 c finding an earthquake epicenter, Locating the ...
Finding The Epicenter Worksheets - Learny Kids
To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you must estimate the time interval between the arrivals of the earthquake's P and S waves (the S-P interval) on the seismograms from three different stations. The interval is measured to the closest second and then a graph is used to convert the S-P interval to the epicentral distance.
Example Answers - TeachEngineering
You are to locate the epicenter of an earthquake by making simple measurement on three seismograms that will be sent to you by the Virtual Earthquake program. Additionally, you will be
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required to determine the Richter Magnitude of that quake from the same recordings.
Geology Labs Online - Virtual Earthquake
Finding The Epicenter Lab With Answers Find the difference in arrival time for Denver on the y-axis of the graph. Follow this line across to the point at which it crosses the curve. To find the distance to the epicenter, read down from this point to the x-axis of the graph. Enter this distance in the data table.
Finding The Epicenter Skills Lab Answers Key
Locating An Epicenter In this lab, you will use seismograms from three locations to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. You will use the P- and S-wave arrival time difference to determine distance to epicenter, then use a compass to record the distance radius measured. New Madrid Earthquake
156 Earth Science Labs
An earthquake epicenter can be located from records made of earthquake waves on devices called seismographs. One type of seismograph is a visible recording machine, shown in Figure 2. A pen draws a pattern of the waves on paper that is attached to a revolving drum. The wave record from a seismograph is known as a seismogram - see Figure 3.
Lab 10 - Earthquake Epicenter Location
Here is the link to the activity itself: goo.gl/3kB29 Students learn how to determine the epicenter of an earthquake using seismographic data.
Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake
To locate the epicenter of the earthquake, a minimum of 3 circles from three different seismic stations must be drawn on the map. The intersection of the three circles shows the location of the epicenter on the map. This is illustrated below.
LAB Locating Epicenters - NYS Earth Science
To locate the epicenter on the map, for each city construct a circle whose radius is equal to the distance from the city to the epicenter. b. Use the scale of distance of your map to set the drawing compass at the correct radius. 2. Mark and label the epicenter on the map where all three circles intersect.
answers to locating an epicenter lab - Bing
This is a video showing you how to work through some of the problems concerning the location of earthquake epicenters.
Locating the Epicenter Lab.avi
To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you must estimate the time interval between the arrivals of the earthquake's P and S waves (the S-P interval) on the seismograms from three different stations. The interval is measured to the closest second and then a graph is used to convert the S-P interval to the epicentral distance.
Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Worksheet
In this lab, students will use a compass to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. The data is given in chart form and students must use a scale, compass, and map to determine where the earthquake started. There are also follow up questions that review what causes earthquakes and the steps to d
Lab Activity Locating Epicenters & Worksheets | Teachers ...
Download Ebook Earth Science Earthquake Epicenter Lab Answer Key Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake by Patrick Baldwin 7 years ago 10 minutes, 18 seconds 121,841 views Here is the link to the activity itself: goo.gl/3kB29 Students learn how to determine the , epicenter , of an , earthquake , using
Earth Science Earthquake Epicenter Lab Answer Key
If you are unsuccessful at locating the epicenter, describe how you modified your work to come to the correct answers. Record the information in your lab report. In the first try, I wasn't able to get
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Copyright : clcblog.org
Get Free Locating An Epicenter Lab Answers
the correct answers. I had to use my math skill and calculate the distance very carefully.
Lab Report Format for Earthquake Epicenter Lab by on Prezi ...
To locate the epicenter of the earthquake, a minimum of 3 circles from three different seismic stations must be drawn on the map. The intersection of the three circles shows the location of the epicenter on the map. This is illustrated below.
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NUMERICAL AND PHYSICAL MODELLING OF CRACKS IN MASONRY WALLS DUE TO THERMAL MOVEMENTS OF AN OVERLYING SLAB
By
KGS Dilrukshi
The thesis was submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Moratuwa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Research supervised
By
Professor W P S Dias
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MORA TUWA MORATUWA SRI LANKA
2008
91190
Abstract
Concrete slabs exposed to direct sunlight experience temperature related horizontal movements. In addition, temperatures on the top surface will be higher than those on the underside of the slab, causing an upward deflection of the slab during heating. In a typical building, masonry and concrete elements are connected to each other at their common interfaces. Therefore, significant movements may be generated on the masonry walls due to the movement of the roof slab. These movements can result in overstressing and cracking in masonry. These cracks may not be structurally serious, but may lead to ingress of moisture and in any case are not acceptable especially where good finish is desired.
In this study, the behaviour of these cracks was studied based on surveys of buildings where such cracks have formed. Also typical structural arrangements were numerically modelled to investigate the stresses developing in walls due to the movement of the overlying slab and consequent cracking. Using these numerical models, the effect of the aspect ratio of the wall, structural form of the wall and presence of other structural features such as openings and lintels on the formation of these cracks was studied. These results were compared with the information obtained from the field survey and also with a few physical models which were constructed to the scale of 1/3 of the prototype. The formation of cracks was observed and the strains generated on walls and the temperature variations of the assemblies were monitored. These observations enabled qualitative validation of the numerical models.
Numerical modelling was initially done as a linear elastic un-coupled analysis. A commercially available structural analysis software SAP2000 was used for the study. Locations and directions where cracking would occur were identified using the principal stresses developed in the finite element model and a failure criterion developed based on modified Von-Mises theory. Using detailed numerical modelling (i.e. non-linear structural-thermal coupled analysis), the development of cracks in
walls under the time varying thermal load was studied. Modelling was done using a commercially available finite element code ANSYS 11.0. The model was also used to study the effectiveness of various remedial measures for the problem of thermal cracks in concrete framed walls.
It was found that concrete framed walls could exhibit horizontal cracking under the beam and inclined cracking (at 45° to the horizontal) near the ends of walls. For load bearing walls the inclined cracking at wall ends had an inclination to the horizontal of around 60°, while vertical cracking near the wall mid length was also a possibility.
Linear elastic analysis will give a reasonably good idea of crack locations in solid walls. However non-linear analysis would be required for predicting crack locations in walls with openings.
The results of detailed numerical modelling illustrate that the use of a lintel in a concrete framed wall is not an effective solution to the problem of thermal cracking in walls. However, separating the wall from the concrete frame at the wall-beam interface and wall-column interface (for a depth of 1/3 of the wall height from the beam soffit level) seems to be an effective solution.
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## STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
### AS AT 31 December 2018
| | 31 December 2018 | 31 December 2017 |
|--------------------------------|------------------|------------------|
| **ASSETS** | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 968 | 3,698 |
| Investments at redemption value| 64,306 | 54,240 |
| **Total assets** | **65,274** | **57,948** |
| **LIABILITIES** | | |
| Other liabilities | 625 | 1,875 |
| **Total liabilities** | **625** | **1,875** |
| **Net assets available for benefits** | **64,649** | **55,973** |
| **Liabilities and contributors’ fund** | **65,274** | **57,848** |
| Number of units | 25,920 | 28,767 |
| Fund price | 2.50 | 1.95 |
Approved by the Board of Directors of the Pension Fund Administrator on 26 June, 2019 and signed on their behalf by:
Yola Farouk Lawal
Chairman
FRC/2017/IODN/0000007536
Segun Ogundipe
Chief Finance Officer
FRC/2019/ICAN/000000019309
Barrister Adewinka Sogunle
Vice Chairman
FRC/2013/NBA/00000005254
---
## INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF
### Veritas Glanvills Pensions Limited RSA TC Fund
**Opinion**
We have audited the accompanying financial statements of Veritas Glanvills Pensions Limited RSA TC Fund which comprise the statements of net assets as at 31 December 2018, the statement of changes in net assets, statement of cash flow for the period ended 31 December 2018, the notes to the statement of net assets including a summary of significant accounting policies.
In our opinion, the financial statements give a true and fair view of the financial position of Veritas Glanvills Pensions Limited RSA TC Fund as at 31 December 2018 and the financial performance and cash flows for the period ended in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria Act 2011, and relevant National Pension Commission (PENCOM) guidelines and circulars as required by the National Pension Commission and in the manner required by the Pension Reform Act, 2014.
**Summary Financial Statements**
The summary financial statements do not contain all disclosures required by the International Financial Reporting Standards, Companies and Allied Matters Act CAP C20 LFN 2004, Pension Reform Act 2014 and the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria Act 2011. We have not been involved in the preparation of the audited financial statements of Veritas Glanvills Pensions Limited RSA TC Fund. Reading the summary financial statements and the auditor’s report thereon, therefore, is not sufficient for reaching an audited financial statements and the auditor’s report of Veritas Glanvills Pensions Limited RSA TC Fund. The summary financial statements and those financial statements do not reflect the effects of events that occurred subsequent to the date of our report on those financial statements.
**The Audited Financial Statements and Our Report Thereon**
We expressed an unmodified audit opinion on those financial statements in our report dated 28 June, 2019.
**Directors’ Responsibility for the Summary Financial Statements**
The directors are responsible for preparing and presenting an appropriate summary of the audited financial statements in accordance with Section 355 of the Companies and Allied Matters Act, Cap C20, LFN 2004, Pension Reform Act 2014 and the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria Act, 2011 and the International Financial Reporting Standards.
**Auditor’s Responsibility**
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on whether the summary financial statements are consistent in all material respects with the audited financial statements based on our procedures which were conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (ISA 810 revised). “Engagement to report on Summary Financial Statements”
**Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements**
The company complied with the sixth schedule of the Companies and Allied Matters Act CAP C20 LFN 2004.
For: Deloitte & Touche
Chartered Accountants
Lagos, Nigeria
28 June, 2019
Engagement Partner: Joshua Ojo, FCA
FRC/2013/ICAN/00000000849
---
**BOARD OF DIRECTORS**
Alhaji Farouk Lawal Yola (Chairman), Mr. Adeyinka Sogunle (Vice Chairman), Mrs. Ify Umunukwe-Okeke (Independent Director), Chief Adetunji Omisore, Engr. Anthony Ojeshina, Mr. Nahim Abe Ibraheem, Ms. Priya Heal, Mr. Polycarp Didam (Directors), Mr. Godson Ukpovo (Managing Director/CEO), Mr. Abiodun Shode (Executive Director)
---
Head Office: 26 Commercial Avenue, Yaba, Lagos.
01-280 355 (0 - 9)
www.vgpensions.com
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dorsed by the thousands who annually throng to the cabinet where the Sistine Madonna is now set up in solitary majesty, and derive from the study and contemplation of this wonderful work of art not only delightful instruction, but also suggestions of thought and emotion touching the purest and deepest chords of our nature. If this has been accomplished, to however small an extent, the writer is abundantly satisfied, trusting that the collection of interesting details relating to the painting, scattered over many volumes not readily accessible, will be welcomed by every admirer of the famous Madonna di San Sisto.
ARTICLE II.
THE SYNTHETIC OR COSMIC PHILOSOPHY.
BY JOHN BASCOM, LL.D., PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN.
As the synthetic philosophy, so called by Mr. Spencer, or cosmic philosophy, as Mr. Fiske prefers to term it, has recently received a comprehensive yet compact statement by Mr. Fiske, and has been presented in full for a series of years by Mr. Spencer, it is in a position to claim and to accept thorough discussion. Its advocates are laborious, discriminating, and able; while their work is the culmination of a vigorous and continuous line of philosophic thought in England, extending through more than two centuries, and at the same time including much of the most advanced scientific sentiment of the present period.
There have been but few advocates of any system better fitted to enlarge, harmonize, compact, and present a philosophy than is Mr. Spencer. His powers of analysis and synthesis are extraordinary, and his style is clear, full, and plausible in the extreme. The breadth of the topics discussed, and his fulness of knowledge in each, enable him to frame an argument captivating in matter, and impressing the mind with more than its real strength. The scope and vigor
of Mr. Spencer's discriminating and combining powers are something to be proud of, and to be rejoiced in, on the part of all who heartily entertain the themes presented. His candor also is very noteworthy; the candor of a mind too much occupied with its own conclusions, too sure of their value, and too able to confirm them by material taken from many diverse systems, to feel any strong temptation to leave its primary constructive labor and enter on an aggressive, destructive one. He pulls down only as he is in search of space or material for a new edifice. Rarely do bitter words escape him.
Mr. Fiske is an able advocate. His thought and his method of presentation are in harmony with those of Mr. Spencer. He states the positions of the philosophy clearly, combines them well, enforces them vigorously with new and old material. It may be rightly claimed that he does something more than this, and occasionally makes a fresh and cardinal point. We do think, however, that he has a little of the zeal of a proselyte, that he bandies too freely about the adjectives metaphysical and theological, in the restricted and abusive meaning they have acquired in a limited school, and that there is an assumption, unintended perhaps, but none the less real, of superiority in his philosophical attitude, that can hardly receive a milder epithet than offensive. Of the last and more serious censure we give a few illustrations.
"This statement, I may observe in passing, is well illustrated by the abortive attempts of missionaries to civilize the lower races of manhood by converting them to Christianity."¹ "Though we may, and do, throw overboard the whole of the semi-barbaric mythology in which Christianity has hitherto been symbolized, we shall find, nevertheless, that we have kept firmly in our possession the ethical kernel for which Christianity is deeply valued even by those who retain the whole of this mythology."² "To him" — that is, to him who follows intelligently Mr. Fiske's exposition —
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 242.
² Ibid. p. 434.
current theological treatises will no doubt seem as unsatisfactory as the anthropomorphism of orthodox 'revivalists' must seem to Mr. Holten or Mr. Martineau."¹ It is not the thought we criticise in these passages; we are struck only with the elevation of the writer and the estimate at which he holds his fellow citizens in the realm of knowledge.
It is a reduction of our criticism on his use of the word metaphysical that he endeavors to define the difficulty in the method of reasoning termed metaphysical, and so takes the adjective from a general to a restricted meaning. It is sure, however, in the majority of cases, to retain its well-established use, and, in spite of definition, to remain a term of general disparagement—a fling at a class of reasoners, rather than a calm censure of a kind of reasoning. Unverifiable ideas fall exclusively to no one set of inquirers, and are to be objected to in detail and with designation, or the censure becomes not merely an unverified one, but an irritating one as well. It is to the praise of Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske alike, that their method is metaphysical, in the primary meaning of the term; and we see no reason why they should unite with the strict positivists in turning the word into a term of vague, exasperating, and unjust reproach.
While both writers would feel that they possess, perhaps in an unusual degree possess, the historic sense, we nevertheless think that they rarely feel the full force of any doctrine based on intuition; that both of them are incapable, and especially Mr. Fiske, of quite apprehending the strength of the positions they assail. This is a fault we all have in common. The walls of the Jerichos we surround we expect will fall down of their own accord after a sufficient blowing of ram's horns.
The cosmic philosophy is pre-eminently one of evolution—evolution in its strict sense, without increments. The forces of the universe, convertible, but indestructible, are taken at some one stage, as early as we can reach them, and traced in their necessary unfolding through all subsequent
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 469.
stages. This is a very rigid, self-consistent idea, and is present in all reasoning to set very positive limits. Is it safe to start a philosophy with so exacting and inflexible and *a priori* an idea? Will it not of necessity leave one side some of our facts, and run down some of our data? This cosmic philosophy has settled this one primary conclusion, and remorselessly subjects all considerations and all doctrines to its necessities, heavy and imperative as they are. We doubt whether it is possible to do justice while in possession of such stern and sweeping antecedent convictions. We might as well expect the commander of an army to arrest a battle to save the life of a man, as to expect one who is pleading for such a principle to deal singly and fairly with detached, contravening facts. We are afraid of so exacting, so arbitrary a principle, planted at the very centre of immature knowledge and incipient conclusions. Most questions of interest are foreclosed before the discussion is opened. Who can admit the rout of a division when that of the whole army is incident to it?
The doctrine of evolution, in its presentation as a complete philosophy, is chiefly Mr. Spencer's; though its foundations in mental science were laid long before his labors commenced, and most of the scientific facts which sustain it have been furnished by others. He is simply the master-builder. We owe much to this philosophy. The religious spirit has been, and will yet more be, chastened and instructed by it. That grand, compact, harmonious system of divine law, known as the universe, will by virtue of it get possession of religious feeling and religious action as never before. The God of nature and of revelation will become one in quite a new sense.
This philosophy is remarkable also, and beneficent in its morality. We do not believe that its moral foundations are securely laid; but the spirit of morality it has caught, and has expanded admirably in its precepts. The intuitionist may learn much from the utilitarian. The latter, bound in self-defence to make his morality complete, and having in
his hand the real clew to inquiry, the practical results of action, has developed well in many directions the lines of duty. If we are to accept Mr. Fiske's exposition, this philosophy is not without its religious faith, including the gist of central truths. Here, however, more than in morals, the philosophy seems to us to have transcended its premises, and to be marching off with plundered wealth. Every man is welcome to take what he can of truth; there is no objection to this. We must, none the less, while conceding everything to the individual, hold systems to consistency. Mr. Fiske and Mr. Spencer are quite at liberty to believe more than they ought logically to believe, and it is hardly worth our while to note the fact; but the doctrine of evolution, now passing through their hands, is a matter of wide interest to us all. We do wish to know what this doctrine logically contains; for these contents are sure to be evolved, sooner or later, and to constitute its fruits of good and evil. We would charge nothing upon writers on this theme beyond their own statements; but the doctrine itself stands with us on another footing. We would subject it to searching inquiry, knowing that in each subsequent generation its germinant principles have issued in conclusions which those who held them in a previous one would have vigorously denied.
Because we do not accept evolution in its absolute form as the continuous, progressive metamorphoses of definite forces, we are not thereby excluded from an appropriation of many of its doctrines. From the beginning till the advent of life, a physical evolution is a sufficient and probable theory; and after that period, with such increments as the facts seem to imply, it may still remain the foundation of development. The phenomena are left to arrange themselves under established tendencies or new tendencies, as they most incline.
Our first objection to the theory of evolution is, that it gives no sufficient footing to man. By evolution we mean that strict continuity which allows no increment whatever to the forces involved. Under this view, it is impossible to
understand such a transition as that expressed in the passage from unconscious to conscious life. It is a change occurring comparatively late in the history of the world; and we have no suggestion, or hint of a suggestion, how unconscious material—material unconscious for a period of immense duration—should assume a conscious state, and so reach the germ of a new form of being—one which Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske profess themselves willing to regard as irresolvable into matter or physical force. Just in the degree in which mind and matter are accepted as separate may the advocates of evolution be called on to explain this transition, which is the condition of so profoundly new a thing. Unless mind is to be allowed to lapse into matter, we must have some hint how, in this its first essential feature, it came to spring out of matter. How did a conscious state arise out of unconscious ones? What was the nature of the transition? and what provoked it? The obscurity of the first instance is immaterial. There it was, new in reference to the past, startling in reference to the future.
But granting, for no other reason save that it is wanted, this first condition of intelligence, the passage from unconscious to conscious activity, it yet seems plain to us that no sufficient basis is found in evolution for intelligence. The advocates of this theory—or, rather, that portion of them with whom we are immediately dealing—are quite sensitive to the charge of materialism, and we have no wish to use the word for any other than purely philosophic ends. Yet it is evident that evolution cannot be maintained in a dualistic scheme. There is not merely the difficulty of a double origin, but that also of an independent efficiency in each of two lines of events. The last step of materialism is the identification of the phenomena of mind with those of matter, regarding them as the same facts looked at on different sides; though precisely what this language means we fail to understand. A first step toward materialism, and one more telling by far than any later one, is that taken by Mr. Spencer, when he identifies the laws of intellectual with those of physical facts.
If the sequence of thought is incident to a physical sequence, and controlled by it, it is comparatively a matter of indifference whether the phenomena of mind are in some way identical with those of matter, or diverse from them. Mind is as completely in subjection to matter in the one case as in the other. The manifestations and laws of facts are of more interest to us than their essence—the phenomena than the noumena; and to concede the diversity of the second, while identifying the first in essential, inherent laws, is a barren and an inconsequential concession. We may grant that no mental act takes place without an accompanying nervous act; we may concede the claim that each thought and feeling in their diversity are attended by a corresponding difference in the molecular motions that go with them; and still the inquiries remain: Do material changes exclusively initiate and determine intellectual changes? Or is the reverse true? Or are these two kinds of changes, from time to time, in reference to each other; reciprocal causes? We understand Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske to answer in the affirmative the first inquiry, and so to exclude the two remaining questions. "It is, nevertheless, unquestionable, both that every change in consciousness is conditioned by a chemical change in ganglionic tissue, and also that there is a discernible quantitative correspondence between the two parallel changes."¹ "Thus we are led to infer, as the ultimate unit of which mind is composed, a simple psychical shock, answering to that simple physical pulsation which is the ultimate unit of nervous action."²
What is far more important than any concession of its advocates, the doctrine of evolution, starting with physical forces alone, must put each subsequent manifestation under their control. Mental phenomena must be but accompanying symbols of the physical facts that underlie them. To make them anything more than this would be to concede to mind a new start, an increment. But intelligence, as intelligence, cannot be saved on these grounds. The mind gives attention
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 413.
² Ibid. Vol. ii. p. 181.
to a proposition in mathematics. It seems to itself to pass from conclusion to conclusion by virtue of its own insight. Its connections are its own, the interlocking of the terms of the proof as an intellectual process. All this, however, under the theory of evolution, is an error. The efficient forces are at work in ganglionic tissue, and these symbols of thought are simply the visible dial-images of a wholly different, invisible mechanism.
We are by no means prepared to concede that each diversity of mental state implies a diversity in the correlative cerebral state. It is as yet not so much as proved that any one exact molecular change is incident to any one precise thought or feeling. The mind may be conditioned in its activity to nervous expenditure, without being conditioned to a precise form of it in each instance. One may move north or south, up or down, by equivalents of muscular energy, and with a general uniformity of muscular action. But allowing this pure and extended assumption, it is still open to us to affirm that the mind, as a thinking agent, indicates and determines the ganglionic state, and so is emancipated from it as a controlling force.
We believe that the brain and the mind are reciprocal agents in reference to each other, and that if a state of brain may determine the thoughts, a state of the thoughts may equally determine the accompanying molecular changes in the brain. If the control of the brain over the mind is shown by disease, the control of the mind over the brain is shown by health. Indeed, the maintenance of this control is that in which health largely consists. Sanity is the ability to think, is the power to make thought coherent. Insanity is the inability, or the partial ability, to think—the overruling of the mind by incoherent, or wrongly coherent, impressions. If the conclusion is not incident to the premises as intellectually seen, if the action does not follow the emotion as a conscious state, if the emotion does not spring from the contemplation which seems to occasion it, then our spiritual life is unreal; its cohering forces being found not
in it, but in another region quite—that of matter. No wonder that we hear in this philosophy so often of "thought below consciousness," for there, truly, is where all thought with it takes place; of "unconscious cerebration," for the symbols of a formula on the black-board, as they appear under the rapid hand of the mathematician, are not more secondary to the real truth that underlies them than the conscious conclusion to the forces that occasion it.
The materialistic philosophy has now for many years been introducing its principles: That all knowledge is relative; that it is ultimately the product of the senses; that it is united by associations, physical in their nature, till the mind has come to be regarded as a congeries of results, of secondary impressions incident to the primary, the physical facts; and all real activity in the mind itself is excluded. The wall that receives the vague, floating shadows of external objects has hardly less to do with their nature, formation, and movement than the mind, the screen for the shadows of physical facts, has to do with their character and connections. This impotence of mind, this absolute exhaustion of the intellect till no substance of power is left in it, is hidden from many by the language employed. This is capable of a more spiritual meaning than that actually intended, and this meaning is given to it. "Association of ideas" seems a harmless phrase; but when it comes to denote the tendency of a nervous state or activity to repeat itself, and this tendency is made the cause, the underlying efficiency, in classification, while classification, the establishment of resemblances, is looked on as the one typical product of thought, our pleasant words have run away with the entire inheritance of the mind in its own rational processes.
Yet this philosophy of evolution admits an intelligent act, an agency in the mind, at its peril. The nexus of causes is thereby instantly cut, the equivalence of forces disappears. No feeling as a feeling can be measured; the physical energy to which it is incident is the only tangible term; and if this is lost sight of all calculations disappear; evolution is at an
end. The same is true of thought. Thought can be managed so long as it lies a symbol above the physical conditions which secure it; but recognize it as itself an efficiency, by insight and direction taking the initiative, and our power to trace its limits and measure its values is lost. Thought, pure thought, thought primary, establishing molecular changes as secondary conditions of activity, is a spontaneous, measurably independent power, and breaks through the exact equivalents of evolution. There is no compulsion in such thought—no molecular impulse settling the directions and the degrees of activity. The mind thinks toward its conclusion, and is not driven toward it; in other words, it thinks, and does not delude itself with incoherent images, which it mistakes for coherent premises; does not delight itself with a movement which it regards as real, though it is not so much as the shadow of the actual efficiencies.
Evolution also fails to provide for man in failing to provide for liberty. The battle for freedom is an old and wearisome one; neither do we see that Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske have altered its issues. A clear statement of each doctrine constitutes, in this field, the strength of argument, as the point is too essential to receive much aid from truths beyond itself. It is a little strange that Mr. Fiske should pass over fortuity to the defenders of liberty, and reject fatalism as falling to those who extend law in its rigid sense to human action. It would seem that nothing but clear perception and honest language were requisite to settle the logical issues of each belief.
We grant that all which constitutes the dumb show, the ostensible marks, of liberty may be present to human action under the interpretation of evolution. Motives are there; action follows upon them; the mind hesitates between them, decides between them, if you will, chooses between them; no symbol of a free action fails to appear, and to be apparently operative in its appropriate way. If, therefore, the power to use such words as "motives," "devices," "obedience," "disobedience," relieves one from the charge of
fatalism, the evolutionist is not a fatalist; but if by fatalism is meant such an inclosing of rational with physical activities, such a subordination of both to immutable laws, that only one result ever has been possible—has been contained in the forces actually operative,—then the evolutionist is, and must be, a fatalist. Let this philosophy use a phraseology saturated through and through with notions of liberty, apply the terms "motives," "influence," "persuasion" to the individual, and look upon him as an agent in this way to be controlled, and we feel no shock; let us measure our levels more exactly, and apply them to a broader field, and our contentment disappears. A single person can be persuaded,—formally so,—but who is to persuade him? Neither A nor B, except a force is already operative on them to that end. The persuasion cannot be furnished, the new motive brought forward, unless it and the action incident to it are both already included in the previous conditions. In one word, the universe given, but one result is possible; and human action is under the same close, stringent, settled conditions that fall to other parts of it. Mr. Fiske's philosophy, in its entire argument, its every word and phrase, was settled from the beginning, or at that remote period which we are wont to call the beginning; and Mr. Fiske has at length simply surrendered the symbols of a process that physical forces have been for these aeons maturing. It is immaterial what name we apply to such foreclosed results; but if we withhold the word "fatalism," we shall scarcely find another opportunity for its use. A fixed sequence is involved in evolution. Motives, feelings, thoughts, as conscious states, are only the incidents of processes which move on wholly independently of them. This philosophy, therefore, gives no place for man as a conscious, free being; since not only are his conscious states not independent elements of force, they are not even transitional terms in the real under-current of power, but lie to one side of it, attached to it in a strange, inconsequential way.
But is the doctrine of liberty one of accidents—one of
fortuity? "As I have already said, no middle ground can be taken. The denial of causation is the affirmation of chance; and between the theory of chance and the theory of law, there can be no compromise, no reciprocity, no borrowing and lending."¹ Volition is one of the ways in which the mind acts; and if we grant that the mind thinks, the mind feels, there is but little difficulty in granting that it chooses—that it can, under fitting conditions, decide between two lines of action, which it will adopt. If there is no spontaneity in thought, if it is the expenditure of a force antecedently lodged somewhere in matter, or is wholly incident to the activity of such a force, then there is in the mind no preparation for choice; if it were able to choose, it would be unable to execute its choice, since all its remaining powers would be locked fast in the ongoing of necessary causes. The question, then, is a broader one than of mere freedom, and is the inquiry whether the mind can do anything? whether it is a nodule of forces in a state of transfer, or has its own powers primarily referable to itself?
In two directions we see of how little worth the denial of the identity of physical and mental facts is in holding back Mr. Spencer from materialism. If no primary power is conceded to the mind, its derivative powers or transferred energies all come to it through the body; for this is its line of union with the fact, and mind becomes at least the product of physical forces. Again, in denying its phenomena to be identical with those of these forces, they are ruled out of all connection with the facts of the world and influence over them. There is present a certain molecular force, which, in its expenditure, is the condition of certain thoughts. This molecular energy must pass into those thoughts, and find transfer through them; or, simply as molecular energy it must pass on and work out other molecular conditions, the concomitants of subsequent thoughts. The persistence of forces binds us to one or other of these views. If the first be correct, then the thought sinks down into the physical
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 187.
series, and is a term of it; if the second is preferred, then thought lies to one side the lines of transmission, and is without service or office in the world—is an addendum which modifies nothing. The question, then, of freedom does not stand by itself, but involves with it that of the possession of any primary powers of the mind. Conceding spontaneity to the mind in thought, the alternative—chance or law—which Mr. Fiske puts so positively, easily disappears. If the mind can think, and so be a law to itself, it can choose, and be a law to itself in choice. Both actions merely imply in it independent, primitive efficiency. It is the nature of mind to open activities, to initiate efforts; and there is nothing in the least surprising about it, unless we institute a sharp contrast between its laws and the laws of matter, and cherish an overweening estimate of these last.
The law of causation is not universal; that of spontaneity and liberty supplements it; and causation and chance do not divide the field between them. In reference to second parties, the actions of men are as though they were free, whether they be free or not; since we do not pretend to be able to trace the causes operative in them. Yet we have no difficulty in dealing with our fellow-men; we are not involved in the confusion of chance-events. Choice lies between two things, not between an hundred; choice is perpetually fixing for itself lines of action, and forecasting a future which we also can forecast with it; choice, after the most spasmodic expression, quickly builds up for itself new conditions of order; choice is not without motives, though motives are without controlling force; choice is resolvable, all of it, into action along one line, that of conduct or character. There are only two things which present, in reference to each other, an alternative—duty and pleasure, virtue and vice. The mind is not irrational because it is free. Its freedom is exercised under, not above, its rational faculties. Between pleasure and pleasure there is no opportunity for choice, but only for an estimate; between virtue and vice there is no room for an estimate, but only for a choice.
Evolution gives no sufficient ground to man, in failing to accord to him any real knowledge. Mind, by virtue of its union with a nervous system, is a sensitive organism, on which certain impressions can be made — impressions which are inevitably collocated in certain classes and relations, by their method of arising and their constant repetition. Hence all knowledge is relative, not absolute — relative in kind to the organs impressed, relative in connections to the connections physically secured between these impressions. It matters but little to us that this aphorism of the relativity of knowledge has a large historic following; it is, as applied to our higher knowledge, either the truism that to know is to know, or it is false.
"We accordingly say, for brevity's sake, that we cannot know the absolute, but only the relative. And in saying so we implicitly assert two practical conclusions: First, we cannot know things as they exist independently of our intelligence, but only as they exist in relation to our intelligence. Secondly, the possibilities of thought are not identical or co-extensive with the possibilities of things."¹
These assertions are true, and only true, on the supposition that our knowledge is all ultimately sensational. This issue made by the empirical philosophy is not its strength, but its weakness. An organ of sense, a nervous system, as an essential intervening instrument of knowledge, constitutes an element in that knowledge which we cannot exactly measure, much less eliminate. Sound is due in part to the ear, and a knowledge of sounds involves the sense of hearing — is relative to it. Others may hear not at all while we hear, or may hear differently from us, or hear more than we do under the same circumstances. Some of these differences due to our senses we detect; others, doubtless, are hidden from us; and it is plain that the hearing of no one of us exhausts the possibilities of things. When we come to intuitive truth, the case is every way diverse. That two and two make four is not a proposition dependent on any sense what-
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 10.
ever, or all the senses combined. It is as applicable to thoughts as to things. There is not the slightest divergency, nor the possibility of divergency, in men's judgment concerning it. There is no intervening organ to introduce a personal element, and no discrepancy in results to hint a latent relativity. The truths of mathematics are absolute; for the knowing in them is a pure knowing, a direct knowing, a knowing that is not sensational. There is, so far, knowledge that is absolute, knowledge to which the knowing faculty adds nothing of its own. The complete, instant uniformity of the results shows this, is a sufficient presumptive proof of it.
We do not wish to argue the point. The best possible arguments are the statements of the adverse philosophy. No one can believe that it accepts them otherwise than as results forced upon it. "Mathematics starts from simple propositions concerning quantitative relations of numbers and extension, which are verified, once for all, by a direct appeal to experience."¹ How many of the higher results of mathematics have ever had from experience even an apparent verification? In what sense is it that the proposition "Two and two make four" is verifiable in experience, in sensation? Units are known by weight, by size, by color. But in none of these respects is the assertion true; it is only true of abstract units, which lie beyond experience.
"It is quite possible that there may be worlds in which numerical limitations are not binding."² ..... In Mr. Hall's hypothetical world, where two and two make five, the law of evolution may not hold sway."³ Why not hold sway? Unless such a conception is, as we believe it to be, absolutely absurd and disorganizing, evolution should still go on, and incorporate the principle "Two and two make five" into the basis of its organic systems and new knowledge. Nothing can heighten the difficulties of the above positions, and we leave them.
The same confusion appears, as the result of this dogma of the relativity of knowledge, in connection with the infinite
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 116. ² Ibid. p. 276. ³ Ibid. p. 275.
and the absolute. They are pronounced "utterly and forever unknowable." Yet the language is scarcely less than self-contradictory; for how can we even designate that which is utterly and forever unknowable? And how can we know that we mean what another means by the words "infinite," "absolute"? Few authors use these words more than Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske. Do they, or do they not, mean anything by them? Are the words "infinite space," "infinite time," mere blanks to them, as would be "abracadabra" space?
Again, no place is found in this philosophy for man, because there is given him no material for thought. The thinking process or power is, as we have seen, remanded to the unconscious and physical region of the nervous system. It is this which determines thought, not thought that establishes and uses these connections; the function does not make the organ, but the organ the function rather. This removal of thought as an efficient power from the mind is the more readily made,—nay, is necessary, because no material for its processes is furnished it. Sensations, perceptions, on the one hand, and intuitive ideas, on the other, are essential to thought. The sensations are to be compared, referred, inquired into in time and place; and for this purpose the ideas of resemblance, causation, time, space, must be at hand. Sensations as sensations are complete. All that the mind can do with them is, by thought under its antecedent ideas, to throw them into comprehensive categories, and draw from them serviceable conclusions. The doctrine of evolution finds no place for this work as a conscious process, since it transpires as an unconscious one, and the ideas incident to it are not plucked up from their sub-conscious depths till the work of organization has been done.
"It has already been sufficiently proved that the universality and necessity of unconditional propositions, whether relating to space-relations or to any other relations whatever, must inevitably result from absolute uniformity in the organic registration of experiences, and therefore does not involve
any *a priori* element."¹ "For the ideas formerly called innate or intuitional are the results of nutritive tendencies in the cerebral tissue, which have been strengthened by the uniform experience of countless generations until they have become as resistless as the tendency of the dorsal line of the embryo to develop into a vertebral column."²
Regulative ideas owe their necessity and priority in experience, then, to the fact that, as the framework of order in events, they are incorporated into that transferred order incident to an impressible, active nervous system. The words of the manuscript reappear in the letter-press. Here a sub-conscious process is made, in entire consistency with the philosophy, the equivalent of a conscious one. We are at a loss to see where this tendency to substitution is to stop. Why is not "the tendency of the dorsal line of the embryo to develop into a vertebral column" also a portion of our mental furniture. It constitutes no explanation whatever, to our mind, of regulative ideas as conscious possessions, that sensations have conformed to them. The instinctive, automatic adaptation of the young of animals to space and time relations, is no equivalent for an intellectual, conscious process; and the change of the one into the other involves the entire problem. So Mr. Spencer would seem to think; for he attempts to give the method of transfer, the steps by which an unconscious fact becomes a conscious possession. In this he seems to us signally to fail, and, at the same time, to set aside the quiet assumption, on the part of Mr. Fiske, that no explanation is needed—that a fact below consciousness is always the equivalent of one in consciousness, and may actually appear there at any moment.
There is, as is usual in the empirical philosophy, in connection with regulative ideas, a false formal element and the quiet appropriation, on the part of Mr. Fiske and Mr. Spencer, of the notions necessary to progress. We illustrate the fact in connection with causation. "Causation may, therefore, be defined as the unconditional, invariable sequence of one
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 101. ² Ibid. Vol. ii. p. 161.
event, or concurrence of events, upon another."¹ Here we have sequence, a phenomenal fact, substituted for causation proper, an intuitional fact. But it is impossible, on such a conception, to carry forward a philosophy of evolution, whose fundamental notion is force, and whose first truths are the permanence of forces and the equivalence of forces. Overlooking wholly its own weakness, the cosmic philosophy proceeds as if all the resources of thought were at its disposal. The noumenon is spoken of as a necessary postulate, and used as such in the entire argument concerning matter and God. But this is to restore the intuitive idea of causation without a recognition; it is to acknowledge it indispensable, without assigning it to its appropriate power. Nor does this objection, taken by us, come from us alone. The positivist, from precisely the opposite quarter, draws attention to the unwarrantable conclusion. "M. Littré, the most illustrious follower of Comte, unreservedly stigmatizes as 'metaphysical' this very doctrine of the unknowable."² The ground of this objection is, that the "unknowable" includes an idea not given in the phenomena, is a surreptitious introduction of an element outside of positive knowledge. Of this introduction the notion of causation is the only sufficient justification, and hence the unknowable involves this intuitive idea. But the acceptance of one intuitive idea is the overthrow of the empirical philosophy. The cosmic philosophy postulates a position unexplained and incompatible with its fundamental assertions.
The language of Mr. Fiske is both formally and profoundly in conflict with any other than an efficient causation, in spite of his definition, his theoretical position, given above. We care not for this fact; we care only for the fact that evolution, as an empirical philosophy, is untenable at this point. "It is for the same reason that the mind is compelled to believe the necessity of causation, and that the cultivated mind, which can realize all the essential conditions of the case, is compelled to believe in its universality. For what is the
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 158.
² Ibid. Vol. i. p. 262.
belief in the necessity and universality of causation? It is the belief that every event must be determined by some preceding event, and must itself determine some succeeding event. And what is an event? It is a manifestation of force."¹ Yet a few pages later an "efficient cause" is expressly rejected, as a metaphysical conception, in favor of a "phenomenal cause."
The theory of evolution every instant includes the notion of efficient forces, of stringent causation. This ever-returning contradiction is the inborn infirmity of the cosmic philosophy. "What defies suppression in thought is really the force which the motion indicates";² "Utter inability to conceive a variation in the sum-total of force³"; "What is thus proved true of matter and motion is a fortiori true of force, out of which our conceptions of matter and motion are built";⁴ "Every manifestation of force must be preceded and followed by an equivalent manifestation:"⁵ such are the assertions we meet with at every turn in the works of Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske. To increase the confusion, we add one more extract: "And what do we mean by force? Our conception of force is nothing but a generalized abstraction from our sensations of muscular resistance."⁶ Then matter and motion and the universe, from the opening to the end, are the abstraction of a sensation.
We take our second leading objection to the cosmic philosophy, that it finds no place for God—actually, not ostensibly. Ostensibly, it rebukes the irreverence of his worshippers, and sets up his throne again, behind a new veil, at a greater remove from the gaping crowd. Having debased intelligence and volition in its conception of them, it rightfully enough denies them to God; yet it has nothing better to put in their place. Force alone remains, and, be it what it may, it must stand for God.
We again draw attention, in this connection, to the contradictions—or inconsistencies, if you choose,—of the phi-
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 147. ² Ibid. p. 282. ³ Ibid. p. 286.
⁴ Ibid. p. 288. ⁵ Ibid. p. 314. ⁶ Ibid. p. 172.
losophy with which we are dealing. It starts with the assertions, "That we are forever barred from any knowledge of the absolute, the infinite, or the uncaused"; that it is "utterly and forever unknowable"; that this being its one characteristic, it is fittingly termed "the unknowable." Yet in this word there are two latent inconsistencies. Nothing can be designated till it is in some measure defined as to its mental whereabouts, till existence, and existence of some order, is, or may be, referred to it. Nor are we at liberty to designate this unapproachable thing as the Unknown, conspicuously emphasizing it with a capital, if we are not willing to imply personality, or pre-eminence of some sort. This same Unknown is spoken of by Mr. Fiske as "Omni-present Power," a "First Cause," "the God of the Christian," "Deity," an "Inscrutable Power" that may be "regarded as quasi-psychical," "the infinite and eternal Sustainer of the universe," "a Divine Power, that cannot be identified with the totality of phenomena," and as "the Divine Power immanent in the Cosmos." Nor is he satisfied with such ascriptions; he says: "The constant element has been, on its intellectual side, the recognition of Deity, and on its emotional side the yearning for closer union with Deity, or for a more complete spiritual life." He unites with the Psalmist in affirming that the heavens declare the glory of God; and is ready to sing, with the saints,
"Nearer, my God, to thee."
We explicitly reject any carping at these concessions; they are all right, honorable to head and heart. They do not, however, flow from the principles of the cosmic philosophy, nor are they consistent therewith.
In this language Mr. Fiske is doing furtively and inconsistently what the Christian theist does avowedly; he is dealing with the Infinite not as the Unknowable, but as the Knowable-Unknowable. He is, as his philosophy often compels him to be, confused, when he denies intelligence and volition to God, and yet concedes that his "intimate essence
1 Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 505.
2 Ibid. p. 502.
may conceivably be identifiable with the intimate essence of what we know as mind." Even if intelligence and volition are inclosed, as Mr. Fiske supposes them to be, in force, this constitutes no reason why, in a secondary way, they are not referable to God; unless, forsooth, we are to divorce noumena from their phenomena, as a separable existence, and ascribe the first only to Deity.
To those, however, who regard intelligence and volition as primary and more than equal powers, standing side by side with physical forces, there is not only no difficulty in affirming them of God, they become the chief expression of his character. There are no words of contempt and rejection which Mr. Fiske uses more frequently than "anthropomorphism," "anthropomorphic"; though why it should be worse to be anthropomorphic than to be cosmic, or how a man is to be other than anthropomorphic, in some sense settling his own estimates of dignity by his own standards, I am at a loss to understand. How lame a conclusion, then, does he reach, when, drawing to the end of his work, he says: "Provided we bear in mind the symbolic character of our words, we may say that 'God is Spirit,' though we may not say, in the materialistic sense, that 'God is Force.' Such an utterance is, indeed, anthropomorphic. But we are now finding powerful confirmation of the argument elaborated in our Prolegomena, that a positive mode of philosophizing is impracticable, and that we can never get entirely rid of all traces of anthropomorphism."¹ What a deal of travel to reach a point occupied from the beginning by his most intelligent opponents—a position not approachable by a philosophy into which the principles issuing in positivism have so wrought themselves as they have into the cosmic philosophy.
We make but two other secondary points under our second objection. "Personality and infinity are terms expressive of ideas which are mutually incompatible. The pseud-idea 'Infinite Person' is neither more nor less unthinkable than the pseud-idea, 'circular triangle.'"² Personality involves
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 649.
² Ibid. p. 408.
intelligence and volition, that is, spontaneity in knowing, freedom in executing. Are there, necessarily, any limits to knowledge? Those who affirm that there are ought, to point them out. Are there any limits to the executive and voluntary power by which knowledge is made efficient? If there are such in the nature of the case they are not obvious. But, it may be said, if the elements of personality have no finite measurements, every manifestation of them must have. Granted; but so is each actual moment or manifestation of time finite, while we perfectly understand what is meant by infinite time. Space presents itself to us in parts, and can only be scrutinized by us in parts; yet it remains one infinite whole. What a foolish riddle do we make of the infinite, trying, in the same breath, to concede it and withhold it, to grant it and explain it, under the analogies of the finite.
"Evolution is throughout irreconcilably opposed to the doctrine of creation."¹ Very well; the measurable forces of which the solar system is composed can neither have been going on from all eternity, nor can they go on to all eternity, unless there is an absolute conservation of them, and a circular movement in their unfolding. The evolutionist is not prepared to make either assertion probable. There is the constant radiation of heat, light into space, and so an apparent loss in the aggregate of forces. This process cannot have gone on from eternity in our system, or that system, so far as force expressing itself in a large class of motions is concerned, would have disappeared. Nor can a system, subjected to such loss, return in its evolutions again and again into itself. It cannot, therefore, under present apparent conditions, have progressed from eternity; since the forces of progress would long ago have been exhausted. That is to say, evolution is unable to suggest conditions, made probable by experience, under which eternal movement is possible, and so is unable to assert the past eternity of force.
Our third objection to the cosmic philosophy is, that it
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 376.
yields no sufficient recognition of life and of the agents involved in the unfolding of lives in the world. Life must become a function or combination of functions, and in no sense an agent, under the doctrine of evolution. Its lines of development and forms must be inclosed, directly or indirectly, in the physical forces which precede it. "The hypothesis of a 'vital principle' is now as completely discarded as the hypothesis of phlogiston in chemistry..... The crystal of quartz has a shape which is the result of the mutual attractions and repulsions of its molecules; and the dog has a shape which is ultimately to be explained in the same way, save that in this case the process has been immeasurably more complex and indirect."¹ This is the out-thrust of assertion which is, by direction and indirection, to be worn down again to much the old level of thought. The crystalline attractions are found much more manageable than the canine ones; these become so numerous and recondite that the philosophy knows not where to locate them, or how to express them, and is compelled to invoke the aid of conceptions which we should call metaphysical, in the meaning which Mr. Fiske attaches to the word.
"But it must be remembered that, in the case of an organism, the direction of these forces depends, in a way not yet explained, upon the directions in which they have been exerted by ancestral organisms. In other words, a set of definite tendencies has been acquired during the slow evolution of organic life."² "It is, at the same time, true that the ultimate mystery—the association of vital properties with the enormously-complex chemical compound known as protoplasm—remains unsolved."³ "Facts of this kind point to the conclusion that an inherent capacity for adaptive changes is possessed by all organisms. And by the phrase 'inherent capacity' I do not mean to insinuate the existence of any occulta vis, or metaphysical 'innate power,' of which no scientific account is to be given in terms of matter and
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 422. ² Ibid. p. 430. ³ Ibid. p. 434.
Certainly not; yet it is a little difficult to draw a sharp line between "inherent capacity" and "innate power"; the intention of an author hardly suffices for this purpose. "In every living body there is a tendency towards secondary alterations of this nature," — that is, of a nature to anticipate farther external action.
Thus we have a "vital principle" formally and contemptuously discarded, and such phrases put in its place as "a set of definite tendencies," "the association of vital properties," "an inherent capacity for adaptive changes," "a tendency toward secondary alterations." This fact would be of small moment, if it were a convenience, or a slip of language; it is of great moment, when it is a forced concession to an inscrutable power which Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske can no more dispense with than their opponents, nor, no more than they, express in "terms of matter and motion." The definition of life given by this school implies such a pervasive, shaping power. "Life, including also intelligence as the highest known manifestation of life, is the continuous establishment of relations within the organism in correspondence with relations existing or arising in the environment." As the diverse parts of a complex organism in a complex environment are subjected to the most various influences, some correspondingly broad power is requisite to unite and harmonize the results. The living body must not act by portions, but in some way as a whole. The restoration of injured members, inheritance, atavism, must find reference to something beyond the general properties of molecules. The body of the living being as a combination, the transmission of its tendencies, the sudden intervention of very remote and subtile influences — these are the facts that seek for exposition; and that the scientists who reject vital power can neither evade them nor refer them with any new insight is made sufficiently plain by these "tendencies" of Mr. Fiske, by the "gemmules" of Mr. Darwin, by the "physiological units" of Mr. Spencer.
1 Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 56. 2 Ibid. p. 69. 3 Ibid. p. 67.
As to the origin and development of life, the cosmic philosophy avails itself, of course, of the labors of Mr. Darwin, carrying them to their extreme limits. This theory receives a concise summation, in its most available form, by Mr. Fiske: "The process of organic evolution may, therefore, be summarized as follows:
Equilibration \{ External \{ Direct Adaptation.
\} Indirect Natural Selection.
Internal \{ Direct Heredity.
\} Indirect Correlation of Growth.
Use and Disuse."¹
That the activities and conditions of activity represented in this statement cover real and important truths, that they are the valuable conclusions of memorable labors, few are disposed to deny; that they are a sufficient exposition of the facts to which, under the theory of evolution, they are applied, is far from plain.
Take them in order. Adaptation is the first and the oldest and the least serviceable of them. If we mean by it known physical forces without the organism, acting on known forces within it, and so securing in an intelligible way a readjustment; if we exclude all tendencies—as of right we ought to—not expressible "in terms of matter and motion,"—we thank Mr. Fiske for the phrase,—the organic changes we can refer to adaptation will be most meagre, scarcely a sensible increment to the confirmatory facts of evolution.
Natural selection, strictly so called, only disposes of superfluous, unfortunate varieties; it explains the presence of none of them. It must be accompanied with the supplementary statement of a general tendency in organisms to vary, referable to the changing states of the environment. The theory may be entitled to this statement as a simple fact. Internal, organic forces are open to the influence of a constantly variable environment; they respond to it by slight changes in many directions, known as varieties. Decisive changes, however, in definite directions, a tendency to change
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 65.
in any direction, must have a more precise explanation than the above general statement. An incalculable liability to slight variations in all directions, external conditions that will favor a portion and repress a portion of the movement,—these, excluding any and every occult tendency, are the terms with which natural selection starts. It will explain many facts, but fails to explain many—the order, for instance, of the animal kingdom, the steady, rapid development of the vertebrates, the symmetry in which their own classes are united, and that central evolution by which they throw into subordination and harmony the inferior forms of life. Natural selection starts with a chance-force, or, in reference to any ultimate plan, a most accidental complexus of forces, and out of them eliminates order. That order is not sufficiently explained. (a) The chances to be run through with of disorder are too many; they are practically infinite. (b) The process of natural selection is not decisive and quick enough in its operation to do the work assigned it. (c) There is still a latent assumption—a probable, but an unexpounded term, in one of the two premises; to wit, in that which refers slight organic development to external forces. Such a fact, if it be conceded as one of universal application, has not been, and cannot be, expressed in "terms of matter and motion." Mechanical force adds itself as mechanical force to mechanical forces; chemical forces it cannot affect in the same direct way. Here its mode of operation requires new definition. No more are we at liberty to assume that the forces of the environment will work organic, rather than inorganic, changes, without a more precise defining of their mode of operation. If it be said that they do work such organic development, it is possible to refer—nay, difficult not to refer—the change to a tendency,—an occult force,—since there are no visible forces to which such changes can be traced, no known methods of transfer. Thus we have again an agency not expressed "in terms of matter and motion."
The third agent in vital evolution is heredity. This term
the evolutionist has no right to as a known quantity in his equation. It has not been gotten, in its methods of causation, out of the region of "unverifiable hypotheses"; it has not been expressed in "terms of matter and motion."
The same is true of the fourth agency—correlation of growth. It, like inheritance, is a fact, but an unexplained one—one not resolved into equivalents of known forces.
Use-and-disuse, brought forward as an agency to sustain evolution, is burdened in the same way. Use, in the limb of the animal, does quicken circulation, and increased circulation is attended with increased nourishment. But these facts are not mere terms, plain "terms of matter and motion." That use quickens circulation—for instance, the use of the brain—cannot be expressed in mechanical and chemical forces alone, nor the additional nutrition incident to such circulation be put in formulae of matter and motion merely. An occult term is still present. If every occult term, every assumption is excluded, the facts of evolution in the region of life almost or quite disappear. They now seem so many, because the mechanical element in a complex process is brought to the foreground, and the vital element passed by, or inadequately referred, or covered up by a new pass-word.
We think, then, that it can fairly be said that the theory of evolution, when dealing with real forces, often pushes them far beyond their just application; is signally open to the accusation of putting the part, and sometimes a very small part, for the whole. This is especially to be objected to because the theory frequently requires the proof offered in its largest range, while within the range which a sober, cautious criticism assigns it, it is of little avail. Evolution is not a theory which can dispense in part with the principles, the laws, from which it is deduced, and retain for its purposes their remaining power. To fail at one point is, for this view, complete failure. It is not the presence of evolution in the world that is under discussion, but its absolute sufficiency to account for all facts. When, therefore, its
advocates state the laws needed for its support in an unqualified form, — as in the case of "a vital principle," — and afterward fall back in part from their first position, modifying their results to suit the stubbornness of facts, they fail of their primary purpose. Most of the principles stated by evolutionists will be accepted, within a limited field, as valuable explanations of the facts; the objections arise only when these principles are linked together as a net-work of laws sufficient to cover the whole ground; and to this result the slightest success in attack and the slightest concession in defence are fatal.
Natural selection explains readily the prevalence of one species and the extinction of another; but if it fails to make clear why such and such varieties have appeared, and these only, it ceases to do the work the evolutionist assigns it. Some of the beauty found in the vegetable kingdom may be explained as a means of attracting insects to flowers; but what purpose does this fact subserve, if the great mass of beauty in form and color remains unaccounted for? Sexual selection may cover a few phenomena in the animal kingdom; but its aesthetical facts are hardly entered on, much less exhausted, by this explanation. The theory expounds so little that, in reference to evolution, it seems rather to weaken than to strengthen it. Much the same is true of that mimicry by which insects are made to resemble inanimate objects, and so protected. From one point of view, it gives aid; under natural selection here, undoubtedly, would be a self-maintaining variation. But when we reflect on the number of points involved in such a resemblance, and the very great improbability that they should concur under purely accidental causes, we have an antagonistic consideration quite as weighty as the favorable one.
Mr. Wallace brings forward an important consideration, when, in the case of man, he carries natural selection over from the body to the mind, and so lays the foundations of intellectual development; yet this view, as a complete theory for all the facts, is evidently pressed too far. Physical
advantages, physical prowess have not even yet quite lost their value, and till the invention of gunpowder were scarcely secondary to intellectual gifts. If the first could not avail without the second, neither could the second without the first. Most plain is it that in a savage state physical qualities still remain of great importance—sufficient importance to be acted on by natural selection. It may well be doubted whether the dividing line, on the theory of evolution, can be drawn so decidedly between man and the lower animals, and natural selection be set to tasks so distinct on either side of it. The truth would seem to be, that physical and intellectual qualities must both be regarded from the beginning by natural selection, with a balance increasingly favorable to the latter.
Mr. Fiske's most valued contribution to evolution consists in pointing out the relation of infancy to increased intelligence, on the one side, and the family, on the other. Without shading,—and if the shading be well done the prominence of these transitions and the causative force of the presiding principles in each are greatly reduced,—the steps of transfer are these: The intellectual element assumes such importance in man that natural selection lays hold of it to the neglect of physical variation. This intelligence involves a slower individual development; hence prolonged infancy and more parental care; this care constructs and consolidates the family; the family leads to society and the state; and these secure civilization. There can be no doubt that the three facts, increased intelligence, prolonged infancy, and the unity of the household, are closely associated, and mutually sustain each other. It is more doubtful whether there is a linear causal succession between them in the order mentioned; and still more doubtful whether, under evolution, such a connection is probable. It is not evident that intelligence, if intelligence is in large part—in much the greater part—a sub-conscious cerebral development, would call for the prolonged training of infancy. It certainly does, if intelligence as a practical possession is the product of faculties called
forth by use and compacted by habit in the individual. But if this work, as Mr. Fiske is ready to affirm in other connections, can be done in the ancestor, and the most necessary convictions and processes of mind be made ready to order, the necessity of the prolonged training of infancy disappears. Thus the most sagacious insects, with this type of subconscious intelligence, can enter rapidly on their activities. Infancy is a necessary incident only to training which is conscious and voluntary; lose sight of these two elements, and the connection disappears.
A kindred difficulty arises in uniting infancy, as an efficient condition in the order of progress, to the family. If the intelligence which is to issue in infancy is sub-conscious, then infancy does not follow from it, but the reverse rather; and if it is conscious training, then the family must precede the intelligence, rather than the intelligence the family. It would be necessary, at least, that the three conditions should be co-ordinate, and sustain each other; that they should be parts of a new method. Infancy alone would constitute a burden and a danger, and could not well exist antecedent to the family as a means of organizing it; since natural selection would tend to repress it. A weakness and a hinderance would be put first; while the advantages to be developed from it would be remote—most of them very remote. Such an order would not be consistent with natural selection. The truth seems to us to be that enlarged intelligence, as included in and the product of voluntary activity, demands both infancy and the family to sustain it; intelligence is the final cause, rather than the efficient cause.
Organic race-growth, as giving the conditions of individual life, is justly insisted on, but at the same time pushed to a position it cannot attain. It is absolutely essential to evolution, since the individual is closely conditioned to the stock from which he springs; to divorce him in the least is to loosen him from the only laws which can control him. From this relation springs the theorem of Mr. Fiske: "The amount of intellectual progress achieved since man became human
far exceeds that which was needed to transfer him from apehood to manhood." ¹
Yet how will this assertion and the underlying dependence of the individual on the organic race-development bear the test of facts? How many individuals miss the fruits, in the most cultivated races, of this stock-force! How single individuals, as in our colored population, are made to travel very quickly a large share of the space between the lowest and the highest races! How races, as in the case of the Sandwich Islanders, are carried rapidly over considerable portions of it! How individuals in all races rise far above the race-grade! How, in a case like that of Laura Bridgeman, a singular personal development—singular in its methods of initiation and in its steps of progress, for which unconscious race-cerebration could have done little or nothing—institutes and completes itself almost at once by its own law. Let Mr. Fiske take the equivalent half,—the space between apehood and manhood—a space of organic instead of intellectual development,—and try his hand at filling in any considerable, nay, any observable, portion of it. The race-element is much, but is not what evolution must needs make it to be. The exaggeration of the estimate evinces the weakness of the theory.
We refer to one other instance in which the same undue weight is given to a real; but partial influence. The moral sense is referred to social growth; the weakening of selfishness and the strengthening of sympathy incident thereto, the "gradual supplanting of egoism by altruism." Conscience is not the basis on which this process proceeds, but the product of it. The power does not institute the process; but the process deposits the power. It certainly would and does develop the power, and hence the difficulty in showing that it does not create it—that conscience is not a transmitted susceptibility to public opinion, speaking, correctly or otherwise, in behalf of the public weal. Here, again, we are dealing with real causes. Are they sufficient causes?
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 309.
Of what public opinion can do there are several examples. Fashion is enforced by public sentiment, and so enforced that very many would more quickly violate moral laws than its laws. Honor, in various countries and in various classes, is another instance of a very exacting public sentiment. But in neither of these cases are we in danger of mistaking the sentiment involved for one of morals. The moral sentiment, on the other hand, is constantly asserting itself as against these public enforcements, and in many instances overcomes them. Moreover, those most susceptible to public opinion are those least ruled by conscience; and the notable victories of conscience have been over communities, over conjoint, consolidated, hereditary feeling, in behalf of individual judgment. The "idiosyncratic conscience" is the conscience of the world, and one more or less steadily in opposition; how shall its force therefore be referable to the many? Can society give to its members, develop in them as the esprit of its sentiment, a higher morality than it possesses? Yet how evident is it that the individual always brings an advanced moral truth to society, and not society to the individual. Take the case of fashion,—a true, pure product of social influence,—and how exactly is the reverse true; the many constrain the one. In morals, the one constrains the many.
We pass to a second general indictment of this cosmic philosophy—that its generalizations are largely illusory; being the descriptions of results, rather than the disclosure of new laws or new forces. Spencer's definition of evolution is: "Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion; during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity; and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation."¹
This as a definition, a more definite statement of a process, certainly has value; yet it discloses no new force, nor any fresh combination of forces; it merely puts a more exact,
¹ First Principles, p. 396.
in place of a less exact, conception of what is accomplished by the entire aggregate of physical forces in the cosmos. As a definition it pays for its generality of course by leaving each particular process to be inquired into and understood under its own features. It is the most general description of the results of the combination of all physical laws and forces; discloses no new force, no new combination of forces, no new operation of forces; nor does it enable us, in any particular instance, to understand any fact of evolution, otherwise than by a renewed inquiry into the precise forces there operative and their laws of operation. This formula, regarded as a law, or used as itself serving to explain anything, would merely confound and arrest inquiry. It expounds no one fact whatever. In this respect it is to be wholly distinguished from a statement of a real law, like that of gravitation. Moreover, as applied to intellectual and to social evolution, it can only express them in their incidents, not in their substance, their distinctive characteristics.
Mr. Fiske's (which is also Mr. Spencer's) definition of life already given is open to the same remarks. "Life—including also intelligence as the highest known manifestation of life—is the continuous establishment of relations within the organism in correspondence with relations existing or arising in the environment." This is the most general possible description of innumerable and most variable processes, all of which remain to be learned and separately explained as we are able. By such definitions nothing is discovered; the law of no single process is given, but only a general feature of many processes is rendered in descriptive fashion.
The same is true when the progress of a community is defined: "A continuous establishment of inner relations in conformity to outer relations."¹ The definition owes its similarity to that of life to the figurative force of the words—to a resemblance, and not to an identity, of facts. Society and life remain alike to be studied, their activities specified and measured, as much after as previous to such a definition.
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. ii. p. 212.
In short, this philosophy of evolution is one of descriptive generalizations, not of valid laws, and frequently reaches its unity of formulae by consolidating figurative and literal statements. One might devise a general, descriptive formula for all machines. It would tell us nothing about any one machine—its purposes, mode of operation, or method of construction. It is an interesting fact that man's only agency in production is a transfer of material in place; but it leaves production as a branch of political economy precisely where it was before. There is no law in the statement, but an incident of many laws.
When Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske speak of certain events that must follow under these formulae, unless they make the case specific, and designate special forces as about, under given circumstances, to produce the result,—and this they do not always do,—they are securing their imperative, their necessity, from final, not from efficient causes. The formula of evolution necessitates nothing; it only states a very general order that will be followed, provided there are known forces ready to follow it, under conditions that allow them to follow it. When these gentlemen say that there must be this and that re-distribution of forces, they can only mean that there must be if there is to be progress; that is, progress, evolution, as a final cause involves it; or they must mean that they are able to designate the existing forces and conditions which, under their own laws, will work out these distributions. They do not keep in view how powerless by themselves their formulae are, and cast back upon them a necessity derived from final causes,—a supposititious necessity,—when they would seem to be speaking of one referable to efficient causes.
A third general objection which we make to the method of the cosmic philosophy is, that it not unfrequently involves explanations that fall little short of legerdemain. This arises from the identification of physical, vital, intellectual, social facts in their law, and then using words and methods of reasoning directly applicable to the first only as sufficient in the remaining
three to constitute a valid exposition. There is here a double difficulty. The real under-current of truth and imagery which sustains evolution belongs to physical forces. Mr. Spencer and Mr. Fiske frequently express intellectual and social phenomena under their own spiritual or semi-spiritual language, when, to sustain the argument, that language must be translated into "terms of matter and motion." Many do not fully make this transfer, and hence mistake the solutions offered, are not startled as they would be if the facts were put as physical facts under physical phraseology. The opposite difficulty sometimes occurs, which we are now criticising. An explanation is given to a vital or social fact under images incident to mechanical facts and forces, and so becomes pure logodaedaly. This is a very sweeping accusation, and cannot be adequately supported by limited quotations. It, with the previous objection, if correct, greatly reduces the assumed value of the philosophy, and assigns Mr. Spencer's labors quite another position than that given them by Mr. Fiske. Simply by way of illustrating our meaning, we offer a few examples:
"That variations must occur, and that they must ever tend both directly and indirectly towards adaptive modifications, are conclusions deducible from first principles, apart from any detailed interpretation like the above. That the state of homogeneity is an unstable state we have found to be a general truth. Each species must pass from the uniform into the more or less multiform, unless the incidence of external forces is exactly the same for all its members; which it never can be. Through the process of differentiation and integration, which of necessity brings together, or keeps together, like individuals, and separates unlike ones from them, there must nevertheless be maintained a tolerably uniform species so long as there continues a tolerably uniform set of conditions in which it may exist. . . . Or, passing from these derivative laws to the ultimate law, we see that variation is necessitated by the persistence of force. The members of a species inhabiting any area cannot be
subject to like aggregates of forces over the whole of that area. And if in different parts of the area different kinds or amounts or combinations of forces act on them, they cannot but become different in themselves and in their progeny. To say otherwise, is to say that differences in the forces will not produce differences in the effects, which is to deny the persistence of force."¹
This is a fair specimen of a large amount of reasoning in Spencer's works, and we must pronounce it logodaedaly—word-building. Confine attention to the last paragraph. If the proof here offered is good for anything as proof, it is absolute proof. It turns on strictly general principles; and if the conclusion is involved in those principles nothing more is required. We are at a loss to understand how any one—much less, those who base their philosophy on experience—should have the hardihood to assert the sufficiency of so purely an a priori demonstration. But if this proof is not demonstration, it is nothing; it is only what we have characterized it as being—a legerdemain of words. Is it involved in the persistence of force and in a changeable environment that organic products should vary and propagate their varieties? Certainly not. Prior to experience we cannot say on what terms the forces of the environment will be transmuted into those of the organism—whether they will appear in it as new organic adaptations, or as the destruction and waste of old ones, or as their enlarged exalted action in previous directions. Still less can we say whether, if these external conditions are productive of new organic combinations, the combinations will pass by inheritance. It is a thing of observation to learn what forces modify structure, and what modifications of structure are likely to be transmitted. Forces may remain persistent and variable in the environment, and express themselves, as the majority of them do, by the reduction or increase of activity in the directions already established by the organism. But the case needs no argument. If Mr. Spencer's proof were true,
¹ Principles of Biology, Vol. i. p. 271.
every organism would be in a condition of perpetual flux; while many organisms have remained stationary, or relatively so, for the longest periods. If one may resist change, all may, so far as any such general argument is concerned. Such combinations of words are legerdemain. They are sustained in the mind by an image of mechanical forces which must combine in the way indicated, with a change of results in a definite line, and directly proportioned to the interfering agencies.
This kind of reasoning pervades Mr. Spencer’s works, and Mr. Fiske’s as well, and is applied unhesitatingly to vital and intellectual development. “It is a corollary from the persistence of force, ‘that in the actions and reactions of force and matter, an unlikeness in either of the factors necessitates an unlikeness in the effects.’ When the different portions of any homogeneous aggregate are exposed to the action of unlike forces, or to unequal intensities of the same force, they are of necessity unequally affected thereby. Between the differently exposed parts there arise structural differences, entailing differences of property and function. . . . . Such unlikeness cannot but arise; differentiation must needs take place; because it is impossible for all the parts of any aggregate to be similarly conditioned with reference to any incident force.”¹
The objections to this kind of reasoning are: (a) It explains no specific result. Each such result must be definitely referred to specified forces united and interacting under given conditions. (b) It overlooks the various ways in which forces may expend themselves besides the ways alleged, and that the moment we pass from mechanical force, forces are convertible, in each instance, in peculiar ways, to be learned only by the most exact observation. (c) This method would lead from observation to lines of a priori reasoning increasingly futile. (d) It amounts to very little more than the truism, Every event must have a cause, and these causes are somewhere in the conditions. We should
¹ Cosmic Philosophy, Vol. i. 353.
be led to explain facts in this wise. Various forces are present; they are persistent; they are in action; every action involves a second; actions and reactions establish relations; these increase in number; hence, at length, a world, a solar system, a universe.
All that Mr. Spencer does shows the futility of this method by which he pieces out the remainder—by which he completes an inductive with a deductive argument. Either the induction is not needed, or it cannot be finished by deduction, and the effort to do it is a jugglery of words. It is strange that philosophers who so inveigh against the subtleties of mediaeval logic should fall into a like method; for we must insist that this is a method quite like the mediaeval.
We have done scanty justice to our subject; but we have had scanty opportunity. Much that we have said may seem poorly supported; but it may none the less suffice to direct attention to important points.
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COMPANHIA ENERGÉTICA DE MINAS GERAIS CEMIG
CNPJ 17.155.730/0001-64 – NIRE 31300040127
MINUTES
OF THE
EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS HELD ON JULY 23, 2018
On the twenty third day of July of the year two thousand and eighteen at 11 a.m., at Avenida Barbacena 1,219, 23rd Floor, B Wing, Santo Agostinho, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, stockholders representing more than two-thirds of the voting stock of Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais – Cemig met in Extraordinary General Meeting, on first convocation, as verified in the Stockholders' Attendance Book, where all placed their signatures and made the required statements.
The stockholder The State of Minas Gerais was represented by the State Procurator Mr. Wallace Alves dos Santos, for the Office of the General Attorney of the State of Minas Gerais, in accordance with the current legislation.
Initially, Mr. Carlos Henrique Cordeiro Finholdt, a stockholder and on behalf of Cemig's Corporate Executive Office, stated that there was a quorum for an Extraordinary General Meeting of Stockholders; and that the stockholders present should choose the Chair of this Meeting, in accordance with Clause 11 of the Company's by-laws.
Asking for the floor, the representative of the stockholder The State of Minas Gerais put forward the name of Neila Maria Barreto Leal, representative of the stockholder Bernardo Afonso Salomão de Alvarenga, to chair the meeting.
The proposal of the representative of the stockholder The State of Minas Gerais was put to debate, and subsequently to the vote, and approved unanimously, that is to say by 389,348,730 votes.
The Chair then declared the meeting open and invited me, Carlos Henrique Cordeiro Finholdt, for Cemig's Corporate Executive Office, to be secretary of the meeting, and asked me to read the convocation notice, which was published, on June 21, 22 and 23, 2018 in the publications: Minas Gerais, official journal of the Powers of the State, on pages 25, 33 and 23 respectively; and in the newspaper O Tempo, on pages 13, 25 and 21, respectively, the content of which is as follows:
Page 2 of 4
This text is a translation, provided for information only. The original text in Portuguese is the legally valid version.
" COMPANHIA ENERGÉTICA DE MINAS GERAIS – CEMIG
CNPJ 17.155.730/0001-64 – NIRE 31300040127 EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
JULY 23, 2018 CONVOCATION
Stockholders are hereby called to an Extraordinary General Meeting of Stockholders to be held on July 23, 2018 at 10 a.m., at the company's head office, Av. Barbacena 1219, 23 rd floor, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to decide on:
- Election of members of the Audit Board nominated by the majority stockholder, to serve the rest of the current period of office.
Stockholders may opt to exercise their right to vote through the remote voting system, in accordance with CVM Instruction 481/2009, by sending the related Remote Voting Form via their custody agent, or the mandated bank, or directly to the Company.
Proxy votes
Any stockholder who wishes to be represented by proxy at the said General Meeting of Stockholders should obey the precepts of Article 126 of Law 6406 of 1976, as amended, and of §2 of Article 10 of Clause 10 of the by-laws, by exhibiting at the time, or previously depositing at the Company's head office, preferably by July 19, 2018, the proof of ownership of the shares, issued by the depositary financial institution, an identity document, and a power of attorney with specific powers, at Cemig's Corporate Executive Office (Superintendência da Secretaria Geral) at Av. Barbacena 1219 – 23 rd Floor, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Belo Horizonte, June 19, 2018 Adézio de Almeida Lima – Chair of the Board of Directors "
The representative of the stockholder The State of Minas Gerais stated that the Office of the General Attorney of the State, as formal representative of the controlling stockholder, would make a statement of position to this Meeting in the terms of Official Letter OF 0079/2018, of May 16, 2018.
In accordance with CVM Instruction 481/2009, the Chair then asked the Secretary to read the spreadsheet of summary consolidated voting, recording the votes given by Remote Voting Forms, published to the Market on July 20 of this year, which will be at the disposal of stockholders for any consultation.
The Chair then stated that an Extraordinary General Meeting of Stockholders had been held on July 11, 2018, at which, due to approval of the Company's new by-laws, to adapt to Federal Law 13,303 of June 30, 2016 and Minas Gerais State Decree 47154 of February 20, 2017, the members of the Audit Board nominated by the holders of preferred shares were elected; and at that meeting it was not possible for the majority stockholder to nominate members for the Audit Board.
The representative of The State of Minas Gerais then put forward the following nominations for membership of the Audit Board:
As sitting members:
Page 3 of 4
This text is a translation, provided for information only. The original text in Portuguese is the legally valid version.
– and as their respective substitute members:
Asking for the floor, the representative of the stockholder BNDES Participações S.A. (BNDESPar), although not being part of the group voting on this occasion, stated the understanding that obedience to the prohibitions in Article 17 of the State Companies Law for nominations to an Audit Board, independently of the legal dispute on whether they are mandatory, are the best corporate governance practice for formation of the Audit Board, in that they ensure a higher level of professionalism, and recommended that all the Company's stockholders should adopt them in their nominations.
It was also the understanding of BNDESPar that, in spite of the juridical support for this election and for the nominations made for it, considering the transitory nature of the court decision, given as it was in an interim remedy and already subject to contestation, it would be prudent for the controlling stockholder of the Company to aim for a composition of the Audit Board in line with the view taken by the CVM in Case 19957.004466/2018-41, to avoid any later need for re-composition of that Board, even before the end of the current period of office, which would harm the continuity of its work. BNDESPar also alerted the meeting that the other requirements and prohibitions in the State Companies Law should be complied with, including the need for one of the nominees to be a government employee with a permanent link to the public administration.
The representative of the stockholder The State of Minas Gerais then reported that the Judiciary of Minas Gerais State had granted a request for urgent relief in the following terms:
" a) suspending the effect of the recommendation / decision issued by the CVM contained in Official Announcement 227/2018/CVM/SEP/GEA-1 (SEI 19957.005738/2018-20); and thus requiring the CVM to abstain from opening any administrative proceedings tending to punish the controlling stockholder, or Cemig, in any case where the reason for action is application of the prohibitions stated in §2 of Article 17 of Law 13303/2016 in relation to the members of Cemig's Audit Board, until any subsequent court decision, on penalty of a fine in the event of non-compliance;
b) consequent order that Cemig should urgently (subject to the minimum timing required by the law and by its by-laws), in a General Meeting of Stockholders, elect the members of its Audit Board, based on the names already put forward by The State of Minas Gerais, as majority stockholder, on May 16, 2018, subject to the requirement in Article 26 of Law 13303/2016, as regulated by State Decree 47154/2017, but without the prohibitions established by that Law in relation to the members of the Board of Directors (§ 2º of Article 17 of Law 13303/2016); on penalty of a procedural fine in the event of non-compliance with the decision."
Page 4 of 4
This text is a translation, provided for information only. The original text in Portuguese is the legally valid version.
The nominations of the representative of the stockholder The State of Minas Gerais were put to debate, and to the vote, and approved by a majority of votes, as follows:
The Audit Board members elected declared – in advance – that they are not subject to any prohibition on exercise of commercial activity, that they are not subject to any of the prohibitions in Law 6404/1976 or Law 13303/2016, nor in Minas Gerais State Decree 47154/2017, and that they comply with the criteria and requirements of the applicable legislation and regulations; they made a solemn commitment to become aware of, obey and comply with the principles, ethical values and rules established by the Code of Professional Conduct of Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais – Cemig, and the Code of Ethical Conduct of Government Workers and Senior Administration of the State of Minas Gerais.
The Chair stated that, subject to swearing-in of the new members of the Audit Board being conditional upon presentation of the declaration statements contained in the applicable federal and state legislation, the composition of the Audit Board is now as follows:
Audit Board
The meeting being opened to the floor, since no-one else wished to speak, the Chair ordered the meeting suspend for the time necessary for writing of the minutes.
The session being reopened, the Chair put the said minutes to debate and to the vote, and they were approved unanimously, that is to say, by 389,348,730 votes; verifying that they had been signed, she closed the meeting.
For the record, I, Carlos Henrique Cordeiro Finholdt, Secretary, wrote these minutes and sign them, together with all those present.
Page 5 of 4
This text is a translation, provided for information only. The original text in Portuguese is the legally valid version.
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MUTUAL SPECIALISATION, SEAPORTS AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF AUTOMOBILE IMPORTS
PETER V. HALL
Department of Geography, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: September 2003
ABSTRACT
This paper argues for a more actor-centred approach in freight transportation studies, one that includes freight shippers and public authorities, as well as carriers, and that pays close attention to the relationships between these actors. One advantage of this approach is that it focuses on the conditions under which global logistics flows may become relatively fixed in particular localities. The perspective is illustrated through a discussion of the geography of port usage by importers of automobiles to the US since 1980. The need to secure space at or near marine terminals for vehicle processing activities is a driving factor in port selection. While the overall trade in automobiles has not become concentrated in fewer ports over the last 20 years, individual firms are concentrating the bulk of their import operations in fewer ports. This mutual specialisation involves a process of interpenetration between actors that is only visible in a disaggregated analysis.
Key words: Logistics, United States, transport geography, seaports, automobiles
INTRODUCTION
It is now widely accepted that globalisation, the 'accelerated circulation of people, commodities, capital, money, identities and image through global space' (Brenner 1999, p. 431), has varied and differential implications for people and places. Geographers have debated the scale at which to understand these processes, in particular, the relative importance of the global and regional scales (Storper 1997; Cox 1997; Lipietz 1993). Freight transportation studies have tended to emphasise the global dimensions of the debate, focusing inter alia on the rise of containerisation and intermodalism, hub-and-spoke distribution systems, transportation industry consolidations and the role information technology. Seaports have been portrayed as structurally disadvantaged nodes in the global freight transportation system (Slack 1993; Heaver 1995). The system-wide approach to studying logistics finds support in meta-analyses
© 2004 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG
of the global economy as an interregional network of flows (Castells 1996). In essence, the global approach reads off the fortunes of particular places from their relative position in the larger system.
In stressing the importance of the positionality within a larger system, the global approach ignores the central paradox that the users of international freight transport require a firmspecific 'fix' in the regions through which they route their products (Harvey 1982). In so doing, freight logistics studies may err in implicitly overestimating the relatively mobility of capital, while underestimating the multiple and interrelated ways in which specific formations of capital rely on structures, resources and relationships that are relatively immobile and durable (Storper and Walker 1989; Cox 1995; Dicken, 2003). These factors range from internal firm organisational structures such as branch offices that may acquire a measure of autonomy, to relationships with suppliers and service providers
that may involve long-term contractual arrangements to secure the substantial investments in fixed capital.
This paper addresses only one of the aspects of fixity, namely the fact that some shippers may find it desirable to store, process or re-package commodities at or near key nodes in logistics networks. For this reason they have to secure and sustain relationships with other actors exercising control at these nodes. For example, when a berth is occupied another ship cannot call there and when a terminal is used for handling one type of commodity it may not be available for handling another. In other words, users of key nodes within logistics networks face a prior requirement for certainty; they need to know that the infrastructure services will be available when needed and even when other things change. Commodity flows must thus be understood as the outcome of the strategic actions of firms seeking such certainty in logistics movements, mediated of course, by the strategic actions of others. The global approach downplays such considerations, ignoring the relationships and practices that arise between individual firms and local agents at such nodes, and that in turn organise and shape the global flows of commodities.
