query_id
int64 0
299
| query
stringclasses 300
values | source_url
stringlengths 20
191
| document
stringlengths 14
248k
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.29k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
20 | marsupials are found in north america and australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial | Marsupial
Infraclass of mammals in the clade Metatheria
This article is about the mammals. For frogs, see Marsupial frog .
Marsupials
Introduced
Native
Marsupials are a diverse group of mammals belonging to the infraclass Marsupialia. They are natively found in Australasia , Wallacea , and the Americas . One of marsupials' unique features is their reproductive strategy: the young are born in a relatively undeveloped state and then nurtured within a pouch on their mother's abdomen.
Marsupials constitute a clade stemming from the last common ancestor of extant Metatheria , which encompasses all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals . The evolutionary split between placentals and marsupials occurred 125-160 million years ago , in the Middle Jurassic - Early Cretaceous period.
Presently, close to 70% of the 334 extant marsupial species are concentrated on the Australian continent, including mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, and nearby islands. The remaining 30% are distributed across the Americas, primarily in South America, with thirteen species in Central America and a single species, the Virginia opossum, inhabiting North America north of Mexico.
Marsupial sizes range from a few grams in the long-tailed planigale , [1] to several tonnes in the extinct Diprotodon . [2]
The word marsupial comes from marsupium , the technical term for the abdominal pouch. It, in turn, is borrowed from the Latin marsupium and ultimately from the ancient Greek μάρσιππος mársippos, meaning "pouch".
Marsupials have typical mammalian characteristics—e.g., mammary glands, three middle ear bones , (and ears that usually have tragi , [3] varying in hearing thresholds [4] ), true hair and bone structure. [5] However, striking differences including anatomical features separate them from eutherians .
Most female marsupials have a front pouch , which contains multiple nursing teats . Marsupials have other common structural features. Ossified patellae are absent in most modern marsupials (with exceptions) [6] and epipubic bones are present. Marsupials (and monotremes ) also lack a gross communication ( corpus callosum ) between the right and left brain hemispheres. [7]
Skull and teeth
Teeth differ significantly. Most Australian marsupials outside the order Diprotodontia have a varying number of incisors between their upper and lower jaws. Early marsupials had a dental formula of 5.1.3.4/4.1.3.4 per quadrant, consisting of five (maxillary) or four (mandibular) incisors, one canine, three premolars, and four molars, totaling 50 teeth. While some taxa, like the opossum, retain this original tooth count, others have reduced numbers.
For instance, members of the Macropodidae family, including kangaroos and wallabies, have a dental formula of 3/1 – (0 or 1)/0 – 2/2 – 4/4. Many marsupials typically have between 40 and 50 teeth, more than most placentals. In marsupials, the second set of teeth only grows in at the site of the third premolar and posteriorly; all teeth anterior to this erupt initially as permanent teeth.
Few general characteristics describe their skeleton. In addition to unique details in the construction of the ankle, epipubic bones (ossa epubica) are observed projecting forward from the pubic bone of the pelvis. Since these are present in males and pouchless species, it is believed that they originally had nothing to do with reproduction, but served in the muscular approach to the movement of the hind limbs. This could be explained by an original feature of mammals, as these epipubic bones are also found in monotremes . Marsupial reproductive organs differ from placentals. For them, the reproductive tract is doubled. Females have two uteri and two vaginas , and before birth, a birth canal forms between them, the median vagina. [7] In most species, males have a split or double penis lying in front of the scrotum, [8] which is not homologous to the placental scrota. [9]
A pouch is present in most species. Many marsupials have a permanent bag, while in others such as the shrew opossum the pouch develops during gestation, where the young are hidden only by skin folds or in the maternal fur. The arrangement of the pouch is variable to allow the offspring to receive maximum protection. Locomotive kangaroos have a pouch opening at the front, while many others that walk or climb on all fours open in the back. Usually, only females have a pouch, but the male water opossum has a pouch that protects his genitalia while swimming or running.
General and convergences
Marsupials have adapted to many habitats, reflected in the wide variety in their build. The largest living marsupial, the red kangaroo , grows up to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) in height and 90 kilograms (200 lb) in weight. Extinct genera, such as Diprotodon , were significantly larger and heavier. The smallest marsupials are the marsupial mice , which reach only 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in body length.
Some species resemble placentals and are examples of convergent evolution . This convergence is evident in both brain evolution [10] and behaviour. [11] The extinct thylacine strongly resembled the placental wolf, hence one of its nicknames "Tasmanian wolf". The ability to glide evolved in both marsupials (as with sugar gliders ) and some placentals (as with flying squirrels ), which developed independently. Other groups such as the kangaroo, however, do not have clear placental counterparts, though they share similarities in lifestyle and ecological niches with ruminants .
Body temperature
Reproductive system
Both sexes possess a cloaca , [17] although modified by connecting to a urogenital sac and having a separate anal region in most species. [18] The bladder of marsupials functions as a site to concentrate urine and empties into the common urogenital sinus in both females and males. [17]
Reproductive tract of a male macropod
Most male marsupials, except for macropods [19] and marsupial moles , [20] have a bifurcated penis, separated into two columns, so that the penis has two ends corresponding to the females' two vaginas. [7] [17] [21] [8] The penis is used only during copulation , and is separate from the urinary tract . [8] [17] It curves forward when erect, [22] and when not erect, it is retracted into the body in an S-shaped curve. [8] Neither marsupials nor monotremes possess a baculum . [7] The shape of the glans penis varies among marsupial species. [8] [23] [24] [25]
The shape of the urethral grooves of the males' genitalia is used to distinguish between Monodelphis brevicaudata , M. domestica , and M. americana . The grooves form two channels that form the ventral and dorsal folds of the erectile tissue. [26] Several species of dasyurid marsupials can also be distinguished by their penis morphology. [27] Marsupials' only accessory sex glands are the prostate and bulbourethral glands . [28] Male marsupials have one to three pairs of bulbourethral glands. [29] Ampullae of vas deferens , seminal vesicles or coagulating glands are not present. [30] [31] The prostate is proportionally larger in marsupials than in placentals. [8] During the breeding season, the male tammar wallaby 's prostate and bulbourethral gland enlarge. However, the weight of the testes does not vary seasonally. [32]
Female reproductive anatomy of several marsupial species
Female marsupials have two lateral vaginas , which lead to separate uteri , both accessed through the same orifice. [33] A third canal, the median vagina, is used for birth. This canal can be transitory or permanent. [7] Some marsupial species store sperm in the oviduct after mating. [34]
Marsupials give birth very early in gestation; after birth, newborns crawl up their mothers' bodies and attach themselves to a teat, which is located on the underside of the mother, either inside a pouch called the marsupium , or externally. Mothers often lick their fur to leave a trail of scent for the newborn to follow to increase their chances of reaching the marsupium. There they remain for a weeks. Offspring eventually leave the marsupium for short periods, returning to it for warmth, protection, and nourishment. [35] [36]
Early development
A red-necked wallaby joey inside its mother's pouch
Gestation differs between marsupials and placentals . Key aspects of the first stages of placental embryo development, such as the inner cell mass and the process of compaction, are not found in marsupials. [37] The cleavage stages of marsupial development are vary among groups and aspects of marsupial early development are not yet fully understood.
Marsupials have a short gestation period—typically between 12 and 33 days, [38] but as low as 10 days in the case of the stripe-faced dunnart and as long as 38 days for the long-nosed potoroo . [39] The baby (joey) is born in a fetal state, equivalent to an 8–12 week human fetus, blind, furless, and small in comparison to placental newborns: sizes range from 4-800g+. [38] A newborn can be categorized in one of three grades of development. The least developed are found in dasyurids , intermediates are found in didelphids and peramelids , and the most developed are macropods . [40] The newborn crawls across its mother's fur to reach the pouch , [41] where it latches onto a teat . It does not emerge for several months, during which time it relies on its mother's milk for essential nutrients, growth factors and immunological defence. [42] Genes expressed in the eutherian placenta needed for the later stages of fetal development are expressed in females in their mammary glands during lactation. [43] After this period, the joey spends increasing periods out of the pouch, feeding and learning survival skills. However, it returns to the pouch to sleep, and if danger threatens, it seeks refuge in its mother's pouch.
An early birth removes a developing marsupial from its mother's body much sooner than in placentals; thus marsupials lack a complex placenta to protect the embryo from its mother's immune system . Though early birth puts the newborn at greater environmental risk, it significantly reduces the dangers associated with long pregnancies, as the fetus cannot compromise the mother in bad seasons. Marsupials are altricial animals, needing intensive care following birth ( cf. precocial ). Newborns lack histologically mature immune tissues [44] [45] [46] and are highly reliant on their mother's immune system for immunological protection, [47]
Newborns front limbs and facial structures are much more developed than the rest of their bodies at birth. [48] [49] [44] This requirement has been argued to have limited the range of locomotor adaptations in marsupials compared to placentals. Marsupials must develop grasping forepaws early, complicating the evolutive transition from these limbs into hooves , wings , or flippers . However, several marsupials do possess atypical forelimb morphologies, such as the hooved forelimbs of the pig-footed bandicoot , suggesting that the range of forelimb specialization is not as limited as assumed. [50]
Joeys stay in the pouch for up to a year or until the next joey arrives. Joeys are unable to regulate their body temperature and rely upon an external heat source. Until the joey is well-furred and old enough to leave the pouch, a pouch temperature of 30–32 °C (86–90 °F) must be constantly maintained.
Joeys are born with "oral shields", soft tissue that reduces the mouth opening to a round hole just large enough to accept the teat. Once inside the mouth, a bulbous swelling on the end of the teat attaches it to the offspring till it has grown large enough to let go. In species without pouches or with rudimentary pouches these are more developed than in forms with well-developed pouches, implying an increased role in ensuring that the young remain attached to the teat. [51] [52]
In Australasia, marsupials are found in Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea; throughout the Maluku Islands , Timor and Sulawesi to the west of New Guinea, and in the Bismarck Archipelago (including the Admiralty Islands ) and Solomon Islands to the east of New Guinea.
In the Americas, marsupials are found throughout South America, excluding the central/southern Andes and parts of Patagonia ; and through Central America and south-central Mexico, with a single species (the Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana) widespread in the eastern United States and along the Pacific coast.
Interaction with Europeans
The Portuguese first described Australasian marsupials: António Galvão , a Portuguese administrator in Ternate (1536–1540), wrote a detailed account of the northern common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis): [53]
Some animals resemble ferrets, only a little bigger. They are called Kusus. They have a long tail with which they hang from the trees in which they live continuously, winding it once or twice around a branch. On their belly they have a pocket like an intermediate balcony; as soon as they give birth to a young one, they grow it inside there at a teat until it does not need nursing anymore. As soon as she has borne and nourished it, the mother becomes pregnant again.
In the 17th century, more accounts of marsupials emerged. A 1606 record of an animal killed on the southern coast of New Guinea, described it as "in the shape of a dog, smaller than a greyhound", with a snakelike "bare scaly tail" and hanging testicles. The meat tasted like venison , and the stomach contained ginger leaves. This description appears to closely resemble the dusky pademelon (Thylogale brunii), the earliest European record of a member of the Macropodidae . [55] [53]
Marsupials are taxonomically identified as members of mammalian infraclass Marsupialia , first described as a family under the order Pollicata by German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in his 1811 work Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium. However, James Rennie, author of The Natural History of Monkeys, Opossums and Lemurs (1838), pointed out that the placement of five different groups of mammals – monkeys , lemurs , tarsiers , aye-ayes and marsupials (with the exception of kangaroos, which were placed under the order Salientia ) – under a single order (Pollicata) did not appear to have a strong justification. In 1816, French zoologist George Cuvier classified all marsupials under Marsupialia. [56] [57] In 1997, researcher J. A. W. Kirsch and others accorded infraclass rank to Marsupialia. [57]
With seven living orders in total, [58] Marsupialia is further divided as follows: [59] † – Extinct
Superorder Ameridelphia (American marsupials)
Order † Yalkaparidontia (incertae sedis)
Evolutionary history
Comprising over 300 extant species, several attempts have been made to accurately interpret the phylogenetic relationships among the different marsupial orders. Studies differ on whether Didelphimorphia or Paucituberculata is the sister group to all other marsupials. [60] Though the order Microbiotheria (which has only one species, the monito del monte ) is found in South America, morphological similarities suggest it is closely related to Australian marsupials. [61] Molecular analyses in 2010 and 2011 identified Microbiotheria as the sister group to all Australian marsupials. However, the relations among the four Australidelphid orders are not as well understood.
Cladogram of Marsupialia by Upham et al. 2019 [62] [63] & Álvarez-Carretero et al. 2022 [64] [65]
Australasian marsupials
DNA evidence supports a South American origin for marsupials, with Australian marsupials arising from a single Gondwanan migration of marsupials from South America, across Antarctica, to Australia. [66] [67] There are many small arboreal species in each group. The term " opossum " is used to refer to American species (though "possum" is a common abbreviation), while similar Australian species are properly called "possums".
Dentition of the herbivorous eastern grey kangaroo, as illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History
The relationships among the three extant divisions of mammals ( monotremes , marsupials, and placentals ) were long a matter of debate among taxonomists . [69] Most morphological evidence comparing traits such as number and arrangement of teeth and structure of the reproductive and waste elimination systems as well as most genetic and molecular evidence favors a closer evolutionary relationship between the marsupials and placentals than either has with the monotremes. [70]
The ancestors of marsupials, part of a larger group called metatherians , probably split from those of placentals ( eutherians ) during the mid- Jurassic period, though no fossil evidence of metatherians themselves are known from this time. [71] From DNA and protein analyses, the time of divergence of the two lineages has been estimated to be around 100 to 120 mya . [53] Fossil metatherians are distinguished from eutherians by the form of their teeth; metatherians possess four pairs of molar teeth in each jaw, whereas eutherian mammals (including true placentals) never have more than three pairs. [72] Using this criterion, the earliest known metatherian was thought to be Sinodelphys szalayi , which lived in China around 125 mya. [73] [74] [75] However Sinodelphys was later reinterpreted as an early member of Eutheria . The unequivocal oldest known metatherians are now 110 million years old fossils from western North America. [76] Metatherians were widespread in North America and Asia during the Late Cretaceous, but suffered a severe decline during the end-Cretaceous extinction event. [77]
Cladogram from Wilson et al. (2016) [78]
Marsupials spread to South America from North America during the Paleocene , possibly via the Aves Ridge . [80] [81] [82] Northern Hemisphere metatherians, which were of low morphological and species diversity compared to contemporary placental mammals, eventually became extinct during the Miocene epoch. [83]
In South America, the opossums evolved and developed a strong presence, and the Paleogene also saw the evolution of shrew opossums (Paucituberculata) alongside non-marsupial metatherian predators such as the borhyaenids and the saber-toothed Thylacosmilus . South American niches for mammalian carnivores were dominated by these marsupial and sparassodont metatherians, which seem to have competitively excluded South American placentals from evolving carnivory. [84] While placental predators were absent, the metatherians did have to contend with avian ( terror bird ) and terrestrial crocodylomorph competition. Marsupials were excluded in turn from large herbivore niches in South America by the presence of native placental ungulates (now extinct) and xenarthrans (whose largest forms are also extinct). South America and Antarctica remained connected until 35 mya, as shown by the unique fossils found there. North and South America were disconnected until about three million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama formed. This led to the Great American Interchange . Sparassodonts disappeared for unclear reasons – again, this has classically assumed as competition from carnivoran placentals, but the last sparassodonts co-existed with a few small carnivorans like procyonids and canines, and disappeared long before the arrival of macropredatory forms like felines, [85] while didelphimorphs (opossums) invaded Central America, with the Virginia opossum reaching as far north as Canada.
Marsupials reached Australia via Antarctica during the Early Eocene, around 50 mya, shortly after Australia had split off. [n 1] [n 2] This suggests a single dispersion event of just one species, most likely a relative to South America's monito del monte (a microbiothere , the only New World australidelphian ). This progenitor may have rafted across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica. The journey must not have been easy; South American ungulate [89] [90] [91] and xenarthran [92] remains have been found in Antarctica, but these groups did not reach Australia.
In Australia, marsupials radiated into the wide variety seen today, including not only omnivorous and carnivorous forms such as were present in South America, but also into large herbivores. Modern marsupials appear to have reached the islands of New Guinea and Sulawesi relatively recently via Australia. [93] [94] [95] A 2010 analysis of retroposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials has confirmed all living marsupials have South American ancestors. The branching sequence of marsupial orders indicated by the study puts Didelphimorphia in the most basal position, followed by Paucituberculata, then Microbiotheria, and ending with the radiation of Australian marsupials. This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America, and reached Australia after Microbiotheria split off. [66] [67]
In Australia, terrestrial placentals disappeared early in the Cenozoic (their most recent known fossils being 55 million-year-old teeth resembling those of condylarths ) for reasons that are not clear, allowing marsupials to dominate the Australian ecosystem. [93] Extant native Australian terrestrial placentals (such as hopping mice ) are relatively recent immigrants, arriving via island hopping from Southeast Asia. [94]
Genetic analysis suggests a divergence date between the marsupials and the placentals at 160 million years ago. [96] The ancestral number of chromosomes has been estimated to be 2n = 14.
A recent hypothesis suggests that South American microbiotheres resulted from a back-dispersal from eastern Gondwana. This interpretation is based on new cranial and post-cranial marsupial fossils of Djarthia murgonensis from the early Eocene Tingamarra Local Fauna in Australia that indicate this species is the most plesiomorphic ancestor, the oldest unequivocal australidelphian, and may be the ancestral morphotype of the Australian marsupial radiation. [68]
In 2023, imaging of a partial skeleton found in Australia by paleontologists from Flinders University led to the identification of Ambulator keanei , the first long-distance walker in Australia. [97]
See also
^ This is supported by the find of Eocene fossil remains of an australidelphian, the microbiotherian Woodburnodon casei, on the Antarctic peninsula , [86]
^ Ratites may have similarly traveled overland from South America to colonise Australia; [87] a fossil ratite is known from Antarctica, [88] and South American rheas are more basal within the group than Australo-Pacific ratites. [87]
Feldhamer GA, Drickamer LC, Vessey SH, Merritt JF, Krajewski C (2007). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN
.
Armati, Patricia J.; Dickman, Chris R.; Hume, Ian D. (17 August 2006). Marsupials . Cambridge University Press. ISBN
Todorov OS (2019). "Marsupial Cognition". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–8. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1167-1 . ISBN
Stannard, Hayley J.; Fabian, Megan; Old, Julie M. (2015). "To bask or not to bask: Behavioural thermoregulation in two species of dasyurid, Phascogale calura and Antechinomys laniger". Journal of Thermal Biology. 53: 66–71. Bibcode : 2015JTBio..53...66S . doi : 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.08.012 . PMID 26590457 .
Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 396–399. ISBN
.
Setchell BP (1977). "Reproduction in male marsupials". The Biology of Marsupials. pp. 411–457. doi : 10.1007/978-1-349-02721-7_24 . ISBN
Australian Mammal Society (1978). Australian Mammal Society . Australian Mammal Society. pp. 73–.
Nogueira J, Castro AS, Câamara EC, Câmara BO (2004). "Morphology of the Male Genital system of Chironectes minimus and Comparison to other didelphid marsupials". Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (5): 834–841. doi : 10.1644/207 . S2CID 85595933 .
Rodger JC (January 1976). "Comparative aspects of the accessory sex glands and seminal biochemistry of mammals". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry. 55 (1): 1–8. doi : 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90164-4 . PMID 780045 .
.
.
.
– via Google Books.
[email protected], <img src=' https://med stanford edu/news/media-contacts/krista_conger/_jcr_content/image img 620 high jpg/conger-krista-90 jpg' alt='Krista Conger'> Krista Conger Krista Conger is a senior science writer in the Office of Communications Email her at. "Baby marsupials 'drink' placenta to enhance development" . News Center.
{{ cite web }}: |first= has generic name ( help )CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
Old JM, Selwood L, Deane EM (2003). "A histological investigation of the lymphoid and immunohaematopoietic tissues of the adult stripe-faced dunnart (Sminthopsis macroura)". Cells Tissues Organs. 173 (2): 115–121. doi : 10.1159/000068946 . PMID 12649589 . S2CID 46354564 .
Old JM, Deane EM (2000). "Development of the immune system and immunological protection in marsupial pouch young". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 24 (5): 445–454. doi : 10.1016/S0145-305X(00)00008-2 . PMID 10785270 .
^ Larry Vogelnest, Graeme Allan, Radiology of Australian Mammals
.
Krause WJ, Krause WA (2006). The Opossum: Its Amazing Story. Columbia, US: Dept. of Pathology of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri. p. 6. ISBN
Dawson TJ (2012). Kangaroos (2nd ed.). Collingwood, US: CSIRO Publishing. p. 181. ISBN
.
"Mammals" . vertlife.org. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
Szalay F (1982). Archer M (ed.). "A new appraisal of marsupial phylogeny and classification". Carnivorous Marsupials. 2: 621–40.
Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Tamuri, Asif U.; Battini, Matteo; Nascimento, Fabrícia F.; Carlisle, Emily; Asher, Robert J.; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C.J.; dos Reis, Mario (2022). "4705sp_colours_mammal-time.tree" . Nature. 602 (7896): 263–267. Bibcode : 2022Natur.602..263A . doi : 10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1 . hdl : 1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 . PMID 34937052 . S2CID 245438816 .
.
Luo ZX, Yuan CX, Meng QJ, Ji Q (August 2011). "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals". Nature. 476 (7361): 442–445. Bibcode : 2011Natur.476..442L . doi : 10.1038/nature10291 . PMID 21866158 . S2CID 205225806 .
Benton MJ (1997). Vertebrate Palaeontology. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 306. ISBN
Rincon P (12 December 2003). "Oldest Marsupial Ancestor Found" . BBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
Luo ZX, Ji Q, Wible JR, Yuan CX (December 2003). "An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution". Science. 302 (5652): 1934–1940. Bibcode : 2003Sci...302.1934L . doi : 10.1126/science.1090718 . PMID 14671295 . S2CID 18032860 .
Bi S, Zheng X, Wang X, Cignetti NE, Yang S, Wible JR (June 2018). "An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental-marsupial dichotomy". Nature. 558 (7710): 390–395. Bibcode : 2018Natur.558..390B . doi : 10.1038/s41586-018-0210-3 . PMID 29899454 . S2CID 49183466 .
Boschman LM, van Hinsbergen DJ, Torsvik TH, Spakman W, Pindell JL (23 August 2014). "Kinematic reconstruction of the Caribbean region since the Early Jurassic". Earth-Science Reviews . 138: 102–136. Bibcode : 2014ESRv..138..102B . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.4858 . doi : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.08.007 .
Prevosti FJ, Forasiepi A, Zimicz N (2011). "The Evolution of the Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild in South America: Competition or Replacement?". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20: 3–21. doi : 10.1007/s10914-011-9175-9 . hdl : 11336/2663 . S2CID 15751319 .
Tambussi CP, Noriega JI, Gaździcki A, Tatur A, Reguero MA, Vizcaíno SF (1994). "Ratite bird from the Paleogene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 15 (1–2): 15–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
Kemp, T.S. (2005). The origin and evolution of mammals. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN
.
.
.
Flannery TF (2008). Chasing kangaroos : a continent, a scientist, and a search for the world's most extraordinary creature (1st American ed.). New York: Grove. ISBN
.
Flannery TF (2005). Country : a continent, a scientist & a kangaroo (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Text Pub. ISBN
.
Frith, H. J. and J. H. Calaby. Kangaroos. New York: Humanities Press, 1969.
Hunsaker D (1977). The Biology of Marsupials. New York: Academic Press.
Johnson MH, Everitt BJ (1988). Essential Reproduction . Blackwell Scientific. ISBN
.
.
Knobill E, Neill JD, eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of Reproduction. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.
.
.
Taylor AC, Taylor P (1997). "Sex of Pouch Young Related to Maternal Weight in Macropus eugeni and M. parma". Australian Journal of Zoology. 45 (6): 573–578. doi : 10.1071/ZO97038 .
External links
First Europeans visit Australia in 1606, settlements begin in 1788. Dingo introduced 3500-4000 ya. Thylacine and Tasmanian devil subsequently disappear from Australian mainland.
Pleistocene 1.75 Mya – 10,000
Last glacial maximum 18,000–20,000 ya Extinction of megafauna 45,000–55,000 ya. First humans arrive in Australia at least 70,000~65,000 ya.
Pliocene 5.3–1.7 Mya
Growing diversity in grazing marsupials as a result of grasslands and arid habitats development. First appearance of large marsupials.
'Dim age' of marsupial fossils in Australia. Forest-dwellers diminish.
Middle Miocene 16.4–11 Mya
Icehouse conditions result in the number of forest and forest-dwelling marsupials to decrease.
Early Miocene 23.5–16.4 Mya
Greenhouse conditions in Australia result in great diversity of Australian marsupials.
Eocene 53–33.7 Mya
Australia separates from Antarctica .
Paleocene 65–53 Mya
High marsupial diversity in South America. Appearance of the oldest Australian marsupial in late Paleocene. Dinosaurs are wiped off the Earth after an asteroid collision.
Late Cretaceous 97–65 Mya
The northern landmass, Laurasia , is inhabited by marsupials. Some of them start dispersing to South America.
Early Cretaceous 135–97 Mya
First appearance of marsupial and placental fossils.
Jurassic 203–135 Mya
Break apart of the great southern landmass, Gondwana . Marsupials and placentals diverge.
Triassic 250–203 Mya
First mammals appear in late Triassic in the supercontinent, Pangaea .
Marsupial
| 177 |
20 | marsupials are found in north america and australia | http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.254 | The American marsupials are now assigned to two families, the
Didelphidae (the opossums), Order Didelphimorphia,
which occur in both North and South America,and the Caenolestidae
(the shrew opossums), Order Paucituberculata,
found only in South America.
We have some specimens of the family
Didelphidae.
American marsupials continue to thrive in competition
with placental mammals and exploit a wide range of diets, being fruit-eating,
carnivorous, insectivorous, ant-eating,
or grazing animals, and habitats, e.g. being arboreal,
terrestrial or burrowing,
The Monito del Monte which lives in Chile was once thought to be related to American marsupials but is now considered to be the only livingmember of the otherwise extinct Order Microbiotheria.
ORDER DIDELPHIMORPHIA
FAMILY DIDELPHIDAE
The 75 species
in this family range from the very small fat-tailed opossum, only 100
grams in weight, to the larger Common Opossum, weighing 12 kg. Didelphids
are widely distributed in the Americas, but are most diverse in the tropics
of South America, from deserts to alpine regions and wet tropical forests.
Most of the family are arboreal, spending most of their time in trees.Their
hearing is thought to be very important as didelphids hunt in the dark and
many have enlarged ears. Olfaction is also important in prey location. During the breeding season male didelphids generally become more active,whereas females become more sedentary, probably to conserve energy to build up the fat reserves needed to produce milk for the young.
The Common or Virginia Opossum, Didelphis virginiana
The Virginia Opossum is the commonest didelphid. It lives in many different habitats - ranging from urban areas to forests - in North and South America. Opossums are about the size of domestic cats.They generally have white heads with brown/black, coarse fur. The males are larger than the females.Like most marsupials they are nocturnal, but forage during the day in winter. They have long, scaly, prehensile
tails which help them to climb; contrary to belief they cannot hang by
their tails due to their size. When the climate becomes cold, they may
go into a state of torpor.
Virginia opossums are omnivorous, feeding
on arthropods, fruit, leaves, carrion and rodents. Their 50 teeth
(I5/4; C1/1; PM3/3; M4/4)
help them
eat this wide of food. Their opposable thumbs enable them to manipulate
their food with ease and grasp branches when climbing.
These opossums breed twice a year, between January and February, and in August.
Their litters of 8 - 10 young are born 12 - 14 days after conception.
They are carried in the pouch for 2 - 3 months, after which they ride on
their mother's back for another 1 - 2 months. They become sexually mature
at 6 months. Only the female rears the young as this opossum is a solitary
species, with individuals only coming together for the breeding season.
The female stays in her home range for life. The male has a semi-permanent
home range, depending on the abundance of food.
Virginia opossums
are generally placid, but if threatened hiss and growl and bare their teeth.
Thay also produce a particularly unpleasant scent to ward off predators,
such as owls, coyotes, dogs and man. Opossums are slow-moving and fairly
easy prey, so they tend only to live for 1 - 2 years in the wild due to
predation and collisions with cars. In captivity they may live for up to
10 years.
Arboreal Didelphids, mouse and woolly opossums
The morphology, behaviour and diets of arboreal didelphids resembleprosimian primates. They are all predominantly nocturnal. Their big toes are opposable and their prehensile tails allow them to grasp onto branches leaving their hands free to forage. The slow movement and diet, fruit, nectar and gum, of woolly opossums resembles those of Lorises.
Up to seven species of didelphids may live in one tree, as seen in different species of primates. Competition is avoided through differences in size and climbing abilities. Some, such as the woolly opossums, live high in the tree canopies, feeding solely on fruit and nectar. Others, such as the common mouse opossum, live and feed in the middle canopy or the lower regions of the trees.Some become terrestrial in times of high competition. Ground-dwelling didelphids may eat carrion and live vertebrates, including small mammals.
The Yapok or Water Opossum Chironectes minimus
The Yapok is the only truly aquatic
marsupial. It has adapted to an aquatic life by losing
some of the opposability in its thumb and having
webbed feet that enable it to move swiftly in water.
Both male and female yapoks have pouches.The female's
pouch forms a water-tight compartment which protects
her offspring when she dives; the male's scrotum can
be pulled into his pouch allowing him to move more
swiftly in water. The yapoks' diet has not been
studied extensively, but they are believed to
be both insectivorous and omnivorous, feeding
opportunistically on animals such as cray-fish.
Yapok's breed between January and
December and raise litters of 1 - 5 offspring.
They are anti-social animals, the sexes only come
together to breed. The young leave the pouch after
48 days but remain close to their mother. Yapoks are
not believed to be endangered.
A Yapok Chironectes minimus
| 178 |
20 | marsupials are found in north america and australia | https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/articles/2017/january/quick-facts-marsupials | There's a world to know about marsupials. But in lieu of that, here are 14 facts.
Contact
Share
27 January 2017 6 min read
1. There are three groups of mammals, and the marsupials are one
All mammals are either Monotremes (echidnas and the platypus), Marsupials, or Placentals (us and dogs and monkeys and things). The lion’s share of mammal species are placentals (around 4,000 species).
2. Kangaroos, koalas, and wombats aren’t the only species of marsupial
There are over 330 species of marsupials. Around two-thirds of them live in Australia. The other third live mostly in South America, where some interesting ones include the flipper-wearing yapok, bare-tailed woolly opossum, and don’t get too excited, but there’s also the gray four-eyed opossum.
3. Marsupials have short-lived placenta
'Placental mammals' — rabbits, tigers, elephants, blue whales, and of course, you and me — keep their baby/babies in their uterus for a long time with the baby feeding from a placenta (a type of belly yolk) via the organic crazy straw known as an umbilical cord, until the offspring comes out pretty much as a fully formed individual ready for Sudoku and tax time. Marsupials, on the other hand, have a short-lived placenta that nourishes their young for just a few days before they're born, the rest of their nutrition coming from the mother's (pouch-obscured) teats.
4. Marsupials give birth only a month after conception
| 179 |
20 | marsupials are found in north america and australia | https://www.npca.org/articles/1822-the-only-marsupial-in-u-s-national-parks | Share on:
camera icon
Photo © Marco Tomasini/Dreamstime.
It’s true that wombats, wallabies, kangaroos and koalas are regular sights in national parks — if you happen to be in Australia. Australia boasts the most diverse population of marsupials in the world, with more than 200 different species roaming, climbing and hopping about the continent, out of about 334 such species worldwide.
In the United States, it’s a different story. The only marsupial anywhere in the country is the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). These two- to three-foot-long mammals are the only animals north of Mexico that carry their young in pouches, a characteristic of marsupials that allows their babies to more fully grow and develop before living independently from their mothers. All other mammals have placentas, which nourish the young while still in the womb. After an opossum’s babies are developed enough to live outside its pouch, the mother will continue to carry the young on her back for another month or two while they nurse.
camera icon
National Park Service photo.
Though the opossum is the only animal of its kind in this part of the world, it has a wide range and a robust population. It is most strongly associated with the Southeast, where it appears in folklore and even traditional recipes, but it is common throughout the country east of the Rockies. It also lives along the Pacific Coast, is widespread in Central America and has been expanding its range northward into parts of Canada. Thus, national park visitors can find them everywhere from Cuyahoga Valley to the Everglades to Olympic — and many, many places in-between.