The commodity discussed here are new, fully assembled automobiles. The nodes addressed here are seaports. In the United States, almost all seaports are governed by public authorities created by state and/or local governments (Olson 1992; Sherman 2002). I focus on the trade in automobiles because this allows me to identify the role of shippers (cargo owners), and their relationships with port authorities more clearly. Like steamship lines that require on-dock space to handle their cargo and neardock space to fill/empty/repair/store containers, shippers of automobiles require land at or near the waterfront to deal with 'port processing'. This involves some or all of the following functions: paperwork and customs clearance, cleaning and minor repairs, accessorisation and customisation, storage and an efficient connection to landside transportation. Since the early 1980s, the congestion in the major container ports, and the race to construct container facilities in ports aspiring to become major container ports, has put pressure on other cargo-handling (and non-cargo related) activities. In some cases, automobile processing operations have been displaced to smaller ports, and there are now several niche ports dedicated to handling automobile imports. At the same time, the overall level of imports to the United States has declined with the rise of 'transplant' production by foreign automobile assemblers.
However, the resulting spatial reorganisation has been highly uneven; to understand the resulting geography we have to understand the different ways in which the importers organise their logistics operations, and the consequences of these organisational differences for the relationships between importers and port authorities. Building from a descriptive statistical analysis of the geography of port usage by automobile importers to the US since 1980, I show that there is an actor-specific process of geographic concentration. While the overall trade in automobiles has not become concentrated in fewer ports over the last 20 years, individual firms have concentrated the bulk of their import operations in fewer ports. This mutual specialisation involves a process of interpenetration between the actors that is only visible in a firmand authority-level analysis. In particular, the strategic need by shippers to secure access to terminal space is a crucial factor to understanding which importers use which ports.
The broader argument of this paper is that a more actor-centred theoretical and empirical analysis in freight transportation studies is required. Such an approach includes both freight shippers (cargo owners) and public authorities, in addition to the carriers (shipping lines, railroads, truckers, and so on) that are typically the subjects of transportation geography. The approach pays particular attention to the relationships between these actors, which in turn leads to a deeper understanding of the conditions under which global logistics flows may become relatively fixed in specific places.
WHICH US PORTS HANDLE WHICH AUTOMOBILES?
Which US ports handle which automobile imports, and how has the geography of this trade changed in the last 20 years? This paper starts with descriptive statistics that show the changing patterns of port usage by specific automobile importers since 1980. This starting
point highlights an empirical shortcoming in the global approach, namely in a form of sectoral aggregation bias that 'is related to the way that aggregate flows along networks are treated as homogenous' (Vickerman 1999, p. 47). Data on ocean logistics flows are generally reported only as a unit of volume (i.e. the number of containers or twenty-foot equivalent units) per trade route, seaport or steamship line. Where details on the movement of specific commodities are reported they are organised following the Harmonised System or some other sectorallybased, classification system. Ownership of cargo, the specific identity of the shipper, is almost invariably not reported.
Instead, what is required is a focus on specific actors, be they the carriers or the owners of cargo, and a focus on how actor-specific factors interact with other factors to shape logistics flows. Until relatively recently, statistical evidence to sustain this kind of analysis has been unavailable or extremely costly. However, firmspecific commodity movement data are becoming available; the data source used in this study is the PIERS (Port Import-Export Reporting Service) proprietary database. The PIERS data are captured from individual bills of lading and cargo manifests filed with US Customs.
For this study, data on automobile imports to the US for the month of October in the years 1980, 1990 and 2000 are used. October was chosen because this is one of the busiest months for new automobile imports, and the years 1980, 1990 and 2000 were chosen partly because of the decennial symmetry and partly because each occurred at or near the peak of the import cycle. Including only those records that identified the port of entry and the name of the importing automobile firm, the data provided information on over 6,458 separate import shipments representing 791,617 automobiles.
At the most general level, no particular concentration in the spatial distribution of automobile import handling since 1980 is visible. The share of imports accounted for by the largest automobile ports has decreased, and a pattern of hubs and spokes in automobile distribution has not emerged. This is despite a dramatic decline in the overall number of imports from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s and dire predictions of port consolidations in the early 1990s (see Ross 1992). Since 1984, East Asian and European automobile manufacturers have opened transplant assembly plants at numerous North American locations. This has reduced the overall volume of new imports – from a high of over four million automobiles and light trucks in 1986, to a low of 1.7 million in 1996 and to just over three million in 2001. This represented about 18 per cent of the total US market, down from 27 per cent in 1987.
Despite the lack of spatial concentration overall, in the period 1980–2000 there have been two kinds of port specialisation within the automobile import trade. The more obvious specialisation can be seen in the emergence of a small number of niche ports that specialise in handling automobiles and perhaps a few other commodities. The more subtle specialisation is the process whereby manufacturers have tended to concentrate the bulk of their operations in fewer ports. Ports have also tended to specialise their automobile handling operations around a smaller number of manufacturers, although some ports have found it possible to continue accommodating several manufacturers. This process of mutual specialisation has resulted in a highly differentiated geography of distribution, one in which the actor-specific factors play a critical role.
Over 30 US (and two Canadian) seaports have been involved in handling imports of new automobiles since 1980, while 15 handled two per cent or more of all imports in 2000 (see Table 1). Ports with a significant presence in the trade hold what are known as 'accounts'; even though the automobile assembler may not have any direct contractual relationship with the port authority, in these ports the firm has a significant presence, with processing, storage and other operations conducted at or near the waterfront.
At the end of the 1990s, the three largest container ports in the United States (New York, Los Angeles and Long Beach), handled significant numbers of automobiles, with the Port of New York and New Jersey being the largest automobile port in the country. This suggests that proximity to market is an important consideration in port usage since these ports have prime locations in the largest metropolitan markets. However, many of the largest automobile ports are outside large metropolitan areas, but with good access to hinterland markets. For example,
Table 1. Share of foreign auto imports by port.
Source: Authors analysis of PIERS Data for October of each year.
Notes: 1 – indicates no vehicles; 0.0 per cent indicates a less than 0.05 per cent share.
2 Other Ports include Chester (PA), Chicago, and Albany.
Jacksonville, the second largest automobile port in the country is in the 45th largest metropolitan area, while Portland, the third largest automobile port is in the 22nd largest metropolitan area. 1 Jacksonville is a gateway to the southeast region, while Portland is a gateway to the Pacific North-West and much of the Mid-West.
Over the last twenty years, the geographic distribution of automobile imports across the ports of the United States has changed in small and subtle ways. Comparing the market shares of individual ports provides some indication of the competition between ports for this cargo. Table 1 shows that there have been
Table 2. Concentration of automobile imports in US ports.
Source: Authors analysis of PIERS Data for October of each year.
few significant new entries in the last 20 years at ports such as Port Hueneme (California), San Diego and Brunswick (Georgia). At each of these non-container ports, one or more private vehicle-processing firms established a facility and actively attracted automobile importers to use the port.
For example, at San Diego the US-based transportation services firm, Pasha, opened a vehicle processing operation after losing its terminal lease in the Port of Long Beach to Toyota (Hall 2002). The steamship line that carries the most imported new automobiles to the United States, Wallenius-Wilhelmsen Lines (WWL) has opened automobile processing facilities at Brunswick and Port Hueneme. This is part of a conscious strategy on the part of WWL to maintain market share in the ocean carriage of automobiles. 2
shares) has actually decreased. Similarly, the overall share of the trade accounted for by the top three, five or ten ports in the trade has remained stable or perhaps even declined. At an interport (or interregional) and sector-wide (or not firm-specific) level we thus cannot discern much in the way of significant change in the spatial distribution of this economic activity.
There have also been few significant exits, most notably at ports such as Richmond (California), Seattle and Houston. In the case of Houston, this is because of the rise of a miniland-bridge from the Southern California ports for imported vehicles. However, it is remarkable how many ports have displayed stability in market share. Ports such as Baltimore, 3 Portland, Tacoma, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Jacksonville, Boston, New York and Wilmington (Delaware) have remained active in the trade and not seen major changes in their market share. The result is that the overall trade in automobile imports has not become more concentrated despite the aggregate decline in import volume.
Table 2 confirms this assertion for a variety of concentration measures. The number of ports with large shares (more than 5% or 10%
There have, however, been some important changes within and between the various 'port ranges' that signal the more subtle change of mutual specialisation. The concept of a port range refers to a group of ports that share a portion of the coastline and hence are in most direct competition for cargo. The coastline of the contiguous 48 states of the US may be divided into the West and East/Gulf Coast ranges, and into six finer ranges (the Northwest, Northern and Southern California, the Gulf, and the South- and Northeast). Shifts in the import shares of the various port ranges reflect re-organisation of the logistics operations by individual firms.
Table 3 presents the share of automobile imports by origin and port range. The following trends are apparent. First, at the continental level, with falling surface transportation costs (USA 1997) there has been a shift towards landbridging, with imports from Asia increasingly unlikely to go through East Coast ports, and imports from Europe increasingly unlikely to go through West Coast ports. The West Coast share of imports has declined slightly relative to the East Coast, primarily because European importers more aggressively rationalised their West Coast port usage than Asian importers did on the East Coast. However, at least one European
Table 3. Share of automobile imports by origin and port range.
Source: Author's analysis of PIERS Data for October of each year.
Notes: – indicates no vehicles; 0.0 per cent indicates a less than 0.05 per cent share. Origin refers to the nationality of the automobile assembler. 'All assemblers' includes imports by the US Big 3 (Ford, Chrysler, GM).
firm, Saab, has reversed this trend. After consolidating all its import operations in Brunswick in 1992, it then began importing through Port Hueneme in 2001 (Dunlap 1992; Lamb 2001).
Second, there have been important shifts within the shares on each coast. On the West Coast, the share of the Northern California range has declined dramatically, with only the port of Benicia handling some Asian imports in 2000. This facility is owned and operated by a private terminal operator and automobile processing firm, Amports. Amports, a whollyowned subsidiary of Associated British Ports, also operates facilities at Baltimore, Brunswick and Jacksonville. Automobile imports from Europe to the West Coast became concentrated in the Southern California ports, especially San Diego and Port Hueneme, in the period from 1980 to 1990.
in Mexico and Europe through the port of Houston. In Houston, VW contracts with a local firm, Turning Basin Processors Inc. to provide a variety of processing functions. Cars from Asia are no longer imported through the Gulf ports, with firms such as Toyota and Honda distributing to these markets by rail from the Southern California ports.
On the East Coast, the southeast range has gained cargo share. In the 1980s this was because the entry point for some automobile imports from both Asia and Europe shifted from the northeast to southeast, presumably reflecting the redistribution of population and spend-power southwards. In the 1990s, the southeast ports gained at the expense of the Gulf ports. The Gulf ports have virtually ceased to be a factor in the automobile trade, except for the importation of Volkswagens assembled
The reorganisation of the distribution systems of automobile importers at a continental (or interport range) level again points to the importance of examining the differences in port usage patterns of specific firms. Most automobile manufacturers are concentrating their large import volumes in fewer ports. Table 4 presents various measures of the change in the average number of ports per automobile importer/manufacturer. Whereas in 1980, on average a firm would use four-and-half (4.41) ports for one per cent or more of its imports, by 2000 on average a firm would only use three (3.18) ports to this extent. 4 The decline in the number of large volume ports per manufacturer was most intense during the 1990s.
While individual firms are concentrating their large volume import operations into fewer ports, at the same time the trade has not become more concentrated across the entire port system. This suggests that some ports are specialising in handling the automobiles of fewer firms,
Table 4. The number of ports used per automobile manufacturer has declined.
1
Source: Author's analysis of PIERS Data for the month of October in each year. To control for entry and exit, these figures are for an unchanging group of 34 US Ports, and 17 automobile importers.
Notes: 1 Paired samples t-test was used to determine statistical significance of changes from 1980 to 2000.
* Denotes significant at the 95 per cent level.
2 Change from 1990 to 2000 is significant at the 99 per cent level.
although the statistical evidence for this assertion is not unambiguous. The Herfindahl concentration index may be used to measure the extent to which a port is specialised in handling the automobiles of one or just a few firms. The average concentration index for 17 automobile importers in 16 ports did rise from 1980 to 2000, and the change from 1990 to 2000 was statistically significant (at the 95% level, tested using a paired sample t-test).
system-wide deconcentration persists (for example, see McCalla 1999).
However, following Charlier (1988), an index of how specialised each port was in 1980, 1990 and 2000 with respect to 14 automobile importers was calculated. This specialisation index actually fell over the period, although the change was not statistically significant according to a paired samples t -test. While ports such as Long Beach, Los Angeles, Seattle, Houston and Wilmington are increasingly identified as the import port of one or two automobile firms, ports such as New York, Baltimore, Brunswick, Jacksonville and Port Hueneme maintain a more diverse client base. 5
MUTUAL SPECIALISATION: FIRM STRATEGIES MEET PORT POLICIES
How are we to explain the fact that while individual firms are concentrating their import handling in fewer ports, the distribution of automobile imports overall has not become more concentrated? The significance of this question extends beyond the trade in automobiles, since several researchers studying patterns of port usage in the container trades have shown that while individual steamship lines are pursuing strategies of concentration,
The answer lies in recognising that there are important differences in the strategies of, and relationships between, the various actors involved in the trade. While all automobile importers require access to at least some terminal space to handle automobile imports, there are important variations in the ways in which individual automobile importers organise these logistics functions, and in the policy responses of port authorities to this demand for terminal space. The resulting geography arises from the intersection of particular firm strategies and port policies, and the concept of mutual specialisation attempts to describe the selective nature of this process.
At a minimum, an automobile importer requires on-terminal 'surge space' during discharge operations, and space to handle inspections and customs clearance. However, depending on how the onward distribution of imports is organised, the importer may also require space on or near the terminal for additional processing operations, such as fitting accessories, modifying vehicles for the local market, storage, minor repairs, quality inspections, and so on. Furthermore, an automobile importer may conduct these activities in-house or contract with a third party to provide these services.
When the automobile importer conducts processing in-house, they are drawn into direct contractual relationships with local port authorities over terminal leases. This is the case for importers such as Toyota and Nissan (through its subsidiary, DAS) that operate port facilities as key nodes in their overall distribution systems.
Table 5. Port usage for selected automobile importers.
Source: Author's analysis of PIERS Data for October of each year; interviews and on-line research.
Since 1980, importers that lease port terminals to conduct in-house processing activities have been less aggressive in rationalising the number of ports they use. Other importers, such as Honda choose to contract with outside parties for port processing operations. These outside parties of course have their own goals; they may be one of the many independent port processing firms that actively compete for business from multiple automobile importers, or they may be a subsidiary of one of the steamship lines that have started offering processing services as a way of attracting cargo.
Table 5 indicates the number of ports used by selected automobile firms. It shows that the rationalisation process has been highly uneven. For example, while VW has actually increased the number of ports handling a large proportion of its imports, Mercedes has not. Since 1990, VW has expanded its usage of port facilities to include a post-production check, a measure designed to improve product quality. Although these processing activities have been contracted to independent processing firms, VW engineers are always present at the port of entry. In contrast, Mercedes has, since the early
1990s, conducted processing operations at facilities inland from the port of entry. At three ports of entry, Mercedes contracts with an independent terminal operating and processing firm to provide the minimum customs clearance and storage functions only.
The contrast between Toyota and Honda is especially stark. In 2000 only two West Coast ports (San Diego and Portland) handled five per cent or more of Honda's imports, down from seven ports (on both coasts) in 1980. In 1980, seven ports also handled five per cent or more of Toyota imports, but this had only been reduced to five per cent by 2000. The explanation for the differences lies in the approach of each firm to port processing operations.
Honda typically conducts only the minimum processing at the port of entry. Furthermore, Honda's processing operations are conducted by independent processors, thus placing the firm in an indirect relationship with the port authority. In contrast, Toyota port processing facilities remain important nodes within the entire distribution system of the firm. For this reason, Toyota has been willing to sign longterm leases of up to 20 years with port authorities, in order to secure access to terminal space. Hall (2004) argues that there is a pathdependency to this organisational structure; in addition to the long-term contractual obligations, Toyota managers in these port locations have resisted the aggressive rationalisation and closure of facilities.
As with the observed variation in usage of ports among automobile firms, there are also important differences in responses of ports to the demand for terminal space by automobile importers or their agents (the independent processing firms). For example, the Port of Long Beach handled five per cent or more of the imports of six firms in 1980, but by 2000 it handled five per cent or more of the imports of only one firm, Toyota. In contrast, the Port of New York handled five per cent of more of the imports of nine firms in 1980, and by 2000 this had only declined to eight firms. 6 The fact that these ports are similar in many other respects suggests that mutual specialisation is a highly uneven process and selective process.
It is no accident that most automobile importers were displaced from the Port of Long Beach; the port has since the late 1970s experienced dramatic growth in containerised cargo, and intense pressures on land for terminal space. It is also no accident that it was Toyota that remained behind when the others had departed; the port has implemented a terminal leasing policy that requires long-term dedicated terminal leases. This favoured a firm such as Toyota that was willing to meet such contractual requirements. In contrast, processing activities for automobile importers using the Port of New York are conducted by in-house processors leasing dedicated facilities from the port and by independent port processing firms with their own contractual relationship to the port authority.
DISCUSSION
This paper has used descriptive statistics on the patterns of port usage by automobile importers to the United States since 1980 to highlight a shortcoming in the way in which freight logistics flows are typically studied. The data indicate that while the overall level of concentration in the automobile import system has changed relatively little, shippers, the automobile assemblers that own the cargo, are concentrating their high-volume imports in fewer ports. These firm-specific actions intersect with port policies, such as the approach to terminal leasing, to produce the pattern of mutual specialisation. This differential and selective process can only be understood through an approach to freight logistics that takes account of the strategic actions of shippers, port authorities, carriers and other actors, and their relationships with each other. Examples of port usage by individual automobile importers showed that firmspecific factors, specifically differences in the way in which port processing operations are organised and in which access terminal space is secured, are a key factor in explaining the resulting geography.
What makes mutual specialisation so interesting in the global-local debate in economic geography is that it suggests a convergence between specific ports and specific firms, rather than a more general convergence between regions and sectors. This evidence is consistent with the notion that the usage of a port by a particular firm depends, in part, on the ability of that firm to secure and sustain appropriate institutionalised
relationships with the port authority, and other port users and transportation service providers. A more general convergence would have implied that actor-blind factors could provide a sufficient account of the resulting geography.
The argument and evidence presented here builds on the growing recognition in the literature of the importance of firm strategy in the securing of terminal space in the evolution of seaport-systems. This debate has, for obvious reasons, been dominated by the trade in containerised cargo. For example, in a recent paper, Slack and Wang (2002) specifically addressed one aspect of the process of concentration, deconcentration and specialisation in port systems that have occupied much of the geographic literature on seaports in the containerisation era. Through case studies, they trace the rise of peripheral ports that are challenging the dominance of the major Asian ports of Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. The ongoing process of creative destruction they describe is consistent with the predictions of the earlier models of change within seaport systems advanced by Bird (1971), Hayuth (1981) and others.
However, Slack & Wang (2002) showed that the port-level causal factors driving these earlier predictions, chiefly technological change and congestion, are no longer adequate. Instead, they show how port competition is increasingly driven by the desire of steamship lines to secure terminal space; they argue that 'the roles of port authorities and terminal operators, and their relationships with the steamship lines, are at the heart of the deconcentration process' (Slack & Wang, p. 164). Slack and Wang's argument finds support in the work of Notteboom (2002), who argued that we need to pay close attention to the way in which institutions such as terminal leasing rules act as barriers to both entry and exit within port systems. More generally, this work also calls upon us to pay closer attention to the particular actors involved in the shipping trade, and to the way in which their individual strategic actions are central to the creation of the resultant geography (see Slack et al. 1996; Guy, 2003).
It is true that the trade in automobiles is unlike the trade in containerised cargoes in the sense that the shippers are more actively involved in port selection and in managing port operations; the automobile assembler or its subsidiary may act as terminal operator and be the direct holder of a port terminal lease. This is also often the case for non-containerised bulk cargoes, but may not apply to containerised cargoes. However, instead of diminishing the argument for more research on actors, their strategies and relationships, this observation calls for attention to a different set of actors and relationships. Specifically, in the container trades, analysis of data on the shipments of individual mass retailers and in-depth research on how these actors influence ship scheduling and routeing is a crucial gap in our understanding of the patterns of port usage and the geography of logistics.
Port authorities, cargo owners and the carriers of cargo do not confront the global transportation network sui generis. Instead they are the active participants in its construction. Freight studies that emphasise only the global dimensions of the transportation system, network connections and the decisions of carriers, miss the subtle but important variations in firm and port authority relationships and strategy that underpin the actual patterns of geographic concentration, dispersal and mutual specialisation.
Notes
1. Source: Bureau of the Census, Metropolitan Area Rankings by Population Size and Percent Change for 7-1-98 to 7-1-99 and 4-1-90 to 7-199 (http://eire.census.gov/popest/archives/metro/ ma99-04.txt)
2. Likewise, Hoegh-Ugland Autoliners (HUAL) recently purchased the Wilmington DE-based Autoport, a family-owned processing firm that specialises in the preparation of automobile exports.
3. The monthly statistics presented here show Baltimore's share of the automobile trade declining dramatically from October 1990 to October 2000. This reflects a limitation of the data account (i.e. monthly statistics are subject to variation) rather than a real change in Baltimore's market share.
4. In order to control for entry, exit and mergers, these averages are calculated for a group of 17 automobile importers active and separately identifiable in the months of October 1980, 1990 and 2000.
5. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the pattern of ports becoming associated with one or a few manufacturers may already have developed in
Europe. Nils Lie, a WWL manager is quoted in the trade magazine, Automotive Logistics (2000) thus; 'Bremerhaven is the BMW and Mercedes port, while Zeebrugge is already used by numerous manufacturers. Emden is the export port for VW. Ford, meanwhile is using both Bremerhaven and Zeebrugge.'
6. The differences between the Ports of Long Beach and New York are not explained by the fact that Long Beach and its neighbour, the Port of Los Angeles may be regarded as forming one port complex. The Port of Los Angeles handled five per cent or more of the automobiles of five firms in 1980, but by 2000 it handled five per cent or more of the imports of only two firms, namely Nissan and Mercedes. Thus the number of automobile manufacturers routeing five per cent or more of their imports through the Southern California port complex has declined from 11 per cent to three per cent, whereas in the Port of New York it has only declined from nine to eight firms.
Acknowledgements
The research was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation (DDRI Grant BCS-0000225) and the University of California Transportation Center. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 99th annual conference of the Association of American Geographers in New Orleans. The author would like to thank Brian Slack for his especially helpful comments on an earlier draft of the paper, as well as the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Any errors or omissions are the sole responsibility of the author.
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Miller School of Albemarle
A Culture of Success Since 1878
1000 Samuel Miller Loop Charlottesville, Va 22903 434-823-4805 . .
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The Spread of a Catalytic Branching Random Walk
Philippe Carmona* Yueyun Hu†
September 25, 2012
Abstract
We consider a catalytic branching random walk on $\mathbb{Z}$ that branches at the origin only. In the supercritical regime we establish a law of large number for the maximal position $M_n$: For some constant $\alpha$, $\frac{M_n}{n} \to \alpha$ almost surely on the set of infinite number of visits of the origin. Then we determine all possible limiting laws for $M_n - \alpha n$ as $n$ goes to infinity.
Keywords: Branching processes, catalytic branching random walk
Mathematic Classification : 60K37
*Laboratoire Jean Leray, UMR 6629 Université de Nantes, BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03 http://www.math.sciences.univ-nantes.fr/~carmona Supported by Grant ANR-2010-BLAN-0108
†Département de Mathématiques (Institut Galilée, L.A.G.A. UMR 7539) Université Paris 13. http://www.math.univ-paris13.fr/~yueyun/ supported by ANR 2010 BLAN 0125
1 Introduction
A catalytic branching random walk (CBRW) on $\mathbb{Z}$ branching at the origin only is the following particle system:
When a particle location $x$ is not the origin, the particle evolves as an irreducible random walk $(S_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ on $\mathbb{Z}$ starting from $x$.
When a particle reaches the origin, say at time $t$, then at time $t + 1$ it dies and gives birth to new particles positioned according to a point process $\mathcal{D}_0$. Each particle (at the origin at time $t$) produces new particles independently of every particle living in the system up to time $t$. These new particles evolve as independent copies of $(S_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ starting from their birth positions.
The system starts with an initial ancestor particle located at the origin. Denote by $\mathbb{P}$ the law of the whole system ($\mathbb{P}$ also governs the law of the underlying random walk $S$), and by $\mathbb{P}_x$ if the initial particle is located at $x$ (then $\mathbb{P} = \mathbb{P}_0$).
Let $\{X_u, |u| = n\}$ denote the positions of the particles alive at time $n$ (here $|u| = n$ means that the generation of the particle $u$ in the Ulam-Harris tree is $n$). We assume that
$$\mathcal{D}_0 = \{X_u, |u| = 1\} \overset{d}{=} \left\{S_1^{(i)}, 1 \leq i \leq N\right\}$$
where $N$ is an integer random variable describing the offspring of a branching particle, with finite mean $m = \mathbb{E}[N]$, and $(S_n^{(i)}, n \geq 0)_{i \geq 1}$ are independent copies of $(S_n, n \geq 0)$, and independent of $N$.
Let $\tau$ be the first return time to the origin
$$\tau := \inf \{n \geq 1 : S_n = 0\} \quad \text{with} \quad \inf \emptyset = +\infty.$$
The escape probability is $q_{esc} := \mathbb{P}(\tau = +\infty) \in [0, 1)$ ($q_{esc} < 1$ because $S$ is irreducible). Assume that we are in the supercritical regime, that is
$$m(1 - q_{esc}) > 1. \tag{1.1}$$
An explanation of assumption (1.1) is given in Section 7, Lemma 7.3.
Since the function defined on $(0, \infty)$ by $r \to \rho^{(r)} = m \mathbb{E}\left[e^{-r \tau}\right]$ is of class $C^\infty$, strictly decreasing, $\lim_{r \to 0} \rho^{(r)} = m \mathbb{P}(\tau < +\infty) = m(1 - q_{esc}) > 1$ and $\lim_{r \to +\infty} \rho^{(r)} = 0$, there exists a unique $r > 0$, a Malthusian parameter such that
$$m \mathbb{E}\left[e^{-r \tau}\right] = 1. \tag{1.2}$$
Let $\psi$ be the logarithmic moment generating function of $S_1$:
$$\psi(t) := \log \mathbb{E}\left[e^{tS_1}\right] \in (-\infty, +\infty], \quad t \in \mathbb{R}.$$
Let \( \zeta := \sup\{t > 0 : \psi(t) < \infty\} \). We assume furthermore that \( \zeta > 0 \) and there exists some \( t_0 \in (0, \zeta) \) such that
\[
\psi(t_0) = r. \tag{1.3}
\]
Observe that by convexity \( \psi'(t_0) > 0 \).
Let \( M_n := \sup_{|u|=n} X_u \) be the maximal position at time \( n \) of all living particles (with convention \( \sup \emptyset := -\infty \)). Since the system only branches at the origin 0, we define the set of infinite number of visits of the catalyst by
\[
\mathcal{S} := \left\{ \omega : \limsup_{n \to \infty} \{ u : |u| = n, X_u = 0 \} \neq \emptyset \right\}.
\]
Remark that \( \mathbb{P}(d\omega) \)-almost surely on \( \mathcal{S}^c \), for all large \( n \geq n_0(\omega) \), either the system dies out or the system behaves as a finite union of some random walks on \( \mathbb{Z} \), starting respectively from \( X_u(\omega) \) with \( |u| = n_0 \). In particular, the almost sure behavior of \( M_n \) is trivial on \( \mathcal{S}^c \). It is then natural to consider \( M_n \) on the set \( \mathcal{S} \). Our first result on \( M_n \) is
**Theorem 1.1 (Law of large numbers).** Assume (1.1) and (1.3). On the set \( \mathcal{S} \), we have the convergence
\[
\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac{M_n}{n} = \alpha := \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0} \quad \text{a.s.}
\]
In Theorem 1.1, the underlying random walk \( S \) can be periodic. In order to refine this convergence to a fluctuation result by centering \( M_n \), we shall need to assume the aperiodicity of \( S \). However, we cannot expect a convergence in distribution for \( M_n - an \) since \( M_n \) is integer-valued whereas \( an \) in general is not.
For \( x \in \mathbb{R} \), let \( \lfloor x \rfloor \) be the integer part of \( x \) and \( \{x\} := x - \lfloor x \rfloor \in [0, 1) \) be the fractional part of \( x \).
**Theorem 1.2.** Assume (1.1) and (1.3). Assume furthermore that \( \mathbb{E}(N^2) < \infty \) and that \( S \) is aperiodic. Then there exists a constant \( c_* > 0 \) and a random variable \( \Lambda_\infty \) such that for any fixed \( y \in \mathbb{R} \),
\[
\mathbb{P}\left( M_n - an > y \right) = \mathbb{E} \left[ 1 - e^{-c_* e^{-t_0 y} (\alpha t_0 (an+y) + o(1)) \Lambda_\infty} \right], \tag{1.4}
\]
where \( o(1) \) denotes some deterministic term which goes to 0 as \( n \to \infty \). The random variable \( \Lambda_\infty \) is non negative and satisfies that
\[
\{ \Lambda_\infty > 0 \} = \mathcal{S} \quad \text{a.s.} \tag{1.5}
\]
Consequently for any subsequence $n_j \to \infty$ such that $\{a n_j\} \to s \in [0, 1)$ for some $s \in [0, 1)$, we have that
$$\lim_{j \to \infty} \mathbb{P}\left(M_{n_j} - \lfloor a n_j \rfloor = y\right) = \mathbb{E}\left(e^{-c_s e^{-t_0(y-s)} \Lambda_\infty} - e^{-c_s e^{-t_0(y-1-s)} \Lambda_\infty}\right) \quad (\forall y \in \mathbb{Z}_+).$$
(1.6)
Let us make some remarks on Theorem 1.2:
**Remark 1.**
1. The random variable $\Lambda_\infty$ is the limit of the positive fundamental martingale of Section 4. The value of constant $c_s$ is given in (6.14) at the beginning of Section 6.
2. The hypothesis $\mathbb{E}(N^2) < \infty$ might be weakened to $\mathbb{E}(N \log(N + 1)) < \infty$, just as the classical $L \log L$-condition (see e.g. Biggins [8]) in the branching random walk.
3. We do need the aperiodicity of the underlying random walk $S$ in the proof of Theorem 1.2. However, for the particular case of the nearest neighborhood random walk (the period equals 2), we can still get a modified version of Theorem 1.2, see Remark 5 of subsection 6.1.
Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 are new, even though a lot of attention has been given to CBRW in continuous time. In papers [3–5, 10, 28–31] very precise asymptotics are established for the moments of $\eta_t(x)$ the number of particles located at $x$ at time $t$, in every regime (sub/super/critical). Elaborate limit theorems were obtained for the critical case by Vatutin, Topchii and Yarovaya in [28–31].
Concerning on the maximal/minimal position of a branching random walk (BRW) on $\mathbb{R}$, some important progress were made in recent years, in particular a convergence in law result was proved in Aïdékon [1] when the BRW is not lattice-valued. It is expected that such convergence does not hold in general for lattice-valued BRW, for instance see Bramson [11] where he used a centering with the integer part of some (random) sequence. In the recent studies of BRW, the spine decomposition technique plays a very important role. It turns out that a similar spine decomposition exists for CBRW (and more generally for branching Markov chains), and we especially acknowledge the paper [16] that introduced us the techniques of multiple spines, see Section 3.
We end this introduction by comparing our results to their analogue for (non catalytic) branching random walks (see e.g. [1, 2, 24, 26]). We shall restrict ourselves to simple random walk on $\mathbb{Z}$, that is $\mathbb{P}(S_1 = \pm 1) = \frac{1}{2}$.
For supercritical BRW ($m > 1$), almost surely on the set of non extinction $\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac{M_n^{(brw)}}{n} = b$, where $b$ is the unique solution of $\psi^*(b) = \log m$, with
\( \psi^*(b) := \sup_t (bt - \psi(t)) \) the rate function for large deviations of the simple random walk and \( \psi(t) = \log \cosh(t) \). For CBRW, we can do explicit computations: Since for \( x \neq 0 \), \( \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r\tau} \right] = e^{-t_0|x|} \) the Malthusian parameter satisfies \( r + t_0 = \log(m) \). Combined with \( \log \cosh(t_0) = r \) this implies \( e^{t_0} = \sqrt{2m-1} \) and \( \alpha = \frac{2\log(m)}{\log(2m-1)} - 1 \). Numerically, for \( m = 1.83 \) we find \( b = 0.9 \) and \( \alpha = 0.24 \).
The second order results emphasize the difference between BRW and CBRW: for BRW, \( M_n^{(brw)} - bn \) is of order \( O(\log n) \), whereas for CBRW, \( M_n - an \) is of order \( O(1) \), see Remark 5.
The organization of the rest of this paper is as follows: We first give in Section 2 the heuristics explaining the differences between CBRW and ordinary BRW (branching random walk). Then we proceed (in Section 3) to recall many to one/few lemmas, we exhibit a fundamental martingale (in Section 4) and prove Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 in sections 5 and 6 respectively, with the help of sharp asymptotics derived from renewal theory. Finally, Section 7 is devoted to an extension to the case of multiple catalysts. There the supercritical assumption (1.1) appears in a very natural way.
Finally, let us denote by \( C, C' \) or \( C'' \) some unimportant positive constants whose values can be changed from one paragraph to another.
## 2 Heuristics
Assume for sake of simplicity that we have a simple random walk. The existence of the fundamental martingale \( \Lambda_n = e^{-rn} \sum_{|u|=n} \phi(X_u) \), See Section 4, such that \( \{\Lambda_\infty > 0\} = S \), shows that on the set of non extinction \( S \), we have roughly \( e^{rn} \) particles at time \( n \).
If we apply the usual heuristic for branching random walk (see e.g. [26] Section II.1), then we say that we have approximately \( e^{rn} \) independent random walks positioned at time \( n \), and therefore the expected population above level \( an > 0 \) is roughly:
\[
\mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{i=1}^{\lfloor e^{rn} \rfloor} 1_{(S_n^{(i)} \geq an)} \right] = \lfloor e^{rn} \rfloor \mathbb{P}(S_n \geq an) = e^{-n(\psi^*(a)-r)(1+o(1))}
\]
where \( \psi^*(a) = \sup_{t \geq 0} (ta - \psi(t)) \) is the large deviation rate function (for simple random walk, \( e^{\psi(t)} = \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{tS_1} \right] = \cosh(t) \)).
This expected population is of order 1 when \( \psi^*(a) = r \) and therefore we would expect to have \( \frac{M_n}{n} \to \gamma \) on \( S \), where \( \psi^*(\gamma) = r \).
However, for CBRW, this is not the right speed, since the positions of the independent particles cannot be assumed to be distributed as random walks.
Instead, the $\lfloor e^{rn} \rfloor$ independent particles may be assumed to be distributed as a fixed probability distribution, say $\nu$. If $\eta_n(x) = \sum_{|u|=n} 1_{(X_u=x)}$ is the number of particles at location $x$ at time $n$, we may assume that for a constant $C > 0$, $e^{-rn}\mathbb{E}[\eta_n(x)] \to C\nu(x)$ and thus, $\nu$ inherits from $\eta_n$ the relation:
$$\nu(x) = e^{-r} \sum_y c(y)p(y,x)(m 1_{(y=0)} + 1_{(y \neq 0)})$$
with $p(x,y)$ the random walk kernel. For simple random walk, this implies that for $|x| \geq 2$ we have $\frac{1}{2}(\nu(x+1) + \nu(x-1)) = e^r \nu(x)$ and thus $\nu(x) = Ce^{-t_0|x|}$ for $|x| \geq 2$, with $\psi(t_0) = \log \cosh(t_0) = r$.
Therefore the expected population with distance to the origin at least $an$ is roughly
$$\mathbb{E}\left[ \sum_{|x| \geq an} \eta_n(x) \right] = e^{rn} \sum_{|x| \geq an} e^{-rn}\mathbb{E}[\eta_n(x)]$$
$$\sim e^{rn}C \sum_{|x| \geq an} e^{-t_0|x|} \sim C'e^{rn}e^{-t_0an}$$
This expectation is of order 1 when $a = \frac{r}{t_0} = \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0} = \alpha$, and this yields the right asymptotics
$$\frac{M_n}{n} \to \alpha \quad \text{a.s. on } \mathcal{S}.$$
This heuristically gives the law of large numbers in Theorem 1.1.
3 Many to one/few formulas for multiple catalysts branching random walks (MCBRW)
For a detailed exposition of many to one/few formulas and the spine construction we suggest the papers of Biggins and Kyprianou [9], Hardy and Harris [21], Harris and Roberts [23] and the references therein. For an application to the computations of moments asymptotics in the continuous setting, we refer to Döring and Roberts [16]. We state the many to one/two formulas for a CBRW with multiple catalysts and will specify the formulas in the case with a single catalyst.
3.1 Multiple catalysts branching random walks (MCBRW)
The set of catalysts is a some subset $\mathcal{C}$ of $\mathbb{Z}$. When a particle reaches a catalyst $x \in \mathcal{C}$ it dies and gives birth to new particles according to the point process
$$\mathcal{D}_x \overset{d}{=} (S_1^{(i)}, 1 \leq i \leq N_x)$$
where $(S_n^{(i)}, n \in \mathbb{N})_{i \geq 1}$ are independent copies of an irreducible random walk $(S_n, n \in \mathbb{N})$ starting from $x$, independent of the random variable $N_x$ which is assumed to be integrable. Each particle in $\mathcal{C}$ produces new particles independently from the other particles living in the system. Outside of $\mathcal{C}$ a particle performs a random walk distributed as $S$. The CBRW (branching only at 0) corresponds to $\mathcal{C} = \{0\}$.
3.2 The many to one formula for MCBRW
Some of the most interesting results about first and second moments of particle occupation numbers that we obtained come from the existence of a “natural” martingale. An easy way to transfer martingales from the random walk to the branching processes is to use a slightly extended many to one formula that enables conditioning. Let
$$m_1(x) := \mathbb{E}\left[N_x\right] < \infty, \quad x \in \mathbb{Z}. \tag{3.1}$$
On the space of trees with a spine (a distinguished line of descent) one can define a probability $\mathbb{Q}$ via martingale change of probability, that satisfies
$$\mathbb{E}\left[Z \sum_{|u|=n} f(X_u)\right] = \mathbb{Q}\left[Z f(X_{\xi_n}) \prod_{0 \leq k \leq n-1} m_1(X_{\xi_k})\right], \tag{3.2}$$
for all $n \geq 1$, $f : \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{R}_+$ a nonnegative function and $Z$ a positive $\mathcal{F}_n$ measurable random variable, and where $(\mathcal{F}_n, n \geq 0)$ denotes the natural filtration generated by the MCBRW (it does not contain information about the spine). On the right-hand-side of (3.2) $(\xi_k)$ is the spine, and it happens that the distribution of $(X_{\xi_n})_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ under $\mathbb{Q}$ is the distribution of the random walk $(S_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$.
Specializing this formula to CBRW for which $m_1(x) = m 1_{(x=0)} + 1_{(x \neq 0)}$ yields
$$\mathbb{E}\left[\sum_{|u|=n} f(X_u)\right] = \mathbb{E}\left[f(S_n)m^{L_{n-1}}\right], \tag{3.3}$$
where $L_{n-1} = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} 1_{(S_k=0)}$ is the local time at level 0.
3.3 The many to two formula for MCBRW
Recall (3.1). Let us assume that
\[ m_2(x) := \mathbb{E} \left[ N_x^2 \right] < \infty, \quad x \in \mathbb{Z}. \tag{3.4} \]
Then for any \( n \geq 1 \) and \( f : \mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{R}_+ \), we have
\[
\mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{|u|=|v|=n} f(X_u, X_v) \right] = \mathbb{Q} \left[ f(S_n^1, S_n^2) \prod_{0 \leq k < T^{de} \wedge n} m_2(S_k^1) \prod_{T^{de} \wedge n \leq k < n} m_1(S_k^1)m_1(S_k^2) \right], \tag{3.5} \]
where under \( \mathbb{Q} \), \( S^1 \) and \( S^2 \) are coupled random walks that start from 0 and stay coupled (in particular at the same location) until the decoupling time \( T^{de} \) and after \( T^{de} \), they behave as independent random walks.
More precisely, we have a three component Markov process \( (S_n^1, S_n^2, I_n, n \geq 0) \) where \( I_n \in \{0, 1\} \) is the indicator that is one iff the random walks are decoupled: when the two random walks are coupled at time \( n \), and at site \( x \), the they stay coupled at time \( n+1 \) with probability \( \frac{m_1(x)}{m_2(x)} \). That means that the transition probability are the following:
- \( \mathbb{P}(S_{n+1}^1 = y, S_{n+1}^2 = y, I_{n+1} = 0 \mid S_n^1 = S_n^2 = x, I_n = 0) = \frac{m_1(x)}{m_2(x)^2} p(x, y) \)
- \( \mathbb{P}(S_{n+1}^1 = y, S_{n+1}^2 = z, I_{n+1} = 1 \mid S_n^1 = S_n^2 = x, I_n = 0) = (1 - \frac{m_1(x)}{m_2(x)}) p(x, y)p(x, z) \)
- \( \mathbb{P}(S_{n+1}^1 = y, S_{n+1}^2 = z, I_{n+1} = 1 \mid S_n^1 = x_1, S_n^2 = x_2, I_n = 1) = p(x_1, y)p(x_2, z). \)
The random walks are initially coupled and at the origin. The decoupling time \( T^{de} = \inf \{ n \geq 1 : I_n = 1 \} \) satisfies for any \( k \geq 0 \),
\[
\mathbb{Q} \left[ T^{de} \geq k + 1 \mid \sigma \{ S_j^1, S_j^2, I_j, j \leq k \} \right] = \prod_{0 \leq l \leq k-1} \frac{m_1(S_l^1)}{m_2(S_l^2)} \mathbf{1}_{(I_k=0)}, \tag{3.6} \]
where we keep the usual convention \( \prod_\emptyset \equiv 1 \).
This formula is proved in [21, 23] by defining a new probability \( \mathbb{Q} \) on the space of trees with two spines.
An alternative proof, that makes more natural the coupling of \( (S^1, S^2) \) is to condition on the generation of the common ancestor \( w = u \wedge v \) of the two nodes, then use the branching to get independence, and plug in the many to one formula in each factor. We omit the details.
4 A fundamental Martingale
Martingale arguments have been used for a long time in the study of branching processes. For example, for the Galton Watson process with mean progeny $m$ and population $Z_n$ at time $n$, the sequence $W_n = \frac{Z_n}{m^n}$ is a positive martingale converging to positive finite random variable $W$. The Kesten-Stigum theorem implies that if $\mathbb{E} \left[ N \log(N + 1) \right] < +\infty$, we have the identity a.s., $\{W > 0\}$ equals the survival set. A classical proof can be found in the reference book of Athreya and Ney [6], Section I.10. A more elaborate proof, involving size-biased branching processes, may be found in Lyons-Pemantle-Peres [25].
Similarly, the law of large numbers for the maximal position $M_n$ of branching random walks system may be proved by analyzing a whole one parameter family of martingales (see Shi [27] for a detailed exposition on the equivalent form of Kesten-Stigum’s theorem for BRW). Recently, the maximal position of a branching brownian motion with inhomogeneous spatial branching has also been studied with the help of a family of martingale indexed this time by a function space (see Berestycki, Brunet, Harris and Harris [7] or Harris and Harris [22]).
We want to stress out the fact that for catalytic branching random walk, since we branch at the origin only, we only have one natural martingale, which we call the fundamental martingale.
Let $T = \inf \{ n \geq 0 : S_n = 0 \}$ be the first hitting time of 0, recall that $\tau = \inf \{ n \geq 1 : S_n = 0 \}$ and let
$$\phi(x) := \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-rT} \right] \quad (x \in \mathbb{Z}), \tag{4.1}$$
where $r$ is given in (1.2). Finally let $p(x, y) = \mathbb{P}_x(S_1 = y)$ and $Pf(x) = \sum_y p(x, y)f(y)$ be the kernel and semigroup of the random walk $S$.
**Proposition 4.1.** Under (1.1) and (1.3).
1. The function $\phi$ satisfies
$$P\phi(x) = e^r \phi(x) \left( \frac{1}{m} \mathbf{1}_{(x=0)} + \mathbf{1}_{(x \neq 0)} \right).$$
2. The process
$$\Delta_n := e^{-rn} \phi(S_n)m^{L_{n-1}}$$
is a martingale, where $L_{n-1} = \sum_{0 \leq k \leq n-1} \mathbf{1}_{(S_k = 0)}$ is the local time at level 0.
3. The process
\[ \Lambda_n := e^{-rn} \sum_{|u|=n} \phi(X_u) \]
is a martingale called the fundamental martingale.
4. If \( \mathbb{E}\left[N^2\right] < +\infty \), then the process \( \Lambda_n \) is bounded in \( L^2 \), and therefore is a uniformly integrable martingale.
**Proof.** (1) If \( x \neq 0 \), then \( T \geq 1 \), therefore, by conditioning on the first step:
\[ \phi(x) = \sum_y p(x, y)e^{-r} \mathbb{E}_y \left[ e^{-rT} \right] = e^{-r} P \phi(x). \]
On the other hand, \( \tau \geq 1 \) so conditioning by the first step again,
\[ \phi(0) = 1 = m \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{-r\tau} \right] = m \sum_y p(0, y)e^{-r} \mathbb{E}_y \left[ e^{-rT} \right] = me^{-r} P \phi(0). \]
(2) Denote by \( \mathcal{F}_n^S := \sigma\{S_1, ..., S_n\} \) for \( n \geq 1 \). We have,
\[ \mathbb{E} \left[ \Delta_{n+1} \mid \mathcal{F}_n^S \right] = e^{-r(n+1)} m^{L_n} \mathbb{E} \left[ \phi(S_{n+1}) \mid \mathcal{F}_n^S \right] = e^{-r(n+1)} m^{L_n} P \phi(S_n) \]
\[ = e^{-r(n+1)} m^{L_n} e^r \phi(S_n)(\frac{1}{m} \mathbf{1}_{(S_n=0)} + \mathbf{1}_{(S_n \neq 0)}) = \Delta_n. \]
(3) Recall that \( (\mathcal{F}_n)_{n \geq 0} \) denotes the natural filtration of the CBRW. By the many to one formula, if \( Z \) is \( \mathcal{F}_{n-1} \) measurable positive, then
\[ \mathbb{E} \left[ \Lambda_n Z \right] = e^{-rn} \mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{|u|=n} \phi(X_u)Z \right] \]
\[ = e^{-rn} \mathbb{E} \left[ Z \phi(S_n)m^{L_{n-1}} \right] = \mathbb{E} \left[ Z \Delta_n \right] \]
\[ = \mathbb{E} \left[ Z \Delta_{n-1} \right] \quad \text{(the martingale property of } \Delta_n) \]
\[ = \mathbb{E} \left[ \Lambda_{n-1} Z \right]. \]
(4) The proof is given in Section 7 in the case of multiple catalysts and uses heavily the many to two formula. \( \square \)
Let us introduce \( \eta_n(x) \) the number of particles located at \( x \) at time \( n \):
\[ \eta_n(x) := \sum_{|u|=n} \mathbf{1}_{(X_u=x)}. \]
Corollary 4.2. Under (1.1) and (1.3).
1. We have \( \sup_{x,n} e^{-rn} \phi(x) \eta_n(x) < +\infty \) a.s.
2. If \( N \) has finite variance then there exists a constant \( 0 < C < \infty \) such that
\[
\mathbb{E} \left[ \eta_n(x) \eta_m(y) \right] \leq \frac{C}{\phi(x) \phi(y)} e^{r(n+m)} \quad (n, m \in \mathbb{N}, x, y \in \mathbb{Z}^d).
\]
Proof. (1) Let us write \( \Lambda_n = e^{-rn} \sum_x \phi(x) \eta_n(x) \). Since it is a positive martingale it converges almost surely to a finite integrable positive random variable \( \Lambda_\infty \). Therefore \( \Lambda_\infty^* := \sup \Lambda_n < +\infty \) a.s.and
\[
\sup_{x,n} e^{-rn} \phi(x) \eta_n(x) \leq \Lambda_\infty^*.
\]
(2) Assume for example that \( n \leq m \) and let \( C = \sup_n \mathbb{E} \left[ \Lambda_n^2 \right] < +\infty \). We have, since \( \Lambda_n \) is a martingale,
\[
e^{-r(n+m)} \phi(x) \phi(y) \mathbb{E} \left[ \eta_n(x) \eta_m(y) \right] \leq \mathbb{E} \left[ \Lambda_n \Lambda_m \right]
= \mathbb{E} \left[ \Lambda_n \mathbb{E} \left[ \Lambda_m \mid \mathcal{F}_n \right] \right] = \mathbb{E} \left[ \Lambda_n^2 \right] \leq C.
\]
For the proof of the following result instead of using large deviations for \( L_n \), we use renewal theory, in the spirit of [12, 17]. Let \( d \) be the period of the return times to 0:
\[
d := \gcd \{ n \geq 1 : \mathbb{P}(\tau = n) > 0 \}.
\]
Proposition 4.3. Assume (1.1) and (1.3). For every \( x \in \mathbb{Z} \) there exists a constant \( c_x \in (0, \infty) \) and a unique \( l_x \in \{0, 1, \cdots, d - 1\} \) such that
\[
\lim_{n \to +\infty} e^{-r(dn+l_x)} \mathbb{E} \left[ \eta_{nd+l_x}(x) \right] = c_x.
\]
Moreover, for any \( l \neq l_x \) (mod \( d \)), \( \eta_{nd+l}(x) = 0 \) for all \( n \geq 0 \). In particular, for \( x = 0 \), \( l_x = 0 \) and \( c_0 = \frac{d}{m} \).
Proof. By the many to one formula (3.2),
\[
\nu_n(x) := \mathbb{E} \left[ \eta_n(x) \right] = \mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{|u|=n} \mathbf{1}_{(X_u=x)} \right]
= \mathbb{Q} \left( \mathbf{1}_{(S_n=x)} e^{\Lambda_0(\xi_n)} \right)
= \mathbb{E} \left[ \mathbf{1}_{(S_n=x)} m^{L_{n-1}} \right].
\]
We decompose this expectation with respect to the value of $\tau = \inf\{n \geq 1 : S_n = 0\}$:
$$\nu_n(x) = m \mathbb{E}\left[ \mathbf{1}_{(S_n = x)} \mathbf{1}_{(\tau \geq n)} \right] + \sum_{1 \leq k \leq n-1} \mathbb{E}\left[ \mathbf{1}_{(S_n = x)} m^{L_{n-1}} \mathbf{1}_{(\tau = k)} \right].$$
By the Markov property, if $u_k := \mathbb{P}(\tau = k)$, then
$$\nu_n(x) = m \mathbb{P}(\tau \geq n, S_n = x) + \sum_{1 \leq k \leq n-1} m u_k \nu_{n-k}(x) = m \mathbb{P}(\tau \geq n, S_n = x) + m \nu.(x) * u(n),$$
Recall that the Malthusian parameter $r$ is defined by
$$1 = m \mathbb{E}\left[ e^{-r \tau} \right] = m \sum_{k \geq 1} e^{-rk} u_k.$$
Hence if we let $\tilde{\nu}_n(x) = e^{-rn} \nu_n(x)$ and $\tilde{u}_k = me^{-rk} u_k$ then,
$$\tilde{\nu}_n(x) = m e^{-rn} \mathbb{P}(\tau \geq n, S_n = x) + \tilde{\nu}.(x) * \tilde{u}(n).$$
By the periodicity, we have $u_n = 0$ if $n$ is not a multiple of $d$ and for $x \in \mathbb{Z}^d$ there is a unique $l_x \in \{0, 1, \ldots, d - 1\}$ such that $\nu_n(x) = 0$ if $n \not\equiv l_x \pmod{d}$. Therefore the sequence $t_n = \tilde{\nu}_{nd+l}(x)$ satisfies the following renewal equation
$$t_n = y_n + t * s_n$$
with $s_n = \tilde{u}_{nd}$ and $y_n = e^{-r(nd+l_x)} \mathbb{P}\left( \tau \geq dn + l_x, S_{dn+l_x} = x \right)$. Since the sequence $s$ is aperiodic, the discrete renewal theorem (see Feller[18], section XIII.10, Theorem 1) implies that
$$t_n \to \frac{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} y_n}{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} ns_n} =: c_x.$$
Remark that $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} ns_n = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} ne^{-rnd} mu_{nd} = \frac{1}{d}$. We have
$$c_x = d \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-r(nd+l_x)} \mathbb{P}\left( \tau \geq dn + l_x, S_{dn+l_x} = x \right) > 0.$$
This is exactly the desired result.
Finally for $x = 0$, $\ell_x = 0$ and $c_0 = d \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-rnd} \mathbb{P}(\tau \geq dn, S_{dn} = 0) = d \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-rnd} \mathbb{P}(\tau = dn) = d \mathbb{E}(e^{-r\tau}) = \frac{d}{m}$ by the choice of $r$. This completes the proof of Proposition 4.3. \qed
Remark 2. The family \((c_x)_{x \in \mathbb{Z}}\) satisfies a system of linear equations, dual to the one (see Proposition 4.1) satisfied by the function \(\phi\): Recalling that \(p(x, y) = \mathbb{P}_x(S_1 = y)\) is the kernel of the random walk, we have the recurrence relation
\[
\mathbb{E}[\eta_{n+1}(x)] = \sum_y \mathbb{E}[\eta_n(y)] p(y, x)(m 1_{(y=0)} + 1_{(y \neq 0)}).
\]
Assuming for simplicity \(d = 1\) and multiplying by \(e^{-r(n+1)}\) and letting \(n \to +\infty\), we obtain the following functional equation for the function \(x \mapsto c_x\):
\[
c_x = e^{-r} \sum_y c_y p(y, x)(m 1_{(y=0)} + 1_{(y \neq 0)}), \quad x \in \mathbb{Z}.
\]
We end this section by the following lemma which yields the part (1.5) in Theorem 1.2.
Lemma 4.4. Assume (1.1) and (1.3). Assume furthermore that \(N\) has finite variance. Then we have
\[
\{\Lambda_\infty > 0\} = \mathcal{S} \quad \text{a.s.}
\]
Remark that in this Lemma we do not need the aperiodicity of the underlying random walk \(S\).
Proof. We first prove that \(\mathcal{S}^c \subset \{\Lambda_\infty = 0\}\) a.s. In fact, on \(\mathcal{S}^c\), either the system dies out then \(\Lambda_n = 0\) for all large \(n\), or for all large \(n \geq n_0(\omega) : \eta_n(0) = 0\). Then, if \(\eta_n = \sum_x \eta_n(x)\) is the total population, \(\eta_n = \eta_{n_0}\) for all \(n \geq n_0\) since the system only branches at 0. Since \(\Lambda_n = e^{-rn} \sum \phi(X_u) \leq e^{-rn} \eta_n = e^{-rn} \eta_{n_0}\), we still get \(\Lambda_\infty = 0\).
Let \(s = \mathbb{P}(\Lambda_\infty = 0)\) and \(\hat{s} := \mathbb{P}(\mathcal{S}^c)\). If we can prove \(s = \hat{s}\), then the Lemma follows. We shall condition on the number of children of the initial ancestor \(N\). For \(k \geq j \geq 0\), let \(\Upsilon_{k,j}\) be the event that amongst \(k\) particles of the first generation there are exactly \(j\) particles which will return to 0. Then
\[
s = \mathbb{P}(\Lambda_\infty = 0) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \mathbb{P}(N = k) \sum_{j=0}^k \mathbb{P}(\Upsilon_{k,j} \cap \{\Lambda_\infty = 0\} | N = k)
\]
\[
= \sum_{k=0}^\infty \mathbb{P}(N = k) \sum_{j=0}^k \binom{k}{j} q_{esc}^{k-j}(1-q_{esc})^j s^j
\]
\[
= \sum_{k=0}^\infty \mathbb{P}(N = k)(q_{esc} + s(1-q_{esc}))^k = f(q_{esc} + s(1-q_{esc})),
\]
with \( f(x) = \mathbb{E} \left[ x^N \right] \) the generating function of the reproduction law. Exactly in the same way, we show that \( \hat{s} \) satisfies the same equation as \( s \).
It remains to check the equation \( x = f(q_{esc} + x(1 - q_{esc})) \) has a unique solution in \([0, 1)\) (\( \hat{s} \leq s \) and \( s < 1 \) thanks to Proposition 4.1). To this end, we consider the function \( g(x) := f(q_{esc} + x(1 - q_{esc})) - x \). The function \( g \) is strictly convex on \([0, 1]\), \( g(0) = f(q_{esc}) > 0 \), \( g(1) = 0 \) and \( g'(1) = m(1 - q_{esc}) - 1 > 0 \). Thus \( g \) has a unique zero on \([0, 1)\), proving the Lemma.
5 The law of large numbers : proof of Theorem 1.1.
5.1 Proof of the upper bound.
Let \( \theta > 0 \), \( x > 0 \). By the many to one formula,
\[
\mathbb{P}(M_n > xn) = \mathbb{P} \left( \sum_{|u|=n} 1_{(X_u > xn)} \neq 0 \right)
\]
\[
\leq \mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{|u|=n} 1_{(X_u > xn)} \right]
\]
\[
= \mathbb{E} \left[ 1_{(S_n > nx)} m^{L_{n-1}} \right]
\]
\[
\leq \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{\theta(S_n - xn)} m^{L_{n-1}} \right] = e^{-\theta nx} h_n , \text{ with } h_n = \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{\theta S_n} m^{L_{n-1}} \right].
\]
As in Proposition 4.3, we are going to use the renewal theory to study the asymptotics of \( v_n \). Let us condition on \( \tau = \inf \{ n \geq 1 : S_n = 0 \} \):
\[
h_n = \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{\theta S_n} m^{L_{n-1}} 1_{(\tau \geq n)} \right] + \sum_{1 \leq k \leq n-1} \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{\theta S_n} m^{L_{n-1}} 1_{(\tau = k)} \right]
\]
\[
= \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{\theta S_n} 1_{(\tau \geq n)} \right] + \sum_{1 \leq k \leq n-1} m \mathbb{P}(\tau = k) h_{n-k}
\]
\[
= z_n + mh * u(n),
\]
with \( z_n := \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{\theta S_n} 1_{(\tau \geq n)} \right] \) and \( u_n := \mathbb{P}(\tau = n) \).
Assume now that \( \theta > t_0 \) so that \( \psi(\theta) > \psi(t_0) = r \). We let
\[
\tilde{h}_n := e^{-n\psi(\theta)} h_n, \quad \tilde{z}_n := e^{-n\psi(\theta)} z_n, \quad \tilde{u}_n := me^{-n\psi(\theta)} u_n.
\]
On the one hand, by definition of the Malthusian parameter we have \( 1 = m \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{-r \tau} \right] = \sum m_n e^{-rn} u_n \) so that \( \sum_k \tilde{u}_k < 1 \).
On the other hand,
\[ \tilde{z}_n = \mathbb{E} \left[ e^{\theta S_n - n \psi(\theta)} 1_{\{\tau \geq n\}} \right] = \mathbb{P}_{\theta}(\tau \geq n) \]
with \( \mathbb{P}_{\theta} \) defined by the martingale change of probability
\[ \frac{d\mathbb{P}_{\theta}}{d\mathbb{P}} = e^{\theta S_n - n \psi(\theta)} \quad (\text{on } \mathcal{F}_n). \]
Since under \( \mathbb{P}_{\theta} \), \((S_n)_{n \geq 0}\) is a random walk with mean \( \mathbb{E}_{\theta}[S_1] = \psi'(\theta) \geq \psi'(t_0) > 0 \), we have
\[ \tilde{z}_n \to \tilde{z}_{\infty} := \mathbb{P}_{\theta}(\tau = +\infty). \]
If we make the aperiodicity assumption \( d = 1 \), then by the discrete renewal theorem, we have
\[ \tilde{h}_n \to \frac{\tilde{y}_{\infty}}{1 - \sum_k \tilde{u}_k}. \]
In the general case, we can prove exactly as in the proof of Proposition 4.3 that for every \( l \in \{0, \ldots, d-1\} \) there exists a finite constant \( K_l \) such that
\[ \lim_{n \to +\infty} \tilde{h}_{nd+l} \to K_l. \]
Therefore in any case, the sequence \( \tilde{h}_n \) is bounded, and if \( x > \frac{\psi(\theta)}{\theta} \)
\[ \mathbb{P}(M_n > xn) \leq e^{-n(\theta x - \psi(\theta))} \tilde{h}_n \]
satisfies \( \sum_n \mathbb{P}(M_n > xn) < +\infty \). Hence, by Borel Cantelli’s lemma
\[ \limsup_{n \to +\infty} \frac{M_n}{n} \leq x \quad a.s. \]
Hence, letting first \( x \downarrow \frac{\psi(\theta)}{\theta} \) and then \( \theta \downarrow t_0 \) we obtain that
\[ \limsup_{n \to +\infty} \frac{M_n}{n} \leq \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0} = \alpha \quad a.s. \]
### 5.2 Proof of the lower bound, under the hypothesis \( \mathbb{E}(N^2) < \infty \).
The strategy of proof is as follows: Let \( 0 < s < 1 \), \( a > 0 \) and consider the event \( \mathcal{A}_{n,a,s} \) (with \( c' \) a positive constant): “the particles survive forever, there are at least \( \frac{1}{2}c'e^{rsn} \) particle alive at time \( sn \), and one of these particle stays strictly positive until time \( n \) and reaches a position larger that \( (1-s)an \) at time \( n \)”.
We shall prove that for a suitable constant $c'$, we can choose $a,s$ such that on the set $\mathcal{S}$ of infinite number of visits to 0, for large $n$ we are in $\mathcal{A}_{n,a,s}$. This implies that almost surely on $\mathcal{S}$, $\liminf \frac{M_n}{n} \geq \alpha(1-s)$. Optimizing over the set of admissible couples $(a,s)$ will yield the desired lower bound: $\liminf \frac{M_n}{n} \geq \alpha$ a.s. on $\mathcal{S}$.
Recall from Proposition 4.3 and Corollary 4.2 that
$$\lim_{n \to +\infty} e^{-rdn} \mathbb{E} \left[ \eta_{dn}(0) \right] = c_0, \quad \sup_n e^{-2rdn} \mathbb{E} \left[ \eta_{dn}(0)^2 \right] < +\infty.$$
Therefore Paley-Zygmund’s inequality entails that
$$\mathbb{P} \left( \eta_{dn}(0) \geq c'e^{rdn} \right) \geq c', \tag{5.1}$$
for some constant $c' > 0$. The following lemma aims at describing the a.s. behavior of $\eta_n(0)$:
**Lemma 5.1.** Under (1.1) and (1.3). Almost surely on $\mathcal{S}$,
$$\eta_{dn}(0) \geq \frac{c'}{2} e^{rdn},$$
for all large $n$.
**Proof.** We shall write the proof for the aperiodic case $d = 1$. The generalization to a period $d \geq 2$ is straightforward by considering $dn$ instead of $n$ throughout the proof of this Lemma.
Let $\eta_n = \sum_x \eta_n(x)$ be the total population at time $n$. Since $0 \leq \phi(x) \leq 1$ we have $\Lambda_n = e^{-rn} \sum_x \phi(x) \eta_n(x) \leq e^{-rn} \eta_n$. Furthermore, a particle living at time $n$ has to have an ancestor at location 0 at some time $k \leq n$, and if $N_i$ is the number of children of this ancestor, then
$$\eta_n \leq \sum_{1 \leq i \leq \Gamma_n} N_i \quad \text{with} \quad \Gamma_n = \sum_{0 \leq k \leq n} \eta_k(0)$$
where the $(N_i)_{i \geq 1}$ are independent random variables distributed as $N$ and independent of $\Gamma_n$. Since $\mathbb{E}[N] < +\infty$, by Borel Cantelli’s Lemma, there exists $i_0 = i_0(\omega)$ such that
$$N_i \leq i^2 \quad \text{for} \quad i \geq i_0.$$
Hence, almost surely for $n$ large enough,
\[
\eta_n \leq \sum_{1 \leq i \leq t_0} N_i + \Gamma_n^2 \\
\leq \sum_{1 \leq i \leq t_0} N_i + n^2 (\sup_{0 \leq k \leq n} \eta_k(0))^2
\]
By Lemma 4.4, almost surely on the survival set $\mathcal{S}$, we have $\Lambda_\infty > 0$ and thus, for $n$ large enough $\eta_n \geq \frac{1}{2} \Lambda_\infty e^{rn}$ and therefore for $n$ large enough, on $\mathcal{S}$,
\[
\sup_{0 \leq k \leq n} \eta_k(0) > e^{rn/4}
\]
Considering the stopping time (for the branching system endowed with the natural filtration)
\[
T := \inf\{n : \eta_n(0) > e^{rn/4}\}.
\]
We have established that on $\mathcal{S}$, $T < \infty$ a.s. It follows from the branching property and (5.1) that
\[
\mathbb{P}\left(\eta_{n+T}(0) \leq c' e^{rn}, \mathcal{S}\right) \leq \mathbb{P}\left(\eta_n(0) \leq c' e^{rn}\right)^{e^{rn/4}} \\
\leq (1 - c')^{e^{rn/4}},
\]
whose sum on $n$ converges. By Borel-Cantelli's lemma, on $\mathcal{S}$, a.s. for all large $n$,
\[
\eta_n(0) \geq c' e^{r(n-T)} \geq \frac{c'}{2} e^{rn}.
\]
This proves the Lemma.
Proof of the lower bound of $M_n$. Let $0 < s < 1$. Define $k = k(n) := d \lfloor \frac{sn}{d} \rfloor$. By the preceding Lemma, on the survival set $\mathcal{S}$, at time $k$, there are at least $\lfloor \frac{c'}{2} e^{rk} \rfloor$ particles at 0, which move independently. Letting these particles move as the random walk $S$ staying positive up to time $n-k$, then $M_n$ is bigger than $\lfloor \frac{c'}{2} e^{rk} \rfloor$ i.i.d. copies of $S_{n-k}$ with $S_1 > 0, ..., S_{n-k} > 0$. By a large deviations estimate (Theorem 5.2.1 of Dembo and Zeitouni [14], see the forthcoming Remark 3), for any fixed $a \in (0, \infty)$,
\[
\mathbb{P}\left(S_{n-k} > a(1-s)n, S_1 > 0, ..., S_{n-k} > 0\right) = e^{-(1-s)na\psi^*(a)+o(n)},
\]
where we denote as before,
\[
\psi^*(a) = \sup_{\theta > 0} (a\theta - \psi(\theta)).
\]
It follows that
\[
\mathbb{P}\left(M_n \leq (1-s)an, \eta_k(0) \geq \frac{c'}{2} e^{rk}\right)
\]
\[
\leq \left(1 - \mathbb{P}(S_{n-k} > a(1-s)n, S_1 > 0, ..., S_{n-k} > 0)\right)^{\lfloor \frac{c'}{2} e^{rk} \rfloor}
\]
\[
= \exp(-e^{rsn-\psi^*(a)(1-s)n+o(n)}).
\]
Choose \((a,s) \in (0,+\infty) \times (0,1)\) such that
\[
rs > \psi^*(a)(1-s),
\]
we apply Borel-Cantelli’s lemma and get that a.s. for all large \(n\), either \(M_n > (1-s)an\) or \(\eta_k(0) < \frac{c'}{2} e^{rk}\). Hence on the set \(\mathcal{S}\), by Lemma 5.1, a.s.,
\[
\liminf_{n \to \infty} \frac{M_n}{n} \geq \gamma := \sup\{(1-s)a : (a,s) \in (0,\infty) \times (0,1), rs > \psi^*(a)(1-s)\}.
\]
(5.2)
Recalling \(r = \psi(t_0)\), then
\[
\gamma = \sup_{a>0} \frac{a\psi(t_0)}{\psi^*(a) + \psi(t_0)}.
\]
Let us study the derivative of \(a \to \frac{a\psi(t_0)}{\psi^*(a) + \psi(t_0)}\). Recall that \(\psi^*(a) = a\theta(a) - \psi(\theta(a))\) with \(a = \psi'(\theta(a))\), and \((\psi^*)'(a) = \theta(a)\). Since the derivative of \(a \to \frac{a\psi(t_0)}{l(a) + \psi(t_0)}\) has the same sign as \(\psi^*(a) + \psi(t_0) - a(\psi^*)'(a) = \psi(t_0) - \psi(\theta(a))\), it is negative if \(a > \psi'(t_0)\) (i.e. \(\theta(a) > t_0\)), positive if \(a < \psi'(t_0)\) and vanishes at \(\psi'(t_0)\). Therefore
\[
\gamma = \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0} = \alpha,
\]
which in view of (5.2) yields the lower bound of Theorem 1.1 under the hypothesis that \(\mathbb{E}(N^2) < \infty\).
\[\square\]
**Remark 3.** Mogulskii’s theorem (Theorem 5.2.1 of Dembo and Zeitouni [14]) implies that
\[
\mathbb{P}\left(S_j > aj, S_1 > 0, ..., S_j > 0\right) = e^{-jK(a)+o(j)},
\]
with
\[
K(a) = \inf \left\{ \int_0^1 \psi^*(f(t)) dt, f \in \mathcal{A} \right\},
\]
\[
\mathcal{A} = \{\phi \text{ absolutely continuous}, f(0) = 0, f(1) = a, f(s) > 0 \forall s \in (0,1)\}.
\]
Let us check that \( K(a) = \psi^*(a) \). In fact, since the function \( f(t) = at \) is in \( \mathcal{A} \), we have \( K(a) \leq \int_0^1 \psi^*(a) \, dt = \psi^*(a) \). On the other hand, the function \( \psi^* \) is convex, therefore, by Jensen’s inequality, if \( \phi \in \mathcal{A} \),
\[
\int_0^1 \psi^*(f(t)) \, dt \geq \psi^*\left( \int_0^1 f(t) \, dt \right) = \psi^*(f(1) - f(0)) = \psi^*(a).
\]
We can thus conclude that \( K(a) = \psi^*(a) \).
### 5.3 Proof of the lower bound, without the hypothesis \( \mathbb{E}(N^2) < \infty \).
The proof relies on a coupling for the general \( N \) with mean \( m \): Let \( N^{(L)} := \min(N, L) \) with a sufficiently large integer \( L \) such that \( m_L := \mathbb{E}(N^{(L)}) \) satisfies \( m_L (1 - q_{esc}) > 1 \) (this is possible since \( m_L \to m \)). Consider a new CBRW \( (X_u^{(L)}, |u| \geq 0) \) with \( N^{(L)} \) as the number of offsprings and the same random walk \( (S_n) \) as the displacements, i.e. on each step of branching at 0 we keep at most \( L \)-children and their displacements in the original CBRW. The associated maximum at generation \( n \) is denoted by \( M_n^{(L)} \). Then by construction
\[
M_n \geq M_n^{(L)}, \quad \text{a.s.}
\]
By the lower bound for \( M_n^{(L)} \) established in Section 5.2, if we denote by
\[
\mathcal{S}_L := \left\{ \omega : \limsup_{n \to \infty} \{ u : |u| = n, X_u^{(L)} = 0 \} \neq \emptyset \right\},
\]
then a.s. on \( \mathcal{S}_L \),
\[
\liminf_{n \to \infty} \frac{M_n^{(L)}}{n} \geq \alpha_L,
\]
with \( \alpha_L = \frac{\psi(t_0(L))}{t_0(L)} \), and where \( t_0(L) \) is defined in the same way as \( t_0 \) in (1.3) and (1.2) by replacing \( m \) by \( m_L \). We remark that by continuity such solution \( t_0(L) \) exists for all sufficiently large \( L \), say \( L \geq L_0 \). Moreover \( \alpha_L \to \alpha \) as \( L \to \infty \), and \( \mathcal{S}_L \subset \mathcal{S}_{L+1} \) for any \( L \geq 1 \). Then on the set \( \mathcal{T} := \bigcup_{L \geq 1} \mathcal{S}_L \), a.s.
\[
\liminf_{n \to \infty} \frac{M_n^{(L)}}{n} \geq \alpha.
\]
This will yield the lower bound in Theorem 1.1 once we have checked the equality:
\[
\mathcal{S} = \mathcal{T}, \quad \text{a.s.}. \tag{5.3}
\]
Let us check (5.3) in the same way as in the proof of Lemma 4.4. Plainly \( \mathcal{T} \subset \mathcal{S} \). To prove the reverse inclusion, we remark at first that by Lemma
4.4, $\mathcal{S}_L$ equals a.s. the non-zero set of the corresponding limit of the fundamental martingale (which is bounded in $L^2$), hence $\mathcal{S}_L \neq \emptyset$ for all large $L$. Consequently $\mathcal{F} \neq \emptyset$.
Let $t := \mathbb{P}(\mathcal{S}^c)$ and $\tilde{t} := \mathbb{P}(\mathcal{F}^c)$. Then $t \leq \tilde{t} < 1$. As in the proof of Lemma 4.4, by conditioning on the number of offsprings $N$, we obtain that
$$\tilde{t} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \mathbb{P}(N = k) \sum_{j=0}^{k} C_k^j q_{esc}^{k-j}(1 - q_{esc})^j (\tilde{t})^j = f(q_{esc} + \tilde{t}(1 - q_{esc})),$$
with $f(x) = \mathbb{E}(x^N)$. The constant $t$ satisfies the same equation as $\tilde{t}$ and we have already proved in the proof of Lemma 4.4 the uniqueness of solutions in $[0, 1)$. Hence $t = \tilde{t}$ and (5.3) follows. This completes the proof of the lower bound in Theorem 1.1. □
6 Refining the Convergence: proof of Theorem 1.2.
The key of the proof of Theorem 1.2 is the following double limit of Proposition 6.1. Then we shall prove its uniform version (uniformly on the starting point of the system) in Proposition 6.2, from which Theorem 1.2 follows easily (see Section 6.3).
**Proposition 6.1.** Under the assumptions in Theorem 1.2, there exists a positive constant $c_* > 0$ such that
$$\limsup_{z \to \infty} \limsup_{n \to \infty} \left| e^{t_0 z} e^{-t_0 \{an+z\}} \mathbb{P}\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) - c_* \right| = 0,$$
where as before $\alpha := \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0}$ and $\{an + z\} \in [0, 1)$ denotes the fractional part of $\alpha n + z$.
The value of $c_*$ is given in (6.14) by $c_* = \frac{e^{-t_0}}{(1 - e^{-t_0})\mathbb{E}(H_1)}$ and $\mathbb{E}(H_1)$ is given in equation (6.9). We also mention that we can not replace $M_n > \alpha n + z$ by $M_n \geq \alpha n + z$ in the above Proposition, since $M_n$ is integer-valued.
The proof of Proposition 6.1 is divided into the upper and lower bounds, proved respectively in Section 6.1 and Section 6.2.
6.1 Upper bound in Proposition 6.1
Recall that $\alpha := \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0}$ is the velocity of $M_n$. We prove the following upper bound: for all $z \in \mathbb{R}$,
$$\limsup_{n \to \infty} e^{-t_0 \{an+z\}} \mathbb{P}\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) \leq c_* e^{-t_0 z}.$$
Let us start from \( \mathbb{P}\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) = \mathbb{P}\left(\exists |u| = n : X_u > \alpha n + z\right) \). For any \( n \geq 1 \) and any \( |u| = n \), denote by \( u_0 = \emptyset < u_1 < ... < u_n = u \) the shortest path relating \( \emptyset \) to \( u \) such that \( |u_k| = k \) for any \( k \leq n \). For \( |u| = n \) with \( X_u > \alpha n + z > 0 \) (as \( n \) is large), there exists some \( k < n \) such that \( X_{u_k} = 0 \) and \( X_{u_j} > 0 \) for all \( k < j \leq n \). Therefore
\[
\{M_n > \alpha n + z\} = \bigcup_{0 \leq k \leq n-1} B_k
\]
(6.1)
with
\[
B_k := \bigcup_{|\nu| = k} A_\nu(k, n), \quad \text{and}
\]
\[
A_\nu(k, n) := \left\{ \exists |u| = n : \nu = u_k, X_\nu = 0, X_{u_j} > 0, \forall k < j \leq n, X_{u_{n-k}} > \alpha n + z \right\}.
\]
Denote as before by \( \eta_n(x) \) the number of particles at \( x \) at time \( n \). Then, conditioning on \( \mathcal{F}_k \), \( B_k \) is an union of \( \eta_k(0) \) i.i.d. events, and each event holds with probability
\[
p(k, n) := \mathbb{P}\left(\exists |u| = n - k, X_{u_1} > 0, ..., X_{u_{n-k}} > 0, X_u > \alpha n + z\right).
\]
It is easy to compute \( p(k, n) \): by conditioning on the number of offspring \( N = l \), \( p(k, n) \) is the probability that among these \( l \) particles in the first generation there exists at least one particle which remains positive up to generation \( n - k \) and lives in \( (\alpha n + z, \infty) \) at \( (n - k) \)-th generation. It follows that
\[
p(k, n) = \sum_{l=0}^{\infty} \mathbb{P}(N = l) \left(1 - (1 - q(k, n))^l\right) = 1 - f(1 - q(k, n)),
\]
(6.2)
where \( f(x) := \mathbb{E}(x^N) \) is the generating function of \( N \) and \( q(k, n) \) is defined as follows:
\[
q(k, n) := \mathbb{P}\left(S_1 > 0, ..., S_{n-k} > 0, S_{n-k} > \alpha n + z\right).
\]
Let \( \varepsilon > 0 \) be small. By Proposition 4.3 (with \( d = 1 \)), \( \lim_{n \to \infty} e^{-rn} \mathbb{E}\left[\eta_n(0)\right] = c_0 = \frac{1}{m} \). It follows that for any \( n > k \geq k_0 \equiv k_0(\varepsilon) \),
\[
\mathbb{P}\left(B_k\right) \leq \mathbb{E}\left(\eta_k(0)p(k, n)\right) \leq (c_0 + \varepsilon)e^{rk}p(k, n).
\]
Hence for any \( n > k_0 \),
\[
\mathbb{P}\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) \leq \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{P}(B_k) \leq (c_0 + \varepsilon) \sum_{k=k_0}^{n-1} e^{rk}p(k, n) + C_{k_0} \sum_{k=1}^{k_0-1} p(k, n),
\]
(6.3)
where $C_{k_0} := \max_{1 \leq k \leq k_0} \mathbb{E}(\eta_k(0))$. Recalling $f'(1) = m$ and (6.2), we deduce from the convexity of $f'$ that for all $k < n$,
$$f'(1 - q(k, n))q(k, n) \leq p(k, n) \leq mq(k, n). \quad (6.4)$$
It is easy to see that the sum $\sum_{k=1}^{k_0-1}$ in (6.3) is negligible as $n \to \infty$. In fact, for any $1 \leq k \leq k_0$, $q(k, n) \leq \mathbb{P}(S_{n-k-1} > \alpha n + z)$. But $\mathbb{E}(S_1) = \psi'(0) < \alpha = \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0}$ by the (strict) convexity of $\psi$. Then $p(k, n) \leq mq(k, n) \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$ (exponentially fast by the large deviation principle).
To estimate the probability $q(k, n)$ for $k_0 \leq k < n$, we introduce a new probability
$$\left. \frac{d\widetilde{\mathbb{P}}}{d\mathbb{P}} \right|_{\sigma\{S_0, ..., S_n\}} = e^{t_0 S_n - n \psi(t_0)}.$$
Under $\widetilde{\mathbb{P}}$, $S_1$ has the mean $\psi'(t_0) > 0$. Therefore for $1 \leq k \leq n$ and for all $z \geq 0$,
$$q(k, n) = \mathbb{P}\left(S_1 > 0, ..., S_{n-k} > 0, S_{n-k} > \alpha n + z\right)$$
$$= \widetilde{\mathbb{E}}\left(e^{-t_0 S_{n-k} + (n-k)\psi(t_0)} 1_{(S_j > 0, \forall j \leq n-k, S_{n-k} > \alpha n + z)}\right)$$
$$= e^{-rk} \widetilde{\mathbb{P}}\left(e(t_0) \geq S_{n-k} - \alpha n, S_j > 0, \forall j \leq n-k, S_{n-k} > \alpha n + z\right),$$
where $e(t_0)$ denotes an independent exponential random variable with parameter $t_0$ and we also used the fact that $\alpha = \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0}$ and $r = \psi(t_0)$. Plainly in the event of the above probability term, $e(t_0)$ must be bigger than $z$. Thanks to the loss of memory property of $e(t_0)$, we get that for $1 \leq k \leq n$ and for all $z \geq 0$,
$$e^{rk} q(k, n) = e^{-t_0 z} \widetilde{\mathbb{P}}\left(S_j > 0, \forall j \leq n-k, \alpha n + z < S_{n-k} \leq \alpha n + z + e(t_0)\right). \quad (6.5)$$
Summing (6.5) over $0 \leq k \leq n-1$ and letting $i = n-k$, we obtain that
$$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} e^{rk} q(k, n)$$
$$= e^{-t_0 z} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \widetilde{\mathbb{P}}\left(S_j > 0, \forall j \leq i, \alpha n + z < S_i \leq \alpha n + z + e(t_0)\right)$$
$$= e^{-t_0 z} \left(\widetilde{\mathbb{E}}\left(U(\alpha n + z, \alpha n + z + e(t_0))\right) - s_n\right), \quad (6.6)$$
where for any $x < y$,
$$U(y) := \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \mathbb{P}\left(S_j > 0, \forall 1 \leq j \leq k, S_k \leq y\right), \quad U(x, y] := U(y) - U(x), \quad (6.7)$$
and
\[
s_n := \sum_{k=n}^{\infty} \tilde{\mathbb{P}} \left( S_j > 0, \forall j \leq k, \alpha n + z < S_k \leq \alpha n + z + e(t_0) \right). \tag{6.8}
\]
Under \( \tilde{\mathbb{P}} \), \( S_j \) is a random walk with positive mean. Define by \( T_0 := 0 \), \( T_j := \inf \{ i > T_{j-1} : S_i > S_{T_{j-1}} \} \) and \( H_j := S_{T_j} \) for \( j \geq 1 \). Then \( 0 < T_1 < ... < T_j < ... \) and \( 0 < H_1 < \cdots < H_j < \cdots \) are the strict ladder epochs and ladder heights of the random walk \( S \) (under \( \tilde{\mathbb{P}} \)). The duality lemma says that for any \( y > 0 \),
\[
U(y) = \sum_{l=1}^{\infty} \tilde{\mathbb{P}} \left( H_l \leq y \right).
\]
Since \( \tilde{\mathbb{E}} \left[ S_1^2 \right] < +\infty \), \( \tilde{\mathbb{E}}(H_1) < \infty \) and we have the Wald identity (see [19] Feller Volume II, Chapter XVIII, Theorem 1)
\[
\tilde{\mathbb{E}}(H_1) = \tilde{\mathbb{E}}(S_1) \tilde{\mathbb{E}}(T_1). \tag{6.9}
\]
We are going to apply the renewal theorem (see [19] Feller, pp. 360) to \( U \) and prove that there exists some constant \( c_H > 0 \) such that
\[
\lim_{x \to \infty} e^{-t_0 \{ x \}} \tilde{\mathbb{E}} \left( U(x, x + e(t_0)) \right) = c_H. \tag{6.10}
\]
To check (6.10), we remark that the span of \( H_1 \) equals 1 (because \( S \) is aperiodic). By the renewal theorem, for any \( j \geq 1 \), \( U(x, x + j] \to \frac{j}{\tilde{\mathbb{E}}(H_1)} \) as \( x \to \infty \). Moreover there exists some constant \( C > 0 \) such that for all \( y > x \geq 0 \), \( U(x, y] \leq C(1 + y - x) \). Let \( x > 0 \). Observe that almost surely,
\[
U(x, x + e(t_0)] = U(\lfloor x \rfloor, x + e(t_0)] = \sum_{j=1}^{\infty} 1_{(j < \{ x \} + e(t_0) < j+1)} U(\lfloor x \rfloor, \lfloor x \rfloor + j].
\]
Taking expectation gives that
\[
\tilde{\mathbb{E}} \left( U(x, x + e(t_0)] \right) = \sum_{j=1}^{\infty} e^{-t_0(j-\{ x \})}(1 - e^{-t_0})U(\lfloor x \rfloor, \lfloor x \rfloor + j],
\]
which proves (6.10) after an application of the dominated convergence theorem, with
\[
c_H := \sum_{j=1}^{\infty} e^{-t_0j}(1 - e^{-t_0})\frac{j}{\tilde{\mathbb{E}}(H_1)} = \frac{e^{-2t_0}}{(1 - e^{-t_0})\tilde{\mathbb{E}}(H_1)}. \tag{6.11}
\]
Now we prove that $s_n \to 0$, where $s_n$ is defined in (6.8). Remark that $\tilde{E}(S_1) = \psi'(t_0) > \alpha := \frac{\psi(t_0)}{t_0}$ by convexity. Pick up some small positive constant $\delta < (\psi'(t_0) - \alpha)/2$. There exists some sufficiently small constant $b \in (0, t_0)$ such that $\tilde{E}e^{-bS_1} \leq e^{-b(\psi'(t_0) - \delta)}$. Then by Chebychev's inequality, for any $t > 0$ and $k \geq n$, $\tilde{P}(S_k \leq z + an + t) \leq e^{bz + bt}e^{ban}\tilde{E}e^{-bS_k} \leq e^{bz + bt}e^{-\delta bk}$. It follows that
$$s_n \leq \sum_{k=n}^{\infty} e^{bz}e^{-\delta bk}\tilde{E}(e^{be(t_0)}) = \frac{t_0}{(1 - e^{-\delta b})(t_0 - b)}e^{bz}e^{-\delta bn}.$$
In particular $s_n \to 0$. This together with (6.10), (6.6) yields that for any $z \geq 0$,
$$\lim_{n \to \infty} e^{-t_0\{an+z\}}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} e^{rk}q(k,n) = e^{-t_0z}c_H. \quad (6.12)$$
Now by using the lower bound of (6.4) and (6.5), for any $k < n$ and $z \geq 0$, $p(k,n) \geq f'(1 - e^{-rk})q(k,n)$ because $q(k,n) \leq e^{-r(k+1)}e^{-t_0z} \leq e^{-rk}$. Then for any small $\delta > 0$, there exists some $k_0(\delta)$ such that $f'(1 - e^{-rk}) \geq m(1 - \delta)$ for all $k \geq k_0$ (recalling $f'(1) = m$). It follows that for any $k_0 \leq k < n$ and $z \geq 0$, $p(k,n) \geq (1 - \delta)mq(k,n)$. On the other hand, $p(k,n) \leq mq(k,n)$ for any $k < n$, and $\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=0}^{k_0} q(k,n) = 0$. This in view of (6.12) implies that for any $z \geq 0$,
$$\lim_{n \to \infty} e^{-t_0\{an+z\}}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} e^{rk}p(k,n) = me^{-t_0z}c_H. \quad (6.13)$$
Applying the above limit to (6.3) gives that for any $z \geq 0$,
$$\limsup_{n \to \infty} e^{-t_0\{an+z\}}\mathbb{P}(M_n > an + z) \leq (c_0 + \varepsilon)m c_H e^{-t_0z},$$
which implies the upper bound in Proposition 6.1 by letting $\varepsilon \to 0$ and
$$c_s := c_0m c_H = \frac{c_0m e^{-2t_0}}{(1 - e^{-t_0})\tilde{E}(H_1)} = \frac{e^{-2t_0}}{(1 - e^{-t_0})\tilde{E}(H_1)}, \quad (6.14)$$
since $c_0 = 1/m$ (the period $d = 1$) as stated in Proposition 4.1. □
**Remark 4.** Let us mention an uniform estimate: for some constant $C > 0$,
$$\mathbb{P}(M_n > an + z) \leq Ce^{-t_0z}, \quad \forall z \in \mathbb{R}, n \geq 1. \quad (6.15)$$
In fact, there exists some constant $C' > 0$ such that $\mathbb{E}(\eta_k(0)) \leq C'e^{rk}$ for any $k \geq 1$, hence by the first inequality in (6.3), $\mathbb{P}(M_n > an + z) \leq C'\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} e^{rk}p(k,n) \leq C'm\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} e^{rk}q(k,n)$. Using (6.6) and the fact that $\exists C'' > 0$: $U(x, y] \leq C''(1 + y - x)$ for all $x < y$, we immediately get (6.15).
Remark 5. If the underlying random walk $S$ is of period $d \geq 2$, then in (6.1), $B_k = \emptyset$ if $k$ is not multiple of $d$ (namely if $d \not| k$). Then instead of $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} e^{rk} p(k, n)$, we have to deal with $\sum_{k=0, d|k}^{n-1} e^{rk} p(k, n)$, which in turn leads to the study of $\sum_{k=0, d|k}^{n} e^{rk} q(k, n)$. An equality similar to (6.6) holds with $U$ replaced by
$$U^{(d,\ell)}(y) := \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \tilde{\mathbb{P}}\left(S_j > 0, \forall 1 \leq j \leq kd + \ell, S_{kd+\ell} \leq y\right),$$
where $\ell \in \{0, ..., d - 1\}$ comes from the rest of division of $n$ by $d$ [$\ell$ being fixed and we let $n \to \infty$ with $n - 1 \equiv \ell(\text{mod } d)$]. Technically we are not able to prove any renewal theorem for $U^{(d,\ell)}(y)$ for a general random walk $S$.
In the particular case when $S$ is a nearest neighbor random walk on $\mathbb{Z}$, we can use parity to handle $U^{(d,\ell)}(y)$. Considering for instance $\ell = 0$ ($d = 2$). Thanks to parity, we have that for any $k \geq 1$ and $y > 0$,
$$\tilde{\mathbb{P}}\left(S_j > 0, \forall 1 \leq j \leq 2k, S_{2k} \leq y\right) = \tilde{\mathbb{P}}\left(S_{2j} > 0, \forall 1 \leq j \leq k, S_{2k} \leq y\right),$$
which implies that $U^{(2,0)}(y)$ is the renewal function for the random walk $(S_{2n})_{n \geq 0}$ (under $\tilde{\mathbb{P}}$). Then we can apply the standard renewal theorem to $U^{(2,0)}(y)$. The term $U^{(2,1)}(y)$ can be dealt with in the same way. Then we get a result similar to Proposition 6.1 and the forthcoming Proposition 6.2, and finally a modified version of Theorem 1.2 for the nearest neighbor random walk. The details are omitted.
### 6.2 Lower bound in Proposition 6.1
Let $\varepsilon > 0$ be small. Let $\lambda \equiv \lambda(\varepsilon)$ be a large constant whose value will be determined later on. Recall (6.1). Consider
$$E_n := \bigcup_{k=0}^{n-1} B'_k,$$
with $B'_k := B_k \cap \{\eta_k(0) \leq \lambda e^{rk}\} := B_k \cap F_k$. Then by Cauchy-Schwarz’ inequality,
$$\mathbb{P}\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) \geq \mathbb{P}\left(E_n\right) \geq \frac{\left(\sum_{0 \leq k < n} \mathbb{P}(B'_k)\right)^2}{\sum_{0 \leq k_1, k_2 < n} \mathbb{P}(B'_{k_1} \cap B'_{k_2})}. \tag{6.16}$$
Conditioning on $\mathcal{F}_k$, $B_k$ is an union of $\eta_k(0)$ i.i.d. events,
$$\mathbb{P}\left(B_k | \mathcal{F}_k\right) = 1 - (1 - p(k, n))^{\eta_k(0)}.$$
Let \(0 \leq k < n\). By (6.4) and (6.5), \(p(k, n) \leq me^{-r(k+1)}e^{-t_0z}\). On \(F_k\), \(\eta_k(0) \leq \lambda e^{rk}\) hence \(p(k, n)\eta_k(0) \leq e^{-r-t_0z}m\lambda\). Therefore for all \(z \geq z_0(\lambda, \varepsilon)\) and for all \(k < n\),
\[1 - (1 - p(k, n))^{\eta_k(0)} \geq (1 - \varepsilon)p(k, n)\eta_k(0)\]
hence
\[\mathbb{P}\left(B'_k \mid \mathcal{F}_k\right) \geq (1 - \varepsilon)p(k, n)\eta_k(0)1_{F_k}.\]
In particular,
\[\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{P}(B'_k) \geq (1 - \varepsilon)\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} p(k, n)\mathbb{E}\left(\eta_k(0)1_{F_k}\right).\]
Since \(\eta_k(0)e^{-rk}\) is bounded in \(L^2\), we deduce from Proposition 4.3 that we can choose (and then fix) some large \(\lambda\) and some \(k_0 \equiv k_0(\varepsilon)\) such that \(\mathbb{E}\left(\eta_k(0)1_{F_k}\right) \geq c_0(1 - \varepsilon)e^{rk}\) for all \(k \geq k_0\). It follows that for all \(n > k_0\),
\[\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{P}(B'_k) \geq c_0(1 - \varepsilon)^2\sum_{k=k_0}^{n-1} e^{rk}p(k, n).\]
Consequently, for all \(z \geq z_0\) there exists some \(n_0(z, \varepsilon)\) such that for all \(n \geq n_0\),
\[\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{P}(B'_k) \geq c_0 m(1 - \varepsilon)^3\sum_{k=k_0}^{n-1} e^{rk}q(k, n) \geq c_*(1 - \varepsilon)^4e^{-t_0z}e^{t_0\{an+z\}}, \tag{6.17}\]
by applying (6.12) [recalling \(c_* = c_0mc_H\), \(c_0 = 1/m\) and that for any fixed \(k\) \(q(k, n) \to 0\) as \(n \to \infty\)]. The probability \(\mathbb{P}(B_k)\) has already been estimated in the proof of upper bound of Proposition 6.1, see (6.3) and (6.13): for all \(z \geq 0\) and \(n \geq n_0(z, \varepsilon)\),
\[\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \mathbb{P}(B'_k) \leq \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \mathbb{P}(B_k) \leq c_*(1 + \varepsilon)e^{-t_0z}e^{t_0\{an+z\}}. \tag{6.18}\]
Now we estimate the denominator in (6.16). Let \(k_1 < k_2\). On \(B_{k_1} \cap B_{k_2}\), there are at least two different \(\nu \neq \nu'\) at generation \(k_1\) such that \(A_\nu(k_1, n)\) holds and for \(\nu'\), there exists some descendant \(u\) (denoted by \(u > \nu'\)) at generation \(k_2\) such that \(A_u(k_2, n)\) holds. Then,
\[B_{k_1} \cap B_{k_2} \subset \bigcup_{\nu \neq \nu', |\nu| = |\nu'| = k_1} \left\{A_\nu(k_1, n) \cap \{\exists |u| = k_2, u > \nu': A_u(k_2, n) \text{ holds}\}\right\}.\]
Since different particles branch independently, we get that
$$\mathbb{P}\left(B_{k_1} \cap B_{k_2} \mid \mathcal{F}_{k_1}\right) \leq \sum_{\nu \neq \nu', |\nu| = |\nu'| = k_1} p(k_1, n) \mathbb{E}\left(\sum_{|\nu| = k_2, u > \nu'} p(k_2, n) \mid \mathcal{F}_{k_1}\right).$$
Taking the expectations, we obtain that for $k_1 < k_2$,
$$\mathbb{P}\left(B_{k_1} \cap B_{k_2}\right) \leq p(k_1, n)p(k_2, n)\mathbb{E}(\eta_{k_1}(0)\eta_{k_2}(0)) \leq C p(k_1, n)p(k_2, n)e^{r(k_1 + k_2)},$$
by Corollary 4.2. Therefore for all $z \geq z_0$ and $n > n_0(z, \varepsilon)$,
$$\sum_{0 \leq k_1, k_2 < n} \mathbb{P}\left(B'_{k_1} \cap B'_{k_2}\right) \leq \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \mathbb{P}(B'_k) + C \left(\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} e^{rk} p(k, n)\right)^2$$
$$\leq c_*(1 + \varepsilon)e^{-t_0z}e^{t_0\{\alpha n + z\}} + C'e^{-2t_0z},$$
for some numerical constant $C' > 0$. In view of (6.16), we have that for all $z \geq z_0$ and $n > n_0(z, \varepsilon)$,
$$\mathbb{P}\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) \geq \frac{c_*^2(1 - \varepsilon)^8e^{-t_0z}e^{t_0\{\alpha n + z\}}}{c_*(1 + \varepsilon) + C'e^{-t_0z}}.$$
It follows that
$$\liminf_{z \to \infty} \liminf_{n \to \infty} e^{t_0z - t_0\{\alpha n + z\}} \mathbb{P}\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) \geq c_* \frac{(1 - \varepsilon)^8}{1 + \varepsilon}.$$
Letting $\varepsilon \to 0$, we obtain the lower bound in Proposition 6.1. The proof of Proposition 6.1 is complete. □
Recall that $\phi(x)$ is defined in (4.1) and $\phi(x) > 0$ thanks to the aperiodicity. Let us establish an uniform version of Proposition 6.1:
**Proposition 6.2.** Under the assumptions in Theorem 1.2. Uniformly on $x \in \mathbb{Z}$,
$$\limsup_{n \to \infty} \left| \frac{e^{t_0z}e^{-t_0\{\alpha n + z\}}}{\phi(x)} \mathbb{P}_x\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) - c_* \right| \to 0,$$
as $z \to \infty$.
**Proof.** Assume $x \neq 0$ and let $S^* = \max_{0 \leq i \leq \tau} S_i$, where $\tau$ is the first return time to 0. Then
$$\mathbb{P}_x\left(M_n > \alpha n + z\right) \leq \mathbb{P}_x(S^* > \alpha n + z) + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \mathbb{P}_x(\tau = k)\mathbb{P}\left(M_{n-k} > \alpha n + z\right).$$
Let $\varepsilon > 0$ be small (in particular $\varepsilon < c_*$). Let $\ell$ be some integer whose value will be fixed later on. By Proposition 6.1, there exists some $y_0(\varepsilon) > 0$ such that for all $y \geq y_0(\varepsilon)$, there exists some $j_0(y, \varepsilon)$ such that for all $j \geq j_0(y, \varepsilon)$,
$$\left| e^{t_0 y} e^{-t_0 \{\alpha j + y\}} \mathbb{P}\left( M_j > \alpha j + y \right) - c_* \right| < \varepsilon.$$ \hspace{1cm} (6.19)
Observe that for any $k < n$, $\mathbb{P}\left( M_{n-k} > \alpha n + z \right) = \mathbb{P}\left( M_{n-k} > \alpha(n-k) + z + \alpha k \right)$. We shall apply (6.19) to $y = \alpha k + z$ and $j = n-k$. Then for all $z \geq y_0(\varepsilon)$, there exists some $j_1(z, \ell)$ such that for all $1 \leq k \leq \ell$ and $n \geq j_1(z, \ell)$,
$$\left| e^{t_0(z+\alpha k)} e^{-t_0 \{\alpha n+z\}} \mathbb{P}\left( M_{n-k} > \alpha n + z \right) - c_* \right| < \varepsilon.$$ \hspace{1cm} (6.20)
We stress that $y_0(\varepsilon)$ does not depend on $\ell$. Then for all $n > j_1(z, \ell)$,
$$\sum_{k=1}^{\ell} \mathbb{P}_x(\tau = k) \mathbb{P}\left( M_{n-k} > \alpha n + z \right) \leq (c_* + \varepsilon) e^{-t_0 z} e^{t_0 \{\alpha n+z\}} \sum_{k=1}^{\ell} \mathbb{P}_x(\tau = k) e^{-\alpha t_0 k}$$
$$\leq (c_* + \varepsilon) e^{-t_0 z} e^{t_0 \{\alpha n+z\}} \phi(x),$$
since $\alpha t_0 = \psi(t_0) = r$ and $\phi(x) = \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r \tau} \right]$. For $k > \ell$, we apply (6.15) and get that
$$\sum_{k=\ell}^{n} \mathbb{P}_x(\tau = k) \mathbb{P}\left( M_{n-k} > \alpha n + z \right) \leq \sum_{k=\ell}^{n} C e^{-t_0 (\alpha k + z)} = C e^{-t_0 z} \frac{e^{-r \ell}}{r}.$$
It follows that for any $z \geq y_0(\varepsilon)$ and any $x \in \mathbb{Z}$,
$$\limsup_{n \to \infty} e^{t_0 z} e^{-t_0 \{\alpha n+z\}} \mathbb{P}_x \left( M_n > \alpha n + z \right) \leq (c_* + \varepsilon) \phi(x) + C \frac{e^{1-r \ell}}{r}. \hspace{1cm} (6.21)$$
For the lower bound, we have from (6.20) that for any $z \geq y_0(\varepsilon)$ and all $n > j_1(z, \ell)$,
$$\sum_{k=1}^{\ell} \mathbb{P}_x(\tau = k) \mathbb{P}\left( M_{n-k} > \alpha n + z \right) \geq (c_* - \varepsilon) e^{-t_0 z} e^{t_0 \{\alpha n+z\}} \sum_{k=1}^{\ell} \mathbb{P}_x(\tau = k) e^{-\alpha t_0 k}$$
$$= (c_* - \varepsilon) e^{-t_0 z} e^{t_0 \{\alpha n+z\}} \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r \tau} 1_{\{\tau \leq \ell\}} \right].$$
Hence for any $z \geq y_0(\varepsilon)$ and any $x \in \mathbb{Z}$,
$$\liminf_{n \to \infty} e^{t_0 z} e^{-t_0 \{\alpha n+z\}} \mathbb{P}_x \left( M_n > \alpha n + z \right) \geq (c_* - \varepsilon) \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r \tau} 1_{\{\tau \leq \ell\}} \right].$$
Letting \( \ell \to \infty \) in the above lim inf inequality and in (6.21) gives that for any \( z \geq y_0(\varepsilon) \) and uniformly for all \( x \in \mathbb{Z} \),
\[
\limsup_{n \to \infty} \left| e^{t_0z} e^{-t_0\{\alpha n + z\}} \mathbb{P}_x \left( M_n > \alpha n + z \right) - c_* \phi(x) \right| \leq \varepsilon \phi(x),
\]
proving Proposition 6.2 since \( \varepsilon \) can be arbitrarily small.
\[\square\]
### 6.3 Proof of Theorem 1.2
The part (1.5) of Theorem 1.2 was already proved in Lemma 4.4. We now prove (1.4).
Let \( \varepsilon, \delta > 0 \) be small. For any \( k \geq 1 \), there exists some integer \( \ell_k = \ell_k(\varepsilon) \) such that
\[
\mathbb{P} \left( \max_{|u|=k} |X_u| \leq \ell_k \right) \geq 1 - \varepsilon.
\]
Recalling the martingale \( \Lambda_n \) defined in Proposition 4.1. Since a.s. \( \Lambda_n \to \Lambda_\infty \), there exists some \( k_1 = k_1(\varepsilon, \delta) \) such that for any \( k \geq k_1 \),
\[
\mathbb{P} \left( (1 - \delta)\Lambda_\infty \leq \Lambda_k \leq (1 + \delta)\Lambda_\infty \right) \geq 1 - \varepsilon.
\]
By (6.22), there exists some \( z_0(\delta) \) such that for all \( z \geq z_0(\delta) \) and for all \( x \in \mathbb{Z} \), there exists some \( n_0(z, x, \delta) \) such that for all \( j \geq n_0(z, x, \delta) \),
\[
\left| e^{t_0z} e^{-t_0\{\alpha j + z\}} \mathbb{P}_x \left( M_j > \alpha j + z \right) - c_* \phi(x) \right| \leq \delta \phi(x).
\] (6.23)
Elementarily there exists some \( s_0(\delta) > 0 \) such that \( 1 - s \geq e^{-(1+\delta)s} \) for all \( 0 \leq s < s_0(\delta) \). Let \( k_2 = k_2(\delta, y) \) be some integer satisfying \( (c_* + \delta)e^{-t_0(\alpha k_2 + y - 1)} < s_0(\delta) \). Define \( k := k_1 + k_2 + \lfloor \frac{z_0(\delta)}{\alpha} \rfloor + 1 \). Let \( n_1 := \max_{x \in \mathbb{Z}, |x| \leq \ell_k} n_0(z, x, \delta) + k \). Considering \( n \geq n_1 \). Conditioning on \( \mathcal{F}_k \) and on the set \( \{ \max_{|u|=k} |X_u| \leq \ell_k \} \), the particles in the \( k \)-th generation move independently, hence for any \( n > n_1 \),
\[
\mathbb{P} \left( M_n > \alpha n + y \mid \mathcal{F}_k \right) = 1 - \prod_{x \in \mathbb{Z}, |x| \leq L_k} \mathbb{P}_x \left( M_{n-k} \leq \alpha n + y \right)^{\eta_k(x)}.
\] (6.24)
Applying (6.23) to \( j = n - k \), \( z = \alpha k + y \) yields that for any \( |x| \leq \ell_k \) (and \( x \in \mathbb{Z} \)),
\[
(c_* - \delta) \phi(x) e^{-t_0(\alpha k + y) + t_0\{\alpha n + y\}} \leq \mathbb{P}_x \left( M_{n-k} > \alpha n + y \right) \leq (c_* + \delta) \phi(x) e^{-t_0(\alpha k + y) + t_0\{\alpha n + y\}}.
\]
Since \(1 - s \geq e^{-(1+\delta)s}\) for all \(0 \leq s < s_0(\delta)\), we deduce from (6.24) that on the set \(\{\max_{|u|=k} |X_u| \leq \ell_k\}\),
\[
\P\left(M_n > \alpha n + y \mid \mathcal{F}_k\right)
\leq 1 - \exp \left(- \sum_{x \in \mathbb{Z}, |x| \leq \ell_k} (c_* + \delta)(1 + \delta)\phi(x)\eta_k(x)e^{-t_0(\alpha k + y)}e^{t_0\{\alpha n + y\}}\right)
= 1 - \exp \left(-(c_* + \delta)(1 + \delta)\Lambda_k e^{-t_0y}e^{t_0\{\alpha n + y\}}\right).
\]
(6.25)
Then by taking the expectation, we get
\[
\P\left(M_n > \alpha n + y\right)
\leq \mathbb{E} \left(1 - \exp \left(-(c_* + \delta)(1 + \delta)\Lambda_k e^{-t_0y}e^{t_0\{\alpha n + y\}}\right)\right) + \P\left(\max_{|u|=k} |X_u| > \ell_k\right)
\leq \mathbb{E} \left(1 - \exp \left(-(c_* + \delta)(1 + \delta)^2\Lambda_\infty e^{-t_0y}e^{t_0\{\alpha n + y\}}\right)\right) + 2\varepsilon,
\]
where the factor 2 in \(2\varepsilon\) comes from \(\Lambda_k\) which is replaced by \((1 + \delta)\Lambda_\infty\). Since \(\varepsilon\) and \(\delta\) can be arbitrarily small, we get the upper bound in (1.4). The lower bound in (1.4) can be proved in the same way.
Finally, let \(y \in \mathbb{Z}\). Observe that for any \(n_j \geq 1\), \(\P(M_{n_j} - \lfloor \alpha n_j \rfloor \geq y + 1) = \P(M_{n_j} - \lfloor \alpha n_j \rfloor > y + \lfloor \alpha n_j \rfloor) = \P(M_{n_j} - \alpha n_j > y)\). We apply (1.4) to \(y\) and \(y - 1\), (1.6) follows immediately. This completes the proof of Theorem 1.2. \(\square\)
7 Extension to multiple catalysts branching random walk (MCBRW)
Recall Section 3.1 for the definition of MCBRW. Let us assume that the set of catalysts \(\mathcal{C}\) is a finite subset of \(\mathbb{Z}\). By forgetting/erasing the time spent between the catalysts, we obtain an underlying Galton-Watson process which is multitype with the moment matrix
\[
M_{xy} := \text{mean number of particles born at } x \text{ that reach site } y
= m_1(x)\mathbb{P}_x\left(\tau = \tau_y, \tau < \infty\right) \quad (x, y \in \mathcal{C}),
\]
where \(m_1(x) = \mathbb{E}\left[N_x\right]\) is the mean offspring at site \(x\), \(\tau_y := \inf\{n \geq 1 : S_n = y\}\) is the first return time at \(y\), and \(\tau = \tau_\mathcal{C} = \inf_{y \in \mathcal{C}} \tau_y\) is the first return time to \(\mathcal{C}\).
We assume to be in the supercritical regime, that is $\rho > 1$, where $\rho$ is the maximal eigenvalue of matrix $M$, which by assumption is irreducible. We let $\rho^{(r)}$ be the maximum eigenvalue of the matrix
$$M_{xy}^{(r)} := m_1(x) \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r\tau} 1_{(\tau = \tau_y, \tau < \infty)} \right] \quad (x, y \in \mathcal{C}).$$
The function $r \to \rho^{(r)}$ is continuous, strictly decreasing, $C^\infty$ on $(0, +\infty)$, $\rho^{(0)} = \rho > 1$ and $\lim_{r \to +\infty} \rho^{(r)} = 0$ since $M_{xy}^{(r)} \leq m_1(x)e^{-r}$. Therefore there exists a unique $r > 0$, a Malthusian parameter, such that $\rho^{(r)} = 1$. We shall fix this value of $r$ in the sequel.
Let $\nu = \nu^{(r)}$ be a right eigenvector of $M^{(r)}$ associated to $\rho^{(r)} = 1$: For any $x \in \mathcal{C}$, $\nu(x) > 0$ and
$$\nu(x) = \sum_{a \in \mathcal{C}} m_1(x) \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r\tau} 1_{(\tau = \tau_a, \tau < \infty)} \right] \nu(a) \quad (x \in \mathcal{C}).$$
Let us denote by $p(x, y) = \mathbb{E}_x \left[ S_1 = y \right]$ and $Pf(x) = \sum_y p(x, y)f(y)$ the random walk kernel and semigroup. Let us consider the hitting times
$$T_x := \inf \{ n \geq 0 : S_n = x \}, \quad T_\mathcal{C} = \inf_{x \in \mathcal{C}} T_x = \inf \{ n \geq 0 : S_n \in \mathcal{C} \}.$$
**Lemma 7.1.** The function
$$\phi(x) := \sum_{a \in \mathcal{C}} \nu(a) \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-rT_\mathcal{C}} 1_{(T_\mathcal{C} = T_a, T_\mathcal{C} < \infty)} \right]$$
is a solution of
$$P\phi(x) = e^r \phi(x) \left( \frac{1}{m_1(x)} 1_{(x \in \mathcal{C})} + 1_{(x \notin \mathcal{C})} \right).$$
**Proof.** The proof is similar to that of Proposition 4.1 by using the Markov property of the random walk. The details are omitted. □
We are now ready to introduce the fundamental martingale.
**Lemma 7.2.** (1) For the CBRW process with multiple catalysts, the process
$$\Lambda_n := e^{-rn} \sum_{|u| = n} \phi(X_u)$$
is a martingale.
(2) For the random walk, the process
\[ \Delta_n := e^{-rn} \phi(S_n) \prod_{x \in \mathcal{G}} m_1(x)^{L^x_{n-1}} \]
is a martingale where \( L^x_{n-1} = \sum_{0 \leq k \leq n-1} 1_{\{S_k = x\}} \) is the local time at level \( x \) at time \( n-1 \).
(3) If \( N \) has finite variance, then the process \( \Lambda_n \) is bounded in \( L^2 \) and therefore a uniformly integrable martingale.
**Proof** Based on the many-to-one formula, the parts (1) and (2) can be proved in the same way as in Proposition 4.1. Let us only give the details of the proof of (3). To compute the second moment, we use the many to two formula (3.5) of Section 3
\[
\mathbb{E}\left[ \Lambda_n^2 \right] = e^{-2rn} \mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{|u|=|v|=n} \phi(X_u) \phi(X_v) \right]
\]
\[
= e^{-2rn} \mathbb{Q} \left[ \phi(S_n^1) \phi(S_n^2) \prod_{0 \leq k < T \wedge n} m_2(S_k^1) \prod_{T \wedge n \leq k < n} m_1(S_k^1) m_1(S_k^2) \right].
\]
Recall (3.6). We have that
\[
\mathbb{E}\left[ \Lambda_n^2 \right] = e^{-2rn} \mathbb{Q} \left[ \phi(S_n)^2 \prod_{x \in \mathcal{G}} m_1(x)^{L^x_{n-1}} \right]
\]
\[
+ e^{-2rn} \sum_{1 \leq k \leq n-1} \mathbb{Q} \left[ \prod_{0 \leq l \leq k-2} \frac{m_1(S_l)}{m_2(S_l)} (1 - \frac{m_1(S_{k-1})}{m_2(S_{k-1})}) \mathbb{E}_{S_{k-1}} \left[ \Delta_{n-(k-1)} \right]^2 e^{2r(n-(k-1))} \right].
\]
Observe that since \( 0 \leq \phi \leq 1 \) we have \( 0 \leq \phi(x)^2 \leq \phi(x) \), and combine it with \( \mathbb{E}_x \left[ \Delta_p \right] = \phi(x)m_1(x) \leq C \) and \( \frac{m_1(x)}{m_2(x)} \leq 1 \) to obtain the upper bound
\[
\mathbb{E}\left[ \Lambda_n^2 \right] \leq 1 + C^2 \sum_{1 \leq k \leq n-1} e^{-2r(k-1)} \leq C' < \infty,
\]
which completes the proof of this Lemma. \( \square \)
We are now able to give an explanation of the supercritical regime assumption of the introduction.
**Lemma 7.3.** When there is only one catalyst at the origin, the supercritical regime is \( m(1-q_{esc}) > 1 \).
Proof. Indeed, $M$ is then a one dimensional matrix and $\rho = M_{00} = m \mathbb{P}(\tau < +\infty) = m(1 - q_{esc})$.
We end this section by stating the law of large numbers. Intuitively, if $\overline{c}$ is the rightmost catalyst, the maximal position at time $n$ comes from particles born at location $\overline{c}$.
**Proposition 7.4 (Law of large numbers).** Assume the supercritical regime and (1.3). Then, on the set of non extinction $\mathcal{S}$ we have
$$\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac{M_n}{n} = \frac{r}{t_0}, \quad a.s.,$$
with $r$ the Malthusian parameter defined by $\rho^{(r)} = 1$ and $t_0 > 0$ such that $\psi(t_0) = r$.
Proof. First observe that the heuristics do not change at all since by applying the optional stopping theorem to the martingale $e^{t_0 S_n - nr}$ to the time $T$, we obtain that for $x > \overline{c}$
$$e^{t_0 x} = e^{t_0 \overline{c}} \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r T} \right],$$
and thus
$$\phi(x) = \nu(\overline{c}) \mathbb{E}_x \left[ e^{-r T} \right] = \nu(\overline{c}) e^{t_0 (x - \overline{c})},$$
and we approximate the expected number of particles above level $an$ in the same way, and hence obtain the same guess for the asymptotics.
Furthermore, the proofs are *mutatis mutandis* the same as the one given in section 5. The only difference would come from the use of renewal theorems: we get a system of renewal equations, e.g., for $(\mathbb{E}_a(e^{\theta S_n} \prod_{b \in \mathcal{C}} m_1(b)^{L_{n-1}}))_{a,b \in \mathcal{C}}$ as $n \to \infty$, which can be dealt with an application of a matrix version of renewal theorems (see [13, 15]). We feel free to omit the details.
**Acknowledgements.** We are very grateful to two anonymous referees for their careful readings and helpful comments on the first version of this paper.
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Neurotrophic keratitis presenting in infancy with involvement of the motor component of the trigeminal nerve
J D Heath, G Long
We report a case of unilateral congenital corneal anaesthesia presenting in a 5-year-old girl, where computed tomography (CT) elegantly demonstrated corresponding atrophy of involvement of the first division of the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve, and helped to confirm the diagnosis.
Case report
A 5-year-old girl was referred to our ophthalmology department by her general practitioner having failed a school medical sight test. Her only symptom was blurring of vision of the left eye, and in particular she did not experience pain or redness. She had been delivered at term by caesarean section for fetal distress, and had no neonatal problems. She had two short admissions to hospital for failure to thrive and an upper respiratory tract viral infection. She had been fully vaccinated, and there was no history of atopy.
On examination, her right visual acuity was 6/6 and the left was 6/9. There was a punctate epithelial keratitis of the left cornea with absent left corneal sensation. The eye was white and quiet. The cutaneous sensation of the first division of the left trigeminal nerve was slightly reduced and the jaw jerk appeared normal. A slight left ptosis was noted, which had been present since birth, and had not progressed. The third, fourth, sixth, and seventh cranial nerves were normal.
Figure 1 Contrast enhanced axial computed tomographic image at the level of the oropharynx and maxilla. Normal right masseter muscle (M) and right medial pterygoid muscle (mp) with atrophy of the corresponding muscles on the left (on right) in picture.
Figure 2 Contrast enhanced axial computed tomographic image at the level of the nasopharynx. Normal right masseter (M) and right lateral pterygoid muscle (lp) with atrophy of the corresponding muscles on the left (right).
A diagnosis of corneal anaesthesia was made and she was treated with ocular lubricants.
A CT scan under general anaesthesia was performed (Figs 1, 2, and 3) to exclude a new lesion of the brain stem, pons, or cerebellum. Contiguous axial images were obtained, both pre and post intravenous contrast enhancement, from the level of the hard palate to the vertex.
Figure 3 Contrast enhanced axial computed tomographic image at the level of the optic nerves. Normal right temporalis muscle (T) with atrophy of the corresponding muscle on the left (right).
At her first review 2 weeks after diagnosis, and at review 2 months later, asymptomatic subarticular foreign bodies were removed. Patient follow up at 10 months showed an improvement in the left corneal epithelial keratitis.
Comment
This 5-year-old girl appears to have a congenital absence of both sensory and motor components of the left trigeminal nerve. The sensory impairment was suggested clinically by the keratitis associated with corneal anaesthesia, and the absence of any other corneal pathology. The defect of the motor component of the trigeminal nerve only became apparent after the CT scan. The investigation demonstrated atrophy of the muscles on the left supplied by the motor root of the trigeminal nerve – namely, the left temporalis, masseter, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. Loss of neural input produces atrophy and fatty replacement of the denervated muscle. This is shown more markedly in summary when compared with the muscles of the contralateral uninvolved side. This had not been clinically apparent, and added support to the diagnosis.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and arises in sensory and motor roots from the lateral aspect of the pons. It passes forward through the posterior fossa and joins the trigeminal ganglion which lies in a bony fossa at the apex of the petrous temporal bone. The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are given off from its anterior border. The nasociliary nerve is the first branch of the first division and gives off the sensory root to the ciliary ganglion which contains sensory fibres from the cornea, iris, and ciliary body. The motor root of the trigeminal nerve has no connection with the trigeminal ganglion and passes with the third division through the foramen ovale to supply the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, temporalis, and masseter.
Corneal anaesthesia may follow any cause of fifth nerve damage. Common causes are herpes zoster ophthalmicus, trauma, lesions of the brain stem and pons, and cerebellopontine angle tumours. The likely aetiology of the keratitis is reduced blinking and reflex tear production, resulting in corneal drying and repeated trauma. Fetal rabbit trigeminal neurons have been demonstrated to influence the production of type VII collagen *in vitro*. Type VII collagen is a major component of the anchoring fibrils involved in the attachment of the corneal epithelium to the underlying stroma. Corneal hypoaesthesia can occur as an isolated abnormality, or in conjunction with trigeminal hypoesthesia, particularly of the first division. It may be unilateral, or familial. Corneal anaesthesia may be part of a more widespread anaesthesia, but is more often confined to the cornea. It has been described in association with leprosy, and in a milder form in Adie's pupil, and in some corneal dystrophies. In any severe keratitis, the corneal sensation will tend to be reduced.
The mainstay of treatment of neurotrophic keratitis is topical antibiotics in the acute stage, followed by long term ocular lubricants. Several cases may require lateral tarsorrhaphy. Visual deprivation amblyopia may occur owing to corneal scarring, viscous ocular lubricants, or tarsorrhaphy.
The authors would like to acknowledge C M Lane, S Wallace, and M Hourihan for their help.
1 Baker KS, Anderson SC, Romanowski EG, Thoft RA, Rai NS. Trigeminal sensory nerves affect corneal epithelial phenotype. *Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci* 1993; 34: 137–44.
2 Stewart HL, Wind CA, Kaufman HE. Unilateral congenital corneal anesthesia. *Arch Ophthalmol* 1974; 92: 248–52.
3 Purcell JJ, Krachmer JH. Familial corneal hypeaesthesia. *Arch Ophthalmol* 1975; 97: 806–7.
4 Manzoni G, Bini G, Cracco G, Accornero N, Berardelli A, Medolago L. Congenital absence of pain. *Arch Neurol* 1981; 38: 507–10.
5 Heath H. Congenital trigeminal anaesthesia. *Br J Ophthalmol* 1963; 47: 303–6.
6 Sharma SK, Kulkarni GO, Monte LG. Ocular findings in leprosy. *Am J Ophthalmol* 1974; 77: 880–90.
7 Purcell JJ, Krachmer JH, Thomas HS. Corneal sensation in Adie's pupil. *Arch J Ophthalmol* 1977; 84: 596–600.
8 Birndhorf LA, Ginsberg SP. Hereditary fleck dystrophy associated with decreased corneal sensitivity. *Am J Ophthalmol* 1973; 75: 670.
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University of Nebraska - Lincoln
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Robert Powers Publications
Published Research - Department of Chemistry
2015
A Sequential Algorithm for Multiblock Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures
Bradley Worley University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
Robert Powers University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemistrypowers
Worley, Bradley and Powers, Robert, "A Sequential Algorithm for Multiblock Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures" (2015). Robert Powers Publications. 64.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemistrypowers/64
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Author manuscript
Chemometr Intell Lab Syst. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 December 15.
Published in final edited form as:
Chemometr Intell Lab Syst. 2015 December 15; 149(Pt B): 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2015.10.018.
A Sequential Algorithm for Multiblock Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures
Bradley Worley and Robert Powers *
Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
Abstract
Methods of multiblock bilinear factorizations have increased in popularity in chemistry and biology as recent increases in the availability of information-rich spectroscopic platforms has made collecting multiple spectroscopic observations per sample a practicable possibility. Of the existing multiblock methods, consensus PCA (CPCA-W) and multiblock PLS (MB-PLS) have been shown to bear desirable qualities for multivariate modeling, most notably their computability from single-block PCA and PLS factorizations. While MB-PLS is a powerful extension to the nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) framework, it still spreads predictive information across multiple components when response-uncorrelated variation exists in the data. The OnPLS extension to O2PLS provides a means of simultaneously extracting predictive and uncorrelated variation from a set of matrices, but is more suited to unsupervised data discovery than regression. We describe the union of NIPALS MB-PLS with an orthogonal signal correction (OSC) filter, called MB-OPLS, and illustrate its equivalence to single-block OPLS for regression and discriminant analysis.
Keywords
Multiblock data; CPCA-W; MB-PLS; OnPLS; MB-OPLS
1. Introduction
The method of nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) has firmly entrenched itself in the field of chemometrics. Implementations of principal component analysis (PCA) and projections to latent structures (PLS) that utilize NIPALS-type algorithms benefit from its numerical stability, as well as its flexibility and simplicity [1-3]. Only a few subroutines from level 2 of the basic linear algebra subprograms (BLAS) specification are required to construct a complete NIPALS-type algorithm [4, 5], making it an attractive means of constructing PCA and PLS models of high-dimensional spectroscopic datasets.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed: Robert Powers, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Chemistry, 722 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, [email protected], Phone: (402) 472-3039, Fax: (402) 472-9402. The authors declare no competing financial interest.
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One particularly recent addition to the NIPALS family of algorithms, called orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS), integrates an orthogonal signal correction (OSC) filter into NIPALS PLS [6, 7]. By extracting variation from its computed PLS components that is uncorrelated (orthogonal) to the responses, OPLS produces a more interpretable regression model compared to PLS. In fact, when trained on the same data and responses, an OPLS model and a PLS model with the same total number of components will show no difference in predictive ability [8]. Despite its relative novelty to the field, the enhanced interpretability of OPLS over PLS has made it a popular method in exploratory studies of spectroscopic datasets of complex chemical mixtures (e.g., metabolomics [9], food and soil science [10], and chemical process control [11]).
Extensions of NIPALS PCA and PLS to incorporate blocking information that partitions the set of measured variables into multiple 'blocks' of data have recently gained attention in the field as more experimental designs involve the collection of data from multiple analytical platforms per sample. In such experiments, referred to as 'class II' multiblock schemes by Smilde et al. [12], correlated consensus directions are sought from the blocks that maximally capture block variation and (optionally) maximally predict a set of responses. Of the available extensions of NIPALS to multiblock modeling, a class of methods exists that bears attractive computational qualities, namely computability from single-block bilinear factorizations. When both super weights and block loadings are normalized in consensus PCA (i.e. CPCA-W), the obtained super scores are equivalent to those obtained from PCA of the concatenated matrix of blocks [13]. Likewise, scores obtained from PLS of the concatenated matrix are equivalent to super scores from multiblock PLS (MB-PLS) when super scores are used in the deflation step [13, 14]. As a result, these multiblock bilinear factorizations inherit many of the useful properties of their single-block equivalents.
A second class of multiblock methods exists in which every block is predicted in a regression model by every other block. In the first of such methods, known as nPLS, the MAXDIFF criterion [15] is optimized one component at a time (i.e. sequentially) to yield a set of predictive weight vectors for each block [16]. The recently described OnPLS algorithm also falls within this class [16]. OnPLS extends O2PLS to three or more matrices and may be considered a prefixing of nPLS with an OSC filtering step. OnPLS deflates nonglobally predictive variation that may or may not be orthogonal to all blocks from each matrix, and then computes an nPLS model from the filtered result [16]. While fully symmetric OnPLS is a powerful and general addition to the existing set of multiblock modeling frameworks, it is arguably an over-complication when the regression of a single response matrix on multiple data blocks (i.e. MB-PLS) is sought. For such situations, a novel algorithm termed MB-OPLS for multiblock orthogonal projections to latent structures is introduced that embeds an OSC filter within NIPALS MB-PLS, thus solving an inherently different problem from OnPLS. It will be shown that MB-OPLS, in analogy to CPCA-W and MB-PLS, is computable from a single-block OPLS model of the matrix of concatenated data blocks. Thus, MB-OPLS forms a bridge between this special class of consensus component methods and the highly general symmetric regression framework of OnPLS.
2. Theory
MB-OPLS belongs to a set of multiblock methods that exhibit an equivalence to their singleblock equivalents. A short discussion on these methods follows, in which the optimization criterion of each method is shown to belong to the MAXBET family of objective functions. This is contrasted to nPLS and OnPLS, which have been shown to optimize a MAXDIFF objective. The principal difference between MAXBET and MAXDIFF is one of explained variation: while MAXBET captures between-matrix covariances and within-matrix variances, MAXDIFF only captures the former [15, 17]. Finally, the equivalence of MBOPLS and OPLS is demonstrated, which highlights its differences from OnPLS.
In all following discussions, it will be understood that there exist n data matrices X1 to Xn, each having N rows (observations) and Ki columns (variables). The matrix X = [X1] … [Xn ] of all concatenated blocks will be used in cases of single-block modeling. Finally, a response matrix Y having N rows and M columns will be assumed to exist for the purposes of regression (i.e. PLS-R, MB-PLS-R, etc.) or discriminant analysis (i.e. PLS-DA, MB-PLSDA, etc.).
2.1. nPLS and OnPLS
In their initial description of the OnPLS modeling framework [16], Löfstedt and Trygg introduced nPLS as a generalization of PLS regression to cases where n > 2, and a model is sought in which each matrix Xi is predicted by all other matrices Xj≠i. The nPLS solution involves identifying a set of weight vectors Wi that simultaneously maximize covariances between each pair of resulting scores ti = Xiwi via the following objective function:
subject to the constraints ‖wi‖ = 1. This objective was subsequently recognized to be a member of the MAXDIFF family of functions, whose solution is obtainable using a general algorithm from Hanafi and Kiers [17]. After the identification of a set of weight vectors, the scores and loadings
may be computed for each matrix, which is then deflated prior to the computation of subsequent component weights:
This deflation scheme follows the precedent set by two-block PLS regression. Because their described approach used a distinct deflation scheme from single-component (sequential) MAXDIFF, it was given the name "nPLS" by the authors to distinguish it from MAXDIFF [16, 18].
OnPLS extends nPLS by decomposing each matrix into a globally predictive part and a nonglobally predictive (orthogonal) part using an orthogonal projection. By removing orthogonal variation from each block prior to constructing an nPLS model, OnPLS optimizes the following MAXDIFF-type objective function:
where Zi represents the orthogonal projector identified by OnPLS for matrix i:
where To,i = [to,i,1| … |to,i,Ao ], the concatenation of all orthogonal score vectors for the block, and to,i,a = Xiwo,i,a. In OnPLS, each orthogonal weight wo,i,a is chosen such that its score to,i,a contains maximal covariance with the variation in Xj≠i that is not jointly predictive of Xi. The OnPLS framework provides a powerful set of methods for unsupervised data mining and path modeling [16, 19-21].
2.2. CPCA-W and MB-PLS
The consensus PCA method, introduced by Wold et al. as CPCA and modified by Westerhuis et al. as CPCA-W, identifies a set of weights pi that maximally capture the within-block variances and between-block covariances of a set of n matrices [13]. It was further proven by Westerhuis, Kourti and MacGregor that the results of CPCA-W computed on matrices X1 to Xn are identical to those from PCA of the concatenated matrix X = [X1] … [Xn ]. It immediately follows from this equivalence that the CPCA-W algorithm optimizes the following objective function:
subject to the constraint ‖p‖ = 1, where p T = [P1 T | … |Pn T ]. Maximizing the above function yields a set of super scores t that relate the N observations in X to each other based on the extracted consensus directions in p, as well as block scores ti and loadings pi that describe each block. This objective function is of the MAXBET variety, in contrast to the MAXDIFF
objective of nPLS and OnPLS. As a result, the CPCA-W NIPALS algorithm may be considered a special case of the general algorithm from Hanafi and Kiers [17].
The multiblock PLS (MB-PLS) method, when deflation is performed using super scores [14], shares an equivalence with single-block PLS as proven by Westerhuis et al. [13]. Therefore, the MB-PLS objective takes on a similar form as in CPCA-W, with the addition of a weighting matrix:
where once again ‖w‖ is constrained to unity. In analogy to Höskuldsson's interpretation of PLS as a regression on orthogonal components, where YY T is used to weight the covariance matrix, the above function corresponds to a MAXBET objective with an inner weighting of YY T [2]. Alternatively, equation (5) could be interpreted as a MAXBET computed on the n cross- covariance matrices Y T X1 to Y T Xn.
2.3. MB-OPLS
Extension of prior multiblock NIPALS algorithms to incorporate an OSC filter rests on the observation that, in both the case of CPCA-W and MB-PLS, deflation of each computed component is accomplished using super scores. For any super score deflation method, a loading vector is computed for each block:
and the super scores t and block loadings are then used to deflate their respective block:
Equation (6) differs from equation (2) used in nPLS and OnPLS, which uses block-specific scores and loadings during deflation. This method of super score deflation ensures that the super scores are an orthogonal basis, while allowing scores and loadings to become slightly correlated at the block level, and is a necessary condition for the equivalences between CPCA-W and MB-PLS and their single-block counterparts [13]. We shall employ this condition in MB-OPLS by deflating each matrix by a set of orthogonal super scores To , which shall be shown to be equal to the orthogonal scores obtained from single-block OPLS. By constructing an MB-PLS model on the set of matrices after deflation by To , we effectively arrive at another MAXBET objective:
where w is constrained to unit norm and Z is the orthogonal projector for the super scores To :
2.3.1. The MB-OPLS Model—MB-OPLS constructs an OPLS model for each matrix Xi where the predictive and orthogonal loadings for each matrix are interrelated by a set of predictive and orthogonal super scores, respectively:
where each Ei is a data residual matrix that holds all variation in Xi not explained by the model. Concatenation of all block-level matrices together in equation (8) results in a toplevel consensus model, which is in fact equivalent to an OPLS model trained on the partitioned data matrix X:
Like PLS and MB-PLS, an MB-OPLS model contains a second equation that relates the predictive super scores and responses:
where C is the response loadings matrix that relates the super scores to the responses, and F is the response residual matrix that holds Y-variation not captured by the model.
2.3.2. The MB-OPLS Algorithm—The proposed MB-OPLS algorithm described herein admits a matrix of responses Y, but also supports vector-y cases. Direct and normed assignment will be indicated by "←" and "∝", respectively. All assignments to blockspecific structures (e.g. wi ) that are to be performed over all values of i from 1 to n are suffixed with "∀i ∈ {1, …, n}".
1. For each m ∈ {1, …, M} do
2. Initialize u to a column of Y
4. ti ← Xiwi ∀i ∈ {1, …, n}
,
5. R
←[t
1 | … |
6. wT ∝ R T u
7. t ← RwT
10. If ‖u – uold‖/‖uold‖ > ∈ , return to step (3). Otherwise, continue to step (11).
12. To compute an orthogonal component, continue to step (13). Otherwise, proceed to step (21).
20. Return to step (2).
22. To compute another component, return to step (2).
Otherwise, end.
In the above algorithm, the value of ∈ is set to a very small number, e.g. 10 −9 . For each predictive component in the model, a set of orthogonal components is extracted. After the computation of a new orthogonal component, the current predictive component is updated to reflect the removal of orthogonal variation from the matrices Xi. The MB-OPLS algorithm closely follows the matrix-Y OPLS algorithm presented by Trygg and Wold [6], but replaces the standard PLS computation (steps 4-10 in OPLS) with an MB-PLS computation (steps 2-11 above). However, as described below, the mechanism by which orthogonal variation is removed (steps 13-19 above) is identical to that of OPLS.
t
n
]
2.3.3. Equivalence to OPLS—In both the vector-y and matrix-Y OPLS algorithms proposed by Trygg and Wold [6], a basis V for the response-correlated variation in X is constructed by regressing the data onto each column of responses:
where ym and vm denote the m-th columns of Y and V, respectively. When X is partitioned into multiple blocks, the computed basis also bears the same partitioning, i.e. V T = [V1 T | … | Vn T ], where each of the n submatrices corresponds to the regression of its respective block Xi onto the responses:
where vi,m is the m-th column of Vi. Given a single-block PLS loading vector p, the OPLS algorithm computes an orthogonal weight wo by orthogonalizing p to the columns of V:
after wo has been initialized to p. From the proof of Westerhuis et al. [13], it is known that the single-block PLS loading p equals the concatenation of all block loadings from MBPLS, i.e. that p T = [p1 T | … |pn T ]. Expansion of all vector terms in the above equation into their partitioned forms results in the following new assignment rule:
The scalar term in equation (14) should be recognized as φ in the MB-OPLS algorithm. By the same reasoning, step (15) in the algorithm is equivalent to scaling wo to unit norm. In effect, by computing φ as the fraction of orthogonal variation to remove from its loadings, MB-OPLS yields the same orthogonal weights (wo ) as OPLS of the concatenated matrix. Therefore, because wo equals the column-wise concatenation of all weights wo,i, it is then apparent that the orthogonal super scores extracted by MB-OPLS are identical to those from OPLS of the concatenated matrix X, as illustrated in the following equation:
From this equivalence, and the fact that steps (2-11) and (21) in MB-OPLS constitute an MB-PLS iteration, we arrive at the equivalence between MB-OPLS and OPLS. Thus,
orthogonality between the responses and orthogonal super scores to computed by MB-OPLS is also ensured. However, because the computation of orthogonal weights involves all blocks, the resulting orthogonal block scores to,i are not guaranteed to be orthogonal to the responses.
2.3.4. Computation from an OPLS Model—The equivalence between MB-OPLS super scores and OPLS scores may be leveraged to generate an MB-OPLS model from an existing OPLS model of a partitioned data matrix, saving computation time during crossvalidated model training. The following algorithm details the extraction of MB-OPLS block scores and loadings from an OPLS model:
1. Initialize a = 1, b = 1
2. to ← [To ]a
6. To,i ← [To,i|to,i] ∀i ∈ {1, …, n}
7. Po,i ← [Po,i|Po,i] ∀i ∈ {1, …, n
}
8. Wo,i ← [Wo,i|Wo,i] ∀i ∈ {1, …, n}
9. If another orthogonal component exists, increment a and return to step (2). Otherwise, continue to step (10).
20. If another predictive component exists, increment and return to step (1). Otherwise, end.
The keen observer will recognize the equivalence between steps (10-19) above and the procedure outlined by Westerhuis et al. for extracting MB-PLS block components from a PLS model [13]. By using the above algorithm to compute MB-OPLS models, the analyst avoids the unnecessary computation of block components during cross-validated model
training. For example, a G-fold Monte Carlo cross-validation having R iterations requires the construction of RG models in order to yield R cross-validated response matrix estimates. In each of these RG models, MB-PLS requires 2Nn additional floating-point multiplications (per power iteration) over PLS. In addition, computation of multiblock components from single-block models ensures greater stability of super scores and loadings, especially in cases of missing data [13].
3. Datasets
Two datasets will be described to illustrate how MB-OPLS effectively integrates an OSC filter into an MB-PLS decomposition of a set of n matrices. The first synthetic dataset contrasts the mixing of predictive information in MB-PLS with its separation in MB-OPLS using a contrived three-block regression example similar to that introduced by Löfstedt and Trygg [16]. The second dataset, a joint set of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) observations [22, 23], is used to demonstrate the enhanced interpretability of MB-OPLS models over MB-PLS in a real example of discriminant analysis. All modeling and validation wereperformed using routines available in the MVAPACK chemometrics toolbox (http://bionmr.unl.edu/mvapack.php) [24].
3.1. Synthetic Example
In the first dataset, three matrices (all having 100 rows and 200 columns) were constructed to hold one y-predictive component (tpi T ) and one y-orthogonal component (topo,i T ). The score vectors were non-overlapping (orthogonal) Gaussian density functions, and all block loading vectors were mutually overlapping Gaussian density or square step functions. The true synthetic block loadings are illustrated in Figure 1A. A two-component MB-PLS-R regression model was trained on the synthetic three-block example dataset, as well as a 1+1 (one predictive, one orthogonal) component MB-OPLS-R regression model. Block loadings extracted by MB-PLS-R and MB-OPLS-R are shown in Figures 1B and 1C, respectively.
3.2. Joint 1 H NMR and DI-ESI-MS Datasets
The second dataset is a pair of processed and treated data matrices, collected on 29 samples of metabolite extracts from human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells treated with various neurotoxic agents [23]. The first matrix, collected using 1 H NMR spectroscopy, contains 16,138 columns and the second, collected using direct injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DI-ESI-MS), contains 2,095 columns. Prior to all modeling, block weighting was applied after Pareto scaling to ensure equal contribution of each block to the models (fairness) [12].
In previously performed work, a two-component, two-class (vector-y) multiblock discriminant analysis (MB-PLS-DA) model was trained on the dataset in order to discriminate between untreated and neurotoxin-treated cell samples. To highlight the improved interpretability of MB-OPLS over MB-PLS, a 1+1 MB-OPLS-DA model was trained on the data using an identical vector of class labels. Block components were extracted from an OPLS-DA model of the concatenated matrix X = [XNMR|XMS] using the above algorithm. For both models, fifty rounds of Monte Carlo seven-fold cross-validation [25, 26] were performed to compute per-component Q 2 statistics [3], in addition to the R 2 statistics available from model training. CV-ANOVA significance testing was also applied to further assess model reliability [27].
4. Results and Discussion
In both the contrived dataset and the real spectroscopic dataset, the interpretative advantage offered by MB-OPLS over MB-PLS is strikingly apparent. In the synthetic example, MBOPLS capably identifies the true predictive and orthogonal loadings in the presence of yorthogonal variation that clouds the interpretation of MB-PLS loadings (Figure 1). By design, this comparison between MB-OPLS and MB-PLS is highly similar to the first example presented by Löfstedt and Trygg to compare nPLS and OnPLS for general data discovery [16]. However, as is evidenced by the differences between equations (3) and (7) above, MB-OPLS solves an inherently distinct problem from OnPLS: the identification of consensus variation in multiple blocks of data that predicts a single set of responses.
The ability of MB-OPLS to separate predictive and orthogonal variation from multiple data matrices is further exemplified in the discriminant analysis of the real spectroscopic dataset. From the rotated discrimination axis in the MB-PLS-DA scores (Figure 2A), it is clear that predictive and orthogonal variation have become mixed in the corresponding block loadings (Figure 3). Integration of an OSC filter into the multiblock model in the form of MB-OPLSDA achieves the expected rotation of super scores to place more predictive variation into the first component (Figure 2B). As a consequence of this rotation, spectral information that separates paraquat treatment from other neurotoxin treatments is also moved into the orthogonal component. For example, strong loadings from citrate in the 1 H NMR MB-PLS block loadings (Figure 3A, 2.6 ppm) are substantially diminished in the predictive block loadings from MB-OPLS (Figure 4), as separation between paraquat and other treatments has been isolated along the orthogonal component in super scores. Inspection of the orthogonal block loadings from MB-OPLS (Supplementary Figure S-4) will reveal, as expected, that citrate contributes more to separation between neurotoxin treatments than to separation between treatments and controls. Similar patterns were observed in the DI-ESIMS block loadings at m/z 203.058 and 233.067, which were assigned via accurate mass and tandem MS measurements as sodium adducts of hexose and heptose, respectively [23]. These results agree with detailed prior analyses of pairwise MB-PLS-DA models between each drug treatment and untreated cells, which indicate that paraquat treatment uniquely alters metabolic flux through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway [22]. In contrast to the multiple MB-PLS-DA models employed by Lei et al. to arrive at this conclusion [22], the MB-OPLS-DA model has provided the same set of core results in a single, substantially more interpretable model.
The partial correlation of both predictive and orthogonal block scores in MB-OPLS is readily observed in the comparison of block scores from MB-PLS and MB-OPLS (Supplementary Figures S-2 and S-3). While the super scores in Figure 2B are rotated to separate predictive and orthogonal variation, block scores in Figures S-2B and S-3B have rotated back into alignment with the MB-PLS block scores. This partial correlation and remixing of predictive and orthogonal variation in MB-OPLS block scores is a consequence of the use of super score deflation in the proposed algorithm. When all matrices contain similar patterns of orthogonal variation, their MB-OPLS block scores will reflect this by retaining the OSC-induced rotation captured at the consensus level by the super scores. However, because the interpretative advantage of MB-OPLS over MB-PLS lies in the relationship between super scores and block loadings, the fact that orthogonal block scores have partial y-correlation is relatively benign.
Because the MB-OPLS-DA model of the real spectral data matrices was trained using the single-block OPLS routine already present in MVAPACK, all readily available crossvalidation metrics were available in the model without further computational expenditure. Monte Carlo cross-validation of the MB-PLS model produced cumulative R 2 Y and Q 2 statistics of 0.903 and 0.819±0.024, respectively, and validation of the MB-OPLS model resulted in statistics of 0.903 and 0.736±0.021, respectively. As expected, the MB-OPLS model captured the same fraction of response variation (R 2 Y) as MB-PLS, reaffirming the fact that the two methods have the same predictive ability. In addition, MB-OPLS modeling yielded R 2 Xp and R 2 Xo statistics of 0.378 and 0.245 for the first block, and 0.236 and 0.083 for the second block. Monte Carlo cross-validated super scores from MB-PLS and MBOPLS are depicted in Supplementary Figure S-1. Compared to MB-PLS scores in Figure S-1A, MB-OPLS scores (Figure S-1B) exhibit an increased uncertainty during crossvalidation due to the coupled nature of predictive and orthogonal components in OPLS models. Further validation of the MB-OPLS-DA model via CV-ANOVA produced a p value equal to 2.88×10 -6 , indicating a sufficiently reliable model.
It is worthy of final mention that the objective solved by MB-OPLS is but a single member of a superfamily of multiblock methods introduced in detail by Hanafi and Kiers [17]. In the first family, nPLS and OnPLS maximally capture the between-matrix covariances before and after orthogonal signal correction, respectively, and thus serve to regress a set of matrices against each other. Methods in the second family capture both within-matrix variances and between-matrix covariances of a set of matrices (CPCA-W), a set of responseweighted matrices (MB-PLS), and a set of response-weighted OSC-filtered matrices (MBOPLS). By casting these methods in the light of MAXDIFF and MAXBET, we obtain an informative picture of their characteristics, commonalities, and differences. For example, nPLS and OnPLS force an equal contribution of each matrix to the solution through the constraint ‖wi‖ = 1, while CPCA-W, MB-PLS and MB-OPLS allow contributions to float based on the "importance" of each matrix to the modeling problem at hand. This super weight approach necessitates a block scaling procedure to avoid highly weighting any given matrix due to size alone [12, 13].
5. Conclusions
The MB-OPLS method proposed here is a versatile extension of MB-PLS to include an OSC filter, and belongs to a family of MAXBET optimizers that share an equivalence with their single-block factorizations (Supplementary Figure S-5). By removing consensus responseuncorrelated variation from a set of n data matrices, MB-OPLS expands the scope and benefits of OPLS to cases where blocking information is available. The ability of MB-OPLS to separate predictive and orthogonal variation from multiple blocks of data has been
demonstrated on both synthetic and real spectral data, both in cases of vector-y regression and discriminant analysis. Of course, while both examples were interpreted in the light of spectroscopic datasets like those used in metabolomics [22, 23], MB-OPLS is a fully general algorithm that admits any multiblock dataset for the purposes of regression or discriminant analysis. For example, recent applications of MB-PLS for investigating food spoilage [28], iron-ore content [29], chemical toxicity [30], the evolution of human anatomy [31], and the assessment of cortical and muscle activity in Parkinson's disease patients [32] would benefit from our MB-OPLS algorithm. The presented algorithm admits either a vector or a matrix as responses, and is implemented in the latest version of the open-source MVAPACK chemometrics toolbox [24].
Supplementary Material
Refer to Web version on PubMed Central for supplementary material.
Acknowledgments
This manuscript was supported, in part, by funds from grants R01 CA163649, P01 AI083211-06 and P30 GM103335 from the National Institutes of Health. The research was performed in facilities renovated with support from the National Institutes of Health (RR015468-01).
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20. Lofstedt T, Hanafi M, Mazerolles G, Trygg J. OnPLS path modelling. Chemometr Intell Lab. 2012; 118:139–149.
21. Lostedt T, Hoffman D, Trygg J. Global, local and unique decompositions in OnPLS for multiblock data analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 2013; 791:13–24. [PubMed: 23890602]
22. Lei S, Zavala-Flores L, Garcia-Garcia A, Nandakumar R, Huang Y, Madayiputhiya N, Stanton RC, Dodds ED, Powers R, Franco R. Alterations in Energy/Redox Metabolism Induced by Mitochondrial and Environmental Toxins: A Specific Role for Glucose-6-PhosphateDehydrogenase and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Paraquat Toxicity. Acs Chem Biol. 2014; 9:2032–2048. [PubMed: 24937102]
23. Marshall DD, Lei SL, Worley B, Huang YT, Garcia-Garcia A, Franco R, Dodds ED, Powers R. Combining DI-ESI-MS and NMR datasets for metabolic profiling. Metabolomics. 2015; 11:391– 402. [PubMed: 25774104]
24. Worley B, Powers R. MVAPACK: A Complete Data Handling Package for NMR Metabolomics. Acs Chem Biol. 2014; 9:1138–1144. [PubMed: 24576144]
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26. Xu QS, Liang YZ. Monte Carlo cross validation. Chemometr Intell Lab. 2001; 56:1–11.
27. Eriksson L, Trygg J, Wold S. CV-ANOVA for significance testing of PLS and OPLS (R) models. J Chemometr. 2008; 22:594–600.
28. Xu Y, Correa E, Goodacre R. Integrating multiple analytical platforms and chemometrics for comprehensive metabolic profiling: application to meat spoilage detection. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013; 405:5063–5074. [PubMed: 23512189]
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Highlights
* Extension of OPLS to multiblock modeling situations
* Relationships established to other multiblock model objectives
* Use of NIPALS admits simple implementation of MB-OPLS
Figure 1. Block loadings in the synthetic multiblock example dataset. (A) True predictive loadings (solid) and orthogonal loadings (dashed) used to construct the three-block dataset. First, second and third block loadings are colored in red, green and blue, respectively. (B) First component (solid) and second component (dashed) loadings identified by MB-PLS modeling of the three data blocks. (C) Predictive (solid) and orthogonal (dashed) block loadings identified by MB-OPLS, illustrating the separation of y-uncorrelated variation accomplished by the integrated OSC filter.
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LINEAR-MODEL CASE
Norton, John
Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK
Keywords: Bound-based identification, set-membership identification, parameter bounding, unknown but bounded uncertainty, bounded noise, regression models, parameter estimation, elliposids, polytopes, algorithms.
Contents
UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS 1. Bounding a linear model: the simplest case 2. Computation of the exact feasible set 3. Approximate parameter bounding 3.1. Limited-complexity polytopes 3.2. Ellipsoidal bounding 3.3. Box bounding 3.4. Parallelotope bounding 3.5. Hybrid algorithms 4. Parameter bounding with unknown output-error bound 5. Parameter bounding with uncertain explanatory-variables vector 6. Clashes and outliers 7. Parameter bounds for time-varying linear systems 7.1. Heuristic recursive bounding of time-varying parameters using ellipsoids 7.2. Bounding of time-varying parameters treated as state variables 8. Conclusions Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary This article presents a selection of techniques for computation of bounds on the parameters of a system model that is linear in the parameters and has specified bounds on the errors between the model output and observations of the system output. Exact and approximate parameter bounds are considered, and important special situations are described: parameter bounding when the output-error bound or the explanatory variables are uncertain, when the data clash with the model specification, and when the parameters vary with time.
1. Bounding a linear model: the simplest case
Bounding uses measurements from a system to reduce uncertainty in the unknowns in a model of the system. It aims to find the feasible set of all values of the unknowns that are consistent, in some precisely defined way, with all the measurements. First consider the simplest possible case, where
* the unknowns are constant parameters in the model,
* the relation between the parameters and observations is linear
* parameter values are consistent with the measurements if, for the same input values, they make the model output match the corresponding output observations to within a specified tolerance.
The linear model
UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS relates the kth scalar observation k y ∈ℜ to a vector n ∈ℜ θ of unknown parameters, through known k f . The model may or may not be dynamical. For a static system, k f might consist of simultaneous samples of n distinct system inputs, while for a dynamical system it might consist of n successive samples of a single input leading up to time k, with the parameters in θ comprising the unit-pulse response. [Note that the independent variable indexed by k need not be time, nor need the observations be at equal intervals in the independent variable. If, for instance, a vector of m output observations is taken at each point in time, we can treat the ith vector observation as ( 1) 1 to i m im y y − + , with a different f for each of the m output variables]. At each k, we require the model-output error k e to be between k ε ± (symmetrical about zero, without loss of generality). Thus to be consistent with observation k y , θ must satisfy T T k k k k k k y y ε ε − ≤ , ≤ + f f θ θ (2) Geometrically, (2) requires θ to be in both of two half spaces, bounded by hyperplanes with common normal k f . That is, θ must be in the strip { } : T k k k k k k y y ε ε ≡ − ≤ ≤ + f θ θ S (3) between two parallel hyperplanes 2 / k k ε f apart. To be consistent with a set of observations , 1,2,..., k y k N = , the parameters must be in the intersection of N strips, as in Figure 1, so the feasible set for θ is
which is a polytope, convex and compact so long as n of the normals , 1,2,..., k k N = f are linearly independent.
So far, the picture is very simple. The boundary of the feasible set consists of those segments of the 2N hyperplanes (2) for 1,2,..., k N = which are active bounds. Often θ is also subject to linear prior bounds, which are likely to come in parallel pairs, e.g. when each parameter can be assumed to be in a known range, confining θ to a box. Any unpaired linear prior bound can be treated as having a partner distant enough to be inactive. Thus linear prior bounds do not alter the picture but merely increase the effective N.
Several useful generalizations of the linear parameter-bounding problem so far outlined will be considered in later sections: allowing unknown k ε , allowing the parameters θ to vary with k , dealing with uncertain k f , and coping with bad data.
UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS Figure 1. Polytope feasible set with boundary- , formed by intersection of strips defined by hyperplane bounds due to three observations, for n = 2. The feasibility of any particular value of θ can be tested simply by checking whether (2) is true for all the k's; the smallest output-error tolerance k ε for which θ remains feasible is just the largest k e yielded by θ in (1). However, explicit identification of the feasible set N P may be difficult when N is large, even if n is quite small, because much computing may be necessary to establish which of the 2N hyperplane bounds are active as the faces of N P . The next two sections will address this problem.
2. Computation of the exact feasible set
Polytope N P has at most 2N hyperplane faces, given by (2). They are conveniently rewritten as
UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS Any one of them, say , T j j z ≤ h θ is active if and only if it contains the extremal points of N P in the direction of j h . A linear programming solution maximizing T j h θ subject to (5) can check this. All the active bounds can be identified by at most 2N such LP solutions, each with up to 2 1 N − constraints. The LP computing load increases with N and sooner or later becomes excessive if new observations continue to arrive. Instead of recomputing the feasible set from scratch each time a new observation is received, it is more economical to update a list of the active bounds of 1 N − P to a list for N P when observation N arrives, i.e. to compute the boundary of the feasible set recursively. Several closely related algorithms exist for recursive computation of P (Broman and Shensa, 1986; Walter and Piet-Lahanier, 1989; Mo and Norton, 1990). They differ in what details of the polytope they store and update. A basic version will now be described. A non-minimal description of the polytope is stored, to economize in the computing effort required to update the description. It consists of a list of vertices and, for each vertex, two lists, of its supporting hyperplanes (those intersecting at it) and its adjacent vertices. To incorporate a new hyperplane bound T j j z ≤ h θ due to a new observation, the updating procedure is: • test each vertex i v to see whether it is cut off by the hyperplane, i.e., whether T j i j z > h v • if all vertices are cut off, the feasible set becomes empty (no parameter values remain feasible) so updating stops • if no vertex is cut off, no updating is necessary: the new hyperplane is redundant • for each vertex i v not cut off, test all vertices on its adjacent-vertex list to see which are cut off
* for each pair of adjacent vertices, i v not cut off and l v cut off, create a new vertex on the edge joining them, at (1 ) i l λ λ = − + v v v where
* create the supporting-hyperplane list for each new vertex, consisting of the new hyperplane and those hyperplanes common to the lists of vertices i v , l v
* for retained vertices, update their adjacent-vertex lists by replacing cut-off
vertices by the corresponding new ones
* for each new vertex v, create an adjacent-vertex list consisting of the retained vertex i v and all new vertices which share at least 1 n − supporting hyperplanes with v.
Often relatively few of the 2N hyperplanes contribute to the boundary of the feasible set, many being redundant. Even so, an excessive computing load is likely to be incurred, particularly if the number of dimensions is large, because the numbers of vertices and edges of the polytope may become very large as more observations arrive. At some point the exact feasible set can no longer be computed and we have to resort to an approximate version that is cheaper to update and less complicated to work with. The next section describes the most popular approximations.
Of these approximations, a box aligned with the coordinate axes has the simplest description (by 2n numbers) but is a poor fit if the feasible set is narrow in a direction not close to an axis direction; a box not aligned with the axes requires ( 3)/2 n n + numbers to specify it and can fit many convex, near-symmetrical sets well; an ellipsoid also requires ( 3)/2 n n + numbers and also often fits convex, near-symmetrical sets well; a parallelotope is described by ( 1) n n + numbers and is thus more complicated but can fit a somewhat wider range of sets well. The nature of the updating for each type of approximation is discussed below. Batch processing (all together) and recursive processing (one at a time) of the observations will be considered. In every case, the tightest computable bounds are required, giving the approximating object with, for instance, smallest volume.
UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS 3. Approximate parameter bounding A number of algorithms to compute simpler approximations to the exact feasible set have been developed. They all employ outer-bounding approximations, conservative in the sense that no feasible value is excluded but some infeasible ones are included. All the approximations are of complexity independent of the number of observations processed. The approximating set may be a polytope with a fixed number of faces, an orthotope (box) with n mutually orthogonal pairs of parallel faces (Milanese and Belforte, 1982), a parallelotope with n generally non-orthogonal pairs of parallel faces (Chisci, Garulli and Zappa, 1996, Vicino and Zappa, 1996), or an ellipsoid (Schweppe, 1968, Fogel and Huang, 1982). An ellipsoidal set is described by { } 1 ˆ ˆ :( ) ( ) 1 T k k k k − ≡ − − ≤ P θ θ θ θ θ E (6) where ˆ k θ is the centre and positive-definite matrix k P describes the size and shape.
3.1. Limited-complexity polytopes
A bounding polytope defined by a fixed, restricted number 1 p n n ≥ + of hyperplanes can be computed recursively using the algorithm given in Section 2, together with a
criterion for discarding one of the 1 p n + bounds in play once a new observationinduced bound is added. To minimize the volume of the updated polytope, the volumes of the trial polytopes found by deleting each bound in turn can be compared, in principle. In practice, the volumes are easily computed for 1 p n n = + (i.e. updating a simplex) but heavy to compute for larger p n (Lassere, 1983). Instead, Piet-Lahanier and Walter (1993, 1996) discard the bound farthest from the Chebyshev centre of the ( 1 p n + )-face polytope, while Broman and Shensa (1990), in a slightly different formulation, choose among new bounds cutting an existing polytope by maximizing the depth of the cut, as measured by the largest of the distances from the new bound to the excluded vertices. In both cases the computation is simple provided the vertices of the existing polytope have been recorded: each element of the Chebyshev centre is the mean of the extrema in the corresponding coordinate direction, and the distance of a point θ
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Belforte G., Bona B. and Cerone V. (1990) Parameter estimation algorithms for a set-membership description of uncertainty. Automatica 26, 887-898. [Ellipsoidal bounding, including the improvement above. Also suggests iteration through the whole observation record to tighten the ellipsoidal bounds].
UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS from T z = h θ is / T z − h h θ . TO ACCESS ALL THE 22 PAGES OF THIS CHAPTER, Click here Bibliography Arruda L. V. R. and Favier G. (1991) A review and a comparison of robust estimation methods, 9th IFAC/IFORS Symp. on Identification & System Parameter Estimation, Budapest, 1027-1032. [Comparison between the ellipsoidal parameter-bounding algorithms stemming from Schweppe and from Fogel and Huang (see below), which find the best ellipsoid from a one-parameter family at each update, and versions selecting ellipsoids from families with more parameters]. Belforte G and Bona B. (1985) An improved parameter identification algorithm for signals with unknown-but-bounded errors, Prepr. 7 th IFAC/IFORS Symp. on Identification & System Parameter Estimation, York, 1507-1512. [Tightens ellipsoidal bounds on the parameter vector whenever only one of the two parallel hyperplanes defined by the error bounds on the latest observation cuts the present bounding ellipsoid. This is done by shifting the non-intersecting hyperplane to be tangent to the present ellipsoid, before updating the ellipsoid].
Bertsekas D. P. and Rhodes I. B. (1971) Recursive state estimation for a set-membership description of uncertainty. IEEE Trans. on Autom. Control AC-16, 117-128. [An early paper on bounding, applied to the state rather than the parameters of a linear model].
Broman V. and Shensa M. J. (1986) Polytopes: a novel approach to tracking, Proc. 25 th Conf. On Decision & Control, Athens, 1749-1752. [Presents an exact polytope-updating algorithm for bounds on the parameters of linear-in-parameters models. The algorithm maintains a relatively complicated description of the polytope which paradoxically allows simplification of the updating process].
Broman V. and Shensa M. J. (1990) A compact algorithm for the intersection and approximation of ndimensional polytopes. Math. & Computers in Simulation 32, 469-480. [Has a similar algorithmic basis to the previous paper. Includes updating of limited-complexity polytopes].
Chernous'ko F. (1981) Optimal guaranteed estimates of indeterminacies with the aid of ellipsoids, I, Eng. Cybernetics. 18 (3), 1-9; II, Eng. Cybernetics, 18 (4), 1-9. [Gives fundamental results allowing minimumvolume ellipsoidal state bounding].
Chisci L., Garulli A. and Zappa G. (1996) Recursive state bounding by parallelotopes. Automatica 32, 1049-1056. [Offers updating of parameter-bounding parallelotopes as an alternative to ellipsoidal bounding, also with fixed complexity].
Dasgupta S. and Huang Y-F. (1987) Asymptotically convergent modified recursive least squares with data dependent updating and forgetting factor for systems with bounded noise. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory IT-33, 383-392. [Presents a more elaborate formulation of ellipsoidal bounding than the standard one, so as to get more design freedom in tuning to track parameter changes].
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Lahanier H., Walter E., and Gomeni R. (1987) OMNE: a new robust membership-set estimator for the parameters of nonlinear models. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 15, 203-219. [Robustness is achieved by finding the parameter bounds compatible with the largest proportion of the observations, i.e. giving fewest outliers].
SAMPLE CHAPTERS Deller J. R., Gollamudi S., Nagaraj S. and Huang Y-F. (2000) Convergence analysis of the quasi-OBE algorithm and performance implications. IFAC SYSID2000 Symp. on System Identification, Santa Barbara. [Analysis of the convergence properties of ellipsoidal bounding. The viewpoint is that of signal processing]. Durieu C., Polyak B. T., and Walter E. (1996) Trace versus determinant in ellipsoidal outer-bounding with application to state estimation. Prepr. 13 th IFAC World Congress, San Francisco, I, 43-48. [Comparison of the usefulness of ellipsoidal state-bounding algorithms using the two most popular ellipsoid-size criteria, separately or combined]. Favier G., and Arruda L. V. R. (1996) Review and comparison of ellipsoidal bounding techniques, in Bounding approaches to System Identification, Eds. M. Milanese, J. Norton, H. Piet-Lahanier and E. Walter, Plenum Press, New York & London, 43-68. [Provides a unified view of recursive algorithms for ellipsoidal bounding, including the more elaborate formulations of interest for signal processing. Investigates their robustness to time variations in the characteristics of the observations]. Fogel E., and Huang Y. F. (1982) On the value of information in system identification-bounded noise case. Automatica 18, 229-238. [The paper which brought ellipsoidal bounding to the attention of the identification community and stimulated much research into ellipsoidal parameter bounding]. Jaulin L., Walter E., and Didrit O. (1996) Guaranteed robust nonlinear parameter bounding, Prepr. CESA'96 IMACS Multiconf. on Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, Lille, 1156-1161. [Presents an improved version of the outlier-minimal-number-estimation (OMNE) algorithm for parameter bounding from records which contain an unknown number of bad data]. Kurzhanski A. B. (1977) Control and Observation under Conditions of Uncertainty, Nauka, Moscow (in Russian). [Early work on bounding techniques in the context of control, long overlooked in the West]. Kurzhanski A. B. and Valyi I. (1991) Guaranteed state estimates for dynamic systems: beyond the overviews, Prepr. 9 th IFAC/IFORS Symp. on Identification & System Parameter Estimation, Budapest, 1033-1037. [A context-setting paper at a time when interest in state and parameter bounding was growing rapidly].
Lassere J. (1983) An analytical expression and an algorithm for the volume of a convex polyhedron in n
ℜ . J. of Optimization Theory & Applications 39, 363-377. [The title says it all].
Lozano-Leal R., and Ortega R. (1987) Reformulation of the parameter identification problem for systems with bounded disturbances. Automatica 23, 247-251.[An alternative formulation to the standard Schweppe/Fogel-Huang one, attractive for some purposes].
Maksarov D., and Norton J. P. (1996a) State bounding with ellipsoidal set description of the uncertainty. Int. J. of Control 65, 847-866. [Extends ellipsoidal state bounding to allow ellipsoidal bounds on the
process noise and observation noise. A performance comparison of state bounding with Kalman filtering is also provided].
Maksarov D., and Norton J. P. (1996b) Tuning of noise bounds in state bounding, Proc. CESA'96 IMACS Multiconference, Symp. on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation, Lille, France, 2, 837-842. [Tackles the problem of adapting the specified noise bounds to match observed behaviour, analogously to adaptive Kalman filtering].
Messaoud H., Favier G., and Santos Mendes R. (1992) Adaptive robust pole placement by connecting identification and control, Prep. 4 th IFAC Int. Symp. on Adaptive Systems in Control & Signal Processing, Grenoble, 41-46. [Incorporates recursive updating of box bounds on parameters into an adaptive control scheme].
Milanese, M. and Belforte, G. (1982) Estimation theory and uncertainty intervals evaluation in presence of unknown but bounded errors: linear families of models and estimators, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, 27, 408-414. [Batch computation of parameter bounds for a linear model, using linear programming to find the bounds on each individual parameter].
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Piet-Lahanier H., and Walter E. (1994) Bounded-error tracking of time-varying parameters. IEEE Trans. on Autom. Control AC-39, 1661-1664. [Gives various expansion and translation schemes to preserve the feasible set in the face of gradual or abrupt changes in the parameters].
SAMPLE CHAPTERS Milanese, M. and Vicino, A. (1991) Optimal estimation theory for dynamic systems with set membership uncertainty, Automatica, 27, 997-1009. [Provides a general theoretical framework for parameter bounding and for selection of point estimates from feasible sets]. Mo S. H., and Norton J. P. (1988) Parameter-bounding identification algorithms for bounded-noise records. Proc. IEE 135 Pt.D, 127-132. [Offers a number of techniques for computationally economical updating of parameter bounds for linear models]. Mo S. H., and Norton J. P. (1990) Fast and robust algorithm to compute exact polytope parameter bounds. Math. & Computers in Simulation 32, 481-493. [An exact polytope-updating algorithm, similar in most essentials to that of Walter and Piet-Lahanier (1989)]. Norton J. P. (1987) Identification of parameter bounds for ARMAX models from records with bounded noise. Int. J. of Control 45, 375-390. [Shows how parameter bounds for autoregressive-moving-averageexogenous models are piecewise linear but subject to a bias analogous to statistical bias in probabilistic ARMAX parameter estimation]. Norton J. P., and Mo S. H. (1990) Parameter bounding for time-varying systems. Math. & Computers in Simulation 32, 527-534. [Presents several alternatives for bounding time-varying parameters, noting probabilistic counterparts]. Norton J. P., and Veres S. M. (1993) Outliers in bound-based state estimation and identification. Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits & Systems, Chicago, 790-793. [Gives a testable, bound-based definition of outliers and outlines a scheme to find all possible outliers]. Norton J. P. (1999) Modal robust state estimator with deterministic specification of uncertainty, in Robustness in Identification and Control, Eds. A. Garulli, A. Tesi and A. Vicino, Lecture Notes in Control & Information Sciences 245, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 62-71. [Considers state bounding with an uncertain state-space model, described by bounds]. Piet-Lahanier H., and Walter E. (1993) Polyhedric approximation and tracking for bounded-error models. Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits & Systems 1, 782-785. [Presents recursive limited-complexity polytope updating].
Piet-Lahanier H., and Walter E. (1996) Limited-complexity polyhedric tracking, in Bounding Approaches to System Identification, eds. M. Milanese, J. Norton, E. Walter and H. Piet-Lahanier, Plenum Press, New York & London. [Polytope updating with a constant number of polytope faces].
Pronzato L., and Walter E. (1990) Experiment design for bounded-error models. Math. & Comput. In Simulation 32, 571-584. [One of the motives for bounded-error formulation of identification is to avoid probabilistic assumptions about small data sets; for such sets, experiment design may be crucial in delivering useable results].
Pronzato L., and Walter E. (1994) Minimum-volume ellipsoids containing compact sets: application to parameter bounding. Automatica 30, 1731-1739. [Computation of the smallest ellipsoidal outer approximation to boundary of the exact polytope feasible set of a linear-in-parameters model. This ellipsoid is distinct from (and generally smaller than) that found by a sequence of updates, each yielding the smallest ellipsoid for that update in isolation].
Pronzato L., Walter E., and Piet-Lahanier H. (1989) Mathematical equivalence of two ellipsoidal algorithms for bounded-error estimation, Proc. 28 th IEEE Conf. on Decision & Control, Tampa, 19521955. [Establishes the absolute one-step optimality of the standard recursive ellipsoid-updating algorithm, which finds the smallest-volume ellipsoid, from a parametric family, containing the intersection of the current ellipsoid and the strip defined by the error bounds of the latest observation].
Pshenichnyy B. N., and Pokotilo V. G. (1983) A minimax approach to estimation of linear regession parameters. Eng. Cybernetics 22, 77-85. [Recursive box bounding of parameters of linear models].
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SAMPLE CHAPTERS Rao A. K., and Huang Y-F. (1993) Tracking characteristics of an OBE parameter-estimation algorithm. IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing 41, 1140-1147. [Written from the standpoint of signal processing, in which the critical issue is the ability of the centre of the feasible set to track possibly heterogeneous changes, rather than the accuracy of the approximate feasible set boundary]. Schweppe F. C. (1968) Recursive state estimation: unknown but bounded errors and system inputs. IEEE Trans. on Autom. Control AC-13, 22-28. [The seminal paper which introduced recursive ellipsoidal bounding]. Veres S. M., and Norton J. P. (1991a) Adaptive pole-placement control using parameter bounds, Proc. 30th IEEE Conf. on Decision & Control, Brighton, 2860-2865. [An early paper from a long series by the first author using parameter bounding in adaptive and robust control schemes. It includes a recursive parameter-bounding algorithm combining parallelotopes and ellipsoids]. Veres S. M., and Norton J. P. (1991b) Parameter-bounding algorithms for linear errors-in-variables models, 9th IFAC/IFORS Symp. on Identification & System Parameter Estimation, Budapest, 10381043.[*] [Discusses parameter bounding for linear models when the input, as well as the output, is observed with bounded error. Distinguishes static and dynamic cases and shows how non-linear parameter bounds arise as the envelope of linear bounds]. Vicino A., and Zappa G. (1994) Sequential approximation of uncertainty sets via parallelotopes, in The Modeling of Uncertainty in Control Systems, Eds. R. S. Smith and M. Dahleh, Lecture Notes in Control & Information Sciences 192, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 171-180. [Introduces the parallelotope as a simple yet flexible approximation for the boundary of a feasible set, updated at reasonable computational cost]. Walter E., and Pronzato L. (1997) Identification of Parametric Models from Experimental Data, Springer, London, p.263. [An excellent reference on computational, as well as theoretical, aspects of identification. It includes a clear introduction to parameter bounding, with a detailed discussion of ellipsoidal bounding]. Walter E., and Piet-Lahanier L. (1989) Exact recursive polyhedral description of the feasible parameter set for bounded-error models. IEEE Trans. on Autom. Control AC-34, 911-915. [The title says it all. "Polyhedral" rather than "polytopic" as the feasible set may be unbounded in some directions].
Walter E., and Piet-Lahanier L. (1991) Recursive robust minimax estimation for models linear in their parameters, 9th IFAC/IFORS Symp. on Identification & System Parameter Estimation, Budapest, 763768. [*] [Points out that, as a linear, additive-error model is linear in output error as well as parameters, the minimax-output-error parameter estimate is the lowest vertex of the feasible set in the space of parameters and output error].
Watkins J,. and Yurkovitch S. (1997) Parameter set estimation algorithms for time-varying systems. Int. J. of Control 66, 711-731. [Presents a simplified technique for approximating the vector sum of the state feasible set and the feasible set of the forcing, in the time-update step of recursive bounding of timevarying model parameters].
Papers marked [*]: see also Bounding Approaches to System Identification, eds. M. Milanese, J. Norton, E. Walter and H. Piet-Lahanier, Plenum Press, New York & London, 1996.
Biographical Sketch
UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS John Norton graduated in Mechanical Sciences at Cambridge, then worked in digital design in industry. Following a PhD in control of DC power systems at Imperial College, London, he worked as a research fellow at the National Physical Laboratory and Warren Spring Laboratory from 1967 to 1971, working mainly on modeling aspects of control problems in the steel and paper industries. Between 1971 and 1979 he was in the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Tasmania, Australia. During that time he developed new methods of handling complex dynamics by estimating linear, time-varying models. Since 1979 he has been at the University of Birmingham, where he has been Professor since 1991. Work on biomedical modeling led to an early involvement in bound-based methods for identifying parametric models of dynamical systems, and since the mid-1980s he has published many papers in that area. He has also been active in state-estimation techniques for target tracking, latterly using Monte Carlo Bayesian estimation. Other recent work has been in two areas: methods for incorporating collateral information into parameter estimation and state estimation, and techniques for exploring the characteristics of complex digital simulation models (in collaboration with the Centre for Resource & Environmental Studies at the Australian National University). He has published over 100 papers, the book An Introduction to Identification, Academic Press, the co-edited collection of papers Bounding Approaches to System Identification, Plenum Press and contributions to numerous books and collections of papers on control and signal-processing topics. He was Editor for Adaptive Control, Int. J. of Adaptive Control & Signal Processing 1992-95 and editorial board member of IJACSP 1992-2001, J. of System & Control Engineering 1998-2001, and Environmental Modeling & Software 1997-present. He has been a member of the IFAC Technical Committee on Modeling, Identification and Signal Processing since 1995.
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1) How has my percussion playing improved through this project?
My percussion playing improved because before I didn't know how to play low and high tones but then I improved and used both my low and high tone. I also improved my form because I improved my starting and stopping time.
2) What do you feel about your percussion composition? What did you enjoy about composing your group piece and what would you do differently next time?
What I enjoyed about composing my group's piece is the rhythm because my group played in unison, complementry and in dissonants in all the three pieces we made and played. What I would do different next time is practice more on my group's high and low tones.
3) Where do you see your own group on the rubric and why do you feel that way?
I see my group in a 4 in sound, we used high and low tones, we used right and left hand movement. In form, I think we get a 3 because we start together but we don’t have a clear ending. In rhythm, we get a 3.9 because my group can create unison, complementary, and dissonant. But our complementary is not clear, the audience didn’t understand it.
4) Where do you see yourself as a percussion player on the rubric? What did you do well and what are your next steps?
I see myself as a percussion player in 4 in sound, 3.8 in form, and 4 in rhythm. For sound, I can play high & low tones, on the maracas I didn’t stop with the rest of the group. And I can play unison, complementary, and dissonant.
5) If you were to teach this project to others, what changes would you make to the project?
The changes I would make are, work on the music piece longer so the groups are perfect.
Name: Gabriela Garcia Class: 5-104
*Percussion Project Reflection*
1) How has my percussion playing improved through this project?
My percussion playing improved through this project by the sounds at first my percussion with the instruments were low sounds and when I improved to making high and low sounds and using my right & left hand movement most of the time.
2) What do you feel about your percussion composition? What did you enjoy about composing your group piece and what would you do differently next time?
I feel about our percussion composition put together on a 4 because on the rhythm we created complementary and dissonant rhythms.
3) Where do you see your own group on the rubric and why do you feel that way?
I see my group at a 3.75.
I feel that way because in sound we had high and low tone and right and left hand movement. In form we all started together and end with a clear ending, but in rhythm we only played unison and dissonant.
4) Where do you see yourself as a percussion player on the rubric? What did you do well and what are your next steps?
I see my self at a 3. The thing I did well was playing high and low tones and left and right hand movement and in form I had always started and stop together. My next step is to ask more question about rhythm.
5) If you were to teach this project to others, what changes would you make to the project?
The change I would make is to explain more about dissonant, complementary, and unison, piece, also I would make them talk more about the piece and I would be little bit more clear not a lot a little.
3) Where do you see your own group on the rubric and why do you feel that way?
I would put my group on a 4 because we all did high and low tones. We can start, stop and change together.
4) Where do you see yourself as a percussion player on the rubric? What did you do well and what are your next steps?
I see myself as a percussion player on the rubric at a 3 because I didn't have a lot of hand movement by right and left. I think that to reach a 4 I have to work on the tempo and remember what unison, complementary mean.
5) If you were to teach this project to others, what changes would you make to the project?
I think we should have had more time to learn the songs, also explain more what dissonant, unison, complementary mean.
1) How has my percussion playing improved through this project?
My percussion playing has improved a lot. It has improved because in the start of the project I didn't really understand how to do the high or low sound, I have now improved.
2) What do you feel about your percussion composition? What did you enjoy about composing your group piece and what would you do differently next time?
I feel like the piece was really good. It went with all the things we learned in music. The only thing it was missing was the complementary. The form was good and the sounds and our piece was clear. I enjoyed working with people that I didn't really know and I learned how to create a piece. My next step is to ask more questions about the piece instead of saying "I don't know."
3) Where do you see your own group on the rubric and why do you feel that way?
Here I see my group on the rubric is on a 3.75 because we did use low and high tones and we did start and stop at the same time. We need to work on playing more complementary rhythms because we mostly played unison and dissonant rhythms.
4) Where do you see yourself as a percussion player on the rubric? What did you do well and what are your next steps?
Here I see myself on the rubric is a 3.75 because I play low and high tones but I didn't exactly stop at the same time my group did. I also used unison and complementary rhythms.
5) If you were to teach this project to others, what changes would you make to the project?
What I would change to the project is in the rhythm. Some kids don't play all three complimentary, dissonant and unison they usually only play 2 of them. We need to improve the rhythm.
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COVID-19 Contact Lenses Behavioural Optometrist Children Eye Care Clinic Sydney
Study Debunks Claims That Contact Lenses Up Risk of COVID-19
Study Debunks Claims That Contact Lenses Up Risk of COVID-19 A study carried out to determine the validity of recent reports suggesting contact lenses could increase the chances of healthy wearers being infected with Covid-19, has found no evidence that that is true. The study instead concluded that if there is a threat of any sort it is more likely to lie in careless hygiene on the part of the user, and not in the lenses themselves. And it does say that contact lenses should not be worn by those already infected with the virus.
Australia's Fellow of the International Academy of Orthokeratology and Myopia Control (FIAOMC), optometrist Gary Rodney, welcomed the results of the study co-authored by professor and ocular microbiologist Mark Wilcox from NSW University and academics from Canada and the UK. He said the risk rumours had added unnecessary panic and confusion to a situation already swamped with more than enough of both.
RELATED: COVID-19 Myopia Prevention Behavioural Optometrist Children Clinic Sydney
He said the study also dispels the idea that wearing spectacles instead is any safer then contacts with regard to lessening the likelihood of contracting coronavirus. However, as is the case with any illness such as flu or a cold, it's best for anyone with already active Covid-19 to switch to glasses instead of contacts.
Extra Attention to Hygiene Needed
Rodney said while the standard rules currently set for helping to prevent infection ( social distancing, washing hands regularly, and avoiding touching the face, mouth, nose or eyes) remained the same for those wearing contact lenses. They would, however, have to be even more careful as they would be certain to touch the lenses themselves when cleaning them, and highly likely to touch one of the no-go areas of their face while inserting and removing the lenses.
He said optometrists always stressed the importance of hygiene with regard to contact lenses, but now had to be even more careful to point out its extra importance the virus spreading so easily and quickly.
The Do's and Don'ts of Self and Lens Care
Use soap and water for the 20 second hand wash before inserting or removing contact lenses. It's best to avoid hand sanitisers with high alcohol content, Rodney said, as the alcohol in them could burn the eyes. Instead dry your hands with a clean paper towel if possible, or if that's not available, use a clean towel which has not been used by other members of the family.
Stick to the replacement schedule. While partial and full lockdowns are the order of the day at present because of the pandemic, optometry is an essential service in Australia and many eye doctors, including those at the Smart Vision outlets in Sydney, have made plans to service their patients as well and as safely as they can.
Lenses should only be used within their stated time frame, whether that's a day, a fortnight, or a month, and discarded as soon as they expire. If you're running low on lenses, contact your eye doctor and see if you can have lenses delivered to your door. Lens cases should also be thrown away and replaced every month as they are hard to clean properly, and can amass significant amounts of bacteria.
Disinfect the lenses as well as your hands. Rodney warns that saline solution won't do the trick as it's not a disinfectant, and water should never touch the lenses or their cases, as it can carry germs which might cause eye infection. Using only the disinfectant that your eye doctor has prescribed, clean them in their case overnight.
RELATED: Myopia Prevention Behavioural Optometrist Children Eye Care Clinic Mosman Sydney
Be sure to discard the previous night's solution in the morning and replace it with a new solution before you return them to the case at night. While it might not be generally advised during "normal" times, Rodney suggests rubbing the lenses gently with lens cleaner before placing them in the disinfectant during these anything but normal times.
For more information on caring for yourself and your contact lenses, or to learn more about how Smart Vision is making as many of its services available as possible during the pandemic, visit the Smart Vision website: Optometrists Sydney: Optometry Services For Children and Adults | Smart Vision to find more information provided by the Smart Vision behavioural optometrists whose major focus is on the effects of perceptual and functional vision problems in children.
Syndicated by Baxton Media, The Market Influencers, Your Digital Marketing Agency.
Stephanie Potter
+61731232777
mailto: [email protected]
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Is it possible for an animated children's show to speak to parents' very soul and lift their spirits? Can a cartoon about a dog family provide some sort of group therapy for exhausted and harried caregivers everywhere? Yes if it's the Australian show Bluey which follows the antics of dog Bluey, her sister Bingo, and their mom and dad. Parents who have endured countless episodes of P.J. Mask and Paw Patrol will not only delight in this adorable show but will also feel very seen. Watch just one episode and you will swear that executive producers Charlie Aspinwall and Daley Pearson have been inside your house observing your interactions with your children (in a totally non-creepy way, of course).
A special holiday episode of the show premieres this Friday at 10:30 a.m. on Disney Junior. The new vignette "Christmas Swim" introduces Frisky and Uncle Rad, two new characters to Bluey's world. Covering everything from why it's important to be nice, to dealing with disappointment to (my personal favorite) the musical beds that happen during the night when children can't sleep, Bluey is a sheer delight for not only their preschool target audience but also parents who will find these characters some of the most relatable and realistic on TV—even if they are blue dogs!
Check out our exclusive clip of the holiday episode below:
Twitter (237.5K followers)
https://twitter.com/PasteMagazine/status/1337052378403631106
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Clover fixes nitrogen from the air using special bacteria in its roots, which is crucial for plant growth.
Clover is in the bean family, the Fabaceae. Like other beans, clover is a legume: it fixes nitrogen from the air using special bacteria in its roots. Small nodules in the roots contain millions of these bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates and ammonia.
The clover plant uses these substances to make proteins, which are crucial for plant growth. Some are left in the soil, making it rich and full of nutrients for other plants.
Clover is very useful in agriculture, and farmers often plant this herb to improve their pastures and crops.
Top Tip Planting clover in your garden will make the soil full of nitrogen to help your other plants grow.
Clover plants are members of the genus Trifolium.
Clover is trifoliate, which means they have three leaves.
They have small flowers, which occur in a dense cluster called an inflorescence.
You can find clover in your garden, hidden among the grass.
Clover is very useful in agriculture, and farmers often plant this herb to improve their pastures and crops.
ID Guide
- Small green herb
- Three compound leaves
- White or pink inflorescences (clusters of tiny flowers)
Crab apple trees are good for the soil, air, water and wildlife – the perfect all-rounder!
Species: Malus sylvestris
Genus: Malus
Family: Rosaceae
This plant, like all tree species, keeps the air clean, stabilises the soil and helps to conserve water.
The crab apple tree supports wildlife by providing shelter, a nesting place and food. The fruit of this tree is a crab apple or pome; they are small and very sour. While humans do not eat the apples, they provide a valuable food source for birds; and when they have fallen from the tree, small mammals will eat them too.
Crab apple trees are the main ancestor of the modern domestic apple, and are used to help the cultivation of its popular descendant.
Top Tip Grow a crab apple tree to bring all sorts of wild creatures to your garden!
Unlike many trees, crab apples are singletons and don’t like company! Often you will find just one in a woodland.
Traditionally, crab apples are symbols of love. English folklore says that if you throw the pips onto a fire while saying the name of someone you love, your love is true if the pips explode.
The crisp apples that we know and love are descended directly from the small, gnarled crab apple tree.
The pale pink crab apple flowers are heavily loaded with pollen, and so the trees are also used as pollinizers in apple orchards to facilitate cross-pollination.
I.D Guide
• Small, deciduous tree rarely over 8m in height
• Clusters of pale pink to white flowers, with five petals
• Oval leaves are 3-4cm long, with finely toothed margins
• Small apples (2.5cm across) are green in spring and golden in the autumn
Honeysuckle
The Bat Temptress
Its flowers release a strong perfume at dusk, attracting moths which tempt bats out to catch a juicy evening snack.
Species: ~180
Genus: Caprifoliaceae
Family: Lonicera
Twisting honeysuckle vines have night-scented flowers, which fill the air with a heavy perfume that is particularly strong in the evening. This attracts moths and other insects.
You might not have thought about how important plants can be for bats, but they are a vital way of attracting insects, a key food source for these flying mammals.
Honeysuckle is important for other species, too. Birds love the bright red berries that appear in the Autumn, and the tangling vines provide ideal shelter for the nests of smaller birds. Meanwhile, the larvae of certain butterflies will eat the leaves to fatten up before pupating. Bees are also attracted to the flowers.
Top Tip Honeysuckle flowers can make a good remedy for a sore throat! Collect flowers in a jar, fill the jar with honey, leave in a warm place for two weeks, then strain.
Did You Know?
Honeysuckle flowers can change colour after pollination.
In wild honeysuckle (Leponica periclymenum), the creamy flowers turn yellow and pink when they have been pollinated, telling insects that they would be wasting their energy to visit.
Honeysuckle is useful to humans, and we have used it throughout the centuries in many old-fashioned medical remedies. Another name for honeysuckle is woodbine.
I.D Guide
- Vines that climb up a trellis, wall or tree
- Trumpet-shaped flowers that are usually white, yellow or pink
- A heavy scent that is particularly strong in the evening
- Clusters of deep red sticky berries
- Grey-green, lanceolate leaves
The beautiful rose has decorated gardens for thousands of years, and has a long cultural history.
Roses are found all over the world, and the flowers are universal symbols of love and beauty.
Gardeners often breed roses to enter them into competitions, crossing different varieties to make exciting new colours and petal formations. But growing roses can be tricky, as they have many insect pests such as aphids, and diseases including mildew.
Roses are pollinated by insects, and they form an important part of a garden ecosystem. The aphids that often colonize rose bushes are eaten by ladybirds, and the larvae of other insects.
Top Tip Infuse rose petals in hot water to make your own rose water. Use this as a sweet-smelling perfume, a flavouring or to make rose syrup.
Roses have also been symbols of war and politics. In Medieval Britain, there was even a War of the Roses, in which the red rose symbolized Lancaster and the white rose York.
Roses are used in perfumes, using essential oils from the crushed petals. It is possible to make your own fragrant rose water by infusing the petals in hot water.
The Ancient Romans were mad about roses! Rose petals carpeted the floors of wealthy banquet halls, and were used to flavour wine - a tribute to Venus, Goddess of Love.
I.D Guide
- Woody shrubs, climbing or trailing plants
- Fragrant flowers in many different colours, often white, pink, yellow and red
- Red rosehips form when the flower dies
- The leaves are serrated
- The stem is covered in prickles (thorns)
Borage is a friendly herb that helps other garden plants to grow!
**Species:** Borago officinalis
**Genus:** Boraginaceae
**Family:** Borago
Borage has a blue, five-petalled flower, which is why it is also called the **Starflower**. It is a simple herb, with its blue flowers hanging in clusters.
This helpful little herb looks after other plants, and it is used in **companion planting**, to make its neighbours healthier! Borage attracts **beneficial insects** like wasps, which kill pests. Bees love borage too.
At the same time, borage **repels** pest insects. This prevents pests like the **tomato hornworm** and **cabbage moths** from attacking neighbouring plants, which is good for gardeners as well as they can use **fewer chemicals** to keep their garden healthy.
**Top Tip** Grow borage near tomatoes, squash and strawberries to make them healthier, and even improve their flavour!
---
**Did You Know?**
The young leaves of borage taste faintly of cucumber, and can be added to salads. The blue flowers are tasty and are also often added to salads, as well as drinks.
Traditionally, borage has been used to soothe asthma, to increase the milk supply in nursing mothers and to make a mood-enhancing tea!
We grow borage to make seed oil, which contains GLA, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a substance the body can’t make itself. It is often used as a dietary supplement.
---
**I.D Guide**
- Green herb that grows to ~1 metre
- Blue or purplish flower with five petals
- Flowers hang in downwards-facing clusters
- Simple leaves, which are edible and taste like cucumber
- Stems and leaves covered in a bristly ‘fuzz’
Tomatoes have been called a ‘miracle fruit’ due to their many reported health benefits.
The tomato plant is a green vine that produces a familiar bright red fruit. They are important plants for humans, as we eat tomatoes in huge quantities in many different forms. 100 million tons of fresh tomatoes are produced globally each year.
Tomatoes are reported to help the body fight a range of illnesses, from cancer to heart disease to obesity.
Pollinated by the wind and partially by bees, tomatoes can be susceptible to many garden pests and viruses. Other plants such as borage or carrots can be planted next to tomatoes as companion plants to keep them healthy.
Top Tip: Tomatoes need lots of sun and lots of water - this will make them juicy and full of flavour!
Did You Know?
Tomatoes are the second most important vegetable crop, after their close relative, the potato.
Although they are commercially categorised as a vegetable, tomatoes are botanically a fruit.
Eating tomatoes is good for your health! They are high in Vitamins A, C, K, E and B6, as well as calcium, potassium, manganese and folate.
In Spain, there is a popular annual tomato fight! 20,000 people come from all over the world to La Tomatina.
Tomatoes are closely related to deadly nightshade, a toxic plant that you would not want to eat!
I.D Guide
- Vine plant with green, serrated leaves
- Yellow flowers grow on the end of vines
- Red or yellow spherical fruit
The Sunflower
The Bird Feeder
Sunflowers produce stripy seeds that are accessible treats for birds!
Species: *Helianthus annuus*
Genus: *Helianthus*
Family: Asteraceae
The domesticated sunflower has an unbranched stem topped with a single flower or **inflorescence**, which consists of a stunning rosette of yellow petals. The bright petals attract **pollinators** such as honeybees, bumblebees and hoverflies, which come to collect nectar.
Sunflowers also provide food for **birds**, including goldfinches and blue tits. As the petals die and fall in the autumn, they leave a centre packed with **seeds**. These are full of **protein** and **energy** which helps birds gain fat reserves to survive the winter.
In some areas fields of sunflowers are grown for their seeds, which we use to make **sunflower oil** for cooking purposes.
**Top Tip** The tallest ever sunflower was an amazing 8.75 metres! Help yours grow tall by placing it in a sunny spot, feed and water it regularly.
Did You Know?
The common sunflower was worshipped by the Incas because of its resemblance to the sun.
Another member of the sunflower genus is the Jerusalem Artichoke!
The flowers do not actually follow the sun! The leaves are phototropic and grow towards the light, but it’s a different story with the flowering heads.
Sunflowers can be used in **phytoremediation** to improve soil quality, as they are good at absorbing **radioactive** material. Thousands were planted to clean contaminated soil and water after Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters.
I.D Guide
- Tall plants grow to ~3 metres
- Unbranched stem
- Leaves and stem have a covering of coarse hairs
- Single inflorescence of bright yellow petals
- Seeds are stripy
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Water, Waste, Air and Soil
May 4–6, 2017
Shanghai New International Expo Centre (SNIEC), China ie-expo.com
Munich, January 19, 2017 Press Release
IE expo China 2017: New market momentum from sponge cities
Bianca Gruber Press Contact Tel. +49 89 949-21502 bianca.gruber@ messe-muenchen.de
Government program promotes new designs and redesign of urban water infrastructure in China
By 2030, 80 percent of Chinese cities will be sponge cities
For the first time, sponge city technologies are a separate segment at the environmental technology trade fair IE expo China 2017
From May 4 to 6 this year, the international environment industry will come together at IE expo China at the Shanghai New International Expo Centre (SNIEC). "As the leading trade fair for environmental technologies in Asia, IE expo China aims to constantly have its finger on the pulse of the latest developments in organizing its exhibits," emphasizes Stefan Rummel, Managing Director of Messe München, and adds: "These promising and far-reaching developments have now been supplemented in China by the recently introduced sponge city concept." At this year's IE expo China, a separate segment will be dedicated for the first time to sponge cities and the technologies they require. The topic will also be part of the fair's extensive conference program.
Severe flooding caused by surface sealing
Background: Many cities in China suffer from serious water shortages – and are also plagued by flooding. One of the reasons for this is that underground urban development, such as the drainage system, has been unable to keep pace with China's rapid urbanization over the past decades. In addition, many lakes, ponds and canals in the cities and the wetlands near the cities disappeared as houses were built. This means that when there is heavy rain, the water is unable to trickle away fast enough or be retained in other ways.
Messe München GmbH
Messegelände 81823 München Germany www.messe-muenchen.de
Press Release | January 19, 2017 | 2/2
Goal: To absorb and store as much water as possible
To counteract these problems, the Chinese government launched the Sponge City Program in 2015. The idea is that districts, residential estates and regions will be developed with storage facilities, filtration basins and wetlands and roads and sidewalks will have water permeable surfaces. These measures will be supplemented with modern wastewater systems, suitable adapted industrial areas and public green spaces. According to the planners, the cities will absorb as much water as possible and store it for future use – like sponges. One goal is that at least 70 percent of rainwater will be absorbed through the ground instead of being directed directly to rivers. The program envisages that by 2020 every fifth city in China will have the corresponding infrastructure. By 2030, this will have risen to 80 percent.
At least CNY 400 million annually for each sponge city
Since its launch in April 2015, the Chinese central government has so far included 30 cities and regions in the program. Each of these municipalities receives an annual grant of at least 400 million renminbi (almost €55 million). According to Lu Kehua, Vice Minister in the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, 130 cities already have plans to be converted into sponge cities.
Market opportunities for foreign providers
Based on estimations by the Chinese-German information, networking and marketing platform econet china, the sponge city initiative also opens up promising market opportunities for foreign companies, especially in the area of urban planning and water utilization concepts. Also in demand are technologies and components to store and treat water, for wastewater systems and for ground surfaces. Analysts also see opportunities in measurement and instrumentation.
Registration documents for exhibitors are available online. More information on IE expo China can be found at www.ie-expo.com.
Press Release | January 19, 2017 | 3/3
About IE expo China
IE expo China – presented by IFAT – is Asia's Leading Trade Fair for Environmental Technology Solutions: Water, Waste, Air and Soil. The organizer of the event is MM-ZM Trade Fairs Co. Ltd – a joint venture between Messe München Shanghai Co. Ltd. and Shanghai ZM International Exhibition Co. Ltd. IE expo 2016 attracted 1,303 exhibitors from 30 countries and 42,208 visitors; the show occupied around 72,000 square meters of exhibition space. The next edition will be taking place at the Shanghai New International Expo Centre (SNIEC) from May 4 to 6, 2017. With IE expo Guangzhou there is now also a regional edition of the trade fair, focusing on the market in South China.
IFAT worldwide
Messe München´s competence in organizing environmental-technology events is demonstrated not only in the world´s leading trade fair for the sector, IFAT, but also in a range of other international trade exhibitions around the world. The spectrum encompasses IFAT Africa in Johannesburg, IFAT Eurasia in Istanbul, IFAT India in Mumbai, and IE expo in Shanghai and Guangzhou.
Messe München
Messe München is one of the world's leading trade-show companies. It organizes some 40 trade shows for capital and consumer goods and key high-tech industries in Munich and abroad. Each year more than 30,000 exhibitors and some two million visitors take part in events held at the Messe München trade-fair center, the ICM – Internationales Congress Center München and the MOC Veranstaltungscenter München. In addition, Messe München organizes trade shows in China, India, Turkey, South Africa and Russia. Messe München has a global business presence with affiliates in Europe, Asia and Africa and more than 60 foreign representatives serving more than 100 countries.
About Shanghai ZM International Exhibition Co. Ltd. (ZM)
Shanghai ZM International Exhibition Co. Ltd is a professional company with experience in organizing large-scale exhibitions and conventions nationally and abroad, highly valued in the business community. Established in February 2000, Shanghai ZM International Exhibition has set up Domestic Departments, an International Department and MP Zhongmao International Pte Ltd, a new joint-venture with Singapore MP Group. With a proven record of success in organization and planning, Shanghai ZM International Exhibition has held numerous professional exhibitions in the environmental protection industry sector, water industry, petrochemicals, fluid and electric power, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, auto parts, etc.
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Analysis of Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer SIMO Systems based on the Duality Principle
Ben Minnaert\textsuperscript{(1)}, Giuseppina Monti\textsuperscript{(2)}, Alessandra Costanzo\textsuperscript{(3)}, and Mauro Mongiardo\textsuperscript{(4)}
(1) Dep. of Industrial Science and Technology, Odisee University College of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.
(2) Dep. of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
(3) Dep. of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
(4) Dep. of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Abstract
Inductive wireless power transfer is a more mature technology than capacitive wireless transfer. The aim of this work is to illustrate the duality principle as tool to transfer results from the inductive into the capacitive wireless power research. The efficiency maximization by varying the loads for a Single-Input Multiple-Output system is considered to exemplify this principle, and to highlight some limitations.
1 Introduction
Power can be transferred wirelessly through quasi-static fields, either by the magnetic field or by the electric field as medium:
- Inductive wireless power transfer (IPT) is based on the generation of a time-varying \textit{magnetic field} by an alternating current in a transmitting coil. Another (receiving) coil captures the energy within this magnetic field for the generation of current.
- Capacitive wireless power transfer (CPT) utilizes one transmitter plate of a capacitor to generate an \textit{electric field} by an alternating voltage. The other (receiving) plate of the capacitor, at a certain distance of the first plate, captures the energy of this electric field for the generation of current.
CPT has several disadvantages compared to IPT, such as higher switching frequencies, larger dimensions, higher voltages, and electric fields which can cause safety concerns for the environment [1, 2]. As a result, focus within the research community went to IPT first. This lead to a situation where IPT has entered the market in a broad range of applications from consumer electronics to electric vehicles [3], whereas CPT is still more in the research phase and development. However, for certain applications (e.g., electric vehicles), CPT has advantages compared to IPT, such as a large tolerance to misalignment, the absence of eddy-current losses and lower cost, weight and heat dissipation [4, 5, 6].
The goal of this work is to emphasize to the research community that a lot of the research done for IPT can be easily translated to CPT by applying the duality principle, as well as highlighting some limitations of the duality principle for wireless power transfer. As an example, this manuscript focuses on a Single-Input Multiple-output (SIMO) system; a single transmitter powers multiple receivers. More specifically, by applying the duality principle, the load values that maximize the system efficiency for a SIMO \textit{CPT}-system are determined from the known SIMO \textit{IPT} values.
2 Inductive SIMO system
Figure 1 depicts the equivalent circuit of an IPT system with a single transmitter (subscript 0) and $N$ receivers (subscripts 1 to $N$). A time-harmonic voltage source $V_0$ at angular frequency $\omega_0$ powers the transmitter. The loads of the $N$ receivers are given by the impedances $Z_{L,n}$ ($n = 1, \ldots, N$). The losses within the system are given by the resistances $R_i$ ($i = 0, \ldots, N$). Resonance is created in each circuit by the capacitors $C_i$ and inductors $L_i$, related by:
$$C_i = \frac{1}{\omega_0^2 L_i}. \quad (1)$$
The inductors $L_i$ and $L_j$ are coupled by their mutual inductance $M_{ij}$ ($i, j = 0, \ldots, N, i \neq j$), corresponding with a coupling factor $k_{ij}$ given by:
$$k_{ij} = \frac{M_{ij}}{\sqrt{L_i L_j}}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
Notice that also cross-coupling between the receivers is taken into account.
The power gain or efficiency $\eta$ of the IPT system is given by the ratio of the output power to the input power, with the output power defined as the power dissipated in the $N$ loads.
It was found [7] that, for a given SIMO IPT-system the efficiency $\eta$ is maximized when the load impedances $Z_{L,n} = R_{L,n} + jX_{L,n}$ are given by ($n = 1, \ldots, N$):
$$R_{L,n} = R_0 \alpha_{IPT}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3)
$$X_{L,n} = \frac{\omega_0 R_n}{M_{0n}} \sum_{m=1 \atop m \neq n}^{N} \frac{M_{0m} M_{mn}}{R_m}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4)
with
$$\alpha_{IPT} = \sqrt{1 + \frac{\omega_0^2}{G_0} \sum_{m=1}^{N} \frac{M_{0m}^2}{R_m}}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (5)
The maximum efficiency $\eta_{max}$ attained with these optimized load values equals [7]:
$$\eta_{max} = \frac{\alpha_{IPT} - 1}{\alpha_{IPT} + 1}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (6)
### 3 Solving the capacitive SIMO system by applying duality
The duality principle for electrical network theory results entirely from the fundamental symmetry of Maxwell’s equations in the electric and magnetic fields. A quantity is said to be the dual of another if the two quantities can be interchanged in a statement or equation without invalidation. Table 1 lists some dual quantities. As example, the relation $Z = V / I$ remains true if the quantities are replaced by their duals, that is, $Y = I / V$.
**Table 1.** Electrical dual quantities.
| Duality between | Series topology | Parallel topology |
|-----------------|-----------------|-------------------|
| Voltage $V$ | $\leftrightarrow$ | Current $I$ |
| Resistance $R$ | $\leftrightarrow$ | Conductance $G$ |
| Inductance $L$ | $\leftrightarrow$ | Capacitance $C$ |
| Reactance $X$ | $\leftrightarrow$ | Susceptance $B$ |
| Impedance $Z$ | $\leftrightarrow$ | Admittance $Y$ |
Applying the duality principle to the equivalent circuit of Figure 1 for IPT results in the network of Figure 2. It represents a CPT system with a single transmitter, powered by current source $I_0$ at angular frequency $\omega_0$ and $N$ receivers with load admittances $Y_{L,n}$. The losses within the system are given by the conductances $G_i$ ($i = 0, \ldots, N$) connected in parallel. Resonance is created in each circuit by the parallel circuit of capacitors $C_i$ and inductors $L_i$, related by (1).
*Figure 2.* The equivalent circuit of a CPT system with a single transmitter (left) and $N$ receivers (right).
The capacitors $C_i$ and $C_j$ are coupled by their mutual capacitance $C_{ij}$ ($i, j = 0, \ldots, N, \ i \neq j$), corresponding with a coupling factor $k'_{ij}$ given by:
$$k'_{ij} = \frac{C_{ij}}{\sqrt{C_i C_j}}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (7)
Figure 2 does not correspond to the physical structure of a CPT system, but represents an equivalent circuit representation [8]. The relation between this equivalent circuit and the physical structure can be easily determined by the procedure described in [9].
From the results from the IPT configuration, one can easily find the load values that maximize the efficiency of the CPT system. Replacing the quantities in (3), (4), (5) and (6) by their duals results in the load admittances $Y_{L,n} = G_{L,n} + jB_{L,n}$ that optimize the efficiency for the CPT configuration, and the expression for the maximum efficiency $\eta'_{max}$:
$$G_{L,n} = G_0 \alpha_{CPT}$$ \hspace{1cm} (8)
$$B_{L,n} = \frac{\omega_0 G_n}{C_{0n}} \sum_{m=1 \atop m \neq n}^{N} \frac{C_{0m} C_{mn}}{G_m}$$ \hspace{1cm} (9)
$$\eta'_{max} = \frac{\alpha_{CPT} - 1}{\alpha_{CPT} + 1},$$ \hspace{1cm} (10)
with
$$\alpha_{CPT} = \sqrt{1 + \frac{\omega_0^2}{G_0} \sum_{m=1}^{N} \frac{C_{0m}^2}{G_m}}.$$ \hspace{1cm} (11)
These expressions, which were only derived by applying the duality principle, correspond to the values found in literature by rigorous elaboration [10]. This example illustrates how a result from IPT can be quite straightforward transferred to CPT.
However, some limitations of applying the duality principle should be highlighted. First of all, ideal inductors and capacitors are considered in the given example. This approximation is more accurate for IPT than for CPT, since the most non-ideal attribute, the series resistance of the inductors, is included in the series resistance of the IPT configuration, but not in the dual equivalent circuit of the CPT configuration.
Secondly, the SIMO example only focused on the wireless link itself and made abstraction of the remote electronics (e.g., power conditioner, rectifier, etc.). In particular, for CPT usually higher operating frequencies are preferred.
Nevertheless, applying the duality principle from IPT to CPT is a powerful tool for first approximations.
References
[1] A. Kumar, S. Pervaiz, C. K. Chang, S. Korhummel, Z. Popovic, and K. K. Afzadi, “Investigation of Power Transfer Density Enhancement in Large Air-gap Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer Systems,” In Proc. of the IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference, Boulder, CO, USA, 13–15 May 2015, pp. 1–4.
[2] C. Mi. “High Power Capacitive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications,” In Proc. of the 6th IEEE Int. Conf. on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA), Hong Kong, China, 15–17 December 2015, pp. 1–4.
[3] X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim, and Z. Han, “Wireless Charging Technologies: Fundamentals, Standards, and Network Applications,” *IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor.*, **18**, 2015, pp. 1413–1452.
[4] M. Hanazawa, and T. Ohira. “Power Transfer for a Running Automobile,” In Proc. of the IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Workshop Series on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications (IMWS 2011), Kyoto, Japan, 12–13 May 2011, pp. 77–80.
[5] F. Lu, H. Zhang, and C. Mi, “A Review on the Recent Development of Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer Technology,” *Energies*, **10**, 11, 2017, pp. 1752.
[6] B. Minnaert, and N. Stevens, “Conjugate Image Theory Applied on Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer,” *Energies*, **10**, 1, 2017, pp. 46.
[7] G. Monti, M. Mongiardo, B. Minnaert, A. Costanzo, and L. Tarricone, “Optimal Terminations for a Single-Input Multiple-Output Resonant Inductive WPT Link,” *Energies*, **13**, 19, 2020, pp. 5157.
[8] J. S. G. Hong, and M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications,” 1st ed., John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2001, pp. 235–253.
[9] L. Huang, and A. P. Hu, “Defining the Mutual Coupling of Capacitive Power Transfer for Wireless Power Transfer,” *Electron. Lett.*, **51**, 2015, pp. 1806–1807.
[10] B. Minnaert, M. Mongiardo, A. Costanzo, and F. Mastri, “Maximum Efficiency Solution for Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer with $N$ Receivers,” *Wireless Power Transfer*, **7**, 1, 2020, pp. 65–75.
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911/Stranger Safety
This presentation offers valuable and simple information to children, which helps them utilize 911 services in an emergency. It also covers prevention information to avoid dangerous situations with strangers.
For more information or to schedule a presentation, call the Crime Prevention/Community Services Section at (701) 223-1212.
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Preparation of Feasibility Study/Remedial Action Plan for RWQCB for Commingled VOC Plume with Multiple PRPs
Sunnyvale, CA
For a multiple PRP (Potentially Responsible Parties) group, EKI is currently providing technical program management, remediation, and monitoring for a chlorinated solvent release site in the Silicon Valley of the San Francisco Bay Area. This project is located amongst several plumes found in multiple aquifers, and adjoins a Federal Superfund site. Solvents have penetrated into multiple aquifer zones and DNAPL has been identified within the source area at the Site. Agency oversight is provided by the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB).
On behalf of the PRP Group, EKI prepared a CERCLA-consistent Feasibility Study and Remedial Action Plan (FS/RAP) for onsite and offsite areas and designed remedial actions for these areas that included source containment through groundwater extraction and treatment and monitored natural attenuation (MNA) in downgradient areas. As part of the FS/RAP, EKI developed a performance monitoring plan for MNA assessment utilizing technical protocols developed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for evaluation natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater.
In 2006, EKI obtained RWQCB approval to cease groundwater extraction and concurrently implement enhanced anaerobic bioremediation (EAB) in the former source area at the site and continue MNA in downgradient areas. EKI designed injection of lactate-based amendments to facilitate in situ bioremediation of trichloroethene in groundwater. This modification to the remedy resulted in a significant overall cost reduction relative to long-term pump and treat. As EAB source area remediation and downgradient MNA have progressed, EKI has obtained RWQCB approval to reduce the number of wells requiring monitoring and the frequency of monitoring. An amended FS/RAP identifying EAB and MNA as the preferred remedy was prepared and submitted by EKI to the RWQCB in 2012.
El Segundo, CA (310) 857-1600
*
Centennial, CO (303) 796-0556
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Admission Branch University of Delhi Postgraduate Admissions 2021-22
UNDERTAKING FOR MIGRATION CERTIFICATE
I, Mr. /Ms.……………………………………………………………… S/o / D/o…………………………………… bearing registration number………………….. of University of Delhi, have applied for postgraduate admission for academic Year the course …………………………........................................ 2021-22 in the Department/ College .................................................... for
I submit the following undertaking:
I undertake that, my admission is subject to the submission of my migration certificate prior to the last day declared by the University of Delhi.
If I am unable to submit my migration certificate by the last day as declared by the University of Delhi, I shall not claim any equity for admission in University of Delhi. I also state that I am aware of the fact that my admission is subject to the validation of my original certificates, otherwise my admission is liable to be cancelled.
Further, I agree that I shall abide by the Rules and Regulations and I am liable for criminal prosecution as may be deemed fit. I also hereby undertake that I shall accept the decision of the Admission Committee as final if the seat allotted to me is cancelled due to submission of incorrect certificates / non-submission of certificates within the duration of time allotted to provide the same.
Signature ofthe Candidate
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(Aadhar/Pan Card/ Passport/Driving License/etc)
Place:
Date:
Admission Branch University of Delhi Postgraduate Admissions 2021-22
UNDERTAKING FOR SUBMISSION OF RESULT
I, Mr. /Ms.……………………………………………………………… S/o / D/o…………………………………… bearing registration number………………….. of University of Delhi, have applied for postgraduate admission for academic Year the course …………………………........................................ 2021-22 in the Department/ College .................................................... for
I submit the following undertaking:
I undertake that, my admission is subject to the submission of my qualifying examination result as soon as it is declared but prior to the last day of the admission as declared by the University of Delhi and satisfying the minimum eligibility criteria as laid out in the PG Bulletin of Information 2021 – 22.
If I am unable to submit my result before the last day of the admission as declared by the University of Delhi or do not satisfy the minimum eligibility criteria as laid out in in University of Delhi. I also state that I am aware of the fact that my admission is subject to the validation of my original certificates, otherwise my admission is liable to be cancelled. the PG Bulletin of Information 2021 – 22, I shall not claim any equity for admission
Further, I agree that I shall abide by the Rules and Regulations and I am liable for criminal prosecution as may be deemed fit. I also hereby undertake that I shall accept the decision of the Admission Committee as final if the seat allotted to me is cancelled due to submission of incorrect certificates or marksheet / non-submission of certificates or marksheet within the duration of time allotted to provide the same.
Signature ofthe Candidate
Govt issued ID document number:
(Aadhar/Pan Card/ Passport/Driving License/etc)
Place:
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Post-Graduate Admissions 2021-22
UNDERTAKING FOR OBC NON CREAMY LAYER / EWS INCOME AND ASSET CERTIFICATE
I, Mr. /Ms.……………………………………………………………… S/o / D/o………………………………………………..has applied for Post- Graduate Admission in ……………………course for Academic Year 2021-22 bearing registration number…………………….of University of Delhi. I belong to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ OBC (Non-Creamy Layer) /EWS category] as per my Certificate No…………….........................which is issued by. ...................................................... I have applied for issue of OBC (Non Creamy Layer certificate) / EWS Income and Asset Certificate authenticated for the financial year 2020-21 at the office of………………………….................................................................(Competent Authority) on………….. as per enclosed acknowledgement receipt, and herby submit the following undertaking:
I undertake that I am aware of the fact that my admission is subject to the submission of valid OBC (Non Creamy Layer) / EWS Income and Asset Certificate authenticated for the financial year 2020-21, as required by the University of Delhi, within the time given to me (Not later than the four days before the last date of Admissions, declared by the Competent Authority, under any circumstance) otherwise my admission shall stand cancelled without any notice to me and I shall not claim any equity in my favor on the basis of my provisional admission.
Further, I agree that I shall abide by the Rules and Regulations provided for Admission by University of Delhi and I shall accept the decision of the University authority in this regard.
Signature of the Parent/
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Post-Graduate Admissions 2021-22
UNDERTAKING FOR SC/ST/PwBD CERTIFICATE
I, Mr. /Ms.……………………………………………………………… S/o / D/o……………………………………………….. have applied for Post- Graduate Admission in ……………………course for Academic Year 2021-22 bearing registration number…………………….of University of Delhi. I belong to .................................................................................................. (SC/ST/PwBD) category. I have applied for issue of SC/ST/PwBD caste / category certificate in my name at the office of…………………………..................................................................(Competent Authority) on………….. as per enclosed acknowledgement receipt, and hereby submit the following undertaking:
I undertake that my admission is subject to the submission of my caste/ category certificate as required by the University of Delhi within the time given to me (Not later than the four days before the last date of Admissions, declared by the Competent Authority, under any circumstance) otherwise my admission shall stand cancelled without any notice to me and I shall not claim any equity in my favor on the basis of my provisional admission. Further, I agree that I shall abide by the Rules and Regulations provided for Admission by University of Delhi and I shall accept the decision of the University authority in this regard.
Signature of the Parent/ Guardian
Aadhar Number:
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The Opening Up of a New Sector
Investment Opportunities in Angola’s Downstream
Like other African petroleum producers, Angola has been hard hit by the sharp drop in oil prices, which has negatively affected the country’s balance of payments, lowered GDP growth, and reduced the availability of public funds to stimulate the economy and carry out much needed investment.
The recent turn of events has also introduced a sense of urgency to the Government’s plan to diversify the economy by investing in the industrial sector, thus reducing dependence on upstream oil & gas revenues and lowering the country’s imports of manufactured goods. Not surprisingly, reducing the country’s importation of refined petroleum products has been identified as a priority of the Angolan Executive, as part of its strategy for the downstream sector, as Angola is currently dependent on imports and relatively low production from the Luanda refinery to meet its fuel needs. Although the Sonangol Refinery project in Lobito (known as Sonaref) has been in discussion for a number of years and some preparatory work has already taken place, the truth is that production from the facility is still far down the track, and Angola urgently needs to start producing more refined products.
In the current economic environment, projects such as Angola LNG (which also contemplates the processing of gas for the domestic market), and the numerous refinery projects that are currently being considered (besides Sonaref, there is also talk of the construction of other refineries including in Soyo and Bengo) would certainly contribute to the development of the country and to reducing Angola’s annual imports of refined products. Additionally, the progressive liberalization of the downstream sector and the withdrawal of State subsidies for fuel, have also opened up numerous opportunities for private investors, especially considering the perception that certain State projects may be put on hold for the time being.
Legal Framework
Seven years have passed since the enactment of the Strategy for the Liberalization of the Downstream Sector\(^1\), which at the time set a number of ambitious goals for the sector: (i) increasing efficiency in the refining chain, as well as storage, transport and distribution of fuels, (ii) encouraging and ensuring national coverage in petroleum products’ distribution, (iii) establishing a more transparent charging system, (iv) promoting national cohesion by ensuring the same conditions for the sale of products throughout the territory, and (v) allowing free access to distribution activities. Fast-forward to 2016, and it appears that the majority of the recommendations set forth in the Strategy have been implemented, mostly through the drafting and approval of important downstream sector-related legislative changes.
The downstream oil industry in Angola is supervised by the Ministry of Petroleum, with the main statute on this matter being Law No. 28/11, of September 1, 2011, the law on crude oil refining and storage, transportation, distribution and marketing of petroleum products. However, this general framework has been further regulated by additional more detailed legislation enacted over time, notably (i) Presidential Decree No. 132/13, of September 5, 2013, which lays down specific rules on crude oil refining and the storage and transport of petroleum products by pipeline, the petroleum products system logistics supervision system, the operation of wholesale and retail markets, public service obligations, and the planning and licensing of the petroleum products system, and (ii) Presidential Decree No. 173/13, of October 30, 2013, which approved the procedures and defined the powers for the licensing and supervision of facilities for storage of petroleum products, facilities for the supply of liquid and gaseous fuels (i.e. fuel stations), and distribution networks connected to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) reservoirs.
The legislation currently applicable to the sector foresees specific rules and requirements for each segment of the downstream value chain, thus allowing for different opportunities for investors.
At present, Sonangol Logistics (a subsidiary of Sonangol, E.P.) acts as the logistics supervisor of the Petroleum Products System under a concession granted by the State. As such, it is responsible for supervising operators of petroleum products storage facilities (whether or not they operate terminals for the reception of petroleum products), petroleum
---
\(^1\) Resolution No. 105/09, of November 19, 2009.
products’ pipeline transportation operators, petroleum product retailers, and the Luanda Refinery (the only refiner subject to a special framework). With the restructuring of Sonangol, E.P. that is currently underway (which shall hereinafter focus on its role of upstream National Concessionaire), it is not clear which entity, if any, will undertake Sonangol logistics’ functions and duties, or where the latter will fit in terms of the petroleum sector organizational framework. In any case, pending full liberalization of the downstream sector we would expect that the State will wish to maintain a certain degree of control over the petroleum products’ logistics subsector.
**Progressive Liberalization of the Sector and Opportunities**
Although the Angolan State has been progressively opening up the downstream sector to private investment, there are still certain restrictions for segments of the downstream value chain.
With a view to promoting and supporting the local industry, companies wishing to carry out activities related to crude oil refining, and storage and transport by pipeline of petroleum products must be controlled by Angolan citizens. This means that they must be at least 51% held by Angolan citizens, who must hold over half the voting rights, have the right to appoint over half of the members of the management or administration bodies of the relevant company, and have the power to define the company’s operational and strategic policies. Although this is a restriction to full foreign investment in these activities, the truth is that opportunities exist for those companies that know how to partner with local investors and adequately structure and protect their shareholding positions.
One area where the market has been liberalized is retail marketing of petroleum products, which includes marketing of liquid fuel in service stations, marketing and distribution of piped LPG, marketing of bottled LPG, and marketing of oils and greases. Retail marketing is subject to licensing and is performed under a free market regime, meaning that competition among operators is ensured. There are no nationality requirements to carry out these activities, and the retail fuel stations’ subsector is an area in respect of which private investors have shown interest of late.
Among other rules, fuel retailers are required to ensure the operation, technical integrity and maintenance of the liquid fuel service stations in safe and reliable conditions, while guaranteeing compliance with the applicable service quality standards, ensuring the safety of reception and transshipment operations from road tankers at the liquid fuel service stations, bearing the charges in connection with the distribution of the petroleum products ordered from Sonangol Logistica, ensuring the transparency of the prices applied, complying with public service obligations, including the creation of emergency stocks, and keeping records of their commercial activities.
Marketing activities are also subject to licensing by the Minister of Petroleum, being the authorization to engage in retail marketing of petroleum products handled simultaneously with the licensing of the facilities where the relevant activity will be performed. In some situations, however (for instance, fuel filling stations for own consumption or belonging to the cooperative sector of the economy, with a capacity exceeding 10 m$^3$), a simplified licensing regime by the provincial governments applies.
Retailers of petroleum products are expressly granted access to the infrastructure of the Petroleum Derivatives System (*e.g.*, storage facilities, terminals for reception of petroleum products and transportation pipelines), and benefit – on a non-discriminatory basis – from the services provided by the supervisor. However, they are required to comply with certain public interest duties, such as: cooperate in the promotion of policies on energy efficiency and demand management, to provide their customers with the information required (in particular with regard to the prices applied), issue detailed invoices, refrain from any discrimination between clients, and perform their operations in a commercially transparent manner, keep records of all commercial operations, maintain the technical, legal and financial capability required for the performance of their activities, and create and keep updated the required guarantee(s).
In terms of pricing, the margins for downstream activities in Angola have traditionally been determined by statute. This said, the system has been moving towards liberalization in recent times, and in late 2014\(^2\) light fuel, heavy fuel, and asphalt were excluded from the fixed-pricing system and subject to a free-pricing system. More recently, the Minister of Petroleum\(^3\) determined that diesel prices were also to be subject to the free-pricing system, thus ceasing the State’s obligation to subsidize diesel prices, and Sonangol became responsible for determining the new prices. Currently, with the Luanda refinery being the only refinery operating in the country, we believe that there is a good opportunity and business case for investment in processing plants, as if the planned new refining capacity were to come online, the economic impact of the end of the State’s subsidies for fuel on the general population would be lower and fuel consumption would most likely increase.
In recent years, the Angolan Executive has been busy trying to reorganize the country’s economy in general, and petroleum sector in particular. This includes both the upstream and downstream sectors. Although in 2014 and 2015 there was a significant amount of downstream legislation enacted, in 2016 the upstream sector has been at the center of attention. However, at a time when petroleum companies and other investors are looking to diversify their portfolios (and the Government is actively seeking investment outside the upstream sector), we hope that the current reform may also include amendments to the downstream sector capable of attracting investment, namely through additional incentives. When one considers the lack of adequate downstream infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa, it is easy to see the opportunities for building and operating facilities that can meet not only national but also regional demand for petroleum products.
In any case, even as things stand the opportunities clearly exist and, with the industrial development of Angola being one of the State’s priorities, it is already possible to negotiate attractive conditions to invest in downstream activities.
---
\(^2\) *Executive Decree No. 405/14, of December 24, 2014.*
\(^3\) *Executive Decree No. 706/15, of December 30, 2015.*
*Ricardo is a Partner at Miranda & Associados’ Lisbon headquarters, and is responsible for coordinating the firm’s Timor-Leste office. He is Co-Head of the Firm’s Energy and Natural Resources Practice Group and frequently advises energy companies in setting up and carrying out their operations in Africa and South East Asia. Sara is an Associate at Miranda’s Energy and Natural Resources Practice.*
*Ricardo and Sara may be contacted at [email protected] and [email protected].*
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Looping Statements
A loop is used for executing a block of statements repeatedly until a particular condition is satisfied. For example, when you are displaying number from 1 to 100 you may want set the value of a variable to 1 and display it 100 times, increasing its value by 1 on each loop iteration.
Type of Loop in FoxPro
There are mainly Two types of looping Statement
1. Do while ........enddo
2. For ....... Endfor
Other looping Statement for Database Scan.....endscan
1. DO WHILE ... ENDDO
DO WHILE loop, which has the following form i.e.
SYNTAX:
DO WHILE < expL >
statements increment/decrement
ENDDO
where < expL > is a condition
The DO WHILE . . . ENDDO construct allows statements to be executed repeatedly as long as a given condition is true.
Example:
```
Clear Input "inter the value of a:" to a i=1 Do while i<=a && condition ? " The value of i =",i && statement i=i+1 &&increment Enddo
```
Example: WAP to print counting 10 to 1
```
clear a=10 do while a>=1 ?a a=a-1 && decrement enddoo
```
2. FOR — ENDFOR:
The FOR . . . ENDFOR executes a set of statements within a loop a specified number of times. A memory variable or an array element is used as a counter to specify how many times the statements inside the loop are executed.
Syntax
FOR <memvar> = <initial val> TO <final val> STEP <no> statement1 statement2 ENDFOR
Example:1
CLEAR
Input "enter the value of a:" to a
? I
FOR I = 1 TO a
EndFor
Note: If tha value of "a" is 10 then print 1 to 10 By default, FOR . . . ENDFOR increments the counter (memory variable) by 1. However, if required, you can specify the increment rate through the step option with For.
Example:2
The following program displays the square root of use loop and Exit commands within FOR
```
the series - 10, 12, 14, ... ....n. Clear Input "enter the value of n:" to n FOR I = 10 TO n STEP 2 ? SQRT (I) ENDFOR NOTE: Like DO WHILE . . . ENDDO, you can also
```
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TRANSGENDER IN ARMED FORCES - GS I AND III MAINS
Q. "Indian Armed Forces are looking at possible employment opportunities for transgender persons". Critically Analyse (15 marks, 250 words)
News: Talks on in Armed Forces on possible entry of transgenders, study group formed
What's in the news?
* The Indian Armed Forces are looking at possible employment opportunities for transgender persons and the roles they could perform, while examining the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, and its implications.
Key takeaways:
* By drawing parallels with successful women integration, proposing protected roles initially and emphasizing social awareness, the approach aims for a balanced, transparent and inclusive transformation within the military, recognizing and addressing historical discrimination.
Changing Society:
1. Growing Acceptance:
* People are becoming more accepting of transgender folks, which is a positive change. Society is starting to understand the importance of including everyone, regardless of their gender identity.
2. Recognizing Challenges:
* Society acknowledges that transgender individuals have faced a tough time with discrimination, stigma, and fewer opportunities. This recognition is crucial in addressing historical disadvantages.
3. Legal Steps in India:
* India has taken legal steps, like the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act in 2019, to protect transgender rights. This shows a commitment to making things better since a significant judgment in 2014.
4. Armed Forces Proposal:
* There's a suggestion to include transgender individuals in the armed forces. This proposal comes from the realization that they've been at a disadvantage and need proactive help to be part of every aspect of life.
5. Stepwise Integration Approach:
* The idea is to include transgender individuals gradually, just like how women's roles in the armed forces expanded step by step. This way, we can be sure that we're ready and set up for their inclusion.
6. Learning from Women's Inclusion:
* Society learning from how women were included in the armed forces. By doing this, we hope to avoid problems and make the integration process smooth and successful.
7. Roles for Transgender Personnel:
* Transgender individuals might start with roles in medical services and staff positions. Initially, these roles will be more protected to ensure they feel comfortable and respected.
8. Social Awareness Emphasis:
* There's a suggestion to make the armed forces more aware of societal justice and the discrimination faced by transgender individuals. This change in mindset is vital for a successful integration.
Key Challenges:
1. Societal Prejudices:
* A challenge is dealing with society's biases within the armed forces. Overcoming these biases is crucial for creating an inclusive environment.
2. Balancing Inclusion with Discipline:
* Society needs to be careful about how inclusion might affect the strong discipline and camaraderie in the armed forces. Balancing inclusion with maintaining teamwork is a tricky but necessary challenge.
3. Infrastructure Support:
* Developing the needed support for transgender individuals is important. This includes making sure the armed forces are ready and equipped for their inclusion.
4. Dignity Concerns:
* Society is aware of concerns about respecting the dignity and self-respect of transgender individuals. To address this, there's a proposal for more protected roles initially.
WAY FORWARD:
1. Gradual Expansion of Roles:
* More roles based on abilities and merit. This ensures that everyone gets opportunities based on their skills.
2. Involvement of Transgender Community:
* Transgender community should be part of decision-making. This makes sure their views are central to the integration process.
3. Establishing Social Awareness Strategy:
* Emphasis need for a strategy to make the armed forces more aware. This ensures that everyone understands and accepts the need for change.
4. Transparent and Just Process:
* Highlighting the importance of openness and fairness in the integration process. This ensures that the process is respectful and just for everyone involved.
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CC-MAIN-2024-18
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CLASSICS AND TWISTS
PERFECT NEGRONI 18
barrel aged gin, house vermouth, campari, orange twist
PAPER PLANE 16
bourbon, amaro, aperol, lemon
EL DIABLO 18
tequila reposado, chambord, lime, ginger
MINT AND HONEY INFUSED SOUR 18
maker's mark bourbon, lemon juice, egg white
HER LAST WORD 16
house aged gin, chartreuse, maraschino liqueur, lime juice
BUTTERFLY DAISY 17
empress gin, orange liqueur, lemon
SPRUCE GROVE 18
gin, chartreuse, lemon, almond syrup, cucumber, hint of black pepper
- ALL COCKTAILS ARE DOUBLES, OR MORE -
QUATTRO FEATURES
HOUSE MARTINI 18
gin, dry vermouth, orange bitters, all the fixings
CAPRESE MARTINI 18
olive oil & pepper washed vodka, dry vermouth, pickled cherry tomatoes
FROM THE SMOKER
SALTED MAPLE 32
woodford bourbon, house vermouth, salted maple, campari, candied bacon
DON CORLEONE 34
hennessy xo, amaretto
SMOKY OLD FASHIONED 34
michter's bourbon, matusalem aged rum, demerara sugar, bitters, smoke
INDULGE
IMPERIAL SIDECAR 45
remy martin xo cognac, grand marnier centenaire, lemon
CHAMPAGNE COCKTAIL 39
hennessy vsop, bollinger champagne, sugar,
- ALL COCKTAILS ARE DOUBLES, OR MORE -
|
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CENVAT Credit to be availed within 6 months – a draconian development : 11-07-2014
By S Sivakumar, LL.B, FCA, FCS, ACSI,MBA, Advocate
IN what could be termed a draconian development, Rule 4(1) of the CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004 is proposed to be to amended with effect from September 1, 2014 to provide that the manufacturer or the service provider should avail of CENVAT credit of the duty paid on inputs or the service tax paid on input services, within 6 months from the date of the relevant document specified in Rule 9(1) of the CCR, 2004, eg. Invoice. The proviso to Rule 4(7), in terms of which, the service recipient who has taken CENVAT credit on the basis of the receipt of the documents referred to rule 9(1) of the CCR, 2004 is required to reverse the credit if the payment is not made within 3 months of the date of the input invoice, etc. stands.
As we know, there is no time limit, as of now, under the central excise law, for availment of CENVAT credit. Courts have held that, in the absence of a time limit prescribed under law, credit can be taken even at a later stage and in some cases, assessees have been allowed to avail of credit, even after some years. This benefit is gone now, with the proposed amendment, fixing the time limit for credit availment, at 6 months from the date of the invoice, etc.
A combined reading of these sub-rules of Rule 4 makes it clear that, the assessee needs to meet the following two conditions for availment of CENVAT credit, on a cumulative/parallel basis, viz.
++ Credit to be availed within 6 months of the date of the input invoice
++ While credit can be availed on receipt of the invoice pertaining to input service, payment will have to be effected within 3 months from the date of the invoice, failing which, the credit availed should be reversed.
Assume a case, where the assessee actually receives the service provider's invoice dated September 1, 2014 on January 31, 2015. While the assessee can avail of credit on January 31, 2015 on receipt of the input invoice, he would still have to effect the payment for the value of the input service on or before February 28, 2015, as the last date for availment of credit in this case, is February 28, 2015, i.e. 6 months from the date of the input invoice. In other words, the benefit of 3 months' time frame for payment of the value of the input service, visà-vis availment of CENVAT credit, would be subject to the overall limit of 6 months fixed for availment of credit by the new amendment. We do not have a similar provision under the VAT laws, fixing a time frame for availment of input tax credit. Further, availment of input tax credit is not linked to the payment for the purchase of inputs.
The proposed amendment, in respect of the reverse charge mechanism, in terms of which, the point of taxation in respect ofservices would be the date of the payment by the service receiver or the first day after 3 months of the date of the invoice, whichever is earlier, appears draconian, to say the least. Due to this amendment, the liability under RCM would get triggered on the earlier of, the date of payment of the invoice by the service recipient or the 91 st day from the date of the invoice. Prior to this amendment, the service recipient had a time frame of 6 months to effect the payment, failing which, the point of taxation was reckoned as the date of the invoice.
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Penguin Young Readers Factsheets
Town Mouse and Country Mouse
Teacher's Notes
Summary
Town Mouse and Country Mouse are good friends although they live in very different places. When Town Mouse visits Country Mouse for lunch, he sees fruit trees and farm animals for the first time and he eats home-grown food. When Country Mouse goes to the town for lunch, Town Mouse introduces him to parks, buses and a food store. They each prefer their own homes, but remain the best of friends.
Background to the story
The first known appearance of the story of the town mouse and the country mouse was in Scotland in the 15th century, when Robert Henryson (c.1425–c.1508) first wrote the story in verse, inspired by the moral fables told by Aesop. The story has since become a children's classic. Aesop (c.620-560 BC) was a Greek writer believed to have been a freed slave. He wrote numerous moralistic beast fables and these were largely transmitted orally for many years.
Topics and themes
Animals Mice are animals found everywhere, both in the wild (in towns or countryside) and as pets. The topic can therefore be used for factual information. Mice are also very popular in stories. Town Mouse, Country Mouse can also be used for work on comparative adjectives by asking the pupils to think of animals that are 'bigger than' or 'smaller than' mice, for example.
The country and the town Town Mouse and Country Mouse discover new things when they visit each other. What are town/country differences that the pupils can think of? Perhaps the pupils could have a class vote to find out who would rather live in the country and who would rather live in a town and then justify their decisions based on the merits or disadvantages of each. Using the illustrations in the Reader, ask the pupils to think also of the differences between their countryside and towns and those found in other countries.
Food Country Mouse eats the food that is produced in or near his home, but Town Mouse buys his food
Making use of the Reader
Finger Puppets (About 20 minutes) Cut out a semi-circular piece of card (around 20 cm in diameter) for each pupil. Tell the pupils they will make either a Town Mouse or a Country Mouse and to illustrate the card as appropriate, based on the illustrations in the book. Collect the cards and join the ends, securing with a staple, or tape, before redistributing the finger puppets.
These can then be used as props in a small play based on the Reader. Here are two suggestions:
Mice on vacation (About 30 minutes or over several lessons) Pre-prepare some large pieces of
in a large town store. Several topics can be developed from this, including how food (either in general, or keeping to cheese and apples) is made, how is it brought to stores from farms around the world. Pupils may like to research what mice eat in the wild and say what their pets eat. Are there other stories about cheese that the pupils know? Penguin Young Readers Aesops Fa b l e s has one story about a fox who likes cheese.
World/environment Food from around the world is one topic that can be worked on. Also for discussion is the one of mice as spreading disease, and being pests in people's homes. The Penguin Young Readers Pied Piper of Hamelin (actually on rats) is a story on this theme.
Friendships Town Mouse and Country Mouse have very different lifestyles but they are still the best of friends. The pupils may like to describe their own friends, perhaps focusing on similarities and differences or discussing trips to friends' homes.
cardboard (around 35cm sq) with flaps on the bottom to ensure they stand up. These will be made into small backdrops for the puppet play. With the whole class, brainstorm town and country vocabulary, beginning with the vocabulary from the Reader and progressing to less familiar words. Divide the pupils into pairs with their finger puppets. In each pair there should be a Town Mouse and a Country Mouse. Distribute the backdrop cards, one for each pair. The pupils then work together in pairs to decorate their backdrop, either as a country scene or a town scene, illustrating it with as many of the brainstormed items as possible. When these are completed, the pupils re-enact the Town
Penguin Young Readers Factsheets
Town Mouse and Country Mouse
Teacher's Notes
Mouse's visit to the country or vice versa, speaking the words 'what's this?' .… 'it's a …' and so on.
Alternatively, begin the lesson by brainstorming other environment vocabulary, focusing on either 'the beach' or 'the mountains' or 'a safari'. The pupils then decorate their backdrops and take the mice on vacation together!
Listen and color (20 minutes) Using
photocopiable activity number 2. When the pupils have completed the photocopiable exercise, ask them to cut out the town scene and the country scene. One partner should then secretly color the town scene and the other should color the country scene, making sure they cannot see each other's work. When they have finished, explain to the pupils that they must dictate to their partner the way the unfinished scenes should be colored ('the bus is red', for example) and that the aim is to have matching pictures in the end.
Questionnaire: Are you a Town Mouse or a Country Mouse? (About 15 minutes) Pre-prepare a small collection of multiple choice questions. For example: 'Do you like (or prefer) a) animals, b) shops'/ 'Do you like (prefer) a) climbing trees, b) riding on buses'. Make sure that if the answers are mostly 'a' the pupil will be a 'Country Mouse' and mostly 'b', the pupil will be a 'Town Mouse'. Hand out the questionnaires and ask the pupils to interview each other in order to find out their preferences. Collect the questionnaires and give the pupils the results.
Using the accompanying audio cassette
During listening The pupils can complete photocopiable activity number one while listening to the cassette. Alternatively, play sections of the cassette at random, isolating phrases such as 'it's a bus', or 'it's an apple tree' and ask the pupils to respond 'town' or 'country'.
As there are so few words in the Reader, pupils may like to work together to add more script. There could be a narrator, who speaks between pages 2-3 for example: 'Town mouse goes to see his friend, Country Mouse on Thursday. Country Mouse shows him the farm.' The tape can be re-recorded.
Chants
Chants help pupils become familiar with the sounds and rhythm of English. The language in each chant recycles language from the Reader.
Suggested procedure
Pupils listen to the chant on cassette one or two times, clapping their hands or tapping their desks in time with the rhythm.
You can then split the class into 2 or 3 groups and each group can say one verse of the chant in turn.
Chant 2
Chant 1
What's this? It's a cow What's this? It's an apple tree
Milk and cheese are from…..
The cow
Apples are from…..
Pupils then say the chant, verse by verse, together with the cassette, beating the rhythm as they speak, until they are familiar with the words and the rhythm.
The trees
What's this? It's a cow What's this? It's an apple tree
Notes on the activities in the Factsheet
1 The pupils write either TM (Town Mouse) or CM (Country Mouse) next to the sentences.
2 First the pupils write the words next to the pictures in the spaces provided. Then they cut out (or you can do this for them) the pictures and stick them either in the town or the country scene below.
Come to the country for lunch! Thank you What shall we have? Cheese and apples I'm hungry. Let's have lunch!
Chant 2
Are the milk and cheese from the cow? Are the apples from the trees? Country mouse asks
Milk and cheese are not from the cow And apples are not from the trees Town mouse says
Where in the town is the cow?
Where in the town are the trees?
Country mouse asks
Answers to the activities
In the back of the Reader
2. There are 38 apples on the tree.
In the Factsheet
Activity 1
1. TM, 2. CM, 3. TM, 4. TM, 5. CM.
Activity 2
The town: bus, train, stores
The country: apple tree, sheep, hen, horse, duck
Activity 3 1. 1, 2. 2, 3. 2, 4. 2, 5. 7, 6. 1.