Although opossums prefer forested habitats, part of their success comes from their ability to adapt to urban and suburban environments. These natural omnivores will feed on everything from worms and eggs to fruits and grains, and the shy, nocturnal creatures can often be found rummaging through trash bins in search of their next meals. They have a particular fondness for persimmons when the fruit is in season. Although sometimes viewed as pests, opossums voraciously feed on ticks, slowing the spread of Lyme disease.
camera icon
Photo by Ryan Valdez/NPCA.
How did the Virginia opossum evolve to be the only creature of its kind in the United States, when so many similar species live on the other side of the world?
Stay On Top of News
action alerts graphic
Email Address
Sign Up
You can unsubscribe at any time.
Scientists believe that modern marsupials, including the opossum, may have actually descended from ancestors that originated in North America. Around 65 million to 68 million years ago, many of these ancestor species went extinct and some migrated to South America, a continent that is now home to about 100 different marsupial species. At that time, South America, Antarctica and Australia were connected as one large landmass; all of Australia’s marsupials may have evolved from a single species that crossed over from South America, whereas the Virginia opossum is believed to have migrated north much later, roughly 3 million years ago. The Virginia opossum is one of the oldest surviving mammals on the planet, having existed for about 65 million years or more, since around the time the dinosaurs went extinct.
Fun fact: Opossums are one of very few mammals with prehensile tails, meaning they can independently grasp objects with them. This helps the animals gather nesting materials and keep their balance by holding on to tree branches and other objects as they climb.
About the author
Jennifer Errick Associate Director of Digital Storytelling
Jennifer co-produces NPCA's podcast, The Secret Lives of Parks, and writes and edits a wide variety of online content. She has won multiple awards for her audio storytelling.
Feb 2025 | By Linda Coutant
Employees terminated from the National Park Service Feb. 14 speak out to share their stories, frustration and anger — and how the loss of their dream jobs will affect our…
Press Release
Feb 2025
"Time and again, millions of people have spoken out in defense of America’s national monuments. Americans do not…
Blog Post
The announcement of Chuckwalla National Monument makes historic contributions to conservation in the Southwest.
| 180 |
20 | marsupials are found in north america and australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marsupials_of_North_America | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Didelphimorphia and Didelphidae .
Pages in category "Marsupials of North America"
| 181 |
21 | why did britain declare war on france in 1803 | https://www.thenapoleonicwars.net/return-of-war-1803-overview | Log In
James Gillray, "Armed-Heroes", Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC, from here
Britain declared war on France on 18 May 1803, ending the peace ushered in by the 1802 Treaty of Amiens after just 14 months. The immediate cause of the rupture was the status of Malta, and which Britain refused to evacuate in accordance with the terms of the peace treaty.
The roots of the rupture, however, lay much further back: in mutual distrust between Britain and Napoleonic France; in the territorial and political concessions Britain had been forced to make at Amiens; in France’s continued shipbuilding programme and garrisoning of the Channel coast; and in Napoleon’s repeated violations of the pre-existing Treaty of Lunéville, which had ostensibly settled the state of continental Europe in February 1801.
In This Section
Further Reading
Charles J. Esdaile, The Wars of the French Revolution, 1792–1801 (London: Routledge, 2019)
Charles John Fedorak, Henry Addington, Prime Minister, 1801-4: Peace, War and Parliamentary Politics (Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2002)
Alan Forrest, Napoleon: Life, Legacy, and Image (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2011)
Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994)
© 2019 by Zack White and the NapoleonicWars.net team.
bottom of page
| 182 |
21 | why did britain declare war on france in 1803 | https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/napoleonic-wars | Milestones: 1801–1829
NOTE TO READERS
“Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations” has been
retired and is no longer maintained. For more information, please
see the full notice .
Napoleonic Wars and the United States, 1803–1815
The Napoleonic Wars continued the Wars of the French Revolution. Great Britain
and France fought for European supremacy, and treated weaker powers
heavy-handedly. The United States attempted to remain neutral during the
Napoleonic period, but eventually became embroiled in the European conflicts,
leading to the War of 1812 against Great Britain.
The Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799 after overthrowing
the French revolutionary government. During this time, U.S. and French
negotiators were concluding negotiations to end the Quasi-War with France. In
1802, Napoleon ended ten years of warfare with Great Britain under the Peace of
Amiens. He used this opportunity to attempt to crush the Haitian Revolution, but
the army he sent met with defeat. Napoleon had also re-obtained the North
American province of Louisiana from Spain in 1800. However, the loss of Haiti
made Louisiana strategically undesirable, and with war again on the horizon with
Great Britain, Napoleon was willing to agree to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
As expected, Britain declared war on France in 1803, and would remain at war for
over a decade. During this period of war, Napoleon and British leaders
concentrated on European affairs, but the conflict spilled over into the
Atlantic. From 1803 to 1806, the United States succeeded in remaining neutral,
but suffered from impressment, British seizure of British-born naturalized U.S.
citizens into the British navy. President Thomas Jefferson sent William
Pinkney and James
Monroe to negotiate a treaty that would halt the impressment of
American sailors, but when the signed treaty came back without any British
concessions on the impressment issue, Jefferson did not pass it on to the Senate
for ratification.
Napoleon Bonarparte
In 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree, which forbade trade with Britain, and
the British Government responded the next year with Orders in Council, which
instituted a blockade of French-controlled Europe, and authorized the British
navy to seize ships violating the blockade. Napoleon responded with further
trade restrictions in the Milan Decree of 1807.
U.S. relations with Great Britain became increasingly rocky during this period.
On June 22, 1807, the H.M.S. Leopard bombarded and
forcibly boarded the U.S.S. Chesapeake off Norfolk, Virginia
in search of British navy deserters. President Jefferson responded with an
embargo on all foreign trade in an effort to weaken the British economy. The
embargo was extremely unpopular in New England, where the economy was heavily
dependent on trade with Britain. Moreover, the British economy was not strongly
affected by the embargo, which proved difficult to enforce. In early 1809, in
one of his final acts as president, Jefferson replaced the embargo with the
Non-Intercourse Act, which allowed trade with other nations except Britain and
France. This act also proved virtually impossible to enforce.
James Madison
Jefferson’s successor, President James Madison, confronted a
dilemma—to continue with the ineffective Non-Intercourse Act was effectively to
submit to British terms of trade since the British navy controlled the Atlantic.
Madison was assisted by the passage in 1810 of Nathaniel Macon’s Bill No. 2,
which offered Britain and France the option of ceasing their seizure of U.S.
merchant ships in return for U.S. participation in their trade bloc. Napoleon
was the first to offer concessions, which Madison publicly accepted at face
value despite his private skepticism. In doing so, Madison pushed the United
States closer to war with Britain.
During this period, Madison also had to address a problem created by Secretary of
State, Robert Smith ,
who had personally stated to the British minister his pro-British sympathies.
When Madison confronted Smith and offered him a graceful departure as U.S.
Minister to Russia, Smith appeared to accept his offer, and then leaked cabinet
papers as part of a smear campaign against President Madison. U.S. diplomat Joel
Barlow published a reply and swung public opinion against Smith, who resigned on
April 1, 1811.
Relations with Great Britain continued to deteriorate. A U.S. Navy ship mistook a
much smaller British ship, the HMS Little Belt, for a
British Navy ship that had impressed American sailors and fired upon it.
Consequently, Thomas Foster, British Minister to the United States, stated that
Britain would not offer any compensation for the 1807 Chesapeake incident. Foster also informed Madison that the British
Government would not revoke the Orders in Council. By the spring of 1812,
Madison had decided upon war with Great Britain—although he also considered
declaring war on France as well. Congress passed a declaration of war on June
17, which Madison signed the next day. The war continued into 1815, although
diplomats signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 23, 1814.
The Napoleonic Wars marked a period of U.S. weakness in the face of British
power. However, in the postwar period, British policies began to soften, leading
to the Rush-Bagot agreement and the Convention of 1818.
Table of Contents
| 183 |
21 | why did britain declare war on france in 1803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens | Treaty of Amiens
1802 Treaty during the War of the Second Coalition
This article is about the 1802 treaty. For the 1279 treaty, see Treaty of Amiens (1279) . For the 1423 treaty, see Treaty of Amiens (1423) .
Treaty of Amiens
Signatories
The Treaty of Amiens ( French : la paix d'Amiens, lit. 'the peace of Amiens') temporarily ended hostilities between France , the Spanish Empire , and the United Kingdom at the end of the War of the Second Coalition . It marked the end of the French Revolutionary Wars ; after a short peace it set the stage for the Napoleonic Wars . Britain gave up most of its recent conquests; France was to evacuate Naples and Egypt . Britain retained Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and Trinidad .
It was signed in the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) of Amiens on 25 March 1802 (4 Germinal X in the French Revolutionary calendar ) by Joseph Bonaparte and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace". The consequent peace lasted only one year (18 May 1803) and was the only period of general peace in Europe between 1793 and 1814 .
Under the treaty, Britain recognised the French Republic. Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), the Treaty of Amiens marked the end of the Second Coalition , which had waged war against Revolutionary France since 1798.
National goals
The United Kingdom wanted the peace to enable restoration of trade with continental Europe . It also wanted to end its isolation from other powers, and achieved that goal by a rapprochement with Russia that provided the momentum to negotiate the treaty with France. The peace of Amiens also mollified the antiwar Whig opposition in Parliament . [2]
Napoleon used the interlude for major internal reforms such as the promulgation of the new legal system under the Napoleonic Code , making peace with the Vatican by the Concordat , and issuing a new constitution that gave him lifetime control. France made territorial gains in Switzerland and Italy. However, Napoleon's goal of a North American Empire collapsed with the failure of his army in Haiti , so he gave it up and sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States. [3]
The Democratic-Republican administration of President Thomas Jefferson used British banks to fund the Louisiana Purchase , reduced the American military budget, and partly dismantled the Hamiltonian Federalist financial program. The French West Indies as result of the treaty no longer needed to use American ships to move their products to Europe. Although the terms of the Treaty did not favour his country, British Prime Minister Henry Addington used the interlude to rebuild British strength, so that when fighting renewed in spring 1803 , the Royal Navy quickly gained control of the seas. [4] However the isolationist foreign policy of the United States , which was hostile to both Britain and France, and strongly opposed by the Federalist minority in Congress, came under heavy pressure from all sides. [5]
Early diplomacy
The War of the Second Coalition started well for the coalition, with successes in Egypt, Italy and Germany. The success proved to be short-lived, however; after France's victories at the battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden , Austria, Russia and Naples sued for peace, with Austria eventually signing the Treaty of Lunéville . Horatio Nelson 's victory at the Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 halted the creation of the League of Armed Neutrality and led to a negotiated ceasefire. [6]
The French First Consul , Napoleon Bonaparte, first made truce proposals to British foreign secretary Lord Grenville as early as 1799. Because of the hardline stance of Grenville and Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger , their distrust of Bonaparte and obvious defects in the proposals, they were rejected out of hand. However, Pitt resigned in February 1801 over domestic issues and was replaced by the more accommodating Henry Addington . At that point Britain was motivated by the danger of a war with Russia. [7]
Addington's foreign secretary, Robert Jenkinson, Lord Hawkesbury , immediately opened communications with Louis Guillaume Otto , the French commissary for prisoners of war in London through whom Bonaparte had made his earlier proposals. Hawkesbury stated that he wanted to open discussions on terms for a peace agreement. Otto, generally under detailed instructions from Bonaparte, engaged in negotiations with Hawkesbury in mid-1801. Unhappy with the dialogue with Otto, Hawkesbury sent diplomat Anthony Merry to Paris, who opened a second line of communications with the French foreign minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord . By mid-September, written negotiations had progressed to the point that Hawkesbury and Otto met to draft a preliminary agreement. On 30 September, they signed the preliminary agreement in London, which was published the next day. [8]
The terms of the preliminary agreement required Britain to restore most of the French colonial possessions that it had captured since 1794, to evacuate Malta and to withdraw from other occupied Mediterranean ports. Malta was to be restored to the Order of St. John , whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by one or more powers, to be determined at the final peace. France was to restore Egypt to Ottoman control, to withdraw from most of the Italian peninsula and to agree to preserve Portuguese sovereignty. Ceylon , previously a Dutch territory, was to remain with the British, and Newfoundland fishery rights were to be restored to their prewar status. Britain was also to recognise the Seven Islands Republic , established by France on the Ionian Islands that are now part of Greece . Both sides were to be allowed access to the outposts on the Cape of Good Hope . [9] In a blow to Spain, the preliminary agreement included a secret clause in which Trinidad was to remain with Britain. [10] Spain would finally recover the island of Menorca .
News of the signing was greeted across Europe with joy. The celebrations of peace, the pamphlets, poems, and odes proliferated in French , English , German , and other languages. Actors happily depicted the treaty at dinner theatres, vaudeville, and the legitimate stage. In Britain there were illuminations and fireworks. Peace, it was thought in Britain, would lead to the withdrawal of the income tax imposed by Pitt, a reduction of grain prices and a revival of markets. [11]
Final negotiations
In November 1801, Cornwallis was sent to France with plenipotentiary powers to negotiate a final agreement. The expectation among the British populace that peace was at hand put enormous pressure on Cornwallis, something that Bonaparte realised and capitalised on. The French negotiators, Napoleon's brother Joseph as well as Talleyrand, constantly shifted their positions, leaving Cornwallis to write, "I feel it as the most unpleasant circumstance attending this unpleasant business that, after I have obtained his acquiescence on any point, I can have no confidence that it is finally settled and that he will not recede from it in our next conversation." [12] The Batavian Republic , whose economy depended on trade that had been ruined by the war, appointed Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck , its ambassador to France, to represent it in the peace negotiations. He arrived in Amiens on 9 December. [13] The Dutch role in the negotiations was marked by a lack of respect on the part of the French, who thought of them as a "vanquished and conquered" client whose present government "owed them everything". [14]
Schimmelpenninck and Cornwallis negotiated agreements on the status of Ceylon, which was to remain British; the Cape Colony , which was to be returned to the Dutch but to be open to all; and the indemnification of the deposed House of Orange-Nassau for its losses. However, Joseph did not immediately agree to their terms, presumably needing to consult with the First Consul on the matter. [15]
In January 1802, Napoleon travelled to Lyon to accept the presidency of the Italian Republic , a nominally-independent client republic that covered northern Italy and had been established in 1797. That act violated the Treaty of Lunéville, in which Bonaparte agreed to guarantee the independence of the Italian and other client republics. He also continued to support French General Pierre Augereau 's reactionary coup d'état of 18 September 1801 in the Batavian Republic and its new constitution that was ratified by a sham election and brought the republic into closer alignment with its dominant partner.
British newspaper readers followed the events, presented in strong moralising colours. Hawkesbury wrote of Bonaparte's action at Lyon that it was a "gross breach of faith" exhibiting an "inclination to insult Europe". Writing from London, he informed Cornwallis that it "created the greatest alarm in this country, and there are many persons who were pacifically disposed and who since this event are desirous of renewing the war." [16]
The Spanish negotiator, Marquis José Nicolás de Azara , did not arrive in Amiens until early February 1802. After some preliminary negotiations, he proposed to Cornwallis that Britain and Spain make a separate agreement, but Cornwallis rejected that in the belief that would jeopardise the more important negotiations with France. [17]
Pressure continued to mount on the British negotiators for a peace deal, in part because budget discussions were underway in Parliament, and the prospect of continued war was another significant factor. The principal sticking point in the late negotiations was the status of Malta. Bonaparte eventually proposed that the British were to withdraw within three months of signing, with control passed back to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers. Left unspecified in that proposal was the means by which the Order would be re-established; it had essentially dissolved upon French seizure of the island in 1798. Furthermore, none of the other powers had been consulted on the matter. [18]
Page of the Treaty with the eight seals and the eight signatures of the signatories
The treaty, beyond confirming "peace, friendship, and good understanding", called for the following:
The restoration of prisoners and hostages.
Britain to return most of its captured Dutch Guiana to the Batavian Republic.
Britain to withdraw its forces from Egypt .
Spain agreeing to British rule of Trinidad [19]
The Batavian Republic to cede Ceylon , previously under control of the United Provinces and the Dutch East India Company , to Britain. [20]
French Guiana to have its borders defined.
Gibraltar to remain under British rule.
Menorca be returned to Spain.
The House of Orange-Nassau to be compensated for its losses in the Netherlands.
The Septinsular Republic was recognised by the signatory parties.
Two days after signing the treaty, all four parties signed an addendum, specifically acknowledging that the failure to use the languages of all of the signatory powers (the treaty was published in English and French) was not prejudicial and should not be viewed as setting a precedent. It also stated that the omission of any individual's titles was unintentional and not intended to be prejudicial. The Dutch and French representatives signed a separate convention, clarifying that the Batavian Republic was not to be financially responsible for the compensation paid to the House of Orange-Nassau . [21]
Preliminaries were signed in London on 1 October 1801. King George III proclaimed the cessation of hostilities on 12 October.
Amiens interlude
James Gillray , The first Kiss this Ten Years!—or—the meeting of Britannia & Citizen François (1803)
Upper-class British visitors flocked to Paris in the second half of 1802. William Herschel took the opportunity to confer with his colleagues at the Observatoire . In booths and temporary arcades in the courtyard of the Louvre , the third French exposition des produits français took place on 18–24 September. According to the memoirs of his private secretary, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne , Bonaparte "was, above all, delighted with the admiration the exhibition excited among the numerous foreigners who resorted to Paris during the peace." [22]
Among the visitors was Charles James Fox , who received a personal tour from minister Jean-Antoine Chaptal . Within the Louvre, in addition to the display of recent works in the Salon of 1802 , visitors could see the display of Italian paintings and Roman sculptures collected from all over Italy under the stringent terms of the Treaty of Tolentino . J. M. W. Turner was able to fill a sketchbook from what he saw. Even the four Greek Horses of St Mark from Venice, which had been furtively removed in 1797, could now be viewed in an inner courtyard. [23] William Hazlitt arrived at Paris on 16 October 1802. The Roman sculptures did not move him, but he spent most of three months studying and copying Italian masters in the Louvre. [24]
The English were not the only ones to profit by the halcyon lull in hostilities. From London, the Russian Semyon Vorontsov noted to a correspondent, "I hear that our gentlemen are making extravagant purchases in Paris. That fool Demidov has ordered a porcelain dinner service every plate of which costs 16 gold louis." [25]
For those who could not get there, Helmina von Chézy collected her impressions in a series of vignettes contributed to the journal Französische Miscellen, [26] and F. W. Blagdon [27] and John Carr [28] were among those who brought up to date curious English readers, who had felt starved for unbiased accounts of "a people under the influence [ ] of a political change, hitherto unparalleled.... During a separation of ten years, we have received very little account of this extraordinary people, which could be relied on," Carr noted in his Preface.
A number of French émigrés returned to France, under the terms of relaxed restrictions upon them. [29] French visitors also came to England. Wax artist Marie Tussaud came to London and established an exhibition similar to one she had in Paris. The balloonist André-Jacques Garnerin staged displays in London and made a balloon flight from London to Colchester in 45 minutes. [30]
The Spanish economy, which had been badly affected by the war, began to recover with the advent of peace. [31] Much as it had been at the start of the wars in 1793, Spain remained diplomatically caught between Britain and France, but in the period just after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens, a number of actions on the part of the French government antagonised the Spanish. France's unwillingness to block the cession of Trinidad to Britain was one of the things that most irritated King Charles IV . [32] Spanish economic interests were further injured when Bonaparte sold Louisiana to the United States, whose merchants competed with those of Spain. [33] Following that sale, Charles wrote that he was prepared to throw off alliance with France: "neither break with France, nor break with England." [34]
Britain ended the uneasy truce created by the Treaty of Amiens when it declared war on France in May 1803. The British were increasingly angered by Napoleon's re-ordering of the international system in Western Europe, especially in Switzerland, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. Frederick Kagan argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleon's assertion of control over Switzerland . Furthermore, Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs, even though King George III was an elector of the Holy Roman Empire . For its part, Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers. [35] Britain was labouring under a sense of loss of control, as well as loss of markets, and was worried by Napoleon's possible threat to its overseas colonies. Frank McLynn argues that Britain went to war in 1803 out of a "mixture of economic motives and national neuroses – an irrational anxiety about Napoleon's motives and intentions." However, in the long run Napoleon's intentions were hostile to British national interests. Furthermore, Napoleon was not ready for war, making it seem an optimal time for Britain to try to stop him. [36] Britain therefore seized upon the Malta issue by refusing to follow the terms of the Treaty of Amiens that required its evacuation of the island.
Schroeder says that most historians agree that Napoleon's "determination to exclude Britain from the Continent now, and bring it to its knees in the future, made war...inevitable." [37] The British government balked at implementing certain terms of the treaty, such as evacuating their naval presence from Malta. After the initial fervour, objections to the treaty quickly grew in Britain, where it seemed to the governing class that they were making all the concessions and ratifying recent developments. Prime Minister Addington did not undertake military demobilisation, but maintained a large peacetime army of 180,000. [38]
Actions taken by Bonaparte after the treaty was signed heightened tensions with Britain and signatories to the other treaties. He used the time of peace to consolidate power and reorganise domestic administration in France and some of its client states. His effective annexation of the Cisalpine Republic and his decision to send French troops into the Helvetic Republic (Switzerland) in October 1802, was another violation of the Treaty of Lunéville. However, Britain had not signed that treaty, and the powers that had signed it tolerated Napoleon's actions. Tsar Alexander had just congratulated Bonaparte for withdrawing from there and other places, but the Swiss move increased the belief in his cabinet that Bonaparte was not to be trusted. Bonaparte met British protests over the action with belligerent statements, again denying Britain's right to be formally involved in matters on the continent and pointing out that Switzerland had been occupied by French troops when the treaty was signed. [39] He also demanded for the British government to censor the strongly anti-French British press and to expel French expatriates from British soil. Those demands were perceived in London as affronts to British sovereignty. [40]
Bonaparte also took advantage of the loosening of the British blockade of French ports to organise and dispatch a naval expedition to regain control over revolutionary Haiti and to occupy French Louisiana . Those moves, though not in violation of the treaty, were perceived by the British as a willingness by Bonaparte to threaten them on a global stage. [40]
Britain refused to remove troops from Egypt or Malta, as agreed upon in the treaty. [41] Bonaparte formally protested the continuing British occupations and, in January 1803, published a report by Horace Sebastiani that included observations on the ease with which France might capture Egypt, alarming most of the European powers. [41] [42] In an interview in February 1803 with Lord Whitworth , Britain's French ambassador, Bonaparte threatened war if Malta was not evacuated and implied that he could have already retaken Egypt. [43] The exchange left Whitworth feeling he was given an ultimatum. In a public meeting with a group of diplomats the following month, Bonaparte again pressed Whitworth, implying that the British wanted war since they were not upholding their treaty obligations. [43] The Russian ambassador, Arkadiy Ivanovich Morkov , reported the encounter back to St. Petersburg in stark terms. The implicit and explicit threats contained in the exchange may have played a role in Russia's eventual entry into the Third Coalition . [44] Morkov also reported rumours that Bonaparte would seize Hamburg as well as Hanover if war was renewed. [45] Although Alexander wanted to avoid war, that news apparently forced his hand; he began collecting troops on the Baltic coast in late March. [46] The Russian foreign minister wrote of the situation, "The intention already expressed by the First Consul of striking blows against England wherever he can, and under this pretext of sending his troops into Hanover [and] Northern Germany ... entirely transforms the nature of this war as it relates to our interests and obligations." [47]
When France moved to occupy Switzerland, the British had issued orders for their military not to return Cape Colony to the Dutch, as stipulated in the Treaty of Amiens, only to countermand them when the Swiss failed to resist. In March 1803, the British ministry received notice that Cape Colony had been reoccupied by the military, and it promptly ordered military preparations to guard against possible French retaliation for the breach of the treaty. They falsely claimed that hostile French preparations had forced them into that action and that they were engaged in serious negotiations. To cover up their deception, the ministry issued a sudden ultimatum to France, demanding an evacuation of Holland and Switzerland and British control of Malta for ten years. [48] The exchange prompted an exodus of foreigners from France, and Bonaparte quickly sold Louisiana to the United States to prevent its capture by Britain. Bonaparte made "every concession that could be considered as demanded or even imposed by the British government" by offering to guarantee the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, place Malta in the hands of a neutral third party and form a convention to satisfy Britain on other issues. [49] His rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast. Bonaparte, who was not fully prepared to resume the war, made moves designed to show renewed preparations for an invasion of Britain. [50] Matters reached a diplomatic crisis point when the British rejected the idea of mediation by Tsar Alexander and, on 10 May, ordered Whitworth to withdraw from Paris if the French did not accede to their demands in 36 hours. [51] Last-minute attempts at negotiation by Talleyrand failed, and Whitworth left France on 13 May. Britain declared war on France on 18 May, thus starting the Napoleonic Wars , which would rage in Europe for the following 12 years. [52]
Britain gave its official reasons for resuming hostilities as France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy and Switzerland. [53]
On 17 May 1803, before the official declaration of war and without any warning, the Royal Navy captured all the French and Dutch merchant ships stationed in Britain or sailing around, seizing more than two million pounds of commodities and taking their crews as prisoners. In response to that provocation, on 22 May (2 Prairial , year XI), the First Consul ordered the arrest of all British males between the ages of 18 and 60 in France and Italy, trapping many travelling civilians. The acts were denounced as illegal by all the major powers. Bonaparte claimed in the French press that the British prisoners that he had taken amounted to 10,000, but French documents compiled in Paris a few months later show that the numbers were 1,181. It was not until the abdication of Bonaparte in 1814 that the last of the imprisoned British civilians were allowed to return home. [54]
Addington proved an ineffective prime minister in wartime and was replaced on 10 May 1804 with William Pitt, who formed the Third Coalition . Pitt was involved in failed assassination attempts on Bonaparte's life by Cadoudal and Pichegru . [55]
Napoleon, now Emperor of the French , assembled armies on the coast of France to invade Great Britain , but Austria and Russia, Britain's allies, were preparing to invade France. The French armies were christened La Grande Armée and secretly left the coast to march against Austria and Russia before those armies could combine. The Grande Armée defeated Austria at Ulm the day before the Battle of Trafalgar , and Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Austerlitz effectively destroyed the Third Coalition. In 1806, Britain retook the Cape Colony from the Batavian Republic. Napoleon abolished the republic later that year in favour of the Kingdom of Holland , ruled by his brother Louis Bonaparte . However, in 1810, the Netherlands officially became a part of France.
^ Englund, Steven (2005). Napoleon: A Political Life, pp. 216–237.
^ Johnson, David (2002). "Amiens 1802: the phoney peace". History Today, 52#9, pp. 20–26.
^ DeConde, Alexander (1976). This affair of Louisiana.
^ Grainger, John D. (2004). The Amiens Truce: Britain and Bonaparte, 1801–1803, chapter 1.
^ Schroeder (1994), p. 217.
^ Dorman, p. 281.
^ Hume, p. 61.
^ Haskell, Francis and Nicholas Penny (1981). Taste and the Antique. Yale University Press, pp. ch, xiv. 'The Last Dispersals'.
^ "I say nothing of the statues; for I know but little of sculpture, and never liked any till I saw the Elgin Marbles.... Here, for four months together, I strolled and studied." (Hazlitt, Table Talk : "On The Pleasure of Painting").
^ Quoted in Fernand Braudel , Civilization & Capitalism: III. The Perspective of the World 1984:465.
^ Baumgartner, K. "Constructing Paris: flânerie, female spectatorship, and the discourses of fashion in Französische Miscellen (1803)", Monatshefte, 2008
^ Blagdon, Paris as it was and as it is: or, A sketch of the French capital, illustrative of the effects of the revolution, with respect to sciences, literature, arts, religion.... London, 1803.
^ Carr (1803). The stranger in France, or, A tour from Devonshire to Paris. London.
^ John Carr described the bustle of returning emigrés on the docks at Southampton.
^ Grainger, p. 131.
^ Schneid, p. 28.
^ Kagan, Frederick (2007). The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805, pp. 42–43.
^ McLynn, Frank (1997). Napoleon: A Biography, p. 69.
^ Schroeder (1994), pp 242–243.
^ O'Gorman, Frank. The Long Eighteenth Century, p. 236.
^ Kagan, p. 40.
^ Grainger, p. 153.
^ Kagan, p. 44.
^ Kagan, p. 46
^ Pocock, p. 76.
^ Pocock, p. 77.
^ Pocock, p. 78.
^ Illustrated History of Europe: A Unique Guide to Europe's Common Heritage (1992), p. 282.
^ Schneid, Frederick C. (2005). Napoleon's conquest of Europe: the War of the Third Coalition. Greenwood.
Burke, Edmund, ed. (1803). Annual Register, Volume 44. London: Longman and Greens. OCLC 191704722 .
Dwyer, Philip (2013). Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power.
Emsley, Clive (2014). Napoleonic Europe. Routledge.
Esdaile, Charles J. (2007). Napoleon's Wars: And International History: 1803–1815, pp. 110–153.
Grainger, John D. The Amiens Truce: Britain and Bonaparte, 1801–1803 (2004). online review
Lokke, Carl Ludwig (1943). "Secret Negotiations to Maintain the Peace of Amiens." American Historical Review 49.1: 55–64. online
Pocock, Tom (2005). The Terror Before Trafalgar: Nelson, Napoleon, And The Secret War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN
External links
Napoleon's British visitors contains accounts of British visits to France during the interlude
1788
1789
1792
1793
1794
Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
1802
Military leaders
Treaty of Amiens
| 184 |
21 | why did britain declare war on france in 1803 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Napoleonic-Wars | (more)
More Actions
Table Of Contents
Cite
verifiedCite
While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
Select Citation Style
Feedback
Corrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).
Feedback Type
Your Feedback
Submit Feedback
Thank you for your feedback
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
External Websites
Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
Written and fact-checked by
Last Updated:
What were the Napoleonic Wars?
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts between Napoleon ’s France and a shifting web of alliances among other European powers. The wars lasted from about 1800 to 1815, and for a brief time they made Napoleon the master of Europe.
When did the Napoleonic Wars take place?
The Napoleonic Wars took place from about 1800 to 1815. They were a continuation of the French Revolutionary wars , which ran from 1792 to 1799. Together these conflicts represented 23 years of nearly uninterrupted war in Europe.
Why were the Napoleonic Wars important?
The Congress of Vienna , which was the settlement that followed the Napoleonic Wars, remade the map of Europe and set the stage for the emergence of Germany and Italy as unified states. The pressures of the Napoleonic Wars also likely prompted Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States.
How did the Napoleonic Wars end?
After the Allies entered Paris in March 1814, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the island of Elba. He returned to France in March 1815 and rebuilt his army, but he was defeated by Allied forces under the duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Only after this defeat and Napoleon’s second abdication did the Napoleonic Wars end.
What did the Napoleonic Wars have to do with the Era of Good Feelings in the United States?
The end of the Napoleonic Wars prompted a period of disengagement from European affairs by the United States that was known as the Era of Good Feelings . The “good feelings” in the United States were created by isolationism, a lull in sectional tension, and the political calm that resulted from the collapse of the Federalist Party .
(more)
Napoleonic Wars, series of wars between Napoleonic France and shifting alliances of other European powers that produced a brief French hegemony over most of Europe . Along with the French Revolutionary wars , the Napoleonic Wars constitute a 23-year period of recurrent conflict that concluded only with the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon’s second abdication on June 22, 1815.
(more)
The defeat of Austria, 1800–01
(more)
(more)
Though Bonaparte had to embark on the campaigns of 1800 with inadequate forces and funds, the weaknesses of allied strategy went far to offset the disadvantages under which he laboured. Austria had decided on an equal division of its strength by maintaining armies of approximately 100,000 men in both the German and Italian theatres. Instead of reinforcing Austrian strength in northern Italy, where there was most hope of success, the British government spent its efforts in limited and isolated enterprises, among them an expedition of 6,000 men to capture Belle-Île off the Brittany coast and another of 5,000 to join the 6,000 already on the Balearic Island of Minorca . When in June these two forces were diverted to cooperate with the Austrians they arrived off the Italian coast too late to be of use.
André Masséna, duc de Rivoli André Masséna, duc de Rivoli, lithograph by François-Séraphin Delpech, after a portrait by Nicolas-Eustache Maurin, 19th century.