Penguin Young Readers Factsheets
PHOTOCOPIABLE
Pupils' Activities
Town Mouse and Country Mouse
Name
.............................................................................................................
Activity 1
What does Town Mouse do? And what does Country Mouse do? Write TM or CM.
1. He travels on a bus. TM
4. He goes to the food store.
2. He eats apples from his garden.
3. He goes to the park.
Activity 2
Write these words next to the pictures.
______
Now cut them out and put them in the town or in the country.
The town
The country
5. He sees cows every day.
Penguin Young Readers Factsheets
PHOTOCOPIABLE
Pupils' Activities
Town Mouse and Country Mouse
Name
.............................................................................................................
Activity 3
Color the picture and answer the questions.
1. How many cows are there?
There is one cow
2. How many hens are there?
_________
3. How many mice are there?
_________
4. How many trees are there?
_________
5. How many windows are there?
_________
6. How many chairs are there?
_________
Activity 4
Draw a picture of your friend. Does your friend live in the town or the country? What does your friend like to eat? Write the answers next to the picture.
My friend lives in the _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________
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President’s Message
For Zarathushtis the world over, March 21st is always an auspicious day. The day of the vernal equinox signals the arrival of Spring in the northern hemisphere, coinciding with Navroze celebrations along with hundreds of millions of adherents on the planet. While this is cause for merriment for so many of us, the five Gathic days in the lead up where we observe the Muktad period in reverence to the souls of the dearly departed, remind us that it has been a difficult past year for many within our community who have had to bear the loss loved ones. In addition, many members continue to experience ill health. Spare them a thought and prayer and may the New Year bring about speedy convalescence.
Muktad Prayers will take place at the ZRCC from March 16th – 20th. The “Muktad Prayers” form to give your names for the departed is available under the “home” tab on the website.
Jamshedi Navroze 1387 YZ (Yazdegardi Zarathushti) of the Fasli (seasonal) calendar will be celebrated with a jashan at the ZRCC on March 21st followed by dinner. The cost for dinner will be $10 for members and $15 for non-members. You must register your names for dinner. Please contact Nelly Engineer at 647-406-2680 or at [email protected]
OZCF and ZSO will once again hold a joint Navroze function on Saturday March 24th at Woodbine Banquet Hall. Pricing is as follows: members → adults $35; children 5-12, $25; non-members → adults $45; children 5-12, $35. Payment must be sent to Shirin Chaturvedi by no later than March 19th. You may contact Shirin at 647-407-4824 or at [email protected] and book early to avoid disappointment.
Please remember to pay your membership fees. The preferred method is via online payment through our website or by submitting the Pre-Authorized Debit form, included within this newsletter, whereby you can set up a one-time authorization of your membership fees to be deducted annually from your financial institution. Include the Membership form found on the website under the “membership” tab should any changes be required to your personal information.
On March 28th, the Yoga / Zumba sessions will reconvene. While Seniors comprise the majority of attendees, these sessions are for anyone wishing to attend. We are once again in need of volunteer drivers for some of our Seniors. Keep reading these pages to see how you can provide assistance.
We are also in need of additional volunteers to assist with Bingo, which continues to provide an important source of revenue for OZCF. Contact Kermin Byramjee at [email protected], Armaity Anandasagar at [email protected] or Niloufer Bhesania at [email protected] to see how you can help.
Our volunteers realize that by making a positive impact in the lives of others, they are making a positive impact in their own lives. This would truly be a fabulous way to start off the New Year!
Wishing our entire community a very blessed Navroze Mubarak!
Cyrus Gazdar, OZCF President
Mobeds Review New Atashkadeh Drawings
On February 17th, the Ontario Mobed community was invited to OZCF by the Place of Worship Advisory Committee (PWAC) to verify design drawings pertaining to the new place of worship. The Presidents of OZCF and ZSO were also invited.
The architects were present to describe the overall design and building materials to be used, following many meetings with the mobed sub-committee and much research with scholars from India and Iran. Particular focus was placed on design of the prayer hall with Kebla, as well as the Yasnagah, to keep it as authentic as possible to similar structures in India and Iran.
Following a sumptuous meal, the mobeds commented positively on the overall design and provided important input. They suggested some minor adjustments which will be made in the final design stage.
PWAC intends to hold a townhall meeting with the community in March, to show progress made and review the updated drawings. Notice will be provided soon.
May Ahura Mazda always bless our community.
Phil Sidhwa
Chair, PWAC
ANNOUNCEMENTS
BIRTH
Sebastian Neville Cooper, born November 3, 2017, to Farrah and Neville Cooper, in Markham Ontario. Grandson to Dara and Farida Bhesania and Kersi and Ani-heeta Cooper. Baby brother to Arianna and Julian.
Congratulations to the Bhesania and Cooper families!
Proud brother Cyrus, loving sister Arnaz and cute little elder brother Aryan would like to announce the arrival of their baby sister Cyraa Bharucha on January 17, 2018. Proud parents are Parvana and Burzin Bharucha.
Congratulations to the family and welcome CYRAA!
Lotus Funeral Home: www.lotusfuneralandcremation.com
Lotus is a new funeral home situated near Woodbine in Etobicoke providing a full array of services. President Kamal Bhardwaj had contacted Jal Panthaky and both Jal and Secretary Neville Patrawala were invited to inspect the site, and were able to procure a special discount for the Zoroastrian community starting from $4100. For more information, contact Mr. Bhardwaj at (bus) 647-547-8188 / (cell) 416-451-6641 or at [email protected]
Keeping Active:
They say wisdom rests with the elders. Looks like our Seniors have figured it out when it comes to a living a healthy life by keeping active and incorporating fitness. See attached the link to incorporating some zumba (or for that matter, any physical activity) into your routine:
https://www.newsmax.com/health/health-news/zumba-exercise-dance-emotional/2017/11/30/id/829060/?ns_mail_uid=105679754&ns_mail_job=1767332_12052017&s=al&dkt_nbr=010102lepdqz
Membership Fees:
Please remember to pay your membership fees. You may pay online via our website or via the Pre-Authorized Debit form whereby you can set up a one-time authorization of your membership fees to be deducted annually from your financial institution. Include the Membership form found on the website should any changes be required to your personal information.
Save the Date: Gymkhana Night – May 5th at the ZRCC. Details to follow
The OZCF prayer room and facility is not open regularly. For personal requests, you may contact the following:
Prayer Room Access
Nozer Kotwal 905-820 0461
[email protected]
Hall Rentals
Cyrus Gazdar 647-294 6462
[email protected]
ZRCC Coordinator
Armaity Anandasagar 905-271 0366 [email protected]
OZCF President
Cyrus Gazdar 647-294-6462
[email protected]
Webmaster & Facilities
Rumi Jasavala 647-885-1759
NEED A MOBED
OUR MOBEDS ARE AVAILABLE TO HELP IN TIMES OF NEED TO OFFER THEIR GUIDANCE & SERVICES TO THE COMMUNITY. PLEASE CONTACT:
BAMJI, ERVAD XERXES (905) 702-1034
BULSARA, ERVAD FIRDOSH (905) 824-7692
DASTUR, ERVAD MEHBAD (416) 917-9195
DHABHAR, ERVAD JAMSHED (905) 819-0089
KOTWAL, ERVAD NOZER (905) 820-0461
MADAN, ERVAD XERXES (416) 254-0685
PANTHAKY, ERVAD JAL (905) 568-4946
ZAROLIA, ERVAD KOBAD (647) 887-9213
Yasna Dhabhar and Sarosh Daver
On February 10, Yasna Dhabhar and Sarosh Daver participated in the Polar Plunge 2018 through the Army Cadets, 2824 COPS. This was the 50th year of the Polar Plunge, which promotes awareness and supports the Special Olympics of Ontario. Working with different teams, they collected over $1,500 in donations to help fund the Law Enforcement Torch Run as well as enjoying a dip in icy water with temperatures reaching as cold as -13°C! Both the cadets have been chosen to go for a March Break trip to Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida as a reward of their daring feat.
We are proud of our Parsi youth and encourage altruism within the community.
Teenaz Javat
Teenaz Javat is the recipient of another prestigious award – Absolutely Fabulous Woman Over 40 Achievement Award in the field of Advocacy. The City of Mississauga and the Members of Council have also presented her a plaque on the occasion of International Women’s Day 2018.
By blood Indian, by bond Pakistani and by choice Canadian, would best describe Teenaz, a senior writer at the CBC Toronto. Long before she became a journalist, Teenaz was a story teller. Her stories form part of The Shoe Project, a women-only artists collective that documents immigration stories through the lens of shoes.
A multiple award-winning journalist, Teenaz was part of a team at CBC Radio’s Metro Morning that won the Adrienne Clarkson National Award for a town hall on domestic violence against women in the GTA. She does not shy away from taking a hard look at topics like the Arab Spring and its impact on Canada, or the not-so-uncommon practice of female feticide among some communities in the GTA.
Teenaz came to Canada with an 8-month-old daughter. She has been a stay-at-home mother, a full-time student at Sheridan College, a full-time journalist at the CBC, and an adjunct professor at Sheridan College, all along volunteering in the local school system and editor of her community newsletter.
She lives in Mississauga with her husband, Mahveer and children, Sherezade and Hormuz and loves having breakfast with her friends when she is not in the newsroom on the early morning shift.
Like the 4th, the 5th session was dedicated to a discussion of an Articles of Faith (Tenets of Belief) that represent a diasporic ‘mission statement’ and social justice identity for Daena Mazdayasni in the 21st century.
In the 5th session, Articles 24-34 were cleared. A general consensus regarding their necessity and inclusion within a diasporic mission statement for Daena Mazdayasni, was accepted.
This is extremely encouraging because Articles 1-34 (of a draft of 101 Articles) represent the path towards the articulation of resolutions regarding ALL issues that plague contemporary Zoroastrianism. Moreover, the Articles represent a Covenant within which all adherents and participants of Daena Mazdayasni abide. The Articles IMPOSE responsibility. They are meant to be adhered to, rather than administrated. The Articles form the ‘justification of faith’ that provides the Anjuman project of the Asha Vahishta Initiative (AVI) with its legitimacy. This is the only way an intimate, lived, and dynamic faith and fellowship can be sustainable.
The 6th colloquium of AVSS Phase II, was a reprise of a Conversation in Faith session. In this case, Dr. Panthaki was joined by Ervad Panthaki, Ervad Dr. Bagli and Ervad Kotwal, to discuss the focus question:
Can current status-quo clerical and executive bodies, align themselves to the Asha Vahishta Initiative (AVI)? If so, can status quo bodies aid in the realization of the AVI? Might it be possible for them to aid the change, or are they doomed to suffer it?
Er. Panthaki, Er. Dr. Bagli, and Er. Kotwal, reflected upon the original purpose, and their various leadership roles within anjuman organization (associations in Ontario and Quebec), clerical bodies (NAMC), and umbrella organizations (FEZANA).
The discussion built on a consensus that, both in the 1980-1990s and currently the AVI (2016--), were a necessary challenge and check to institutionalized hypocrisy, stagnation of the soul (personal and clerical spiritual development), and corruption of dogma. Such actions whether in 1998 or 2018, inspire us to believe rather than to follow blindly. To be active in spirituality rather than passive in religion.
Discussion continued around the convergence of aims from the 1980s-1990s (involving Er-Panthaki-Bagli-Kotwal) and the AVI. It was concluded that the cause was similar: Diasporic Daena, Autocephalous Organization, Articulation of Vision. Dr. Panthaki then pointed out that the source of disagreement between himself and his interlocutors, arose from their attachment to current status-quo institutions, specifically their belief that the same institutions could act as change-agents and transformative bodies promoting spiritual growth.
The Asha Vahishta Initiative (AVI) has employed education (AVSS: the AV Seminar Series) to mobilize the Anjuman to faith and fellowship action. The AVI now seeks to create a Working Committee (AVIWC) to make actionable, the resolutions from Phase I and Phase II of the AVSS.
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**Asha Vahishta Appeal**
**WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU!**
Start questioning with an open mind... let your voice be heard...
*The purpose of the Asha Vahishta Seminar Series is to create a forum for the "People" (anjuman).*
*We therefore encourage and welcome suggestions, inquiries, and even demands (yes, why not, it’s your faith, is it not?), for the inclusions of any and all topics.*
We will even create a session based around popular topics.
*Additionally, a planned “We the People” open session and/or townhall session is being organized.*
“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.” ~ Albert Einstein
Contact: [email protected]
FUTURE UPCOMING SESSIONS
March 17th – AV Session 2.8 – Sanjan Landing: The Beginning of the End of Daena Mazdayasni
April 7th – AS Session 2.9 – Creed and Covenant: Using the Articles of Faith of Faith to Resolve ALL Controversies.
May 5th – AV Session 2.10 – Faith and Fellowship Are Revitalized and Kept Relevant When They Are Expressions of Social Justice.
All above sessions start at 1.30pm
Contact Xerxes Madan to attend.
ERVAD SOLI DASTUR—LECTURE
There will be a lecture at ZSO Dar e Mehr (MGDM) - 3590 Bayview Ave., North York, on April 22 2018 after the Shenshai Adargan Jashan by Ervad Dr, Soli Dastur. The talk will be on Skype. The title of the talk will be “Boi Ceremony at Udvada Atash Behram”
Ervad Soli Dastur is a trained Chemical engineer who received his Doctorate at Northwestern University, Illinois. However, he drifted away to Computer technology to develop Marketing Data Analysis software to manage Mass Merchandising Industries for Procter & Gamble.
He has been tirelessly performing Priestly duties with zeal all across North America wherever he is requested. He was elected to the Executive board of Zoroastrian Association of Florida for four years. He has visited several Anjumans during the Gatha Prayer days and is responsible for initiating Muktd prayers in Florida since 2009. He is an active member N.A.Mobed Council. He has been conducting religious classes from Tampa, Orlando and Miami as well as classes through teleconferencing. He also publishes regularly Weekly Zoroastrian Scripture Extracts and has contributed articles in FEZANA and Hama Zor Journals.
Soli is the recipient of Rohinton Rivetna Outstanding Zoroastrian Award from FEZANA 2010. We look forward to a large attendance for a very enlightening talk.
Fasli Muktad Friday March 16th to Tuesday March 20th
We will be celebrating Fasli Muktad at Z.R.C.C. 1187 Burnhamthorpe Rd. East, Oakville. Following is the schedule of Prayers for the five days:
Friday March 16th
6:30 am Morning Stoom & Baj;
7:00 am Afringan & Farokhshi;
11:30 am Afternoon Stoom;
7:00 pm Evening Stoom & Hum Bundagi
Saturday March 17th & Sunday March 18th
7:30 am Morning Stoom & Baj;
8:00 am Afringan & Farokhshi;
11:30 am Afternoon Stoom;
7:00 pm Evening Stoom & Hum Bundagi
Monday March 19th & Tuesday March 20th
6:30 am Morning Stoom & Baj;
7:00 am Afringan & Farokhshi;
11:30 am Afternoon Stoom;
7:00 pm Evening Stoom & Hum Bundagi
If you wish to give the names of your dearly departed for daily prayers please complete the attached form and send it along with your donation cheque payable to O.Z.C.F to reach Ervad Nozer Kotwal by March 13th. PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE IT UNTIL THE LAST MOMENT. NAMES WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED OVER THE TELEPHONE.
Donation of fruits, dry fruits, flowers, Sukhad, Loban, Tachho, etc. are always welcomed.
We also require volunteers to thoroughly clean the Prayer Room, House and Hall before the start of Muktad as well as regular cleaning during the Muktad days. Please contact Ervad Kotwal at (905) 820-0461 if you wish to help.
Thank you, our members, for your continued help, as always.
Hamaspathermaidyem Ghambar March 17th – contact Nozer Kotwal at 905-820-0461 to attend.
Navroze (F) Wednesday March 21st
Navroze Jashan will be held on Wednesday March 21st at 7:00 pm at Z.R.C.C. 1187 Burnhamthorpe Rd. East, Oakville, followed by dinner. The cost of attending the Jashan & dinner is $10 for OZCF members and $15 for non-members. If you plan to attend, please give your name to Nelly Engineer at [email protected]
Khordad Sal (F) Monday March 26th
Khordad Sal Jashan will be held on Monday March 26th at 7:00 pm at Z.R.C.C. 1187 Burnhamthorpe Rd. East, Oakville, followed by chasni.
Farvardegan (F) Sunday April 8th
Farvardegan prayers will be held on Sunday April 8th at 11:00 am at Z.R.C.C. 1187 Burnhamthorpe Rd. East, Oakville, followed by chasni.
Maidhyozarem Ghambar (F) Friday May 4th
We will be celebrating Maidhyozarem Ghambar (F) on Friday May 4th at Z.R.C.C. 1187 Burnhamthorpe Rd. East, Oakville. The Ghambar Jashan will commence at 11:00 am followed by lunch. The cost of attending the Jashan & lunch is $5.00 per person; children up to the age of 20 years are free. If you plan to attend please give your name to Ervad Nozer Kotwal (905) 820-0461 stating how many adults and/or children, veg. or non-veg., will be attending, a.s.a.p. but not later than May 1st. Donation of fruits, dry fruits, flowers, Sukhad, Loban, Tachho, etc. is always welcomed at these prayer meetings. Please also volunteer to clean up after the event.
If you and/or your friends wish to sponsor this Ghambar or any other religious event in the future please let Ervad Kotwal know.
Zarthost-no-Diso (S) Thursday May 24th
Zarthost-no-Diso (S) prayers will be held on Thursday May 24th at 7:00 pm at Z.R.C.C. 1187 Burnhamthorpe Rd. East, Oakville, followed by chasni.
The Co-Chairs of the Oral History Project, Minnie Mirza and Gulrukh Patel, are happy to inform you that the groundwork for the Project has been completed and we are now ready to begin our recordings.
The Co-Chairs have been working hard along with a team of other dedicated volunteers to preserve our rich and varied living heritage not only for our grandchildren, but, for all the future generations who will continue to reside in Toronto.
We have all travelled from different countries and have varied life experiences which tell the story of our journey to a foreign country which is so vastly different from the one we and our families lived in for generations. Our grandchildren and their children deserve to know and cherish their roots and their heritage. Our forefathers, going back to the time of Cyrus the Great, left us with monuments and achievements to feel proud of, so did our forefathers in India and other parts of the world, so let us do our part by recording and preserving our histories. Let us give our future generations an understanding of their heritage and a living picture of their grandparents’ lives in a different world.
Call us: We’re Listening....
Please call or email
Minnie Nirza on 905-825-8188
[email protected]
Or
Gulrukh Patel on 905-542-0237
[email protected]
Yoga / Zumba Sessions
The Yoga/Zumba/Laughter sessions for the 2018 season will begin on 28th March (weather permitting) with a welcome lunch and social get together for old friends to meet and greet each other after our long and extremely cold winter.
On 4th April we will have our first Zumba session followed by Laughter session and lunch. All our activities are held every Wednesday from 11.30am till about 1.15pm at the OZCF.
The Yoga sessions are led by our very own Marook Sidhwa. Marook is a trained and experienced teacher with many years of practice to her credit. The techniques she uses allows each individual to do just the right amount of exercise that their body can tolerate allowing each person to either sit or stand while performing the exercises. The regulated breathing during this process is also very helpful for the entire body. This is truly a very worthwhile activity for all to do.
The Zumba sessions which are led by the ever popular Ariam are a lot of fun for all. These sessions performed to lively Latin American music truly brings out the dancer in all the participants.
At the end of each session Nowzer Borzooyan, a talented laughter therapist helps our cardiac and respiratory systems remain in good condition before helping us to wind down with some relaxation techniques.
These sessions are open to all members of our community. If you are free on Wednesday mornings, or even just one or two mornings a month do come and join us. If you need transportation help or can offer a ride to a senior it will indeed be a great help. For all your questions and more information please contact Minnie Mirza at 905-825-8188 or email her at [email protected]
OneMatch Stem Cell and Marrow Network – Make a Difference!
You may have heard of the plight facing Sharmin Batliwala, a mother of two young kids, and a young Zoroastrian residing in Melbourne, Australia who has been diagnosed with Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL).
The doctors have advised her that the best option to beat her cancer will require a bone marrow transplant. For this Sharmin requires a matching bone marrow transplant from a donor. Usually a family member is a perfect match. However, Sharmin did not have a match in her family and they are currently searching the unrelated bone marrow registry for a donor. Anyone can be a match, but the best likelihood of a match is within her same ethnicity.
Enter the OneMatch Stem Cell and Marrow Network:
• program of Canadian Blood Services
• manage the Canadian registry of potential stem cell donors, currently over 422,000 registrants
• linked to other international stem cell registries providing access to over 30,000,000 potential stem cell donors worldwide
only one in four patients will find a match in their family, the rest will rely on the generosity of an unrelated volunteer donor
BASIC ELIGIBILITY
• 17 to 35 years of age
• in good general health
• willing to help all patients
• willing to provide a cheek (buccal) swab for testing
• covered with provincial health care (OHIP in Ontario).
Registering is easy: simply visit www.blood.ca/stem-cells where you will complete a health screening questionnaire, and we’ll send you a cheek swab kit in the mail to complete and return to us, postage paid.
Here is a short video on donating: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rj2P_kyHXAA
Another way to help a patient in need is to donate blood. Visit www.blood.ca to find a blood donor clinic in your area and book your life-saving appointment.
For those of you who require further information, Sharmin can be contacted on [email protected]
Thank You Kindly for Reaching Out to Sharmin. The Batliwala and Avari family send their sincere thanks in advance for your support.
ONE CAR RIDE FOR A PERSON CAN CHANGE EVERYTHING
When senior citizens come to Yoga or Zumba on Wednesdays, they laugh, socialize with others and feel alive and stimulated.
If they have no family or friends to drive them, they are left alone in isolation.
Be a volunteer. Be the difference.
We Urgently Need Volunteer Drivers in Oakville, Mississauga and Brampton for One Drive Each Wednesday for a just a few hours.
Volunteer drivers will be matched with the people living closest to them.
The OZCF has a policy to protect, to the best of its ability, all volunteer drivers.
Do it because you would want someone to do it for your mother, for your best friend, FOR YOU……
Please contact Minnie Mirza at (905) 825-8188 or email at [email protected]
10 DAYS EUROPEAN SPLENDORS
Italy | Vatican | Austria | Germany | Switzerland | France
This 10 day tour lives up to its name by showcasing the true splendors Europe has to offer. Indulge in some of the most cultured cities in Europe. Perfect for budget-conscious travelers.
USD $1,600
10 DAYS ALL OF SCANDINAVIA
Finland | Estonia | Sweden | Norway | Denmark
Explore scenic Scandinavia and get a taste of some of Europe’s oldest cities in this interesting 10 day package, where history truly comes alive.
USD $2,500
All prices above based on double occupancy. Airfare not included.
For more information and other available tours please visit: www.milleniumtravel.ca/sotc-tours
Address: 34 Britain St Unit 100, Toronto, ON M5A 1R6
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 416-962-2200 Ext. 4216 Website: www.milleniumtravel.ca
Rayo Irani
Always committed to your Success!
If you need Top Market value for your home then call Rayo Irani Now!
My average time on market: 27.85 days!
My average ask vs. sold ratio: 99% of asking!
Visit www.RayoIrani.com to find your dream home!
Office: 905-828-3434 Direct: 416-844-0932
Email: [email protected]
*January 1, 2012 to November 15, 2012. Not intended to solicit buyers or sellers currently under agency contract.
ZSO & OZCF Presents
JAMSHEDI NAVROUZ Dinner & Dance!!!
Date: Saturday March 24th 2018 - 6.30 pm onwards
Location: Woodbine Banquet Hall.
30 Vice Regent Blvd, Toronto,
ON. M9W 7A4 (Hwy 27/Rexdale Blvd)
Tickets: ZSO / OZCF Members - Adults $35, Children 5-10 years $25
ZSO/OZCF Non-Members - Adults $45, Children 5-10 years $35
DINNER: Indian Cuisine with Cash Bar
Please fill out your details below & send it along with your cheque.
Cheques payable to ZSO mail to: Guloo Bharucha
24 Trafford Crescent, Markham, ON L3R7H9 #905-475-8894
Cheques payable to OZCF mail to: Shirin Chaturvedi
Unit 64, 2825 Gananoque Dr, Mississauga, ON L5N1V6 # 647-407-4824
Cheques must be received no later than Monday, March 19, 2018. Please adhere to this deadline to avoid last minute disappointment.
NAME: _______________________________ Member/Non-member
NUMBER OF ADULTS: ________ NUMBER OF CHILDREN: ________ VEG OR NON-VEG
TOTAL PAYMENT$ __________ PHONE NUMBER_______________________
The AVI is dedicated to the memory of *Arbab Rustam Guiv* (1888-1980). The magnitude of his generosity was for fulfillment of a vision, that faith and fellowship would become vibrant, dynamic, relevant, and rooted within diaspora. Faith is a constant re-imagining of fellowship, not a mummification of attitudes under the guise of preservation. The AVI acknowledges the work of Dr. Kaikhosrow Irani (1922-2017). His diasporic re-imagining of faith began to reconceptualise a ‘Mission Statement’ for an anjuman centred ‘Zoroastrian Operating System’.
The AVI is aware that North American Zoroastrians are guests of First Nations Peoples, and must act accordingly.
You are invited to attend the AVI Conference (AVIC)! All sessions revolve around formulation of a ‘mission statement’ and ‘operating system’ for Daena Mazdayasni in diaspora. This is in conjunction with the core vision-document 101 Inspirations. We are honoured that non-Zoroastrian guests/faith leaders are part of our panels. This ensures a broad perspective regarding how to keep spirituality relevant in the 21st century. Be a part of the dialogue and culmination of the first two phases of the Asha Vahishta Initiative (AVI), an anjuman revitalization project whose third phase moves towards implementation of a diasporic identity for faith and fellowship.
**Programme (May 5): The “101 Inspirations” as Liberation Theology: From Priestly to Prophetic**
Main Theme: Faith/Fellowship are revitalized and kept relevant when they are expressions of social justice. The first session deals with AVI efforts to achieve this for Zoroastrianism. The second/third sessions relate the AVI to similar attempts by other faith/fellowship communities, their success, and what can be learned.
**Session 1:** Seizing the Day and Claiming the Daena: Seeking Support, NOT Sanction, for Diasporic Re-Imagining. (How to recover the ‘radical’ Zoroastrianism of Mehta-Naoroji-Cama, in diaspora.)
**Session 2:** Conversation In Faith—Radical Theology, as Pastoral Practical Theology. (Insights of the Vatican II and Medellin Conferences. Zoroastrianism in conversation with revitalized Latin American Catholicism).
**Session 3:** Conversation in Faith—Shalom and the Community of Creation, The Harmony Way. (Insights from First Nations. Zoroastrianism in conversation with revitalized Indigenous Faith).
**Guest Panelists:**
*Dr. Ana Maria Bidegain* (Historian, Latin American Religion, Florida International University)
*Dr. Randy Woodley* (Acadia U, Intercultural/Indigenous Studies at George Fox U-Portland Seminary)
*Dr. Romila Thapar* (Historian of South Asia, Jawaharlal Nehru University-JNU New Delhi)
**Programme (May 26): Institutional Re-imagining of Faith to Re-claim Fellowship**
Main Theme: Faith requires constant re-imagining for Fellowship to be vibrant and dynamic (An Operational Perspective). The opening address will explain how the AVI re-imagines faith and fellowship in order to make it an authentic expression of Zoroastrianism in diaspora. Subsequent sessions will reflect on the various elements of re-imagining which are involved, why they are necessary, and how they can lead to stronger fellowship.
**Keynote Address:** The AVI as Anti-Paradigm and Counter-Narrative to Hegemony. (Replacing a mummification of attitudes and religious adjudicators, with a dynamic fellowship of Faith).
**Session 1:** Aesthetic of Emotional Wisdom: Re-Imagining, as Authentic and Intimate Expression. (Art is important to maintain an active connection to Faith. Creative representation is education and involved Fellowship).
**Session 2:** Diaspora as Re-Discovery: Legitimate Expressions of Self and Location. (Fellowship as a local expression of Faith. Respecting the past doesn’t mean denying the present).
**Session 3:** Identity and Belonging: Constructing Histories, Choosing Narratives. (Writing the history you want to live. Defining oneself, one’s faith, and one’s actions, through conscious selection).
**Session 4:** Curriculum and Communication: Ensuring Education is Transformative and Sustainable. (Education as Faith/Fellowship messaging. Communicating ethos, not information. Ethos-directed institutions).
Session 5: Finding Mashyane in Diasporic Faith and Fellowship: Women in Daena Mazdayasni. (Making women prominent in Faith and Fellowship. Citing historic episodes and enlightened text is insufficient).
Session 6: From Mobed to Mage: Re-conceptualizing Clergy as Pastors of Faith and Fellowship. (Rethinking what is, who is, and what does, a priest. Vibrant and dynamic faith requires leaders who communicate inspired faith, otherwise they remain detached managers of status-quo religion to their congregations).
Session 7: From Out-sourced Zoroastrianism to Dynamic Daena Mazdayasni: Youth Engagement. (Home-grown youth expression of lived faith and fellowship, not out-sourced Zoroastrianism).
Session 8: Open Forum, Wildcard, Town Hall
Adjournment Reflections: “101 Inspirations” as Axioms, Epistemology, Cosmovision and Covenant.
Guest Panelists:
*Hamid Rahamanian (Iranian Creator/Director: Feathers of Fire, global tour www.kingorama.com)
*Zerbanoo Gifford (creator: ASHA for Education, London)
*Farrukh Dhondy (novelist, social critic, activist, postcolonial theorist, London)
*Dr. Sarfaroz Niyozov (Comparative Development Education at OISE-UofT, Aga Khan University Karachi)
*Dr. Martin Schwartz (Gathas, Professor Emeritus at Berkeley)
*Dr. Enrico Raffaelli (Apocalyptic Zoroastrian literature, University of Toronto)
*Astad Clubwala (ZAGNY, President, New York)
Programme Day 2 (Aug 18): Conceptual Re-imagining of Faith to Re-claim Fellowship
Main Theme: Fellowship requires constant re-imagining for Faith to remain relevant (A Systems Perspective). The opening address will explain how the AVI attempts to lay the basis for transformed/new institutions of faith and fellowship. Subsequent sessions will reflect on the various elements of institutional rethinking that are necessary, to sustain faith and fellowship in diaspora in the 21st century.
Keynote Address: The AVI as a Psychosocial Ethos to Direct Diasporic Faith Administration. (Eliminating the contest of ‘authorities’…text, tradition, scholars, priests etc, a mandate for anjuman autonomy).
Session 1: Broadening Faith by Broadening Fellowship Identity: From Parsis to People. (Inclusive Faith and Fellowship. Linking Zoroastrian faith and its fellowship to cosmopolitanism and global justice).
Session 2: Organic Institutions and Anjuman Autonomy: From Federation to Confederation. (Self-governing Faith/Fellowship. What’s stopping the majority of disenchanted congregations from creating reform?).
Session 3: Insights for Re-imagining: Catholicism After Vatican II, Sacred Heart Church of the First Peoples. (Local expression and identity while retaining a universal vision of salvation).
Session 4: Insights for Intercultural Literacy: Christian-Buddhist-Daoist-Confucian Encounters. (Interfaith encounters enrich faith and fellowship. Comparative theology as the only way of doing theology).
Session 5: Insights for Decolonization of Mind and Spirit: Indigenous Recovery by Re-imagining Faith. (Re-orienting Zoroastrianism as Creation-centred, to re-discover Daena Mazdayasni).
Session 6: Insights for Introspection and Taking Action in Diaspora: Sikh Social Justice. (Self-reflection is painful, embarrassing, and necessary! It is the truest test of Faith, Fellowship, adherence, and courage).
Session 7: Spiritual Formation and Scaffolding Faith: Nurturing Clergy and Congregations. (Tradition vs. Reform. How to sustain diasporic Faith and Fellowship).
Session 8: Open forum, Wildcard, Town Hall
Closing Address: Monotheism or Mono-seeism? Re-imagining Zoroastrianism as Daena Mazdayasni
Guest Panelists:
*Homi Gandhi (President of FEZANA, Honorary President of Religions for Peace, California).
*Dr. Dolly Dastoor (Editor, FEZANA Journal, Dept. of Psychiatry McGill University, Montreal)
*Astad Clubwala (ZAGNY, President, New York)
*Dr. Shahin Bekhrandnia (WZO London, researcher, London)
*Dr. Ruth Hayhoe (Department of Leadership, Higher & Adult Education (LHAE), OISE-University of Toronto)
*Father Susai Jesu OMI (Sacred Heart of the First Nations (Sandy Narrows, Cree community, Saskatchewan)
*Sun Bear aka: Cat Mark Criger (University of Toronto at Mississauga, Cayuga Six Nations elder)
*Baldev Mutta (CEO Brampton Punjabi Community Health Services)
*Reverend (Ph.D. Candidate) Christine Smaller M.P.S., M.Div. (Birchcliff Bluffs United Church, Scarborough)
Programme (Aug. 19): What is to be Done? We Ourselves or In Solidarity?
Main Theme: Reflecting on how to re-imagine Faith and re-claim Fellowship going forward with the AVI. There may be a Conversation in Faith, comparing the AVI and Zoroastrianism with the efforts and history of Reformed Judaism. Subsequent sessions will discuss impressions and insights gained from the conference. There will also be strategic discussions pertaining to next steps for the third phase of the AVI, concretization.
Session 1 (Tentative): Conversation in Faith—Reforming a Tradition in Diaspora (Insights Reformed Judaism)
Session 2: AVI Conference Synopses and Insights
Session 3: AVI Phase II Reflection and Phase III Forecast (AVI Working Committee, Pledge 101 Campaign, I Am Anjuman Campaign, AVI Pastorship-Preach)
Guest Panelists (tentative):
*Rabbi Michal Shekel (Har Tikval Synagogue. Exec Director Toronto Board Rabbis)
NOTE: OZCF and local Zoroastrians upon panels to include:
*Dr. Neville Panthaki (Chair, AVI Conference, AVI creator/director)
*Cyrus Gazdar (OZCF, President)
*Ervad Dr. Jehan Bagli (OZCF Mobed consultant, NAMC member, FEZANA contributor)
*Phil Sidhwa (Organizer of the OZCF Atash Kadeh project)
*Mobedyar Gool Austin (London–Ontario)
*Khushnuma Doctor (OZCF Director)
*Armaity Homavazir (ZSO former youth educator)
*Mahiyar Panthaki (OZCF member and AVSS participant)
*Ervad Farhan Panthaki ('this-gen' Mobed, California, and AVSS Skype-participant)
*Ervad Kamran Panthaki (OZCF ‘this-gen’ Mobed)
*Ervad Armaan Panthaki (OZCF ‘this-gen’ Mobed)
*Ervad Mehbod Dastur (active Mobed for ZSO)
Please visit the OZCF website for regular updates regarding scheduling (session times), and panelist info.
For conference topic/panel or related questions, please contact: Dr. Neville Panthaki [email protected]
To RSVP for conference attendance (indicate, which day(s)), please contact: Ervad Nozer Kotwal [email protected]
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The Zane Trace Local Board of Education held a Special Board Meeting on March 26, 2015, at 5:30 P.M. in the Administrative Conference Room. The following Board Members responded to roll call: Mrs. Chester, present; Mr. Detillion, present; Mr. Detty, present; Mr. Graves, present; Mr. Greenwalt, present.
Angie Lochbaum addressed the Board of Education in regards to feedback from the various staff meetings she has conducted.
031015
Mr. Graves made a motion, seconded by Mr. Detillion that the Board of Education, Zane Trace Local School District approve the following operational items:
1. Approve the Board Agenda as presented.
2. Approve to accept the amounts and rates as determined by the Ross County Budget Commission for the FY2015-2016 budget year.
3. Approve A Resolution Calling on the Ohio General Assembly to Change State Law to Ensure Greater Accountability and Transparency for Ohio Charter Schools
WHEREAS, Good local schools are critical for attaching and retaining residents to Ohio's communities, and
WHEREAS, A strong and fiscally sound local school system has provided the educated citizenry necessary to maintain the American democracy; and
WHEREAS, A fully funded, thorough and efficient, system of public education is mandated by Ohio's Constitution; and
WHEREAS, State Funding for Ohio's traditional public school districts declined by $515,000,000 in 2014-2015, compared to the 2010-2011 school year; and
WHEREAS, Charter schools have been a part of the educational mix in Ohio for more than a decade; and
WHEREAS, originally introduced as a way to provide quality educational options to students in public schools, charter schools have expanded and now serve more than 120,000 students statewide, at a cost of over $900,000,000 in state funding each year, and
WHEREAS, Charter school state funding, regardless of charter school quality or performance, is paid for through reduction from traditional public school funds; and
WHEREAS, In many ways, Ohio's charter school sector has not lived up to their promise of a better education at a lower price, with only 1 in 10 Ohio charter school students attending a school rated high performing; and
WHEREAS, The public has limited access to information about how taxpayer dollars are spent by charter school operators, any of whom operate for profit and receive more state funding per pupil than traditional public schools, even while maintaining lower overhead costs,; and
WHEREAS, Ohio law exempts charter schools from more than 200 requirements that other traditional public schools must follow; and
WHEREAS, The impact of the loss of funding from traditional schools to charter schools has impacted Zane Trace Local School District's ability to provide quality educational services to children and its community;
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED
That the Zane Trace School Board of Education urges the Governor of Ohio and the Ohio General Assembly to enact meaningful governing laws to ensure greater accountability and transparency among Ohio's Charter schools and stop the proliferation of poor performing schools that drain valuable resources from Ohio's public education system while allowing high performing schools offering unique education options to continue.
Roll Call: Mr. Detillion, yes; Mr. Detty, yes; Mr. Graves, yes; Mr. Greenwalt, yes; Mrs. Chester, yes. Motion Carried.
031115
Mr. Detty made a motion, seconded by Mr. Greenwalt that the Board of Education, Zane Trace Local School District approve the following personnel items;
1. To accept the resignation of Joell Wilson as a 3 hour part-time cook effective March 20, 2015.
2. Non renewals of the following supplemental;
Kelly Congrove
Yearbook and Newspaper Advisor Quiz Team Honor Society
Jill Allen
Scott Merrill
Dennis Foreman
Dennis Foreman
Lisa Knupp
Jason ClarkHigh School Science Fair
Kelly CongroveNewspaper Advisor
Junior High Science Fair
MS Quiz Bowl (Co-Academic)
MS Quiz Bowl (Co-Academic)
Roll Call: Mr. Detty, yes; Mr. Graves, yes; Mr. Greenwalt, yes; Mr. Detillion, yes; Mrs. Chester, yes. Motion Carried.
Mr. Greenwalt made a motion, seconded by Mr. Detillion that the Board of Education, Zane Trace Local School District adjourn the Board Meeting at 6:32 P.M. Roll Call: Mr. Graves, yes; Mr. Greenwalt, yes; Mr. Detillion, yes; Mr. Detty, yes; Mrs. Chester, yes. Motion Carried. Meeting Adjourned.
______________________________
PRESIDENT
ATTEST: ______________________________
TREASURER
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HARWINTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER DECEMBER 2018
Mail: PO Box 84, Harwinton, CT 06791 email: [email protected]
The Barn Corner
FLAILING AND WINNOWING By DAVE RYAN
On display in the Historical Society's Barn Museum (on Litchfield Road) and Country Store (at the Harwinton Fairgrounds) are several examples of a wheat threshing tool known as a FLAIL. Each flail consists of two round sticks, (one about three feet long with a handle) connected by a leather thong to a shorter, heavier stick called a "SWIPPLE."
The swipple beats the wheat in order to separate the grain from its protective coating called the chaff. Separating the two is necessary because the grain can be digested by humans, but the chaff cannot. The chaff, however, can be digested by livestock.
The flail handle was grabbed by both hands and swung, causing the swipple to strike a pile of grain which loosens the husks. Because the flail moved freely, it was hard to beat the grain accurately. A day's work flailing by one man could yield about seven bushels.
The use of the flail declined in the mid-1800's as it was replaced by modern technology such as combine harvesters. The modern combine harvester, or simply COMBINE, is a machine designed to efficiently harvest a variety of grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate harvesting operations—reaping, threshing, and winnowing—into a single process.
One place a flail is still used is in the state of Minnesota where, by law, wild rice must be harvested manually by threshing. This flail is different in that it has only one round stick instead of two. Flails used for other cereal grains, such as barley or oats, might be longer or shorter than the ones we have.
The flail came to us from England, where it was called a "peasant flail." Interestingly, it was also used by the peasants as a weapon, sometimes with pointed objects attached to the swipple to make it more effective in doing damage.
While the flail has mostly disappeared from use today, the word remains with us - as a person flails his (or her) arms wildly in no particular pattern.
SEPARATING THE WHEAT FROM THE CHAFF
While the swipple beats (or threshes) most of the grain from the chaff, a certain amount of chaff will remain. Since this is not good for humans, the remaining chaff must be eliminated. This is accomplished by the traditional process of WINNOWING.
See Separating the Grains, page 3
OFFICERS – 2018
President: Bonnie Andrews
Vice President: Nancy Schnyer
Secretary: Elaine Sederquist
Treasurer: Harry Schuh
DIRECTORS
Term Ends 2018:
Carol Kearns David Ryan
Term Ends 2019:
Bruce Burnett Shirley Gay
Term Ends 2020:
Michael Orefice Candace Jones-Pacholski
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
Eleanor Woike
CURATOR
Bonnie Andrews
BUILDING SUPERVISOR
Dennis Andrews
OTHERS (non-board positions) HISTORIAN
Roger Plaskett
AUDITOR
Marilyn Mitchell
LEGAL COUNSEL
Patrick Wall
Email:
[email protected]
Harwinton Historical Society PO Box 84 Harwinton, CT 06791
860-482-7978
Officers, Directors Elected for 2019
At a membership meeting held on Sunday, Nov. 11, 2018, the officers and directors listed on this page were reelected for the 2019 calendar year. The terms of directors Carol Kearns and David Ryan were extended from 2019 through 2021.
Because there were no volunteers to serve on a nominating committee, the slate was proposed by the current Board of Directors. There were no nominations made from the floor at the November 11 meeting.
The Board of Directors meets the last Thursday of each month at 3 p.m. at the Jason Skinner House on Bentley Drive. Board meetings are open to all Historical Society members.
The next general membership meeting will be the annual meeting on Sunday, Jan. 13th at 1 p.m. at the Senior Center on Weingart Road. Snow date is Jan. 20 th . Ruthie Shapleigh Brown, executive director of the Connecticut Gravestone Network, will be the guest speaker.
**************************************
TRIVIA
Question: After Connecticut became a state, how long did it take to adopt a state constitution? Answer on page 4
HARWINTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER – December 2018
TWO NEW PROGRAMS SCHEDULED
Sunday, Dec. 2: A Sacred Place Revisited 2 to 4 p.m., Harwinton Library
Historical Society Receives Support from Local Businesses
Local resident Bob DeFosses will provide an update on his research into what he calls a "Sacred Space on a Hilltop in Harwinton, CT." This presentation will provide some new insight on the stone formations on his own property as well as information about a ceremonial landscape that DeFosses believes exists on 2,100 acres of land in Harwinton known as the Roraback Property, which has been owned by the state Department of Environmental Protection since 1982.
Sunday, Dec. 9: The Vietnam War 2 to 4 p.m., Harwinton Library
This program will include the video "Dick Cavett's Vietnam," followed by a discussion period. Cavett interviewed people with a wide range of opinions on the war during his talk show programs in the 1960's and '70's. He interviewed government officials from Wayne Morse, one of two US Senators who voted against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, to Henry Kissinger, Nixon's national security adviser. Cavett also interviewed veterans with a wide range of opinions. The discussion that follows the video will focus on two questions: What had we learned from history that led to our involvement in Southeast Asia? and What lessons from Vietnam might be applicable to our current involvement in civil strife around the world? The discussion will be led by retired history teacher and Harwinton resident Bruce Burnett.
At the 2018 Harwinton Fair in October a total of 1,275 tickets were entered in the Historical Society's Take-a-Chance drawing. Fourteen businesses participated by offering gift certificates for a variety of products and services. Please help support them for their generosity. They are:
A Healing Trail Wellness Center Burlington Golf Center Coach Mel's Health and Fitness for Life Countryside Market and Pizza Deeply Rooted Farm The Edison Grill Restaurant Harwinton Pizza Hayward Farms Hometown Pizza II KidsPlay Children's Museum Litchfield Hills Veterinary Hospital The Liquor Lad Tony's Drive-in Package Store The Warner Theatre
Separating the Grains of Wheat from the Chaff, continued from page 1
By tossing the beaten grain and chaff into the air when there is a light wind blowing the problem will be solved. The chaff is much lighter, so the heaver grain will fall to the ground where it can be gathered up onto a plate-shaped basket or other receptacle and stored for future consumption. The wind will carry the lighter chaff away. Today, the process of winnowing grain by hand has been replaced in most cultures.
CALENDAR OF UPCOMING HISTORICAL SOCIETY EVENTS
| DATE | EVENT |
|---|---|
| November 2 (Sunday) | Free program: A Sacred Place On a Harwinton Hilltop |
| November 9 (Sunday) | Free Program: Dick Cavett’s Vietnam War – video and discussion |
| November 29 (Thursday) | Board of Directors * Monthly Meeting |
| | Merry Christmas |
| December 27 (Thursday) | Board of Directors * Monthly Meeting |
| | Happy New Year |
| January 13 (Sunday) (snow date January 20) | Annual Meeting of the Harwinton Historical Society |
* Historical Society members are always welcome to attend Board of Directors meetings, which are held the last Thursday of each month at 3 p.m. at the Skinner House on Wintergreen Circle off Bentley Drive.
********************************************************
Answer to Trivia Question on page 2:
Connecticut was the next-to-last of the original 13 colonies (Rhode Island was the last) to adopt a state constitution – nearly 30 years after Connecticut became a state.
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13950313 Pumpkin Button Frame Craft Kit
Instructions:
Using the picture as a guide, adhere the pieces together as shown.
© 2019 OTC
MADE IN CHINA
Tie twine to backing by threading through the holes at the top.
Adhere wood sticks with adhesive foam.
Adhere large corner buttons with adhesive foam.
Peel the covering off one side of the pumpkin and stick to center of backing.
To finish craft, peel remaining covering off the pumpkin and stick buttons where desired.
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Overview
The HP StorageWorks family of Ultrium tape drives is HP's premier line of tape backup devices. Based on LTO Ultrium format, an open standard with a well-defined six-generation roadmap, HP Ultrium tape drives offer customers the best choice for investment protection relative to their backup and archival requirements. HP pioneered the half-height Ultrium drive, as the only manufacturer offering full-height and half-height models of each generation of Ultrium drives. Delivering the perfect balance of capacity and performance, HP Ultrium half-height drives are designed for server customers in direct attached storage (DAS) environments where hard disk and system bottlenecks can impede data transfer rates. Four generations of half-height drives are available from HP, offering a wide portfolio to meet the backup requirements for entry and midrange servers.
With ultimate reliability and ease of use in mind, even at a 100% duty cycle, HP's rugged design builds on superior LTO technology and adds advanced features to create a new level of data protection. HP Ultrium tape drives employ dynamic data rate matching to adjust to the speed of the host, reducing wear and tear on both drive and media and increasing performance, even on slower hosts. HP's ultra-durable soft-load feature automatically positions the data cartridge, and the highly reliable HP leader-capture mechanism virtually eliminates lost leaders, increasing the success of your backup and restore operations. The included HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition Software supports the HP tape drive's One-Button Disaster Recovery feature to provide the easiest way to restore data in the event of a disaster. If data is critical to your business, protect it with an HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drives.
What's New
The new HP StorageWorks LTO-4 Ultrium 1760 represents HP's forth generation half-height tape drive:
Delivers a capacity of 1.6 TB of compressed data on a single cartridge.
Fastest half-height LTO drive in HP's portfolio with a compressed data transfer rate of 160 MB/sec.
AES 256-bit hardware data encryption prevents unauthorized access of tape cartridges.
Support WORM (Write-Once, Read-Many) media for meeting regulatory compliance.
SAS and SCSI interfaces available.
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 232 Tape Drive
The HP StorageWorks Ultrium 232 tape drive is entry into the LTO portfolio. This affordable superdrive delivers enterprise-class capacity, performance, and reliability. With a compressed capacity of 200 GB per data cartridge and a compressed data transfer rate of 115 GB per hour, this LTO-1 drive is read- and write-compatible with all first-generation Ultrium drives and media, and its media can be read by any LTO-1, LTO-2, or LTO-3 drive from any manufacturer.
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
Page 1
Overview
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 448 Tape Drive
The HP StorageWorks Ultrium 448 tape drive is HP's second generation of half-height LTO tape drive technology. Offering a choice of both SCSI and SAS models, this midrange capacity, low cost tape drive delivers a compressed storage capacity of 400 GB per data cartridge and a compressed data transfer rate of 172 GB per hour, double the capacity and one and a half times the performance of the Ultrium 232 tape drive. The Ultrium 448 tape drive is fully read and write compatible with all first- and second-generation Ultrium drives and media. These features, combined with low pricing, make the Ultrium 448 the ideal direct-attach and network backup solution for entry-level and midrange servers where capacity and low cost of ownership are critical. New SAS-based models allow for direct connect to SAS-based HP ProLiant servers via embedded SAS controller or SAS HBA.
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 920 Tape Drive
The HP StorageWorks Ultrium 920 tape drive is HP's third generation of half-height LTO tape drive technology. The Ultrium 920 delivers a compressed storage capacity of 800 GB per data cartridge and a compressed data transfer rate of 432 GB per hour, two and a half times faster than the previous generation Ultrium 448 tape drive. Available in both SCSI and SAS models, the Ultrium 920 is ideal for midrange and departmental servers. The Ultrium 920 Tape Drive is fully read and write compatible with all secondgeneration Ultrium drives and media and offers further investment protection through its backward-read compatibility with firstgeneration Ultrium media. For IT organizations with stringent, long-term data retention requirements, the Ultrium 920's WORM (WriteOnce, Read-Many) data protection feature offers a simple and secure method for archiving records as part of a compliance solution to meet the toughest of industry regulations.
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
Page 2
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Overview
HP StorageWorks LTO-4 Ultrium 1760 Tape Drive
The HP StorageWorks LTO-4 Ultrium 1760 Tape Drive is HP's fourth-generation of LTO tape drive technology capable of storing up to The HP StorageWorks LTO-4 Ultrium 1760 Tape Drive is HP's fourth-generation of half-height LTO tape drive technology capable of storing up to 1.6 TB per cartridge in under 3 hours. Available in both SCSI and SAS models, HP Ultrium half-height drives are designed for server customers in direct attached storage (DAS) environments where hard disk and system bottlenecks can impede data transfer rates. To further protect the most sensitive data, AES 256-bit hardware data encryption provides easy-to-enable security to prevent unauthorized access of tape cartridges. By using LTO-4 hardware data encryption, not only is data fully capable of being compressed therefore maximizing capacity, encrypted backups are completed without a loss in performance. Capable of data transfer rates up to 160 MB/sec, HP's exclusive Data Rate Matching feature further optimizes performance by matching speed of host to keep drives streaming and enabling the fastest performance of any tape drive in the industry. The Ultrium 1760 provides investment protection with full read and write support with LTO-4 and LTO-3 media, and the ability to read LTO-2 cartridge. By doubling the capacity of previous generation Ultrium drives, HP customers now require fewer data cartridges to meet their storage needs, significantly reducing their IT costs and increasing their ROI.
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
Page 3
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Models
*
DW065B
*
DW017B
*
*
*
DW086A
*
*
EH903A
*
EH848A
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
Page 4
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Models
*
EH920A
*
*
EH922A
Key Features
Affordable LTO technology
Enterprise-class capacity and reliability
Compact half-height form factor
HP One-Button Disaster Recovery (OBDR) restores your entire system at the touch of a button
High-capacity drives that store up to 1.6 TB of data on a single cartridge with 2:1 compression
Data rate matching continuously adjusts the speed of the tape drive to that of the server or network environment, which increases performance, reduces mechanical wear on the drive, and extends tape life
Fully read-and-write compatible with Ultrium drives and media from other manufacturers
Includes HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition Software for backup/recovery software and the Data Protector Express Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option, see: http://www.hp.com/go/dataprotectorexpress/sse
Internal, external, array module and rack-mounted models available
Active head cleaning provides automated cleaning that increases head life and reduces the need for using the cleaning cartridge
Lower power consumption for maximum reliability at minimum cost
Soft-load feature automatically takes the data cartridge and moves it into the load position
Advanced tape leader capture design ensures fail-safe cartridge loading Internal, external, hot-swap, and rack-mounted models are available
Includes HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools to help with installation, management, and troubleshooting
Customer Benefits
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Product Highlights
LTO Ultrium Technology
Linear Tape-Open technology was developed by three leaders in the storage industry - HP, IBM, and Quantum - who brought together their combined expertise in tape technology to develop an entirely new format based on the best of existing technologies. Because LTO Ultrium technology was a new format, it required no cumbersome support of legacy formats, so it could be designed without compromising on reliability or performance. The LTO Program, has developed a well-defined six-generation roadmap, which has been executed right on schedule.
Ultrium LTO-1 and LTO-2 tape drive technologies from HP use a linear format of 384 tracks and 512 tracks (respectively), writing eight tracks simultaneously. Ultrium LTO-3 and LTO-4 tape drive features a breakthrough in recording technology by writing sixteen tracks simultaneously on a linear format of 704 tracks and 896 tracks (respectively). The data is written in a serpentine pattern; the tape reverses direction after each set of eight tracks is written. This provides higher density recording, enabling customers to lower costs and increase efficiency by storing more data on a single tape in an industry standard format.
The LTO standard for backward compatibility is to write back one generation and read back two generations; therefore:
First-generation Ultrium drives (HP Ultrium 230, HP Ultrium 232) read and write LTO-1 media
Second-generation Ultrium drives (HP Ultrium 460, HP Ultrium 448) read and write LTO-1 and LTO-2 media.
Third-generation Ultrium drives (HP Ultrium 920, Ultrium 960) read and write LTO-2 and LTO-3 media and also read LTO-1 media.
Fourth-generation Ultrium drives (Ultrium 1760, Ultrium 1840) read and write LTO-3 and LTO-4 media and also read LTO-2 media.
As part of the LTO open standard, all HP tape drives and media offer the same standards of compatibility with tape drives and media manufactured by other LTO vendors.
LTO data compression (LTO-DC) is an enhanced version of Advanced Lossless Data Compression (ALDC) hardware compression. Compression is automatically turned off if the compressed data would cause an overall expansion in data size, hence optimizing the available capacity on the media. This system is used in Ultrium generation 1, 2, and 3 products.
The decision about what next technology you should buy into should be based on your future, not your past, investment. Choose the Ultrium format when you need the following advantages:
Maximum reliability, capacity and performance
Compatibility with a broad range of operating systems and servers (e.g., a mixed system environment)
A legacy-free technology that uses the best attributes from a wide range of tape technologies without any compromises for backward compatibility requirements
A solid roadmap for future generations of the technology
An open format available from multiple vendors
Lowest media cost of any 'superdrive' tape technology
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Product Highlights
Data Rate Matching
Software in the Box
HP One-Button Disaster Recovery (OBDR)
Data Rate Matching combines sophisticated buffer management with HP's exclusive Variable Adaptive Tape Speed technology to allow the tape drive to match its transfer rate to the host speed dynamically and continuously across the wide range of transfer rates. This feature ensures that the tape drive continues to stream data regardless of the environment, and brings two big advantages:
It minimizes rewinding and repositioning of the tape, reducing physical wear on drive and media, thus increasing reliability.
It optimizes backup performance, and maximizes overall efficiency allowing the drive to respond immediately to any speed changes from the host.
It minimizes the power requirements for the drive by reducing the number of repositions needed.
The HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drives include HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition Software. This easy to use backup application, based on Data Protector Express, robustly protects a single Windows, Linux or NetWare server. Also included is the Data Protector Express Bare Metal Disaster Recovery (BMDR) option which provides automated system recovery of the server following a major hardware or software failure. The fastest method to recovery the server is to use the Data Protector Express BMDR option and the One-Button Disaster Recovery feature of the HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drives. For more information about Data Protector Express Single Server Edition please visit: http://www.hp.com/go/dataprotectorexpress/sse.
As well as getting the Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software as part of the HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drives solution, purchasers can easily and economically upgrade to the class-leading Data Protector Express backup/recovery software. This is a special part number, only available for registered users of Data Protector Express Single Server Edition, that gives a significant discount off the regular price of Data Protector Express, to recognize the value of the in-box software. For more information about upgrading Data Protector Express Single Server Edition to Data Protector Express visit: http://www.hp.com/go/dataprotectorexpress/sse/upgrade.
If the HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drive is for a large environment that requires UNIX support and/or enterprise class application and feature support then HP Data Protector software is the recommended backup/recovery software. For more information and evaluation software please visit: http://www.hp.com/go/dataprotector.
HP StorageWorks One-Button Disaster Recovery is an exclusive feature of HP tape drives that provides fast and simple disaster recovery on HP ProLiant servers. OBDR is a firmware-driven utility that can restore a server's operating system, software applications, and data using a single tape cartridge. Depending on the size of the data set, OBDR can provide system recovery in less than one hour, reducing the recovery window by more than 50 percent and minimizing the risks and costs associated with downtime. There's no longer a need to search for software disks and manuals or make a new set of disaster recovery disks each time the network configuration is altered or a peripheral is added. The sheer simplicity of OBDR means less human error. Backup and disaster recovery preparation, previously two separate tasks, now become one process. For more information about OBDR, visit the HP website at: http://www.hp.com/go/obdr.
For a current list of servers, workstations, and software that support OBDR, check the tape backup compatibility pages on the HP website at: http://www.hp.com/go/connect.
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Product Highlights
WORM (Write-Once, Read-Many) Drive and Media Support
HP Ultrium Storage Media
Critical to the success of data retention policies in highly regulated environments is the ability to store and manage data in an unalterable state. Following stringent guidelines set forth by regulatory agencies such as the SEC and HIPPA, IT organizations must now integrate new solutions and policies that can verify the integrity of stored data for periods that can extend well beyond seven years.
Ultrium 920 and Ultrium 1760 tape drives feature the ability to archive and store data in a nonrewriteable format that meets the most stringent regulatory guidelines. Using a combination of integrated fail-safe features in the drive firmware, cartridge memory, and tape formatting, the Ultrium 920 and Ultrium 1760 can archive large amounts of data for periods of up to 30 years in a secure, untampered state. Since all Ultrium 920 and Ultrium 1760 tape drives include support for both rewritable and WORM media, IT organizations can now easily integrate a secure, long-term archiving solution into their current data protection strategy. As compared to other technologies that feature support for WORM storage, Ultrium 920 and Ultrium 1760 tape drives offer the advantages of:
A single drive to support all backup and archiving needs
Two distinctive tape cartridges to easily distinguish and manage both rewriteable and WORM data cartridges
A specially designed WORM data cartridge with multiple integrated fail-safe features to prevent accidental or intentional overwriting of data
High-capacity, low-cost HP WORM media that can store up to 1.6 TB of data on a single data cartridge
Support from many backup and archiving software vendors, providing the most comprehensive and mainstream support in the industry
The LTO open standard that offers greater choice and compatibility across all third-generation Ultrium products
NOTE: While all HP Ultrium 920, Ultrium 960, Ultrium 1760 and Ultrium 1840 tape drives support LTO Ultrium WORM media, some third-generation LTO Ultrium tape drives from other manufacturers may not include read and write support for LTO Ultrium WORM media. For non-HP third-generation LTO Ultrium tape drives, please check the manufacturers' specifications to ensure this support is provided if you are using your WORM media. If WORM support is not provided, the drive will eject the WORM tape cartridge immediately upon insertion into to the tape drive.
HP recommends that you use HP-branded cartridges in your HP Ultrium tape drive to assure the highest level of protection for your valuable data. Our test program for HP Ultrium media is the most thorough and comprehensive in the industry.
All HP cartridges must satisfy an exhaustive battery of additional tests that relate directly to real life situations, where real data and real businesses are at stake. The benefit of the HP brand specification for media is consistent quality. Through the testing of thousands of HP drives and HP cartridges, the ideal formulation for backup performance is defined and then continuously monitored. This hugely resourceintensive process is unique to HP and affords deep insight into the HP+HP backup solution for a wide range of environments and duty cycles. Your best choice for ease of support and maximum dependability is to use HP-branded Ultrium cartridges at all times.
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Product Highlights
Management
HP Ultrium tape drives and automation are supported by HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools (LTT). This set of easy-to-use utilities makes the installation and maintenance of HP tape drives and devices simple:
Verifies installation of the drive
Tests and verifies the health of the drive and media
Provides HP support with detailed device information
Offers multiple options for finding and upgrading new firmware
Aids in performance optimization
Included with each Ultrium tape drive and available via free download supporting all HP tape products
Instructions and downloads of Library and Tape Tools are available at:
http://www.hp.com/country/us/eng/software_drivers.html
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Compatibility
HP's extensive compatibility testing program assures that your HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drive works with leading servers, operating systems, and backup applications - and not just those sold by HP. HP Ultrium tape drives work seamlessly on many platforms, making them especially suitable if you have a mixed system environment. For the latest list of servers, workstations, operating systems, and backup software that support HP Ultrium tape drives, check the tape backup compatibility pages on our Web site at: http://www.hp.com/go/connect.
SAS Installation
HP StorageWorks SAS tape drives are available as internal and external models. Both models are supplied with a special split cable that allows you to connect to an internal port (if available) on the embedded SAS controller inside the server. While connection via the split cable provides the most costeffective way of connecting the tape drive to an HP ProLiant server, this will require a clear understanding of your server's current SAS configuration before installing.
Some server models will allow direct connect to a spare SAS connector on the native SAS controller. Other servers which do not have a spare connector, might require you to reconfigure hard disk drive bays and in a few instances, you may also lose the use of one of the hard disk drive bays and will need to rebuild your RAID configuration. In these configurations the simple, recommended solution is connecting to an option SAS host bus adapter and optional SAS cable.
For the most up-to-date information about recommended SAS HBAs and supported cabling configurations with your make and model of server, always refer to: http://www.hp.com/go/connect
SAS-based HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drives are supported on HP ProLiant ML and DL servers
SCSI-based HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drives are supported on the following classes of HP systems:
HP ProLiant DL servers
HP ProLiant ML servers
HP AlphaServers
HP Integrity servers
HP 9000 servers
HP workstations
SCSI-based HP StorageWorks Ultrium tape drives are also supported on server platforms from third-party manufactures including:
Dell
IBM
Sun
For details of which tape drive models work with which systems, including third-party systems, visit: http://www.hp.com/go/connect for the latest hardware compatibility information.
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HP Server Compatibility
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Compatibility
Cables and Termination
Performance Tuning
OS Support
All cables required for internal and external connection to HP servers are provided with your tape drive. For non-HP servers, please consult your manufacturers' server specifications to determine if the cable provided with your Ultrium tape drive is appropriate for use with that server. No terminator is required for internal models (assumes use of terminated cable). The external model features "auto-termination" no terminator is required. New SAS-based Ultrium models ship with a 4-channel split cable which allows direct attach from embedded SAS controller on host to a tape drive and remaining 3 channels to disk.
You will need to connect SCSI-based Ultrium drives to a dedicated SCSI Host Bus Adaptor (HBA) or integrated SCSI interface that is Ultra 160 or higher. Please reference the "Options" section of these QuickSpec for all supported SCSI adapters and interfaces. SAS-based Ultrium drives must be connected to a suitable SAS Host Bus Adapter (HBA); visit http://www.hp.com/go/connect for details of all supported configurations.
To achieve full performance with your tape drive, do not use the native backup application within the operating system (e.g., NT® Backup, Windows® 2000 Backup). For full details of supported backup applications, please visit: http://www.hp.com/go/connect
Microsoft® Windows, Novell NetWare, HP-UX, Red Hat Linux, United Linux, IBM-AIX, Sun Solaris and other operating systems.
NOTE: Please visit: http://www.hp.com/go/connect for the latest compatibility information.
Backup Software Support
All HP Ultrium tape drives are qualified with HP Data Protector, HP Data Protector Express, Symantec Backup Exec, CA BrightStor ARCServe IT, Yosemite Backup, Commvault Galaxy, EMC Networker, EMC Retrospect, IBM Tivoli TSM, Novastor NovaBackup, and other backup applications
NOTE: Please visit http://www.hp.com/go/connect for the latest compatibility information.
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Service and Support, HP Care Pack, and Warranty Information
HP Care Pack Information
HP Care Pack Services offer upgraded service levels to extend and expand your standard product warranty with easy-to-buy, easy-to-use support packages that help you make the most of your hardware and software investments. They let you choose the support levels that meet your business requirements, from basic to mission-critical. They help you contain total cost of ownership.
HP Care Pack warranty extensions can be purchased along with HP products to cost-effectively upgrade or extend your warranty. For many products, post-warranty HP Care Pack services are available when your original warranty has expired.
Why purchase an HP Care Pack service?
Your standard warranty protects against product defects. HP Care Pack Services help you guard against unplanned downtime, which can reduce your productivity and profitability. These convenient service packages:
Protect your investment in HP products
Provide consistent, predictable levels of support across your entire department or business
Ease budget planning with fixed-cost support that includes parts and labor
Give you direct access to proven technical and problem-solving expertise
Offer a choice of response-time and repair-time commitments
Deliver prompt, measurable results
Are available whenever and wherever you do business
HP Care Pack availability may vary by country and product.
Supporting your Adaptive Enterprise journey
HP Services helps you make the Adaptive Enterprise real for your organization. The breadth, depth, and quality of HP hardware and software support services can help you improve the performance of your IT support processes and resolve the complex software and hardware problems that tax user productivity. HP Care Pack services help you increase IT environment stability, efficiency, and agility from the desktop to the data center, and improve the productivity of your employees.
Hewlett-Packard provides a 3-year, next-day, parts exchange, limited warranty for the StorageWorks Ultrium tape drive, plus 9x5 phone support for the duration of the warranty.
For more information about HP's Global Limited Warranty and Technical Support, visit: ftp://ftp.compaq.com/pub/products/storageworks/warranty/EN_321708-008.pdf
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Warranty and Services Included with the Product
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Service and Support, HP Care Pack, and Warranty Information
Recommended Services
In order to maximize ROI and product uptime, and minimize the cost of ownership, Hewlett Packard recommends:
3 years 24 x 7 Hardware Support
Guards against downtime, which reduces productivity and profitability
Eases budget planning with fixed-cost support that includes parts and labor
Direct access to proven technical and problem-solving expertise
3 years 24 x 7 Software Support
Improve the productivity of system managers and operators
Improve system performance and reduce downtime due to software defects
Expedite problem resolution through expert-level technical resources
Enjoy consistent service coverage across geographically dispersed sites
Update HP and selected third-party software at a predictable cost
Take advantage of subscription savings on software updates
Keep your license compliancy up-to-date
Extend your product warranty with a wide choice of cost-saving support packages.
HP Care Pack services are sold by HP and HP authorized enterprise and commercial resellers. Services for customers purchasing via direct and enterprise resellers are quoted using HP order configuration tools. Additional information about HP Care Pack service features and benefits is available at: http://www.hp.com/hps/carepack/services/.
Key for HP Care Pack service availability in the table below:
E = Service available for customers purchasing direct and via enterprise resellers
C = Service available for customers purchasing via commercial resellers
N/A = Service not applicable
For more information about deployment and per event services for HP storage products, visit: http://www.hp.com/hps/storage/.
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Available HP Care Pack Services
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Service and Support, HP Care Pack, and Warranty Information
* Both Proactive 24 & Critical Service only relate to 'reactive elements'. 'Proactive elements' are available on time & materials basis. (SW is supported separately per package).
To find HP Care Pack Services available via HP authorized commercial resellers, visit http://h30125.www3.hp.com/csn/salesmktg/elfpack/elf_nonlkup_ctrylang.asp?code=ELNL
NOTE: These Care Packs do not apply to Tape Drives mounted in a 1U or 3U Rack Mount Kit. The HP Rack Mount Kit Care Pack covers the all possible configurations of Tape Drives. Hence the Care Packs for 1U & 3U Rack Mount Kit covers all encumberant drives.
Please follow the following url for the correct Care Pack Services and descriptions.
http://h18000.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/10854_div/10854_div.pdf
NOTE: These Care Packs do not apply to Internal Tape Drives because they do not have Care Packs associated with them if they are mounted in an HP Server. Hence the Care Packs for the HP Server covers all encumberant drives.
Please follow the following url for the correct Care Pack Services and descriptions.
For Proliant use:
http://h18000.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/ProductBulletin.html
For BCS use:
http://h18000.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/ProductBulletin.html
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Important Notice for Tape Drives Installed in a 1U or 3U Rack Mount Kit
Important Notice for Internal Tape Drives Installed in an HP Server
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Service and Support, HP Care Pack, and Warranty Information
Important Notice for Tape Drive Modules Installed in an HP Tape Array
NOTE: These Care Packs do not apply to Tape Drives mounted in an HP Tape Array because they do not have Care Packs associated with them. Hence the Care Packs for the HP Tape Array covers all encumberant drives.
Please follow the following url for the correct Care Pack Services and descriptions.
http://h18000.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/11878_div/11878_div.pdf
Installation is part of a suite of HP deployment services that are designed to provide a quick response to your need for additions to your organization's IT infrastructure, while giving you the peace of mind that comes from good knowing your hardware and software products from HP and selected third parties have been installed in a professional manner by a highly skilled HP service delivery specialist.
HP Installation Service
Expedited installation, with all service prerequisites met before the installation is performed
Installation in accordance with manufacturer's specifications, enhancing the supportability of your HP-installed hardware and software
Service delivery at a mutually scheduled time Allows your IT resources to stay focused on their core tasks and priorities
Availability of an HP service specialist to answer questions during the onsite delivery of this service
Service planning
Service deployment
Installation verification tests
Enterprise & Commercial Purchased Care Packs ('A' stands for physical Care Pack, 'E' for electronic Care Pack)
Deployment and Per Event Service Descriptions
HP Care Pack Service Product Numbers
Enterprise Purchased Care Packs
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Service and Support, HP Care Pack, and Warranty Information
*NOTE: Both Proactive 24 & Critical Service only relate to 'reactive elements', 'proactive elements' are available on time & materials basis. (SW is supported separately per package).
NOTE: The Care Pack information quoted above relates to 3 year offerings only, 1yr / 4yr & 5yr packs are available for each offering (replace A3 with A1, A4 or A5).
HP eSupport is a portfolio of technology-based services that assist you with managing your business environment - from the desktop to the data center.
Support Portal
The HP support portal provides one-stop access to the information, tools and services you need to manage the daily operations of your IT environment.
Features include:
Access to self-solve tools (including search technical knowledge base)
Efficient logging and tracking of support cases
Collaboration with other business and IT professionals
Download of patches and drivers
Access to diagnostic tools
Proactive notification of relevant information
Access to certain features of the support portal requires an HP service agreement. To access the support portal, visit http://www.hp.com/support.
For more information about HP Education Services for Storage and SAN, visit http://h10076.www1.hp.com/education/curr-storsan.htm
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eSupport
HP Education Services
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Service and Support, HP Care Pack, and Warranty Information
Additional Services Information
For more information about Deployment, Per Event, Consulting and Education services for HP Storage, visit: http://www.hp.com/hps/storage/
For more information about HP Care Pack services for storage products, visit: http://www.hp.com/hps/carepack/storage/cp_networked.html
For more information about HP storage software, services and updates, visit:
http://h18006.www1.hp.com/storage/software.html
If you have specific questions, contact your local HP representative. Contact information for a representative in your area can be found at "Contact HP" http://www.hp.com/
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Options
A7173A
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Options
Media
Rack-mount Options
HP LTO1 Ultrium 200 GB Data Cartridge (recommended for Ultrium 232)
C7971A
NOTE:
NOTE:
NOTE:
NOTE:
Write and read support with Ultrium 230, Ultrium 232, Ultrium 448 and
Ultrium 460. Read-only support with Ultrium 920 and Ultrium 960
HP LTO2 Ultrium 400 GB Data Cartridge (recommended for Ultrium 448)
NOTE:
NOTE:
NOTE:
NOTE:
Write support with Ultrium 448, Ultrium 460 Ultrium 920 and Ultrium 960
HP LTO3 Ultrium 800GB RW Data Cartridge (recommended for Ultrium 920)
NOTE: Write support with Ultrium 920, Ultrium 960, Ultrium 1760 and Ultrium 1840. Read-only support with Ultrium 1760 and Ultrium 1840
HP LTO3 Ultrium 800GB WORM Data Cartridge (recommended for Ultrium 920)
NOTE: This data cartridge only supports Write-Once Read-Many recording format with LTO-3 and LTO-4 drives. Data recorded to this data cartridge can not be overwritten.
NOTE: Write support with Ultrium 920, Ultrium 960, Ultrium 1760 and Ultrium 1840. Read-only support with Ultrium 1760 and Ultrium 1840.
HP LTO4 Ultrium 1.6 TB RW Data Cartridge
NOTE: Write and read support with Ultrium 1760 and Ultrium 1840 only.
HP LTO4 Ultrium 1.6 TB WORM Data Cartridge
NOTE: Write and read support with Ultrium 1760 and Ultrium 1840 only.
NOTE: This data cartridge only supports Write-Once Read-Many recording format with LTO-4 drives. Data recorded to this data cartridge can not be overwritten.
HP LTO1 Ultrium 200 GB Storage Media Kit (includes twenty Ultrium 200GB (C7971A) Data Cartridges, one HP Ultrium Universal Cleaning Cartridge (C7978A), twenty colored labels, and a protective carrying case that can be used to securely store or transport data cartridges)
HP LTO2 Ultrium 400 GB Storage Media Kit (includes twenty Ultrium 400GB (C7972A) Data Cartridges, one HP Ultrium Universal Cleaning Cartridge (C7978A), twenty colored labels, and a protective carrying case that can be used to securely store or transport data cartridges)
HP Ultrium Universal Cleaning Cartridge
HP StorageWorks 1U SCSI Rack-Mount Kit
NOTE: For racked ProLiant servers. No drives included. Accommodates up to two internal half-height SCSI-based drives (such as the Ultrium 232, Ultrium 448, Ultrium 920 or Ultrium 1760).
NOTE: Please refer to web page for further information:
http://h18006.www1.hp.com/products/storageworks/1urackmount/index.html
HP Storage Works 1U SAS Rack-Mount Kit
NOTE: For racked ProLiant servers. No drives included. Accommodates up to two internal half-height SAS-based drives (such as the Ultrium 448 SAS, Ultrium 920 SAS or Ultrium 1760 SAS).
NOTE: Please refer to web page for further information:
http://h18006.www1.hp.com/products/storageworks/1urackmount/index.html
HP StorageWorks 3U SCSI Rack-Mount Kit
NOTE: For racked ProLiant servers. No drives included. Accommodates up to four internal half-height SCSI-based drives (such as the Ultrium 232, Ultrium 448, Ultrium 920 or Ultrium 1760) or two full-height drives (such as the Ultrium 460, Ultrium 960 or Ultrium 1840).
NOTE: Please refer to web page for further information:
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C7972A
C7973A
C7973W
C7974A
C7974W
C8013A
C8014A
C7978A
A7445B
AE459A
274338-B22
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
AG576A
*
C7496B
BB117ET
AP746A
AE466A
AE468A
AE470A
AE465A
AE464A
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HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
4M External Mini-SAS (SFF8088) to Internal Mini-SAS (SFF8087) 3x/1x Split SAS
Cable
NOTE: This split cable connects internally to SAS Hard Drive Cage (3x) and externally to the tape device (1x) with other connector attaching to the Smart Array P400i controller inside a DL360 G5 or DL365 G5 server. The 1x cable occupies additional PCI slot on the server.
AG452A
HP Workstation Internal SAS Cable
EH925A
NOTE: Internal data cable to install Ultrium-LTO SAS HP tape drive in HP Workstation. Has SATA-type data connector on workstation end. Only for HP Workstations.
Options
Kit Contents
Model Name
Model Name
Model Name
Model Name
Kit Contents Description
Ultrium 232 tape drives
Ultrium 232 tape drives
Ultrium 232 tape drives
Ultrium 232 tape drives
Ultrium 232 SCSI Internal
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 232 SCSI Internal Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO1 Data Cartridge (200 GB); internal SCSI cable; documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
Ultrium 232 SCSI External
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 232 SCSI External Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO1 Data Cartridge (200 GB); power cord; 68-pin HD to 68-pin VHDCI multi-mode SCSI cable; documentation.
Ultrium 448 tape drives
Ultrium 448 tape drives
Ultrium 448 tape drives
Ultrium 448 tape drives
Ultrium 448 SCSI Internal
Ultrium 448 SCSI Internal
Ultrium 448 SCSI Internal
Ultrium 448 SCSI Internal
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 448 Internal SCSI Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO2 Data Cartridge (400 GB); internal SCSI cable; documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
Ultrium 448 SCSI External
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 448 External SCSI Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO2 Data Cartridge (400 GB); power cord; 68-pin HD to 68-pin VHDCI multi-mode SCSI cable; documentation.
Ultrium 448 SCSI Array Module - works with HP StorageWorks Tape Array 5300
Ultrium 448 SCSI Rackmount - single drive
HP Ultrium 448 offline hot-swap SCSI array module; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (includes HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO2 Data Cartridge (400 GB); documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
Wide SCSI LVD rack-mountable enclosure (1U) with power supply and fan; rail kit; one internal Ultrium 448 SCSI tape drive; power cord; HP StorageWorks Tape CD-
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Part Number
Part Number
Part Number
Part Number
DW064A
DW065B
DW016A
DW017B
DW019A
DW028B
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Options
bundled with a 1U Rackmount kit
Ultrium 448 SAS Internal
ROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO2 Data Cartridge (400 GB); documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration into a rack is indicated.
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 448 Internal SAS Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO2 Data Cartridge (400 GB); internal 4-channel split SAS cable; documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
Ultrium 448 SAS External
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 448 External SAS Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO2 Data Cartridge (400 GB); power cord; external 4channel split SAS cable with PCI slot cover (allows connection inside the server with cable running externally through PCI slot); documentation.
Ultrium 920 SCSI Internal
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 920 Internal SCSI Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO3 Data Cartridge (800 GB); internal SCSI cable; documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
Ultrium 920 SCSI External
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 920 External SCSI Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO3 Data Cartridge (800 GB); power cord; 68-pin HD to 68-pin VHDCI multi-mode SCSI cable; documentation.
Ultrium 920 SCSI Rackmount - single drive bundled with a 1U Rackmount kit
Ultrium 920 SAS Internal
Wide SCSI LVD rack-mountable enclosure (1U) with power supply and fan; rail kit; one internal Ultrium 920 SCSI tape drive; power cord; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO3 Data Cartridge (800 GB); documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration into a rack is indicated.
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 920 Internal SAS Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO3 Data Cartridge (800 GB); internal 4-channel split SAS cable; documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
Ultrium 920 SAS External
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 920 External SAS Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO3 Data Cartridge (800 GB); power cord; external 4channel split SAS cable with PCI slot cover (allows connection inside the server with cable running externally through PCI slot); documentation.
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
DW085A
DW086A
EH841A
EH842A
EH903A
EH847A
EH848A
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Options
Ultrium 1760 SAS Internal
Ultrium 1760 SAS External
Ultrium 1760 SAS Rackmount - single drive bundled with a 1U Rackmount kit
Ultrium 1760 SCSI Internal
Ultrium 1760 SCSI External
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 1760 Internal SAS Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO4 Ultrium 1.6 TB RW Data Cartridge; internal 4channel split SAS cable; documentation.
EH919A
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 1760 External SAS Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CDROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO4 Ultrium 1.6 TB RW Data Cartridge; power cord; external 4-channel split SAS cable with PCI slot cover (allows connection inside the server with cable running externally through PCI slot); documentation.
Mini-8088 connector SAS rack-mountable enclosure (1U) with power supply and fan; rail kit; one internal Ultrium 1760 SAS tape drive; power cord; HP StorageWorks Tape CD-ROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO4 Ultrium 1.6 TB RW Data Cartridge; documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration into a rack is indicated.
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 1760 Internal SCSI Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CD-ROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO4 Ultrium 1.6 TB RW Data Cartridge); internal SCSI cable; documentation.
NOTE: 0D1 will appear after this part number on your sales order if factory integration is indicated.
HP StorageWorks Ultrium 1760 External SCSI Tape Drive; HP StorageWorks Tape CD-ROM (contains HP StorageWorks Library and Tape Tools utilities and localized user manuals); HP Data Protector Express Single Server Edition software and its Bare Metal Disaster Recovery option; HP LTO4 Ultrium 1.6 TB RW Data Cartridge; power cord; 68-pin HD to 68-pin VHDCI multi-mode SCSI cable; documentation.
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
EH920A
EH946A
EH921A
EH922A
Technical Specifications
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Technical Specifications
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Technical Specifications
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
Technical Specifications
Environmental Specifications
Temperature range
Temperature range
Temperature range
Temperature range
Operating: 50° F to 95° F (10° C to 40° C) at a minimum of 6CFM airflow
Storage: -40° F to 151° F (-40° C to 66° C)
Non-condensing humidity
Non-condensing humidity
Non-condensing humidity
Non-condensing humidity
range range range range
Operating: 20 to 80% RH (non-condensing)
Storage: 10 to 95% RH (non-condensing)
Standards Compliance
CSA Certification to C22.2, No.60950 (cCSAus)
TÜV EN60950 (IEC 60950)
CE Declaration of Conformity
FCC 47 CFR Parts 15
NOM
VCCI
C-TICK
RRL
BSMI
GOSH
CB Certificate and Report (IEC 60950)
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
Technical Specifications
Front Panel LED Indicators
HP Ultrium half-height tape drives have four LED indicators on the front panel:
Ready
Drive
Tape
Clean
Please consult the HP StorageWorks Ultrium Tape Drive documentation for more information on how to use these LED indicators for ascertaining drive status and for help in troubleshooting your HP Ultrium tape drive.
© Copyright 2009 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Microsoft and Windows NT are US registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Intel is a US registered trademark of Intel Corporation.
The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.
For tape drives and media, 1 GB = 1 billion bytes. Actual formatted capacity is less.
DA - 12128 Worldwide — Version 30 — October 16, 2009
Page 28
HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives
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# Lexington Trails Middle School
(De Soto USD #232)
2022-23 Supply List
## Sixth Grade
### Community Supplies
- 20 Black Chisel Dry Erase Markers
- 3 Boxes facial tissues
- 4 Glue Sticks
### Personal Supplies
- 3 packages pencils
- 1 package red pens
- 1 package blue or black pens
- 1 box colored pencils
- 2 yellow highlighters
- 1 single subject spiral notebook
- 1 5-subject 5-Star brand spiral w/ plastic cover
- 1 Trapper Keeper or 3-ring binder with folders
- 1 folder (3 hole punched)
- 1 packages notebook paper
- 1 ear buds/headphones
- 1 TI30SX (used 7th and 8th grade)
- 1 scissors
- 1 pencil bag
- extra erasers (recommended)
### BOYS/GIRLS P.E.
- Athletic Shoes
- Black elastic waist or drawstring shorts
- White - TShirt or any LTMS Shirt
- Athletic Socks
- Non-Aerosol Deodorant
- No Glass Containers of Cologne/Perfume
## Seventh Grade
### Community Supplies
- 8 dry erase markers
- 3 Boxes facial tissues
- 4 large or 8 small glue sticks
- 1 container disinfecting wipes
- 1 bottle hand sanitizer
### Personal Supplies
- 1 TI30SX (see picture in 6th grade column)
- 2 packages pencils
- 1 package colored pencils
- 2 highlighters
- 2 red pens
- 1 Trapper Keeper or 3-ring binder
- 1 Package 3x5 Index Cards (ruled)
- 5 70 count spiral notebooks
- 1 package of notebook paper
- 1 ear buds/headphones
### Optional Supplies
- 1 Scissors
- 1 miniature stapler
- 1 package water based markers
## Eighth Grade
### Community Supplies
- 4 Dry Erase Markers
- 3 Boxes facial tissues
- 1 container disinfecting wipes
- 1 bottle hand sanitizer
### Personal Supplies
- 2 packages pencils
- 2 package pens (blue or black)
- 1 package colored pencils
- 1 1” 3-Ring Binder (SS)
- 1 Package 3x5 Index Cards
- 1 Texas Instruments TI-84 or TI-83 Calculator (TI-84 used throughout 4 years of high school)
- 2 Spiral Notebooks (70 page standard)
- 2 1 Subject Five Star spiral notebooks
### Optional Supplies
- 1 ruler
- 1 ear buds/headphones
## Additional Notes
Because many projects and assignments are completed on the computer and using colored paper, we are encouraging parents to send in the following:
- **2 Reams Color (any color) Copy Paper**
- **No Glass Containers of Cologne/Perfume**
Additional supplies may need to purchased for some exploratory classes.
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Notice
GGSIPU/USEM/Ph.D./16407
Dated: 26th August, 2016
Subject: Course work of Ph.D. Programme for the Academic Session 2016-17
With reference to Notice No. GGSIPU/DRC/Ph.D./Adm/ 2016/1838 dated 10.08.2016. As per the clause 4.4 of new Ph.D. Ordinance-12, the information regarding the course work of Ph.D. Programme for the Academic Session 2016-17 is as given below:
| S. No. | Course Code | Course Title | Number of credits | Name of the Teaching Faculty | Whether offered during weekdays or weekends |
|--------|-------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| 1. | PES-901 | Research Methodology | 3 | Prof. N.C.Gupta/ Dr. Sumit Dookia | |
| 2. | PES-903 | Environment Biotechnology and Bioremediation | 3 | Prof. Anubha Kaushik/ Dr. Anshu Gupta/ Dr. Neetu Rani | Weekdays |
| 3. | PES-905 | Basic and Applied Remote Sensing and GIS | 3 | Prof. J.K.Garg/ Dr. Kiranmay Sarma | |
| 4. | PES-907 | Applied Analytical Techniques & Instrumentation | 3 | Dr. Deeksha Katyal/ Dr. Sanjay K.Das | |
The class will be held on classroom: ACR-015, ACR-014 & ACR-013.
(Prof. Anubha Kaushik)
Dean, USEM
Copy to:-
1. Director (Research & Consultancy) for information.
2. Controller of Examinations for information
3. Head UITS, Server Room for uploading on the University Website.
4. Notice Board
5. Guard File
| DAY | 9.00 AM | 10:00 AM | 11.00 AM | 12.00 AM | 1.00 PM | 2.00 PM | 3.00 PM | 4.00 PM |
|-----|---------|----------|----------|----------|---------|---------|---------|---------|
| D1 | | | | | | | | |
| D2 | PES-907 EM/PhD/L EM05/ACR015 | PES-905 EM/PhD/L EM01/ACR015 | PES-905 EM/EMAL EM01/ACR015 | | PES-907 EM/PhD/L EM10/ACR014 | | | |
| D3 | | | | | | | | |
| D4 | | | | | | | | |
| D5 | PES-905 EM/PhD/L EM04/ACR013 | | | | | | | |
**Theory Papers**
- PES-901 Research methodology
- PES-903 Environment Biotechnology and Bio-remediation
- PES 905 Basic and Applied Remote Sensing and GIS
- PES-907 Applied Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation
---
**Dean**
University School of Environment Management
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
A-Block, Sector-16C, Dwarka, New Delhi-110078
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Interviews
2002
Narendra Jaggi
Charlie Schlenker (Interviewer) WGLT
Recommended Citation
Schlenker, Charlie (Interviewer), "Narendra Jaggi" (2002). Interviews. Paper 10. http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/wglt_interviews/10
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Ames Library, the Andrew W. Mellon Center for Curricular and Faculty Development, the Office of the Provost and the Office of the President. It has been accepted for inclusion in Interviews by The Ames Library faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University with thanks to WGLT. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document.
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU
WGLT Collection
Narendra Jaggi, Illinois Wesleyan University, interviewed by Charlie Schlenker, WGLT WGLT Interview Transcript 08/29/2002
A new paper suggests that racial segregation in this country is not inevitable after all…in spite of the persistence of segregation over decades and landmark legislation to counteract it. WGLT's Charlie Schlenker talk with the Illinois Wesleyan University professor who is building on past computer modeling technique…
Charlie Schlenker: Thirty-five years after the Civil Rights Movement and well after the passing of the Fair Housing Act and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, urban residential areas are as firmly segregated as they were in the 1960s. Only smaller towns with smaller minority populations have shown signs of easing the intensity of segregation. Illinois Wesleyan University Physics Professor Dr. Narendra Jaggi has done a study involving computer modeling of choices. Dr. Jaggi, until now, what has the explanation been for the lack of change on ethnic living patterns?
Narendra Jaggi: In the early 70s, people began to focus on some work which tended to suggest or at least so the claim was that very miniscule preferences for your own kind— in fact the phrase used was "color-blind"—or nearly color-blind preferences are enough in and of themselves to produce completely segregated communities. These were based upon computer simulations as if racial segregation is a nearly inevitable consequence of rather mild preferences for your own kind.
Charlie Schlenker: Your study includes one new factor that hasn't been in the literature until now—the range of vision. Now what is that?
Narendra Jaggi: In some sense it is exactly what it says. People have put in the complexity of attractive geographical features like good schools, tennis courts, public libraries, but in almost all these studies, the agents, meaning folks, they look only at their immediate neighborhood, the neighbor to the left, to the right, north and south, in making their rational decisions about whether or not to move. What my simulation—our simulation I must say because Alex Laurie, my student, has worked with me intimately—our simulation says that this is unnatural. Nobody is that obsessed with the color of only your four or six immediate neighbors. Most people, in fact, when they make judgments about which neighborhood to move, they sample on a bigger range.
Charlie Schlenker: Well how does a block range or a neighborhood range or a sector of the city range affect how segregation occurs over time?
Narendra Jaggi: And this is what we were very, I would say, pleasantly surprised by the results. Increasing the range of vision beyond the mile-big immediate neighborhood effectively has a tendency of amplifying whatever the tendencies of the agents were to begin with so that if you wanted to have let's say 60% of your neighbors to be of your own kind, I would call that scaredy cat, someone who is so afraid that he wants to have 60% of his own kind. That class of models, if you increase the vision, it makes a society much more segregated, in fact, completely segregated into just two ghettos in a very short time. On the other hand, if your preference for your own kind was modest, let us say like 30%, okay, you were comfortable with about a third of the people being of your own kind, then when you increase the range of vision of these agents it is a remarkable effect. Societies get integrated, remain integrated and stable for very extended periods of time.
Charlie Schlenker: So what does that suggest for policy choices?
Narendra Jaggi: One immediate consequence that leaps out at you is that make the information about the racial composition on different scales available to all people who are in the market. Just the availability of what is the concentration of different ethnic groups over a two-block radius or a four-block radius around wherever you are looking, you see, so making vision explicitly available to an agent, even if he or she hasn't actually thought about it, might help the process. Additionally, you could guide people. You say, "Well, you know, I see your point that you want a few more people of your own kind in a neighborhood but you don't have to buy right here. A few blocks over there, you got about 30-40% people of your own kind. Do you want to look there?" And perhaps even have market-based encouragements not to move into neighborhoods that are already segregated, so small guiding away from regions that are developing excessive concentrations can have large influences if the agents have a slightly bigger vision.
Charlie Schlenker: Narendra Jaggi of Illinois Wesleyan University's Physics Department, the author of Role of Vision in Neighborhood Racial Segregation. I'm Charlie Schlenker, WGLT News.
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THE EMPIRE DISTRICT ELECTRIC COMPANY
P.S.C. Mo. No.
5
Canceling P.S.C. Mo. No.
For
ALL TERRITORY
5
Sec.
3
21st
Sec.
3
20th
PRIVATE LIGHTING SERVICE SCHEDULE PL
AVAILABILITY:
This schedule is available for outdoor lighting service to any retail Customer.
175
cost thereof
For installations requiring a large expenditure for additions to, or rearrangements of existing facilities, the total additional charge may be computed at 1.5% of the estimated installed cost thereof per month. Such estimated installed cost excludes the estimated installed cost of materials required for standard construction (see Conditions of Service, No. 1, below).
FUEL ADJUSTMENT CLAUSE:
The above charges will be adjusted in an amount provided by the terms and provisions of the Fuel Adjustment Clause, Rider FAC.
DETERMINATION OF ENERGY (kWh) FOR NON-METERED FIXTURES:
The monthly energy (kWh) for each type and size of lamp is listed above.
Revised Sheet No.
Revised Sheet No.
2
2
THE EMPIRE DISTRICT ELECTRIC COMPANY
P.S.C. Mo. No.
5
Sec.
3
8
th
Revised Sheet No.
2a
Canceling P.S.C. Mo. No. 5
Sec.
3
7
th
Revised Sheet No.
2a
For
ALL TERRITORY
PRIVATE LIGHTING SERVICE
SCHEDULE PL
PAYMENT:
Charges for service on this schedule may be added to the bill for service under a regular retail rate schedule. The payment provisions of the regular rate schedule will apply to these charges also. If the Company bills charges under this schedule separately, bills will be due on or before twenty-one (21) days after the date thereof. If not so paid on or before this due date, the above rate plus 5% then applies for all except residential customers. For residential customers, a late payment charge of 1.5% on the unpaid balance will be applied.
GROSS RECEIPTS, OCCUPATION OR FRANCHISE TAXES:
There will be added to the Customer's bill, as a separate item, an amount equal to the proportionate part of any license, occupation, franchise, gross or other similar fee or tax now or hereafter imposed upon the Company by any municipality or any other governmental authority, whether imposed by ordinance, franchise, or otherwise, in which the fee or tax is based upon a flat sum payment, a percentage of gross receipts, net receipts, or revenues from the sale of electric service rendered by the Company to the Customer. When such tax or fee is imposed on the Company as a flat sum or sums, the proportionate amount applicable to each Customer's bill shall be determined by relating the annual total of such sum(s) to the Company's total annual revenue from the service provided by this tariff within the jurisdiction of the governmental body and the number of customers located within that jurisdiction. The amounts shall be converted to a fixed amount per customer, so that the amount, when accumulated from all customers within the geographic jurisdiction of the governmental body, will equal the amount of the flat sum(s). The fixed amount per customer shall be divided by 12 and applied to each monthly bill as a separate line item. The amount shall remain the same until the flat sum may be changed by the governmental body, in which case this process shall be adjusted to the new flat sum. The amount shall be modified prospectively by the Company anytime it appears, on an annual basis, that the Company is either over-collecting or under- collecting the amount of the flat sum(s) by more than five percent (5%) on an annual basis. Bills will be increased in the proportionate amount only in service areas where such tax or fee is applicable.
CONDITIONS OF SERVICE:
1. Standard Street Light Construction will consist of a Standard Company Streetlighting Fixture with a lamp, ballast, bracket, control device, wire and hardware mounted on existing poles and on existing secondary circuits.
2. Standard Floodlighting Construction will consist of a Standard Company Floodlighting Fixture with a lamp, ballast, bracket, control device, wire and hardware mounted on an existing pole and on existing secondary circuits.
3. All lamps will burn every night from dusk to dawn, subject to a time allowance of three work days after notice is given to Company for maintenance and lamp renewals.
4. The facilities installed by the Company will remain the property of the Company.
5. The term of service for Standard Construction will not be less than one (1) year. Intermittent or seasonal service will not be provided.
6. Where addition or rearrangement of facilities are required, the service may be terminated after one year by the payment of an amount equal to the investment in these facilities less 20 percent of the monthly charges already paid by the Customer to the Company. After five years' service, no termination charge will be required.
7. Bills for service will be rendered monthly.
8. The Company Rules and Regulations, P.S.C. Mo. No. 5, Section 5, are a part of this schedule.
DATE EFFECTIVE January 1, 2007
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The Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) of the Institute has been reconstituted as the following:
1. Chairperson: Vice-Chancellor, BITS Pilani
2. A few senior administrative officers:
- Director, Pilani Campus
- Director, Dubai Campus
- Director, K.K. Birla Goa Campus
- Director, Hyderabad Campus
- Director, Off-Campus Programmes and Industry Engagement
- Registrar, BITS Pilani
- Prof. S.C. Sivasubramanian
- Mr. Giridhar M Kunkur
3. Teachers:
- Prof. Chandra Shekhar - Pilani Campus
- Prof. Srikanta Routroy - Pilani Campus
- Prof. Vidya Rajesh - Hyderabad Campus
- Prof. A Vasan - Hyderabad Campus
- Prof. S S Deshmukh - Hyderabad Campus
- Prof. Trupti S Gokhale - Dubai Campus
- Prof. D M Kulkarni - K.K. Birla Goa Campus
- Prof. P K Das - K.K. Birla Goa Campus
- Prof. Radhika Vatsan - K.K. Birla Goa Campus
- Dr. K R Biju - K.K. Birla Goa Campus
4. One member from the Management:
- Mr. Arun Khetan — CFO, BITS Pilani
5. One/two nominees from local society, Students and Alumni:
- Dr. Raj Singh - Nominee from local society
- Mr. Pradip Sethi, MD Corporate Insight, Delhi - Alumni (1977 Batch)
6. One/two nominees from Employers/Industrialists/stakeholders:
- Mr. M P Sharma, President, Techmart, Dubai (Alumnus, Employer)
- Dr. Jayanth Sridhar, Global Head of Biologicals Manufacturing, Cipla BioTec, Salcette, Goa
7. Coordinator, IQAC: Prof. M S Dasgupta - Pilani Campus
The membership of the nominated members shall be for a period of two years. The number of meetings, quorum for the meeting, functioning of IQAC will be as per NAAC guidelines.
Prof Souvik Bhattacharyya
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Microwave Characterization of Nickel
Stepan Lucyszyn
Imperial College London, UK
Abstract—In recent years, nickel has found new applications in RF microfabricated filters and MEMS switches, as it is proving to be a convenient structural material and suitable for realizing power-efficient electrothermal buckle-beam microactuators. While nickel is becoming a material of choice for processing engineers, there is a serious issue of RF characterization at microwave frequencies. This paper investigates some of the issues associated with both measurement and modelling of nickel. It has been found that RF engineers are currently faced with the problem that there is insufficient data available to undertake simulation designs with a high level of confidence at microwave frequencies.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nickel has for many decades been used for realizing ferrites, employed in radio frequency (RF) applications, due to its high magnetic permeability at low frequencies. However, in recent years, electroplated nickel has been used as a structural material in RF microfabricated circuits [1] and even radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS [2]) applications [3–5]. With the former, at around 30 GHz, weakly magnetized nickel has twice the surface resistance of silver or copper, but is chemically and mechanically more robust [1]. Moreover, it has a relatively small deleterious effect [1]. Also, when used in electrothermal buckle-beam microactuators, since nickel’s thermal expansion coefficient is approximately five times greater than that of polysilicon, the same displacements can be obtained at a much lower temperatures [5]. Therefore, its use in RF transmission lines and microactuators permits co-fabrication, having the same lithographic steps [5]. On the other hand, creep and high-cycle fatigue of nickel structures, particularly at elevated temperatures, may still limit their use in electrothermal microactuators for some applications, due to the impact on their reliability and lifetime [5].
It is very important for the RF designer to understand and know the frequency characteristics of all the materials to be employed in the development of a future device, circuit or system. Surprisingly, very little has been reported on the magnetic permeability of nickel. A survey of textbook values is given in Table 1, along with additional data from a leading commercial 3D electromagnetic simulation software package: Ansoft’s High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS™).
| Reference | $\sigma_o$ [S/m] $\times 10^{-7}$ | $\mu_r$ |
|--------------------|-----------------------------------|--------|
| Brown et al. [1] | 1.4 | 1 |
| Oliver [6] | 1.15 | 50 |
| Carter [7] | 1.28 | 600 |
| Popovic and Popovic [8] | 1.28 | 600 |
| HFSS™ [9] | 1.45 | 600 |
Clearly, within Table 1, very little consensus exists on the combined values of dc bulk conductivity and magnetic relative permeability. Indeed, with the latter, no information is given as to whether the values represent dc values. Also there is no information on how the nickel was deposited or its level of purity. This makes the design of nickel structures for microwave applications very difficult indeed. This paper tries to address the issue of characterizing the frequency dispersive nature of magnetic permeability for nickel.
2. GENERAL FREQUENCY BEHAVIOUR
When an alternating magnetic field is applied, at low frequencies, the magnetic domains respond to it and produce a high permeability material. This works up to hundreds of megahertz with insulating ferrites but only up to a few kilohertz for conducting ferromagnets like nickel. The initial permeability is measured with almost no externally applied magnetic field, where the domain walls are just beginning to move from their equilibrium state. The present investigation is concerned with the measurement of the initial permeability in small magnetic fields, where all boundary movements are reversible. At low frequencies the permeability is high, because the domains can follow the applied field. As frequency increases, movement of the domains lag behind the applied field and the resulting increase in loss, caused by friction, is represented by the associated increase in the imaginary part of initial permeability. At infrared frequencies and shorter wavelengths, the domains cannot follow the applied field and so there is no loss from trying to follow it and the relative initial permeability approaches unity. Therefore, the dc value of initial permeability must fall off as frequency increases and the greatest frequency dispersion generally occurs between 0.1 and 10 GHz; the decrease in permeability for nickel is in the neighbourhood of 1 GHz [10].
3. SURVEY OF MEASURED MICROWAVE DATA
Scientists have been investigating the properties of magnetic materials for a century. In 1951, Bozorth collated all the data that was available during that time for the frequency dispersion characteristics of permeability. The collated graphs are reproduced in Fig. 1 [10].
Figure 1: Measured frequency characteristics of initial permeability for nickel [10]. (+ Arkadiew [11], ∇ Simon [12], ▲ Hodsman et al. [13])
From Fig. 1, it can be seen that the frequency behaviour does indeed show a low frequency value that drops off at around 1 GHz. However, at any one frequency, the results from different researchers give large discrepancies in their measured values. Surface conditions are thought to be an important factor at microwave frequencies. For example, a thin oxide film, formed on the metal during heat treatment, may cause the apparent permeability to decrease by a factor of 10 [10]. Moreover, Arkadiew also noted an increase of high-frequency permeability when magnetic material is annealed [11].
This inconsistency in measurement data makes the characterization of nickel very difficult. The following reviews some of the experimental approaches undertaken and highlights key findings.
3.1. Arkadiew [11]
Back in 1919, reflectivity measurements were performed by Arkadiew with fine wire gratings made from ferromagnetic materials. Here, initial permeability was shown to decrease from 20 at 0.41 GHz
down to approximately 1.2 at 12.3 GHz [11]. Unfortunately, the reflection coefficients from ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metals, having medium to high conductivities, for both plane and guided waves, do not differ sufficiently to allow direct measurement [13].
### 3.2. Hodsman et al. [13]
In 1948, measurements are carried out by comparing the attenuation constants of 1.4 m length coaxial transmission lines having an inner conductor made from 99.5% purity nickel and reference nonferromagnetic (e.g., constantan or German silver) wire. Here, the attenuation constants are derived from circles on an impedance Smith chart, which were produced by measuring the standing-wave patterns in the transmission line for different positions of a movable short circuit that were then transformed into values of input impedances. The results are given in Table 2. Calculations showed that the probable error in the recorded values for permeability is of the order of 15% for nickel.
**Table 2: Measured initial permeability [13].**
| Frequency [GHz] | dc | 3.356 | 3.374 | 3.956 | 4.545 | 5.062 | 5.564 | 6.522 | 8.772 | 9.615 | 10.084 |
|-----------------|------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|
| Initial Permeability | 17 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 1.03 | 1.0 |
### 3.3. Hsu et al. [14]
Hsu et al. recently attempted to model the 20 to 40 GHz frequency band power loss behaviour of 8, 10 and 16 mm length nickel CPW transmission lines [14]. A high-resistivity silicon (HRS) substrate was employed that also has a 300 nm layer of thermally grown silicon dioxide. The nickel lines are deposited by electroplating a low-stress 2 μm thick nickel layer on top of a thin Ti/Ni (80/50 nm) seed layer. The feed lines were made from gold, using a low-stress RF sputtering process. Parameter extraction techniques were then used to determine values of relative initial permeability within a 20 to 40 GHz frequency range of interest.
While this may at first appear to be a valid approach, on closer inspection there are a number of issues. For example, on the experimental side, bond-wires or air bridges were not introduced at the launch discontinuities or at regular intervals along the line in order to suppress unwanted slot-line modes. Also, it can be assumed that the RF on-wafer measurement samples were tested directly on a metal wafer chuck. As a result, while the lowest-order TM mode can be calculated to be approximately 61 GHz, for an ideal lossless 500 μm thick silicon wafer [15], the onset into this mode will be seen at much lower frequencies, due to the dramatic reduction in the resistivity of the HRS silicon wafers ρs caused by the high temperatures involved in the growth of the silicon oxide layer. In theory, the dielectric constant of the HRS εrs will also change. Finally, no mention was made of the level of nickel oxidation immediately prior to measurement.
### 4. MODELLING STRATEGIES
#### 4.1. Relaxation-effect Models
The speed at which the boundary movements can follow a high frequency alternating field must ultimately depend on the speed at which the spin rotations can be accomplished. As the period of the applied magnetic field approaches the relaxation time of the spin rotations, the boundary movements lag further behind the applied field and the apparent permeability would decrease to unity.
Frequency dispersion of initial permeability, μ, for ferromagnetic materials was first proposed by Becker with the following overly simplified model [16]:
\[
\mu(\omega) = \frac{\mu(0)}{1 + j(\omega/\omega_c)} \quad \text{and} \quad \mu(\omega) \equiv \mu(\omega)' - j\mu(\omega)'' \equiv (1 + \chi_m(\omega))
\]
(1)
where \( \mu(0) = \) initial permeability at dc and \( \omega_c = \) critical frequency, which is a function of the domain length and dc characteristics of the material [13]. For nickel, a very approximate fit can be obtained with \( f_c = \omega_c/2\pi \sim 0.5 - 1.6 \) GHz, indicating a domain length of \( \sim 4 \) μm [13].
This rather crude model can be improved upon by using the following well-known Drude model for magnetic susceptibility, $\chi_m(\omega)$:
$$\chi_m(\omega) = \frac{\chi_m(0)}{1 - (\omega/\omega_o)^2 + j\omega\tau} \quad \text{where} \quad \tau = \frac{1}{\omega_o^2\tau_o} \quad \text{and} \quad \chi_m(\omega) \equiv \chi_m(\omega)' - j\chi_m(\omega)''$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
where $\chi_m(0) =$ static magnetic susceptibility, $\omega_o =$ resonance frequency and $\tau_o =$ characteristic damping time.
4.2. Parameter Extraction Techniques
Hsu et al. adopted a brute-force approach to characterizing the relative initial permeability, $\mu_r$, of nickel. First, a value for dc bulk conductivity of $\sigma_o = 7.99 \times 10^6$ S/m was extracted from over-simplified multimeter measurements of line resistance. It should be noted that this value is considerably lower than those quoted in Table 1. If one employs the standard 4-point probe test approach then a more accurate value for dc bulk conductivity can be determined. The authors expected a value of $14.5 \times 10^6$ S/m, which represents an 81% increase in value. This could potential cause a source of error. The attenuation constant of a CPW line, due to conductor loss, is directly proportional to surface impedance and this, in turn, is directly proportional to $\sqrt{\mu_r/\sigma_o}$. Therefore, any error in their extracted value of conductivity could be translated directly to their value of relative initial permeability.
Second, a loss tangent value of $\tan \delta = 10 \times 10^{-4}$ for the HRS was extracted by modelling a 15 mm length non-ferromagnetic (i.e., gold) CPW line using HFSS™. Using the measured value of $\sigma_o$ for the nickel and the extracted value $\tan \delta$ for the HRS, Hsu et al. extracted a frequency-independent value of $\mu_r = 1.7$ for the relative initial permeability of nickel.
It is well known that HFSS™ can produce results that do not conform to measurements, due to problems when assigned boundary conditions, wave port dimensions, solve functions, solution frequencies, convergence targets, etc. [17]. As a result, by entering wrong values of $\rho_s$, $\varepsilon_{rs}$, $\sigma_o$ and $\mu_r$ it is possible to force simulation results to exactly match measurements within narrow bandwidths, especially when transmission phase angle is not considered.
Hsu et al. also performed analytical calculations of attenuation constant due to conductor loss, based on the work of Holloway et al. [18]. Using this alternative method, Hsu et al. determined another frequency independent value of $\mu_r = 2.1$ for the relative permeability of nickel.
On closer inspection, both the simulated and calculated frequency responses only manage to cut across the measured frequency responses, within the 20 to 40 GHz frequency range of interest. In other words, exact fits only occur at a single frequency, and this frequency changes with length of transmission line. It can, therefore, be concluded that the extraction technique as described and the resulting values for relative permeability cannot be considered accurate, even though these values are close to the expected value of unity.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Frequency dispersion characteristics of magnetic permeability for nickel have been investigated, from the issues of measurement and modelling. It has been found that RF engineers are currently faced with the problem that there is insufficient data available to undertake simulation designs with a high level of confidence at microwave frequencies. While some experimental data exists for the real part of the relative initial permeability, there is still considerable uncertainty as to how this relates to the deposition process, material purity and level of oxidation. Moreover, to the best of the author’s knowledge, no measured data exists for the imaginary part of permeability. The well-known Drude model is expected to be able to give an empirical fit to future experimental data. In addition, extraction techniques using 3D electromagnetic modelling software may offer another way forward. Here, both the magnitude and phase angle of the transmission characteristics for impedance-matched transmission lines must be considered, in order to be able to produce frequency-dependent complex values of permeability at microwave frequencies.
REFERENCES
1. Brown, E. R., A. L. Cohen, C. A. Bang, M. S. Lockard, B. W. Byrne, N. M. Vandelli, D. S. McPherson, and G. Zhang, “Characteristics of microfabricated rectangular coax in the Ka band,” *Microwave and Optical Technology Letters*, Vol. 40, No. 5, 365–368, Mar. 2004.
2. Lucyszyn, S., “Review of radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) technology,” *IEE Proceedings — Science, Measurement and Technology*, Vol. 151, No. 2, 93–103, Mar. 2004.
3. Peroulis, D., S. P. Pacheco, K. Sarabandi, and L. P. B. Katehi, “Electromechanical considerations in developing low-voltage RF MEMS switches,” *IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Tech.*, Vol. 51, No. 1, 259–270, Jan. 2003.
4. Pranonsatit, S., A. S. Holmes, I. D. Robertson, and S. Lucyszyn, “Single-pole eight-throw RF MEMS rotary switch,” *IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems*, Vol. 15, No. 6, 1735–1744, Dec. 2006.
5. Girbau, D., L. Pradell, A. Lázaro, and À. Nebot, “Electrothermally actuated RF MEMS switches suspended on a low-resistivity substrate,” *IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems*, Vol. 16, No. 5, 1061–1070, Oct. 2007.
6. Olver, A. D., *Microwave and Optical Transmission*, 378, John Wiley & Sons, 1992.
7. Carter, R. G., *Electromagnetic Waves: Microwave Components and Devices*, 320, Chapman and Hall, 1990.
8. Popovic, Z. and B. D. Popovic, *Introductory Electromagnetics*, Prentice Hall, 2000.
9. Ansoft HFSS™, Version 10, Materials Library.
10. Bozorth, R. M., *Ferromagnetism*, D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., 1951.
11. Arkadiew, W., “Absorption of electromagnetic waves in two parallel wires,” *Ann. Physik*, Vol. 58, 1919.
12. Simon, I., “Magnetic permeability of Ni in region of cm waves,” *Nature*, Vol. 157, 735, June 1946.
13. Hodzman, G. F., G. Eichholz, and R. Millership, “Magnetic dispersion at microwave frequencies,” *Proceedings of the Physical Society Section B*, 377–390, 1949.
14. Hsu, H.-H., S. W. Lee, and D. Peroulis, “K-Band loss characterization of electroplated nickel for RF MEMS devices,” *IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symp. Dig.*, 289–292, June 2007.
15. Collier, R. J., “Coupling between coplanar waveguides and substrate modes,” *29th European Microwave Conference Dig.*, 382–385, Munich, Germany, Oct. 1999.
16. Becker, R., *Ann. Physik*, Vol. 27, 123, 1936.
17. Choi, J. Y. and S. Lucyszyn, “HFSS modelling anomalies with electrically thin-walled metal-pipe rectangular waveguide simulations,” *10th IEEE High Frequency Postgraduate Student Colloquium (10th HF-PgC) Digest*, 95–98, Leeds, UK, Sep. 2005.
18. Holloway, C. L. and E. F. Kuester, “A quasi-closed form expression for the conductor loss of CPW lines, with an investigation of edge shape effects,” *IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Tech.*, Vol. 43, No. 12, Dec. 1995.
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Black Swamp Gamers Constitution and By-Laws
ARTICLE I: NAME & PURPOSE
Section A: Name – The name of this club shall be Black Swamp Gamers.
Section B: Location – The club main office is located at 205 Farnsworth Rd Suite E, Waterville, OH 43566.
Section C: National Affiliation – Black Swamp Gamers is not affiliated with any nationally known organizations. We are currently independent of any other board game clubs.
Section D: Purpose – The purpose of this club shall be:
1. To Provide a safe and encouraging atmosphere with like-minded people who have a common interest in board games, card games, etc; also known as hobby gaming.
2. To give our members a relaxing and entertaining experience through group interaction and conversation.
3. To raise awareness of the growing community of hobby gaming.
ARTICLE II: MEMBERSHIP, DUES, & MEMBER RIGHTS
Section A: Eligibility - Membership shall be open to the public for anyone who has an interest in Black Swamp Gamers upon payment of the dues as outlined in Section B.
Section B: Dues – Dues are as follows for each membership type:
Limited Partner –$250 per year
Contributor –$200 per year
Household –$15 per month OR $150 per year (max of 2 dependents)**
Member –$10 per month OR $100 per year
D&D Member –$5 per month OR $50 per year
All dues are to be paid in full once application has been approved, then if a membership is being renewed, 1-7 days prior to plan expiration date.
Section B: Membership Rights
Limited Partner - with approval from 2 other partners, only 7 positions available - This allows you to be a key holding partner in the club. Being a limited partner, you may be called upon to help open the building on game days and be a staff organizer of hosted events. This is a large responsibility and it is not handed out lightly. It will put you in charge if anything were to happen. This also allows you to hold private events. Limited partners can bring as many guests as they please, as often as they want (guests must still present a guest pass). This is to try and get them to convert to a members' status down the road. Limited Partners are also allowed to store their game collections at the shop. Lastly, being a partner also will allow you first access to game demos and special viewing events that BSG may hold with game designers in the future.
Contributor - This level of membership gives many of the same rights as a limited partner in terms of club influence but comes with less responsibility (pretty much a limited partner without the key to the door). You are welcome to host your own private events with friends on any day a key holder is present or you can schedule time with a partner to be available to open the building. Contributors are also allowed to bring as many guests as they please to boost membership numbers and can store their collections at the shop. Contributors are also allowed first viewings of new games and demos that we host with game designers.
Household - This membership level is for families that still have dependents that live in the same house. This would NOT be a good plan for just 1 couple with no kids. This is meant to be able to add additional children to an account. ** - Up to a max of 2 dependents or rates change to $5 extra per dependent. EX – a household member, his/her spouse, and 3 kids would have to pay $20 per month. If they only had 2 kids, it would be $15 or if they had 4 kids it would be $25. ** - For yearly commitment, prices go up $50 for each extra dependent. Age restrictions apply, see Article VIII, Section C.
Member - This allows you access to the building only when a key holding partner is available and on Saturday events. Members are allowed 3 guest passes per month.
D&D Members – This is exclusively for people who intend on ONLY playing D&D on group nights up at the clubhouse. This pays for the players use of space, electricity, use of club resources, etc. This membership does not allow them to play on regular games night and should only be at the club on planned D&D party nights.
NOTE - All plans (except D&D Members) listed are to be considered "Couples" plans. This means that every plan consists of its primary account holder, then 1 SPOUSE. This doesn't not include "Significant others" or "Longtime boyfriend/girlfriend". Just as state law sees a married couple as 1 entity, this also applies for the club. For example, if a married couple with no kids would like to become members, they would only need a Member level plan for $10 a month or $100 a year. ID proof would be greatly appreciated. Be sure to list your spouse's name on the application so that 2 membership cards can be printed.
ARTICLE III: OFFICERS
Section A: Officers – The officers shall be a Club President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer, Event Organizer, and Public Relations (PR) officer.
Section B: Eligibility – Officers must have a Limited Partner OR Contributor membership status.
Section C: Election – The officers shall be elected by ballot at the last meeting of the 4 th quarter by a majority of the vote cast for that office by Limited Partners and Contributors.
Section D: Term – The officers shall serve for one year and their term of office shall begin at the commencement of the 4 th quarter meeting. All officer positions can be held for multiple terms until they are voted out of office or choose to resign. Black Swamp Gamers 1 st Quarter starts July 1 st .
Section E: Vacancy – If a vacancy occurs in the office of Club President, the Vice-President shall assume the office for the remainder of the term and vacancies in any other office shall be filled by a special election.
ARTICLE IV: DUTIES OF OFFICERS
Section A: President – it shall be the duty of the Club President to:
* Preside at meetings
* Vote only in case of a tie
* Represent the club
* Appoint Events Committee chairpersons/members subject to the approval of the other officers
* Serve as an ex-officio member of all committees
* Perform such other duties as ordinarily pertain to this office
Section B: Vice-President – It shall be the duty of the Vice-President to:
* Preside in the absence of the President
* Serve as chairperson of the Events Committee
Section C: Secretary – It shall be the duty of the Secretary to:
* Record the minutes of all meetings
* Keep a file of the club's records
* Maintain a current roster of membership
* Issue notices of meetings and conduct the general correspondence of the club
Section D: Treasurer – It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to:
* Receive all funds and process Request for Payment, Deposit Slip, and Officer Signature Forms. This also includes control of the club bank account.
* Keep an itemized account of all receipts and expenditures and make reports as directed
Section E: Event Coordinator – It shall be the duty of the Event Coordinator to:
* Work with the Events Committee to organize and plan public Saturday events
* Keep in touch with local retail shop or conventions on allowing our members attendance to said event
Section F: Public Relations Officer – It shall be the duty of the PR Officer to:
* Maintain the clubs outward facing social media pages (Facebook, Twitter, Intsagram, etc)
* Create posts of recent news for social media pages
* Generate ideas for local marketing, possibly working in tandem with the Event Coordinator.
* Concentrated efforts in networking and community outreach.
ARTICLE V: MEETINGS
Section A: Meetings – Regular Officer meetings shall be held on "any" Thursday of every month to discuss club happenings and ideas (preferable at least 2 weeks apart from each other), with Club-wide Members meetings every other quarter during the year; May and November, to discuss larger events, club finances, etc.
Section B: Special Meeting – Special meetings may be called by the President with the approval of the Events Committee.
Section C: Quorum – A quorum shall consist of at least 4 of the 7 officers or board members for meetings to be considered valid.
Section D: Parliamentary Authority – Officer majority shall govern this club in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they are not inconsistent with these bylaws.
Section E: Board Member (non-officer) – In addition to officers stated above, other individuals listed in Article VIII Section F that attend the officer meetings are considered part of said officer meeting, allowing them to share ideas and comment on discussion. This role also allows for a right to vote with parliamentary authority. Board members are appointed by the President and Vice President and are to be person who have a background in the gaming community or the officers feel would provide important knowledge on topics.
Section F: Appointment by Proxy – In the event that an officer/board member can't make it to a meeting in which a vote will be held (ex: approval of new officers at our annual meeting), the board member must fill out the appropriate form allowing another board member (proxy) to vote on behalf of said board member (principal). Multiple principals can select the same proxy to represent their vote as long as the form is filled out and submitted prior to the voting date.
ARTICLE VI: EVENTS COMMITTEE
Section A: Responsibility – Management of this club's publicly held Events shall be vested in an Events Committee responsible to the entire membership to uphold these bylaws.
Section B: Membership – This committee shall consist of the officers as listed in Article III and appointed members.
Section C: Meetings – This committee shall meet at least once between regular meetings of the club to organize and plan future activities.
ARTICLE VII: OTHER COMMITTEES
Section A: Other committees – listed are possible future committees that may be needed once the club becomes more established: Marketing, Game Design, Fundraising, etc. When new committees are announced, they will be drafted into these bylaws once officers agree on the same conditions stated in Article VI (Responsibility, Membership, and Meetings).
Section B: Special Committees – The President shall have the authority to appoint any special committees, with the approval of the officers, from time to time as need demands.
ARTICLE VIII: AMENDMENTS
Section A: Selection – these bylaws may be amended by a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote of the whole club membership.
Section B: Notice – All members shall receive notice of the proposed amendment at least five days before the meeting in which the two-third vote is needed.
Section C: Age Restriction – Although we encourage people of all ages to participate in the club and in the board game community, for liability reasons, we ask that all APPLYING members are 18 years of age and older. Household plans may include individuals under 18 years of age but must be accompanied by an adult. Remember that if you are bringing your children with you, they could be subjected to conversation that is not appropriate for their age.
Section D: Limited Partner Size Limit – Currently the limited partner size is set to 8 partners. In the future, this number may be increased depending on the club size and need. When it becomes acceptable to increase that limit, officers will hold a vote to increase it accordingly.
Section E: Guest Passes – Day passes are available for purchase at the front desk that will allow the presenter of the pass 1 free day of game play on any member day. Passes cost $5 each and they do not expire. Passes must be approved and dated by an officer before being handed out. If they are received with no signature and date, they cannot be accepted. Guest should also sign the visitor sign in sheet when using said guest pass so that we can later contact them with membership information.
Section F: Current officers & Board Members – Current elected & appointed board members as of March 24 th 2019 are:
Club President:
Anthony Kniss
Club Vice President: Mike Pelton
Secretary:
Daniel Crews
Treasurer:
Natalie Kniss
Event Coordinator: Kyle Smith
PR Officer:
Aimee Gruenwald
Board Members: Josh Sapp – Owner of Old School Gaming
Matt Gruenwald – Local Game Designer
JJ White – Original club founder
Section G: Club Liability Waivers
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RISK OR INJURY POSSIBILITY
As a member, volunteer, or guest of the Black Swamp Gamers club and facility, each person recognizes the risk and acknowledge that there are certain risks of physical injury – including death, damages, property damage, or loss – which said person may sustain as a result of participating in any and all activities connected with Black Swamp Gamers, or the use of the facilities or equipment.
WAIVER OF CLAIM FOR INJURY CLAUSE
Members, volunteers, or guests agree to waive and relinquish all claims that they may have for injuries or damages as a result of participating in the club or using the facilities or equipment against Black Swamp Gamers and its officers, agents, servants, employees, other volunteers, and affiliates.
RELEASE FROM LIABILITY CLAUSE
Members, volunteers, or guests do hereby release and discharge Black Swamp Gamers and its officers, agents, servants, employees, volunteers and affiliates from any and all claims for injuries, including death, damages, property damage, or loss which may have or may in future accrue to said person in account of participating in or volunteering for Black Swamp Gamers.
Section F: Fiscal Year for taxes – Black Swamp Gamers fiscal year begins May 1st
Revisions to bylaws Approved by & dated
Officer
Seconded
Date
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
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TEEN Adventure 1 7 th / 8 th Grade
CONTACT INFORMATION:
Camp Sonshine: (301) 989-2267
MONDAY, AUGUST 5 TH
Week 8
Rockin' Jump
18620 Woodfield Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20879
Rockin' Jump is a large, indoor trampoline park consisting of open trampolines, a trampoline dodgeball court, a trampoline slam dunk area and trampoline "Stunt Bag Arena." They also have a snack bar, which may or may not have to do with trampolines. Waiver Required
SCHEDULE
Time Away From Camp:
12:00 PM - 3:00 PM
WHAT TO BRING
Waiver
Time On Bus (One Way):
20 Minutes
Money (Optional)
TUESDAY, AUGUST 6 TH
Martin Luther King, Jr. Outdoor Pool
1201 Jackson Rd, Silver Spring, MD 20904
The MLK, Jr. Outdoor Pool is a Montgomery County pool with lap lanes, diving boards, a shallow water lagoon and lazy river. Campers can cool off and relax or swim around with their friends and counselor and play water games!
SCHEDULE
Time Away From Camp:
12:30 PM - 3:00 PM
WHAT TO BRING
Time At Field Trip:
1:00 PM - 2:30 PM
Sun Screen
Time On Bus (One Way):
15 Minutes
Towel
Bathing Suit
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 7 TH
Gunpowder Falls State Park Cookout
7200 Graces Quarters Rd, Middle River, MD 21220
Gunpowder Falls State Park has a beautiful lake and beach area where campers can play in the sand and go for a refreshing swim. There is also a very long, green field for kids to run around and play games in. Depending on the group, some programs may also cook out.
SCHEDULE
Time Away From Camp:
10:00 AM - 3:15 PM
WHAT TO BRING
Sun Screen
Water Bottle
Hat
*NOTE: All items listed are approximate and tentative. Schedule is subject to change.
Time At Field Trip:
11:00 AM - 2:00 PM
Time On Bus (One Way):
1 Hour
Time At Field Trip:
12:30 PM - 2:30 PM
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EE C128 / ME C134 – Feedback Control Systems
Lecture – Chapter 3 – Modeling in the Time Domain
Alexandre Bayen
Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
University of California Berkeley
September 10, 2013
Topics covered in this presentation
- System variables: states, inputs, outputs, & measurements
- Linear independence
- State space representation
- Conversion between systems in time-, frequency-domain, TF, & state space representations
3 Modeling in the time domain
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Some observations
- 3.3 The general state space representation
- 3.4 Applying the state space representation
- 3.5 Converting a transfer function to state space
- 3.6 Converting from state space to a transfer function
3 Modeling in the time domain
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Some observations
- 3.3 The general state space representation
- 3.4 Applying the state space representation
- 3.5 Converting a transfer function to state space
- 3.6 Converting from state space to a transfer function
SS representation, [1, p. 119]
Procedure
1. **System variables**: Select a subset of all possible system variables as states and determine inputs & outputs.
2. **State differential equations**: Write $n$ simultaneous, first-order DEs of the states in terms of the states and inputs for an $n$th-order system.
3. **Initial conditions**: If we know the initial conditions of all the states at $t_0$ as well as the inputs for $t \geq t_0$, we can solve the simultaneous DEs for the states for $t \geq t_0$.
4. **Output-state relation equations**: Write linear relations of the outputs in terms of the states and inputs for $t \geq t_0$.
5. **State space (SS) representation**: The state and output equations represent a viable representation of the system.
Size of system states, inputs & outputs, [1, p. 122]
- **States**: Typically the minimum number of states required to describe a system equals the order of the system DE. We can define more states than the minimum set; however, within this minimal set the states must be *linearly independent* (defined later).
- **Inputs & outputs**: Single-input, single-output (SISO) systems are a unique case of general multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The output and input of a SISO system are represented by scalar quantities. The outputs and inputs of a MIMO system are represented by vector quantities.
Motivational example, [1, p. 120]
Example (RLC system in SS representation)
A quick example to introduce the terminology and concept before we generalize the definition of SS representation.
1. **System variables**
- States
- Current through the RLC loop, $i(t)$
- Capacitor charge, $q(t)$
- Input
- Voltage, $v(t)$
- Output
- Inductor voltage, $v_L(t)$
Motivational example, [1, p. 120]
Example (RLC system in SS representation)
2. State differential equations
- Kirchhoff’s voltage law
\[
L \frac{di(t)}{dt} + Ri(t) + \frac{1}{C} \int i(t) dt = v(t)
\]
- Charge definition
\[
i(t) = \frac{dq(t)}{dt}
\]
- Two simultaneous, first-order DEs
\[
\frac{dq(t)}{dt} = i(t)
\]
\[
\frac{di(t)}{dt} = -\frac{1}{LC} q(t) - \frac{R}{L} i(t) + \frac{1}{L} v(t)
\]
Example (RLC system in SS representation)
3. Initial conditions
- Assume we know the initial conditions of the states at $t_0$ and the input for $t \geq t_0$
Figure: RLC system
Example (RLC system in SS representation)
4. Output-state relation equations
\[ v_L(t) = -\frac{1}{C}q(t) - Ri(t) + v(t) \]
Figure: RLC system
Example (RLC system in SS representation)
5. **SS representation**
\[
x = \begin{bmatrix} q(t) \\ i(t) \end{bmatrix}; \quad u = v(t)
\]
\[
\dot{x} = Ax + Bu
\]
\[
A = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ -\frac{1}{LC} & -\frac{R}{L} \end{bmatrix}; \quad B = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ \frac{1}{L} \end{bmatrix}
\]
\[
y = Cx + Du
\]
\[
C = \begin{bmatrix} -\frac{1}{C} & -R \end{bmatrix}; \quad D = 1
\]
3 Modeling in the time domain
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Some observations
- 3.3 The general state space representation
- 3.4 Applying the state space representation
- 3.5 Converting a transfer function to state space
- 3.6 Converting from state space to a transfer function
Definitions, [1, p. 123]
- **Linear combination**: A linear combination of $n$ variables, $x_i$, for $i = 1$ to $n$, is given by the following sum, $S$
$$S = K_n x_n + K_{n-1} x_{n-1} + \ldots + K_1 x_1$$
where each $K_i$ is a constant.
- **Linear independence**: None of the variables can be written as a linear combination of the others. Variables $x_i$, for $i = 1$ to $n$, are said to be linearly independent if their linear combination, $S$, equals zero only if every $K_i = 0$ and no $x_i = 0$ for all $t > 0$.
Definitions, [1, p. 123]
- **System variable**: Any variable that responds to an input or initial condition in a system.
- **State**: The state variables are a *non-unique* set of linearly independent system variables such that the values of the members of the set at time $t_0$ along with known inputs completely determine the value of all system variables for all $t > t_0$.
- **State vector**: A vector whose elements are the states.
- **State space**: The $n$-dimensional space whose axes are the states. A trajectory can be thought of as being mapped out by the state vector, $x(t)$, for a range of $t$.
State equation: A set of $n$ simultaneous, first-order DEs that expresses the time derivatives of the $n$ states of a system as linear combinations of the states and inputs.
$$\dot{x} = Ax + Bu$$
$$x = \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ \vdots \\ x_n \end{bmatrix}; u = \begin{bmatrix} u_1 \\ \vdots \\ u_m \end{bmatrix}; A = \begin{bmatrix} a_{1,1} & \cdots & a_{1,n} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n,1} & \cdots & a_{n,n} \end{bmatrix}; B = \begin{bmatrix} b_{1,1} & \cdots & b_{1,m} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ b_{n,1} & \cdots & b_{n,m} \end{bmatrix}$$
Output equation: An equation that expresses the measured output variables of a system as linear combinations of the states and inputs.
\[ y = Cx + Du \]
\[
y = \begin{bmatrix} y_1 \\ \vdots \\ y_p \end{bmatrix}; \quad C = \begin{bmatrix} c_{1,1} & \cdots & c_{1,n} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ c_{p,1} & \cdots & c_{p,n} \end{bmatrix}; \quad D = \begin{bmatrix} d_{1,1} & \cdots & d_{1,m} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ d_{p,1} & \cdots & d_{p,m} \end{bmatrix}
\]
Variables & their dimensions, [1, p. 123]
\[
\begin{align*}
\dot{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n & \quad \text{time derivative of state vector} \\
x \in \mathbb{R}^n & \quad \text{state vector} \\
u \in \mathbb{R}^m & \quad \text{control input vector} \\
y \in \mathbb{R}^p & \quad \text{measured output vector} \\
A \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n} & \quad \text{system matrix} \\
B \in \mathbb{R}^{m} & \quad \text{input matrix} \\
C \in \mathbb{R}^{p \times n} & \quad \text{output matrix} \\
D \in \mathbb{R}^{p \times m} & \quad \text{feedforward matrix}
\end{align*}
\]
3 Modeling in the time domain
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Some observations
- 3.3 The general state space representation
- 3.4 Applying the state space representation
- 3.5 Converting a transfer function to state space
- 3.6 Converting from state space to a transfer function
State requirements
- The states must be linearly independent.
- A minimum number of states must be selected and must be sufficient to describe completely the state of the system. Typically the number required equals the sum of the orders of a set of DEs describing the system.
If
- too few states are selected or
- a minimum number of states are selected and are linearly dependent,
it may be impossible to completely express state and output equations as linear combinations of the states and inputs.
Selecting the states, [1, p. 124]
Notes concerning adding states to the minimal set of linear independent states
- **Linear independent states**: These additional linear independent states are also decoupled, i.e., they are not required in order to solve for any of the other linearly independent states or any other dependent system variable.
- **Linear dependent states**: The dimension of the system matrix is increased unnecessarily, adding difficulty to the solution of the state vector [1, Ch. 4] and hindering the designer’s ability to use state space methods for design [1, Ch. 12].
Example (RLC system)
Problem: Find a state-space representation in vector-matrix form if the states are the capacitor voltage, $v_C$, and the inductor current, $i_L$, and the input is the applied voltage, $v$, and the output is the resistor current, $i_R$.
Solution: On board
Figure: Electrical system
Representing a translational mechanical system, [1, p. 130]
Example (translational inertia-spring-damper system)
- **Problem**: Find the state equations in vector-matrix form if the states are the positions, $x_1$ and $x_2$, and the input is the applied force, $f$.
- **Solution**: On board
Figure: Translational mechanical system
3 Modeling in the time domain
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Some observations
- 3.3 The general state space representation
- 3.4 Applying the state space representation
- 3.5 Converting a transfer function to state space
- 3.6 Converting from state space to a transfer function
Phase-variable representation, [1, p. 132]
Select a set of state variables, called *phase variables*, where each subsequent state variable is defined to be the derivative of the previous state variable.
\[
\frac{d^n y}{dt^n} + a_{n-1} \frac{d^{n-1} y}{dt^{n-1}} + \ldots + a_1 \frac{dy}{dt} + a_0 y = b_0 u
\]
\[
x_1 = y \quad \dot{x}_1 = x_2
\]
\[
x_2 = \frac{dy}{dt} \quad \dot{x}_2 = x_3
\]
\[
\vdots \quad \vdots
\]
\[
x_{n-1} = \frac{d^{n-2} y}{d^{n-2} t} \quad \dot{x}_{n-1} = x_n
\]
\[
x_n = \frac{d^{n-1} y}{d^{n-1} t} \quad \dot{x}_n = -a_0 x_1 - a_1 x_2 - \ldots - a_{n-1} x_n + b_0 u
\]
Phase-variable representation, [1, p. 132]
\[
\dot{x} = \begin{bmatrix}
0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\
\vdots & & & & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\
-a_0 & -a_1 & -a_2 & \ldots & -a_{n-1}
\end{bmatrix} x + \begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
0 \\
\vdots \\
0 \\
b_0
\end{bmatrix} u
\]
\[y = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \end{bmatrix} x\]
Phase-variable representation, [1, p. 134]
Example (arbitrary system)
- **Problem**: Find the state-space representation in vector-matrix form for the transfer function from $R(s)$ to $C(s)$
- **Solution**: On board
Figure: a. TF; b. equivalent block diagram showing phase variables. Note: $y(t) = c(t)$.
3 Modeling in the time domain
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Some observations
- 3.3 The general state space representation
- 3.4 Applying the state space representation
- 3.5 Converting a transfer function to state space
- 3.6 Converting from state space to a transfer function
Converting from SS to a TF, [1, p. 139]
State and output equations
\[
\dot{x} = Ax + Bu \\
y = Cx + Du
\]
Laplace transform assuming zero initial conditions
\[
sX(s) = AX(s) + BU(s) \\
Y(s) = CX(s) + DU(s)
\]
Transfer function matrix
\[
T(s) = \frac{Y(s)}{U(s)} = C(sI - A)^{-1}B + D
\]
Norman S. Nise. *Control Systems Engineering*, 2011.
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Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario 69 Bloor Street East Toronto ON M4W 1B3 T. 416 962.1841 Toll free 1 800 387.0735 cpaontario.ca
Professional Liability Insurance (PLI) Declaration Form 4-4D
CPA Ontario Firm ID:
Firm Name:
Pursuant to the provisions of Bylaw 4.13 and the Mandatory Professional Liability Insurance Regulation 4-4, any Firm, Member or professional corporation engaged in the practice of public accounting or providing accounting services to the public in Ontario must maintain a prescribed amount of professional liability coverage and must complete a declaration annually of current policy information. For additional information regarding professional liability insurance and the requirements refer to our website at cpaontario.ca or contact customer service at 416 969.4324. Please review and enter the required information below.
Required information
Effective date (mm/dd/yyyy):
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Limit of liability per claim:
Maximum allowable deductible:
Insurance company:
Policy number:
Declaration of Professional Liability Insurance Coverage
I hereby confirm that the Firm, practices or Professional Corporations maintain professional liability insurance coverage that complies with the Mandatory Professional Liability Insurance Regulation 4-4 adopted by the Council pursuant to the Chartered Professional Accountants Act, 2017 and the Bylaws. The minimum Professional Liability Insurance required to be maintained is:
■ ■ $1 million for a sole proprietor or Member;
■ ■
$1.5 million for a Firm or sole proprietorship of two or three Members; or
■ ■ $2 million for a Firm or sole proprietorship of four or more Members.
I also declare that the information on this form is true and complete. I authorize the above-named insurance company to confirm coverage and any cancellation or expiry of such coverage. I am aware that professional liability insurance in an unreduced amount shall continue to be maintained for a period of at least six years following any Firm changes such as merger, dissolution or cessation of practice.
X______________________________
/
/
Print full name
Signature of Partner/Practitioner
Date (mm/dd/yyyy)
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A BILL FOR AN ACT
RELATING TO MEDICAL CANNABIS.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII:
,
the
llllllllllllllllllillll
3
673
Report Title:
Department of Health; Cannabis; License; Dispensary; Sale or Transfer of License
Description:
Provides a process for the voluntary or involuntary sale or transfer of an individual dispensary license. Effective 7/1/2050. (Proposed SD1)
The summary description of legislation appearing on this page is for informational purposes only and is not legislation or evidence of legislative intent.
|
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Physics for the Grammar Stage Sample Packet
The following sample packet includes the first two weeks of the *Physics for the Grammar Stage* materials. You will see:
- The Teacher Guide (*beginning on pg. 3*)
- The Student Workbook (*beginning on pg. 24*)
- The Lapbooking Templates (*beginning on pg. 38*)
- The Coloring Pages (*beginning on pg. 44*)
You do not need all of these to successfully complete this program. You can get more information and make your purchase here:
🔗 [https://elementalscience.com/collections/physics-for-the-grammar-stage](https://elementalscience.com/collections/physics-for-the-grammar-stage)
THESE PRODUCTS ARE INTENDED FOR HOME USE ONLY
The images and all other content in this book are copyrighted material owned by Elemental Science, Inc. Please do not reproduce this content on e-mail lists or websites. If you have an eBook, you may print out as many copies as you need for use WITHIN YOUR IMMEDIATE FAMILY ONLY. Duplicating this book or printing the eBook so that the book can then be reused or resold is a violation of copyright.
Schools and co-ops: You MAY NOT DUPLICATE OR PRINT any portion of this book for use in the classroom. Please contact us for licensing options at [email protected].
# Physics for the Grammar Stage
## Table of Contents
**Introduction** .......................................................................................................................... 5
- Required Book List ................................................................................................................. 9
- Additional Books Listed by Week ......................................................................................... 9
- Supplies Needed by Week ..................................................................................................... 15
**Energy Unit** .......................................................................................................................... 19
- Energy Unit Overview ........................................................................................................... 20
- Week 1: Energy Basics Lesson Plans .................................................................................... 22
- Week 2: Energy Resources Lesson Plans .............................................................................. 26
- Week 3: Nuclear Energy Lesson Plans .................................................................................. 30
- Week 4: Heat Energy Lesson Plans ....................................................................................... 34
- Week 5: Heat Transfer Lesson Plans ..................................................................................... 38
**Light Unit** ............................................................................................................................ 43
- Light Unit Overview .............................................................................................................. 44
- Week 1: Light Lesson Plans .................................................................................................. 46
- Week 2: Colors Lesson Plans ............................................................................................... 50
- Week 3: Light Behavior Lesson Plans .................................................................................. 54
- Week 4: Lenses and Mirrors Lesson Plans .......................................................................... 58
- Week 5: Scientist Study – Thomas Edison ........................................................................... 62
**Sound Unit** .......................................................................................................................... 65
- Sound Unit Overview ............................................................................................................ 66
- Week 1: Sound Lesson Plans ............................................................................................... 68
- Week 2: Waves Lesson Plans ............................................................................................... 72
- Week 3: Wave Behavior Lesson Plans .................................................................................. 76
- Week 4: Musical Instruments Lesson Plans .......................................................................... 80
**Electricity Unit** .................................................................................................................... 85
- Electricity Unit Overview ..................................................................................................... 86
- Week 1: Electricity Lesson Plans .......................................................................................... 88
- Week 2: Circuits and Batteries Lesson Plans ....................................................................... 92
- Week 3: Magnets Lesson Plans ............................................................................................ 96
- Week 4: Electronics Lesson Plans ........................................................................................ 100
- Week 5: Computers and Coding Lesson Plans ..................................................................... 104
Forces Unit .................................................................................................................. 109
- Forces Unit Overview ................................................................................................. 110
- Week 1: Forces Lesson Plans ..................................................................................... 112
- Week 2: Balance Lesson Plans ................................................................................... 116
- Week 3: Gravity Lesson Plans .................................................................................... 120
- Week 4: Friction Lesson Plans ................................................................................... 124
- Week 5: Floating Lesson Plans .................................................................................. 128
Motion Unit .................................................................................................................. 33
- Motion Unit Overview ................................................................................................. 134
- Week 1: Dynamics Lesson Plans ................................................................................. 136
- Week 2: Motion Lesson Plans ...................................................................................... 140
- Week 3: Circular Motion Lesson Plans ....................................................................... 144
- Week 4: Scientist Study – Isaac Newton ..................................................................... 148
Engineering Unit ........................................................................................................... 151
- Engineering Unit Overview .......................................................................................... 152
- Week 1: Ramps, Levers, and Screws Lesson Plans .................................................... 154
- Week 2: Wheels, Gears, and Pulleys Lesson Plans .................................................... 158
- Week 3: Turbines, Pumps, and Hydraulics Lesson Plans .......................................... 162
- Week 4: Engineering Design Lesson Plans ................................................................. 166
- Week 5: Materials Lesson Plans ................................................................................ 170
- Week 6: Bridges and Arches Lesson Plans ................................................................. 174
- Week 7: Modern Machines Lesson Plans ................................................................... 178
- Week 8: Digital Machines Lesson Plans ..................................................................... 182
Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 187
- Pinwheel Template ..................................................................................................... 189
- Balance ....................................................................................................................... 190
- The Engineering Design Process ................................................................................ 191
Glossary ......................................................................................................................... 193
General Templates ....................................................................................................... 199
- Project Record Sheet .................................................................................................. 200
- Schedule Templates .................................................................................................... 201
Physics for the Grammar Stage
Introduction to the Updated Edition
Since writing the first edition of *Physics for the Grammar Stage*, I have co-authored *Success in Science: A Manual for Excellence in Science Education* with Bradley Hudson. The purpose of this updated edition was to re-align this program with our research. It now reflects the components of the Classic Method of elementary science instruction suggested in the book. This method is loosely based on the ideas for classical science education that are laid out in *The Well-Trained Mind: A Guide to Classical Education at Home* by Jessie Wise and Susan Wise Bauer.
In *Success in Science*, we compare the elementary student to an empty bucket that is waiting to be filled with meaningful information. My goal in writing this curriculum was to provide you with tools to give your elementary student exposure to the topics of motion, light, heat, and other physical principles, thus building a knowledge base for future studies. For this reason, I have included weekly scientific demonstrations, reading suggestions, notebooking assignments, and additional activities.
This program is designed to be used during the elementary years, specifically 2nd through 5th grade. It includes a buffet of options that can be completed in either two days or five days each. Alternatively, if you desire, you could set aside an hour a week to be your science day in which you do all the readings, narrations, and activities planned for the week. Please feel free to act as the student’s scribe as you complete the narration pages and lab reports.
**Student Workbook (SW)**
This teacher’s guide is designed to work in conjunction with the *Physics for the Grammar Stage Student Workbook*. This workbook is sold separately, but it is critical to the success of this program. It contains all the pages you will need to complete the narrations, lab reports, and multi-week projects. The student workbook gives the students the ability to create a lasting memory of their first journey through physics.
**Scientific Demonstrations**
The scientific demonstrations scheduled in the guide generally use easy-to-find materials and tie into what is being studied. Each one has a corresponding lab report in the student workbook. At this age, you will be the driving force behind these demonstrations, meaning that you will be the one in control, and the student will be watching and participating when necessary. These demonstrations are designed to give them a beginners’ look at the scientific method and how scientific tests work. It is not necessary to ask the students to predict the outcome of the demonstration since they have no knowledge base to determine what the answer should be. However, if the students enjoy predicting or they are able to tell you what will happen, please feel free to let them do so.
Each lab report includes four sections:
1. The “Our Tools” section is for the materials that were used during the demonstration.
2. The “Our Method” section is for a brief description of what was done during the scientific demonstration. This should be in the students’ words.
3. The “Our Outcome” section is for what the students observed during the demonstration.
4. The “Our Insight” section is for what the students learned from the scientific demonstration.
Any time you see a box for a picture on the lab report, you can have the students draw what happened, or you can take a picture of the demonstration and glue it in the box. For younger students, I recommend that you do most (if not all) the writing for them on the lab reports.
**Science-oriented Books**
The science-oriented books section includes reading assignments from encyclopedias, discussion questions, and additional books for every lesson. Each reading assignment should be read with the students, or if they are capable, have them read the assignments on their own. After the reading assignment is completed, discuss the topic with the students using the provided discussion questions. These questions are meant to help the students begin to gather their thoughts in preparation for giving a narration.
In this edition of *Physics for the Grammar Stage*, I have also included a list of additional books for you to choose from each week. They are meant to be checked out from the library, and are not necessary to the success of this program. The list is there in case you decide that you would like to dig a little deeper into the topics. I have done my best to choose in-print, widely available books, but since every library is different, the books listed may not be available in your area. If that is the case, simply look up the topic in your local card catalog.
**Notebooking**
For the notebooking component, you will ask the students to narrate what they have learned from the science-oriented books. They should add their narration to their student workbook. For younger students, I recommend that you have them dictate what they have learned to you and then you write this into their student workbook. You can also have the students copy their narration into the workbook. You should expect three to four sentences from a third- or fourth-grade student.
Next, have the students color the provided picture on the narration page. All the pages and pictures you need are included in the student workbook. I suggest that you read over these pages monthly so that the students get a review of what they have been learning. I have also included optional lapbook assignments in case your students prefer to use lapbooks over notebooking.
Finally, go over the vocabulary with the students and enter it into their glossary at the rear of the student workbook. You can write this for them, have them copy the definition, or dictate the definition to the students. If you choose to have the students look up the definitions, I have included a glossary of the terms in this program in the Appendix on pp. 194–197.
Multi-week Projects and Activities
This guide includes ideas for multi-week projects and additional activities that coordinate with each lesson. The pages and pictures needed for the multi-week projects are included in the student workbook, while the directions for creating the projects are found in this guide. The additional activities include crafts and other activities that can enhance the students’ learning time. There are no sheets to record these additional activities in the student workbook. However, I have included a project record sheet template on pg. 200 of the Appendix of this guide.
Memorization
The elementary student is very capable of receiving and memorizing information. With this in mind, I recommend that you capitalize on this fact by having your students memorize the included vocabulary and basic facts related to physics. A list of simple poems that you can use to help them memorize the characteristics of motion, light, heat, and more is included on the unit overview sheet for each unit. Remember that these poems are included as a resource for you to augment students’ learning experience and are not required to use this program successfully.
Possible Schedules
I have written this updated edition to contain a buffet of activities that you can choose from when guiding the students through their first look at physics. This gives you, the teacher, complete freedom in what you would like to utilize to present and explore the concepts each week. However, I have also included two potential schedules for you to give an idea of how you could schedule each week. You can choose to use these as your guide or create your own. I have included two schedule templates on pp. 201-202 of the Appendix of this guide for you to use. Please note that the older spine options are primary on the schedule and younger spine options are in parenthesis.
Quizzes
We have also created a set of weekly quizzes to use with this program, which can be found at the back of the student workbook. Although these quizzes are not essential, they are helpful in assessing how much the students are retaining. You can also use the quizzes as a review of what the students have studied by giving the quiz orally or by having the students fill each quiz out with the assistance of their workbooks. The correct answers for the quizzes are included at the end of each week in this guide.
Coordinating Products
The following products by Elemental Science coordinate with this program. These eBooks are available separately through our website or with a combo package.
- **Physics for the Grammar Stage Lapbooking Templates** — We have designed templates for five lapbooks to coordinate with *Physics for the Grammar Stage*. You can use these lapbooks as a means of review or in place of the student workbook. The directions for
using these templates are found in this guide under the notebooking section.
- **Physics for the Grammar Stage Coloring Pages** — We have prepared coloring pages to coordinate with almost every *Physics for the Grammar Stage*. Each page has a key fact about the topic along with a large picture to color.
### Helpful Articles
Our goal as a company is to provide you with the information you need to be successful in your quest to educate your student in the sciences at home. This is the main reason we share tips and tools for homeschool science education on our blogs. As you prepare to guide your students through this program, you may find the following articles helpful:
- **Classical Science Curriculum for the Grammar Stage Student** — This article explains the goals of grammar stage science and demonstrates how classical educators can utilize the tools they have at their disposal to reach these goals.
- [http://elementalblogging.com/classical-science-curriculum-grammar/](http://elementalblogging.com/classical-science-curriculum-grammar/)
- **Scientific Demonstrations vs. Experiments** — This article shares about these two types of scientific tests and points out how to use scientific demonstrations or experiments in your homeschool.
- [http://elementalscience.com/blogs/news/89905795-scientific-demonstrations-or-experiments](http://elementalscience.com/blogs/news/89905795-scientific-demonstrations-or-experiments)
- **The Basics of Notebooking** — This article clarifies what notebooking is and describes how this method can be a beneficial addition to your homeschool.
- [http://sassafrasscience.com/what-is-notebooking/](http://sassafrasscience.com/what-is-notebooking/)
### Additional Resources
The following page contains quick links to the activities suggested in this guide along with several helpful downloads:
- [https://elementalscience.com/blogs/resources/pgs](https://elementalscience.com/blogs/resources/pgs)
### Final Thoughts
As the author and publisher of this curriculum, I encourage you to contact us with any questions or problems that you might have concerning *Physics for the Grammar Stage* at [email protected]. We will be more than happy to answer them as soon as we are able. You may also get additional help at our yahoo group ([http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elemental_science/](http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elemental_science/)). I hope that you enjoy *Physics for the Grammar Stage!*
Required Book List
The following books are scheduled for use in this guide. You will need to purchase them or find a suitable substitute to complete this program.
**Encyclopedias**
First 6 Units (Choose the age-appropriate option.)
- *Usborne Science Encyclopedia* (best for 3rd through 5th grade) OR
- *The Usborne Children's Encyclopedia* AND *The DK Children's Encyclopedia* (best for 1st through 3rd grade)
- *(Optional Additional Resource)* *Basher Science Physics: Why Matter Matters!*
Engineering Unit (Choose the age-appropriate option.)
- *Basher Science Engineering: The Riveting World of Buildings and Machines* (all ages)
- *(Optional Additional Resource)* *Usborne Science Encyclopedia*
Scientist Studies (You can also choose another option based on what your library offers.)
Thomas Edison (Week 5 of the Light Unit)
- *Who Was Thomas Alva Edison* by Margaret Frith
Issac Newton (Week 4 of the Motion Unit)
- *Who Was Isaac Newton?* by Janet B. Pascal
**Scientific Demonstration Books**
You will need the following book to complete the scientific demonstrations in this program.
- *Janice VanCleave’s Physics for Every Kid*
**Additional Books Listed by Week**
The books listed below are completely optional! They are not required to complete this program. Instead, this list is merely a suggestion of the additional books that are available to enhance your studies. This list is by no means exhaustive.
**Energy Unit**
Energy Week 1
- *Energy (Science Readers)* by Suzanne I. Barchers
- *Energy (True Books: Physical Science)* by Matt Mullins
- *Energy Makes Things Happen (Let’s-Read-and-Find-Out Science 2)* by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley and Paul Meisel
Energy Week 2
- *Sun Power: A Book about Renewable Energy (Earth Matters)* by Esther Porter
## Supplies Needed by Week
### Energy Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | Ruler, String (2 ft.), Tape, Heavy book, 2 Rubber balls |
| 2 | Pinwheel template, Chopstick or thin dowel rock, Straight pin, Bead |
| 3 | A twistable tube-shaped balloon, Scissors, A small marble or ball, Large box or plastic storage bin |
| 4 | Rubber band |
| 5 | Aluminum foil, Small throw rug or towel |
| Unit Project | Plastic spoon, Marshmallow or Small, light bead, Other materials will vary based on design |
### Light Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | Small nail or screw, Box with a lid, Small objects, such as a ball, pencil, or a toy car, Flashlight |
| 2 | Poster board, Scissors, Pencil, Ruler, Markers (red, orange, yellow, blue, green, and purple) |
| 3 | Cardboard, Flashlight, Scissors, Modeling clay, Ruler, Index card |
| 4 | Hand mirror, Pencil, Paper |
| 5 | No supplies needed. |
| Unit Project | Clear, flat plastic tote, such as the one used to store things under a bed, Wax paper, String of fluorescent rope lights, Container of salt, Squares of tissue paper in a variety of colors, Clear dish, Several different clear liquids (water, alcohol, or corn syrup), Hand mirror, Old glasses or other lenses |
### Sound Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | Stemmed glassware, Liquid soap, Vinegar |
| 2 | Ruler, Table |
| 3 | Cup, Rubberband |
| 4 | Straw, Scissors, Ruler, Marking pen |
| Unit Project | Materials will vary based on the instrument you choose to make. |
## Supplies Needed by Week
### Electricity Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | Comb, Tissue Paper, Scissors, Ruler |
| 2 | Clothespin, D-battery, Foil, Flashlight bulb, Tape, Testing materials (e.g., rubber band, paper coins, paper clip, ruler) |
| 3 | Straight pin, Thread, Tissue paper, Bar magnet, Scissors |
| 4 | Old Electronic, Screwdriver, Newspaper |
| 5 | Computer, Access to the Internet |
| **Unit Project** | Snap Circuits Jr. SC-100 Electronics Discovery Kit or a comparable circuit kit |
### Forces Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | Toy car, String, Tape, Several books, Cardboard sheet |
| 2 | Pin, Index card, Scissors, Straw, 2 Blocks or cups of equal height, Ruler, Pen |
| 3 | Paper, Book (same size as the paper, but thicker) |
| 4 | String, Rubber band, 2 Large books, 10 round pencils or pens, Ruler |
| 5 | Large-mouth jar, Clear plastic tubing, Balloon |
| **Unit Project** | Washer, Box, Several shock-absorbing materials (e.g., newspaper, foam, cotton balls, or packing peanuts), String, Parachute materials (e.g., paper, fabric, or plastic wrap), 1 Qt container, Raw egg |
### Motion Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | Ruler, Straw, String, Scissors, Balloon, 2 Chairs, Tape |
| 2 | Table, 2 Books with the same thickness, Roll of masking tape, 2 Jar lids, Marble, Helper |
| 3 | 3 Paper clips, Pencil, Notebook paper, Scissors, Ruler |
| 4 | No supplies needed. |
| **Unit Project** | Build-a-rocket kit |
## Supplies Needed by Week
### Engineering Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | 4 Books, 2 Pencils |
| 2 | Empty thread spool, 2 Pencils, String, Scissors, 2 Paper cups, 20 Pennies, Pen |
| 3 | Eyedropper, Poster board, Toothpick, Scissors |
| 4 | Ruler, Pencil, 30 Pennies |
| 5 | Cornstarch, Water, Vegetable Oil, Plastic baggie, Food coloring |
| 6 | Air dry clay, Pack of pipe cleaners, Plastic cup, Pennies |
| 7 | Sheet of paper, Scissors, String, Ruler, Tape |
| 8 | Smartphone or GPS device, Geocaching app |
| Unit Project | K’nex Gears Kit, Paper, Masking tape, Several newspapers |
Physics for the Grammar Stage
Energy Unit
Energy Unit Overview
(5 weeks)
Books Scheduled
Required Encyclopedia
- Usborne Science Encyclopedia
OR
- Usborne Children's Encyclopedia and DK Children's Encyclopedia
Optional Additional Encyclopedia
- Basher Science Physics: Why Matter Matters!
Scientific Demonstrations Book
- JVC Physics for Every Kid
Sequence for Study
- Week 1: Energy Basics
- Week 2: Energy Resources
- Week 3: Nuclear Energy
- Week 4: Heat Energy
- Week 5: Heat Transfer
Energy Unit Memory Work
Energy
Energy is the ability to do work
It comes in different forms - each with their own quirk
Potential energy in an object is stored
Kinetic found in the motion of a skateboard
Light and sound - the energy of waves in motion
Heat is caused by temperature locomotion
Chemical, nuclear - released in reactions
Gravitational - the result of attraction
We use energy in what we do all day long
From holding a ball to hearing a bluebird’s song
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
## Supplies Needed for the Unit
| Week | Supplies needed |
|------|-----------------|
| 1 | Ruler, String (2 ft.), Tape, Heavy book, 2 Rubber balls |
| 2 | Pinwheel template, Chopstick or thin dowel rock, Straight pin, Bead |
| 3 | A twistable tube-shaped balloon, Scissors, A small marble or ball, Large box or plastic storage bin |
| 4 | Rubber band |
| 5 | Aluminum foil, Small throw rug or towel |
| Unit Project | Plastic spoon, Marshmallow or Small, light bead, Other materials will vary based on design |
### Unit Vocabulary
1. **Energy** – The ability to do work.
2. **Energy Chain** – A way of showing how energy changes into different forms.
3. **Wind energy** – Energy from the wind.
4. **Solar energy** – Energy from the sun.
5. **Nuclear fusion** – The joining of atomic particles to create energy.