(more)
Bonaparte’s plan was to treat Italy as a secondary theatre and to seek a decisive victory in Germany . It proved impossible to increase Victor Moreau ’s Army of the Rhine to more than 120,000—too small a margin of superiority to guarantee the success required. Nevertheless, Bonaparte was busy with the creation of an army of reserve which was to be concentrated around Dijon and was destined to act under his command in Italy. Until he had engaged this force in the south, Bonaparte would be able, should the need arise, to take it to Moreau’s assistance. In Italy André Masséna ’s 30,000–40,000 outnumbered troops were to face the Austrians in the Apennines and in the Maritime Alps until the army of reserve, marching to the south of the Army of the Rhine, should cross the Alps , fall upon the Austrians’ lines of communication, cut off their retreat from Piedmont , and bring them to battle. Bonaparte had hoped that Moreau would mass the Army of the Rhine in Switzerland and cross the river at Schaffhausen to turn the Austrian left in strength and obtain a decisive victory before dispatching some of his army to join the force descending on the rear of the Austrians in Italy. Moreau, however, preferred to cross the Rhine at intervals over a distance of 60 miles (approximately 100 km) and to encounter the Austrians before concentrating his own forces.
| 185 |
21 | why did britain declare war on france in 1803 | https://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/press-review/declaration-of-war-on-napoleon-letter-by-george-iii-sells-at-auction/ | (Cheffins/ PA)
On 10 January 2019, a handwritten letter penned on 14 May 1803 by King George III addressed to the British Secretary of State Lord Hawkesbury in which he intended to declare war on Napoleon was bought by a private collector for more than £11,000 at auction, more than 11 times its upper estimate of £1,000.
Transcript of the letter written just four days before the Napoleonic Wars officially began [on the 18 May 1803]:
‘The King has perused the dispatch and private letter from Lord Whitworth and the Enclosures with as much rapidity as possible to return them to Lord Hawkesbury; the conduct of France has been equally unfair to the last and though conscious of the Evils that must be entailed on many Countries by the renewal of War, yet the conviction that by the restless disposition of the Ruler of France this event could not long have been kept off, it seems necessary to attend alone to the best modes of repelling the violence with effect, and the attacking those objects which our present means render attainable. The King will remain in Town to execute any Steps that the present moment may require.
[signed] George R.’.
The previous owner had aquired the letter in 1966 for £55. The letter was first sold in 1935 at Maggs Rare Books and Map Sellers for £38.
According to Charles Ashton, Director of the Cambridge auction house Cheffins (UK): “This letter is a defining moment of history showing the King’s intention to go to war with France and Napoleon. The Napoleonic wars are iconic of the huge victories of the British army and these were defining moments in our country’s history, laying the groundwork for the nation to rule the waves and put us at the forefront of European history. Whilst relations between Britain and France had been somewhat strained since the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, this letter marks the end of peacetime negotiations and contains the explicit instructions from the King to proceed with war. The war was formally declared four days later and was one of the most iconic periods in European history, seeing the battles of Trafalgar and Waterloo and eventually the overthrowing of Napoleon. Lord Whitworth was a British politician and diplomat and at the time of the letter was ambassador in Paris. Lord Whitworth was a key player in the final declaration of war with France. In February 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte is said to have threatened Lord Whitworth with war if Malta was not evacuated. Whitworth was ordered to withdraw from Paris on 10th May 1803 if the French did not accede to British demands and he eventually left France on the 13th May. Documents signed by George III come up fairly often at auction, however, letters fully written by the King are infinitely more rare. […] The letter is unusual in that it is written by the King himself, as opposed to have been dictated to a scribe and then countersigned. […]”
Sources:
http://www.cheffins.co.uk/en/news/library-sale-preview-january-2019
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-46825053
| 186 |
22 | who is jessie's girl on breaking bad | https://breakingbad.fandom.com/wiki/Jane_Margolis | Date of death
March 4, 2009
Cause of death
Suffered a drug overdose and left to choke in her own vomit by Walter White
Social life
First
Last
Warning, the following may contain spoilers.
Jane rents Jesse the duplex apartment next to hers after he tells her his parents kicked him out of his house, and the two fall in love quickly. When Jesse offers Jane a joint, she refuses, revealing that she's in recovery. But she later joins him as he smokes crystal to ease his guilt after his dealer and friend Combo is killed by rival dealers . From there, Jane turns Jesse on to meth and heroin speedballs, causing him to miss Walter White 's meth deal with Gustavo Fring . She then blackmails Walt for Jesse's share of the profits.
Jane died of a heroin overdose while living with Jesse when the two began using the drug, which Walt witnessed, but refused to intervene in. Her death ultimately played a role in the crash of Wayfarer 515 , as her father was unable to properly do his job due to his grief over his loss.
Contents
Background information[
Jane Margolis was born on April 4, 1982 in Phoenix, Arizona, and was the daughter of Donald Margolis , an air traffic controller. She became addicted to drugs at some point during her life, but was sent to rehab meetings by Donald, who also went with Jane to her recovery meetings. Jane got a job as a tattoo artist as well as a landlord, renting a duplex apartment unit . By early 2009, Jane had been clean for 18 months.
Breaking Bad[
Season 2[
Jane rents Jesse Pinkman a duplex apartment next to hers after he tells her his parents kicked him out of his house. She warns Jesse to not be an asshole. The two fall in love quickly, despite Jane angering Jesse by brushing him off as just a tenant in front of her father. She later shows contrition by slipping a superheroine drawing titled "Apology Girl" under his door.
When Jesse offers Jane a joint, she refuses, revealing that she's in recovery and has been clean for over a year. But she later joins him as he smokes crystal meth to ease his guilt after Christian "Combo" Ortega is killed by the Rival Dealers . From there, Jane turns Jesse on to meth and heroin speedballs, causing Walter White to nearly miss a major meth deal with Gustavo Fring . Jesse lets her in on his situation with Walt, who refuses to give Jesse his cut from the deal until he gets clean, until Jane blackmails Walter into giving them the money by threatening to expose him, forcing him to eventually reluctantly do so. After getting Jesse's share, Jane tells Jesse that they'll get clean and run away together after finishing what heroin they have left. Jane wants to use the money to escape her father, who found out she relapsed.
Jesse and Jane before using heroin .
Following a coincidental bar conversation about family with Jane's father - with Walt unaware of the man's relation to Jane - Walt returns to Jesse's home, hoping to reconcile. While attempting to shake Jesse awake, Jane flips onto her back. Shortly afterwards, Jane begins asphyxiating on her own vomit due to an overdose. He runs over in an initial attempt to help her, but suddenly stops in his place and instead watches. As Walt either wouldn't do anything to save Jane, he decided not to wake Jesse up, knowing that her death would help him gain control over Jesse as a result, and possibly saving Jesse from the same fate and to protect his own criminal secrets. He breaks down into tears after Jane finally dies, realizing what he had just done, but quickly calms down.
Walt watching Jane die.
The next morning, Jesse sees Jane's lifeless body lying next to him. After a frenzied and unsuccessful attempt at revival, Jesse breaks down and calls Walt in a panic. Walt tells Jesse to calm down and eventually contacts Saul Goodman . Shortly afterward, Mike Ehrmantraut arrives, cleaning the scene and helping Jesse prepare for the arrival of the police. Jane's body is taken away in the presence of a devastated Jesse and a quiet, shocked Donald. Her apartment is shown when Donald picks a dress for her to wear during the funeral. Her voicemail is frequently heard when Jesse repeatedly calls it to hear her voice, but eventually it is deactivated.
Jane's death ultimately leads to the Wayfarer 515 disaster after her father, an air traffic controller, sends wrong directions and accidentally fails to stop two aircraft from crashing into each other right over Albuquerque due to his distraction and grief over her death. The crash kills a total of 167 people.
Season 3[
Jane's death continued to have significant repercussions, including Jesse's downward spiral over his role in her death. Jane's father Donald was all over the news following the Wayfarer 515 disaster, leading to him attempting suicide.
Season 5[
Walt reveals his role in Jane's death to Jesse shortly before he was taken prisoner by Jack Welker's Gang , as a final blow after he ordered Jack to kill him, deeming him responsible for the deaths of Hank Schrader and Steven Gomez and the loss of his fortune. He spitefully tells Jesse that he watched her overdose and choke to death, and that he could've saved her but didn't.
Jane in Jesse's flashback.
As Jesse drives away to a new life in Alaska, following his escape from Jack Welker's Compound and being saved by Walt after the gang massacre, Jesse remembers a conversation he had with Jane where Jesse tells Jane that he was thinking about what she had said about going where the universe takes you which he now thinks is a cool philosophy. Jane comments that she was being metaphorical and it is a terrible philosophy, and she also tells him that it's better to make decisions for yourself.
Jane Margolis near the front of her apartment.
"You know what? I take that back. This is blackmail. Because what l know about you, high-school teacher...turned drug dealer, with a brother-in-law in the DEA...that would make one hell of a story. National news, I'll bet. Do right by Jesse tonight, or l will burn you to the ground."
Jane is shown to be a highly intelligent, caring and loyal young woman who is a skilled, creative artist and is overall a good person at heart. Jane, like her eventual boyfriend Jesse Pinkman, has not had an easy life due to strong parental interference which was a result of drug use. She was able to overcome her addiction however and appeared at first to want to maintain her sobriety strongly. While Jane loves her strict, yet caring father Donald she is shown to fear him to an extent or simply be annoyed by him as seen when Jesse introduces himself to him and Jane pretends not to know Jesse at all to avoid questions and criticisms because she knew that Donald would not approve her dating a drug addict. She later tried to lie to her father at all costs to prevent him from discovering her drug relapse. Jane is shown to be somewhat egotistical as well and openly reveals that she hates being judged all the time, mainly by her father and can also be somewhat ignorant as she at first believed she did nothing wrong when she pretended not to be dating Jesse even though his feelings were crushed though she later apologized, showing that she is capable of realizing her mistakes.
Jane has some street smarts as she tells Jesse she knows he is a drug dealer from him paying his rent in cash and using a fake name for the tenancy agreement.
Jane was shown to love Jesse very much as she saw many similarities of herself in him, taking enough pity on him to live next door to her and allow him to stay even after it was revealed that he lied to her about his real name. The two were almost inseparable however dating Jesse tragically resulted in Jane relapsing into drug use again and even caused furthering Jesse's own addiction by introducing him to heroin. After Jesse was denied a large cut of money for selling methamphetamine by Walter White, Jane demonstrated a darker and more ruthless side as seen by blackmailing Walt into giving Jesse his money under threat of revealing his criminality to his DEA brother-in-law . She even spitefully told him that he could never be sure that she would remain quiet about him after he delivered Jesse's money to him. With Jesse's money in hand Jane hoped to use it to flee the United States with Jesse and start a new life free of their problems and her father though she still insisted on being clean of drugs first, showing her strong desire to lead a normal life. However in the end Jane's relapse into drugs and actions towards Walter White would eventually cost her her life.
Deaths[
Deaths connected to Jane[
167 People aboard the Wayfarer 515 : After Jane's death, Donald was grief-stricken and consequently unfocused, which made Wayfarer Flight 515 collide with another plane. (" ABQ ")
Quotes[
Donald: "You're going back to rehab. Today. Now."
Jane: "Look, as it so happens, we were just, we were just talking about that and I was gonna tell you, okay? If you would just let me."
Donald: "You have been clean for 18 months, Jane. Why? Why do you do it?"
Jane: "I backslid, okay? Like, what? What, you think I'm proud of this? Like, I do it on purpose?"
Donald: "Lying to me, shacking up and using with this scumbag, this loser!"
Jesse: "It takes one to know one!"
Jane: "His name is Jesse, and you don't know the first thing about him. We talk about rehab every night. It's his idea."
Donald: "You talk about rehab? Well, gee, isn't that wonderful?"
Jane: "Thank you for not being judgmental. 'Cause that's exactly what I need, to be judged all the time!"
Donald: "You know what you need? I'll tell you exactly."
Jane: "What are you doing? What are you doing?"
Donald: "I am calling the police. (...) I have tried ten years of love and understanding. Maybe what it takes is you drying out in a jail cell."
Jane: "Fine, we'll go to rehab."
Donald: "I could care less about him going to rehab. I want you in rehab."
Jane: "Okay. I'll go first thing tomorrow."
Donald: "Not tomorrow. Today."
Jane: "I have to call into work. I have to stock the newspaper. The last time I went to rehab, all my houseplants died because you didn't water them, so. Please? I'll go. Tomorrow."
―Donald telling Jane to go back to rehab. [src]
Walt: "So, what is this? What, some kind of blackmail or something?"
Jane: "This is me telling you to do right by Jesse. Bring him what you owe him. I don't call that blackmail. I call that you getting off your ass, and being a decent human being."
Walt: "Well, I call it blackmail. Dialling my number. Talking to my wife. And what's your end of this? How much heroin does a half a million dollars buy? For your information, I am holding Jesse's money for him and he will receive every last dollar of it. He will, not you at a time when I see fit. But I will not contribute to his overdose. Now you tell him, if he gets clean-- -lf you both get clean-- -"
Jane: "You know what? I take that back. This is blackmail. Because what I know about you, high-school teacher turned drug dealer, with a brother-in-law in the DEA that would make one hell of a story. National news, I'll bet. Do right by Jesse tonight or I will burn you to the ground."
―Jane threatening Walt. [src]
Jane: "You don't want your half a million dollars? You wanna renounce your earthly possessions and become a monk?"
Jesse: "No, it's just, I'm not the kind of dude who rolls. And by extension, you know, neither are you. I mean, he's my partner."
Jane: "I'm your partner."
Walter: "How do I know she'll keep quiet?"
Jane: "I guess you don't."
Jesse: "You'll never hear from either of us again."
―Walter, Jesse, and Jane about Jane's silence over Walter's criminal activities. [src]
Jesse: "Right? Like, you can paint, like, the local castles and shit. And I can be a bush pilot."
Jane: "Yeah. New Zealand. I can get behind that. But I guess I'm good anywhere as long as it's the two of us. But first, we gotta get clean. And not because anybody is telling us to."
―Jesse and Jane about running away together after Walt gives him his money. [src]
Jane: "It was the same subject, but different every time. The light was different, her mood was different. She saw something new every time she painted it."
Jesse: "And that's not psycho to you?"
Jane: "Well, then why should we do anything more than once? Should I just smoke this one cigarette? Maybe we should only have sex once, if it's the same thing."
―Jane and Jesse talking about Georgia O'Keeffe's painting in a flashback. [src]
Jesse: "I was thinking about that thing you said about the universe. Going where the universe takes you? Right on. I think it's a cool philosophy."
Jane: "I was being metaphorical. It's a terrible philosophy. I've gone where the universe takes me my whole life. It's better to make those decisions for yourself."
―Jane during Jesse's last flashback. [src]
Quotes about Jane[
Mike: "Any other drugs in the house? Think hard. Your freedom depends on it. [Jesse shakes his head] What about guns? You got any guns in the house? [Jesse shakes his head] Here's your story: You woke up. You found her. That's all you know. Say it. Say it, please. "I woke up. I found her. That's all I know." [Jesse begins to cry. Mike slaps him] Say it. "I woke up. I found her. That's all I know.""
Jesse: "I woke up. I found her. That's all I know."
Mike: "Again."
Jesse: "I woke up. I found her. That's all I know."
Mike: "Again. Again."
Jesse: "I woke up. I found her. That's all I know. I woke up. I found her. That's all I know."
Mike: "Once you call it in, the people who show up will be with the Office of Medical Investigations. That's primarily who you'll talk to. Police officers may arrive, they may not. Depends on how busy a morning they're having. Typically OD's are not a high priority call. There's nothing here to incriminate you so I'd be amazed if you got placed under arrest. However, if you do, you say nothing. You tell them you just want your lawyer and you call Saul Goodman. And do I need to state the obvious? I was not here. You put on a long sleeve shirt and cover those track marks on your arm. [hands Jesse a phone] Count down from twenty and then you dial. Hang tough. You're in the home stretch."
―Mike dealing the Jane situation. [src]
Jesse: "I killed her."
Walt: "What?"
Jesse: "I killed her. It was me. I killed her, man. I killed her."
Walt: "No. Jesse, look at me. Look at me. You didn't kill anybody."
Jesse: "I loved her. I loved her more than anything."
―Jesse and Walt about Jane. [src]
"I know the moment. It was the night Jane died. Yeah, I I was at home and we needed diapers and so I said I'd go, but it was just an excuse. Actually, that was the night I brought you your money, remember? (...) But afterward, I stopped at a bar. It was odd. I never do that, go to a bar alone. I just walked in, sat down. I never told you. (...) I sit down and this man, this stranger he engages me in conversation. He's a complete stranger. But he turns out to be Jane's father, Donald Margolis. (...) Of course, I didn't know it at the time. I mean, he was just some guy in a bar. I didn't put it together until after the crash when he was all over the news. Jane's dad. I mean, think of the odds. Once I tried to calculate them, but they're astronomical. I mean, think of the odds of me going in, sitting down that night in that bar next to that man. (...) I told him that I had a daughter and he told me he had one too. Then he said: "Never give up on family. " And I didn't. I took his advice. The universe is random. It's not inevitable. It's simple chaos. It's subatomic particles in endless aimless collision. That's what science teaches us. But what is this saying? What is it telling us when, on the very night that this man's daughter dies it's me who's having a drink with him? I mean, how can that be random?"
―Walter to Jesse about meeting Jane's father. [src]
"I watched Jane die. I was there. And I watched her die. I watched her overdose and choke to death. I could've saved her... but I didn't."
―Walt spitefully tells Jesse he watched Jane die, moments before he is taken prisoner by Jack Welker and his men . [src]
Appearances[
Jane's wall.
The vomit expelled from Jane's mouth was a combination of the over the counter heartburn drug Mylanta and oatmeal. [1]
Earlier versions of the script made Walt directly responsible for Jane's death. In the original story Walt injects Jane with another hit of heroin while she's unconscious, murdering her. This was toned down to a version where he intentionally turns her on her back so she chokes to death on vomit. In the filmed version, Jane accidentally turns on her back while Walt was attempting to awake Jesse. Walt chose not to roll her on her side and instead watched while she began suffocating. [2]
Jane has the last line in El Camino: "I've gone where the universe takes me my whole life. It's better to make those decisions for yourself".
Despite being a tattoo artist she had no tattoos of her own, explaining that she couldn't commit to one.
Jane was featured in the minisode Team S.C.I.E.N.C.E. , under the alias "Apology Girl".
In Jane's apartment a black-and-white picture of a woman can be seen hanging on the wall. Viewers might assume it’s a photo of Jane’s mother, but it’s subject is the American poet and painter Elizabeth Bishop . The fact that Jane has a famous artist’s portrait hanging on her wall, but none of her own family, seems to suggest her strained, tempestuous, relationship with them. The choice of Bishop is certainly also helped by the fact that she’s Vince Gilligan ’s favorite poet.
As mentioned by Donald Margolis , "Bishop" is Jane's mother's maiden name. This is also probably a reference to Elizabeth Bishop.
There is a mural that was presumably painted by Jane that includes a pink teddy bear, this is call back to the stuffed pink teddy bear that was floating in the White's pool as a result of the plane crash of Wayfarer 515 and the charter flight JM2.
Jane's phone number was 505-149-4985.
Main
Supporting
More Fandoms
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Breaking Bad Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 192 |
22 | who is jessie's girl on breaking bad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krysten_Ritter | Krysten Ritter
41 languages
American actress (born 1981)
Children
1
Krysten Alyce Ritter [1] (born December 16, 1981 [2] ) is an American actress. After an early modeling stint, she appeared on the UPN noir mystery series Veronica Mars (2005–2006) and the CW comedy drama series Gilmore Girls (2006–2007). Her breakthrough role was Jane Margolis on the AMC drama series Breaking Bad (2009–2010), a character she reprised in its spinoff film El Camino (2019). She headlined the ABC sitcom Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 (2012–2013) before playing the character Jessica Jones on the superhero series Jessica Jones (2015–2019) and The Defenders (2017), both set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . She also appeared in the Max miniseries Love & Death (2023).
Outside of acting, Ritter serves as a singer and guitarist for the indie rock duo Ex Vivian, and released the psychological thriller novel Bonfire in 2017.
Early life and initial modeling career
Ritter was born on December 16, 1981, [3] in Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania , [4] the daughter of Garry Ritter and Kathi Taylor. [5] She was raised in rural Shickshinny, Pennsylvania , where her mother, stepfather, and sister live; her father lives in nearby Benton . [6] She is of German, Scottish, and English descent. [7] She graduated from Northwest Area High School in 2000.[ citation needed ]
Ritter was scouted by a modeling agent at the age of 15 at her local shopping center, the Wyoming Valley Mall , during a modeling event. In a Philadelphia Style magazine interview, Ritter said she was "tall, gawky, awkward, and really, really skinny." While in high school, she traveled to New York City and Philadelphia to model, and signed with the Elite Model Management agency and Wilhelmina Models . [6] Ritter moved to New York and established an international modeling career, appearing in print ads and on television. She did magazine, catalog, and runway work in Tokyo , New York City, Paris , and Milan . [8]
An audition Wilhelmina had placed her in for a Wendy's television commercial helped Ritter transition into acting. Her "outgoing and bubbly and funny" performance personality had entertained the casting people, she told Philadelphia Style. [6] She won bit parts in films starting in 2001, and played a 1950s art history student in Mona Lisa Smile in 2003. In 2006, she appeared in All This Intimacy, a two-act, Off-Broadway play by Rajiv Joseph , at the Second Stage Theatre . [9] (Ritter later starred in the 2011 premiere of Zach Braff 's play All New People , also at Second Stage, co-starring Anna Camp , David Wilson Barnes and Justin Bartha and directed by Peter DuBois.) [10]
Ritter's early guest starring and recurring roles on television included Gia Goodman , the daughter of Mayor Woody Goodman ( Steve Guttenberg ) on the second season of Veronica Mars ; Rory Gilmore's friend, Lucy, on Gilmore Girls for eight episodes in 2006–07; and the first iteration of Allison Stark on the Fox sitcom 'Til Death (a role eventually played by four different actresses through the show's run).
Ritter at the premiere of 27 Dresses in 2008
She was cast as a young Carol Rhodes in an episode of The CW 's teen drama series Gossip Girl , titled " Valley Girls ," broadcast May 11, 2009. The episode was a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin-off series, set in 1980s Los Angeles ; intended to chronicle the teenage years of character Lily van der Woodsen . [11] Ritter described Carol, Lily's sister, as "the outcast" and "an '80s Sunset Strip rocker" to Access Hollywood . [12] The series was not picked up by the network for the 2009–10 season, [13] by which time Ritter appeared as Jane Margolis in the second season of Breaking Bad . [11] The role of Jane was her breakthrough , at which Ritter expressed surprise on People 's Couch Surfing program: "Talk about cult following , this show really is the gift that keeps on giving." [14]
Also in 2009, Ritter sold a television pilot she wrote based on her experiences as a model, titled Model Camp; [16] and appeared in the comedy web series Woke Up Dead , also featuring Jon Heder . [17]
Ritter starred in 2010 as the sharp and quirky Lily in the Starz television series Gravity , alongside Ivan Sergei , Ving Rhames and Rachel Hunter . [18] The comedy-drama centers on a group of outpatient suicide survivors. [19] She also played the manager of an Irish band [18] in the 2011 comedy Killing Bono , a film directed by Nick Hamm and based on the book Killing Bono: I Was Bono's Doppleganger, about the early days of U2 . [20] Beginning in January 2010, the film shoot lasted for six weeks in locations from Belfast to London. [21]
Ritter starred in and co-wrote (with director Kat Coiro ) the 2011 independent comedy Life Happens , with Kate Bosworth and Rachel Bilson . The film is about two best friends dealing with the pregnancy and subsequent motherhood of Ritter's character. That same year, Ritter appeared alongside Alicia Silverstone and Sigourney Weaver in the comedy horror film Vamps , written and directed by Amy Heckerling . She plays a Manhattan socialite turned into a vampire .
In February 2011, Ritter landed the lead role in the ABC situation comedy Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 . She starred as Chloe, a New York City party girl and con artist who attempts to rip off her new roommates after they move in, but befriends and mentors one of the applicants. [22] [23] The series was canceled on January 22, 2013, after two seasons. [24]
Ritter went on to star in two NBC television comedy pilots in 2013 and 2014 that were not picked up as network series. She played Nora in the pilot for Assistance, based on the play by Leslye Headland . [25] [26] Her casting as aerospace engineer Dr. Mary Kendricks in the astronaut-themed comedy Mission Control was announced by the network in February 2014; [27] [28] but on October 15, NBC said it was not moving forward with the show. [29]
A July 9, 2013, press release stated Ritter would star in Jake Hoffman 's directorial debut, Asthma, about the indie rock scene in New York City. [30]
On December 5, 2014, Ritter was cast to star in the Marvel Television series Jessica Jones in the title role , as a former superhero turned private investigator. About her casting, executive producer and show-runner Melissa Rosenberg stated that Ritter "brings both the hard edge and the vulnerability the role demands". [31] Ritter revealed she read the comic book to prepare for the role and expressed her delight on working with women. [32] All 13 episodes of the first season premiered on Netflix on November 20, 2015. [33]
Other ventures
Personal life
Ritter moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 2007. [39] She promotes animal rights , posing for PETA ad campaigns, including a campaign warning pet owners of the dangers of leaving animals in vehicles during the summer, and another against SeaWorld keeping orcas in captivity. [40] [41] [42] She is an avid knitter, [43] and has appeared on the cover of Vogue Knitting . [44]
Ritter was in a relationship with musician Adam Granduciel from 2014 to 2021. [45] [46] Their son was born on July 29, 2019. [47]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001
2014
2017
Main role; 10 episodes
Patti Harney
6 episodes
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2012
Jessica Jones
Naoreen, Nuzhat (December 7, 2012). "Monitor: Dec. 14, 2012" . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1237. p. 26. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
"Krysten Ritter" . Entertainmentwise. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
Stasio, Marilyn (July 27, 2006). "Review: 'All This Intimacy'" . Variety . Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
McCombs, Emily (February–March 2009). "Broadcast". Bust . p. 9.
McNary, Dave (December 13, 2009). "Ritter ready for 'Killing Bono'" . Variety. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
Goldberg, Lesley (January 6, 2014). "Craig Robinson Comedy Gets Series Order at NBC" . The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
Serrao, Nivea (February 15, 2017). "Krysten Ritter to write psychological thriller" . Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
Kurutz, Steven (November 20, 2008). "Unfettered Actress's Well-Furnished Lair" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
^ Kelli Bender, "Exclusive: Krysten Ritter Stars in New Anti-SeaWorld PETA Campaign," People Archived April 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine , August 4, 2016.
Mueller, Matthew (February 24, 2016). "Saturn Awards 2016 Nominees Announced" . Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krysten Ritter .
| 193 |
22 | who is jessie's girl on breaking bad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Breaking_Bad) | Phoenix (Breaking Bad)
12th episode of the 2nd season of Breaking Bad
"Phoenix"
Walter White barely delivers the inventory of drugs to Gus Fring in time, but misses his daughter Holly 's birth. He arrives at the hospital, where he finds that Ted Beneke drove Skyler White there. At Jesse Pinkman 's apartment, Jane Margolis wakes up when she is phoned by her father, Donald , because she is late for a Narcotics Anonymous meeting. At lunch afterward, she does not mention that she has started using heroin again, and acts as though she does not know Jesse when her father asks about him. Jesse, seeing the aftermath of Walt's search, initially believes he was robbed, but then listens to the phone messages Walt left. Walt, unable to tell anyone else in his family about the money, privately shows Holly the stacks of cash hidden in the garage walls. Later, Jesse shows up at Walt's classroom to ask for his share of the money, which Walt refuses because he believes it will further Jesse's addiction. He promises to pay Jesse when he knows that Jesse is clean.
Later, Jesse and Jane inject heroin in his apartment. As he passes out, Jesse complains about Walt holding out on him, telling Jane that he is owed $480,000. Donald calls Jane again when she is late for another rehab meeting; unbeknownst to Jane, he is waiting directly outside. Seeing her emerging from Jesse's door, he barges in and finds evidence of them both using heroin. He is furious that she has relapsed and calls the police, but doesn't finish it to make an official report when Jane promises she will enter rehab the next day. He relents and gives her another chance. Meanwhile, Walter Jr. has put up a website so that people can donate to Walt's cancer surgery utilizing PayPal . Walt does not want to accept charity, especially because he earned the money to pay for his treatment, but cannot reveal its source to his family. Saul Goodman tells him that he will contact a hacker to launder the money , making it look like it is coming from computers all over the world and averting suspicions by putting in small amounts.
Jane calls Walt to blackmail him into giving Jesse his share. Walt delivers the money to Jesse and Jane, who are ecstatic and talk of getting clean, but still feel a strong pull to use their remaining heroin. Walt goes to a bar to unwind, where he unknowingly sits next to Donald. The two start talking about the Phoenix probe's discovery of water on Mars and about Donald's daughter and Walt's "nephew" (Jesse), voicing their frustrations over trying to help people who will not do what is good for them. Donald opines that one can never give up on one's family. Motivated by Donald's words, Walt goes back to Jesse's house to talk to him but finds Jesse and Jane passed out from heroin use. While Walt is trying to wake Jesse, he inadvertently and unknowingly knocks Jane onto her back; she starts to choke on her own vomit. Walt rushes to help, but after hesitating for a moment he changes his mind and lets her die. He begins to cry before looking on resolutely.
The episode was written by John Shiban , and directed by Colin Bucksey . It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on May 24, 2009.
Critical reception
Emily St. James , recapping the episode for Slant , noted that it was "a beautifully rich and layered work about the various ways parents and children disappoint each other." [1] Donna Bowman, writing for The A.V. Club , gave the episode an A rating, commenting: "it is perhaps the single best episode to date in one of the best shows television has ever produced." [2] Alan Sepinwall praised Bryan Cranston 's performance in the episode's climactic scene and drew comparisons to " Kennedy and Heidi ," an episode of The Sopranos . [3] Seth Amitin at IGN gave the episode an 8.9/10 and opined that the episode was effective at increasing the dramatic stakes leading into the season's finale, stating that "everything about this episode was used to push tension one step further for the finale." [4]
In Cranston's own 2016 memoir A Life in Parts , he begins the book by recounting the process of filming the final scene in the episode. He recalls how he imagined his own daughter Taylor Dearden as Jane, and describes the scene as "the most harrowing I did on Breaking Bad". [6]
In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Phoenix" as the 17th best out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes. [7]
St. James, Emily (May 27, 2009). "Breaking Bad Recap Season 2, Episode 12, "Phoenix"" . Slant. Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Bowman, Donna (May 24, 2009). "Breaking Bad: "Phoenix"" . A.V. Club. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
Amitin, Seth (May 26, 2009). "BREAKING BAD: "PHOENIX" REVIEW" . IGN. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
External links
Phoenix (Breaking Bad)
| 194 |
22 | who is jessie's girl on breaking bad | https://www.cbr.com/breaking-bad-jesse-jane-relationship-end-improves-show/ | Summary
Breaking Bad's Jesse and Jane showed a glimmer of hope that the two characters could find a way out of the struggles they faced.
However, Jane's death changed more than one character in the series in massive ways.
The conclusion of Jesse and Jane's relationship helped change the series in a way fans still can't forget.
Breaking Bad was never the same after Jesse and Jane's relationship met a tragic ending in the show's Season 2. It represented a turning point in Walter White's descent into evil as fans witnessed for the first time how he was capable of putting his own personal interests above everything else, even if it meant leaving someone to die.
Jane Margolis first appeared in Season 2, Episode 5, "Breakage," and while she barely stayed until the end of the season, her brief appearance remained important until the end of Breaking Bad. She shook the lives of Walt and Jesse differently: for Jesse, it was a possibility to fall in love. For Walt, his meth business was threatened. Curiously, the end of Jesse and Jane's relationship is the exact moment in which the show finally finds the right tone.
How Jane Changed Breaking Bad in Just a Few Episodes
Close
Jane Margolis first appeared in Season 2, Episode 5, "Breakage", and was last seen alive in Season 2, Episode 12, "Phoenix."
Related
Posts
From the early moments that Jane and Jesse shared together, it didn't take much for them to mutually realize their history of self-destructive behavior. What's often overlooked about the path that their relationship takes in the show is how little it relies on finding solace in each other but rather on accepting one another's worst tendencies: Jane was an addict in recovery, Jesse was about to become one.
The second season of Breaking Bad is all about cause and consequence, something that becomes evident from the opening scene featuring the first of many flash-forwards to the tragedy that takes place in the season finale. In that scenario, Jane's brief presence was enough to set up a catastrophic chain of events; she's the chaos theory's butterfly, the one who leads to a massive tornado on the other side of the world.
There's no denying the love shared by Jesse and Jane, but their relationship starts when Jesse finds himself at his lowest: haunted by the death of his friend Combo, he lets his vulnerability get the best of him and smokes meth. That's the fateful moment in which Jane decides to join in and relapses. Almost as if she, deep down, blamed Jesse for it, she took advantage of his vulnerability to accomplish her own goals, leaving Jesse at an impasse between her and Walt. Many fans are quick to point out that Jane's manipulative behavior made her no different from Walt, but that's ignoring that she did care about Jesse. She didn't introduce him to heroin because she wanted to, but rather because she was an addict giving in to her darkest impulses. Jane's not a villain, but she's far from a saint.