6. **Nuclear fission** – The splitting apart of atomic particles to create energy.
7. **Heat** – A form of energy that flows from one place to another because of differences in temperature.
8. **Temperature** – A measure of how much heat an object has.
9. **Conduction** – The transfer of heat through direct contact.
10. **Convection** – The transfer of heat through the movement of a liquid and gas.
11. **Radiation** – The transfer of heat through indirect contact.
Week 1: Energy Basics Lesson Plans
Scientific Demonstration: Bonk!
Supplies Needed
- Ruler
- String (2 ft.)
- Tape
- Heavy book
- 2 Rubber balls
Purpose
This demonstration is meant to help the students determine what happens to energy.
Instructions and Explanation
The instructions and explanation for this scientific demonstration are found on pp. 144-145 of Janice VanCleave’s *Physics for Every Kid*. Have the students complete the Lab Report on SW pg. 9.
Take it Further
Have the students create an energy chain for this experiment. (*Potential energy in the rubber balls is converted into kinetic energy of movement; kinetic energy of movement is converted into sound energy from the collisions and heat energy from friction, which spread into the environment.*)
Science-Oriented Books
Reading Assignments
- Usborne Science Encyclopedia pp. 106-107 *Energy*
(Note—If you find that your student has a difficult time absorbing all the information from these two-page spreads, split it up into sections, read a chunk of the spread each day, and ask the appropriate discussion questions before adding a sentence or two to the narration page.)
- Usborne Children’s Encyclopedia pp. 192-193 *Energy*
(Optional) Additional topics to explore this week: Basher Physics pg. 30 *Energy*, pg. 32 *Potential Energy*, pg. 34 *Kinetic Energy*
Discussion Questions
After reading the selected pages, ask the following questions for your discussion time.
**Energy**
- Name several forms of energy.
- What is chemical energy?
- What is potential energy?
- What is kinetic energy?
- What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
- What is an energy chain?
(Optional) Additional Books
- Energy (Science Readers) by Suzanne I. Barchers
- Energy (True Books: Physical Science) by Matt Mullins
- Energy Makes Things Happen (Let’s-Read-and-Find-Out Science 2) by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley and Paul Meisel
Notebooking
Writing Assignments
☐ Narration Page – Have the students dictate, copy, or write three to five sentences about energy on SW pg. 8. For example, this week the students could dictate, copy, or write the following:
Energy can take different forms, such as heat, light, and sound.
Potential energy is energy that is stored in a thing. Kinetic energy is energy of movement.
An energy chain is a way of showing how energy changes.
Then, have the students copy the Law of Conservation of Energy at the bottom of their narration pages.
Law of Conservation of Energy—Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
☐ (Optional) Lapbook – Have the students begin the Energy lapbook by cutting out and coloring the cover on pg. 6. Then, have the students glue the sheet onto the front.
☐ (Optional) Lapbook – Have the students complete the Energy Tab-book on pg. 7 of Physics for the Grammar Stage Lapbooking Templates. Have them cut out the pages for the tab-book and color the pictures. Then, have the students add a sentence about potential energy on the potential page and a sentence about kinetic energy on the kinetic page. Assemble the tab-book and staple it together on the dashed lines. Finally, have the students glue the mini-book into the lapbook.
☐ (Optional) Lapbook – Have the students complete the Law of Conservation of Energy Sheet on pg. 13 of Physics for the Grammar Stage Lapbooking Templates. Have them cut out the sheet and copy the Law of Conservation of Energy in the space provided. Then, have the students glue the sheet into the lapbook.
Vocabulary
The following definitions are a guide. The students’ definitions do not need to match word for word.
- Energy – The ability to do work. (SW pg. 107)
- Energy Chain – A way of showing how energy changes into different forms. (SW pg. 107)
Multi-week Projects and Activities
Unit Project
- Catapult – Over this unit, the students will design and build a catapult, which will help them to learn more about potential and kinetic energy. Each week, they will add a bit of what they have learned in their catapult diary on SW pg. 6. For this week, the
students will test out a simple spoon catapult. To do this, you will need a plastic spoon and a small, light object, such as a marshmallow or a bead. Begin by sharing with the students that every catapult needs three key components - an arm to hurl the material, an elastic component to store energy, and a base to hold the catapult in place. Have the students hold the spoon handle (the arm and the elastic component) in one hand (the base) so that it is parallel to the ground and the cup of the spoon is closest to them. Place the object in the cup of the spoon and have the students gently pull it gently back with two of their fingers to create a bit of potential energy. Have them let go and watch what happens to the object. (*The students should see that the object takes flight as the potential energy is transferred into kinetic energy of motion.*) You can have them repeat this over and over, varying the angle of the spoon and the amount of force used to pull back on the spoon cup. After the students are done with their testing, have them write down what they have learned on SW pg. 6.
**Projects for this Week**
- **Coloring Pages** – Have the students color the following pages from *Physics for the Grammar Stage Coloring Pages*: Potential Energy pg. 5, Kinetic Energy pg. 6.
- **Energy Race** – Have the students compete to see who can transfer the most energy to their rubber band. You will need several people, a rubber band for each person, and a measuring tape. Draw a line at one end of a room or outside. Give each player a rubber band and have them stand on the line. Call out “potential,” at which point the players will stretch their rubber bands. Then, call out “kinetic,” at which point the players will let go. Measure the distance each rubber band has traveled. The player whose rubber band has traveled the farthest wins the race! (*You can also have several trials and add up the distances to see who is the energy winner.*)
- **Energy Boat** – Have the students do the “See for yourself” activity on pg. 107 of the *Usborne Science Encyclopedia*. You will need a matchbox, a cardboard, two used matches, and a rubber band for this activity.
- **Energy Chain** – Have the students create an energy chain poster. You can have them use the one found on pg. 107 of the *Usborne Science Encyclopedia* for inspiration.
**Memorization**
- This week, begin working on memorizing the *Energy* poem. (SW pg. 120)
**Quiz**
**Weekly Quiz**
- “Energy Unit Week 1 Quiz” on SW pg. Q-5.
**Quiz Answers**
1. Potential energy – energy that is stored, Kinetic energy – energy of motion
2. Energy, created, destroyed
3. True
4. Answers will vary
## Possible Schedules for Week 1
### Two Days a Week Schedule
| Day 1 | Day 2 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| □ Read the first page from the Energy spread | □ Read the second page from the Energy spread |
| □ Add information about energy to the students’ Narration Page | □ Add information about energy to the students’ Narration Page and copy the Law of Conservation of Energy |
| □ Do the Scientific Demonstration: Bonk! | □ Work on the Catapult Project |
| □ Work on memorizing the *Energy* poem | □ Give Energy Week 1 quiz |
| □ Define energy and energy chain | |
### Five Days a Week Schedule
| Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| □ Do the Scientific Demonstration: Bonk! | □ Read the first page from the Energy spread | □ Read the second page from the Energy spread | □ Copy the Law of Conservation of Energy | □ Give Energy Week 1 quiz |
| □ Define energy | □ Add information about energy to the students’ Narration Page | □ Add information about energy to the students’ Narration Page | □ Complete the Energy Chain Project | □ Work on the Catapult Project |
| □ Choose one or more of the additional books to read from this week | □ Complete the Energy Race Project | □ Complete the Energy Boat Project | □ Define energy chain | |
**All Week Long**
- □ Work on memorizing the *Energy* poem
Week 2: Energy Resources Lesson Plans
Scientific Demonstration: Wind Energy
Supplies Needed
- Pinwheel template or piece of paper
- Chopstick or thin dowel rock
- Straight pin, Bead
Purpose
This demonstration is meant to help the students see wind energy in action.
Instructions
1. Begin by making a pinwheel. Cut out the pinwheel template found on pg. 189 of the Appendix. (Cut on the dashed lines, not the solid ones.) Then, bring every other corner to the center and pin them in place with a straight pin. Roll the pin around a bit to enlarge the hole so that the pinwheel can spin freely. Next, add a bead to the pin on the opposite side of the pin head and push the tip of the pin into the top of the chopstick to create a pinwheel.
2. Now, have the students face the blades of the pinwheel towards them and blow on the pinwheel and observe what happens. Does the pinwheel spin? Which way does it spin?
3. Next, have the students face the front of the pinwheel towards them and blow on the pinwheel and observe what happens. Does the pinwheel spin? Which way does it spin?
4. Finally, have the students face the front of the pinwheel slightly away from them, so that they will blow halfway between the front and the blades. Have them blow on the pinwheel and observe what happens. Does the pinwheel spin? Which way does it spin?
5. Have the students write what they learn on the Lab Report on SW pg. 11.
Results and Explanation
The students should see that when they blew directly on the blades of the pinwheel from the side, it turned in a clockwise motion following their breath. Next, the students should see that the when they blew direction on the front of the pinwheel, it did not turn. Finally, the students should see that when they blew part way between the front and the blades, the pinwheel turned a bit, but the action was jerky and not as efficient as the first time. A pinwheel is a very simple look at how we can harness wind energy. In general, wind blows and the blades capture the wind, causing the wheel to turn. A windmill or wind turbine work the same way as the pinwheel, except these devices harness the wind energy to do work.
Science-Oriented Books
Reading Assignments
- Usborne Science Encyclopedia pp. 108–109 Energy Resources
- DK Children's Encyclopedia pp. 88–89 Energy, pg. 110 Fossil Fuels (You can also watch the following video to learn more about wind energy.)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQpbTTGe_gk
(Optional) Additional topics to explore this week: Basher Physics pg. 120 (Generator)
Discussion Questions
After reading the selected pages, ask the following questions for your discussion time.
Energy Resources
? What is a non-renewable energy source?
? What is a renewable energy source?
? Name several types of renewable energy sources?
? What does a machine do?
(Optional) Additional Books
- Sun Power: A Book about Renewable Energy (Earth Matters) by Esther Porter
- Wind Energy: Blown Away! (Powering Our World) by Amy S. Hansen
- Solar Energy: Running on Sunshine (Powering Our World) by Amy S. Hansen
- Energy from the Sun (Rookie Read-About Science) by Allan Fowler
- Biomass Power (Let’s Discuss Energy Resources) by Richard Spilsbury
- Fossil Fuel Power (Let’s Discuss Energy Resources) by Richard Spilsbury
Notebooking
Writing Assignments
☐ Narration Page – Have the students dictate, copy, or write three to five sentences on energy resources on SW pg. 10.
☐ (Optional) Lapbook – Have the students complete the Energy Resources Wheel-book on pg. 8 of Physics for the Grammar Stage Lapbooking Templates. Have them cut out the wheels. On one half of the wheel, have the students add the definition of renewable resources along with several examples of renewable energy. On the other half of the wheel, have the students add the definition of nonrenewable resources along with several examples of nonrenewable energy. Then, use a brad to attach the two pages together so that the cover spins to reveal one half at a time. Finally, have them glue the mini-book into the lapbook.
Vocabulary
The following definitions are a guide. The students’ definitions do not need to match word for word.
- Solar energy – Energy from the sun. (SW pg. 116)
- Wind energy – Energy from the wind. (SW pg. 118)
Multi-week Projects and Activities
Unit Project
- Catapult – This week, have the students plan out their catapult design based on what they learned from the previous week’s simple catapult. As they plan out their design, make sure that the catapult has the following three components—an arm to hurl the material, an elastic component to store energy, and base to hold the catapult in place. Here are a few ideas:
Physics for the Grammar Stage Teacher Guide ~ Energy Unit Week 2 Energy Resources
Popsicle Stick Catapult (easy): https://littlebinsforlittlehands.com/popsicle-stick-catapult-kids-stem-activity/
Dowel Rod Catapult (medium): https://frugalfun4boys.com/2013/06/06/how-to-build-a-catapult-out-of-dowel-rods-and-rubber-bands/
PVC Catapult (medium): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beOqW1c0UDc
Wood Catapult (hard): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0c2VzLW5fE
After they decide on a design, have them sketch it on SW pg. 6.
Projects for this Week
Coloring Pages - Have the students color the following pages from Physics for the Grammar Stage Coloring Pages: Energy Resources pg. 7, Wind Energy pg. 8.
Solar Oven - Have the students build their own solar oven out of an old pizza box. You will need scissors, plastic wrap, aluminum foil, tape, an old pizza box, black construction paper, glass or metal pie plate, and a few marshmallows or a piece of buttered toast. Use the scissors to make a flap out of the top of the pizza box by cutting three sides, leaving about an inch away from the sides. Then, fold the flap back and cover the flap with aluminum foil. Next, cover the open hole in the top with plastic wrap. After that, line the bottom of the box with black construction paper. Now, place your marshmallows or piece of buttered toast on the pie plate, set the plate inside the oven, and take the oven outside. Finally, position the box and flap so that the sun’s rays are directed towards the plastic-wrap covered opening. Check the oven every 10 to 15 minutes to see when your food is done. Use a hot mitt to remove the food and enjoy your solar-powered meal!
Renewable Heat - Have the students do the “See for yourself” activity on pg. 109 of the Usborne Science Encyclopedia. You will need a hose and a cork for this activity.
Wind Turbine - Have the students make their own wind turbine from home! You will need PVC pipe, a propeller blade, a DC motor, electrical tape, and wire. This is a bit of an ambitious project, but you can see how to build your own here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YY1oCNhD8_0
Memorization
This week, continue working on memorizing the Energy poem. (SW pg. 120)
Quiz
Weekly Quiz
“Energy Unit Week 2 Quiz” on SW pg. Q-6.
Quiz Answers
1. A renewable source of energy can generate power without being used up. (Students can also include examples, such as the Sun, wind, or water, for their answer.)
2. A nonrenewable source of energy can be used only once to generate power. (Students can also include examples, such as coal, oil, or gas, for their answer.)
3. False
4. Answers will vary
## Possible Schedules for Week 2
### Two Days a Week Schedule
| Day 1 | Day 2 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| □ Read the first page from the Energy Resources spread (Energy) | □ Read the second page from the Energy Resources spread (Fossil Fuels) |
| □ Add information about energy resources to the students’ Narration Page | □ Add information about energy resources to the students’ Narration Page |
| □ Do the Scientific Demonstration: Wind Energy | □ Work on the Catapult Project |
| □ Work on memorizing the *Energy* poem | □ Give Energy Week 2 quiz |
| □ Define wind energy and solar energy | |
### Five Days a Week Schedule
| Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| □ Do the Scientific Demonstration: Wind Energy | □ Read the first page from the Energy Resources spread (Energy) | □ Read the second page from the Energy Resources spread (Fossil Fuels) | □ Complete the Wind Turbine Project | □ Give Energy Week 2 quiz |
| □ Define wind energy | □ Add information about energy resources to the students’ Narration Page | □ Add information about energy resources to the students’ Narration Page | □ Define solar energy | □ Work on the Catapult Project |
| □ Choose one or more of the additional books to read from this week | □ Complete the Solar Oven Project | □ Complete the Renewable Heat Project | | |
**All Week Long**
- □ Work on memorizing the *Energy* poem
Physics for the Grammar Stage
Student Workbook
Energy Unit ................................................................................................................................. 5
Unit Project: Catapult Diary .................................................................................................. 6
Week 1: Energy Basics ........................................................................................................... 8
Week 2: Energy Resources .................................................................................................... 10
Week 3: Nuclear Energy ....................................................................................................... 12
Week 4: Heat ......................................................................................................................... 14
Week 5: Heat Transfer .......................................................................................................... 16
Light Unit ................................................................................................................................. 19
Unit Project: Light Box Diary .............................................................................................. 20
Week 1: Light ....................................................................................................................... 22
Week 2: Colors ..................................................................................................................... 24
Week 3: Light Behavior ....................................................................................................... 26
Week 4: Lenses and Mirrors ............................................................................................... 28
Week 5: Scientist Study – Thomas Edison ........................................................................ 30
Sound Unit ............................................................................................................................... 33
Unit Project: Homemade Sound Diary ............................................................................... 34
Week 1: Sound ..................................................................................................................... 36
Week 2: Waves ..................................................................................................................... 38
Week 3: Wave Behavior ...................................................................................................... 40
Week 3: Musical Instruments ............................................................................................. 42
Electricity Unit ........................................................................................................................ 45
Unit Project: Circuit Project Diary .................................................................................... 46
Week 1: Electricity .............................................................................................................. 48
Week 2: Circuits and Batteries ........................................................................................... 50
Week 3: Magnets ................................................................................................................ 52
Week 4: Electronics ............................................................................................................ 54
Week 5: Computers and Coding ........................................................................................ 56
| Unit | Page |
|-------------------------------------------|------|
| Forces Unit | 57 |
| Unit Project: Egg Drop Carrier Diary | 58 |
| Week 1: Forces | 60 |
| Week 2: Balance | 62 |
| Week 3: Gravity | 64 |
| Week 4: Friction | 66 |
| Week 5: Floating | 68 |
| Motion Unit | 71 |
| Unit Project: Rocket Diary | 72 |
| Week 1: Dynamics | 74 |
| Week 2: Motion | 76 |
| Week 3: Circular Motion | 78 |
| Week 4: Scientist Study – Isaac Newton | 80 |
| Engineering Unit | 83 |
| Unit Project: Building Projects Diary | 84 |
| Week 1: Ramps, Levers, and Screws | 88 |
| Week 2: Wheels, Gears, and Pulleys | 90 |
| Week 3: Turbines, Pumps, and Hydraulics | 92 |
| Week 4: Engineering Design | 94 |
| Week 5: Materials | 96 |
| Week 6: Bridges and Arches | 98 |
| Week 7: Modern Machines | 100 |
| Week 8: Digital Machines | 102 |
| Glossary | 103 |
| Memory Work | 119 |
| Quizzes | 129 |
Physics for the Grammar Stage
Energy Unit
Catapult Diary
Week 1: Simple Marshmallow Catapult
Week 2: My Catapult Design
Week 3 and 4: Building and Testing My Catapult
Week 5: Changes I Would Make
Energy Basics
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy Resources
Physics for the Grammar Stage Student Workbook ~ Energy Unit Week 2 Energy Resources
Physics for the Grammar Stage
Glossary
Density —
Electricity —
Energy —
Energy Chain —
Physics for the Grammar Stage
Quizzes
1. Match the following types of energy.
Potential Energy Energy of motion
Kinetic Energy Energy that is stored
2. The Law of Conservation of energy says that ________________ can neither be ________________ or ________________.
3. True or False: An energy chain shows how energy changes forms.
4. What is the most interesting thing you learned this week?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
1. What is a renewable source of energy?
2. What is a nonrenewable source of energy?
2. True or False: Fossil fuels are examples of renewable sources of energy. The wind and sun are examples of nonrenewable sources of energy.
4. What is the most interesting thing you learned this week?
Physics for the Grammar Stage Lapbooking Templates
Introduction
The lapbooking templates provided in this eBook are meant to coordinate with *Physics for the Grammar Stage*. The directions for completing each of the mini-books in this document are included in the *Physics for the Grammar Stage Teacher Guide*. You can use these lapbooks to review the concepts learned or you can have the student create each one in lieu of completing the *Physics for the Grammar Stage Student Workbook*.
There are templates for 5 lapbooks contained in this eBook, one for energy, one for light and sound, one for electricity, one for forces and motion, and one for engineering. You can have your students create five separate lapbooks or combine them to create a single larger lapbook on physics. If you decide to create the larger complete lapbook, we have included a different cover page for you to use on pg. 53 of this document.
Table of Contents
Energy Lapbook.................................................................................................................................5
- Energy Lapbook Cover Page Template .......................................................................................6
- Energy Tab-book .........................................................................................................................7
- Energy Wheel-book ....................................................................................................................8
- Nuclear Energy Tab-book ...........................................................................................................9
- Heat vs. Temperature Shutterfold Book ..................................................................................10
- Heat Transfer Tab-book ...........................................................................................................11
- Energy Law and Poem ..............................................................................................................13
Light and Sound Lapbook.............................................................................................................14
- Light and Sound Lapbook Cover Page Template .................................................................15
- Light vs. Shadow Shutterfold Book .......................................................................................16
- Colors Tab-book ......................................................................................................................17
- Light Behavior Triangle Book ................................................................................................18
- Lenses and Mirrors Mini-book ...............................................................................................19
- Sound Mini-book ....................................................................................................................20
- Wave Shutterfold Book ..........................................................................................................21
- Wave Behavior Pocket Guide ...............................................................................................22
- How Instruments Work Tab-book ..........................................................................................24
Electricity Lapbook.......................................................................................................................25
- Electricity Cover Page Template .............................................................................................26
| Topic | Page |
|--------------------------------------------|------|
| Electricity Mini-book | 27 |
| Conductors vs. Insulators Tab-book | 28 |
| Circuits Wheel-book | 29 |
| Magnet Sheet | 30 |
| Electronics Fold-out Book | 31 |
| Computers Hexa-book | 32 |
| Forces and Motion Lapbook | 33 |
| Forces and Motion Cover Page Template | 34 |
| Forces Tab-book | 35 |
| Balance Mini-book | 38 |
| Floating Mini-book | 39 |
| Laws of Motion Sheet | 40 |
| Speed vs. Acceleration Shutterfold Book | 41 |
| Circular Motion Mini-book | 42 |
| Engineering Lapbook | 43 |
| Engineering Cover Page Template | 44 |
| Inclined Planes, Levers, and Screws Tab-book | 45 |
| Gears, Pulleys, and Wheels Wheel-book | 46 |
| Hydraulics, Pumps, and Turbines Tab-book | 47 |
| Engineering Design Process Sheet | 48 |
| Arches, Bridges, and Tunnels Fold-book | 49 |
| Modern Machines Pocket Guide | 50 |
| Digital Machines Mini-book | 52 |
| Physics Lapbook Cover Page Template | 53 |
Energy Lapbook
You will need 2 sheets of card-stock or one file folder. Begin by taping the two sheets together on the longest edge, to look like this:
Inside
- Energy
- Law of Conservation
- Nuclear Energy
- Heat vs. Temperature
- Heat Transfer
Outside (shaded area is where the tape or fold is)
Overall Directions
For each mini-book have the students color the pictures. Then, write the narration sentences for the students or have them copy the information into the inside of the mini-book. Finally, glue the mini-books and poems onto the lapbook. You can use the cover template provided or allow the students to decorate the cover as they choose.
Energy Lapbook Cover Page Template
By: ____________________________
Energy Tab-book
Potential
Kinetic
Energy Wheel-book
Nonrenewable Energy
Renewable Energy
Energy Resources
Introduction
The coloring pages provided in this eBook are meant to coordinate with *Physics for the Grammar Stage*. There is at least one coloring page for every week of the program. Each page has a large, black line illustration along a key fact sentence for the students to learn about the topic. Simply have the students color the picture as they desire using crayons, colored pencils, or watercolor paints. As they work, you can read the fact out loud several times.
You can use these pages with your younger “follow-along” students, with students who love to color, or with reluctant writers. We have scheduled these pages under the “Projects for the Week” section in the *Physics for the Grammar Stage Teacher Guide*.
Table of Contents
**Energy Unit**
- Potential Energy Coloring Page 5
- Kinetic Energy Coloring Page 6
- Energy Resources Coloring Page 7
- Wind Energy Coloring Page 8
- Nuclear Fission Coloring Page 9
- Heat Coloring Page 10
- Temperature Coloring Page 11
- Conduction Coloring Page 12
- Convection Coloring Page 13
**Light Unit**
- Light Coloring Page 14
- Shadow Coloring Page 15
- Color Wheel Coloring Page 16
- Reflection Coloring Page 17
- Refraction Coloring Page 18
- Lenses Coloring Page 19
**Sound Unit**
- Sound Coloring Page 20
- Waves Coloring Page 21
- Interference Coloring Page 22
- Instruments Coloring Page 23
**Electricity Unit**
- Conductor and Insulator Coloring Page 24
| Coloring Page | Page |
|------------------------------------|------|
| Circuit Coloring Page | 25 |
| Battery Coloring Page | 26 |
| Magnet Coloring Page | 27 |
| Electronics Coloring Page | 28 |
| Computer Coloring Page | 29 |
| Force Coloring Page | 30 |
| Balance Coloring Page | 31 |
| Gravity Coloring Page | 32 |
| Friction Coloring Page | 33 |
| Floating Coloring Page | 34 |
| Newton's 1st law Coloring Page | 35 |
| Newton's 2nd Law Coloring Page | 36 |
| Newton's 3rd Law Coloring Page | 37 |
| Motion Coloring Page | 38 |
| Centripetal Force Coloring Page | 39 |
| Ramp Coloring Page | 40 |
| Lever Coloring Page | 41 |
| Screw Coloring Page | 42 |
| Wheel and Axle Coloring Page | 43 |
| Gears Coloring Page | 44 |
| Pulleys Coloring Page | 45 |
| Turbine Coloring Page | 46 |
| Pump Coloring Page | 47 |
| Hydraulics Coloring Page | 48 |
| Engineer Coloring Page | 49 |
| Materials Coloring Page | 50 |
| Bridges Coloring Page | 51 |
| Tunnels Coloring Page | 52 |
| Buoyancy Coloring Page | 53 |
| Robot Coloring Page | 54 |
Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object.
Kinetic energy is energy of movement.
Energy can come from renewable resources, like the sun, or from nonrenewable resources, like oil.
Wind energy is energy from the wind.
Are you ready to start?
Learn about the forces, energy, simple machines, and more by purchasing *Physics for the Grammar Stage* here:
🔗 [https://elementalscience.com/collections/physics-for-the-grammar-stage](https://elementalscience.com/collections/physics-for-the-grammar-stage)
Or check out the rest of our award-winning Classical Science series here:
🔗 [https://elementalscience.com/collections/classical-science](https://elementalscience.com/collections/classical-science)
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THE FUTURE OF CUSTOMER LOYALTY
BUILDING A NEXT-GENERATION REWARD PROGRAM
THE FUTURE OF CUSTOMER LOYALTY
In a world of new technology and high customer expectations, standard customer loyalty programs based on transactional rewards will soon be recognized for what they really are: undifferentiated, underutilized loss-makers.
Usually, retailers justify the cost of their loyalty program by the data it yields: data which can be used to inform business decisions, sold to vendors, and used to develop targeted campaigns. But on closer inspection, these additional benefits often do not materialize nor justify the investment in the program. Our analysis shows that a transaction-based loyalty program – where the customer is rewarded with a 1% return of the value of their spend – can cost a $10 billion retailer $30–60 million in reduced margin every year. Add to this the considerable cost of running the program, and these costs will likely never be recouped with the gains made by utilizing the program's data.
Even if your program isn't analogous to the one shown in Exhibit 1, we believe the best retail loyalty programs can be better, and indeed, need to improve quickly.
In the first half of this article, we articulate the case for change, and in the second half, we explain what retailers need to be thinking about when it comes to customer loyalty programs.
PART 1: THE CASE FOR CHANGE
1. New competitors are disrupting the market and challenging the status quo.
2. Customer expectations are changing, and today's customer wants a different experience from their loyalty program.
3. The right technology used in the right way can help meet customer needs in a new and innovative way.
PART 2: GETTING IT RIGHT IN THE REAL WORLD
1. Adopt a future-flexible approach to technology, with the retailer owning the overall loyalty ecosystem, but not necessarily every specific component within it.
2. Adopt a start-up mindset to enable long-term investment in the loyalty proposition.
2
PART 1: THE CASE FOR CHANGE
1. NEW COMPETITORS ARE DISRUPTING THE MARKET
Traditional retailers are feeling the pressure to find new ways to stay close to their customers in a world where disruptive new entrants are trying to own the customer relationships that retailers once took for granted. Retailers face an assault on their status as the owner of the customer. Be it online pure-play retail competitors, manufacturers selling direct to consumers, or payment providers and digital wallets, many businesses are now trying to develop direct customer relationships. If they do not respond, retailers will find that over time their customer loyalty decreases as other players join the party.
So, reinventing loyalty is not some passing trend; it is fundamental to continued survival and future success.
Exhibit 1: The economics of a typical loyalty program
Loyalty program cash profit input at a $10bn retailer Loyalty program gives 1% return on spend as points
VOLUME UPLIFT DUE TO SCHEME (%)
Most likely outcome
| -$13MM | -$6MM | $2MM | $9MM | $16MM | $23MM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -$23MM | -$15MM | -$8MM | -$1MM | $7MM | $14MM |
| -$32MM | -$25MM | -$18MM | -$10MM | -$3MM | $4MM |
| -$42MM | -$34MM | -$27MM | -$20MM | -$13MM | -$6MM |
| -$51MM | -$44MM | -$37MM | -$30MM | -$23MM | -$15MM |
| -$60MM | -$53MM | -$46MM | -$39MM | -$33MM | -$25MM |
is a $27–60mm loss
AWARDED POINTS GOING UNSPENT (%)
2. CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS ARE CHANGING
It's not just that customers want more rewards; they want a different kind of relationship with the businesses they choose to interact with. As such, loyalty programs are changing from transaction-based exchanges between a retailer and a customer to an ongoing relationship with the customer at the center (Exhibit 2). Our sister firm Lippincott, specializing in brand and design, examines these trends in depth in the report Welcome to the Human Era: The new model for building trusted connections, and what brands need to do about it.
Exhibit 2: Characteristics of loyalty programs, past and present
| | OLD WORLD REWARDS | NEW WORLD AFFINITY |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation | Formulaic deal | Relationship and belonging |
| Assessment | Transparent criteria, with no discretion | Role for serendipity and judgment |
| Time horizon | Present and future | Recognition of the past |
| Program language | Points, statements, terms and conditions | Symbols of belonging (without overstepping the mark) |
| Identification | Plastic card | Crosses all channels and platforms |
| Customer benefits | Economic | Broader |
| Feeling | Entitlement | Appreciation |
Many companies are starting to update how their loyalty programs provide shared benefits with customers. Some of the most important trends include:
*• Increasing use of exclusive promotions and a move away from points
*• Non-monetary rewards and symbols of belonging, such as free coffee at UK grocer Waitrose, or childcare and frozen yogurt at Ikea
*• Charity-based rewards and points, such as Kroger's community awards in the US, or Pets at Home animal charity program in the UK
*• Services to improve the shopping experience, such as Neiman Marcus' shopping app that incorporates shopping, blogging, events, and loyalty points management
*• Broader lifestyle applications, such as Walgreens' Steps program
In these examples, customers are happy to give the retailer access to their data, not because they are getting points in return, but because they are being rewarded or helped in other ways.
Once this virtuous cycle is started, it can be very powerful – customers are prepared to allow more detailed use of their data and more intimate analysis of their habits so long as they are getting useful products and services in return. For the retailer, this extension of brand permission and increase in the number of customer touch points will boost customer loyalty today, and can be monetized in the future (as it increases the range of commercial opportunities in the retailer–customer relationship). Interestingly, many traditional retailers are some of the most trusted brands in their home market, giving them more opportunity to drive this virtuous cycle than many other companies, such as financial services firms or internet giants.
3. THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE RIGHT WAY
Technological advances are rapidly changing the loyalty playing field. In the old world, customers would typically have a plastic card scanned on payment, then rewards would be received as coupons or offers through the mail and by email.
In recent years, smartphones and other new technologies have transformed this playing field. Customers are always connected and the online and physical worlds are being merged, with customers expecting seamless integration across channels.
Real time or time-limited offers are becoming much more common. For example, fashion shoe retailer Meat Pack in Guatemala has GPS embedded into its app and tracks when users enter competitors' stores. At certain times during its "Hijack" campaign, this triggered a promotional discount for Meat Pack, which started at 99% and decreased every second until the customer entered a Meat Pack store. The discount and subsequent purchase were then automatically shared on Facebook, sending the app viral.
There is much more two-way communication with customers. For example, social media is now a key channel for customers to complain, and they expect their issue to be resolved via the same channel. Additionally, customers are more in control of how they interact with loyalty services; they can choose to share Facebook data to access a discount or enter a competition.
Online services are being brought in-store. For example, there are apps to help customers navigate and find products, as well as smartphone technology to accelerate self-scan and payment.
Underpinning much of this technology are more sophisticated analytics on much bigger datasets. These, along with rapid iterative app development, are becoming important new capabilities for retail IT teams.
PART 2: GETTING IT RIGHT IN THE REAL WORLD
In reality, an exceptional, original, and effective loyalty program is much easier to describe than it is to deliver. But it can be done. One example is Balance Rewards by US health and beauty retailer, Walgreens. The program is built around unique, non-purchase rewards and creates additional value for both customer and retailer. In Exhibit 3, we summarize how loyalty programs like the one at Walgreens, operate.
Exhibit 3: Loyalty program from a customer's perspective
CUSTOMER VIEW
HOW TO MEET THE CUSTOMER NEED
* Provide relevant rewards for the customer to choose from
* Perform big-data analysis using multiple sources of data to provide rewards based on consumer behavior and life cycle, with a focus on cross-selling and retention
* Deliver multichannel loyalty with consumer insights and a loyalty program that goes across all sales channels, including in stores, brands, and online
* Enable the customer to manage rewards in one place, for example, by bundling miles, points, or rewards into a single app or website
* Replace loyalty cards with apps
* Push product updates to the customer
* Distribute benefits and coupons directly to a mobile device
* Be flexible to adapt to new consumer technology (phones, tablets, glasses, watches…)
…rewards for things other than purchases
* Give rewards based on the customer sharing more information about themselves, for example by interacting on social media
* Make offers based on geolocation and customer activity, or microsegment
* Reward customers with more personalized offers when they share their likes and dislikes
* Introduce a user-friendly platform to change settings that control contact information, preferences, and so on
Today, some retailers are making successful changes to their loyalty program while others are not. Although no two situations are identical, we would pick out two themes that separate the leaders from the laggards:
1. A future-flexible approach to technology, with the retailer owning the overall loyalty ecosystem, but not necessarily every specific component within it
2. A start-up mindset (and often organizational structure) that enables long-term investment in the loyalty proposition
1. A FUTURE-FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO TECHNOLOGY
Twenty years ago, the first retail loyalty programs relied on expensive in-house systems and technology, and were very inflexible in how they operated. Back then, the only alternative to this model was partnering with third-party providers such as Canada based Aimia, or Payback, in Germany, but such a move essentially ceded control of much of the loyalty program and data.
Today, flexibility is the watchword. The cost of the technology required to run a loyalty program is much less than it once was, and there is a plethora of specialist providers offering solutions to each different area in the loyalty ecosystem. This gives retailers many options for how to set up the loyalty program: either in-house or outsourced, or a mix, each covering a different aspect of the program.
CONTROL THE LOYALTY ECOSYSTEM BUT NOT EVERY COMPONENT
Our view is that retailers' interests are best served if they take control of the overall loyalty ecosystem – rather than outsource it to a single provider – but are comfortable partnering with a number of specialist vendors where they add powerful or differentiated capabilities. Taking a leaf out of Apple's book and applying this "designed in California" mindset allows retailers to maintain control of their loyalty program without having to develop internal capabilities in every single area of activity.
BE FUTURE-FLEXIBLE, NOT FUTURE-PROOF
Given that customer expectations and technologies are changing rapidly, it is tempting to try to future-proof the loyalty ecosystem by thinking ahead and designing solutions for every eventuality. This approach is unlikely to address the as-yet unknown challenges and opportunities ahead. A far better approach is to design a future-flexible loyalty ecosystem, which allows for new components to be plugged in within a modular architecture.
DELIVER EXCELLENCE IN CUSTOMER ANALYTICS AND ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Long-term, competitive differentiation will come from better customer analytics – underpinning more innovative products and services for consumers – as well as improved decisionmaking in the core business.
Linked to this, the fast and continuous development of customer services and apps is an important capability: customers expect the products they use to improve rapidly.
7
2. A START-UP MINDSET
It's a simple fact that an effective loyalty program and the IT that enables it, require investment. Most retailers keep tight control on such expenditures and need clear business case justification for investments.
This mindset, though, can be an issue in the loyalty arena. For example, a new menu management app for a food retailer might cost $5 million to develop and launch. Although supported by a strong hypothesis that it would improve customer loyalty and "stickiness" over time, the direct sales benefit of such an app might be difficult to quantify. Understandably, this makes it difficult to raise support for the large initial investment.
In contrast, by using a start-up mindset the proposition around this app could look quite different. For example, by assigning a $50 value to each customer who downloads the app, you create a way of assessing the app's cost–benefit, which is much more tangible. Here, it would take 100,000 downloads to cover the app development costs (a small number relative to the millions who shop at large grocers), and would build a much more appealing business case.
We would encourage retailers to think about their loyalty products in this way and develop new KPIs to measure them accordingly. Doing so will enable them to make – and justify – the investments needed to make their loyalty programs successful.
Exhibit 4: The future of loyalty looks very different from the past
8
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Today's customer loyalty leaders are moving away from transactional points-based schemes toward more varied, flexible customer engagement systems (Exhibit 4). Technology is at the heart of this change. Retailers must ensure their programs are structured to support and enable the technological innovations necessary to deliver loyalty programs of the future. In the new world, many retailers will require new KPIs to assess the returns they make in their loyalty programs to make long-term investments possible.
For retailers who succeed, an improved loyalty program can deliver significantly better customer engagement and "stickiness". It can also act as a defense against disruptive new entrants trying to get between retailers and their customers.
FURTHER READING
THE NEW IT HORIZON
HOW THREE YEARS FROM NOW CHANGES EVERYTHING YOU DO TODAY
The timing of when a CIO moves his or her organization to be a source of business innovation is largely determined by the level of consumer demand for a digitally‑enhanced retail experience. We believe this consumer shift has broadly happened, changing the question for every retailer from when to shift the organization to how to shift it. This report addresses this challenge.
WELCOME TO THE HUMAN ERA
THE NEW MODEL FOR BUILDING TRUSTED CONNECTIONS, AND WHAT BRANDS NEED TO DO ABOUT IT
In this report, Lippincott defines what being a Human Era company means, and who is doing it well. Building from a large data set of over 800 companies, the authors examine the leaders and define corporate behaviors that enable organizations to break through in this new environment and build trusted, authentic connections.
STRATEGIES TO SURVIVE
KEEPING CUSTOMERS AND GROWING PROFIT THROUGH THE NEXT DECADE OF UPHEAVAL IN RETAIL
This report discusses the changing retail landscape in detail, and suggests ways retailers can meet the challenges presented by such a changing landscape.
ABOUT OLIVER WYMAN
Oliver Wyman is a global leader in management consulting that combines deep industry knowledge with specialized expertise in strategy, operations, risk management, and organization transformation.
In the Retail practice, we draw on unrivalled customer and strategic insight and state-of-the-art analytical techniques to deliver better results for our clients. We understand what it takes to win in retail: an obsession with serving the customer, constant dedication to better execution, and a relentless drive to improve capabilities. We believe our hands-on approach to making change happen is truly unique – and over the last 20 years, we've built our business by helping retailers build theirs.
www.oliverwyman.com
CONTACTS
JAMES BACOS
Global Retail Practice Leader [email protected] +49 89 939 49 441
PAUL BESWICK
North American Retail Practice Leader [email protected]
+1 617 424 3259
BERNARD DEMEURE
French and Iberian Retail Practice Leader [email protected] +33 1 4502 3209
Copyright © 2015 Oliver Wyman. All rights reserved.
NICK HARRISON
European Retail Practice Co-Leader [email protected] +44 20 7852 7773
SIRKO SIEMSSEN
European Retail Practice Co-Leader [email protected] +49 89 939 49 574
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University of Texas at El Paso
ScholarWorks@UTEP
Combined Interviews
2-1-2023
Interview no. 1749
Jesse Muñoz Rev.
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utep.edu/interviews
Part of the Oral History Commons
Recommended Citation
Interview with Jesse Muñoz Rev. by Anonymous, 2023, "Interview no. 1749," Institute of Oral History, University of Texas at El Paso.
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute of Oral History at ScholarWorks@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Combined Interviews by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Institute of Oral History
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO INSTITUTE OF ORAL HISTORY
Interviewee:
Rev. Jesse Muñoz
Interviewer:
N/A
Project:
Farah Strike
Location:
El Paso, Texas
Date of Interview: N/A
Terms of Use:
Unrestricted
Transcript No.:
1749
Transcriber:
Andrea Santos
Summary of Interview:
Jesse Munoz was an El Paso priest from Our Lady of the Light Church. He was born in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, in 1940 during the depression years. When he turned eleven him and his family moved to El Paso, Texas in hopes of a better life and education. At the age of fourteen he took a bus to New York and worked there for over a year. He then had enough money to go to Spain and pay for an education and many years later he came back to El Paso, Texas.
At the time Rev. Munoz came back to El Paso, everyone in the community was suffering from poverty due to the low wages they received from their jobs. Specially those working for Farah. Rev. Munoz mentioned that most people from Ciudad Juarez also came to El Paso looking for jobs, which they get with a Green Card and they then don't have to worry about taxes of anything that would concern a US citizen. In fact, most of the Farah workers are "mojados" that have a green card and don't belong to the Union, because their wage is actually good for the life they live in Mexico and by the time the Farah strike started they would even bother to join or help they fellow coworkers.
As Rev. Munoz mentions, the Farah strike was mostly about human dignity and respect for the worker. The wage issue was blown out of proportion, but it wasn't that; it was human dignity. Farah would mistreat their workers and out of nowhere would take away people jobs and leave the workers and their families in total poverty, basically they would be killed financially.
By the time the Farah strike began Rev. Munoz and other churches and priests started to join the strike because most of the Farah workers thoughts that if the priests where helping them, then it was actually all right for them to also help and walk out and fight for their rights. Rev. Munoz mentioned that his church helped in many ways, such as, with food, shelter, and legal advice. Rev. Munoz thinks that it was the church help that made the workers withstand the heat and win the battle with Farah. They also had helped from people all over the country who were rooting for them and who helped them raise more than 5 million dollars. At times it was not that easy, because in a second it could all become very violent and people would start to fight with one another, but Rev. Munoz always tried to keep the people very peaceful and over all keep the strike as smooth as possible.
By the end of the strike the church had been criticized for helping with the strike. Rev. Muñoz always thought it was the right thing to do to help his community and to make a change, which they actually achieved. As well as to enforce human dignity in the workplace and a decent wage to be able to provide for your family.
Length of interview 45:17
Length of Transcriptn/a
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August Court 1716
Sixth day of May in the year of our Lord Christ one thousand seven hundred and fifteen, at the Parish of St. Paul's in Kent County, and within the jurisdiction of this Court, by certain writing obligation which the said Richard Pyle with his seal and as his deed delivered hereunto Court brought of date whereof is the same day and upon a bond and obliged himself, his heirs &c. Adm. to pay unto the said Sarah Jewors sum of five hundred and fifty and eight pounds of good sound Maryland tobacco of Tobago in cash to contain the same of the said value of forty six shillings and six pence sterling money by the tenth day of November next ensuing of date of the said writing obligatory. Yet the said Richard at the office required the above hundred and fifty eight pounds of tobacco unto the said Sarah hath not rendered nor paid nor caused to be paid but the same to render or pay the said Richard hitherto hath denied and yet doth unjustly retain to his damage of the said Sarah four pounds ten shillings money and thereupon she brings suit to J. Bonne Quee, Esq. in the Court of Chancery.
And the said Deft. in his proper person appears to the said Court and prays liberty thereof to impanel thereof and to enjoin at next Court which was granted the same day was given the 20th. At which day next Court by the nineteenth day of June Anno Domini 1716 the said cause was continued until the next Court.
At which said next Court by this twenty first day of August the same year last mentioned came the said Pyle by his attorney and the Deft. being solemnly called came not but made default whereby the said Pyle may still remain ad. the said Deft. unprovided. Therefore it is considered by the Court here by the same day last mentioned that the said Sarah Jewors do recover against the said Debt Richard Fullstone as well the said sum of two hundred and fifty and eight pounds of tobacco debt as also the sum of three hundred and four pounds of tobacco left by the said Pyle about his estate in this behalf expended and by of Consternation of his absent adjudged and that the said debts be taken into custody the
R. Pyle
Tho Cooke
John Cooke
Laughlin
J. Jewors
Tho Cooke
Wm Glenwill
Arthur Baker
John Hodges
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Teignmouth update
September 2024
Overview
This paper provides an update on work by NHS Devon to secure accommodation for Channel View Medical Practice in Teignmouth.
In July 2024, the NHS in Devon stood down plans for a new Health and Wellbeing Centre in Teignmouth – the cost of the building had more than doubled due to spiralling construction prices and increases in the cost of borrowing since estimated costs were published in 2020.
The July decisions by the Boards of NHS Devon and Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust (TSD) were required to allow the NHS to fast-track work to support Channel View Medical Group, which was due to relocate from its two town centre bases into the new building. A solution is needed as the lease on one of Channel View's sites – in the Den Crescent – ends on 31 March 2025.
Background
A briefing setting out the position in relation to the standing down of the project was shared with the committee in July 2024 and is also appended to this paper, for reference.
Further information can also be found in the Board papers for NHS Devon Board meeting of 25 July and TSD's Board meeting of 31 July.
As commissioner of primary care, NHS Devon is supporting Channel View Medical Practice to resolve the estates issues faced. Although TSD was going to be the practice's landlord under the plans for the health and wellbeing centre, it is not envisaged that any similar arrangement would be part of future plans, and the decisions of the Boards in July effectively end TSD's involvement in this work.
Current work to address the property challenges
The Board of NHS Devon met in public and private sessions on 25 July 2024 to discuss the Teignmouth issues.
During the public session, Board members formally agreed that immediate action is required to provide support to the Channel View Medical Group to enable continuity
of primary care services in Teignmouth and noted that options in relation to this were to be presented to the Board meeting in private later that day.
The subsequent meeting was held in private due to the need to consider the financial implications – which are commercial in confidence – of the possible options for addressing the accommodation challenges facing Channel View.
At the meeting, the Board approved a series of recommendations regarding resources to support work to resolve the accommodation issues in the short and medium term.
Since then, NHS Devon primary care and estates colleagues have been working very closely with the partners and Channel View to secure both a short- and longerterm estates solution.
To ensure services remain in place, this work includes negotiations for the retention of existing estate, together with potential additional office space to enable the practice to operate as effectively as possible within those premises.
NHS Devon remains committed to seeking a one-site longer term solution for the practice and patients. Scoping is underway for what this could look like, and an update is expected this autumn.
ENDS
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DANIEL NIKOLOVSKI
+46 737 63 57 63
[email protected]
General skills
UX Design Interaction Design Wordpress SEO/Online marketing Git
UI Design
Languages HTML5
JavaScript/jQuery
CSS3
Processing
Basic knowledge
Node.js
AngularJS
Nginx
LESS
Arduino
SASS
A few tools I use
Photoshop CS6
Atom
Illustrator CS6
Registercompass
Majestic SEO
Education
Interaction Design
(30p Malmö University)
school
Upper secondary technical
(Upper secondary school Bergagymnasiet Eslöv)
Experience
Peter Landgren & Co
Responsive Redesign 2014-06- (ongoing)
One of the biggest real estate agencies in south Sweden had visual performance issues and lack of congruence in the mobile version of their website. Their identity just didn't shine through for their mobile visitors.
I was hired after networking with their marketing director, and upon finishing the job, I was assigned new tasks.
Bagasell
UI Design & Project Management 2013-08 – 2014-01
A Malmö-based company (One2tel Malmö) needed an easy way to track their orders.
Along with a former Microsoft employee, a back-end developer by the name of Douglas Gale, I created a powerful PHP-based order management system for telecom industries.
I was responsible for the full management process and the UI design.
Siriusrestaurangen
WP Design & Development 2014-12
Siriusrestaurangen in Landskrona, Sweden felt it was time to renew their old website. They wanted to broaden their audience and reach out to the younger generation. The client was pleased with my first sketch, and with excellent cooperation we came up with a solution that exceeded their expectations.
Glorias
Mobile Optimization 2013-07 – 2013-08
Restaurant Glorias in Lund, Sweden were satisfied with their current website but wanted to optimize it for mobile devices. I came up with a proposal that matched their existing design and they liked the fact that the solution maintained their company profile, as well as being optimized for mobiles.
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GENERAL BUSINESS AND CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS of Léčebné lázně Jáchymov a.s.
effective from 1. 9. 2015
COMMON INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS
These General business and contract terms and conditions (hereinafter referred to as "the Conditions" only) define the contractual relationship between Léčebné lázně Jáchymov a.s., registered office T. G. Masaryka 415, 362 51 Jáchymov, business ID 292 11 808, registered in the Commercial Register kept with the Regional Court in Plzeň, ref. No. B 1603 (hereinafter referred to as "LLJ") as the business entity - provider of the spa stays and associated services (hereinafter referred to as "Stay and Services") under the subject of business of LLJ on the first side, and
I. consumer (hereinafter referred to as "the Guest") as consumer of the Stay and Services listed in applicable price list available from http://www.laznejachymov.cz website (hereinafter referred to as "Price List"), see more in Part I Consumer, or
II. business entity - consumer or an agent of the Stay and Services listed in applicable Price List from LLJ (hereinafter referred to as "Business Partner") for the purpose of further offer and sale thereof to third persons - consumers (hereinafter referred to as "the Client"), see more in Part II Business entity, on the other side.
A Guest according to the Conditions refers to any person who concludes a contract with LLJ or deals with it otherwise beyond its business activity or beyond independent operation of his/her profession. Part I of the Conditions does not apply to the contractual relations between LLJ and the Business Entities.
A Business Partner according to the Conditions refers to natural or legal person only, who is the business entity, i.e. a self-employed person based on trade licence or otherwise with the intention to do business permanently in order to gain profit, of which subject of business is particularly operation of a travel agency or intermediation of services to the LJJ Guests.
The Price according to the Conditions refers to the prices for the Stay and Services (including their contents and specification) listed in the applicable Price List that LLJ may modify unilaterally.
All contractual relations between LLJ and the Guest and between LLJ and the Business Partner not explicitly defined herein, in a contract or a master contract or a sub-contract, shall be governed by the laws of the Czech Republic, particularly Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code, as amended (hereinafter referred to as "Civil Code").
Part I Consumer
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. This part of the Conditions forms an integral part of each contractual relation concluded by and between LLJ and a Guest based on written or phone confirmation of the order (hereinafter referred to as "Contract"). In extraordinary cases, a formal conclusion of a contract may take place between LLJ and the Guest (also in this case it is deemed the Contract). Should there be differences in wording between the Conditions and the Contract, the latter shall prevail.
2. DECLARATIONS BEFORE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT
2.1.
consent with the purpose given in the consent of the guest. The guest has the right to withdraw this consent at any time. The giving or not giving of consent by the guest is not a condition for the conclusion of the contract between LLJ and the guest. LLJ further declares that it handles personal data, and that it protects the personal data of the guest from being published and used by third parties, and that in accordance with the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). The principles of personal data processing by LLJ are available at the link www.laznejachymov.cz.
b) The Prices for the Stay and Services provided by LLJ are listed including VAT in the Price List. Fees stipulated by law may be charged in addition to the Stay and Service,
LLJ declares that: a) It requires payment of the Price by the Guest for the Stay and Services always in before provision of the Stay and Services,
c) The Guest may withdraw from the Contract; withdrawal shall be governed by Article 9 hereunder.
3. CONTRACT
a) In writing - sending of the purchase order by mail, fax, e-mail, or through an Internet reservation portal,
3.1. The Guest may conclude the Contract (confirmed order) with LLJ in one of the ways mentioned below:
b) By phone - affirmation of the order during a phone call makes the purchase order binding. LLJ shall have right to record the phone calls with order of the Guest, and LLJ shall have right to retain the recordings in order to demonstrate conclusion of the Contract. In case of a phone order, the Guest agrees with recording of the call. The Guest confirms he/she read the Conditions and agrees with the
3.2. The order must contain the following Guest data: a) given names and family name, date of birth, residential address,
same before conclusion of the Contract.
correspondence address, phone, e-mail,
c) nationality,
b) the extent of the Stay and Services, number of persons, Stay and Services start and end dates, accommodation category (spa house),
d) purchase order date.
3.3. LLJ hereby declares that the personal data of guests as the data subjects are processed solely for the purpose of fulfilling contractual obligations or of the contractual agreements made between LLJ and the guest, and furthermore for the purpose of meeting legal obligations. Aside from cases of personal data processing for the aforementioned purposes, LLJ is entitled to process personal data solely on the basis of the guest's explicit voluntary, free, specific, informed, and unambiguous
1/4
4. PRICES OF THE SERVICES AND PAYMENT TERMS AND CONDITIONS
4.2. The discounts, if any, declared after confirmation of the written or binding phone order from the Guest or after conclusion of the Contract in writing, shall not make the Guest eligible for discounted Stay and Services. The discounts in the documents of LLJ outside the Price List may be granted only if the Guest complied with the conditions for application of the discounts. Unless specified otherwise, the discounts may neither be summed nor combined.
4.1. The prices of the Stay and Services are listed in the Price List available from http://www.laznejachymov.cz website. LLJ shall have right to change the prices unilaterally at any time, whereas change to the Prices becomes effective at the moment of publishing of the new Price List on http://www.laznejachymov.cz website.
4.3. The Guest shall pay the Prices according to the applicable Price List for the Stay and Services. Unless agreed in writing otherwise, the payment shall be made upon arrival of the Guest on the day of using the Stay and Services at the latest. Should the Price not be paid properly and in time as specified in this clause, LLJ shall have right to refuse provision of the Stay and Services and withdraw from the Contract.
4.5. The Guest may pay for the Price by wire transfer to a bank account of LLJ, postal monetary order, bank card, in cash, by vouchers from contractual partners listed on http://www.laznejachymov.cz website, or by gift voucher from LLJ.
4.4. LLJ reserves right to make a pre-authorization (payment guarantee) on the Guest's bank card. The pre-authorization is used only as a guarantee of payment for use of the Stay and Services or cancellation fees. Should the Guest pay for the Stay and Services, the pre-authorization shall be cancelled on the payment day at the latest. The pre-authorization ceases upon payment for the Stay and Services.
5. INFORMATION ABOUT CHECK-IN OF THE GUEST
5.1. Upon arrival the Guest shall submit stay confirmation document at the reception desk of a LLJ facility, including personal ID card or passport
CONSUMER PART
(not driving licence); foreigners with visa requirements shall submit other documents according to applicable laws of the Czech Republic. Thereafter, the reception desk shall accommodate the Guest and provide further information for use of the Stay and Services.
5.3. The check-in and check-out time is specified in the Price List. Individual agreement is possible for a surcharge. Earlier arrival or later departure is not the ground for longer occupancy of the room. Wilful late vacancy of the room on the departure day shall be fined at 50% of the hotel accommodation price, and compensation of potential damage, if any, including lost profit. Moving upon request of the Guest shall be charged.
5.2. Depiction of the accommodation premises in the stay offer or elsewhere is indicative only, and it may therefore not fully correspond to the room assigned to the Guest on site. Similarly, the same shall apply to depiction of the procedures or other provided services.
6. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE GUEST
a) to proper provision of the agreed and paid services; unless force majeure events, emergencies, and unexpected events shall occur (weather conditions, energy failure, political events, natural disasters - floods, and more),
6.1. The Guest shall have right:
b) to ask LLJ for change to the Contract. Change to the participant in the Stay and Services is free, provided that provisions of these Conditions are complied with,
Conditions at any time before start of the use of the service, c) to withdraw from the Contract according to article 9 of these
d) to lodge a complaint in time and properly about defects of the Stay and Services according to these Conditions,
a) pay the agreed Price for the services ordered during the Stay upon check-out at the latest,
e) to protect the personal data mentioned in the Contract and other documents against unauthorized persons and processing. The Guest is obliged to:
b) cooperate with LLJ to the extent needed for proper provision of the services; fully respect the time schedule in provision of the Stay and Services. LLJ does not provide any financial or other compensation for late arrival, particularly in case of boarding, healing and commercial procedures,
d) comply with and respect the internal regulations of LLJ (house and accommodation rules, and more),
c) conduct so that no injuries to health or damage to the property occur at the expenses of the other guests, service providers or LLJ; pay damages caused by inappropriate conduct,
e) comply with the no animals rules related to entering in and staying with them without prior written consent by LLJ; LLJ shall have right to revoke the approval (stay of an animal shall be charged according to applicable Price List),
g) in case of premature termination of the Contract the Guest shall inform LLJ accordingly and pay the cancellation fees according to the Conditions,
f) respect the change of the ordered Stay and Services indicated by a doctor based on incompatibility of the Guest's health conditions with the ordered Stay and Services,
h) to inform LLJ immediately about potential change to the attendee of the Stay and Services.
6.3. In case of serious or repeated breach of the obligations according to clause 6.2 of the Conditions, LLJ shall have right not to provide the Stay and Services or any part thereof, or cancel provision of the Stay and Services to the Guest by withdrawing from the Contract. All costs incurred due to failure to comply with the obligations of the Guest mentioned above shall be paid by the latter, including paid and unused Stay and Services.
7. GIFT VOUCHERS
7.2. The Stay and Services provided by LLJ can be consumed for the purchased gift vouchers only. Should a gift voucher not be fully consumed, LLJ shall not pay any outstanding amount of the gift voucher in cash.
7.1. Purchased LLJ gift vouchers are not refundable. They shall be valid for the period given thereon, and max. for one year.
8. VOUCHERS OF THE CONTRACTUAL PARTNERS
8.1. For the purposes of payment of the Price the Guest may use a voucher of LLJ's contractual partner listed on http://www.laznejachymov.cz website. LLJ shall not pay any outstanding amount of the gift voucher in cash if the voucher from the contractual partner is not fully consumed.
2/4
6.2.
GENERAL BUSINESS AND CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS of Léčebné lázně Jáchymov a.s.
effective from 1. 9. 2015
9. WITHDRAWAL FROM THE CONTRACT AND CANCELLATION FEES
9.2. Unless the ground for withdrawal of the Guest from the Contract is the breach of obligations by LLJ resulting from the Contract, these Conditions, or applicable laws of the Czech Republic in force, the Guest shall pay a cancellation fee to LLJ in connection with the withdrawal under conditions and at the amount defined in clause 9.3 of the Conditions.
9.1. The Guest shall have right to withdraw from the Contract without giving reasons thereof at any time in the period from conclusion of the Contract to the beginning of the use of the Stay and Service. The Guest must send the withdrawal in writing to the registered office of LLJ or may use the form for withdrawal available on http://www.laznejachymov.cz website of LLJ.
9.3. In case of withdrawal from the Contract before the start of consumption of the Stay and Services (cancellation of the Stay and Services), the cancellation fee shall be charged from total Price of the ordered Stay and Services as follows:
| 28 days in advance | 0 % |
|---|---|
| 27 to 7 days in advance | 20 % |
| 6 to 1 days in advance | 40 % |
In case of premature termination of the Stay and Services during the consumption of the same, LLJ shall charge 100% cancellation fee of the cancelled Stay and Service or any part thereof to the Guest. In case of cancellation of the Stay and Services or any part thereof, the Guest shall in addition pay handling fees associated with transfer of remaining funds to the Guest's account.
9.5. In case of withdraw from the Contract, LLJ shall make settlement within 14 (fourteen) days of the Stay and Services end date listed in the Contract, and return of the paid Price less the cancellation fee and/or handling fee, if any, provided that LLJ shall have right for payment thereof according to these Conditions. However, LLJ shall not usually charge the cancellation fee should the withdrawal from the Contract is based on the following extraordinary circumstances on the Guest side: sudden disease or injury supported by a medical record, natural disaster, death of a close family member, or for reasons in 6.2.h) of these Conditions.
9.4. When counting the days for the purpose of calculation of the cancellation fee, included in the defined number of days is the day when LLJ received information about withdrawal for the first time. The number of days does not include the scheduled day of started consumption of the Stay and Services.
9.6. LLJ may withdraw from the Contract in the following cases:
to clause 6.2 of the Conditions, b) not making proper and in a timely manner the payment of the Price by the Guest.
a) serious or repeated breach of liabilities by the Guest according
10. COMPLAINTS
10.2. The complaint must clearly and fully indicate the extent of the complained defects.
10.1. In case of defective performance related to provision of the Stay and Services the Guest shall have right to lodge a complaint about the Stay and Services. The complaint of the Stay and Services must be lodged by the Guest in writing without undue delay during the stay in order to allow LLJ to take a remedial action on site, if feasible.
10.3. The complaints shall be governed by the Complaint Rules of LLJ and
10.4. LLJ shall bear no liability for the quality, Price, and damage, if any, in respect of the Stay and Services not agreed in the Contract, organized
the Procedure for settlement of complaints about provision of the medical services, which are the integral parts of these Conditions.
by third parties ordered by the Guest on site.
10.5. The guest has the right to file a petition for an out-of-court settlement of such a dispute with the entity determined for dealing with out-ofcourt settlements of consumer disputes, which is: Czech Trade Inspection Authority, Central Inspectorate – Alternative Dispute Resolution Department, Štěpánská 15, 120 00 Praha 2, email: [email protected], web: https://adr.coi.cz. The Czech Trade Inspection Authority (CTIA) is the supervisory authority of consumer protection acting under the Act No. 64/1986 Coll., on the Czech Trade Inspection Authority, as amended and other legislation. The website of CTIA is www.coi.cz.
CONSUMER PART
effective from 1. 9. 2015
GENERAL BUSINESS AND CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS of Léčebné lázně Jáchymov a.s.
Part II Business Entity
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
c) Cancellation of the sub-contract by LLJ:
become liable to provide the ordered Stay and Services under conditions stipulated based on these Conditions.
a) Purchase of the Stay and Services - the Business Partner is a business entity of which main subject of business activity is operation of a travel agency. The Business Partner orders the Stays and Services on its name and at its expenses, and becomes a customer.
1.2. Based on the contracts concluded with the Business Partner, LLJ does not enter into any contractual relation with the Client, unless the case is preparation of the agency contracts according to article 1.1.b) of these Conditions. In these cases, the Client concludes a contract with LLJ alone based on the intermediation and becomes the Guest, whereas the contractual relation between LLJ and the Client is governed by Part I of these Conditions.
1.1. This part of the Conditions forms an integral part of each contractual relation between LLJ and the Business Partner within the meaning of provisions of § 1751 of the Civil Code. The Conditions shall particularly apply to the following cases of the contractual relations:
b) Intermediation - the Business Partner is a business entity of which main subject of business activity is intermediation of the Stay and Services to the LLJ Guests (particularly via a website search engine).
2. OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES
2.2. LLJ and the Business Partner agree to mutually cooperate in order to successfully achieve the subject of each contract concluded by and between them.
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effective from 1. 9. 2015
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COMMON AND FINAL PROVISIONS
These Conditions are binding upon all Guests, Business Partners, and Clients. These Conditions are effective from 1. 9. 2015 and published on http://www.laznejachymov.cz website. The updated Conditions are effective from 25. 5. 2018.
BUSINESS ENTITY PART
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Comparing potential recharge estimates from three Land Surface Models across the western US
Rewati Niraula\textsuperscript{1, a}, Thomas Meixner\textsuperscript{a}, Hoori Ajami\textsuperscript{b}, Matthew Rodell\textsuperscript{c}, David Gochis\textsuperscript{d}, Christopher L. Castro\textsuperscript{a}
\textsuperscript{a} Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
\textsuperscript{b} Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
\textsuperscript{c} Hydrological Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
\textsuperscript{d} National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
\textbf{Article history:}
Received 8 July 2016
Received in revised form 12 December 2016
Accepted 15 December 2016
Available online 31 December 2016
This manuscript was handled by G. Syme, Editor-in-Chief, with the assistance of Abhijit Mukherjee, Associate Editor
\textbf{Keywords:}
Recharge
Western US
Land Surface Models
VIC
Noah
Mosaic
\textbf{Abstract}
Groundwater is a major source of water in the western US. However, there are limited recharge estimates in this region due to the complexity of recharge processes and the challenge of direct observations. Land surface Models (LSMs) could be a valuable tool for estimating current recharge and projecting changes due to future climate change. In this study, simulations of three LSMs (Noah, Mosaic and VIC) obtained from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) are used to estimate potential recharge in the western US. Modeled recharge was compared with published recharge estimates for several aquifers in the region. Annual recharge to precipitation ratios across the study basins varied from 0.01% to 15% for Mosaic, 3.2% to 42% for Noah and 6.7% to 31% for VIC simulating Mosaic consistently underestimates recharge in all basins. Noah simulates recharge reasonably well in wetter basins but overestimates it in drier basins. VIC slightly overestimates recharge in drier basins and slightly underestimates it for wetter basins. While the average annual recharge values vary among the models, the models were consistent in identifying high and low recharge areas in the region. Models agree in seasonality of recharge occurring dominantly during the spring across the region. Overall, our results highlight that LSMs have the potential to capture the spatial and temporal patterns as well as seasonality of recharge at large scales. Therefore, LSMs (specifically VIC and Noah) can be used as a tool for estimating future recharge in data limited regions.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
\section*{1. Introduction}
Groundwater is a life-sustaining natural resource that supplies water to billions of people on earth (Gleeson et al., 2012). It plays a central part in irrigated agriculture and sustaining ecosystems (Giordano, 2008; Siebert et al., 2010), and enables human adaptation to climate variability and change (Taylor et al., 2013). Globally it accounts for 1/3rd of all fresh-water withdrawals for domestic (29%), agricultural (42%) and industrial purposes (27%) (Taylor et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2013). In the United States (US), ground water is the source of drinking water for 50\% of the population and as much as 90\% of the population in rural areas, especially in the West (Anderson and Wooley, 2005). Reduced reliability of surface water supplies in the western US with projected increases in evaporative demand and uncertain changes in annual precipitation (Rasmussen et al., 2010, 2014) may increase groundwater use (Scanlon, 2005). Many areas of the region are already experiencing groundwater depletion caused by sustained groundwater pumping (Faint, 2009a, 2009b; Konikow, 2013; Castle et al., 2014).
Groundwater recharge is a flux of water into the saturated zone. Spatial variability of recharge rates is controlled by precipitation and other climate variables (Hogue and Melton, 2012; Hoosier et al., 2012; Scanlon et al., 2012), vegetation, soil, and geology (Stormstrom et al., 2007). Despite the importance of groundwater in this region, limited recharge estimates are available due to the complexity of recharge processes and the lack of feasible measurement methods (Scanlon et al., 2006). Thus, improving current recharge estimates and understanding spatial variability of recharge processes are essential for sustainably managing this precious resource (Scanlon et al., 2006; Famiglietti and Rodell, 2013) to meet human and ecosystem demands in the future (Scanlon et al., 2006).
Recharge estimation methods include water balance accounting, remote sensing, observational methods and environmental tracer analysis, and modeling (Scalan et al., 2006; Healy, 2010). In the western US, groundwater recharge generally occurs at depth, where direct observational methods cannot be applied. Several Land Surface Models (LSMs) (e.g. SAC-SMA (Burnash et al., 1973; Burnash, 1995; SSIB, Xue et al., 1991); Mosaic (Koster and Suarez, 1996); NSSIF (Koster et al., 2000); Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC; Li et al., 1994; Niu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2015; Niu et al., 2011; and CLM (Bonan et al., 2012, 2011)) have been developed over the last few decades to better represent land surface and atmospheric processes as well as improve estimates of various water, energy and carbon fluxes at the land surface. These models could be a valuable tool for estimating current and future recharge estimates due to projected climate change. However, to date, besides currently published recharge estimates (Li et al., 2015) in the eastern US using the VIC model, recharge estimates from these models have not been comprehensively assessed.
LSMs vary in representation of the exchange of energy, mass, momentum and CO$_2$ exchange between the land surface and the overlying atmosphere (Koster and Suarez, 1996; Liang et al., 1994; Bonan et al., 2011; Niu et al., 2011). It is therefore important to understand how differences in model structure affect the simulation of recharge and whether certain LSMs perform better under particular physiographic and climatic settings. In this paper, we compare recharge estimates from three LSMs over the western US with a specific emphasis on 10 aquifer systems where recharge estimates are most applicable.
The major questions addressed in this study are: 1. Are recharge estimates in the western US from various LSMs significantly different? 2. Do LSMs provide reasonable estimates of recharge in the western US? 3. Do the amount, seasonality, trend and spatial pattern of recharge vary based on the choice of LSMs? For addressing these questions, simulations of three LSMs (Mosaic, Noah, and VIC) obtained from the North American Land Data Assimilation System-phase 2 (NLDAS-2) were used for assessing recharge estimates across the western US. We used MODIS ET (Mu et al., 2011) and basinflow index (BFI) based recharge (Wolock, 2003a) for the whole western US for comparison and evaluation purpose. Simulated recharge from the LSMs was compared with published recharge estimates from 10 aquifers in the region (Northern Plains, Central High Plains, Southern High Plains, San Pedro, Death Valley, Salt Lake Valley, Central Valley, Columbia Plateau, Spokane Valley, and Williston, Fig. 1) synthesized by Meixner et al. (2015). These aquifers represent a broad sample of variability in climatological, geological, and hydrological characteristics along with anthropogenic pressures like groundwater pumping on the aquifers. Trends, amounts and patterns of recharge from the three models were compared statistically to determine their consistency. Statistical analyses (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kendall Tau trend analysis test, spatial pattern correlation test) were conducted using R (version 220.127.116.11).
2. Methods
2.1. North American Land Data Assimilation System phase 2 (NLDAS-2)
NLDAS-2 (Mitchell et al., 2004; Xia et al., 2012a, 2012b) integrates observation-based and model reanalysis data to drive LSMs offline. It executes at 1/8th-degree grid spacing at an hourly temporal scale over central North America, enabled by the Land Information System (LIS; Kumar et al., 2006; Peters-Lidard et al., 2007). LIS is a scalable land data assimilation system that integrates a suite of advanced LSMs, high resolution satellite and observational data, data assimilation and parameter optimization techniques, and high-performance computing tools (Kumar et al., 2006; Peters-Lidard et al., 2007). Outputs from three LSMs (Mosaic, Noah, and VIC) over a 30-year historical period (1981–2010) were used to answer the study questions posed above. The first two years of the simulation (1979–1980) were used as a model spin up period and excluded from the analysis. The data used in this study were generated within NASA’s Earth Science Division and are archived and distributed by the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC; http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/hydrology/index.shtml).
Past multi model evaluation in NLDAS-2 has been used for evaluating surface water and energy fluxes (Wei et al., 2013), such as soil moisture (Mo et al., 2011; Mo et al., 2012; Xia et al., 2014, in press-a, in press-b), evapotranspiration (Long et al., 2014), soil temperature (Xia et al., 2013), and streamflow (Mo et al., 2012; Xia et al., 2012b). Although there have been efforts to compare the continental scale water and energy-fluxes among LSMs for NLDAS-2 (Xia et al., 2012a) model performance was only evaluated with surface water (Xia et al., 2012b). No particular efforts have been made using these models to simulate and characterize the amount and seasonality of recharge in the western US, mostly due to the limited availability of recharge data. However, recently Li et al. (2015) demonstrated that NLDAS/VIC provides reasonable estimates of groundwater recharge in the central and northeastern US.
2.2. Descriptions of LSMs
2.2.1. Formulation of water and energy budget in LSMs
Although the 3 LSMs vary in complexity for the treatment of exchange of energy, mass, momentum and CO$_2$ between land surface and overlying atmosphere, they follow similar fundamental conceptualization of the energy and water budget. The water balance is calculated based on the continuity equation:
$$ds/dt = P - ET - R - G$$
where $ds/dt$ is the change in storage (mm), $P$ is precipitation (mm), $R$ is surface runoff (mm), $G$ is ground water runoff (mm) and $ET$ is evapotranspiration (mm) which is calculated as,
$$ET = CE + BE + T + S$$
where $CE$ is canopy evaporation (mm), $BE$ is bare soil evaporation (mm), $T$ is transpiration (mm) and $S$ is sublimation (mm).
The models assume gravity-driven, free-drainage from the bottom layer as subsurface runoff/recharge, and surface runoff is the excess water after infiltration.
The surface energy balance is calculated based on the equation:
$$R_n = LE + SH + G + SF$$
where $R_n$ is the net radiation flux (W/m$^2$), $LE$ ($\gamma ET$) is the latent heat flux (W/m$^2$), $SH$ is the sensible heat flux (W/m$^2$), $G$ is the ground heat flux (W/m$^2$), and $SF$ is the snow phase-change heat flux (W/m$^2$).
2.2.2. Mosaic
The 1D Mosaic LSM (Koster and Suarez, 1992, 1996, Table 1) which calculates both energy and water balance accounts for subgrid heterogeneity in the land surface characteristics by dividing each grid cell into several subregions, called “tiles,” each containing a single vegetation or bare soil type (Koster and Suarez, 1996). Energy and water balance calculations are performed separately over each tile and weighted by fractional coverage to calculate the total fluxes for each grid cell. The vertical structure of the model includes a single canopy layer and three soil layers: a thin surface layer (0–10 cm), a middle layer (10–40 cm) that encompasses the remainder of the root zone, and a lower “recharge” layer (40–200 cm) at the bottom. Mosaic calculates total evapotranspiration as the sum of bare soil evaporation, transpiration, and canopy evaporation. Runoff occur both as overland flow during precipitation events and as delayed baseflow. Mosaic treats baseflow/recharge as a linear function of water content, bedrock slope, and hydraulic conductivity of the bottom layer.
### 2.2.3. Noah
Noah (Ek et al., 2003, Table 1) is a 1-D column model that simulates soil moisture, soil temperature, snow depth, snow water equivalent, canopy water content, and water and energy flux terms of the surface water and energy balance (Mitchell, 2004). For this study Noah was configured to have a 2-m-deep soil layer divided into the 4 sub-layers: 0–10 cm, 10–40 cm, 40–100 cm, and 100 cm–200 cm. The deepest layer acts as a reservoir with gravity drainage at the bottom. The volumetric soil moisture is determined using the diffusive form of Richard’s equation. The total evaporation, in the absence of snow, is the sum of direct evaporation from the topmost soil layer, evaporation of precipitation intercepted by plant canopy, and transpiration from the vegetation canopy. The Noah LSM assumes spatially continuous soil moisture values within tiles pixels, parameterizes surface runoff with a simple infiltration-excess scheme, and treats base-flow/recharge as a linear function of hydraulic conductivity (K) of the bottom soil layer (Schaake et al., 1996).
### 2.2.4. VIC
The VIC (Liang et al., 1994; Liang et al., 2003, Table 1) model incorporated within NLDAS-2, characterizes the subsurface as consisting of three soil layers with spatially variable thickness. The surface is described by different types of vegetation plus bare soil. The land cover types are specified by their leaf area index (LAI), canopy resistance and relative fraction of roots in each of the soil layers. Evapotranspiration from each vegetation type is characterized by potential evapotranspiration together with canopy resistance and aerodynamic resistance to water transfers. Associated with each land cover type are a single canopy layer, and multiple soil layers (up to 2 m depth). Subsurface hydrology parameterizations of the VIC LSM is more complex (Liang et al., 1994) because it uses a spatial probability distribution to represent subgrid heterogeneity in soil moisture. It also treats baseflow/recharge as a non-linear recession curve which is a function of bottom layer soil moisture (it is linear below a threshold and then non-linear above...
that threshold). The top 2 soil layers are designed to represent the dynamic behavior of the soil column that responds to rainfall events and evapotranspiration, and the lower layers control inter-storm soil moisture behavior. The lower layer only responds to rainfall when the upper layer is fully saturated and thus can separate subsurface flow from quick response storm flow. Roots can extend down to the bottom layer, depending on the vegetation and soil type. The soil characteristics (such as texture and hydraulic conductivity) are held constant for each grid cell in the model, all the states and output variables are calculated for each land cover tile at each time step and weighted by fractional coverage to calculate the total fluxes for each grid cell.
2.3. Descriptions of study area/basins
2.3.1. Western US
The Western US (Fig. 1) is the largest region of the country, covering more than half of the land area of the contiguous US. It is also the most geographically diverse region in the country encompassing the Pacific Coast, the temperate rainforests of the Northwest, the highest mountain ranges (including the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and Cascade Range), the Great Plains, and all of the desert areas located in the US (the Mojave, Sonoran, Great Basin, and Chihuahua deserts). Elevation varies between −86 m to 4402 m above sea level (Fig. 1).
The Western US consists primarily of five land-use/land-cover classes: grassland/shrubland (39%), forest (28.1%), agriculture (6.3%), developed (1.5%), and barren (1.8%) (Steeter et al., 2012). Grassland/shrubland and barren lands are most common in the arid-southern and interior desert regions, whereas forest dominates in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains. Agriculture and developed areas are found to some degree in nearly all regions but are concentrated mainly in a relatively few high-density areas (USGS 2012).
As a generalization, the climate of the Western US can be described as overall semiarid; however, parts of the region get extremely high amounts of rain and/or snow, and other parts are true desert and get little rain per year. Annual average (1981–2010) rainfall (Fig. 2) ranges between 58 mm and 5051 mm based on NLDAS 2 data and is greater in the eastern portions, gradually decreasing until reaching the Pacific Coast where it again increases.
2.3.2. Study basins
18.104.22.168. High Plains aquifer. The High Plains aquifer (HPA, Fig. 1) extends into eight States: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming. The aquifer is comprised of unconsolidated, poorly sorted clay, silt, sand and gravel and is underlain by bedrock units. HPA is divided into Northern (NHP), Central (CHP), and Southern (SHP) regions. Average P in HPA is 522 mm/yr and average recharge is 48 mm/yr (Lavine et al., 2015). In general, average annual P and recharge increase from south to north (Table 2) and occurs predominantly during summer.
22.214.171.124. San Pedro aquifer. The San Pedro Basin (Fig. 1) in southern Arizona is representative of the hydrogeology of a southern Basin and Range aquifer system (Goode and Maddock, 2000). It is an alluvial aquifer that is comprised of basin-bounding crystalline and sedimentary rock mountains and unconsolidated sediments of clay, silt, sand, and gravel within the valley (Pool and Dickinson, 2007). The basin receives an annual average precipitation and recharge of 400 mm and 6.5 mm respectively (Table 2). The majority of annual rainfall (∼54%) in the San Pedro occurs during the summer monsoon season, with the remainder occurring in the winter months as rain and snow from low-intensity storms.
126.96.36.199. Death Valley Aquifer. The Death Valley aquifer system (Fig. 1) is located in the arid southern Great Basin of Nevada and California. Major aquifers consist of fractured volcanic rock and alluvium. The average annual P and recharge for the aquifer is 185 mm and 2.8 mm respectively (Table 2). Precipitation particularly as snowfall in mountain systems is predominantly in the winter months.
188.8.131.52. Salt Lake Valley (SLV) aquifer. SLV aquifer (Fig. 1), a representative of northern Basin and Range aquifer system consists of shallow unconfined aquifers underlain by confined to semi-confined sand and gravel aquifers, (Lambert, 1995; Cederberg et al., 2009). The average annual P and recharge for the aquifer
Table 2
Basic differences in LSMs used in this study.
| | Mosaic (1D) | Noah (1D) | VIC (1D) |
|------------------------|-------------|-----------|----------|
| Run time step | 15 min | 15 min | 1 h |
| Soil Layer | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| Soil layer depths | 10, 30, 160 cm | 10, 30, 50, 100 cm | 10 cm, variable, (constant) |
| Tiling:Vegetation | Y\(^a\) | N\(^b\) | Y |
| Tiling: Elevation | N | N | Y |
| Snow Layers | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Soil temperature profile | N | Y | Y |
| Drainage | Y (linear) | Y(linear) | Y(non-linear) |
| Soil water vertical diffusion | Y | Y | N |
| Rooting depth | 40 cm | 100 cm (constant expect forest (down to 200 cm)) | Variable (down to 200 cm) |
| Rooting density | Constant | Constant | Exponential |
| Canopy capacity | 0–1.6 mm | 0.5 mm | 0.1–1 mm |
| Convective P input | Y | N | N |
| PET | Input | Calculates itself | Input |
| Diurnal Albedo | Y | N | N |
\(^a\) Y: Yes; N: No.
are 488 mm and 203 mm respectively (Table 2) with most of the P falling as snow during winter and spring.