In just a few episodes, Jane not only had Jesse in the palm of her hands but also his money. However, while her presence on the show completely reshaped the course of Season 2, nothing comes close to the impact of her death. It broke Jesse forever, while alternatively, it showed Walt a different perspective on death: he witnessed how easy it is to let someone draw their last breath and get away with it. What Walt was yet to learn is that one can learn a thing or two from the cause/consequence effect, which in turn led to 167 people dying from a crash caused by Jane's mourning father: a tragedy whose shadow hangs above Walt in the final moments of Season 2, signaling a turning point in Breaking Bad's tone and approach.
The End of Jesse and Jane Enabled Breaking Bad to Explore Its Darker Side
During his time on Breaking Bad, Jesse Pinkman only got involved with two women, Jane Margolis and Andrea Cantillo, both of whom died because of his involvement with the criminal world.
Posts
Jane's death was a shock because it seemed she had come to stay, but the abrupt end of her relationship with Jesse symbolized the official start of the dark and violent show fans were waiting for. While their tragic separation was great for putting Breaking Bad in motion, Jane's deadly overdose can't be seen as a good thing: it broke Jesse on many levels, causing him to spiral into an uncontrollable chain of drug abuse. However, up until that point, the show was fairly tamed when it came to addressing the hopelessness that drugs bring into the lives of innocent people. Jesse's reckless behavior indeed turned him into a stoner with no prospects in life until he meets Walt, but it's only when he becomes a heroin addict that Breaking Bad fully dives into the horrible details of compulsion.
No one suffered like Jesse in Breaking Bad, and his Season 3 arc is absolutely devastating; from coming to terms with Jane's loss , getting beat up by Hank, to struggling to overcome addiction, he finds himself in a truly dark place. However, the show's shift to a more mature approach didn't rely solely on tragedy: the end of Jesse and Jane enabled the show to leave the drama aside for a moment and dive deep into a multilayered crime narrative. The weight of watching someone die doesn't hang too long on Walt's mind, it instead awakens something in him: if things don't work the way he intended, he will eliminate whoever gets in his way.
Breaking Bad sets out to get as explosive as it can in the aftermath of Jesse and Jane's relationship. While Walt doesn't necessarily feel guilty about Jane, he feels guilty enough about Jesse to step up as his guardian: the boy was a wreck, but it was still Walt's most profitable asset apart from his own meth. In that sense, Gus establishes himself as the show's definitive villain, Hank's investigation gets dangerously close to Walt, and Walt runs against the time to preserve the sovereignty of his empire by himself. This succession of events marked the fateful moment in which Breaking Bad embraced outbursts of violence and explosive action, showing audiences how the series was much more than just a conventional crime drama on TV.
Jane's Death Revealed Walt's True Nature to the Audience
Over the course of five seasons, Walter White was responsible for the death of almost 300 people, including the passengers of the plane crash caused by Jane's father, which was a result of Walt letting Jane die.
Related
Posts
Jane's death not only caused Breaking Bad to become a more explosive show but also revealed the true nature of its main character to the audience. Up until that point, it was still easy to root for Walt. He found something he was good at and was determined to enter a life of crime to save enough money for his family. He didn't intend any harm, and he would only kill people if his own life was threatened. In Season 2, while the meth he cooked with Jesse was the purest of all, their business still lacked a strong distributor: it was a small business finding its target.
Then Jane came in, and Walt realized how she was slowly taking Jesse from him, forcing him to unleash a side of him that fans hadn't seen before. Jane knew too much about Walt and his business with Jesse, making it clear at the first opportunity that she would use his identity against him if necessary: it's exactly what she does when Walt refuses to give Jesse his share of the money. All of a sudden, Walt was no longer the head of the meth scheme; he was reduced to a mere pawn. On the night that Walt watched Jane die, he could've easily saved her: something clicked in his head, making him realize that this was the opening he needed to eliminate an obstacle without getting his hands dirty.
Jane's death symbolizes the moment in which the audience witnesses how vile Walt's true nature is, and it becomes a shared secret between Walt and the viewers for many more episodes. It's a truth that the other characters are yet to find out. People like to point out the incident in Season 3, Episode 12, "Half Measures," where Walt runs over two drug dealers with a car as the definitive moment where he breaks bad. However, it takes a genuinely evil soul to have the opportunity to save his partner's lover and choose to let her painfully die. No wonder the words "I watch Jane die" carry an unbearable weight when Walt confesses it to Jesse in Season 5: he knew there would come a moment when the vileness of witnessing Jane's death could come in handy once again. The initial premise of the show is how Walt is this person who seems "too soft" for the criminal life, while it was Jesse who was this person all along: inside Walt's heart, only rot.
Your Rating
Cast
Seasons
5
Nov 13, 2024
Posts
2 days ago
2 days ago
1 day ago
Posts
22 hours ago
Posts
Trending Now
Copyright © 2025 Valnet Inc.
| 195 |
22 | who is jessie's girl on breaking bad | https://www.reddit.com/r/breakingbad/comments/f6lfx2/i_wish_i_had_jesses_girl/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
I wish I had jesses girl
Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.
New to Reddit?
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Public
Top Posts
| 196 |
23 | meaning of the song we built this city | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Built_This_City | We Built This City
1985 single by Starship
"We Built This City"
" Sara " (1985)
Audio sample
"We Built This City" is the debut single by American rock band Starship , from their 1985 debut album Knee Deep in the Hoopla . It was written by English musicians Martin Page and Bernie Taupin , who were both living in Los Angeles at the time, and was originally intended as a lament against the closure of many of that city's live music clubs.
The song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Outside the United States, "We Built This City" topped the charts in Australia and Canada, peaked inside the Top 10 of the charts in Germany, the Republic of Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland, the Top 20 on the charts in Belgium, New Zealand and the United Kingdom and the Top 30 of the charts in Austria and the Netherlands.
The song has gained significant scorn, both for the inscrutability of its lyrics (notably the line " Marconi plays the mamba "), and for the contrast between the song's anti-corporate message and its polished, " corporate rock " sound. It topped a 2011 Rolling Stone poll of worst songs of the 1980s by a wide margin, and the magazines Blender and GQ both called it the worst song of all time .
The album's title, Knee Deep in the Hoopla, is taken from a lyric in the first verse of this song. [3]
Content and production
Song co-writers Martin Page and Bernie Taupin have stated that the song is about the decline of live-performance clubs in Los Angeles during the 1980s. [4] [5] [6] In 2013, Taupin told Rolling Stone that the "original song was a very dark kind of mid-tempo song ... about how club life in L.A. was being killed off and live acts had no place to go ... A guy called Peter Wolf [the album's producer] ... got ahold of the demo and totally changed it. He jerry-rigged it into the pop hit it was". [5] In an interview with Songfacts , Page added that the "demo was quite high-energy techno, because that was the sound of the band I was in ... it was a little more edgy. And I'm very pleased with what Starship did with it, because they made it a universally appealing song". [6]
Though "We Built This City" was originally written about Los Angeles, the Starship rendition references San Francisco (the hometown of both Starship and its predecessors, Jefferson Airplane and Jefferson Starship ). MTV executive and former DJ Les Garland provided the DJ voiceover during the song's bridge. [7] While "the city by the bay" refers to San Francisco, the other two phrases used by Garland—"the city that rocks" and "The City That Never Sleeps"—refer to Cleveland, Ohio , and New York City , respectively. To capitalize on this, several radio stations, with the help of jingle company JAM Creative Productions , customized the bridge when broadcasting the song by adding descriptions of their own local areas or inserting their idents . [8]
This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (September 2021)
Billboard said that this "unusual rock 'n' roll anthem is as wise as it is rebellious". [9] Cash Box called it "an ear-catching tune" and described it as "dance rock with sharp hooks". [10]
Half Man Half Biscuit parodied the song on their Achtung Bono album, "We Built This Village on a Trad. Arr. Tune". [12]
Blender magazine's 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever
In 2004, the magazine Blender ran a feature on "The 50 Worst Songs Ever", in conjunction with the VH1 Special The 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs...Ever. [13] To qualify, songs had to be well-known hits; the list also avoided novelty songs, and multiple songs by the same artist. [14] "We Built This City" came in at #1. According to Blender editor Craig Marks, the choice was nearly unanimous among those who had been polled. Marks said of the song, "It purports to be anti-commercial but reeks of '80s corporate-rock commercialism. It's a real reflection of what practically killed rock music in the '80s." [15] He referred to the line of the song "Marconi plays the mamba", asking, "Who is Marconi? And what is the mamba ? The mamba is the deadliest snake in the world, so he must have meant the mambo , but it sounds so much like 'mamba' that every lyric website writes it that way. It makes sense neither way." [14] The Blender feature also noted the irony of the song lamenting "they're always changing corporation names", given Starship's own frequent name changes. [13]
Asked about the listing, Mickey Thomas , one of the singers of Starship, said he was surprised at the ranking, but also "thrilled" because of the other high-profile groups on the list, saying, "I wish Blender had called us for a group shot. I'd love to have my picture taken with Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney ." [14] (Wonder and McCartney were listed together at #10 for their 1982 duet " Ebony and Ivory ".) [13] Asked again about the listing in 2010, Thomas said: "From what I heard, they got so much flak about it that they sort of retracted their statements in a way about the song. And not only that, but Blender's folded, and we're still here." [16]
Richmond Times-Dispatch music critic Melissa Ruggieri argued that " Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now " and " Sara " were Starship songs that were more suitable for the top of the list than "We Built This City", a song Ruggieri said "references Marconi, the father of the radio...inserted a cool snippet of DJ chatter from the band's beloved San Francisco...[and] found Grace Slick enunciating the phrase 'corporation games' with nutty abandon." [17]
Rolling Stone Top Ten Worst Songs of the 1980s
GQ Worst Song of All Time
Additional personnel
Chart (1985–1986)
1
1
Chart (2014)
Chart (1985)
25
14
26
Chart (1986)
11
Region
Certification
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Covers and samples
Music video
Weekly chart performance for "We Built This City" by LadBaby
Chart (2018)
Popular culture
See also
"FMQB" (PDF). p. 30.
...they turned "We Built This City" into a big, blaring synth-rock song with an ultra-bouncy beat...
Anyway, there's an interesting anecdote about that song. I wrote it with Martin Page. The original song was a very dark kind of mid-tempo song, and it didn't have all this "We built this city!" It had none of that. It was a very dark song about how club life in L.A. was being killed off and live acts had no place to go. It was a very specific thing. A guy called Peter Wolf – not J. Geils Peter Wolf, but a big-time pop guy and German record producer – got ahold of the demo and totally changed it. He jerry-rigged it into the pop hit it was. If you heard the original demo, you wouldn't even recognize the song.
Wiser, Carl (March 21, 2014). "Martin Page" . Songfacts. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
The demo was quite high-energy techno, because that was the sound of the band I was in. It was just very fortunate that I enjoyed writing to Bernie's lyrics straightaway. It was a magical experience ... I saw the words as almost like a rebellion lyric: it was like live music has been taken away from the city. So my demo, it was a little more edgy. And I'm very pleased with what Starship did with it, because they made it a universally appealing song.
"Reviews" . Billboard. August 31, 1985. p. 83. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
"Single Releases" (PDF). Cash Box. September 7, 1985. p. 9. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
.
We Built This City
| 197 |
23 | meaning of the song we built this city | https://musikguru.de/jefferson-starship/bedeutung-we-built-this-city-327533.html | Bedeutung von We Built This City
Die Stadt wurde auf den Grundlagen des Rock 'n' Roll errichtet
Die Menschen nutzen ihre Leidenschaft für Musik, um die Stadt zu erschaffen und ihr Leben mit Freude zu füllen
Der Text thematisiert die Veränderungen in der Geschäftswelt und die Ablehnung von großen Firmen
Es wird auf die Unterdrückung hingewiesen, die die Menschen in der Stadt erleben
Der Songtext drückt die Bedeutung der Musik und ihre Macht aus, eine Stadt zu errichten und die Menschen zusammenzubringen
Interpretation
Der Songtext We Built This City von Jefferson Starship handelt davon, wie die Menschen eine Stadt aufgebaut haben und wie wichtig Musik, insbesondere Rock 'n' Roll, für sie dabei war. Der Refrain We Built This City, We Built This City on rock an' roll" betont, dass die Stadt auf den Grundlagen des Rock 'n' Roll errichtet wurde. Die Menschen haben ihre Leidenschaft für Musik genutzt, um die Stadt zu erschaffen und ihr Leben mit Freude zu füllen. Im Songtext wird auch erwähnt, dass manche Menschen die Bedeutung der Musik nicht verstehen und diejenigen, die gerne in Clubs tanzen und sich von der Musik mitreißen lassen, als unverantwortlich betrachten. Doch die Sängerin stellt klar, dass sie und ihre Mitstreiter einfach nur einfache Leute sind, die nach Amerika suchen und durch das Leben gehen. Ein weiterer Teil des Songtexts thematisiert die Veränderungen in der Geschäftswelt und wie Unternehmen ständig ihre Namen ändern und Spiele spielen. Doch die Menschen wollen einfach nur tanzen und ihre Musik genießen, ohne von großen Firmen beeinflusst zu werden. Der Text weist auch auf die Unterdrückung hin, die die Menschen in der Stadt erleben, dargestellt durch die Zeilen "Police have got the choke hold, oh, and we just lost the beat". Hier wird die Idee vermittelt, dass die Menschen ihre Freiheit verlieren und die Musik unterdrückt wird. Insgesamt drückt der Songtext We Built This City von Jefferson Starship die Bedeutung der Musik und ihre Macht aus, eine Stadt zu errichten und die Menschen zusammenzubringen. Er betont auch das Streben nach Freiheit und die Ablehnung der Unterdrückung.
Jefferson Starship - We Built This City
Quelle: Youtube
Hinter jedem Song steckt eine Geschichte – MusikGuru erzählt sie dir.
Top Songs
Interpreten von A bis Z
Übersetze Lyrics, erkläre Songs und sammle Karma-Punkte – sei Teil einer Community, die Musik neu denkt!
Aktuell ist eine Registrierung nicht möglich.
| 198 |
23 | meaning of the song we built this city | https://www.gq.com/story/oral-history-we-built-this-city-worst-song-of-all-time | An Oral History of “We Built This City,” the Worst Song of All Time
It has been playing, ceaselessly, for three decades now, and it will stay lodged in your brain, like a barnacle made of synthesizers and cocaine, for hours after you read this article. (Don’t blame us—blame Starship.) This is the true story of how “We Built This City”—the most detested song in human history—got built.
By Rob Tannenbaum
August 31, 2016
Xavier Arnau; Getty
Save this story
Save
All products are independently selected by our editors. If you buy something, we may earn an affiliate commission.
Thirty years ago, radio stations and MTV put an insidiously catchy song called “We Built This City” into heavy rotation and kept it there. The hit single gave the members of the band Starship—which emerged from the ashes of Jefferson Starship, successor to Jefferson Airplane, the essential 1960s psychedelic band—unlikely second careers as pop stars. At the time, Starship's most famous member, singer Grace Slick, was 46.
• Cover art for the “We Built This City” vinyl single. Half a million people paid money to own this.
But over the years, as '80s music began to sound dated and ludicrous—and no song sounds more '80s than “We Built This City”—it developed a hideous reputation: the worst song of all time. Blender magazine first crowned it thus in 2004, and the label has stuck, thanks to a series of online polls, thickening into something close to empirical fact. Like many things celebrated and awful, “We Built This City” has grown into a meme: It was the title of a 2008 episode of Degrassi: The Next Generation. During the late-1980s peak of junk bonds on Wall Street, Michael Milken changed the lyrics to We built this city on high-yield bonds to celebrate his law-breaking firm, Drexel Burnham Lambert. Russell Brand has sung it , Fergie and the Muppets have performed it. John Kasich played it at campaign events.
“We Built This City” was written and recorded in stages, by an assembly line of songwriters. (Cancer, too, develops in stages.) Today, its creators are ambivalent about what they've wrought. It has made them wealthy, but years of ridicule have taken a toll. Among the people who now say they hate it are two band members and the guy who wrote the lyrics. “I don't think anybody can take all the credit,” says Starship guitarist Craig Chaquico, “or all the blame.”
Dennis Lambert (executive producer): The Starship was one more act in a long line of artists I worked with who, if they weren't given up for dead, were thought of as being in a deep career hole. Bringing them back wasn't gonna be easy.
Peter Wolf (producer): There was a lot of hate inside the band. What was his name, the gentleman who just died? Paul Kantner. Paul [Jefferson Airplane's co-founder] was an old hippie who was not relevant anymore. Everyone wanted to go more modern, and he didn't want to. I was happy Paul left. He argued with everybody, and I hated that.
Mickey Thomas (Starship vocalist): I joined Jefferson Starship in 1979, which was one of the pivotal points of re-inventing the band. I wasn't exactly a Starship fan—I came out of soul music. There were always different members coming and going, so the band was constantly evolving. I shaved my mustache. We were re-inventing ourselves, so I wanted to re-invent my personal look as well. The music itself was a huge gamble.
Martha Davis (vocalist, the Motels): As best I remember—and we're talking about the '80s, so I don't remember much—[Elton John lyricist] Bernie Taupin sent me the lyrics to “We Built This City” so I could write music to it. I called Bernie and said, “My artistic muse won't let me finish the song.” Regrets? Oh, hell no.
Martin Page (co-writer): Bernie was moving away from working with Elton John. Everybody wanted him to work with a Tom Dolby kind of writer—someone using new technology. I wanted to impress Bernie: I did a demo of the song on a Fostex deck in my living room. It sounded like Peter Gabriel's “Shock the Monkey.” I sent it to Bernie, who said, “Bernie Taupin comes into the future.”
Member of successful '80s band: Our producer brought the demo to us. It's the most pussy thing I've ever heard. “Knee-deep in the hoopla”? Well, even Mark Twain wrote some bad prose. Don't quote any of this.
Bernie Taupin (lyricist, in 2013): The original song was… a very dark song about how club life in L.A. was being killed off and live acts had no place to go. A producer named Peter Wolf—not the J. Geils Peter Wolf, but a big-time pop guy and Austrian record producer—got ahold of the demo and totally changed it.… If you heard the original demo, you wouldn't even recognize the song.
Wolf: I said to Bernie, “I wrote a chorus. Is that okay with you?” He said, “Yeah, but I don't want to write any more lyrics.”
Craig Chaquico (Starship guitarist): Peter came to my recording studio in Mill Valley and played the demo for me. About a minute in, he hit the pause button and in his Austrian accent started to sing: “Vee built dis seety on vock and VOLL.”
Lambert: Grace Slick was the matriarch of the group, and everyone was focused on making her happy. She gave me very specific marching orders: “I want to make hits.” She told me she wanted to tour, make a lot of money, and then retire. That's how she put it.
Thomas: Doesn't every band want hits? We did.
“That album, for me, was musical hell. I joined the band in ’74, and
gradually the music had become vacuous, sterilized, escapist. It was
an embarrassment. We had band meetings with big arguments. I
probably should’ve tried harder to oppose it. I had a family.”—Pete
Sears, Starship bassist
Grace Slick (Starship vocalist; ‘Vanity Fair,’ June 2012 ): I was such an asshole for a while, I was trying to make up for it by being sober, which I was all during the '80s, which is a bizarre decade to be sober in. So I was trying to make it up to the band by being a good girl. Here, we're going to sing this song, “We Built This City on Rock & Roll.” Oh, you're shitting me, that's the worst song ever.
Wolf: Chicago was looking for a new singer, after Peter Cetera left. They offered Mickey the job. I said to him, “We're a few minutes away from a huge hit.”
Chaquico: Peter Wolf was a genius synthesizer player. The Synclavier was cutting-edge. We didn't feel like we were selling out; we felt like we were trying to land a man on the moon.
Wolf: Journey was recording in the studio next door, and every time I opened the door, their band members were standing outside with their mouths open. “This is the Starship? It's unbelievable!”
Chaquico: It's a very '80s track. I remember watching Miami Vice in between takes.
Pete Sears (Starship bassist): That album, for me, was musical hell. I joined the band in '74, and gradually the music had become vacuous, sterilized, escapist. It was an embarrassment. We had band meetings with big arguments. I probably should've tried harder to oppose it. I had a family.
Les Garland (former head of programming, MTV): This is a great Garland story. I'd known them since the Airplane days, because I was on the radio in San Francisco. They played me “We Built This City” and I said, “That sounds like a radio smash.” Then the producer, Peter Wolf, says, “We're thinking of putting a deejay's voice in the middle.” So they used my voice. I did one take, then threw the earphones on the floor. I didn't think a second thing about it.
• Trigger warning: This photograph of Starship can cause unpredictable reactions in people who survived the 1980s. From left, Thomas, former Starship drummer Donny Baldwin, Slick, and Sears.
Lynn Goldsmith/Corbis/Getty
Thomas: Anybody who says the lyrics are dumb hasn't taken the time to digest the verses. I don't think there's anything dumb about “looking for America, crawling through your schools.”
Sears: That was the best song on the album, even though it's considered the worst song of all time. The rest were a load of crap.
Slick (in 1985): I like this record.
Sears: Grace was unhappy. I saw that. She was being staunchly brave. In a band, either you're in or you're out.
Wolf: It sounded like nothing else on the radio and had a very in-your-face, hard-edged machine bottom. Yes, I'm proud of it. Sure. The mockery came way later.
Francis Delia (video director): I got a call from the band, asking if I could be in Kalamazoo to join them for a dinner. It was a very celebratory time; a bunch of guys who were knocking on middle age suddenly had a No. 1 song. Everyone was drinking $100 snifters of brandy.
Garland: You know me, kind of a clown. I sent a telex to the Starship: “Thank you so much for backing me up on my No. 1 record. Love, Les Garland.”
Chaquico: It marked a new chapter in the band where we couldn't stop making No. 1 songs. We had three in a year and a half: “We Built This City,” “Sara,” and “Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now.”
Wolf: I saw them in Costa Mesa, and when they played the beginning of the song, 15,000 people were singing. Tears were running down my eyes. It was very moving for me. The '80s, in my personal life, were a total disaster for me.
Garland: That year, they played the MTV New Year's Eve party for us. Someone in the production crew thought it would be neat to release thousands of Ping-Pong balls. The audience starts throwing the balls, and while Mickey's hitting a note, a ball flies into his mouth. He was pissed.
Thomas: When the song went to No. 1, I said to Bernie, “More than ever, people are gonna ask what ‘Marconi plays the mamba’ means.” He said, “I have no fucking idea, mate.”
Page: Hmm. Marconi was the first one to send music across the ocean. I saw “We Built This City” as saying stop the corporations, we need to play music.
Thomas: Bernie didn't say “mambo,” he said “mamba,” which is a snake. Marconi created the radio. Maybe Bernie meant to say “mambo.” Maybe it means: If you don't like this music, some really angry snakes are gonna come out of the speakers.
Chaquico: Marconi's the guy who invented the radio, and his style of music was the mamba. But listen to the radio now. Do you hear any mamba? That's how I look at the lyric: Things change. I could be totally wrong.
Thomas: At one point I did start to sing “mambo,” to try and be more grammatically correct, and after a while I thought, “Fuck it,” and went back to “mamba.”
Stephen Holden (critic; ‘The New York Times,’ 1985): A compendium of strutting pop-rock clichés, Knee Deep in the Hoopla represents the '80s equivalent of almost everything the original Jefferson Airplane stood against—conformity, conservatism, and a slavish adherence to formula.
Thomas: The stakes were higher because of the band's past. People said, “You have to carry the mantle of the '60s.” C'mon. It's 1985.
Chaquico, rocking two sweet axes at once.
Paul Natkin/Getty
Chaquico: The song says we built this city on live music, let's bring it back—but the music is computerized. It complains about techno pop, but it's a techno-pop song. It exemplifies the problem it's protesting.
Wolf: Do I have a sense of why people mock the song? It's a good question. I really don't know. It was a terrible video—cheap and ugly—and it got incredible play on MTV. I felt it didn't do the song justice.
Chaquico: The No. 3 song on that Blender list was “Everybody Have Fun Tonight,” by Wang Chung, which Peter Wolf produced. I called him and said, “Dude, I'm on one of the worst songs ever, but you're on two. That's awesome!”
Lambert: It's part of the price you pay for making hit records. Can't please everybody. I'm still here; *Blender'*s not.
Thomas: I was upset at first, but the article was written with quite a bit of humor, so after about an hour, I laughed about it. I'm still here and *Blender'*s not.
Page: To make ourselves feel strong, we say, “We're running to the bank.” But it does hurt. You want people to see the quality in the song, and the beautiful melody. Chordally and harmonically it's—this isn't an ego thing—it's incredibly skillful. If it was cheesy, I'd know it.
Chaquico: I do the song with my band—sometimes as a full-on power trio, like if Cream or Jimi Hendrix were to do it, but we also do a reggae version of it, when we're in the mood. Imagine Bob Marley singing “We Built This City.”
Thomas: I do 60 to 75 shows a year, and it's probably the most popular song in the show.
Page: Thirty years ago, Grace said, “We love it.” She's a lovely lady. She helped me get my green card. So I was surprised at how much she loathes the song now.
Slick (in 2002): The Starship, I hated. Our big hit single, “We Built This City,” was awful.… I felt like I'd throw up on the front row, but I smiled and did it anyway. The show must go on.
Lambert: She's talking out both sides of her mouth, that's all I can say. Maybe she took too much heat for it over the years and decided to take this tack to save face.
Thomas: People seem to have convinced her that it's a blot on her legacy.
Page: “We Built This City” is like Mickey Mouse. People want to knock it and they want to love it. It's iconic, like Mickey's ears. The moment it comes on, people go, “I know that. I love it.” Because people love Mickey.
Sears: In 1987, I quit the band. And I went into therapy for a year. At times, I've thought it is the worst song ever, yes. Occasionally, now, I hear “We Built This City” in a supermarket, or in some movie, and I'm grateful that it helps renew my health insurance, via SAG-AFTRA.
Chaquico: If you listen to any song a million times, you'll get sick of it. So a lot of people got sick of that song, including me.
Lambert: We licensed the song to ITT for almost a million dollars. A major smash song never stops earning money. I've probably written 500 songs, but ten of them earn 90 percent of the money I make.
Page: About two years ago, I saw an advert in London for the mobile service Three UK with a little girl riding a bicycle and singing the song, and it went viral. I nearly cried. After all these years, the song went back into the Top 20 in the UK. It keeps creeping back. It refuses to die.
The (S)Hit List: A Compendium of Fantastically Terrible Songs
Only one song can be THE worst of all time—but just because “Rock Me Amadeus” didn't win doesn't mean we shouldn't trash it. Weird Al did.
Surfin' Bird (1963), The Trashmen
They say the word “bird” 84 times in 143 seconds, compounding a lack of originality: It's a rip-off of a Rivingtons song.
Rock Me Amadeus (1985), Falco
Mocked by The Simpsons, Family Guy, and Weird Al—an honor reserved only for a truly special level of musical affront.
Wild Wild West (1999), Will Smith
This very uncatchy theme song is not even Smith's best movie-themed sellout. (That would be “Men in Black.”)
Who Let the Dogs Out (2000), Baha Men
We would also like to know who let the dogs out. So that we can find him. And punish him.
Accidental Racist (2013), Brad Paisley ft. LL Cool J
As tone-deaf in form (rap + country = ugh) as it was in content: The laughable lyrics, shockingly, did not solve racism.
Related Stories for GQ Music
Read More
Select international site
| 199 |
23 | meaning of the song we built this city | https://genius.com/Starship-we-built-this-city-lyrics | We Built This City Lyrics
You might also like
How to Format Lyrics:
Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus
Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines
Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc.
Use italics (<i>lyric</i>) and bold (<b>lyric</b>) to distinguish between different vocalists in the same song part
If you don’t understand a lyric, use [?]
To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum
About
Genius Annotation
4 contributors
“We Built This City” was a huge hit for Starship, reaching number one on the charts in the U.S., Canada, and Australia, as well as receiving a Grammy nomination.
The lyrics, as originally written, were originally about how nightclubs in Los Angeles were being shut down, and as such live acts did not have any place to go. As performed, however, the ‘computerized’ feel of the song ironically made it exactly an example of the pro-live-music statement implied by the lyrics.
The song remains a polarizing one in Jefferson Airplane lore. While the song itself implies Starship boasting of their late ‘60s success and impact on rock music/status as rock and roll rebels, the members had nothing to do with writing the song.
The song gained infamy in the 2000s, when Blender Magazine and VH1 declared it the “worst song of all times”.
Expand
+40
Share
Q&A
Find answers to frequently asked questions about the song and explore its deeper meaning
Ask a question
Released on
Songs That Interpolate We Built This City
Tags
Sign Up And Drop Knowledge 🤓
Genius is the ultimate source of music knowledge, created by scholars like you who share facts and insight about the songs and artists they love.
Sign Up
Genius is the world’s biggest collection of song lyrics and musical knowledge
Privacy Preferences
Hot Songs:
| 200 |
23 | meaning of the song we built this city | https://ultimateclassicrock.com/oral-history-starship-we-built-this-city/ | Read the Oral History of Starship’s ‘We Built This City’
"We Built This City," the Starship song everyone loves to hate — but can't seem to stop returning to — turned 31 last month, and its release (and eventual ascension to No. 1 on the Billboard chart) has been commemorated with a new oral history.
GQ assembled fresh and archival quotes from the majority of the people involved in "We Built This City," from the songwriting team ( Bernie Taupin , Martin Page, executive producer Dennis Lambert and producer Peter Wolf) to the past and present Starship members whose legacy will forever remain entangled with the group's quintessential '80s hit.
As fans are well aware, this iteration of the band was just the latest in a series of evolutions that started out with the Jefferson Airplane before morphing into the Jefferson Starship and then, ultimately, Starship — changes motivated as much by personal conflicts as they were by commercial concerns. "There was a lot of hate inside the band," Wolf recalls in the article. "Paul [Kantner, Jefferson Airplane's co-founder] was an old hippie who was not relevant anymore. Everyone wanted to go more modern, and he didn't want to. I was happy Paul left. He argued with everybody, and I hated that."
Going "more modern" and scoring hits was the Starship's mandate, and they set out to achieve it wholeheartedly with their 1985 album Knee Deep in the Hoopla. As singer Mickey Thomas told Ultimate Classic Rock just last year, "We Built This City" encapsulates the essence of the record's forward-thinking approach to production.
"We thought, ‘We’re going to reinvent the band, this is the sound we’re going for and we’re going to use all of these new modern machines, techniques and recording processes and sounds to our advantage and have fun with it,’" he recalled in 2015. "It was like a whole new palette of colors to work with. So that’s what we set out to do and we did it."
Taste is subjective, of course, and not all the band members were necessarily on the same page with the new direction. Aside from Kantner, whose umbrage with their turn away from the Jefferson Airplane's '60s progressivism has been well-documented, bassist Pete Sears has gone on record with his disdain for the Hoopla record. Calling it "musical hell" in the new oral history, he admits, "Gradually the music had become vacuous, sterilized, escapist. It was an embarrassment. We had band meetings with big arguments. I probably should've tried harder to oppose it. I had a family."
As much as Sears professes to hate "We Built This City," he points to it as a highlight on a record he utterly disavows. "That was the best song on the album, even though it's considered the worst song of all time," he argues. "The rest were a load of crap."
The ends justified the means in the '80s, and before it became a poster child for selling out, "We Built This City" was a massive hit — though as guitarist Craig Chaquico points out in the article, its defiant lyrical stance in support of live music and old-fashioned rock 'n' roll is severely undercut by the machine-driven arrangement.
"The song says we built this city on live music, let's bring it back — but the music is computerized," Chaquico is quoted as saying. "It complains about techno pop, but it's a techno-pop song. It exemplifies the problem it's protesting."
Cognitive dissonance aside, Thomas insists "We Built This City" remains a staple of the current Starship's live sets, and he — along with the song's writers — stands by a hit they feel may have become a punching bag for the wrong reasons. "It does hurt. You want people to see the quality in the song, and the beautiful melody," admits Page. "Chordally and harmonically it's — this isn't an ego thing — it's incredibly skillful. If it was cheesy, I'd know it."
See Jefferson Airplane and Other Rockers in the Top 100 '60s Rock Albums
More From Ultimate Classic Rock
Information
| 201 |
24 | olaudah equiano the interesting narrative of the life summary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano | The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
4 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1789 autobiography of Olaudah Equiano
This article includes a list of general references , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2021) (
)
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African
Cover image
Text
The green plaque at Riding House Street , London, commemorates where Equiano lived and published his narrative.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African, first published in 1789 in London, [1] is the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 – 31 March 1797), an African from what is now Nigeria who was enslaved in childhood and eventually bought his freedom and became an abolitionist in the United Kingdom.
The narrative is argued to represent a variety of styles, such as a slavery narrative , travel narrative, and spiritual narrative. [2] The book describes Equiano's time spent in enslavement , and keeps track of his attempts at becoming an independent man through his study of the Bible , and his success in the end in gaining his own freedom and in business thereafter.
Main themes
The African slave's voyage from Africa ( Igbo Land ) to the Americas and England [3]
The cross-cultural and geopolitical journey from slavery to freedom and heathenism to Christianity.
Before Chapter 1, Equiano writes: "An invidious falsehood having appeared in the Oracle of the 25th, and the Star of the 27th of April 1792, with a view, to hurt my character, and to discredit and prevent the sale of my Narrative." [4] Like many literary works written by black people during this time, Equiano's work was discredited as a false presentation of his slavery experience. To combat these accusations, Equiano includes a set of letters written by white people who "knew me when I first arrived in England and could speak no language but that of Africa." [4] In his article, "Preface to Blackness: Text and Pretext" [5] Henry Louis Gates Jr. discusses the use of prefaces by black authors to humanize their being, which in turn made their work credible. In this section of the book, Equiano includes this preface to avoid further discrediting.
Chapter 1
Equiano opens his Narrative with an explanation of his struggle to write a memoir. He is empathetic about hardships that memoir writers experience. He explains that they often have to defend themselves against those who question their work. He apologizes to his readers in advance for not having the most exciting story, but hopes it helps other slaves in his position. He states, "I am neither a saint, a hero, nor a tyrant." [4] He begins his story with a description of his homeland and the district in which he was born. He was born in the Kingdom of Benin , a part of Guinea . He details his district, Eboe (now Nigeria), and the isolation of Essake, the small province of his birth in 1745. [6]
Equiano describes that Eboe (now known as Igboland ) had well established rules and laws of governing. Their systems of marriage and law were strictly enforced. His father—an elder in the district—was in charge of punishing criminals and resolving conflicts within their society. Within the district, women were held to higher standards than men. Marriage was seen as extremely important. The bride's family was responsible for providing gifts for the family of the husband, and the wife was "owned by her husband". [7]
Dancing was a huge part of the culture within the kingdom. All dancing was separated into four divisions of groups of people, and they all represented key life events. The kingdom was made up of many musicians, singers, poets, dancers, and artists. The people of the kingdom lived a simple life. Nothing was luxurious. Clothes and homes were very plain and clean. The only type of luxuries in their eyes were perfumes and on occasions alcohol. Women were in charge of creating clothing for the men and women to wear. Agriculture was the primary occupation, because the kingdom sat on rich soil and facilitated abundant growth. Though slaves were present in the kingdom, only those who were prisoners of war or convicted criminals were traded in Eboe.
Hardships were brought about by an unusual number of locusts and constant arbitrary wars with other districts. If another district's chief waged war and won, they would acquire all slaves belonging to their opponent. In the event of a loss, chiefs were put to death. Religion was extremely important in Equiano's society. The people of Eboe believed in one "Creator", who lived in the sun and was in charge of major occurrences: life, death, and war. They believed that those who died transmigrated into spirits, but their friends and family who did not transmigrate protected them from evil spirits. They also believed in circumcision. Equiano compared this practice of circumcision to that of the Jews.
Equiano also explains the customs of his people. Children were named after events or virtues. Olaudah meant fortune, but it also served as a symbol of command of speech and his demanding voice. Two of the core values of the Eboe religion were cleanliness and decency. Touching of women during their menstrual cycle and the touching of dead bodies were seen as unclean. As Equiano discusses his people, he explains the fear of poisonous plants and venomous snakes within the community. He describes an instance where a snake slithered through his legs without harming him. He considered himself extremely lucky. [8]
Equiano makes numerous references to the similarity between the Jews and his people. Like the Jews, not only did his people practice circumcision, but they also practiced sacrificing, burnt offerings, and purification. He explains how Abraham's wife was African, and that the skin colour of Eboan Africans and modern Jews differs due to the climate. At the end of the first chapter, Equiano asserts that Africans were not inferior people; the Europeans considered them as such because they were ignorant of the European language, history, and customs. He explains it is important to remember the ancestors of the Europeans were once uncivilized barbarians. He states, "Understanding is not confined to feature or colour." [4]
Chapter 2
Equiano explains how he and his sister were kidnapped and forced to travel with their captors for a time until the two children were separated. Equiano becomes the slave-companion to the children of a wealthy chieftain. He stays with them for about a month until he accidentally kills one of his master's chickens and runs away. Equiano hides in the shrubbery and woods surrounding his master's village, but after several days without food, steals away into his master's kitchen to eat. Exhausted, Equiano falls asleep in the kitchen and is discovered by another slave who interceded with the master for Equiano. The master is forgiving and insists that Equiano shall not be harmed.
Soon after, Equiano is sold to a group of travelers. One day, his sister appears with her master at the house and they share a joyous reunion; however, she and her company leave, and Equiano never sees his sister again. Equiano is eventually sold to a wealthy widow and her young son. Equiano lives almost as an equal among them and is very happy until he is again taken away and forced to travel with "heathens" to the seacoast. [9]
Equiano is forced onto a slave ship and spends the next several weeks on the ship under terrible conditions. He points out the "closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate added to the number in the ship" suffocates them; some slaves even preferred to drown, and one was saved only to be flogged later, as he had chosen to die rather than accept slavery. [4] At last they reach the island of Barbados, where Equiano and all the other slaves are separated and sold. The author mentions the impact of their selling away, as "on the signal given, (as the beat of a drum), the buyers rush at once into the yard where they are confined, and make the choice of that parcel they like best. [...] The noise and clamor [...] serve not a little to increase the apprehension of the Terrified Africans." [4]
Throughout the passage, Equiano refers to white people as cruel, greedy, and mean. He is very surprised by the way they relate to each other, as they are even cruel between them, not only to the slaves. However, as he meets more white people and learns about their culture he comes to the conclusion that the white men are not inherently evil but that institutional slavery has made them cruel and callous.
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 opens with Equiano's explanation that he has witnessed a lot of evil and unfair events as a slave. He recounts a specific event that happened in 1763. He and a companion were trying to sell limes and oranges that were in bags. Two white men came up to them and took the fruit away from them. They begged them for the bags back and explained that it was everything they owned, but the white men threatened to flog them if they continued begging. They walked away because they were scared, but after a while they went back to the house and asked for their belongings back again. The men gave them two of the three bags back. The bag that they kept was all of Equiano's companion's fruit, so Equiano shared one-third of his fruit. They went off to sell the fruit and ended up getting 37 bits for it, which surprised them. During this time, Equiano started working as a sailor and selling and trading items like gin and tumblers. When he was in the West Indies, he witnessed Joseph Clipson, a free mulatto man, being taken into slavery. Equiano notes that this happened a lot in the area, and consequently decides he cannot be free until he leaves the West Indies. He starts to save the money he earns to buy his freedom. [1]
Before they leave for a trip to Philadelphia, his captain hears a rumour that Equiano has plans to escape. The Master reminds Equiano how valuable he is, and that he will find him and get him back if he tries to run away. Equiano explains that he has no plans to escape, and that if he had wanted to run away, he would have done it by now, given all the freedom the Master and the captain give him. The captain confirms Equiano's explanation and decides it was indeed only a rumour. Equiano tells the Master then that he is interested in buying his freedom eventually. [1]
When they get to Philadelphia, Equiano goes to sell what his Master gave him and talks to Mrs. Davis, a wise woman who reveals secrets and foretells events. She tells him he will not remain in slavery for long. The ship continues on to Georgia and, while they are there, Doctor Perkins beats Equiano and leaves him lying on the ground, unable to move. Police pick him up and put him in jail. After he does not return overnight, the captain discovers what has happened and gets him out of jail. He also has the best doctors treat him. He tries to sue Doctor Perkins, but a lawyer explains that there is not a case because Equiano is a black man. Equiano slowly recovers and gets back to work. [1]
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Controversy about origins
Originally published in 1789, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African, played a large role in "[altering] public opinion" towards the debate over abolition in Britain. Equiano was viewed as "an authority" in relation to the slave trade. His claims of being born in Eboe (now southern Nigeria) and being captured and traded as a child gave him definite credibility. However, several people questioned his credibility in the 1790s in order to challenge rising abolitionist sentiments. There were rumours that Equiano was actually born in the West Indies, but these claims were thrown away for being "politically motivated." [10]
Paul Edwards edited The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African, in 1967 and sparked further debate about the validity of the story's origins.
In 1999, Vincent Carretta published findings of two records that questioned Equiano's birthplace in Africa. [11] Carretta found Equiano's baptismal record dated 9 February 1759 from St Margaret's Church in Westminster, London, where Equiano was recorded as "Gustavus Vassa, a Black born in Carolina, 12 years old", and a naval muster roll from 1773 where Equiano likewise identified his birthplace as "South Carolina". [12] These documents were enough for Carretta to believe that Equiano's claims about his early life were "probably fictitious". [13] Aside from contradicting Equiano's account directly, these records suggested that, even if Equiano were born in Africa, he would have been at most seven or eight years old when he was sold into slavery (given that he must have been purchased by Michael Henry Pascal in Virginia no later than December 1754). This made Carretta doubt the reliability of Equiano's first-hand descriptions of his home "country" and "countrymen". [14] Carretta believes his findings indicate Equiano had borrowed his account of Africa from others, and said the timing of the publication was not an accident. [15] Carretta noted "the revelation that Gustavus Vassa was a native-born Igbo originally named Olaudah Equiano appears to have evolved during 1788 in response to the needs of the abolitionist movement." [16]
Carretta explains that Equiano presumably knew what parts of his story could be corroborated by others, and, more importantly if he was combining fiction with fact, what parts could not easily be contradicted. [15]
"Equiano's fellow abolitionists were calling for precisely the kind of account of Africa and the Middle Passage that he supplied. Because only a native African would have experienced the Middle Passage, the abolitionist movement needed an African, not an African-American, voice. Equiano's autobiography corroborated and even explicitly drew upon earlier reports of Africa and the Middle Passage by some white observers, and challenged those of others."
Paul E. Lovejoy disputes Carretta's claim that Vassa was born in South Carolina because of Vassa's knowledge of the Igbo society. Lovejoy refers to Equiano as Vassa because he never used his African name until he wrote his narrative. [17] Lovejoy believes Vassa's description of his country and his people is sufficient confirmation that he was born where he said he was, and based on when boys received the ichi scarification, that he was about 11 when he was kidnapped, as he claims, which suggests a birth date of about 1742, not 1745 or 1747. [18] Lovejoy's thoughts on the baptismal record are that Vassa couldn't have made up his origins because he would have been too young. Lovejoy goes on to say: [18]
"If Carretta is correct about Vassa's age at the time of baptism, accepting the documentary evidence, then he was too young to have created a complex fraud about origins. The fraud must have been perpetrated later, but when? Certainly the baptismal record cannot be used as proof that he committed fraud, only that his godparents might have."
Lovejoy also believes Equiano's godparents, the Guerins and Pascals, wanted the public to think that Vassa was a creole instead of being a fully Black man born in Africa. He claims that this was because the perceived higher status of Creoles in West Indian society and Equiano's mastery of English. [19]
In 2007, Carretta wrote a response to Lovejoy's claims about Equiano's Godparents saying: "Lovejoy can offer no evidence for such a desire or perception." [15] Carretta went on to say: "Equiano's age on the 1759 baptismal record to be off by a year or two before puberty is plausible. But to have it off by five years, as Lovejoy contends, would place Equiano well into puberty at the age of 17, when he would have been far more likely to have had a say in, and later remembered, what was recorded. And his godparents and witnesses should have noticed the difference between a child and an adolescent." [20]
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano was one of the first widely-read slave narratives. Nine editions were printed during the author's lifetime, and it was translated into Dutch and German. [21] The structure and rhetorical strategies of the book were influential and created a model for subsequent slave narratives. [21] The different kinds of aspects and ideas in his narrative, such as travel, religion, and slavery, cause some readers to debate what kind of narrative his writing is: a slavery narrative, a spiritual narrative, or a travel narrative . [2]
The work has proven so influential in the study of African and African-American literature that it is frequently taught in both English literature and History classrooms in universities. The work has also been republished in the Heinemann African Writers Series .
Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (1978). "Preface to Blackness: Text and Pretext". Afro-American Literature: The Reconstruction of Instruction.
The Equiano Project (2007). "Olaudah Equiano: 1745–1797" . www.equiano.org. Worcestershire Records Office. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
Lovejoy, Paul E. (2006). "Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, alias Olaudah Equiano, the African". Slavery and Abolition. 27 (3): 318. doi : 10.1080/01440390601014302 . S2CID 146143041 .
Lovejoy, Paul E. (2006). "Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, alias Olaudah Equiano, the African". Slavery and Abolition. 27 (3): 337. doi : 10.1080/01440390601014302 . S2CID 146143041 .
Carretta, Vincent (2007). "Response to Paul Lovejoy's 'Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, alias Olaudah Equiano, the African'". Slavery & Abolition. 28 (1): 118. doi : 10.1080/01440390701269848 . S2CID 143580773 .
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
| 212 |
24 | olaudah equiano the interesting narrative of the life summary | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-life-of-olaudah-equiano/summary | Detailed Summary & Analysis
Quizzes
by
Back to Guide
Olaudah Equiano begins his narrative by describing the customs of his native land in modern-day Nigeria. The customs are very different from those of England, but he also makes the case for their similarity to traditions of the Jews, even suggesting that Jews and Africans share a common heritage. This argument allows Equiano to begin to assert the full humanity of slaves and of black people in general, who only seem inferior to Europeans because they are cruelly subjugated by white people. While Equiano describes the practice of slavery as common among his own people, he contrasts slavery within Africa to the brutal racial hierarchy established by white Europeans.
Equiano recounts being kidnapped along with his sister by slave traders at the age of eleven. After spending time with a number of different masters in the interior of Africa, he was eventually separated from his sister and brought to the coast. There he saw a slave ship for the first time and was stunned by the cramped, unclean, even inhuman condition in which black Africans were confined on the ships. He was entranced and frightened, too, by the strange workings of the ship, which seemed to him to be driven by magic. He was initially terrified that the frightening-looking white men directing the ship were going to eat him, but the other captives eventually convinced Equiano that they were being brought across the sea to work for white men. After a long, torturous voyage, in which the conditions were so bad as to provoke some of the slaves to commit suicide, they reached Barbados, where Equiano witnessed families being separated without any thought to the pain and distress this caused. He himself was subsequently taken to Virginia, where he was isolated on a plantation. He spoke little English and had almost no one to talk to.
After a few months, a merchant and naval officer, Michael Henry Pascal, came to visit Equiano’s master and liked the look of Equiano. Pascal purchased Equiano and brought him to the ship to be taken to England. Pascal treated Equiano better than any other white man had in the past, though he also refused to call Equiano by the name of Jacob as Equiano preferred, instead naming him Gustavus Vassa. On the ship Equiano also befriended a young white boy named Richard (Dick) Baker, and the two became inseparable. In London Equiano lodged with relatives of Pascal, two sisters called the Miss Guerins, who were kind to Equiano and began to teach him to read and write. They also instructed him in the Bible and took him to be baptized. Equiano accompanied Pascal on a few more voyages in which they participated in battles of the French and Indian Wars, and then they left for Gibraltar and the Mediterranean. After a number of further battles, they returned to England, where Equiano began to hope he might gain his freedom. However, Pascal betrayed Equiano by preventing him from leaving the ship and forcing him into yet another form of slavery under Captain James Doran. Pascal also stole everything in Equiano’s possession besides nine guineas he’d saved over the years.
Under Doran, Equiano traveled to the West Indies, where the subjugated state of the slaves there deeply affected him and reminded him of his own enslavement. Soon Doran sold Equiano to a Quaker merchant, Mr. Robert King, who treated Equiano with greater respect and acknowledged his substantial skills as a seaman. King hired Equiano out to a captain, Thomas Farmer, and eventually permitted him to participate in a series of voyages between the West Indies, St. Eustatia, and Georgia—voyages that involved the transport and exchange of slaves and other goods. Farmer allowed Equiano to develop his own commercial activities: starting with three pence, Equiano slowly built up savings and goods to trade himself. All throughout their voyages, though, Equiano constantly struggled with unfair treatment by white men who refused to pay him or tried to cheat him. Equiano realized that as a black man it was impossible for him to get legal retribution. Finally Equiano managed to save forty pounds, which King had agreed would be the price of his freedom, and he bought his own manumission. Still, King and Farmer cajoled him into staying with them as an employee, to which he agreed. Equiano still observed a number of cases in which freemen were forced back into slavery—something which nearly happened to him as well—and this underlined for him the fragility of his freedom. On the way back from one trip to Georgia, Farmer grew ill and died, and Equiano became the de facto captain. He continued to travel and participate in the slave trade under a new captain, William Phillips, though Equiano was increasingly desirous of making his way back to England. After being betrayed by a number of different captains, he finally managed to return to the West Indies, where he obtained a certificate of good behavior from Mr. King and returned to England.
In England Equiano got back into contact with the Miss Guerins, who helped him attain a trade as a hairdresser, and also went to see Pascal, who seemed entirely unremorseful for his betrayal. After a time, Equiano grew restless and decided he could make more money at sea, so he worked on a number of voyages. During this time, he also began to struggle with his faith, wandering among churches and growing unsatisfied both with his questions about eternal life, and with the sinfulness he saw among apparent Christians all around him. In Turkey, Equiano became acquainted with a group of people who helped him better understand Bible verses. These Christians seemed far holier than many of those he knew in England. On one voyage back to England, he experienced a spiritual epiphany, which included a vision of Jesus on the cross: this proved to be a spiritual rebirth, solidifying Equiano’s faith but also distancing him from other sailors, who were more likely to belittle his conversion.
Equiano had been hired by Dr. Irving, who decided to establish a plantation in Jamaica and asked Equiano to join. On the voyage, he tried to instruct a Musquito Indian prince in Christianity, with uncertain results. Equiano helped Irving establish a plantation, and he himself treated the slaves kindly and generously. Eventually he wanted to return to England, but once again he found himself stymied by betrayals and cruel treatment by white captains. Finally he did manage to return to England, where he began to settle down, though he never remained on land for too long. He participated in one unsuccessful, though theoretically inspiring, voyage to Africa to return some former slaves to their place of origin. He concludes with a powerful rhetorical argument against the slave trade, calling on the Christian feelings of the British and making economic and commercial arguments for abolishing slavery and opening Africa up to British goods and products.
PDF downloads of all 2,087 LitCharts guides.
Expert analysis to take your reading to the next level.
Advanced search to help you find exactly what you're looking for.
Quizzes, saving guides, requests, plus so much more.
Expert analysis to take your reading to the next level.
Advanced search to help you find exactly what you're looking for.
Quizzes, saving guides, requests, plus so much more.
Close
Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account
You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes.
or
Continue
Create Account
Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account.
You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles.
or
Continue
Create Account
Easily access your saved guides anytime.
or
Continue
Create Account
| 213 |
24 | olaudah equiano the interesting narrative of the life summary | https://www.gradesaver.com/the-interesting-narrative-of-the-life-of-olaudah-equiano/study-guide/themes | Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. More books than SparkNotes.
The destructiveness of the slave trade
Perhaps more than anything else, the work is centered around the destructiveness of the slave trade. Equiano's own life bears testament to how terribly it harms everyone involved. Africans, including children, were kidnapped from their homes and severed from their families. The bonds of mother and child, husband and wife, and brother and sister were destroyed. Slaves were given new names, their identities virtually erased. Any sense of history, culture, tradition, values, etc. were almost obliterated by the dominant society that kept them as chattel. They were subject to the most horrible punishments, delivered for capricious and unjust reasons. The chastity of female slaves was violated. Deleterious behavior resulted from the unnatural elevation of the white man over black. Furthermore, Christianity was perverted. Even white men were corrupted by the slave trade, since it pushed them towards their baser instincts and turned otherwise decent people into monsters. Though different masters show Equiano wildly varying degrees of cruelty or kindness, they are all complicit in its horrors, and hence does he endeavor through his work to show them the error of their ways.
Identity
The book's main narrative is that of a man who is allowed no identity early in life, but perseveres to shape one in spite of the world. As an African and a slave, Equiano had no identity. He was invisible, erased, a void. He had no control over his own movements, his property, or even his own name. Equiano endeavored from early on to discover who he was, but slavery limited his opportunity for self-discovery. After he was freed, however, Equiano was finally able to fashion himself a true identity and discover a real sense of self. He made his own decisions regarding where he went and what sort of employment he pursued. He proved his worth at sea, and garnered the approbation of those around him. He resisted oppression and violence. He converted to Christianity and began to define himself in terms of that religion. He entered the public world of the British empire, becoming involved with the abolitionist movement. He presented a petition to the Queen, protested the government's criticisms of him, and, of course, published his autobiography. This work asserted that Olaudah Equiano was a man, a British citizen, and a Christian. Equiano thus developed an identity forged from his manumission, his experiences at sea, his conversion to Christianity, and his movements in the public arena. It is a fiercely individual identity, not beholden to any one creed but instead full of complications.
Christianity
The autobiography is very much an examination of Christianity, its many sects and the way it allows many worshipers to engage in the hypocrisy of slavery. Equiano distinguishes between the Christianity of white slaveholders and the "true" Christianity practiced by himself and his Methodist and Quaker friends. He even touts the simple faith of his African brethren as being more honest and legitimate, comparing them with the Jews. White Christians involved in the slave trade perverted their faith; they did not live up to the simplest tenets outlined in the Bible. They allowed greed, lust, pride, and anger to permeate their hearts in spite of their professed faith. They usurped God's authority by placing His creatures in bondage, and blindly defined their slaves as immoral, full of vice, and ignorant. They pretended to be pious by attending church, exulting in their public displays of religiosity while, in private, beating and cursing their slaves. They ignored the Ten Commandments and blasphemed the name of God. Equiano, on the other hand, exemplifies the true tenets of Christianity. He tries to control his pride, relies on God for all things, tries to live by the Commandments, and evinces the virtues of fortitude and patience. He eventually finds his greatest serenity in the Methodist church, for it values sincerity and prizes faith and humility as equally important to virtuous works (actions). Equiano continues to labor on behalf of his enslaved brethren, demonstrating thereby kindness and mercy on their behalf. He is chaste and charitable. Overall, Equiano is a far better example of a true Christian than those Europeans who twisted and manipulated the Scriptures to fit their lifestyle and enlarge their pocketbooks.
The dignity of Africans
Equiano may identify with British culture, manners, and religion, but he is equally aware of his African race, history, and culture. He presents his Eboe brethren as dignified, rational, moral, and possessed of great fortitude. Their religion is not much different than that of Europeans, they value cleanliness and rectitude, and they maintain intact, fulfilling family structures. They do not participate in slavery unless a person is a prisoner of war or a criminal. In contrast to that of Europe, their society is one characterized by harmony, mercy, and an adherence to the fundamental laws of nature. Reading the Narrative would have impressed upon British readers the fact that Africans were not uncivilized or backwards - they were simply different in some particulars, and lacked formal education. Finally, Equiano himself is a testament to the dignity of Africans. He may be emotional in some cases, but he retains a strict sense of personal pride, works diligently, understands and adheres to a moral code, and respects legitimate authority.
Freedom and liberation
The themes of freedom and liberation permeate the text. After being mired in slavery for the better part of his youth, Equiano is able to procure his emancipation from Robert King . This physical liberation from slavery turns him from object into subject and from slave into man. He takes control of his own personal and economic affairs and solidifies that sense of self that he had so fitfully pursued during his enslavement. Similarly, he experiences liberation when he learns how to read and write. As a young slave, he pondered how the books "talked" to people. Learning how to read opened up a new world of knowledge for him, and learning to write allowed him to thrust himself into the very public world of letters to influence the abolitionist movement. Also, Equiano's conversion to Christianity represents a liberation from sin; his embrace of God's salvation changes him. Finally, Equiano devotes his later years to ensuring the physical liberation of the millions of Africans still in bondage, making implicit argument through his work that freeing them would lead them towards a spiritual freedom like his own.
Capitalism
Capitalism serves Equiano well; through industry and planning, he is able to make good money both when free and when still a slave. As a slave, he began purchasing goods and then turning them around in other ports for a small profit. In effect, he was taking advantage of the laws of supply and demand. Even though he faced difficulties as a black man, he was able to participate in business and eventually save up enough money to purchase his freedom. As a free man, he found myriad ways to support himself. He continued trading and got involved in other skill-based industries. He was for the first time able to choose which ships he wanted to work on, and to spend his wages as he saw fit. However, capitalism is also the economic system that enables slavery to flourish. It supports the private ownership of property, which, in this case, is human beings. The owners of property can use it (them) as they see fit, while facing no challenge from government. The exchange of goods and services in the free market is central, and explains how otherwise-decent men could be led to engage in such horrific activity. Equiano is not truly considered a player in capitalism until he is free; before that, he languished as a commodity. This contradiction - between a fierce crusader for freedom, and a businessman exploiting one of the systems that prohibits it - is one of his most interesting.
Sailing
For long sections of the Narrative, one could be fooled into forgetting that this is a slave narrative. Equiano became enamored of the sea as soon as he was no longer frightened by it, and most of his life's success is due to it. In a way, the sea provided an equalizer; once he established himself as a competent sailor, he could distinguish himself in spite of his skin color. Of course, he still faced myriad problems and oppressions on ships, but the looseness of sea life (as opposed to the strictness of land life) allowed him to flourish and ultimately make money to buy his freedom. Finally, the book is often as much adventure story and sailing narrative as anything else, which reveals how fully ingrained into Equiano's consciousness the life of a sailor was.
Osborne, Kristen. Cedars, S.R. ed. "The Life of Olaudah Equiano Themes". GradeSaver, 9 September 2012 Web.
The Life of Olaudah Equiano Questions and Answers
The Question and Answer section for The Life of Olaudah Equiano is a great
resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.
Asked by Josef B #1334900
Answered by Aslan
Asked by Luis A #1325103
Answered by Aslan
Asked by Barbara F #1319191
Answered by Aslan
Study Guide for The Life of Olaudah Equiano
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano study guide contains a biography of Olaudah Equiano, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
Essays for The Life of Olaudah Equiano
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano.
E-Text of The Life of Olaudah Equiano
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano e-text contains the full text of Olaudah Equiano's autobiography.
Follow GradeSaver
| 214 |
24 | olaudah equiano the interesting narrative of the life summary | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-life-of-olaudah-equiano/themes | Detailed Summary & Analysis
Quizzes
by
Back to Guide
Themes and Colors
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Life of Olaudah Equiano, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Culture, Education, and “Civilizing”
In telling the story of his life from his childhood to the present day, Olaudah Equiano seeks to acquaint his British readers with the richness of life in his African home by detailing the dances, rites, and other social customs of his village. Equiano thus makes a case for the vibrant cultural life of African peoples, which Europeans at the time tended to belittle. At a number of points, Equiano describes his home village by…
Freedom and Slavery
Equiano doesn’t overly idealize the African hometown where he came from: there too, he says, slavery existed. But that slavery pales in comparison to the violence of captivity that he experiences from the white men who enslave him. If one way of reading Equiano’s narrative is of a path from ignorance to knowledge, another is as a movement from freedom into captivity and back to freedom. Unlike Equiano’s gradual attainment of education, however, freedom is…
When Equiano first begins to learn about Christianity from the Miss Guerins in England, he is intrigued but also ambivalent. After all, he has described a thriving belief system with which he grew up in his home village. Equiano does come to be baptized himself not long afterwards, but it is only over time that he comes to grapple with spiritual questions on a more profound level and to fully embrace an identity as a…
Get the entire The Life of Olaudah Equiano LitChart as a printable PDF.
"My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." -Graham S.
Commerce and Trade
Equiano lived during a period of time that saw the rise of both capitalism and imperialism, in which a chain of supply and demand was established—increasingly worldwide, as the British Empire is expanding. This cycle of trade was most powerfully represented by the Triangular Trade, in which raw materials from the American and West Indian colonies were sent to imperial nations like England, manufactured goods from the imperial nations were traded to Africa, and slaves…
Selfhood
As Equiano relates the story of his life and his travels between Africa, England, and the British Empire, he tells a story of the development of his self—the forging of his individual identity—which proves vital to the broader political purpose of his story. Equiano, who seeks to convince readers of the inhumanity of the slave trade, must first convince readers that he, a former slave, is fully human. The very act of relating his development…
PDF downloads of all 2,087 LitCharts guides.
Expert analysis to take your reading to the next level.
Advanced search to help you find exactly what you're looking for.
Quizzes, saving guides, requests, plus so much more.
Expert analysis to take your reading to the next level.
Advanced search to help you find exactly what you're looking for.
Quizzes, saving guides, requests, plus so much more.
Close
Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account
You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes.
or
Continue
Create Account
Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account.
You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles.
or
Continue
Create Account
Easily access your saved guides anytime.
or
Continue
Create Account
| 215 |
24 | olaudah equiano the interesting narrative of the life summary | https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/equiano1/summary.html | Summary
Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in Eboe, in what is now Nigeria. When he was about eleven, Equiano was kidnapped and sold to slave traders headed to the West Indies. Though he spent a brief period in the state of Virginia, much of Equiano's time in slavery was spent serving the captains of slave ships and British navy vessels. One of his masters, Henry Pascal, the captain of a British trading vessel, gave Equiano the name Gustavas Vassa, which he used throughout his life, though he published his autobiography under his African name. In service to Captain Pascal and subsequent merchant masters, Equiano traveled extensively, visiting England, Holland, Scotland, Gibraltar, Nova Scotia, the Caribbean, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and South Carolina. He was purchased in 1763 by Robert King, a Quaker merchant from Philadelphia, for whom he served as a clerk. He also worked on King's trading sloops. Equiano, who was allowed to engage in his own minor trade exchanges, was able to save enough money to purchase his freedom in 1766. He settled in England in 1767, attending school and working as an assistant to scientist Dr. Charles Irving. Equiano continued to travel, making several voyages aboard trading vessels to Turkey, Portugal, Italy, Jamaica, Grenada, and North America. In 1773 he accompanied Irving on a polar expedition in search of a northeast passage from Europe to Asia. Equiano published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, in 1789 as a two-volume work. It went through one American and eight British editions during his lifetime. Following the publication of his Interesting Narrative, Equiano traveled throughout Great Britain as an abolitionist and author. He married Susanna Cullen in 1792, with whom he had two daughters. Equiano died in London in 1797.
Volume I opens with a description of Equiano's native African culture, including customs associated with clothing, food, and religious practices. He likens the inhabitants of Eboe to the early Jews, and offers a theory that dark African skin is a result of exposure to the hot, tropical climates. In so doing, Equiano hints that Africans may be the indirect relatives of Christian Europeans through their Jewish ancestry and argues against slavery as an affront to all humans: "Let the polished and haughty European recollect that his ancestors were once, like the Africans, uncivilized, and even barbarous. Did Nature make them inferior to their sons? and should they too have been made slaves? Every rational mind answers, No" (p. 43 ).
Equiano's journey begins when he is kidnapped from his village with his sister, from whom he is eventually separated. He describes a long voyage through various African regions, marked by brief tenures as a slave to "a chieftain, in a very pleasant country" and a wealthy widow who resides in "a town called Tinmah, in the most beautiful country I had yet seen in Africa" (pp. 51 , 62 ). Ultimately, Equiano is sold back to traders who bring him "sometimes by land, sometimes by water, through different countries and various nations, till . . . [he] arrive[s] at the sea coast" (p. 69 ). Equiano is sold to the owner of a slave ship bound for the West Indies, and he goes on to describe the "Middle Passage"—"the journey across the Atlantic Ocean that brought enslaved Africans to North America. His descriptions of extreme hardships and desperate conditions are punctuated by his astonishment at new sights and experiences. The narration occasionally reflects the childish wonder of the young Equiano at the time of his journey, but it also highlights his culture shock at his introduction to European culture and European treatment of slaves.