184.108.40.206. Central Valley aquifer. The Central Valley aquifer system of California (Fig. 1) is an unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer that underlies the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of central California. The average annual P and recharge for the aquifer are 650 mm and 315 mm respectively (Table 2). About 85% of the precipitation falls from November to April in Central Valley.
220.127.116.11. Columbia Plateau aquifer. The Columbia Plateau aquifer system (Fig. 1) in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (Kahle et al., 2011) consists of productive basalt aquifers characterized by highly permeable interflow zones separated by less permeable basalt-flow interiors. Extensive sedimentary aquifers consisting of valley-fill deposits lie atop the basalts along major drainages. With an average annual P of 440 mm mostly occurring during winter months, recharge is estimated to be 162 mm (Table 2).
18.104.22.168. Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie Glacial aquifer. The Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie aquifer (Fig. 1) is a glacial aquifer in northwestern Idaho and northeastern Washington (Houston et al., 2013). The aquifer is composed of coarse-grained sediments with fine-grained layers interspersed (Hsieh et al., 2007; Kahle and Bartolino, 2007). P averages 689 mm/yr concentrated during winter, and average recharge is 300 mm/yr (Table 2).
22.214.171.124. Williston basin glacial aquifer system. The Williston Basin (Fig. 1) is present within southern Canada, northeastern Montana, and western North Dakota. The aquifer is composed of till, clay, silt, sand, and gravels (Fullerton et al., 2004). The average P and recharge estimates are 382 mm/yr and 4.7 mm/yr respectively (Table 2). Both P and recharge are summer dominated.
2.4. Evaluation datasets
2.4.1. MODIS evapotranspiration data
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the vital variables in many hydrologic, ecosystem, and land surface models (Bhattarai et al., 2015; Bhattarai et al., 2016). The MOD16 (Mu et al., 2011) global evapotranspiration (ET) datasets (Fig. 3) are regular 1-km\(^2\) land surface ET datasets for the global vegetated land areas at 8-day, monthly and annual intervals. The dataset covers the time period 2000–2010. The ET algorithm is based on the Penman-Monteith equation (Monteith, 1965). Terrestrial ET includes evaporation from wet and moist soil, from rain water intercepted by the canopy before it reaches the ground, and the transpiration through stomata on plant leaves and stems. Evaporation of water intercepted by the canopy is a very important water flux for ecosystems with a high LAI. It should be noted that the MODIS ET data evaluation itself has a lot of uncertainties associated with it coming from input data (e.g. LAI, PAR), inaccuracy in measured data (caddy covariance flux towers), scaling from flux tower to landscape, and algorithms (associated processes and parameters) used.
2.4.2. Baseflow index (BFI) recharge
A spatially distributed recharge map (Wolock, 2003a, Fig. 5) was created by multiplying a grid of base-flow index (BFI) values (Wolock, 2003b) by a grid of streamflow values (Gebert et al., 1987) derived from a 1951–1980 mean annual runoff contour map generated for the whole USA. The assumptions are that at a long term: (1) recharge is equal to discharge and (2) the BFI reasonably represents the proportion of natural ground-water discharge to streamflow. The BFI grid (1 km resolution) was interpolated from BFI values of 8249 U.S. Geological Survey stream gages (Wolock, 2003c) using the inverse distance weighting interpolation method. The BFI values are computed using an automated hydrograph separation computer program called the BFI program (Wahl and Wahl, 1988, 1995). However it should be noted that the BFI-based recharge itself is a very rough estimate and should not be treated as an observation due to high uncertainty related to this dataset. The recharge dataset likely reflects general patterns across broad geographic regions, but recharge values at specific sites are unlikely to be accurate.
2.4.3. Resinwier literature estimates of recharge
The literature recharge estimates for the study basins synthesized by Meixner et al. (2015) used for evaluating model estimates comes from various sources which used different approaches (observational, environmental tracer analysis, and modeling) for making these estimates. Although not consistent over the basins, these estimates are the best available.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Comparing ET: Among models and with MODIS ET
The models tend to agree on the spatial pattern of ET (Table 3, Fig. 3) with each other and with the MODIS ET following the pattern of P (Fig. 2), though rates vary. MODIS ET was generally lower than LSMs ET. Mosaic consistently generated higher ET compared to Noah and VIC. Model ensemble mean slightly improved the spatial pattern of ET when evaluated with MODIS ET (Fig. 3).
ET more or less followed the pattern of P across the region (Figs. 2 and 3). Annual average precipitation ranged between 58 mm and 5051 mm based on NLDas 2 data (Fig. 2). A gradual decrease in P from east towards west before a significant increase in P at the west coast was observed. Among the basins examined, Death Valley (\(P = 185\) mm) and Spokane Valley (\(P = 689\) mm) are the driest and the wettest basins respectively (Table 1). Average annual ET was estimated between 58 mm and 1260 mm for Mosaic, between 36 mm and 1123 mm for Noah, between 21 mm and 986 mm for VIC and between 49 mm and 1026 mm based on model ensemble mean. The models and MODIS ET (Fig. 3, Table 3) showed the lowest ET in southern regions and higher ET in western coast and lower eastern regions (Fig. 3). Higher ET on the western
coast is related to higher water availability from higher P. Higher ET in south-eastern corner was due to the combined effect of T and P (high T and moderate P).
MODIS estimated ET (ranged between 35 mm and 1175 mm) was generally lower than LSMs ET over the western US (Fig. 3). Annual ET is the highest for the Mosaic LSM model, and lowest for MODIS. LSM’s ET was higher than the MODIS ET for most of the study basins. Mean annual ET values across the study basins were between 176 mm and 597 mm (87% and 99% of P) based on Mosaic, 120 mm and 454 mm (59% and 91% of P) based on Noah, 153 mm and 485 mm (54% and 89% of P) based on VIC and 170 mm and 490 mm (71% and 92% of P) based on MODIS (Table 4). The Spokane valley has the lowest ET/P ratio according to all models (Table 5). The San Pedro basin has the highest ET/P ratio based on Mosaic and Noah, and Central High Plains (CHP) based on VIC estimates.
Mosaic consistently generated higher ET compared to Noah and VIC for most of the Western US (Fig. 4). Overall, using the MODIS estimates as the standard, Mosaic overestimated ET by 36% (Fig. 4). Noah and VIC follow a similar pattern with overestimation for low ET areas and underestimation for higher ET areas (Fig. 3), but overall the bias was minimum (4% for Noah and 9% for VIC). Model ensemble mean overestimated MODIS ET by 15%. It should be noted that MODIS based ET is based on a retrieval algorithm that is an empirical model that relies on calibration by data from a network of in situ measurements which themselves require calibration. In terms of area averaged ET rates it has not yet proven to be more accurate than LSMs, hence the biases shown here should not be interpreted as errors.
The specific breakdown of ET differs among models with Mosaic more dominated by passive processes and the other two more vegetative processes. Over the western US, Mosaic generated most of the ET through bare soil evaporation (47%) followed by transpiration (33%), canopy evaporation (18%) and sublimation (2%). Noah produced most of the ET through transpiration (41%) and bare soil evaporation (39%), followed by canopy evaporation (16%) and sublimation (4%). VIC on the other hand generated a majority of its ET as transpiration (82%) with other contributions from canopy (13%) and sublimation (4%). The very high contribution of ET through transpiration and limited contribution from bare soil by VIC is related to the tiling process in VIC which classifies a majority of land areas to some vegetation group. Moreover, the root zone depth extends throughout the 2 m soil layer in VIC, while root zone depth is up to 1 m in the case of Mosaic and Noah (excluding forest land cover in Noah).
Relatively larger magnitudes of ET by Mosaic compared to other models could be ascribed to greater upward diffusion of water from deeper soil layers to the shallow root zone (Mitchell et al., 2004; Long et al., 2014). This process has a significant influence on the recharge estimates because the recharge in the LSMs is the function of water content in the bottom layer. These differences could be related to energy balance or water balance.
Fig. 4. Average annual recharge estimates (1981–2010) from LSMs, BFI-based recharge, model ensemble mean and model spread.
Fig. 5. Scatter plots of recharge between models and models vs BFI-based recharge.
Table 3
Pattern correlation (Pearson’s r) matrix on ET estimates among LSMs, model ensemble mean (ENS) and MODIS-ET.
| | Mosaic | VIC | Noah | ENS | MODIS |
|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|
| Mosaic | 1.00 | 0.89a | 0.86a | 0.97a | 0.87a |
| VIC | 0.89a | 1.00 | 0.74a | 0.86a | 0.77a |
| Noah | 0.86a | 0.74a | 1.00 | 0.93a | 0.75a |
| ENS | 0.87a | 0.86a | 0.93a | 1.00 | 0.93a |
| MODIS | 0.87a | 0.77a | 0.75a | 0.93a | 1.00 |
a Statistically significant (p<0.05).
Table 4
Water balance comparison between models for study basins and western US.
| | P (mm) | Mosaic | Noah | VIC |
|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| | | ET (mm)| SR (mm)| Recharge (mm) | ET (mm) | SR (mm) | Recharge (mm) | ET (mm) | SR (mm) | Recharge (mm) |
| Death Valley | 185 | 176.3 | 7.0 | 1.6 | 119.9 | 12.1 | 52.8 | 151.8 | 10.4 | 22.5 |
| Colombia | 442 | 403.5 | 25.9 | 14.3 | 296.4 | 22.9 | 124.7 | 243.7 | 58.1 | 140.6 |
| Williston | 382 | 375.4 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 332.7 | 33.1 | 12.4 | 310.8 | 36.3 | 35.2 |
| San Pedro | 371 | 367.7 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 339.8 | 14.0 | 16.8 | 318.3 | 27.5 | 24.9 |
| SHP | 472 | 455.2 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 409.5 | 28.6 | 33.0 | 395.7 | 32.8 | 41.7 |
| NHP | 548 | 524.5 | 9.7 | 12.8 | 431.4 | 39.6 | 73.9 | 463.9 | 41.5 | 42.4 |
| CHP | 545 | 525.2 | 9.1 | 11.0 | 454.3 | 34.8 | 55.6 | 427.7 | 26.8 | 90.9 |
| Central Valley | 650 | 441.6 | 111.9 | 97.6 | 313.1 | 72.4 | 266.7 | 351.5 | 97.3 | 201.7 |
| Spokane Valley | 689 | 597.1 | 71.8 | 20.7 | 345.8 | 53.8 | 289.6 | 402.1 | 118.1 | 168.6 |
| SLV | 488 | 452.0 | 24.2 | 10.3 | 373.9 | 33.6 | 79.1 | 365.7 | 41.2 | 81.4 |
| Western US | 561 | 472.4 | 43.2 | 45.5 | 360.2 | 61.6 | 139.1 | 367.3 | 66.2 | 127.8 |
Table 5
Water balance comparison (in%) between models for study basins and western US.
| | P (mm) | Mosaic | Noah | VIC | Literature |
|----------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------|
| | | ET (%) | SR (%) | Recharge (%) | ET (%) | SR (%) | Recharge (%) | ET (%) | SR (%) | Recharge (%) | Recharge (%) |
| Death Valley | 185 | 95.4 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 69.6 | 6.5 | 28.6 | 82.2 | 5.6 | 12.2 | 1.5 |
| Colombia | 442 | 91.2 | 5.9 | 3.2 | 87.0 | 8.2 | 28.2 | 55.1 | 13.1 | 3.1 | 26.4 |
| Williston | 382 | 98.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 87.0 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 81.3 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 1.2 |
| San Pedro | 371 | 99.2 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 91.7 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 85.9 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 1.7 |
| SHP | 472 | 96.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 86.7 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 83.9 | 6.9 | 9.2 | 5.9 |
| NHP | 548 | 96.7 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 78.7 | 7.2 | 12.5 | 84.7 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 13.4 |
| CHP | 545 | 96.3 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 83.3 | 6.4 | 10.2 | 78.4 | 4.9 | 16.7 | 6.2 |
| Central Valley | 650 | 67.9 | 17.2 | 15.0 | 48.1 | 11.1 | 41.0 | 54.0 | 15.0 | 31.0 | 48.5 |
| Spokane Valley | 689 | 86.7 | 10.4 | 3.0 | 50.2 | 7.8 | 42.0 | 58.4 | 17.1 | 24.5 | 43.5 |
| SLV | 488 | 92.6 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 76.6 | 6.9 | 16.2 | 74.9 | 8.4 | 16.7 | 41.6 |
| Western US | 561 | 84.1 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 64.2 | 11.0 | 24.8 | 65.4 | 11.8 | 22.8 | N/A |
3.2. Comparing recharge across the western US: Among models and with BFI-based recharge
A similar spatial pattern (Table 6, Fig. 4) of recharge was observed based on LSMs and also with BFI, although rates vary among models as in the case of ET. While Mosaic consistently generated lower recharge compared to Noah, VIC and BFI, VIC overestimated recharge at low recharge zones and underestimated recharge in medium to higher recharge zones compared to Noah which both overestimated recharge compared to BFI.
Average annual recharge rates varied between 0 and 4128 mm based on Noah, 0 and 3479 mm based on Mosaic, 0 and 2209 mm based on VIC, 0 and 3272 mm based on model ensemble and between 0 and 2031 mm based on BFI based estimates at 1/8 degrees grid scale (Fig. 4). The average recharge rates for the whole western US was estimated to be 153 mm based on Noah, 46 mm based on Mosaic, 123 mm based on VIC, 103 mm based on model ensemble, and 82 mm based on BFI.
Table 6
Pattern correlation (Pearson’s r) matrix on recharge estimates among LSMs, model ensemble mean (ENS) and BFI-recharge.
| | Mosaic | VIC | Noah | ENS | BFI |
|----------------|--------|--------|--------|-------|-------|
| Mosaic | 1.00 | 0.85a | 0.91a | 0.95a | 0.74a |
| VIC | 0.85a | 1.00 | 0.91a | 0.95a | 0.77a |
| Noah | 0.91a | 0.91a | 1.00 | 0.98a | 0.86a |
| ENS | 0.95a | 0.95a | 0.98a | 1.00 | 0.83a |
| BFI | 0.74a | 0.77a | 0.86a | 0.83a | 1.00 |
a Statistically significant (p<0.05).
Although recharge rates differ among LSMs and BFI-based estimates, high and low recharge zones are similar among them (Fig. 4). It was observed that BFI-based recharge captures higher recharge zones for the west coast, and it predicts lower rates for the Eastern US compared to LSMs (Fig. 4). Mosaic showed slightly different patterns from BFI-recharge in other regions except the west coast mostly because Mosaic generated lower recharge compared to Noah, VIC and BFI (Fig. 5). While Mosaic consistently generated lower recharge compared to Noah and VIC overestimated recharge at low recharge zones and underestimated recharge in medium to higher recharge zones compared to Noah (Fig. 5). There was a stronger relationship between Noah and BFI-based recharge ($R^2$:0.76) and model ensemble ($R^2$=compared to VIC ($R^2$:0.62) and Mosaic ($R^2$:0.56) with BFI-based recharge (Fig. 6). Results from a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test suggested that the recharge estimates from the three models as well as the ensemble average are significantly different from each other and from the BFI-based recharge estimates (Table 7). Spatial pattern and magnitude of Model mean were more similar to VIC and Noah model and did not necessarily better than those models when compared with the BFI based recharge (Fig. 4). Model estimates differ less in the higher recharge zones in the east and west coast and more in the inner dry regions (Fig. 4).
It should be noted that the BFI-based recharge itself is a very rough estimate and should not be treated as an observation due to high uncertainty related to this dataset. The dataset is likely to underestimate natural recharge in arid regions where ET is significant. Also, ground-water discharge to streams does not occur in ‘losing’ streams which are more common in arid regions (Wolock, 2003c). As a result, the BFI-based recharge consistently underestimated recharge compared to literature estimates in the study basins.
### 3.3. Evaluating models based on basin wide literature recharge estimates
Mosaic consistently underestimated recharge across all the basins where estimates are available. Noah captured recharge reasonably well in wetter basins, but overestimated it in drier basins. VIC overestimated recharge in the drier basins and underestimate it for wetter aquifers. Over the study basins, recharge estimates varied between 1.8 mm/yr and 97.6 mm/yr based on the Mosaic model, between 12.4 mm/yr and 289.6 mm/yr based on the Noah model, and between 22.5 mm/yr and 201.7 mm/yr based on the VIC model (Table 4 and Fig. 6). The literature estimated recharge values ranged between 2.8 mm/yr and 315.5 mm/yr (Table 1, Fig. 6). Model ensemble mean ranged between 14.1 mm/yr and 189.1 mm/yr (Fig. 6) and was necessarily better than Noah and VIC when evaluated with the literature estimates compared to literature estimates, affected by highly skewed lower Mosaic estimates (Fig. 6). Although models have predicted different recharge rates for the study basins, the patterns of predicted recharge were similar. Models agree in identifying drier and wetter aquifers (i.e. low vs. high recharge aquifers, Fig. 6) although the driest and wettest aquifers identified by the models varied slightly among each other. The driest and wettest aquifers were the Death Valley aquifer and the Central Valley aquifer respectively based on literature estimates (Fig. 6). Similar results were obtained for the VIC model. However, Mosaic and Noah produced different results.
Based on literature estimates for individual aquifers in the region, about 40–45% of the precipitation becomes recharge (Table 5), lowest for the Williston basin and highest for the Central Valley. The Williston basin is in a semi-arid region, and thus the fraction of precipitation, which occurs primarily during summer that becomes recharge is relatively small. Recharge in the Central Valley comes from irrigation return flows, diffuse recharge directly...
Table 7
K-S test for comparing distribution of recharge K-S Test: HO: Samples are drawn from the same distribution.
| Dmax | Mosaic | VIC | Noah | ENS | BFI |
|------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | 0 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.61 |
| Mosaic | 0.66 | 0 | 0.046 | 0.12 | 0.37 |
| VIC | 0.65 | 0.046 | 0 | 0.11 | 0.38 |
| Noah | 0.68 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.34 |
| ENS | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0 |
| BFI | | | | | |
p-value
| | Mosaic | VIC | Noah | ENS | BFI |
|------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | 1 | -0.0001 | -0.0001 | -0.0001 | -0.0001 |
| Mosaic | -0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| VIC | -0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Noah | -0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 |
| ENS | -0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1 |
| BFI | -0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1 |
from precipitation and from mountain system recharge in the form of leakage from streams originating in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. These basins where a higher proportion of P becomes recharge are more permeable and have lower ET rates.
Based on Mosaic, about 0.01–15% of precipitation becomes recharge in the study basins which is much lower than literature estimates (Table 5). Based on Noah, about 3.2–42% of P becomes recharge in the study basins which is within similar range compared to literature estimates (Table 5). Based on VIC, about 6.7–31.8% of the precipitation becomes recharge in the study basins which is slightly higher for the drier basin and slightly lower for the wetter basins when compared to literature estimates. Models agreed with the literatures estimates that basins like Spokane valley, Central Valley and Columbia produce higher percent of P as recharge (Table 5).
Overall, Mosaic consistently underestimated recharge significantly across the basins (Fig. 6). VIC slightly overestimated recharge in the drier basins (Death Valley, Williston basin, San Pedro basin, SHP and CHP), but slightly underestimated in wetter basins (NHP, Colombia, SLK, Spokane Valley and Central Valley, Fig. 6). Noah, on the other hand overestimated recharge in the drier basins but captured recharge reasonably well in the wetter basins except for VIC where it underestimated recharge (Fig. 6). Thus, based on the analysis of these 10 basins, although none of the models were found to be capturing the recharge magnitude across the whole western US, it can be said that the Noah model showed a great promise in capturing the recharge in wetter regions. Mosaic seems to work better in drier basins which could just be an artifact that it underestimates recharge throughout the region. VIC seems to balance between Noah and Mosaic and seems to work for both dry and wetter regions if a single model is to be chosen across the western US. However overall, all three models (especially VIC and Noah) showed a lot of promise that with some advancements/-modifications in hydrologic process representation and with some calibration at local scale/aquifer these models can be a useful tool for estimating current recharge and also for forecasting the effect of projected climate change on recharge.
3.4. Seasonality of recharge
The models were fairly consistent with respect to the seasonality of recharge, which was largest during the spring. Over the study basins, models tend to agree on the seasonality of recharge occurring dominantly during spring months (MAM) except in the SHP basin (Fig. 7). This spring time dominance is most obvious with Mosaic. Since VIC has a more damped response to recharge, it produced similar recharge throughout the year for many basins. Seasonality of recharge did not necessarily follow the seasonality of precipitation in the aquifers (Fig. 7).
Seasonally higher recharge in spring for the basins could be due to additional sources of snowmelt from winter (DJF) P which tend to melt at the beginning of spring when temperature is sufficient to melt but not high enough to lose a lot of water from evaporation (Dunne and Leopold, 1978; Clark and Fritz, 1997; Ajami et al., 2012; Jasechko et al., 2014) in addition to rain occurring in spring time. Several field monitoring studies in Sweden (Rodhe, 1981), Idaho (Flerchinger et al., 1992), and the United States mid-west (Delin et al., 2007; Dripps, 2012) have also found that the spring snowmelt constitutes the bulk of annual groundwater recharge at the middle latitudes examined here.
3.5. Potential reasons of differences among models
Differences in recharge estimates among models can be attributed to differences in (1) ET calculations/estimates, (2) model structure particularly the thickness of bottom layer and (3) parameterizations. Recharge estimates from Mosaic were significantly smaller than those of Noah and VIC (Figs. 4–6). The lower estimates of recharge by Mosaic were directly related to Mosaic’s very high estimated ET. The model converted most of the precipitation to evaporation leaving much less water available to run off or infiltrate and percolate down as recharge. All of these LSMs characterize ET using soil moisture stress impacts on evaporation from the top layer of the soil profile and vegetation transpiration. As noted previously, the Noah model in NLDS-2 has four soil layers with spatially invariant thicknesses of 10, 30, 60, and 100 cm. The first three layers form the root zone in non-forested regions, with the fourth layer included in forest regions. The Mosaic model has three layers with thicknesses of 10, 30, and 160 cm, the first two of which compose the root zone. Mosaic has a greater ability to transfer moisture through top layer to the surface root zone through vertical diffusion, and therefore shows higher ET rates under normal conditions (Long et al., 2014). This process dries up the moisture in the bottom layer leaving minimal water to become recharge through drainage. Although vertical diffusion does occur in Noah, the magnitude is much smaller compared to Mosaic. No vertical diffusion between 3rd and 2nd layer occurs in VIC model which also accounts for the sub-grid heterogeneity of vegetation and soil moisture with a tiling approach, however rooting depth extends to the bottom layer unlike Noah and Mosaic.
Although the general conceptualization and basic structure of the models are similar, they vary in certain processes and formulations. These differences in the parameterizations can give rise to large variability in the outputs depending upon the variables of interest. The multi-model analysis carried out under the Global Soil Wetness Project-2 (GSWP-2) (Dirmeyer et al., 2006) illustrated that LSM variables, especially those associated with snow processes (i.e., snow water equivalent) and soil water (i.e., soil moisture in the lower layers), have a large spread. The same is true for groundwater recharge (Xia et al., 2012a).
The thickness of the bottom layer, which is the source of recharge, is 160 cm in Mosaic model, 100 cm in Noah model, and of variable depth in VIC model, allowing different amounts of soil moisture for free drainage. It is likely that differences in soil wetness, related to evapotranspiration and surface runoff rates, have a greater impact on the modeled recharge estimates than the free drainage formulations themselves. The relative bias analysis of soil moisture in the US showed that the models have small relative biases for the Eastern US where soils are normally wet but large relative biases in the western region where soils are drier (Xia et al., 2014). The disparity in mean annual evaporation and runoff ratio among the LSMs was also most obvious over the western mountainous regions (Xia et al., 2012a).
3.6. Uncertainty analysis
The main objective of this study was to provide a reasonable estimate of groundwater recharge across the western US, which is not currently available to our knowledge. This study will provide a baseline for future studies on recharge. Observation at every grid location in the Western United States is not possible given the challenges of field and basin-scale estimates of recharge rates. Thus a model is needed (although with some uncertainty) to provide reasonable estimates of recharge across the full extent of
the region. We tried to validate our results with the best available data in our research. The MODIS data for ET is the best available data at grid scale over the western US and has been used as a baseline and validation of ET by many other studies (e.g. Cai et al., 2014; Long et al., 2014). Similarly, base flow indexed based recharge was the best available at grid scale and also been used in literatures for comparison purposes. It should be noted that the BFI-based recharge (Wolock, 2003a) itself is a very rough estimate and should not be treated as a standard due to high uncertainties related to this dataset but has been widely used (Becker, 2006; Sartzi et al., 2008; Runnion et al., 2015) as a basis of recharge comparison due to lack of such data at the grid scale. Thus to better validate the model results, we further analyzed and compared the recharge at basin scale based on the availability of data in the western US. The literature recharge estimates for the 10 study basins synthesized by Meixner et al. (2015) used for evaluating model estimates comes from various sources which used different approaches (observational, environmental tracer analysis, and modeling) for making these estimates, and are the best available estimates. The LSMs ensemble recharge estimates for those 10 basins were comparable with the past literature estimates ($R^2 = 0.87$, Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.55). Thus the three way comparison gave enough confidence that the estimates from ensemble LSMs (particularly Noah and VIC) are reasonable.
3.7. Limitations of LSMs
Like most LSMs, those used in this study, were developed using many simplifications necessary to represent complex physical processes across large spatial scales with limited computational power and with imperfect inputs. These LSMs have soil columns with depths of 2 m, divided into multiple (3 or 4) layers, while neglecting deeper soil moisture and groundwater. Vertical flows of soil water are estimated using the Richards equation while the horizontal transport of water is ignored. Groundwater recharge is parameterized as a gravitational potential gradient which is a linear/nonlinear function of bottom soil layer drainage affected by soil type, soil moisture content, and slope. It derives from a simple infiltration/saturation excess scheme used for both surface runoff and drainage. None of the models take account of the horizontal flow of groundwater. The partitioning of saturation excess into surface runoff and drainage and how they vary in space are also quite different from one LSM to another (Lohmann et al., 1998, 2004; Boone et al., 2004). Nevertheless, LSMs provide spatially and temporally continuous estimates of hydrological variables that would be impossible to obtain using observations alone, and often the results are surprisingly good considering their limitations (Dirmeyer et al., 2006; Syed et al., 2008; Jimenez et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Li et al., 2015).
4. Summary and conclusions
Three LSMs: Mosaic, Noah and VIC were used to estimate recharge and assess its spatial pattern and temporal trend in the western US. While Mosaic estimates were consistently low compared to the BFI based recharge, Noah recharge estimates were generally higher. VIC has mixed results with higher estimates at lower recharge zones and lower estimates at high recharge zones when compared with the BFI based recharge. Models were consistent in identifying high and low recharge zones although rates vary. When evaluated with published estimates of recharge in 10 aquifers across the western US, Mosaic was consistent in underestimating recharge significantly across all the basins. VIC slightly overestimated recharge in the dry aquifers and slightly underestimated it in the wetter aquifers. Noah captured recharge reasonably well for wetter basins (SHP, NHP, Colombia, Spokane and Central Valley), but overestimated it in the other basins. The models accurately identified low and high recharge aquifers, although their rankings based on recharge magnitude differed. The models were fairly consistent with respect to the seasonality of recharge, which was largest during the spring, although VIC’s recharge seasonality was dampened compared to Noah and Mosaic. This consistency among models was greater in the south than in the north, with its greatest degree being in regions with high precipitation.
Overall, LSMs have the potential to capture the spatial and temporal patterns, as well as seasonality of recharge across the western US. Mosaic in particular requires calibration to capture the magnitude of recharge. Noah is more useful in capturing recharge in wetter regions with default parameters and VIC could be useful for both drier and wetter conditions but might require some calibration for better estimations. In general, all three models (especially VIC and Noah) showed promise that with advancements/modifications in hydrologic process representation and with some calibration at local/aquifer scale these models can be a very useful tool for estimating current recharge and also for forecasting the effect of projected climate change on recharge.
Even though the source of meteorological forcing data produced as part of NLDAS-2 for all these LSMs was the same, differences in recharge estimates among models emerged due to differences in ET calculations/estimates, model structure particularly the thickness of the bottom layer, and parameterizations. Calibration of these LSMs could improve their ability to estimate recharge. However, it should be noted that carefully evaluating them at a regional scale and at a grid level can be computationally and labor-intensive and no available data to calibrate it is also limiting. Improving model inputs and adding process complexity especially associated with groundwater mechanisms in future could help reduce uncertainty in recharge estimates. Recharge estimates were highly controlled by precipitation and there was not much of an imprint of topography on the recharge estimates, even for major mountain chains, given that such patterns are evident in ET and likely in precipitation.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge USGS John Wesley Powell Center for funding this research. We also express our sincere gratitude to all the members of Powell Center working group (Andrew H. Manning, David A. Stonestrom, Diana M. Allen, Kyle W. Blasch, Andrea E. Brookfield, Jordan F. Clark, Alan L. Flint, Kirstin L. Neff, Bridget R. Scanlon, Kamini Singha, and Michelle A. Walvoord) for their valuable suggestions/research directions.
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ACCREDITING BUREAU OF HEALTH EDUCATION SCHOOLS 7777 Leesburg Pike, Suite 314 N. · Falls Church, Virginia 22043 Tel. 703/917.9503 · Fax 703/917.4109 · E-Mail: [email protected]
GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING A MARKET SURVEY
The Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES) provides these guidelines to assist its accredited institutions and programs in identifying program need. ABHES requires institutions applying for new campus approval, implementation of a new program or institutions/programs submitting a placement action plan to evidence community need. This includes the availability of externship sites as applicable and employment demand.
The following are minimum requirements to be addressed relative to market demands:
1. Survey of potential employers: Summary results from a brief survey used to address future hiring needs and trends to include desirable training characteristics, feedback on past graduate hires and any changes in the qualifications required for graduates to achieve successful employment outcomes (e.g., required or preferred credentialing).
Provide summary of survey results including time period and number of surveys.
2. Externship availability: Signed externship contract sites that include the number of students allowed at one time per site and dates. It is essential that the institution demonstrate enough available sites to support the expected enrollment for the first class.
ABHES requires that externships be available for all enrolled students as they are ready for the experience. ABHES standards further state, students should not wait for externships and back-up sites should be available to ensure that there is no significant break in the education process.
Provide signed contracts with externship sites.
3. Advisory board: Representatives from the local health care community specific to this program who have accepted appointment to the Advisory Board and others who have an interest in serving as back-up or future purposes. These individuals are active professionals in the field who can provide current information on such things as potential externship sites, upcoming employment needs, and salary expectations.
Provide list of representatives including name, organization, address, and telephone number.
4. Salaries: General surveys on projected salaries graduates might expect that includes potential employers and related professional organizations. This information is essential to demonstrate the relationship between tuition and graduate success.
5. Competition: Listing of other educational/training facilities, their programs and student population that are located within a 10-mile radius of the campus.
6. Summary: The most critical element of the Market Survey is that the program demonstrates that the summarized information evidences a compelling need for the new program. If there is local competition, demonstration of the ability for the community to support this program is essential. Assuming need, the institution has a documented plan based on the results of the Market Survey that was taken into consideration when determining such things as the program's future enrollment, the effectiveness of the curriculum, and necessary future changes to address the needs of the local health care community.
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MetroHealth Researchers Awarded $2M Grant to Develop Device that Monitors Hydration Status
11/8/2022
Mary Joan Roach, Phd; Joseph Piktel, MD; and Eamon Johnson, PhD
Mary Joan Roach, PhD, staff scientist in the Population Health Research Institute, the MetroHealth Center for Rehabilitation Research and the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), and Joseph Piktel, MD, attending physician in the Department of Emergency Medicine, are Multi-Principal Investigators (MPI) on a $2 million Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grant entitled "Clinical Effectiveness of a Wearable Hydration Device."
STTR grants are based on partnerships between industry and academic institutions. The contact PI is Eamon Johnson, PhD, CEO of Triton X, the industry partner. MetroHealth is the lead academic partner for this clinical trial and commercialization project for a "Device that Recognizes the Need to Intake Water" (currently codenamed the DRINK band). The project has two phases: in Phase 1, investigators will conduct a comparative study of the device among acutely ill dehydrated older adults being cared for in the Emergency Department. In Phase 2, the investigators will conduct a clinical trial of continuous home monitoring of fluid levels among patients returning home after an acute care episode for dehydration.
Dr. Roach is Associate Professor of PM&R and Dr. Piktel is Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Coinvestigators include Adam Perzynski, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Sociology; Nathan Makowski, PhD, Assistant Professor of PM&R; and Lance Wilson, MD, Professor of Emergency Medicine.
MetroHealth Information Village © 2021 The MetroHealth System
Connect with MetroHealth
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National Unit specification
General information
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Unit code: DD1R 10
Superclass: TG
Publication date: April 2016
Source: Scottish Qualifications Authority
Version: 02
Unit purpose
This Unit will be suitable for learners who have limited or no knowledge of craft practices in plasterwork. The Outcomes require the learner to use and care for a basic range of tools, materials and equipment whilst undertaking skilled tasks associated with solid and bench plasterwork. The attainment of these skills is an essential requirement for progressing to higher level skills within this area. Learners who achieve this Unit should feel confident in progressing to Units based solely on plasterwork when the range and level of work will be wider and more advanced.
Outcomes
On successful completion of the Unit the learner will be able to:
1. Manage the use of hand tools, materials and equipment.
2. Carry out tasks involving solid plasterwork skills.
3. Carry out tasks involving plasterwork bench skills.
Credit points and level
0.5 National Unit credit at SCQF level 4: (3 SCQF credit points at SCQF level 4)
Recommended entry to the Unit
Access to this Unit is at the discretion of the centre. It would be beneficial if the learner had an aptitude for craft skills and had gained some prior practical experience.
National Unit specification: General information (cont)
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Core Skills
Opportunities to develop aspects of Core Skills are highlighted in the Support Notes for this Unit specification.
There is no automatic certification of Core Skills or Core Skill components in this Unit.
Context for delivery
If this Unit is delivered as part of a Group Award, it is recommended that it should be taught and assessed within the subject area of the Group Award to which it contributes.
Equality and inclusion
This Unit specification has been designed to ensure that there are no unnecessary barriers to learning or assessment. The individual needs of learners should be taken into account when planning learning experiences, selecting assessment methods or considering alternative evidence.
Further advice can be found on our website www.sqa.org.uk/assessmentarrangements.
National Unit specification: Statement of standards
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Acceptable performance in this Unit will be the satisfactory achievement of the standards set out in this part of the Unit specification. All sections of the statement of standards are mandatory and cannot be altered without reference to SQA.
Outcome 1
Manage the use of hand tools, materials and equipment.
Performance Criteria
(a) Select appropriate tools for the work being undertaken.
(b) Handle and transport tools, materials and equipment correctly.
(c) The use and maintenance of tools and equipment is correct.
(d) Store tools, materials and equipment correctly after use.
Outcome 2
Carry out tasks involving solid plasterwork skills.
Performance Criteria
(a) Prepare and treat a given background area.
(b) Materials are correctly mixed according to the specification.
(c) The application of the straightening coat is in accordance with the specification.
(d) Finishing coat applied to straightened area as in specification.
Outcome 3
Carry out tasks involving plasterwork bench skills.
Performance Criteria
(a) Prepare bench for running in accordance with the specification.
(b) Materials are correctly mixed according to specification.
(c) The run moulding is produced to given shape and size as in the specification.
(d) Moulding is removed from bench without damage.
(e) Mitres and cuts are in accordance with the specification.
National Unit specification: Statement of standards (cont)
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Evidence Requirements for this Unit
Evidence is required to demonstrate that learners have achieved all Outcomes and Performance Criteria.
Learners must adhere to relevant Health and Safety regulations and legislation relating both to working practices within the construction environment, as well as those specific to any practical task they are requested to carry out (such as emphasising the importance of selecting and using the correct PPE at all times).
Outcome 1
Evidence of actual performance is needed to show the learner can, follow instructions, select tools and handle, transport, maintain, use and store tools, materials and equipment in the work area in compliance with current safety regulations.
Evidence of the use and care of tools, materials and equipment and a basic awareness of their structure is needed to test underpinning knowledge and understanding and will be gained in a holistic assessment covering the Unit.
Outcome 2
Evidence of actual performance is needed to show the learner can, following instructions, prepare a flat walled background area, mix lightweight plastering materials, set out and apply both straightening and finishing coats of lightweight plaster to a minimum area of 1sq m, involving plumbing, straightening, face flatness and surface finish.
Evidence of basic practicable methodology on mixing materials, background preparations together the application of straightening and finishing in lightweight plasters is needed to test underpinning knowledge and understanding and will be gained in a holistic assessment covering the Unit.
Outcome 2 — Specification
Checks made for:
- Plumb
- Flatness
- Key
- Suction
- Appropriate action taken to ensure sufficient key and control of suction
- Plaster gauged/mixed free from lumps and dry materials
- Screeds/timber rods positioned correctly — within 20 mm
- Screeds/timber rods bedded correctly to a thickness of 8 mm — within 6 mm
- Straightening applied between screeds/rods, flat and straight — within 6 mm
- Straightening coat evenly keyed
- Finishing coat applied to an even thickness — within 3 mm
- Surface trowelled smooth and generally free from trowel marks and blemishes
National Unit specification: Statement of standards (cont)
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Outcome 3
Evidence of actual performance is needed to show the learner can, following instructions and with a supplied running mould, prepare a bench area for running, mix fine casting plaster, run a short length of panel moulding (1 metre), remove moulding from bench and cut to form a mitred intersection with squared ends.
Evidence of basic practicable methodology on plasterwork bench skills is needed to test underpinning knowledge and understanding and will be gained in a holistic assessment covering the Unit.
Outcome 3 — Specification
- Surface of bench evenly coated with release agent
- Nail/pin fixed to bench in path of mould run
- Scrim cut to size — within 20 mm
- Plaster gauged/mixed free from lumps and dry materials
- Scrim placed in most suitable supportive position
- Moulding fully formed to profile shape free from air pockets and with minimal blemishes
- Moulding removed without damage
- Mitre intersection cut — within 3 mm
- Squared ends cut — within 3 mm
National Unit Support Notes
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Unit Support Notes are offered as guidance and are not mandatory.
While the exact time allocated to this Unit is at the discretion of the centre, the notional design length is 20 hours.
Guidance on the content and context for this Unit
This Unit is designed to introduce the learner to skills required by craft persons working in the construction industry as plasterers. The Unit will focus on basic skills and associated tasks involved in the application of two coat lightweight plaster to a plumb, straight, flat and uniform smooth finish together with the basic skills involved with the production of a short length of panel moulding and the cutting of one mitre intersection. It is envisaged that many learners will have little or no experience of working with the range of tools, materials and equipment. Underpinning the practical skills is the need to ensure the learner appreciates the reasons for carrying out the tasks in the manner directed and the reasons for using specific tools, materials, equipment and personal protective equipment. Whilst it is imperative that all activities are carried out in compliance with relevant health and safety regulations it is intended that only a basic understanding is summatively assessed.
Corresponding to Outcomes 1 to 3:
Outcome 1
This Outcome requires the learner to select tools, and to handle, transport, use, maintain and store tools, materials and equipment. It should inform the learner on the importance of working in an organised and systematic manner while giving due consideration to others. The maintenance of a clean and tidy work area including the positioning of tools, materials and equipment before, during and after use is paramount in complying with relevant health and safety regulations. Tools are likely to include hawk, trowel, gauger, spirit level, scrub/splash brush, small tool, saw, square. Materials are likely to be lightweight straightening and finishing plasters, fine casting plaster reinforcement materials (scrim/fiba tape). Equipment to include mixing drums/buckets/bath, mixing paddle, board and stance, straightedge, mitre box.
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Outcome 2
This Outcome entails tasks in solid plasterwork skills and is mainly related to the application of two coat light weight plasters to a flat walled brick/block background. Prior preparations of both the background area and mixing of materials are of vital importance to the success of the operation and the use of dots and screeds or fully bedded timber rods together with a spirit level will increase the learner’s awareness of techniques common in this area of work.
Outcome 3
This Outcome should enable the learner to develop practical skills in using hand tools during the bench work production of a short length of panel moulding. Prior preparations of both the bench area and mixing of materials are of vital importance to the success of the operation. Running techniques to include the importance of the running rule/rod together with back-stripping and methods incorporating reinforcement into the run should be emphasised. Cutting of mitre and squared ends of panel mould may include measured cuts or the use of a mitre box.
Guidance on approaches to delivery of this Unit
Recognised working practices should be fully explained, demonstrated and practiced including manual handling techniques, posture when using tools and methods of working in a clean and tidy manner. Outcome 1 should be integrated with Outcome 2 and 3. Where it is possible to do so, underpinning knowledge should be integrated with practical activities in the workshop or project area.
Formative assessment should inform the learner of his/her progress when emphasis should be placed on working accurately.
Guidance on approaches to assessment of this Unit
Centres may use the method of assessment which they consider to be most appropriate but are encouraged to use the Training Assessment Programme (TAP) developed centrally by SQA. It is expected that learners will have to demonstrate current knowledge and understanding of safe working practice and risk assessment methods, etc prior to being set the assessment tasks.
Knowledge and Understanding of the processes involved in Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4) should be assessed before any practical assignments are carried out by learners. This will include assessment of a learner’s ability to prepare the work area for laying modular pavement.
Practical assignments should be carried out under supervised conditions and recorded in an assessor observation/operational checklist. Assessments should confirm that a learner has the ability to safely lay modular pavement using designated machinery or equipment correctly and safely, whilst adhering to current statutory Health and Safety regulations and legislation.
National Unit Support Notes (cont)
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
Adherence to current statutory working regulations and Health and Safety procedures will be observed during the practical exercise carried out by the learner towards all Outcomes.
Detailed assessment material for this Unit will be found in the relevant Training and Assessment Programme (TAP). Centres may use the instruments of assessment which they consider to be most appropriate but are advised to use the TAP which has been developed centrally by SQA. Any other instruments of assessment used must be comparable to the TAP and have been prior verified.
Opportunities for e-assessment
E-assessment may be appropriate for some assessments in this Unit. By e-assessment we mean assessment which is supported by Information and Communication Technology (ICT), such as e-testing or the use of e-portfolios or social software. Centres which wish to use e-assessment must ensure that the national standard is applied to all learner evidence and that conditions of assessment as specified in the Evidence Requirements are met, regardless of the mode of gathering evidence. The most up-to-date guidance on the use of e-assessment to support SQA’s qualifications is available at www.sqa.org.uk/e-assessment.
Opportunities for developing Core and other essential skills
The Core Skill of Problem Solving at SCQF level 4 could be developed as learners undertake this Unit. Learners will need to take account of a range of factors in order to work efficiently and safely, such as the choice of tools, appropriate materials, safety issues, safety equipment and sustainability.
Numeracy at SCQF level 4 could be developed through measuring and costing exercises.
There will be opportunities for learners to develop the Core Skill of Communication at SCQF level 4. Learners will have the opportunity to develop Written and/or Oral Communication skills for the knowledge part of the assessment. As learners complete practical tasks, they should be expected to communicate with others using the correct terminology, tone and style suited to the workplace.
## History of changes to Unit
| Version | Description of change | Date |
|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| 02 | Clarification of Standards and updated to new Unit Specification Standard. | 29/04/16 |
© Scottish Qualifications Authority 2004, 2016
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes provided that no profit is derived from reproduction and that, if reproduced in part, the source is acknowledged.
Additional copies of this Unit specification can be purchased from the Scottish Qualifications Authority. Please contact the Business Development and Customer Support team, telephone 0303 333 0330.
General information for learners
Unit title: Solid and Bench Plasterwork Skills: An Introduction (SCQF level 4)
This section will help you decide whether this is the Unit for you by explaining what the Unit is about, what you should know or be able to do before you start, what you will need to do during the Unit and opportunities for further learning and employment.
This Unit is designed to introduce you to skills required by craft persons working in the construction industry as plasterers. The Unit will focus on basic skills and associated tasks involved in the application of plaster. Little or no experience is required of working with the range of tools, materials and equipment.
Health and Safety and Sustainability are integral and key to the Construction Industry therefore throughout the Unit emphasis will be placed where appropriate on the application of Health and Safety and Sustainability. Safety working practices will be looked at in accordance with current safety codes of practice and regulations.
There will be a series of training exercises followed by some practical task based assessment and multi choice knowledge assessment. Completion of the Unit will provide you with the basic skills necessary to enable you to progress to more complex aspects of Plasterwork which in turn will further develop your skills and knowledge.
The Core Skill of Problem Solving at SCQF level 4 could be developed as you undertake this Unit. You will need to take account of a range of factors in order to work efficiently and safely, such as the choice of tools, appropriate materials, safety issues, safety equipment and sustainability.
Numeracy at SCQF level 4 could be developed through measuring and costing exercises.
There will be opportunities for you to develop the Core Skill of Communication at SCQF level 4 as you will have the opportunity to develop Written and/or Oral Communication skills.
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Remarks by the Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs
Janet Woodcock, MD
FDLI Annual Conference: May 18, 2021
Courts v. FDA: A Lesson from Pelvic Mesh Litigation on Relative Competence to Decide a Legal Question
Luther T. Munford
An Unofficial Legislative History of Over-the-Counter Monograph Reform
Elizabeth Guo, Richard Kingham & David Spangler
2020 H. Thomas Austern Writing Competition Winners
Clinical Trial Data Reporting: Breaking Free of a Prisoner’s Dilemma
Darpan Patel
Interpreting the “Same Level of Public Health Protection” in Produce Safety Rule Variances
Lauren R. Wustenberg
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Online giving is available!
Visit www.stjohnlux.com and click on Online Giving Your Support Counts!
Community Events
LUXEMBURG FIRE & RESCUE PORKIE PANCAKE BREAKFAST will take place at the Luxemburg Fire Station on Sunday, July 11 th from 7am – 11:30am. Drive through will be available. All proceeds to benefit Luxemburg Fire & Rescue.
St. Louis Dyckesville Summer Festival
Sunday, July 25, 2021
Polka Mass @ 10 AM (Sugarbush Boys)
Parade @ 11:15AM
Music by Let me be Frank Productions 12 to 4 PM
Raffle, Basket Mania, White Elephant, Kid's Games, Car Show, Gun Raffle
Chicken Booyah, Belgium Trippe, Burgers, Brats, Desserts, Refreshments!
Welcome to
St. John Lutheran Church
Lutheran Church Missouri Synod
Pastor Carl Brewer
Pastor Craig VanPay
Reaching. Connecting. Encouraging.
To provide hope by reaching out and connecting people to Jesus through the Holy Spirit and encouraging them to share the same Good News.
700 Heritage Road Luxemburg, WI www.stjohnlux.com
Church Ph: (920) 845-5250 / Fx: (920) 845-9996
Email: [email protected]
Like us on Facebook!
St John Lutheran Church and
Ruby's Pop-Up Pantry – St. John's Site
WELCOME! Thank you for worshiping with us! We ask that all members and visitors please fill out an Information Card, located in the Narthex. Please know that you are ALWAYS welcome here and we welcome you back at any time in the future.
-------
A QUICK Look Ahead
-------------------------------------------
Sunday, July 11
9:00 am┃ Worship Service w/Holy Communion
10:00 am┃Trustee Meeting
1:00 pm┃VBS Meeting
Monday, July 12
6:30 pm┃Board of Education Meeting
Wednesday, July 14
7:30 pm ┃Worship Service w/Holy Communion
Sunday, July 18
9:00 am┃ Worship Service w/Holy Communion
Monday, July 19 – Wednesday, July 21
8:30 am – 11:30 am┃VBS
Wednesday, July 21
7:30 pm ┃Worship Service w/Holy Communion
Sunday, July 25 – Independence Day
9:00 am ┃ Worship Service w/Holy Communion
Monday, July 26
1:00 pm – 6:00 pm ┃ Blood Drive
Altar Flowers are in given in thanksgiving to the glory of God by Bill & Gail Hanmann in honor of their 53 rd Wedding Anniversary. "The LORD has done great things for us, and we are filled with joy." Psalm 126:3
2021 Vacation Bible School
Vacation Bible School will be held July 19, 20, and 21 st from 8:30 am – 11:30 am and will be structured for children aged 3K-6 th Grade. If you have a child or know of others that would like to attend VBS, please register online or by mail. Online registration can be found at: https://www.stjohnlux.com/vacation-bible-school or pick up a registration sheet from the VBS table in the Narthex.
The Kewaunee County Back to School Program assists families in need with the purchase of necessary supplies to start the school year off right. There is a wish list and donation box located in the Church Narthex.
Updated Summer Meeting Schedule: The July 18 Voter's Assembly meeting and the July Church Council meeting have been canceled. The next Church Council meeting will take place on August 5 th .
A Life Quote from Lutherans For Life • lutheransforlife.org
"In this current darkness of confusion, fear, isolation, sickness, and death, the Gospel shines even more brightly … Eternity tells you that you aren't cursed with less but guaranteed gloriously more than you could imagine. No matter what the next day brings, your future is bright because a victory has been won for you." Paul David Tripp, pastor, author, and conference speaker
Summer Bible Study: Please join us at 7:45 am (prior to church) for Bible Study on select Sundays in summer. We will be finishing the book of Daniel and starting the book of Esther. Contact Heidi VandenBush (920) 255-5840 with any questions.
July 18th│Esther 3 & 4 A Deadly Conspiracy
July 25th│Esther 5-7 Salvation for God's People
MARK YOUR CALENDAR! On Sunday, August 22, there will be a church picnic to celebrate Pastor VanPay's ordination which took place in January. Due to the coronavirus, it was invitation only. This is the time that all members can come give good wishes to Craig. An outdoor church service will take place at 10:00 am with a picnic lunch afterwards. Apron Gang will provide hamburgers, hot dogs, potato salad and baked beans. The rest of the meal will be a potluck and we look forward to having as many members as possible attend. It is hoped to have activities for the children, maybe a baseball or kick ball game or two for kids and adults?? And time for fellowship among all church members. So, mark your calendar for August 22 and plan to join your fellow members. Watch for more information to come in future newsletters and weekly bulletins!
There is a severe shortage of ALL blood types right now –
Especially a shortage of type O Blood. Donate Blood during the LuxemburgCasco Community Blood Drive. The drive will take place in the Fellowship Hall on Monday, July 26, from 1:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. Appointments preferred. To schedule call 1-800-733-2767 or online at: https://www.redcrossblood.org/give. As a bonus, all presenting donors will receive a $10 Amazon gift card via email and will be entered into a drawing for a chance to win gas for a year (a $5K value). Day of volunteers are needed to assist with the drive, as well as volunteers willing to make sandwiches, bars, and cookies (all food items must be individually wrapped). There is a sign-up sheet in the narthex.
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American recovery and reinvestment act
Investing in Minnesota
Putting Minnesota back to work: The CEA estimates that 60,000 jobs were created or saved by the Recovery Act in Minnesota through June, 2010. These jobs are supported by the more than $6.5 billion in Recovery Act funds which have been made available to Minnesota– and the more than $4.6 billion which has already been spent.
Developing and Advancing Minnesota's Growing Industries and Infrastructure
* Over $629.2 million has been obligated for 253 transportation projects. These projects are putting 715 people to work, and improving 1,195 miles of highway across the state.
* 2,406 Recovery Act-backed small business loans have been given to Minnesota small businesses, who are now investing $886 million into creating new jobs and buying new equipment they need to succeed.
-› Example: Crystal Kitchen Center- JoLynn Johnson of Princeton, Minnesota took advantage of SBA's loan products by accessing the American Recovery Capital (ARC) loan which helped her meet day to day operating costs. The ARC loan provides no interest, deferred repayment loans of up to $35,000 to provide a "bridge" for viable small businesses facing economic challenges. SBA's instant capital infusion allowed JoLynn to get back on track and maintain her longstanding reputation as one of Minnesota's finest custom cabinetry providers.
* America's energy future is cleaner, more efficient, and made at home, thanks in part to the 83 clean energy projects that have been funded with the $317 million clean energy investment that the Recovery Act made into Minnesota.
-› Example: The University of Minnesota and BioCee, Inc. in Saint Paul have been awarded $2.2 million under the Advanced Research Projects AgencyEnergy to develop an innovative transportation fuel using sunlight and Shewanella, a hydrocarbon producing bacteria.
-› Over 5,268 homes have already been weatherized, and ultimately 16,858 homes will be weatherized with Recovery Act investments.
* As many as 1,181,537 people and 981 community institutions, such as schools and hospitals, stand to benefit from broadband projects in Minnesota.
* The water infrastructure of Minnesota will see significant improvements as a result of the 72 rural water and waste disposal projects, and clean and drinking water projects being launched across the state by the Recovery Act.
Providing Relief to the Individual Residents of Minnesota
* Because of the Making Work Pay tax credit, 2.0 million Minnesota working families will collectively receive $1.1 billion in tax relief – dollars they can put to use immediately.
* Over 430,000 Minnesota residents have expanded unemployment benefits because of the Recovery Act.
* Approximately 68,000 people in Minnesota received COBRA benefits, due in part to Recovery Act investments.
* More than 853,744 Minnesota seniors and 30,462 veterans have received one-time economic relief payments of $250, totaling over $221.1 million.
* The Recovery Act is investing in Minnesota's future, helping students and their parents with education costs.
-› 22,062 low-income undergraduate students in Minnesota have received grants to help them further their education and provide opportunities they might not otherwise have. What's more, the average grant to students increased by 633.
Investing in Minnesota
More Investments to Support Minnesota
* Professors, students, and other researchers in Minnesota have received $115 million to fund 339 health research projects and explore treatments and cures to medical issues that affect millions of Americans.
* More than 5,852 education positions were reported as funded by the Recovery Act in the second quarter of 2010 in Minnesota – which has received more than $1.4 billion in funding from the Department of Education.
* The Recovery Act has already made over $1.6 billion available to help prevent Medicaid cuts in Minnesota. The state has spent over $1.5 billion of the available funds.
* Law enforcement agencies in Minnesota received over $11.6 million million in funding to support 53 police officers' salaries and benefits for three years.
Just One of Many Great Examples of How the Recovery Act is Investing in Minnesota's Future
The City of St. Paul received a TIGER grant for the construction of a transportation hub. The project will renovate the city's historic Union Depot and co-locate Amtrak, intercity bus carriers, local bus, light rail services, taxis, and bicycle accommodations. The depot could provide future capacity for high-speed rail and other planned inter-city and light rail services.
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Porcupine Polygons
(Porcupine images are created when P is the largest number less than (or smallest number larger than) n*S/2)
A porcupine polygon is one you would not want to step on. The internal body is surrounded by needle like armor. Images such as these occur whenever P is as close as possible to S*n/2 without equaling that number. If P = S*n/2, a vertical line results. The two examples below show S = 29. When n is odd, the internal structure appears star-like (for n ≥ 5) and when n is even, the internal structure is more polygonal in nature.
Images such as these are fun to watch being drawn. The links below take you to the companion website. Click Toggle Drawing to watch this happen. Can you explain why the image rotates as it does … and why that rotation reverses if you increase P to 44 in the first or 59 in the second link?
https://www.playingwithpolygons.com?vertex=3&subdivisions=29&points=43&jumps=1
https://www.playingwithpolygons.com?vertex=4&subdivisions=29&points=57&jumps=1
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123 King Street West
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8P 4S8
www.artgalleryofhamilton.com
Art Gallery of Hamilton Hosts First Virtual Fundraising Gala
The AGH Dream: A Virtual Gala Experience
Saturday. November 28, 7:00 pm
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Hamilton, Ontario | Tuesday, November 17, 2020
Continuing its effort to keep the community safe and healthy, the Art Gallery of Hamilton will host its first-ever virtual Fundraising Gala, titled The AGH Dream: A Virtual Gala Experience, on Saturday, November 28 at 7:00 pm. Tickets start at $30.00 per household and include a presentation of behind-the-scenes Gallery footage, a lineup of exciting local performers, and access to the ever-popular art auction - all celebrated virtually from the comforts of home.
"Now more than ever, public support of the Art Gallery of Hamilton by way of this major annual fundraising Gala will make a critical impact on the future vibrancy of the Gallery and the communities it supports," says Shelley Falconer, AGH President and CEO. "As the world shifts in response to COVID-19, the AGH continues to adapt while maintaining our commitment to the community. The pandemic has taught us the value of culture and the potential for people to change and collaborate to get through difficult circumstances together. We have all increasingly relied on culture to soothe the daily stresses of this challenging year and to help maintain a sense of normalcy in our lives. We can't do this alone which is why we are calling on the community to join us on the journey to recovery by purchasing a ticket to the Gala, bidding on the online auction, or making a personal donation."
Inspired by the current exhibition The Artist's Dream: Works of French Symbolism, The AGH Dream: A Virtual Gala Experience is a demonstration of Hamilton's collective spirit and ability to come together in new ways. As one of the most influential events of the season, the AGH Gala marks a special moment in time where the community gathers in celebration of regional talent and rallies in support of the widespread work of the Gallery.
Locally sourced culinary packages, available by delivery or curbside pickup at the AGH, are offered to provide a Gala-worthy experience while supporting local businesses.
Master of Ceremonies: Max Francis, True Hamiltonian
Land Acknowledgement and Smudge Ceremony: Layla Black
Performances: Terra Lightfoot, Logan Staats, and the Hamilton City Ballet
Artist Guests: Sylvia Nickerson and Lester Coloma
Special Guest Speakers: Mayor Fred Eisenberger, Laurie Davidson, Regional Vice President, RBC, and Joseph Mancinelli, International VP and Regional Manager, LiUNA
For tickets, please visit https://www.artgalleryofhamilton.com/join-and-support/agh-gala/or email [email protected]
The AGH Dream: A Virtual Gala Experience is presented by RBC and LiUNA.
………… end …………
About the Art Gallery of Hamilton
Founded in 1914, the Art Gallery of Hamilton is the oldest and largest public art gallery in southwestern Ontario. Its permanent collection, which is focused on historical Canadian, 19th-century European, and International and Contemporary art, numbers more than 10,000 works and is recognized as one of Canada's finest. The AGH is a vital creative hub and centre of lifelong learning that enables people of all ages to enrich their lives by gaining a deeper understanding of art. The Gallery is supported by the City of Hamilton, the Canada Council for the Arts, and the Ontario Arts Council.
For more information, interview requests, or the media package, please contact:
Megan Olynik
Manager, Marketing and Communications [email protected]
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ISSUE 17, 2 September 2021
THAT 'BLAH' YOU FEEL – IT'S LANGUISHING
Languishing captures that 'blah' feeling so many of us are experiencing in the pandemic-response lockdowns. It is an emotional state characterised by a sense of stagnation, lacklustre, emptiness and disconnection. If we visualise mental health as a continuum, languishing sits towards the endpoint of mental illness, but it is not a clinical disorder. It is a term coined by American sociologist and psychologist Corey Keyes that seems so apt in the current environment and is sure to become as popular as pivot, and you are on mute!
ESFs recent Insight Conversation addressed the issue of languishing. Dr Paula Robinson, CEO and Founder of Applied Positive Psychology Learning Institute explained that it is a normal feeling in such extraordinary times but there are things we can do to help push us in the direction of mental fitness or 'flourishing', the opposite endpoint of the mental health continuum. Paula provided some practical tips on how to deal with languishing. Most important is a routine of physical movement, time outdoors, and connection with a support person professional or otherwise. She described how to deal with negative thoughts and focus on things within our control. She reminded us that bad times pass and that there are two things that determine mental fitness "how you think and what you do".
Cate Page Executive Director, Clinical Services of Converge International spoke about how languishing has been more evident in EAP clients through lockdowns with people presenting with numerous issues including anger. She explained how important it is to separate out the issues to identify the things you can control. She stressed that in workplaces there needs to be continued structured investment in people through check ins, especially for people working remotely, saying it does not need to come from the manager, but it is so important for everyone to have a safe space to talk through what is happening.
Suzanne Leckie, Organisational Wellbeing Manager at CFA said, volunteers "don't join CFA to go on Zoom, they join to give to the community and for social connection". CFA has instigated a range of strategies for volunteers and staff including introducing the concept of languishing and making it okay to say, "this is a struggle". Online meeting free days and encouraging authentic leadership, so vulnerability is shared at such a difficult time have been welcome and helpful initiatives.
You can listen to a recording of the Insight Conversation here
REACTIONS
I thought the conversation was a great resource for people who are struggling with their mental health during the perpetual lockdowns. The term 'languishing' captures so well the feeling we are all experiencing now, we can all adopt some of these skills to bring some much needed 'flourishing' in our lives.
Paul Fitzgerald Psychologist, VicSES
A marvellous session. Three great speakers - whose perspectives provided such wise and practical insight, advice, and hope.
Marie Crozier-Durham Department of Management Monash University
The ESF insight conversation provided understanding on how we can differentiate between depression and languishing about and what it looks like to be acting like you have a mental illness and actually having one. It is all about the stories we tell ourselves stories. Therefore, the paradigm shift to focus on telling ourselves stories about how functional we are and how we are actually doing well in our lives, therefore the more we do that the better at that we will become.
I really liked being able to drill down into how to create some of those healthier habits that give us the boost we need and as creatures of habit we need those routines and to put energy into building on these to get through these abnormal times. And as we have heard time and time again….
This too shall pass!" Gina Mammone Senior Manager, Peer and Pastoral Care Wellbeing and Support Services AV
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“SBA Programs Spurring Innovation”
Testimony before the Committee on Small Business
United States House of Representatives
116th Congress
Alison Brown, PhD
President and CEO
NAVSYS Corporation
[email protected]
10:30 AM
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Rayburn House Office Building, Room 2360
BACKGROUND
Chairwoman Velázquez, Ranking Member Chabot and Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to testify here today and for your efforts in supporting the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program.
My name is Alison Brown, and I am the CEO and Founder of NAVSYS Corporation, a small business located in Monument, Colorado. NAVSYS has been developing innovative positioning, navigation and timing solutions for the government and private sector since 1986. Much of our success has been from technology we developed with funding through the SBIR program. As an example, an early device we developed for use on Air Force radiosondes through an SBIR contract transitioned into the first emergency cell phone location system, deployed in Colorado in 1995. I am proud to say that this unit, LocaterNet, is now on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space museum and the LocaterNet system was instrumental in establishing the FCC mandated E-911 standards that are in place today which have resulted in the saving of countless lives.
Throughout my company’s history we have been able to bring innovations to the warfighter and field these solutions rapidly because of the Phase III contracting authority granted through the SBIR program. We are the only small business who has received the prestigious AFEI Excellence in Enterprise Integration Award which we received for our Talon NAMATH system, developed under a Phase III contract. Working with Air Force TENCAP and our industry partner Boeing, we fielded a networked solution to improve the precision of the SDB and JDAM guided weapons in less than a year, enhancing warfighter operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Only the SBIR contracting authority permitted this innovative new capability to be fielded this rapidly to meet an urgent warfighter operational need.
However, Talon NAMATH unfortunately highlights challenges that small businesses often face working within the defense acquisition system. Despite the success of the Talon NAMATH program, and the positive feedback received from operational warfighters and the MAJCOMs, the GPS Wing at SMC elected to give a sole source contract to their Lead System Integrator, Boeing, to replace the fielded Talon NAMATH system rather than working with NAVSYS to evolve the SBIR-developed and already fielded system. This decision was challenged by the Small Business Administration (SBA) as a violation of their SBIR Policy Directive which states that “Agencies … that pursue R/R&D or production of technology...
developed under the SBIR/STTR program shall issue Phase III awards relating to the technology, including sole source awards, to the Awardee that developed the technology under an SBIR/STTR award, to the greatest extent practicable.” A GAO Report\(^1\), requested by Congress to investigate challenges in commercializing technologies in part due to concerns raised by the Talon NAMATH issue\(^2\), identified that multiple SBIR companies had experienced similar problems where DOD officials appeared to have shared proprietary information with prime contractors who then used the SBIR developed technology to compete against the SBIR awardee. Due to limited staffing at the SBA, they have been unable to respond to many complaints by multiple companies of similar policy violations of the Phase III preference requirement – leaving this important part of SBA legislation effectively unregulated within the Department of Defense. My example with the Talon NAMATH program is illustrative of a problem that many other firms have faced in transitioning their SBIR technology.
Everyone is aware of the need to get new technology to the warfighter. While Congress has enacted changes to the SBIR process, to date most of changes have not been put into the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations (DFAR). I served on the Government-Industry panel of experts which was convened to prepare a report on Technical Data Rights for the office of the Secretary of Defense in response to NDAA 2016 Section 813. This report included recommendations regarding handling of SBIR data rights on Phase III awards, or work which derives from, extends, or completes efforts made under prior funding agreements under the SBIR program\(^3\). The panel discussed SBIR Phase III issues that arose when data rights were used as an evaluation factor or when issuance of a contract was made conditional on relinquishing data rights. Multiple small businesses provided examples to the panel of specific examples of where this had occurred, even though requiring relinquishing of SBIR data rights is a direct violation of the SBIR policy directive. The panel recommended that, as the intent of SBIR data rights is to reward small businesses for their innovation and invention by providing intellectual property protection, a revision should be made to 10 U.S.C. 2320 to clarify that an item or process developed under a contract or subcontract to which the SBIR regulations apply shall be treated as though developed at private expense during the protection period authorized in the SBIR regulations. This would afford SBIR similar protection within defense acquisition based on language that Congress has enacted language that clarifies how commercial items are to be handled.
On a number of occasions Congress has tried to improve the technology insertion process into Defense acquisitions. The blue ribbon panel of Government and Industry experts, convened to provide a report on Streamlining and Codifying Acquisition Regulations in response to NDAA Section 809, recommended more than doubling the SBIR allocation, from 3.2% to 7%, and making the program permanent. The report stated that “DoD should invest more heavily in SBIR and RIF, as both effectively leverage small businesses to further DoD’s mission-related capabilities; however, both programs could benefit from greater speed and flexibility. DoD should factor SBIR technologies more explicitly into its acquisition strategies and plans. Greater speed, as well as the ability to disburse large awards under both programs, will help companies bridge the valley of death and successfully commercialize their products.”\(^4\)
The SBIR program was established with the purpose of strengthening the role of small, innovative firms in federally funded research and development. It remains today one of the few successful paths
---
\(^1\) “SPACE ACQUISITIONS, Challenges in Commercializing Technologies Developed under the Small Business Innovation Research Program”, GAO-11-21, November 2010, [https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1121.pdf](https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1121.pdf)
\(^2\) Attachment 1: Letter from Senator Wayne Allard to General Chilton, Commander of AFSPC
\(^3\) “2018 Report: Government-Industry Advisory Panel on Technical Data Rights” November 13, 2018, pp 145- 150 [http://www.ndia.org/-/media/Sites/NDIA/Policy/Documents/Final%20Section%20813%20Report](http://www.ndia.org/-/media/Sites/NDIA/Policy/Documents/Final%20Section%20813%20Report)
\(^4\) “Report of the Advisory Panel on Streamlining and Codifying Acquisition Regulations”, January 2018, Page 193 [https://section809panel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Sec809Panel_Vol1-Report_Jan18_FINAL.pdf](https://section809panel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Sec809Panel_Vol1-Report_Jan18_FINAL.pdf)
for small businesses to bring innovations into the hands of the warfighters. Recently, Dr. Will Roper, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, initiated a new SBIR process modeled after commercial investment pitch competitions to deliver a faster, smarter approach to compete for ideas that can solve near-term DoD problems through the accelerating technology ecosystem. The process is a major departure from the lengthy contractual processes typically expected of the military and focuses on rapidly awarding Phase I SBIR contracts to companies based on a simpler streamlined evaluation of white papers and in-person presentations. NAVSYS has competed and won two Pitch Day contracts. In the first Air Force Pitch Day cycle, Air Force contracting officials reviewed 417 submissions received during the 30-day application period and then invited 59 businesses to pitch their proposals in person March 6. Of those 59 businesses, 51 received an initial award\(^5\). It took only 10 minutes for me to receive that Phase I contract and we expect to receive our Phase II contract award this month, less than 8 months after submission of our Phase I proposal. This process has been a breath of fresh air as the Air Force Pitch Day team worked to connect us quickly and directly to end users who can take advantage of our technology and planning near term demonstrations to deliver prototype and show capability directly to the warfighter. The Navy has recently instituted a similar process to speed awards of Phase II contracts\(^6\). While the Air Force and Navy programs have sped up the process for some SBIR awards, all agencies need to adopt similar practices to simplify and streamline the SBIR award process with standardized contracts for Phase I, Phase II and Phase III awards.
The SBIR program provides the mechanism to bring innovative companies into the DoD ecosystem. Dr. Roper has said that the next challenge for the Air Force is to organize to do this type of activity at scale. When Congress created Other Transaction Agreements (OTAs) the intent was to bring together nontraditional companies who were agile, innovative and willing to fail fast to provide solutions for the DoD. Instead the DoD has used OTAs to award billions of dollars to the traditional prime contractors. Imagine what could have been accomplished if a fraction of the billions of dollars that have been awarded through OTAs to traditional defense contractors had instead been made to accelerate Phase III transitions from the SBIR program. Using the Phase I and II SBIR funds, the DoD can work with small companies who are agile, innovative and willing to fail fast. The proven SBIR solutions can then be rapidly field through the Phase III process into the hands of the warfighter. Through the Air Force Pitch Day process the SBIR program can be used, in Gen Stephen Wilson’s words, to “deliver speed of capability to the battlefield.”
**RECOMMENDATIONS**
1. **Update DFARS to be consistent with the SBIR Phase III and SBIR Data Rights provisions in SBA Policy Directives.**
The SBA Office of Innovation is not staffed for enforcement of the SBIR Policy Directive and when agencies do not follow the Directive there is generally no recourse for Small Businesses. Contracting officers are trained to follow Federal Acquisition Regulations and not the SBA Policy Directive. To avoid instances, such as NAVSYS experienced with Talon NAMATH, the DFARS need to be updated to comply with SBIR legislation and the SBA’s Policy Directive so that agencies “that pursue R/R&D or production of technology developed under the SBIR/STTR program shall issue Phase III awards relating to the technology, including sole source awards, to the Awardee that developed the technology under an SBIR/STTR award, to the greatest extent
---
\(^5\)Air Force Pitch Day Kick-off: [https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1779609/inaugural-air-force-pitch-day-new-contracts-new-partners/](https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1779609/inaugural-air-force-pitch-day-new-contracts-new-partners/)
\(^6\)Navy Technology Accelerator Flyer ([https://www.navysbir.com/docs/Navy_Tech_Acceleration_Flyer.pdf](https://www.navysbir.com/docs/Navy_Tech_Acceleration_Flyer.pdf))
practicable.” Also, the provision in the policy directive extending the SBIR data rights to 20 years is not yet in the DFARS.
2. **Adopt NDAA 2016 Section 809 Government-Industry Panel Recommendation regarding SBIR**
The panel of Government and Industry experts, convened under NDAA Section 809, recommendations included amending 15 U.S.C. § 638 to make SBIR and STTR permanent, increasing the SBIR percentage allocation to 7%, increasing the Rapid Innovation Fund allocation, and updating DoD policy on major weapons system programs to emphasize SBIR technologies as essential components of acquisition strategies and plans.
3. **Adopt NDAA 2016 Section 813 Government-Industry Panel Recommendations regarding SBIR Data Rights protection.**
The panel of Government and Industry experts, convened under NDAA Section, recommended updates to 10 U.S.C. 2320 to clarify that the intent of Congress is for small businesses to receive protection for their innovations developed under SBIR funding, similar to commercially developed innovations, during the period that SBIR data rights apply to encourage them to commercialize the SBIR developed technology.
4. **Increase funding for rapid transition of SBIR developed technology under Phase III**
The success of the Air Force Pitch Days has shown the capability for the SBIR program to bring innovation to meet warfighter needs. Following the Air Force model which charters all PEOs to identify and sponsor SBIR transitions using matching program funds as an incentive provides a better, faster way to rapidly field technology innovation to the warfighter.
June 20, 2007
General Kevin P. Chilton
Commander
Air Force Space Command
Peterson Air Force Base, CO
Dear General Chilton,
An issue regarding NAVSYS Corporation, a Colorado-based company, has come to my attention and I request your assistance in answering some questions regarding their Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract.
In December 2006, U.S. Central Command officials announced publicly that NAVSYS Corporation's Talon NAMATH System had been incorporated into CENTCOM for ongoing small diameter bomb operations. Specifically, space professionals at Schriever AFB and F-15E aircrews successfully incorporated the Talon NAMATH GPS enhancement system into current theater operations to support the Air Force's newest precision weapon, the GBU-39 small diameter bomb. It is my understanding that Talon NAMATH greatly boosts the bomb's accuracy and reduces collateral damage to non-combatants. It has been relayed to me that the end user, Air Combat Command (ACC), is extremely happy with this existing system.
I was particularly pleased to see the integration of Talon NAMATH with our warfighters abroad because of my history supporting the program. As you know, in the past I directed additional funds for the Air Force Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (AF TENCAP) Jammer Detection and Location (JLOC) project, of which Talon NAMATH was a follow-on effort.
However, I have recently been informed that the Space & Missile Systems Center (SMC) has initiated a project termed Zero Aged Message and Data Service (ZMDS), which appears to derive from work that NAVSYS had been performing under their SBIR Talon NAMATH contract. The current SMC plan is to fund sustainment of the capability that Talon NAMATH provides but give all follow-on work to another company.
This concerns me a great deal considering that it appears to be a violation of SBIR policy. I highly value the innovative research our nation's small technology companies provide to
the Department of Defense through the SBIR program. I want to ensure that the efforts put forward by companies like NAVSYS are not shoved to the side by large corporations.
To that end, I would like an explanation as to why NAVSYS appears to have been denied the follow-on work with SMC, especially considering the success that Talon NAMATH has had in the field. Additionally, I would like to know if SMC has had any contact with the Small Business Administration about releasing themselves from their responsibility to follow congressional direction in giving preference to a small business for work that derives, extends or concludes SBIR activities.
Additionally, I am concerned about cost differences from a brand new ZMDS start over integrating the existing Talon NAMATH system. From a taxpayer's perspective, starting over from scratch could be more expensive than continuing with the current operational system that is being used by CENTCOM in theater. I would be interested to see the comparison between what it would cost to start over instead of continuing with the already proven and tested system.
Thank you for your assistance, and I look forward to hearing from you shortly.
Sincerely,
Wayne Allard
United States Senator
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IUPAC Project Progress Report
Date : December 2005 ; Period: July 2005 – February 2006
Project number: 2003-011-3-600
Project Title: A critical compendium of pesticide physical data
Task Group Co-Leaders: Don Wauchope and David Shaw
Report:
1. Projected completion date (documents ready for external review):2007 (estimated)
2. Have the project objectives been modified during the last 6 months?
Yes, it is necessary to reduce the number of compounds treated from the original target of 60 to match the level of participation. A realistic number now appears to be in the range of 20-30. This is currently being finalized.
3. Please list the task group members involved in the work during the last 6 months. J Barbash, Z Gerstl, D Hamilton. C Harris, L McConnell, J Sangster, D Shaw, D Wauchope
4. Difficulties encountered (or concerns):
Recruiting participants to compile and evaluate pesticide data has been more difficult than anticipated.
5. Please list the to-date results (outputs) of the project.
none
6. Please list the dissemination events (viz. articles, CD, conference presentations; etc.)
(i) already accomplished; two presentations at IUPAC Beijing and American Chemical Society National Meeting (Washington, DC) describing project and recruiting participants.
(ii) planned publication of final report in a reviewed and respected journal in the field of environmental chemistry together with "pointer articles" in various chemical and environmental news magazines.
7. If your project is within 6 months of completion, how do you plan to utilise any remaining budget for this project?
8. Work on this project may have identified new problems, issues, challenges, emerging topics, opportunities for related projects, etc. Please indicate these here so that the Division can follow up on them.
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TU urges caution as energy companies pursue pipeline project September 05, 2014
BY MARK TAYLOR
A recent sultry summer day found Philip Smith, TU's West Virginia Council chair, in one of his favorite places, a tiny trout stream deep in West Virginia's mountains.
Gingerly, with his homemade split bamboo rod, he cast a tiny stimulator fly to fishy-looking spots, hoping to tangle with a native brook trout.
Fishing Appalachian brook trout streams in the summer requires a careful, delicate, conscientious approach.
And that's also the kind of approach Trout Unlimited and its West Virginia and Virginia councils are insisting that energy companies take when it comes to the task of constructing a proposed natural gas pipeline that, if built, could cross dozens of Appalachian trout streams as it winds from West Virginia to southern North Carolina.
Dubbed the Atlantic Coast Pipeline, the project would be a joint effort between Dominion Resources, Duke Energy and other partners. The 550-mile pipeline would originate in Harrison County, W. Va., and terminate in Robeson County, N.C., near the South Carolina border.
Smith specifically mentioned the Shavers Fork watershed as an area where the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Trout Unlimited and others have made incredible gains in helping improve what is becoming one of the top interconnected native brook trout watersheds in the state.
"And Trout Unlimited and the U.S. Forest Service have transformed the upper Greenbrier into one of the most effective stream restoration collaborations in the country," Smith noted. "The pipeline is projected to cut through these and other coldwater streams as it makes an indirect path toward North Carolina."
Native brook trout not only are a valuable recreational resource, but also are a critical indicator species that can help portend threats to the overall health of cold water resources.
According to a Status and Threats report from the Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture, Virginia already has lost all brook trout populations in 38 percent of the species' historical range due to poor land management, outdated grazing practice, roads and other humanrelated impacts.
Of West Virginia's current brook trout-inhabited subwatersheds, only 1 percent remain fully intact while brookies are completely absent from nearly 60 percent of waters that theoretically should be able to support the species.
Trout Unlimited has made enormous investments in protection, restoration, and recovery of trout waters in both states, for example through projects focusing on the Potomac, Shenandoah and James river headwaters.
Yet the proposed pipeline's path — intersecting three national forests — would cut through some of the best remaining brook trout habitat in central Appalachia. According to the U.S. Forest Service, the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia features more than 600 miles of coldwater streams inhabited by native brook trout.
And the George Washington and Jefferson national forests alone feature more than 1,000 miles of trout streams.
While the proposed pipeline has generated some outright protests, if it moves forward, Trout Unlimited plans to work closely with federal and state agencies and the pipeline companies to ensure that the pipeline and its associated infrastructure do not negatively affect fragile mountain streams or reverse the progress that Trout Unlimited and our partners have made in restoring brookie habitat across these mountain ranges.
"The pipeline's proposed route cuts through three of the East's national forests and some of the most rugged and pristine habitat in the region," said Elizabeth Maclin, Trout Unlimited's Vice President for Eastern Conservation. "Our top priority is to ensure that these backcountry trout waters are not impacted by this pipeline development."
Mark Taylor is Trout Unlimited's Eastern Communications Director. This post originally appeared at www.tu.org.
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