Though he witnesses the sale of slaves in the West Indies, Equiano himself is not purchased, and he stays with the Dutch ship, traveling from the West Indies to North America. There he is purchased and put to work on a Virginia plantation, doing light field work and household chores. He is not in Virginia long before Michael Henry Pascal, a lieutenant in the British royal navy and captain of a merchant ship, purchases him as "a present to some of his friends in England" (p. 94 ). During their spring 1757 voyage to England, Pascal renames the eleven-year-old Equiano Gustavus Vassa, and Equiano forges a friendship with a white American boy named Robert Baker, which lasts until Baker's death two years later. After the ship's arrival in England, Equiano is exposed to Christianity. When he asks questions about his first encounter with snow, he is told it is made by "a great man in the heavens, called God." He attends church, and receives instruction from his new friend, Robert (p. 105 ). Equiano describes the various battles and ship transfers that take place after his return to sea with Pascal. He also expresses his growing ease with the European culture he initially found so strange and frightening: "I ceased to feel those apprehensions and alarms which had taken such strong possession of me when I first came among the Europeans" (p. 111 ).
As his time with Pascal progresses, Equiano professes a growing attachment to his master and a desire to "imbibe" and "imitate" the English culture in which he is immersed (p. 133 ). He can "now speak English tolerably well" and "embrace[s] every occasion of improvement . . . [having] long wished to be able to read and write" (p. 132-133 ). During stopovers in England, Captain Pascal sends Equiano to wait upon two sisters known as the Miss Guerins. They become, in a sense, patrons to Equiano, not only treating him kindly but also supporting his education and his interest in Christianity by sending him to school. The Guerins are also instrumental in persuading Pascal to allow Equiano to be baptized into the church.
Equiano continues his studies and his religious development independently whenever possible, but his visits to England are always temporary, as he returns to sea with his captain whenever Pascal and the ship are ready for a new voyage. The journeys are always fraught with danger, and he describes numerous skirmishes and sieges throughout the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and West Indian Oceans. Equiano faithfully serves Pascal for several years and, believing that Pascal's kindness implies a promise to free him, he is shocked at an abrupt betrayal during a layover in England, when Pascal has him roughly seized and forced into a barge. Pascal sells Equiano to Captain James Doran, the captain of a ship bound for the West Indies. Dazed by his sudden change in fortunes, Equiano argues with Captain Doran that Pascal "could not sell me to him, nor to any one else . . . I have served him . . . many years, and he has taken all my wages and prize-money . . . I have been baptized; and by the laws of the land no man has a right to sell me" (p. 176-177 ). After Doran tells Equiano he talks "too much English" and threatens to subdue him, Equiano begins service under a new master, for he is "too well convinced of his power over me to doubt what he said" ( 177 ).
Dejected at the situation in which he now finds himself, Equiano begins to believe his new situation is a result of God's punishment for his sins and soon resigns himself to his new life. Doran takes him back to the West Indies, and Equiano is horrified at the sight of Montserrat, because he is fearful of being sold into this "land of bondage . . . misery, stripes, and chains" (p. 190 ). Instead, he is purchased by Mr. Robert King, a "charitable and humane" Quaker merchant who employs him in a variety of positions, from loading boats to clerking and serving as a personal groom, in addition to occasionally hiring out Equiano"s services to other merchants (p. 192 ). One of King's boat captains, an Englishman named Thomas Farmer, relies heavily on Equiano and frequently hires him for voyages from the West Indies to North America. Proud of being singled out, Equiano remarks that he "became so useful to the captain on shipboard, that . . . [he would] tell my master I was better to him on board than any three white men he had" (p. 231 ). At this time, Equiano begins buying and selling goods and fruit and starts his own side trading enterprise during each voyage. Although he faces setbacks and insults from white buyers who refuse to pay for goods, use "bad coin," or demand fraudulent refunds, Equiano acquires a small amount of savings and is "determined to . . . obtain my freedom, and to return to Old England" (p. 268 , p. 250 ). King encourages him in his entrepreneurial pursuits, proposing that when Equiano has saved enough money "to purchase my freedom . . . he would let me have it for forty pounds sterling money, which was only the same price he gave for me" (p. 260 ).
After briefly recounting a violent assault while trading in Savannah, Georgia, and his subsequent recovery and return to Montserrat, Equiano closes the first volume of the Interesting Narrative somewhat abruptly, noting that "This ended my adventures in 1764; for I did not leave Montserrat again till the beginning of the following year" (p. 272 ). DocSouth has published a summary of the second volume of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, in which Equiano describes his life as a freeman, his adventures as a world-traveling tradesman, and his spiritual transformation.
Works Consulted: Bugg, John, "Deciphering the Equiano Archives," PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122:2 (March 2007): 572-573; Costanzo, Angelo, "Equiano, Olaudah," The Oxford Companion to African American Literature, eds. William L. Andrews, Frances Smith Foster, Trudier Harris, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, 257-258; Shields, E. Thomson, "Equiano, Olaudah," American National Biography Online, 24 January 2008, http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-00512.html .
Jenn Williamson
Document menu
| 216 |
25 | north carolina delegate to the second continental congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress | List of delegates to the Continental Congress
1 language
This article is part of a series on the
The Continental Congress was initially a convention of delegates from several British American colonies at the height of the American Revolution era, who spoke and acted collectively for the people of the Thirteen Colonies that ultimately became the United States . The term mostly refers to the First Continental Congress of 1774 and the Second Continental Congress of 1775–1781. It also refers to the Congress of the Confederation of 1781–1789, which covers the period following the establishment of American independence with the end of the Revolutionary War . During this period, the Continental Congress served as the chief legislative and executive body of the U.S. government .
The unicameral Congress of the Confederation, officially styled "The United States in Congress Assembled," delegates elected by the legislature of the various states . The Confederation Congress was the immediate successor to the Second Continental Congress; and delegates to it were similarly chosen. Many of the delegates to the initial 1775 session of the Second Continental Congress had also attended the previous First Continental Congress. Altogether, The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress lists 343 men who served as delegates to the Continental Congress in three incarnations from 1774 to 1789; also listed are another 90 persons who were elected as delegates but never served.
Convened in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament earlier that year, the 56 delegates to the First Continental Congress sought to help repair the frayed relationship between the British government and its American colonies. They passed the Continental Association , an economic boycott of Great Britain, and petitioned the king for a redress of grievances. They also resolved to reconvene in May 1775 if necessary.
Delegates from the various colonies did indeed reconvene for a Second Continental Congress as scheduled, but by the time they gathered, the Revolutionary War had begun. Moderates in the Congress still hoped that the colonies could be reconciled with Great Britain, but a movement towards independence steadily gained ground. At this juncture Congress simultaneously sent an Olive Branch Petition to King George III , hoping for a rapprochement, and issued a Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms , which contained the words "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...".
Signing of Declaration of Independence by Charles Édouard Armand-Dumaresq , c. 1873
Congress functioned as a de facto national government from the outset by establishing the Continental Army , directing strategy, and appointing diplomats. It eventually adopted the Lee Resolution which established the new country on July 2, 1776, and it agreed to the Declaration of Independence two days later.
Afterward, the Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States through March 1, 1781. During this period, in addition to successfully managing the war effort, its primary achievements included: drafting the Articles of Confederation , the first U.S. Constitution; securing diplomatic recognition and support from foreign nations; and resolving state land claims west of the Appalachian Mountains . When the Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states, the Continental Congress became the Congress of the Confederation , which helped guide the new nation through the final stages of the Revolutionary War. Under the Articles, the Confederation Congress had limited power. It could declare war, sign treaties, and settle disputes between the states. It could also borrow or print money, but did not have the power to tax; nor could it compel the individual states to comply with its decisions. It convened in eight sessions (a ninth failed to achieve a quorum ) prior to being supplanted in 1789, when the United States Congress became the nation's legislative branch of government under a new Constitution .
Article V of the Articles of Confederation
Article V of the Articles of Confederation for the annual election of delegates to Congress by legislatures of the various states to terms that commenced on the first Monday in November, in every year. Each state could send 2–7 delegates, and no person was permitted to serve as a delegate for more than three years within a span of six years. State legislatures also had the authority to recall or to replace its delegates at any time. Prior to 1781, delegates to the Continental Congress served at the pleasure of the state legislature that commissioned them; neither term limits nor specific start– / end–date of service existed.
For the most convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislatures of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.
No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.
Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the States, and while they act as members of the committee of the States.
In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote.
Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests or imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. [1]
Elected delegates who participated
Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
South Carolina
Elected delegates who did not participate
Name
State
See also
^ a b John Dickinson served as a delegate from Pennsylvania to the 1st Continental Congress (1774). He also served twice in the 2nd Continental Congress, first as a delegate from Pennsylvania (1775–76), and then as a delegate from Delaware (1779).
"Articles of Confederation : March 1, 1781" . Avalon Project. New Haven, Connecticut: Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
"Ellsworth, Oliver" . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
Wright, Robert K. Jr.; MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1987). "Roger Sherman" . Soldier–Statesmen of the Constitution. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 169–171. CMH Pub 71-25. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
"Charles Carroll, the barrister (1723-1783)" . MSA Biographical Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. December 1, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
"Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737-1832)" . MSA Biographical Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. December 28, 2000. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
"Daniel Carroll (1730-1796)" . MSA Biographical Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. November 25, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
"Chase, Samuel" . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"John Hanson (1721-1783)" . MSA Biographical Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. January 24, 2003. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
"Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer (1723-1790)" . MSA Biographical Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. December 17, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
"Johnson, Thomas" . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Matthew Tilghman (1717/18-1790)" . MSA Biographical Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. October 11, 2002. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
Wright, Robert K. Jr.; MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1987). "Nathaniel Gorham" . Soldier–Statesmen of the Constitution. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 155–156. CMH Pub 71-25. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
"Major General Frederick Frelinghuysen" . New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
"Jay, John" . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Hugh Williamson 1735–1819" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Andrew Allen 1740–1825" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Edward Biddle 1738–1779" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"David Jackson 1747–1801" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg 1750–1801" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Charles Pettit 1736–1806" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Rush, Benjamin, (1746–1813)" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Washington, D.C.: House Office of History and Preservation, Senate Office of the Historian. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"James Searle 1733–1797" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"William Shippen 1712–1801" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Jonathan B. Smith 1742–1812" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"James Wilson 1742–1798" . Penn People. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
"Rutledge, John" . Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
Further reading
Burnett, Edward Cody (1941). The Continental Congress. New York, New York: Macmillan Company.
Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., gen. eds. (1999, 2002 supplement). American National Biography . 24 volumes. New York, New York: Oxford University Press (for the American Council of Learned Societies ).
List of delegates to the Continental Congress
| 217 |
25 | north carolina delegate to the second continental congress | https://www.ncpedia.org/american-revolution-part-3-north-ca | NCpedia will be down for maintenance
NCpedia and chat reference will be unavailable from 3:00 pm to approximately 3:30 pm on Friday, March 7th. We apologize for the inconvenience.
chat loading...
Date: 2006
Although the war for independence from Great Britain had essentially begun, the 13 colonies had not categorically affirmed their mutual intention to establish a new country on the American continent. Beginning in September 1774, the colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia to serve in the First Continental Congress, whose purpose was to discuss Britain's oppression of the colonies, formulate a careful statement of colonial rights, apply economic pressure to the English Parliament , and forge a strong colonial union. Representatives from 30 of North Carolina's 36 counties, meeting in North Carolina's First Provincial Congress in New Bern in August 1774, had elected three delegates to represent them in Philadelphia. They were William Hooper , Joseph Hewes, and Richard Caswell . Their instructions were to examine the present state of the British colonies, describe colonists' rights, repair any infractions to those rights, and protect the colonists from future violations. The delegates were vested with authority to act on behalf of the colony.
The First Continental Congress accomplished its mission with the adoption of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to protest British trade legislation and the Continental Association plan, a nonimportation, nonconsumption, nonexportation agreement. The Congress began to unify the colonies on a permanent basis as the United Colonies. Representatives to the Second Continental Congress, convened in May 1775, did not agree on the question of independence. Whereas some delegates vehemently argued in support of total separation, others opposed cutting all ties with Britain. Hooper and Hewes continued to serve throughout the second congress along with John Penn , a Granville County lawyer who replaced Caswell when he resigned to become treasurer for the Southern District of North Carolina. Penn's election to the delegation may have been an attempt to placate those backcountry settlers who were likely to support the Crown in an armed struggle, as well as to ease east-west sectional tensions within the North Carolina Provincial Congress.
Hooper and Hewes initially supported reconciliation with Britain. Fearful that separation would wreak financial and commercial turmoil, Penn also briefly endorsed a rapprochement. But as colonial relations with Britain deteriorated and King George III declared the colonies to be in rebellion, the North Carolina delegates advocated withholding their colony's naval stores from British use, strengthening the Revolution, and forming a Carolina militia. As the Continental Congress moved from reconciliation toward insurrection, North Carolina strengthened its position on independence.
North Carolina's Fourth Provincial Congress, meeting in Halifax during April-May 1776, empowered its delegates to the Second Continental Congress to concur with delegates from the other colonies in declaring independence and establishing foreign alliances. This was the first official colonial action to secure independence. Although North Carolina made the first formal provincial endorsement for separation with the Halifax Resolves of April 1776, Hewes waited to present the resolves until 27 May, the same day the Virginia delegates presented their resolves. On 2 July the congress adopted the motion by Virginian Richard Henry Lee to make the colonies free and independent states. On 4 July 1776 the Second Continental Congress approved the final draft of the Declaration of Independence. Hooper, Hewes, and Penn all signed the historic document. By the time it adjourned in December 1776, the congress had voted for independence and had begun the transformation of the 13 American colonies into a national government.
Keep Reading Part IV: Conflict with the Cherokees and British Invasion of the South
Image Credit:
Citation
| 218 |
25 | north carolina delegate to the second continental congress | https://www.carolana.com/NC/Congress/continental_congress_from_nc.htm | 1st Continental Congress
Richard Caswell
Joseph Hewes
William Hooper
1779-1780.
1779-1782.
1780-1782.
1780-1781.
The 2nd Continental Congress met until March
1, 1781, when the Articles of Confederation were effective, after
being ratified on February 2, 1781. The Confederation Congress
convened on the same day.
Confederation Congress
1786-1788.
© 2017-2025 - J.D. Lewis - All
Rights Reserved
| 219 |
25 | north carolina delegate to the second continental congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_North_Carolina_Provincial_Congress | 1 language
President
April 3, 1775 – April 7, 1775
The Second North Carolina Provincial Congress was the second extra-legal unicameral body of the North Carolina Provincial Congress that met beginning in 1774. They were modeled after the colonial lower house (House of Commons). These congresses created a government structure, issued bills of credit to pay for the movement, and organized an army for defense, in preparation for the state of North Carolina. These congresses paved the way for the first meeting of the North Carolina General Assembly on April 7, 1777 in New Bern, North Carolina . [1] The second Congress met in New Bern from April 3 to April 7, 1775. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The second congress met at New Bern, from April 3 to 7, 1775. John Harvey served as moderator. The congress met at the same place and almost the same time as the Province of North Carolina General Assembly of 1775 and had almost exactly the same membership (61 of the 107 delegates attended both). This infuriated the royal governor Josiah Martin , who dissolved the colonial legislature on April 8 and never called another. This congress approved the Continental Association , an economic boycott of Great Britain authorized by the First Continental Congress . Just after this congress met, news reached North Carolina about the Battle of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. Following this news, Governor Josiah Martin fled and this ended the royal government in the Province. The first military action occurred on July 18 when patriots burned Fort Johnston , where Governor Martin had transferred his headquarters. [5] [4]
Thomas Burke, Orange County
Richard Caswell, Dobbs County
Robert Howe, Brunswick County
Samuel Johnston, Chowan County
Allen Jones, Northampton County
Willie Jones, Halifax County
James Kenan, Duplin County
Alexander Martin, Guilford County
County/Town Representing
Delegates to the Second North Carolina Provincial Congress (April 3–7)
Also delegate to the Province of North Carolina General Assembly of 1775 (April 4–8)
^ Campbellton became part of Fayetteville in 1783)
Powell, William S. (1996). "James White" . NCPEDIA. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
Malone, E. T. Jr. (1988). "Green Hill, Jr" . NCPEDIA. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
Powell, William S. (1988). "Thomas Jones" . NCPEDIA. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
Watson, Alan D. (1979). "Richard Cogdell" . NCPEDIA. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
Ingram, Charles M. (1986). "William Dickson" . NCPEDIA. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
Lewis, J.D. "William Brown" . Carolana.com. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
Notes: Prior to the Constitution of 1868: the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the House of Commons and the leader of the Senate was called the Speaker of the Senate.
| 220 |
25 | north carolina delegate to the second continental congress | http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/marrynorthcar.html | North Carolina
William Blount
North Carolina
Image: Tennessee State Museum,
Tennessee Historical Society Collection
William Blount was the great-grandson of Thomas Blount, who came from
England to Virginia soon after 1660 and settled on a North Carolina plantation.
William, the eldest in a large family, was born in 1749 while his mother
was visiting his grandfather's Rosefield estate, on the site of present
Windsor near Pamlico Sound. The youth apparently received a good education.
Shortly after the War for Independence began, in 1776, Blount
enlisted as a paymaster in the North Carolina forces. Two years later,
he wed Mary Grainier (Granger); of their six children who reached adulthood,
one son also became prominent in Tennessee politics.
Blount spent most of the remainder of his life in public office.
He sat in the lower house of the North Carolina legislature (1780-84),
including service as speaker, as well as in the upper (1788-90). In addition,
he took part in national politics, serving in the Continental Congress
in 1782-83 and 1786-87.
Appointed as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention at the
age of 38, Blount was absent for more than a month because he chose to
attend the Continental Congress on behalf of his state. He said almost
nothing in the debates and signed the Constitution reluctantly--only, he
said, to make it "the unanimous act of the States in Convention." Nonetheless,
he favored his state's ratification of the completed document.
Blount hoped to be elected to the first U.S. Senate. When he failed
to achieve that end, in 1790 he pushed westward beyond the Appalachians,
where he held speculative land interests and had represented North Carolina
in dealings with the Indians. He settled in what became Tennessee, to which
he devoted the rest of his life. He resided first at Rocky Mount, a cabin
near present Johnson City and in 1792 built a mansion in Knoxville.
Two years earlier, Washington had appointed Blount as Governor
for the Territory South of the River Ohio (which included Tennessee) and
also as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Department, in
which positions he increased his popularity with the frontiersmen. In 1796
he presided over the constitutional convention that transformed part of
the territory into the State of Tennessee. He was elected as one of its
first U.S. senators (1796-97).
During this period, Blount's affairs took a sharp turn for the
worse. In 1797 his speculations in western lands led him into serious financial
difficulties. That same year, he also apparently concocted a plan involving
use of Indians, frontiersmen, and British naval forces to conquer for Britain
the Spanish provinces of Florida and Louisiana. A letter he wrote alluding
to the plan fell into the hands of President Adams, who turned it over
to the Senate on July 3, 1797. Five days later, that body voted 25 to 1
to expel Blount. The House impeached him, but the Senate dropped the charges
in 1799 on the grounds that no further action could be taken beyond his
dismissal.
The episode did not hamper Blount's career in Tennessee. In 1798
he was elected to the senate and rose to the speakership. He died 2 years
later at Knoxville in his early fifties. He is buried there in the cemetery
of the First Presbyterian Church.
William Richardson Davie
Image: Independence National Historical Park
One of the eight delegates born outside of the thirteen colonies, Davie
was born in Egremont, Cumberlandshire, England, on June 20, 1756. In 1763
Archibald Davie brought his son William to Waxhaw, SC, where the boy's
maternal uncle, William Richardson, a Presbyterian clergyman, adopted him.
Davie attended Queen's Museum College in Charlotte, North Carolina, and
graduated from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton) in 1776.
Davie's law studies in Salisbury, NC, were interrupted by military
service, but he won his license to practice before county courts in 1779
and in the superior courts in 1780. When the War for Independence broke
out, he helped raise a troop of cavalry near Salisbury and eventually achieved
the rank of colonel. While attached to Pulaski's division, Davie was wounded
leading a charge at Stono, near Charleston, on June 20, 1779. Early in
1780 he raised another troop and operated mainly in western North Carolina.
In January 1781 Davie was appointed commissary-general for the Carolina
campaign. In this capacity he oversaw the collection of arms and supplies
to Gen. Nathanael Greene's army and the state militia.
After the war, Davie embarked on his career as a lawyer, traveling
the circuit in North Carolina. In 1782 he married Sarah Jones, the daughter
of his former commander, Gen. Allen Jones, and settled in Halifax. His
legal knowledge and ability won him great respect, and his presentation
of arguments was admired. Between 1786 and 1798 Davie represented Halifax
in the North Carolina legislature. There he was the principal agent behind
that body's actions to revise and codify state laws, send representatives
to the Annapolis and Philadelphia conventions, cede Tennessee to the Union,
and fix disputed state boundaries.
During the Constitutional Convention Davie favored plans for a
strong central government. He was a member of the committee that considered
the question of representation in Congress and swung the North Carolina
delegation's vote in favor of the Great Compromise. He favored election
of senators and presidential electors by the legislature and insisted on
counting slaves in determining representation. Though he left the convention
on August 13, before its adjournment, Davie fought hard for the Constitution's
ratification and took a prominent part in the North Carolina convention.
The political and military realms were not the only ones in which
Davie left his mark. The University of North Carolina, of which he was
the chief founder, stands as an enduring reminder of Davie's interest in
education. Davie selected the location, instructors, and a curriculum that
included the literary and social sciences as well as mathematics and classics.
In 1810 the trustees conferred upon him the title of "Father of the University"
and in the next year granted him the degree of Doctor of Laws.
Davie became Governor of North Carolina in 1798. His career also
turned back briefly to the military when President John Adams appointed
him a brigadier general in the U.S. Army that same year. Davie later served
as a peace commissioner to France in 1799.
Davie stood as a candidate for Congress in 1803 but met defeat.
In 1805, after the death of his wife, Davie retired from politics to his
plantation, "Tivoli," in Chester County, South Carolina. In 1813 he declined
an appointment as major-general from President Madison. Davie was 64 years
old when he died on November 29, 1820, at "Tivoli," and he was buried in
the Old Waxhaw Presbyterian Churchyard in northern Lancaster County.
Alexander Martin
North Carolina
Image: Independence National Historical Park
Though he represented North Carolina at the Constitutional Convention,
Alexander Martin was born in Hunterdon County, NJ, in 1740. His parents,
Hugh and Jane Martin, moved first to Virginia, then to Guilford County,
NC, when Alexander was very young. Martin attended the College of New Jersey
(later Princeton), received his degree in 1756, and moved to Salisbury.
There he started his career as a merchant but turned to public service
as he became justice of the peace, deputy king's attorney, and, in 1774
and 1775, judge of Salisbury district.
At the September 1770 session of the superior court at Hillsboro,
150 Regulators armed with sticks, switches, and cudgels crowded into the
courtroom. They had come to present a petition to the judge demanding unprejudiced
juries and a public accounting of taxes by sheriffs. Violence erupted,
and several, including Alexander Martin, were beaten. In 1771 Martin signed
an agreement with the Regulators to refund all fees taken illegally and
to arbitrate all differences.
From 1773 to 1774 Martin served in the North Carolina House of
Commons and in the second and third provincial congresses in 1775. In September
1775 he was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the 2d North Carolina Continental
Regiment. Martin saw military action in South Carolina and won promotion
to a colonelcy. He joined Washington's army in 1777, but after the Battle
of Germantown he was arrested for cowardice. A court-martial tried and
acquitted Martin, but he resigned his commission on November 22, 1777.
Martin's misfortune in the army did not impede his political career.
The year after his court-martial he entered the North Carolina Senate,
where he served for 8 years (1778-82, 1785, and 1787-88). For every session
except those of 1778-79, Martin served as speaker. From 1780 to 1781 he
also sat on the Board of War and its successor, the Council Extraordinary.
In 1781 Martin became acting governor of the state, and in 1782 through
1785 he was elected in his own right.
After his 1785 term in the North Carolina Senate, Martin represented
his state in the Continental Congress, but he resigned in 1787. Of the
five North Carolina delegates to the Constitutional Convention, Martin
was the least strongly Federalist. He did not take an active part in the
proceedings, and he left Philadelphia in late August 1787, before the Constitution
was signed. Martin was considered a good politician but not suited to public
debate. A colleague, Hugh Williamson, remarked that Martin needed time
to recuperate after his great exertions as governor "to enable him again
to exert his abilities to the advantage of the nation."
Under the new national government, Martin again served as Governor
of North Carolina, from 1789 until 1792. After 1790 he moved away from
the Federalists to the Republicans. In 1792 Martin, elected by the Republican
legislature, entered the U.S. Senate. His vote in favor of the Alien and
Sedition Acts cost him reelection. Back in North Carolina, Martin returned
to the state senate in 1804 and 1805 to represent Rockingham County. In
1805 he once again served as speaker. From 1790 until 1807 he was a trustee
of the University of North Carolina. Martin never married, and he died
on November 2, 1807 at the age of 67 at his plantation, "Danbury," in Rockingham
County and was buried on the estate.
Richard Dobbs Spaight, Sr.
Image: Independence National Historical Park
Spaight was born at New Bern, NC of distinquished English-Irish parentage
in 1758. When he was orphaned at 8 years of age, his guardians sent him
to Ireland, where he obtained an excellent education. He apparently graduated
from Scotland's Glasgow University before he returned to North Carolina
in 1778.
At that time, the War for Independence was in full swing, and
Spaight's superior attainments soon gained him a commission. He became
an aide to the state militia commander and in 1780 took part in the Battle
of Camden, SC. The year before, he had been elected to the lower house
of the legislature.
In 1781 Spaight left the military service to devote full time
to his legislative duties. He represented New Bern and Craven County (1781-83
and 1785-87); in 1785 he became speaker. Between terms, he also served
in the Continental Congress (1783-85).
In 1787, at the age of 29, Spaight joined the North Carolina delegation
to the Philadelphia convention. He was not a leader but spoke on several
occasions and numbered among those who attended every session. After the
convention, he worked in his home state for acceptance of the Constitution.
Spaight met defeat in bids for the governorship in 1787 and the
U.S. Senate 2 years later. From then until 1792, illness forced his retirement
from public life, during which time he visited the West Indies, but he
captured the governorship in the latter year (1792-95). In 1793 he served
as presidential elector. Two years later, he wed Mary Leach, who bore three
children.
In 1798 Spaight entered the U.S. House of Representatives as a
Democratic-Republican and remained in office until 1801. During this time,
he advocated repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts and voted for Jefferson
in the contested election of 1800. The next year, Spaight was voted into
the lower house of the North Carolina legislature; the following year,
to the upper.
Only 44 years old in 1802, Spaight was struck down in a duel at
New Bern with a political rival, Federalist John Stanly. So ended the promising
career of one of the state's foremost leaders. He was buried in the family
sepulcher at Clermont estate, near New Bern.
Hugh Williamson
North Carolina
(148-CCD-70a)
The versatile Williamson was born of Scotch-Irish descent at West
Nottingham, PA., in 1735. He was the eldest son in a large family, whose
head was a clothier. Hoping he would become a Presbyterian minister, his
parents oriented his education toward that calling. After attending preparatory
schools at New London Cross Roads, DE, and Newark, DE, he entered the first
class of the College of Philadelphia (later part of the University of Pennsylvania)
and took his degree in 1757.
The next 2 years, at Shippensburg, PA, Williamson spent settling
his father's estate. Then training in Connecticut for the ministry, he
soon became a licensed Presbyterian preacher but was never ordained. Around
this time, he also took a position as professor of mathematics at his alma
mater.
In 1764 Williamson abandoned these pursuits and studied medicine
at Edinburgh, London, and Utrecht, eventually obtaining a degree from the
University of Utrecht. Returning to Philadelphia, he began to practice
but found it to be emotionally exhausting. His pursuit of scientific interests
continued, and in 1768 he became a member of the American Philosophical
Society. The next year, he served on a commission that observed the transits
of Venus and Mercury. In 1771 he wrote An Essay on Comets, in which
he advanced several original ideas. As a result, the University of Leyden
awarded him an LL.D. degree.
In 1773, to raise money for an academy in Newark, DE., Williamson
made a trip to the West Indies and then to Europe. Sailing from Boston,
he saw the Tea Party and carried news of it to London. When the British
Privy Council called on him to testify as to what he had seen, he warned
the councilors that the colonies would rebel if the British did not change
their policies. While in England, he struck up a close friendship with
fellow-scientist Benjamin Franklin, and they cooperated in electrical experiments.
Moreover, Williamson furnished to Franklin the letters of Massachusetts
Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson to his lieutenant governor that created
a sensation and tended to further alienate the mother country and colonies.
In 1775 a pamphlet Williamson had written while in England, called The Plea of the Colonies, was published. It solicited the support of
the English Whigs for the American cause. When the United States proclaimed
their independence the next year, Williamson was in the Netherlands. He
soon sailed back to the United States, settling first in Charleston, SC,
and then in Edenton, NC. There, he prospered in a mercantile business that
traded with the French West Indies and once again took up the practice
of medicine.
Williamson applied for a medical post with the patriot forces,
but found all such positions filled. The governor of North Carolina, however,
soon called on his specialized skills, and he became surgeon-general of
state troops. After the Battle of Camden, SC, he frequently crossed British
lines to tend to the wounded. He also prevented sickness among the troops
by paying close attention to food, clothing, shelter, and hygiene.
After the war, Williamson began his political career. In 1782
he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature and to the Continental
Congress. Three years later, he left Congress and returned to his legislative
seat. In 1786 he was chosen to represent his state at the Annapolis Convention
but arrived too late to take part. The next year, he again served in Congress
(1787-89) and was chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.
Attending faithfully and demonstrating keen debating skill, he served on
five committees, notably on the Committee on Postponed Matters, and played
a significant part in the proceedings, particularly the major compromise
on representation.
After the convention, Williamson worked for ratification of the
Constitution in North Carolina. In 1788 he was chosen to settle outstanding
accounts between the state and the federal government. The next year, he
was elected to the first U.S. House of Representatives, where he served
two terms. In 1789 he married Maria Apthorpe, who bore at least two sons.
In 1793 Williamson moved to New York City to facilitate his literary
and philanthropic pursuits. Over the years, he published many political,
educational, economic, historical, and scientific works, but the last earned
him the most praise. The University of Leyden awarded him an honorary degree.
In addition, he was an original trustee of the University of North Carolina
and later held trusteeships at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and
the University of the State of New York. He was also a founder of the Literary
and Philosophical Society of New York and a prominent member of the New-York
Historical Society.
| 221 |
26 | what is the multiplication sign on the computer | https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/data-center-software/how-to-type-the-multiplication-symbol- | TechTarget and Informa Tech’s Digital Business Combine.TechTarget and Informa
TechTarget and Informa Tech’s Digital Business Combine.
Together, we power an unparalleled network of 220+ online properties covering 10,000+ granular topics, serving an audience of 50+ million professionals with original, objective content from trusted sources. We help you gain critical insights and make more informed decisions across your business priorities.
by Bloomberg News
Feb 27, 2025
2 Min Read
How to Type the Multiplication Symbol (×)How to Type the Multiplication Symbol (×)
Save time with these simple methods for typing the multiplication symbol (×) on a Windows PC, on a Mac, or on iOS and Android devices.
Henry Chapman , Contributor
January 9, 2024
2 Min Read
MikeCS images / Alamy Stock Photo
The number of ways to type the multiplication symbol (×) keep growing.* Read below to learn each convenient shortcut for typing this common math symbol, whether you’re using a Windows PC, a Mac, or an iOS or Android device.
*To make matters even easier, the asterisk (*) is a handy and mathematically acceptable alternative to the traditional four-fold cross.
How to Insert the Multiplication Symbol on a Windows PC
When typing on a Windows PC, click to the place in your document where you would like to insert the multiplication symbol. Next, hold the Alt key and, using your numeric keypad, type the numbers 0215.
If you plan on inserting the multiplication symbol multiple times in a Microsoft Word document, you might choose to set an AutoCorrect rule to automatically insert the symbol. First, copy the multiplication sign from this article: ×. Next, search under the Tools tab for AutoCorrect options. In the replace field, pick a word or phrase (such as “multiply”) and then paste the symbol in the with field. Finally, press add.
How to Insert the Multiplication Symbol on a Mac
Find the multiplication symbol by going to your Mac’s Emoji and Symbols library. Either tap the Globe key or hold Control, Command, and Spacebar to open the Character Viewer. Next, enter “multiplication” into the search bar. Then double-click the multiplication symbol or highlight and drag the symbol into your document.
How to Insert the Multiplication Symbol on an iPhone or iPad
If you’re typing on an iPhone, the fastest way to insert the multiplication symbol is by searching for “multiplication” in your emoji keyboard. Then click on the image for the symbol that appears to include the symbol in your message or document.
You can also type the asterisk symbol by going to your keypad’s symbols section. The asterisk (*) can be found on the top row, third from the right.
How to Insert the Multiplication Symbol on an Android Phone
The simplest and easiest way to insert the multiplication symbol on an Android device is by copy and pasting the symbol from this article: ×.
Additional Resources
Contributor
Henry Chapman is a freelance writer and contributor for Data Center Knowledge and ITPro Today.
Subscribe to the Data Center Knowledge Newsletter
Get analysis and expert insight on the latest in data center business and technology delivered to your inbox daily.
Subscribe to the Data Center Knowledge Newsletter
Get analysis and expert insight on the latest in data center business and technology delivered to your inbox daily.
Copyright © 2025. This website is owned and operated by Informa TechTarget, part of a global network that informs, influences and connects the world’s technology buyers and sellers. All copyright resides with them. Informa PLC’s registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. TechTarget, Inc.’s registered office is 275 Grove St. Newton, MA 02466.
| 222 |
26 | what is the multiplication sign on the computer | https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/style-guide/a-z-word-list-term-collections/m/multiplication-sign | This browser is no longer supported.
Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support.
In this article
Use the multiplication sign (Ã), not the letter x, to indicate the mathematical operation. Use an asterisk (*) if you need to match the UI.
Use à to mean by when you refer to screen resolution or dimensions.
Examples
48 Ã 48 pixels
The application icon should be 62 Ã 62 pixels and PNG format.
Feedback
| 223 |
26 | what is the multiplication sign on the computer | https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/13949/multiplication-sign-using-or-x | Stack Exchange Network
Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Teams
Q&A for work
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.
32
In mathematics, the operators provided on keyboard are quite clear for addition, subtraction and divide: + - /.
The multiplication sign * might be familiar as the multiplication for programmer, but I'm not sure about ordinary user. I don't know if I should use * or x for multiplication.
The purpose is to provide user detail of how each field will be used:
One drawback I can think of is if using x might rely on font face and if user changes the font, x might not be appear like multiplication sign.
Also, by the standard * (asterisk) should be used to multiplication, but
I'm not sure about its readability.
asked Nov 15, 2011 at 3:59
6
1
I always had the impression that "*" was used as a multiplication operator because "•", commonly used in algebra, was hard to find on older (particularly PC) keyboard layouts, but looked similar enough to be interchanged. I am not confident that * is a good multiplication operator for human consumption.
Please don't expect users to actually calculate the rates themselves! (Room Price + Charge) x Net Rate %, ...
Commented Nov 16, 2011 at 7:50
@Wousser That is just a description of how each Apply Type will be used to calculate. The program will do it.
4
Commented Nov 18, 2011 at 14:51
@hippietrail at the time i was writing this question. i didn't know that sign existed :) Thanks
55
It would certainly be a mistake to use the letter x as the multiplication symbol as x itself often denotes an algebraic term:
e.g. compare
vs
x × y = c x × y = c
The × or × or &#D7; character looks like this: × so it is a proper cross, as opposed to the letter x (ex) or * (asterisk) symbols which are a lazy approach and don't create symmetrical symbols about the major axes.
The × version is simply the friendly version of the same code.
For additional reference, for divide you can also use ÷ or ÷ to get ÷
For minus you might expect to use direct from the normal key, but there is a separate code for that too − − which aligns it vertically with the keyboard plus symbol, so you get ( −+ −+ ) instead of the keyboard minus and plus, which may not be aligned depending on the font ( -+ -+ ).
You can get the plus/minus via ± or ± ± .
There is another Wikipedia entry for the symbol itself , which currently consists of the information below:
(sorry, this is an image - so links are not real!)
answered Nov 15, 2011 at 9:30
10
2
Would be kind of nice if those were the symbols you got when using the keys on the numpad.
Commented Nov 15, 2011 at 12:18
@Svish You mean pressing '/' would give you ÷ and pressing '*' would give you ×?
1
There is a semantic difference for multiplication on non-scalars. For vectors A × B (cross product) is not the same as A ∗ B (dot product).
2
Ah, I never knew there was a Unicode for either the '×' OR '÷' symbol. (Well, TBH i've never really looked). Now I know.
1
also, don't forget to use ∗ (∗) instead of an asterisk (*)
13
It's a shame that I found the solution after posting my own question.
So I will just share it there. Wikipedia recommends using The HTML entity × which will be resulted in × for multiplication:
1
In addition to all of the other pro voices for *, the numeric keypad on my keyboard has a * for times. That's another argument, IMO, for using it.
2
2
Absolutely not from a UI point of view. That is only an argument as to why it is easier, not as to why it is better.
Commented Nov 17, 2011 at 17:38
+1 because, as my answer gets into, the asterisk is best used for consistency - from every perspective. An x is only used in gradeschool math, and cross-products.
x x y = c - Bad for obvious reasons
x × y = c - Also bad, but less so. It looks like (x^x)*y (x raised to the x, times y)
x * y = c - I would consider this the obvious choice, especially since using dot for multiplication is standard for Pre-Algebra and beyond. (Roughly age 13 or 14 and older in the US)
1
8
x × y = c is not bad, it is very much standard.
Thanks for contributing an answer to User Experience Stack Exchange!
Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Draft saved
Draft discarded
Sign up using Google
Submit
Discard
By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy .
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged
Question feed
To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.
| 224 |
26 | what is the multiplication sign on the computer | https://askubuntu.com/questions/1521058/how-to-type-the-multiplication-symbol-%C3%97-on-a-standard-keyboard | Stack Exchange Network
Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Teams
Q&A for work
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.
0
On a standard German keyboard it is: Shift + Alt Gr + Comma
Alt Gr is the right Alt key. Does it work the same way on English and other keyboards?
produces × (the math times symbol) on the English (UK) keyboard.
I would not expect any different behaviour with other English (XX) derived keyboards
answered Jul 19, 2024 at 14:46
2
@Hannu thanks for the edit
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged
Question feed
To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.
Site design / logo © 2025 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2025.2.28.23286
| 225 |
26 | what is the multiplication sign on the computer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_sign | Multiplication sign
26 languages
Mathematical symbol
"×" redirects here. Not to be confused with the letter X .
The multiplication sign (×), also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is a mathematical symbol used to denote the operation of multiplication , which results in a product . [1]
The symbol is also used in botany , in botanical hybrid names .
The form is properly a four-fold rotationally symmetric saltire . [2] The multiplication sign × is similar to a lowercase X (x) which is not a four-fold rotationally symmetric saltire.
The earliest known use of the × symbol to indicate multiplication appears in an anonymous appendix to the 1618 edition of John Napier 's Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio . [3] This appendix has been attributed to William Oughtred , [3] who used the same symbol in his 1631 algebra text, Clavis Mathematicae, stating:
Multiplication of species [i.e. unknowns] connects both proposed magnitudes with the symbol 'in' or ×: or ordinarily without the symbol if the magnitudes be denoted with one letter. [4]
Other works have been identified in which crossed diagonals appear in diagrams involving multiplied numbers, such as Robert Recorde 's The Ground of Arts [5] [6] and Oswald Schreckenfuchs 's 1551 edition of Almagest , but these are not symbolizations. [3]
In mathematics , the symbol × has a number of uses, including
Multiplication of two numbers , where it is read as "times" or "multiplied by" [1]
Cross product of two vectors , where it is usually read as "cross"
Cartesian product of two sets, where it is usually read as "cross" [7]
Geometric dimension of an object, such as noting that a room is 10 feet × 12 feet in area, where it is usually read as "by" (e.g., "10 feet by 12 feet")
Screen resolution in pixels, such as 1920 pixels across × 1080 pixels down. Read as "by".
Dimensions of a matrix , where it is usually read as "by"
A statistical interaction between two explanatory variables , where it is usually read as "by"
In biology , the multiplication sign is used in a botanical hybrid name , for instance Ceanothus papillosus × impressus (a hybrid between C. papillosus and C. impressus ) or Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (a hybrid between two other species of Crocosmia). However, the communication of these hybrid names with a Latin letter "x" is common, when the actual "×" symbol is not readily available.
The multiplication sign is also used by historians for an event between two dates . When employed between two dates – for example 1225 and 1232 – the expression "1225×1232" means "no earlier than 1225 and no later than 1232". [8]
Similar notations
The lower-case Latin letter x is sometimes used in place of the multiplication sign. This is considered incorrect in mathematical writing.
In algebraic notation, widely used in mathematics, a multiplication symbol is usually omitted wherever it would not cause confusion: "a multiplied by b" can be written as ab or a b. [1]
Other symbols can also be used to denote multiplication, often to reduce confusion between the multiplication sign × and the common variable x. In some countries, such as Germany , the primary symbol for multiplication is the " dot operator " ⋅ (as in a⋅b). This symbol is also used in compound units of measurement , e.g., N⋅m (see International System of Units#Lexicographic conventions ). In algebra, it is a notation to resolve ambiguity (for instance, "b times 2" may be written as b⋅2, to avoid being confused with a value called b2). This notation is used wherever multiplication should be written explicitly, such as in "ab = a⋅2 for b = 2"; this usage is also seen in English-language texts. In some languages, the use of full stop as a multiplication symbol, such as a.b, is common when the symbol for decimal point is comma .
,
-
,
⊞ Win
key combination (Windows 10 version 1803 and later)
Via the Touch Keyboard component of the Taskbar (Windows 10 and later)
Some non-English keyboard layouts have it as an explicit keytop, like in Arabic keyboard .
Alt
Via the Character Map utility: in the eighth row, or by searching
The
Alt
0
2
1
5
U+002A * ASTERISK (
U+2062 INVISIBLE TIMES (
⁢, ⁢) (a zero-width space indicating multiplication; The invisible times codepoint is used in mathematical type-setting to indicate the multiplication of two terms without a visible multiplication operator, e.g. when type-setting 2x (the multiplication of the number 2 and the variable x), the invisible times codepoint can be inserted in-between: 2 <U+2062> x )
U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT (
·, ·, ·) (the interpunct , may be easier to type than the dot operator)
U+2297 ⊗ CIRCLED TIMES (
U+2A2F ⨯ VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT (
⨯) (intended to explicitly denote the cross product of two vectors)
U+2A30 ⨰ MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH DOT ABOVE (
⨰)
⨱)
⨴)
⨵)
⨶)
⨷)
⨻)
⫁)
⫂)
Stallings, L. (2000). "A Brief History of Algebraic Notation". School Science and Mathematics. 100 (5): 230–235. doi : 10.1111/j.1949-8594.2000.tb17262.x . ISSN 0036-6803 .
Multiplicatio speciosa connectit utramque magintudinem propositam cum notâ in vel ×: vel plerumque absque notâ, si magnitudines denotentur unica litera
Recorde, Robert (1618). The Ground of Arts. London: John Beale.
^ The diagonals do not appear in the original 1543 edition, leaving their priority to Oughtred uncertain.
Nykamp, Duane. "Cartesian product definition" . Math Insight. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
| 226 |
27 | when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles | Philadelphia Eagles
43 languages
National Football League franchise in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Logo
Wordmark
Established July 8, 1933; 91 years ago (July 8, 1933) [1] First season: 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S.Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex [2] (Philadelphia)
League / conference affiliations
Playoff appearances (31)
The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia. Since their formation, the Eagles have appeared in the playoffs 31 times, won 16 division titles (including 13 in the NFC East ), appeared in four pre- merger NFL Championship Games , winning three of them ( 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 ), and appeared in five Super Bowls , winning Super Bowls LII and LIX .
The Philadelphia Eagles rank among the best teams in the NFL for attendance and have sold out every home game continuously since the 1999 season . [8] [9]
The Eagles are owned by Jeffrey Lurie , who bought the team in 1994 for $185 million. [10] In December 2024, the Eagles became one of the first teams in the NFL to sell an ownership stake to outside investors. The deal sold 8% of the franchise at a valuation of $8.3 billion. [10]
History
NFL in Philadelphia (1899–1931)
Main article: Frankford Yellow Jackets
The Frankford Athletic Association was organized in May 1899 in the parlor of the Suburban Club. The cost of purchasing a share in the association was $10. However, there were also contributing memberships, ranging from $1 to $2.50, made available to the general public. The Association was a community-based non-profit organization of local residents and businesses. In keeping with its charter, which stated that "all profits shall be donated to charity", all of the team's excess income was donated to local charitable institutions. The original Frankford Athletic Association apparently disbanded prior to the 1909 football season. Several of the original players from the 1899 football team kept the team together, and they became known as Loyola Athletic Club. In keeping with Yellow Jackets tradition, they carried the "Frankford" name again in 1912, to become the Frankford Athletic Association.
In the early 1920s, the Frankford Athletic Association's Yellow Jackets gained a reputation as being one of the best independent football teams in the nation. In 1922, Frankford absorbed the Philadelphia City Champion team, the Union Quakers of Philadelphia. That year, Frankford captured the unofficial championship of Philadelphia. During the 1922 and 1923 seasons, the Yellow Jackets compiled a 6–2–1 record against teams from the National Football League. This led to the Association being granted an NFL franchise in 1924, thus becoming the Frankford Yellow Jackets . In spite of winning the NFL championship in 1926, midway through the 1931 season , the Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and were forced to cease operations. [11]
Bell and Wray era (1933–1940)
Shibe Park , the Eagles' home field, which they shared with baseball's Phillies in 1940 and then from 1942 to 1957
Philadelphia Municipal Stadium , the Eagles' home field from 1936 to 1939 and again in 1941
After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement for the Yellow Jackets in the lucrative Philadelphia market, the National Football League granted an expansion franchise to an ownership group headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray , who were also awarded the liquidated assets of the defunct Yellow Jackets organization. The Bell–Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500, or roughly US$67,000 in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars and assumed a total debt of $11,000 the Yellow Jackets owed to three other NFL franchises. [12] Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle logo of the National Recovery Administration , a centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal policies, [12] Bell and Wray named their new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles. While it could seem as if the Yellow Jackets simply rebranded as the Eagles, both the Eagles organization and the NFL officially regard the teams as two separate entities. Not only was there no Philadelphia NFL team for a season and a half, but almost no players from the 1931 Yellow Jackets appeared on the Eagles' first roster.
In the 1933 NFL season , the Eagles were one of three teams, along with the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Pittsburgh Steelers ) and the now-defunct Cincinnati Reds , to join the NFL as expansion teams . Wray became the Eagles' first head coach after being persuaded to assume the position by Bell, his former teammate at Penn . The Eagles originally intended to play their home games at Shibe Park, which was the home of the Philadelphia Athletics professional baseball in Philadelphia. When negotiations for the use of Shibe Park fell through, however, the Eagles struck a deal with the Athletics' crosstown rival, the Philadelphia Phillies , to begin playing at the Baker Bowl .
The Eagles played their first game on October 15, 1933, against the New York Giants at the Polo Grounds in New York City , and lost the game 56–0. [13] The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade, never winning more than four games in any of their first ten seasons. Their best finish was in 1934 , the second season for the Eagles, when they tied for third in the East. The Eagles' early rosters largely consisted of former Penn, Temple , and Villanova players who played for the Eagles for a few years before going on to other things.
In 1935 , Bell proposed an annual college draft to equalize talent across the league. The draft was a revolutionary concept in professional sports. Having teams select players in inverse order of their finish in the standings, a practice still followed today, strove to increase fan interest by guaranteeing that even the worst teams would have the opportunity for annual infusions of the best college talent. [14] Between 1927 , when the NFL changed from a sprawling Midwestern-based association to a narrower, major-market league, and 1934, three teams, the Chicago Bears , New York Giants , and Green Bay Packers , won all but one title with the exception of the Providence Steam Roller , which won in 1928. By 1936 , the Eagles suffered significant financial losses and were sold through a public auction. Bert Bell was the only bidder and became the sole owner of the team. Wray refused a reduction in his salary and left the team. Bell assumed the head coaching position and led the team to a record of 1–11, last place in the league. [15]
From 1936 to 1939, the Eagles played at Municipal Stadium in South Philadelphia . In 1940, Bell balked at a 66% rent increase plus 10% of the gate receipts proposed by the City of Philadelphia for the use of Municipal Stadium and signed a lease for Shibe Park, which was renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954. At Connie Mack Stadium, the Eagles were also able to play night games, since lights were installed at the stadium the year before. [16] In the 1941 season, the Eagles played their home opener at Municipal Stadium, and then moved to Shibe Park. [17] [18] [19] To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter, management erected stands in right field, parallel to 20th Street. Some 20 feet high, these east stands included 22 rows of seats. The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field. The uncovered east stands enlarged the park's capacity to over 39,000, but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25,000 to 30,000. [20] The Eagles finished the 1937 season 2–8–1 and continued to struggle over the next three seasons. [21]
Thompson, Wolman and the Happy Hundred era (1941–1969)
In December 1940, Bell intervened to stop the sale of Art Rooney 's Steelers to Alexis Thompson , [22] and Rooney then acquired half of Bell's interest in the Eagles. [23] In a series of events known as the Pennsylvania Polka , [22] Rooney and Bell exchanged their entire Eagles roster and their territorial rights in Philadelphia to Thompson for his entire Steelers roster and his rights in Pittsburgh . [24] Rooney provided assistance to Bell by rewarding him with a 20% commission on the sale of the Steelers. [25] Bell became the Steelers' head coach and Rooney became the Steelers' general manager. [26]
Greasy Neale years (1941–1950)
Steagles (1943)
In 1943 , with player shortages stemming from the U.S. entry engagement in World War II , it became difficult to fill the roster, and the team merged with the Steelers to form the "Phil-Pitt Combine", known as the Steagles . [29] Greasy Neale continued to coach the team along with Steelers head coach Walt Kiesling . The team finished the 1943 season with a 5–4–1 record, and the merger, which was never intended to be a permanent arrangement, was dissolved at the season's end. [30]
In 1944 , the Eagles, led by head coach Greasy Neale and running back Steve Van Buren , had their first winning season in team history. [31] After two second-place finishes in 1945 and 1946 , the team reached the NFL Championship game for the first time in 1947 . Van Buren, Pete Pihos , and Bosh Pritchard fought valiantly, but the young team lost to the Chicago Cardinals , 28–21 at Comiskey Park in Chicago . [32]
NFL champions (1948)
Chuck Bednarik , Eagles linebacker and center from 1949 to 1962, was inducted into Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967. His tackle of Frank Gifford , then a running back for the New York Giants , in November 1960, is widely considered one of the hardest hits and greatest plays in NFL history
Undeterred, the young team rebounded in 1948 to return to the NFL Championship game . With home-field advantage and a blinding snowstorm on their side, the Eagles won their first NFL Championship against the Chicago Cardinals by a score of 7–0. [33] The only score came in the fourth quarter when Steve Van Buren ran for a five-yard touchdown. [34] Because of the severe weather, few fans witnessed the joyous occasion.
Prior to the start of the 1949 season , the Eagles were sold by Thompson to a syndicate of 100 buyers, known as the " Happy Hundred ", each of whom paid $3,000 for a share of the team. While the leader of the "Happy Hundred" was noted Philadelphia businessman James P. Clark , one unsung investor was Leonard Tose . [35]
NFL champions (1949)
In 1949, the Eagles returned to the NFL Championship game for a third consecutive year. The Eagles were favored by a touchdown, [36] [37] [38] and won 14–0 for their second consecutive title game shutout. Running back Steve Van Buren rushed for 196 yards on 31 carries for the Eagles, and their defense held the Rams to just 21 yards on the ground. [39] Chuck Bednarik was selected as the first overall pick in the 1949 NFL draft . An All-American lineman/linebacker from the University of Pennsylvania, Bednarik would go on to become one of the greatest and most beloved players in Eagles history.
In 1950 , the Eagles opened the season against the AAFC champion Cleveland Browns , who, along with two other AAFC franchises, had just joined the NFL . The Eagles were expected to make short work of the Browns, who were widely considered the dominant team in a lesser league. However, the Browns lit up the Eagles' vaunted defense for 487 total yards, including 246 passing yards, in a 35–10 rout. The Eagles never recovered from the loss and finished the 1950 season 6–6.
Following the 1950 season, Greasy Neale retired and was replaced by Bo McMillin . Two games into the 1951 season , McMillin was forced to retire following a diagnosis of terminal stomach cancer . Wayne Millner finished out the season before being replaced by Jim Trimble .
While the remnants of the great 1940s teams managed to stay competitive for the first few years of the decade, and younger players like Bobby Walston and Sonny Jurgensen occasionally provided infusions of talent, the team lacked the total talent necessary for true greatness during most of the 1950s.
After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field had a vastly expanded seating capacity for the Eagles. While Connie Mack Stadium had a capacity of 39,000, Franklin Field's capacity was 60,000. [40] In 1969, the grass field at Franklin Field was replaced by AstroTurf , making Franklin Field the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf.
Buck Shaw years (1958–1960)
NFL champions (1960)
The Eagles' 1960 season remains one of the most celebrated years in team history. Shaw, Van Brocklin, and Bednarik , each in their last season before retirement, led an Eagles team more notable for its grit than its talent. One observer later quipped that the team had "nothing but a championship" to its first division title since 1949. The team was aided by their two Pro Bowl receivers, wide receiver Tommy McDonald , who later wrote an autobiography titled They Pay Me to Catch Footballs, and tight end Pete Retzlaff .
On November 20, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx , Bednarik launched a tackle against New York Giants ' running back Frank Gifford , which has come to be known as The Hit , a tackle that is routinely ranked as one of the hardest and most vicious hits in NFL history. With the game tied 10 to 10 in the fourth quarter, Gifford caught a short pass over the middle and was immediately hit by Bednarik with a clothesline tackle so hard that it dropped Gifford to the ground unconscious. Gifford was removed from the field on a stretcher and transported to a local hospital by ambulance, where he remained for ten days. Gifford was diagnosed with a deep concussion that resulted in his retirement from the game for 18 months. [41] On the 100th anniversary of the NFL's founding, the NFL ranked Bednarik's tackle the 44th greatest play in league history. [42]
On December 26, 1960, one of the coldest days in recorded Philadelphia history, the Eagles faced Vince Lombardi 's Green Bay Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game and dealt the formidable Lombardi the sole championship game loss of his storied career. Bednarik lined up at center on offense and at linebacker on defense. Fittingly, the game ended as Bednarik tackled a struggling Jim Taylor and refused to allow him to stand until the last seconds had ticked away. [43]
Van Brocklin came to Philadelphia and agreed to play through 1960 with an understanding that, upon his retirement as a player, he would succeed Shaw as head coach. Ownership, however, opted to promote assistant coach Nick Skorich instead, and Van Brocklin quit the organization in a fit of pique, instead becoming head coach of the expansion Minnesota Vikings . Back-up quarterback Sonny Jurgensen became the Eagles' starter for the 1961 season ; they finished a half-game behind the New York Giants for first place in the Eastern Conference standings with a 10–4 record. Despite the on-the-field success, however, the franchise was in turmoil.
The 1962 team , decimated by injury, managed only three wins and were embarrassed at home in a 49–0 loss to the Packers . The off-field chaos continued through 1963 , as the 65 shareholders remaining from the original Happy Hundred sold the team to Jerry Wolman , a 36-year-old millionaire Washington developer who outbid local bidders for the team, paying an unprecedented $5.505 million for control of the club. [44] [45]
In 1964 , Wolman hired former Cardinals and Washington Redskins coach Joe Kuharich to a 15-year contract. Over the next five seasons, the team failed to make the playoffs and the failures of the team over this period were highlighted by the Santa Claus incident , when fans pelted a Santa Claus with snowballs during a halftime Christmas pageant. The team had only one winning season, in 1966 , finishing second in the NFL Eastern Conference . The Eagles lost to the Baltimore Colts 20–14, in the post-season's third place consolation game, the Playoff Bowl , which was held at the Orange Bowl in Miami . The Eagles finished 6–7–1 in 1967 . In the following season, the Eagles fell even further in the standings, recording a 2–12 record in 1968 .
Leonard Tose era (1969–1984)
Veterans Stadium in South Philadelphia , the Eagles' home field from 1971 to 2002 , which they shared with baseball's Phillies
In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the team from Wolman for $16.155 million, [46] the equivalent of $139 million today, representing a record then for the highest amount ever paid for a professional sports franchise. Tose's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24–41–1 record during his five-year reign. Tose then named former Eagles wide receiver Pete Retzlaff as the team's general manager and Jerry Williams as its new head coach.
With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with the New York Giants , Washington Redskins , and Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles' heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries, dating back to 1933, and is often cited as one of the best rivalries in the NFL. [47] [48] [49] 1970 was also the last season for the Eagles at Franklin Field; the team finished the first post-merger season in last place in their division at 3–10–1. [50]
In 1971 , the Eagles moved to Veterans Stadium , which had just been constructed and was initially acclaimed as a triumph of ultra-modern sports engineering. [51] After a 3–10–1 record in 1970 and three consecutive blowout losses to Cincinnati , Dallas , and San Francisco to open the 1971 season, Williams was fired and replaced by assistant coach Ed Khayat, a defensive lineman on the Eagles' 1960 NFL championship team. Williams and Khayat were hampered by Retzlaff's decision to trade longtime starting quarterback Norm Snead to the Minnesota Vikings in early 1971, leaving the Eagles a choice between journeyman Pete Liske and raw Rick Arrington . Khayat lost his first two games but won six of the season's last nine, thanks largely to the efforts of the Eagles' defense, led by all-pro safety Bill Bradley , who led the NFL in interceptions (11) and interception return yardage (248).
The team regressed in 1972 to finish 2–11–1, and Khayat was released. The two wins (both on the road) proved to be surprises, however. Philadelphia beat the Kansas City Chiefs (which had had the best record in the AFC a year before) 21–20 and the Houston Oilers 18–17 on six field goals by kicker Tom Dempsey . The latter game had been called the "Johnny Rodgers Bowl", because the loser, in finishing last in the league, would gain the first overall pick in the 1973 NFL draft , which was then presumed to be Nebraska wingback Johnny Rodgers , the Heisman Trophy winner . With their loss, the Oilers got first pick and took University of Tampa defensive end John Matuszak , who later faced Philadelphia in Super Bowl XV . With the second overall pick, the Eagles selected USC tight end Charle Young .
Khayat was replaced by offensive guru Mike McCormack for the 1973 season . Aided by the skills of quarterback Roman Gabriel and towering young wide receiver Harold Carmichael , they managed to infuse a bit of vitality into a previously moribund offense.
New general manager Jim Murray also began to add talent on the defensive side of the line, most notably through the addition of future Pro Bowl linebacker Bill Bergey in 1974 . Overall, however, the team was still mired in mediocrity. McCormack was fired after a 4–10 1975 season .
Dick Vermeil years (1976–1982)
Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982, who led the Eagles to their first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XV against the Oakland Raiders in 1981
In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the struggling Eagles, who had managed only one winning season from 1962 to 1975. [52] Vermeil faced numerous obstacles as he attempted to rejuvenate a franchise that had not seriously contended in well over a decade. Despite the team's young talent and Gabriel's occasional flashes of brilliance, the Eagles finished 1976 with the same 4–10 record as in 1975. In 1977 , the first seeds of hope began to emerge. The team obtained hard-throwing quarterback Ron Jaworski in a trade from the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for popular tight end Charle Young . The defense, led by Bergey and defensive coordinator Marion Campbell , began earning a reputation as one of the hardest-hitting in the league.
1978 saw one of the great moments in Eagles history, The Miracle at the Meadowlands , when Herman Edwards returned a fumble by Giants ' quarterback Joe Pisarcik for a touchdown with 20 seconds left in the game, resulting in a 19–17 Eagles victory. [53] The Eagles would edge into the playoffs with a 9–7 season. Young running back Wilbert Montgomery became the first Eagle since Steve Van Buren to exceed 1,000 yards in a season. [54] In 1979 , the Eagles tied for first place with an 11–5 record, as Montgomery shattered team rushing records with a total of 1,512 yards.
In 1980 , the team dominated the NFC, facing its chief nemesis, the Dallas Cowboys , in the NFC Championship Game . The game was played in cold conditions before faithful fans at Veterans Stadium . Led by an outstanding rushing performance by Montgomery, whose long cutback TD run in the first half is one of the most memorable in Eagles history, and a gutsy game from fullback Leroy Harris , who scored the Eagles' only other TD that day, the Birds earned a berth in Super Bowl XV with a 20–7 victory. [55]
The Eagles traveled to New Orleans for Super Bowl XV , where they were heavily favored over the Oakland Raiders , who had squeaked into the playoffs as a wild-card team. Things did not go the Eagles' way, beginning with Tose's imprudent decision to bring comedian Don Rickles into the pregame locker room to lighten the mood. Jaworski's first pass was intercepted by Rod Martin, setting up an Oakland touchdown. Later in the first quarter, a potential game-tying 40-yard touchdown pass to Rodney Parker was nullified by an illegal-motion penalty. The final score was 27–10. Journeyman quarterback Jim Plunkett was named the game's MVP. [56]
The team got off to a promising start in the 1981 season by winning their first six games. They ended up 10–6 to earn a wild-card berth. However, their hopes to repeat as NFC champs were dashed in the wild-card round by the New York Giants , who won 27–21.
After the Eagles finished 3–6 in the strike-shortened 1982 season , Vermeil quit the team, citing "burnout".
Defensive coordinator Marion Campbell replaced Vermeil as head coach. Campbell had helped to popularize the "bend-don't-break" defensive strategy in the 1970s. Philadelphia struggled through the mid-1980s, marked by flagging fan participation. The team failed to make the playoffs in 1983 and 1984 . The team nearly moved to Phoenix, Arizona at the end of the 1984 season. [57]
Norman Braman era (1985–1993)
In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz, highly successful automobile dealers from Florida, for a reported $65 million (equal to $190 million today) to pay off his more than $25 million ($73 million today) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos. [58] The team again struggled during the 1985 season, and Campbell was fired after week 16, to be replaced by assistant head coach/defensive backs coach Fred Bruney for the season's last game. [59]
In the 1985 Supplemental draft, the Eagles acquired the rights to the Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . [60]
Buddy Ryan years (1986–1990)
Jerome Brown , Eagles defensive end from 1987 to 1991, was named to the 1990 and 1991 Pro Bowl teams before dying in a tragic car accident in June 1992 at age 27.
In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude sparked team performance and ignited the fan base. Immediately infusing the team with his hard-as-nails attitude, the Eagles quickly became known for their tough defense and tougher attitudes. [61] Ryan began rejuvenating the team by releasing several aging players, including Ron Jaworski. Randall Cunningham took his place and, despite a 5–10–1 season, began showing considerable promise. 1987 saw another strike , which shortened the season by one game. [62] The substitutes who had filled in for the strikers performed poorly and were crushed 41–22 by the Dallas Cowboys . After the strike, the regular Eagles' 1987 team won a 37–20 revenge game against Dallas. The season record was 7–8, of which three games had been played by substitutes.
The Eagles reached the playoffs in 1988 , but lost to the Chicago Bears , the team that Ryan had helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator. The game became known as the " Fog Bowl ", due to the inclement weather during the game. The Eagles lost, 20–12. [63]
The following two years would see playoff appearances as well, but the team never made it past the first round. This failure was very frustrating to Eagles fans, as the team was widely regarded as among the most talented in the NFL. On offense, the Eagles were led by quarterback Cunningham, one of the most exciting players of his generation; tight end Keith Jackson ; and running back Keith Byars . The defense is commonly acknowledged as among the greatest in league history, and as the best to never win a championship. [64]
The two 1989 matches with Dallas were known as the Bounty Bowls. Both were won easily by the Eagles (the Cowboys finished 1–15 that year), and were marked by Ryan insulting new Cowboys coach Jimmy Johnson by placing a bounty on their kicker, and by Eagles fans throwing snowballs at him at Veterans Stadium. [65] On November 12, 1990, during a Monday Night Football game at the Vet, the Eagles defeated the Washington Redskins by a score of 28–14, as the defense scored three of the team's four touchdowns. This game, more lopsided than its score would indicate, was subsequently labeled the Body Bag Game in reference to the number of injuries Eagles players inflicted on the Redskins and the physically tough play of the Eagles in the game. In the game, the Eagles knocked out the starting Washington quarterback, and then seriously injured his replacement. Running back Brian Mitchell , who would later be signed by the Eagles, was called upon to finish the game as the Redskins' quarterback. [66] Washington returned to Philadelphia in the first round of the playoffs to defeat the Eagles 20–6, ending their season.
Ryan was fired on January 7, 1991, and was replaced by offensive coordinator Rich Kotite . [67] The team started the 1991 season with the loss of starting quarterback Randall Cunningham due to a knee injury. Backup quarterback Jim McMahon assumed the starting role for the rest of the season. Despite having the top-rated defense in the league, the team failed to make the playoffs by finishing third in the NFC East with a record of 10–6.
On June 25, 1992, All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident. The team and fan base dedicated the 1992 season to "bring it home for Jerome". [68] The team finished second in the NFC East with an 11–5 record to earn a wild-card playoff spot. Kotite led the Eagles to a victory over the New Orleans Saints in the wild-card game but then fell to the Dallas Cowboys in the Divisional round. Another blow to the team was the loss of all-time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the off-season.
Jeffrey Lurie era (1994–present)
By 1994, team owner Norman Braman had become largely unpopular among local fans and a polarizing presence in the front office. Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6, 1994, for an estimated $185 million. [69]
In Lurie's first season as owner in 1994 , the team went 7–9 and again missed the playoffs. [70] Rich Kotite was fired and replaced by San Francisco 49ers defensive coordinator Ray Rhodes , who successfully lured 49ers star Ricky Watters to join the team as a free agent. [71] [72]
In 1995 , Rhodes's first season, the Eagles got off to a slow start by losing three of their first four games but subsequently rebounded to finish with a 10–6 record and a playoff spot. [73] In the Wild Card Round, the Eagles, playing at home, overwhelmed the Detroit Lions 58–37, with 31 of Philadelphia's points coming in the second quarter. [74] However, the Eagles were again eliminated in the next round by the Cowboys by a score of 30–11. [75] This would be Randall Cunningham 's last game as an Eagle. Cunningham scored the only touchdown of the game and the last Eagles postseason touchdown for six years.
1995 marked the end of Cunningham's tenure as starting quarterback. Rhodes benched Cunningham in favor of Rodney Peete , leading to friction between the two. Earlier, rumors had circulated that Lurie and Rhodes had tried to trade Cunningham to the Arizona Cardinals . However, no such trade materialized and Cunningham retired shortly after the season.
In 1996 , the Eagles' uniform colors were changed from the classic kelly green to a darker midnight green . [76] The team got off to a good start, winning three of their first four games. However, a week 5 Monday night game at Veterans Stadium against the rival Cowboys witnessed a season-ending knee injury to Peete, loss of the team's momentum, and the transition to an offense led by Ty Detmer and Watters. While Detmer played well and Watters rushed for 1,411 yards, the season conformed to what had become a familiar pattern: 10–6 record and early elimination (a 14–0 shutout by the 49ers ) in the playoffs . In the 1996 NFL draft , future fan-favorite and hall-of-famer Brian Dawkins was chosen in the second round. The continued early playoff exits led fans and local media to cast blame on high-priced free agents ( Irving Fryar , Watters, Troy Vincent , and Guy McIntyre ) for not stepping up in big games, especially in the postseason. Rhodes gradually deteriorated under the stress of the job, and players were beginning to grow tired of his brash demeanor and often autocratic coaching style. [77]
After a see-saw 6–9–1 campaign in 1997 , the bottom fell out in 1998 . [78] The Eagles suffered a 3–13 record, their worst since 1972, and were ranked dead last in numerous offensive statistics. [79] [80] Home attendance was declining, a quarterback controversy was deteriorating an already rudderless locker room, and the players had all but tuned out the embattled coaching staff. Left with little choice after a disastrous season, fan revolt, and sagging team morale, Lurie fired Rhodes and hired Green Bay Packers quarterback coach Andy Reid as head coach. [81]
Andy Reid years (1999–2012)
Donovan McNabb , Eagles quarterback from 1999 to 2009 and Andy Reid 's first draft selection as Eagles head coach in the 1999 NFL draft
DeSean Jackson played for the Eagles from 2008 to 2013 and then again from 2019 to 2020; his December 19, 2010, punt return against the New York Giants , known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands , is considered one of the greatest plays in NFL history. [82]
LeSean McCoy , Eagles running back from 2009 to 2014
Fletcher Cox , Eagles defensive tackle from 2012 to 2023
The Eagles reemerged as a predominant NFL team under the leadership of new head coach Andy Reid , who was hired away from the Green Bay Packers , where he was the Packers' quarterback coach. Reid's first notable step was drafting Syracuse quarterback Donovan McNabb with the second overall pick in the 1999 NFL draft . [83] The Eagles' awful 1998 season would have entitled the Eagles to first pick but it was awarded to the rebooted Cleveland Browns . Despite clearing the roster for new talent by releasing unpopular and aging veterans such as Ricky Watters and Irving Fryar , Reid was still a virtual unknown before his arrival as head coach, and his appointment was met initially with skepticism among Philadelphia fans. The drafting of McNabb was unpopular with many Eagles fans, many of whom traveled to Madison Square Garden for the 1999 Draft and booed the selection, believing the Eagles instead should have selected Ricky Williams , a University of Texas running back who had been named the 1998 AP College Player of the Year .
The 1999 season was largely a rebuilding year for the Eagles. The team, which routinely sells out its home games in Philadelphia, had two 1999 home games that failed to sell out, resulting in local TV blackouts . Another six home games in the 1999 season sold out only because several local small business owners bought the remaining unsold tickets to spare Philadelphia-area viewers a television blackout of the game.
The Week 5 home game at Veterans Stadium on October 10, 1999, against the Dallas Cowboys represented the last play of Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin 's career. In the game, Irvin was driven into the turf by Eagles safety Tim Hauck , which left Irvin lying motionless. Some Eagles fans responded with applause, giving further rise to Philadelphia's reputation as unduly aggressive and hostile fans. Irvin was transported from the field by stretcher and then by ambulance to Thomas Jefferson University Hospital . Irvin, who was diagnosed with a potentially threatening cervical spine injury and forced to announce his NFL retirement after the injury, later said the Philadelphia fans were applauding his departure rather than his serious injury. [84] The team finished the season with a record of 5–11. [85]
The 2000 regular-season opener in Dallas on September 3 became known in NFL lore as the " Pickle Juice Game ". Kickoff temperature in Texas Stadium was 109 degrees Fahrenheit and soared to nearly 120, making it the hottest game in league history, beating a previous record set in a 1997 Cowboys–Cardinals match in Arizona. The nickname came about because an Eagles trainer had prepared for the predicted heat by having the players drink the juice from jars of dill pickles in order to retain body moisture and stave off cramps and heat exhaustion. The experiment proved successful as the Eagles won 41–14 while multiple Cowboys players had been consigned to the bench, unable to handle the torrid climate while the Eagles had no players benched. The game was also significant as marking the beginning of Philadelphia's domination of the NFC East. The team finished the season at 11–5, reaching the playoffs as a wild card, which restored fan optimism. After brushing aside the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21–3, the Eagles moved to the second round of the playoffs, only to lose 20–10 to the New York Giants . After compiling an 11–5 record in 2001 , the Eagles reached the playoffs again, this time at the top of their division. In a near rerun of the previous year, they disposed of the Buccaneers in a 31–9 game. In the second round, the Eagles defeated the Bears 33–19 at Soldier Field . In the NFC Championship game , they were unable to stop the St. Louis Rams , who defeated them 29–24. [86]
Despite injuries, McNabb led the Eagles to a 12–4 season in 2002 . [87] Once again, they reached the NFC Championship game , but lost at home 27–10 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the last game at Veterans Stadium . [88]
In the opening game of the 2003 season , the Eagles were shut out 17–0 by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first regular-season game ever played at their new home, Lincoln Financial Field . Once again, the team went 12–4 for the season and then reached the conference championship game. In doing so, the Eagles became the first team in modern history to get that far in the postseason after having been shut out at home in its first game. They achieved that distinction despite getting only five touchdown receptions all year by their wide receivers, which tied the league-low since the regular-season schedule was lengthened to its present 16 games in 1978 (this record would be broken in 2004 when the New York Giants ' wide receivers caught only two touchdown passes). The Eagle receivers went through both September and October without a TD catch; the last time an NFL team had done that was in 1945. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Eagles beat the Green Bay Packers 20–17 in overtime thanks in part to a late-game completion from McNabb to Freddie Mitchell on an iconic play that has come to be known as 4th and 26 . They lost the NFC Championship game to the Carolina Panthers 14–3. Panthers cornerback Ricky Manning Jr. had three interceptions in the game. [89]
The Eagles actively pursued premier wide receiver Terrell Owens , and acquired him in a controversial three-way deal with the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers , on March 16, 2004. [90] The 2004 season began with a bang as Owens caught three touchdown passes from McNabb in their season opener against the New York Giants . Owens ended up with exactly 1,200 receiving yards and 14 touchdown receptions, although his season ended prematurely with an ankle injury in a December 19 game against the Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles' 12–7 victory in this game gave them home-field advantage throughout the conference playoffs for the third year in a row. The Eagles tied a record by clinching the NFC East division crown (their fourth straight) after only their eleventh game of the season, matching the mark set by the 1985 Chicago Bears and the 1997 San Francisco 49ers . Their final two regular-season games thus rendered meaningless, the Eagles sat out most of their first-string players in these games and lost both, yet still finished the season with a 13–3 record. McNabb had his best season to date, passing for 3,875 yards and 31 touchdowns, with only eight interceptions. This made him the first quarterback in NFL history to throw 30 or more TD passes and fewer than 10 interceptions in a single regular season. They then began their playoff run with the Divisional round at home against the sixth-seeded Minnesota Vikings . The Eagles led from the start and never looked back, as McNabb led a very efficient passing attack (21 of 33 for 286 yards and 2 TDs), Brian Westbrook dominated on the ground with 70 rushing yards, and Freddie Mitchell performed very well on the receiving corps (5 receptions for 65 yards and a TD), as Philadelphia won 27–14, setting up their fourth-straight NFC Championship appearance. Facing the Atlanta Falcons , McNabb threw for 180 yards and two touchdowns, while also rushing for 32 yards. Westbrook rushed for 96 yards and caught five passes for 39. Winning the game 27–10, the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they faced the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game, and the score was tied 14–14 going into the fourth quarter, the Patriots outscored the Eagles with ten straight points. McNabb completed a 30-yard touchdown pass, and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out, but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left sealed their fate, as the Patriots won 24–21. [91]
The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6–10 record, failing to make the playoffs for the first time since the 1999 season. [92] McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb, starting 4–2 then losing three in a row, before he finally succumbed to injury and missed the rest of the season. For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb, Owens was suspended after 7 games and was eventually cut. [93] [94]
In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil. However, Westbrook stepped up, and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under coach Reid, with a 10–6 record. They won the Wild Card game against the New York Giants , but lost in the Divisional Round to the New Orleans Saints . The 2007 season would end with the Eagles finishing 8–8 and failing to make the playoffs for the second time in three seasons. However, in 2008 , the team finished the season with a 9–6–1 record, making the playoffs with a wild card berth, The team upset the Minnesota Vikings in the first round, winning the game 26–14. The team then went on to defeat the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants 23–11 en route to their sixth NFC Championship Game . In the NFC Championship game , the Eagles rallied from down 24–6 at halftime to up 25–24 in the fourth quarter, but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32–25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a touchdown with just under three minutes remaining in regulation. [95]
Entering the 2009 season , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . [96] On December 6, 2009, Andy Reid became only the fifth coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade (the other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick ). [97] McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps, between first-round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson's 1,000-yard season, and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league. Without Brian Dawkins, defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks, earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All-Pro honors. In 2009, the Eagles started 5–4, then won six straight. After a shutout by the Dallas Cowboys in week 17, the Eagles failed to secure a first-round bye, and with a record of 11–5, they were the NFC's sixth seed. In their January 2010 wild card game , the Eagles played against their divisional foes for the second consecutive week, losing 34–14 to hand Dallas their first playoff win since December 1996 .
On January 11, 2010, General Manager Tom Heckert, Jr. was hired away by the Cleveland Browns ; he was replaced by Howie Roseman , who was promoted from Vice President of Player Personnel. [98] On March 5, 2010, Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team. On April 4, 2010, the team traded long-time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second-round draft pick. [99] Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter for the 2010 season , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers, Vick took over as the starter. Week 4 saw the return of McNabb to Philadelphia. The Redskins got a touchdown early in the first quarter. After that, both offenses sputtered, and the Eagles had to settle for two field goals. But things rapidly fell apart when Vick injured his ribs and chest late in the first quarter when two Redskins defensive backs crushed him from both sides while running near the end zone. Kolb was once again brought out to play but delivered an uninspiring performance. He managed a touchdown pass in the fourth quarter, but it wasn't enough. A two-point conversion attempt after the touchdown failed, and Washington won 16–12. In Week 15, the Eagles beat New York in a stunning upset by overcoming a 21-point deficit in the second half. In the closing seconds of the game, DeSean Jackson returned a punt 65 yards for a touchdown to win 38–31. This became known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands . [100] Vick led the Eagles to their sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons. [101] With a record of 10–6, the Eagles clinched the third seed. [102] In the wild card round , the Eagles lost 21–16 to the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers . [103]
The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment. The off-season was marred by a lockout that began in March after the NFL's collective bargaining agreement expired, making practices, trades, and free agency impossible. During the draft, the Eagles did comparatively little. After the lockout ended in July, the team embarked on a rash of high-profile FA signings, including Raiders CB Nnamdi Asomugha , Dolphins RB Ronnie Brown , Giants WR Steve Smith , Packers TE Donald Lee , Titans DE Jason Babin , and Packers DT Cullen Jenkins . Meanwhile, Kevin Kolb , displeased at losing the starting quarterback job to Michael Vick in 2010, was traded to Arizona for Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie . Replacing him as 2nd-stringer was ex-Titans quarterback Vince Young . Young created a lot of hype by calling Philadelphia the "Dream Team". [104] The team managed to finish only 8–8 and missed the playoffs. [105]
In 2012 , the Eagles started off winning three of their first four games but lost their next eight, which eliminated them from the playoff hunt. They won only one of their last four games. [106] After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30, 2012, head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team. [107]
Chip Kelly years (2013–2015)
Zach Ertz , Eagles tight end from 2013 to 2021
On January 16, 2013, after a 4–12 season, the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach. [108] The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick the starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly's fast-paced spread offense . [109] The 2013 season proved very successful for the Eagles. While a hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1–3 start, his backup Nick Foles led the team to a 10–6 regular-season record and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons, but the Eagles lost to the New Orleans Saints in the wild card round. Before throwing his first interception in Week 14, Foles had thrown 19 touchdowns, just one shy of the all-time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season, set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single game, with seven, against the Oakland Raiders , which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw for that many touchdowns in a game. Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions, giving him the then-best TD-INT ratio in NFL history. (That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season.) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third-highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004. He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating. LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards (also a franchise record) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage, also best in the NFL. As a whole, the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns, most in franchise history, passing the previous season-high set back in 1948. Following the 2013 season, the Eagles released Pro-Bowl wide receiver DeSean Jackson due to his poor "work ethic and attitude", as well as speculation of his involvement in gang-related activities. [110] The team signed All Pro safety Malcolm Jenkins to a three-year contract, worth $16.25 million. [111]
The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win. [112] Nick Foles struggled with turnovers, but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6–2 record, before breaking his collarbone, resulting in his replacement by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles. [113] The Eagles held the divisional title from Week 1 to Week 15. After going 9–3 with a crucial win over the Dallas Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next three, and a week after losing the NFC East title, they lost an upset against the 3–11 Washington Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys' win over the Indianapolis Colts . [114]
Following the 2014 season, Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial personnel moves. [115] He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team's all-time leading rusher after the 2014 season, for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season. [116] He also cut ten-year veteran and starter Trent Cole, who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all-time sack list. [117] He also traded the highly successful Nick Foles for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with a torn anterior cruciate ligament. [118] Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin, who had stepped up as the team's leading wide receiver, but Maclin signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead. However, the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , [119] which not only helped the Eagles, but hurt their rivals, the Dallas Cowboys. They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , [120] who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six-year, $63 million contract. The first two games of the 2015 season were dismal, as they lost both. Bradford had a poor 2–4 TD-INT ratio, Maxwell was constantly beaten by Atlanta Falcons wide receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries. After Murray was injured, Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray's play improved over the season, he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career-low average of 3.6 yards per carry. [121]
On December 29, 2015, with one game left in the season, head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles after a 6–9 record. Offensive coordinator Pat Shurmur was named interim head coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35–30. [122]
Doug Pederson years (2016–2020)
Doug Pederson , Eagles head coach from 2016 to 2020, led the team to its first Super Bowl win on February 4, 2018, in Super Bowl LII .
The Eagles hired Kansas City Chiefs ' offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach on January 18, 2016. [123] Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after having spent the four seasons before those with the Eagles. He served as a quality control assistant coach for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. He had been praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the prior several seasons, particularly 2015, as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense. [124] [125]
At the end of the 2015 season, the Eagles were slated for the 13th overall pick in the 2016 NFL draft . They traded that pick, Byron Maxwell , and Kiko Alonso to the Miami Dolphins for the eighth overall pick. [126] Later, they traded the eighth overall pick, their third- and fourth-round picks, a 2017 first-round pick, and a 2018 second-round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the second overall pick and a 2017 fourth-round pick. [127] They used the second overall pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . [128] On September 3, 2016, the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season, for a 2017 first-round pick and a 2018 fourth-round pick. [129] Following the trade, the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . [130]
First-time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3–0 record to start the season. His rookie quarterback started with five touchdowns, no interceptions and over 255 yards per game. After a Week 4 bye, they lost four out of the next five games, including losses to every team in their division. They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10-game suspension following the Week 5 loss against the Lions, which damaged Carson Wentz's hot start. [131] In those four defeats, their average margin of loss was just under 5 points. [132] Pederson and the Eagles won just three of their final seven games. Although Wentz started off the season well, he finished with a TD–INT ratio of 8:7. [133] The rookie head coach-quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a 7–9 record, finishing last in the division. [134]
Super Bowl LII champions
Nick Foles , Eagles quarterback from 2012 to 2014 and 2017 to 2018 and Super Bowl LII 's Most Valuable Player
Jason Kelce , Eagles center from 2011 to 2023, at the championship parade in Philadelphia on February 8, 2018
Malcolm Jenkins , Eagles safety from 2014 to 2019, holds the Vince Lombardi Trophy at the Eagles' February 2018 Super Bowl LII parade in Center City Philadelphia .
The Eagles started off the season with a 10–1 record and finished with a 13–3 record in 2017 , including a nine-game winning streak. [135] In a Week 14 game against the Los Angeles Rams , starting quarterback Carson Wentz left the game with a torn anterior cruciate ligament, and backup Nick Foles , who had been re-signed in the off-season, took over for the rest of the season. [136] Wentz was considered to have been playing at an MVP level at the time of his injury. [137] [138] Foles's first start was a comeback from a 20–7 deficit against the New York Giants where he scored four touchdowns to win 34–29. [139] Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys and threw a touchdown and two interceptions in those two games. [140] The Eagles clinched the #1 seed and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs after the win against Oakland in Week 16.
Despite making history by being home underdogs, Foles led the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15–10. [141] In the NFC Championship game , the Eagles dominated the Minnesota Vikings and their league best defense 38–7, again having been betting underdogs in the game. [142] Foles elevated his play and threw for 352 passing yards and three touchdowns. [143] The Eagles traveled to Minneapolis to compete in Super Bowl LII , their third attempt at a title, against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX from 2005. [144] In the second quarter, Philadelphia faced fourth-and-goal on the 1-yard line with 38 seconds left. Deciding to go for the touchdown, they attempted a trick play similar to one that had failed for the Patriots earlier. It would be the most memorable play of the game. As Foles stepped up to the running back position, Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball to Foles, who was wide open in the right side of the end zone. Foles caught the ball, making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl, and the ensuing extra point was good, giving the Eagles a 22–12 lead. The scoring play came to be known as the Philly Special . [145] The Eagles went on to win 41–33, capturing their first Super Bowl Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first championship since 1960, ending the third-longest active championship drought in the NFL at 57 years. [146] Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 for 43 with 373 passing yards, three passing touchdowns, one interception, and one receiving touchdown. [147] Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2002's Super Bowl XXXVI . [148] The combined 74 points scored was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75, set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995; this game marked only the second time in the history of the Super Bowl where the teams combined for 70+ points. [149] The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams (combined) with 1,151 yards, the most for any single game, regular season or postseason. [150]
Before the 2018 season started, many injuries plagued the team, including quarterback Carson Wentz, who was still recovering from an anterior cruciate ligament injury that he had sustained during the previous season. Nick Foles was named the starting quarterback to begin the season, [151] and helped the team win their opening game against the Atlanta Falcons , 18–12. Wentz returned as the starting quarterback in week 3 after Foles had led the team to a 1–1 record. [152] Injuries continued to be a major problem throughout the season, especially on defense as Jalen Mills , Ronald Darby , and Rodney McLeod all suffered season-ending injuries. [153] [154] [155] Wentz suffered a fractured vertebra in his back after a week 14 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , [156] and Foles was again named the starter for remainder of the season. [157] The Eagles' 4–6 record after 10 games seemed to give them little chance of making the playoffs, but the team managed to win 5 of their last 6, including upsets over the eventual NFC champion Los Angeles Rams and Houston Texans . The Eagles finished the season with a 9–7 record and made the playoffs as the sixth seed. [158]
In the Wild Card game against the Chicago Bears , Foles threw 2 touchdowns and 2 interceptions in a 16–15 win. With ten seconds left, Bears kicker Cody Parkey missed a potential game-winning field goal that became known in NFL lore as the Double Doink . [159] This sent the Philadelphia Eagles to an NFC Divisional matchup against the New Orleans Saints . The Eagles offense initially performed well, ending the first quarter with a 14–0 lead. The Eagles would not score again after the Saints defense rallied, forcing Foles to throw two interceptions. The Eagles ended up losing by a score of 20–14, ending their opportunity to repeat as Super Bowl champions [160]
In 2019 , the Eagles matched their 9–7 record from 2018. [161] They won 4 straight games against divisional opponents to close the season, clinching the NFC East in Week 17 with a 34–17 win over the New York Giants [162] and clinched a playoff berth for the third consecutive season. Carson Wentz started his first playoff game in the Wild Card round against the Seattle Seahawks , but left the game early in the first quarter after suffering a concussion on a controversial helmet-to-helmet hit by Jadeveon Clowney . [163] Backup quarterback Josh McCown finished the game even after suffering a torn hamstring in the second quarter. [164] The Eagles lost to the Seahawks 17–9, ending their season. [165]
The Eagles opened the 2020 season with consecutive losses to the Washington Football Team and Los Angeles Rams . [166] [167] In week 3, the Eagles tied with the Cincinnati Bengals after controversially punting the ball instead of attempting a potential 64-yard game-winning field goal late in overtime. [168] The decision was widely criticized by sports media and fans as they accused head coach Doug Pederson of settling for a tie, rather than playing to win. [169] Once again, injuries continued to plague the team as almost every offensive starter had suffered an injury throughout the season, [170] and the team fielded 14 different offensive line combinations in 16 games. [171] The team entered the bye week with a 3–4–1 record and proceeded to lose their next four games. During their week 13 match-up against the Green Bay Packers , rookie quarterback Jalen Hurts entered the game in the third quarter in relief of Wentz after poor play. [172] Hurts would later be named the starting quarterback for the remainder of the season after a career-worst season performance by Wentz. [173] [174] Hurts led the Eagles to a 24–21 victory against the New Orleans Saints in week 14. This would be the team's last win of the 2020 season as they lost their next three games, finishing with a 4–11–1 record and missing the playoffs for the first time in four seasons. [175]
During the off-season, defensive coordinator Jim Schwartz announced that he would step down from his position. [176] A day later, linebackers coach Ken Flajole left his position on the team. [177] Doug Pederson met with Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie to discuss the future of the team. Pederson proposed changes to the coaching staff that were described by internal reporters as "underwhelming" and out of line with Lurie's vision for the team. [178] [179] On January 11, 2021, the Eagles announced that they had fired Pederson. [180] In a statement, Lurie described the move as in the best interests of both Pederson and the team. [181] Pederson became just the first head coach to be fired within three years of winning a Super Bowl since the Baltimore Colts fired Don McCafferty after the 1972 NFL season . [182]
Nick Sirianni years (2021–present)
See also: Super Bowl LVII
The Eagles hired former Indianapolis Colts ' offensive coordinator Nick Sirianni as their next head coach on January 21, 2021. [183] During the offseason, the Eagles traded starting quarterback Carson Wentz to the Colts for a 2021 third-round draft pick and a 2022 conditional second-round pick. [184] In doing so, Wentz was reunited with Frank Reich , head coach of the Colts who served as the Eagles' offensive coordinator for Wentz's first two years in Philadelphia, including during their Super Bowl -winning season in 2017. The Eagles absorbed a $33.8-million dead-cap hit for trading Wentz. [185] During the 2021 NFL draft , the Eagles selected Heisman Trophy –winning wide receiver DeVonta Smith with the 10th overall pick, [186] and maneuvered around the draft to gain an extra first-round selection in the 2022 NFL draft . [187] Smith was a highly touted prospect out of the University of Alabama , and was the first Heisman winner the Eagles drafted in over fifty years. [188] The drafting of Smith also reunited him with Jalen Hurts , his first quarterback at Alabama. [189] After training camp, Hurts was officially named the Eagles' starting quarterback for the 2021 season by head coach Sirianni. [190] After starting the season 2–5, the Eagles went 7–3 in their last ten games, clinching a playoff berth in week 17 after a victory over the Washington Football Team along with a loss by the Minnesota Vikings and win by the San Francisco 49ers . [191] The Eagles finished the season with the #1 rushing offense; It was the best rushing offense since the 1985 Chicago Bears , and the best in the franchise history since the 1949 Eagles team . They lost in the wild card game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31–15. [192]
The Eagles went on to win their first eight games of the 2022 season and earned the top seed in the NFC with a 14–3 overall record. [193] the Eagles matched their franchise-best 13–1 start in the 2004 season and secured their third 13-win season win in franchise history, after 2004 and 2017 . With a 22–16 win over the Giants in Week 18, the Eagles won the NFC East for the first time since 2019 , and clinched the NFC's #1 seed for the first time since 2017 . [194] The Eagles also reached 14 regular season wins, a franchise record. [195] In the Divisional Round, the Eagles routed the Giants 38–7 for their first postseason win since 2018 . [196] With this win, Philadelphia completed a 3–0 sweep of all three games played against New York, and advanced to the NFC Championship for the first time since 2017. The Eagles went on to win the NFC Championship against an injury depleted San Francisco 49ers team 31–7, advancing to Super Bowl LVII , their fourth Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, to face the Kansas City Chiefs and former longtime head coach Andy Reid . [197] The Eagles ultimately lost to the Chiefs by a score of 38–35. [198]
The Eagles opened the 2023 season as the defending NFC Champions. Despite starting the season 10–1, The Eagles failed to equal or improve on their 14–3 record from the previous year . Even in victory, the Eagles had problems with a poor defense the entire season, which was ranked 26th out of 32; [199] 8 of their 11 victories fell within one score, none of their aforementioned wins went outside of 2 scores, and their losses to the playoff-bound 49ers and Cowboys were blowouts. The Eagles' late-season woes continued into the playoffs , in which they were eliminated in the Wild Card round by the NFC South champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a 32–9 blowout loss. The Eagles promptly fired offensive coordinator Brian Johnson and defensive coordinator Sean Desai within a week of their playoff exit. [200] [201] In the subsequent offseason, on March 4, 2024, center Jason Kelce retired after spending his entire 13-year career with the Eagles. [202] On March 10, defensive tackle Fletcher Cox would also retire after spending 12 seasons with the team. [203]
Super Bowl LIX champions
On March 13, 2024, Saquon Barkley , a running back with the New York Giants from 2018 to 2023, became a free agent, and signed a three-year $37.75 million deal with the Eagles. On September 6, 2024, the Eagles opened their season in São Paulo , Brazil. In his debut, Barkley rushed for 109 yards with two rushing touchdowns and a receiving touchdown in a 34–29 victory over the Green Bay Packers , becoming the first Eagles player to score three touchdowns in their debut with the team since Terrell Owens in 2004 . [204] Despite a turbulent 2–2 start to the season, the Eagles improved on their 11–6 record from the previous season, and won ten consecutive games for the first time in franchise history. For the fourth straight year and seventh time in the last 8 seasons the Eagles clinched a playoff birth. Barkley continued his dominance in Week 12 against the Los Angeles Rams , recording 255 rushing yards and 302 total yards. [205] [206] His 255 rushing yards were the ninth-most in a single game in NFL history and the most in Eagles history. [207] In Week 17, the Eagles clinched the NFC East by sweeping the Dallas Cowboys for the first time since 2011 . Barkley ran for 167 yards and crossed the 2,000 yard mark, becoming only the ninth running back in NFL history to do so, and recording the second-most yards of any running back in NFL history in a single season. [208] With their Week 18 win over the New York Giants , the Eagles finished 14–3 for the second time in three seasons.
The Eagles started the playoffs by defeating the Green Bay Packers 22–10 in the Wild Card Round. In a snowy rematch of their Week 12 meeting, the Eagles again beat the Los Angeles Rams in the Divisional Round 28–22. In the NFC Championship Game , the Eagles dominated their division rival Washington Commanders 55–23, setting the record for the most points scored in a conference championship game. [209] In Super Bowl LIX , the Eagles met the Kansas City Chiefs in a rematch of Super Bowl LVII from two years earlier, this time defeating the two-time defending champions by a score of 40–22 and winning their second Super Bowl and first since the 2017 season. [210] The Eagles' win prevented the Chiefs from achieving the first-ever Super Bowl three-peat . Barkley recorded 57 rushing yards, setting the NFL record for most rushing (2,504) and scrimmage yards (2,857) in a full season surpassing Terrell Davis . [211] Philadelphia quarterback Jalen Hurts threw for 221 yards with two touchdowns and rushed for 72 yards and a touchdown, breaking his own record for most rushing yards for a quarterback in a Super Bowl, with 72. [212] Hurts was named Super Bowl MVP for his performance in the victory. [213] The Eagles finished with 18 total wins, tying the NFL record for most total wins in a season along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers , 1985 Chicago Bears , and 2007 New England Patriots . The Eagles 145 points scored set an NFL record for the most points scored in a postseason. [214]
Championships
Season
Coach
Location
Opponent
Score
Record
1948
Super Bowl championships
NFC championships
Division championships
The Eagles were a part of the NFL Eastern Division from 1933 to 1949, the National Conference from 1950 to 1953, and the Eastern Conference from 1953 to 1966. They were then placed in the Capitol Division of the Eastern Conference in 1967. When the league reformed into the NFC and AFC in 1970, the Eagles were placed in the NFC East.
Year
Coach
Record
1947
Logo and uniforms
The Eagles' wordmark logo from 1996 to 2022
The Eagles' wordmark logo used since 2022
The choice of an eagle as the team mascot honored the insignia of the New Deal program, the National Recovery Administration , which featured a blue eagle as its insignia. [215] [note 1]
For the 1933 and 1934 seasons, the Eagles colors were light blue and yellow. [216] In 1935, they added green to their uniforms and for several decades, their colors were kelly green , silver, and white. In 1954 the Eagles, along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet. In 1969 the team wore two helmet versions: Kelly green with white wings in road games, and white with kelly green wings at home. From 1970 to '73, they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings. By 1974, Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings within a white outline, and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades.
From 1948 to 1995, the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws, although from 1969 to 1972, the eagle took on a more stylized look.
In 1973, the team's name was added below the eagle, returning to its pre-1969 look. Both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996, when the primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade, officially described as "midnight green". Silver was practically abandoned, as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green. The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color, with silver and black accents. The team's logo combination (the eagle and club name lettering) also changed, with the eagle itself limited to a white (bald eagle) head, drawn in a less realistic, more cartoon-like style, and the lettering changed from calligraphic to block letters. [217] The eagle head is the only NFL logo to "face left" which causes the right side of the logo to present a stylized "E". [218]
Since 1996, the team has made only minor alterations, mostly related to jersey/pants combinations worn during specific games. For example, in 1997, against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history. The second occasion was in 2002, during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division-rival Washington Redskins . A year later, in the first two games of the 2003 season (both home losses, to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ), the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants. After that, the white jerseys along with white pants were worn exclusively during preseason games from 2004 to 2011, with the exception of 2007 and 2010.
The 2003 season also saw the first (though subtle) change to the 1996-style uniform. On both white and green jerseys, black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering. The stripe on the pants changed from black-green-black to black-silver-green on the white pants, and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black, another of silver, with one small white stripe in between for the midnight green pants. The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys, with a green (instead of black) shadow on white numbers, and silver trim. These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season (usually the first home game after a bye week and the season finale). In the 2003 and 2004 regular-season home finales, the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys, but lost both games. Since then, the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants. However, due to the special 75th-anniversary uniforms serving as the "alternates" for one game in 2007, the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules at the time (alternate uniforms were permitted twice per season but only one can be used). The black jerseys with white pants, however, re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . From 2006 to 2013, the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game, but did not use them in 2007, 2010, and 2011. For the 2007 and 2010 seasons, the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams. The team also started wearing black cleats exclusively in 2004, although the rule was relaxed by the mid-2010s.
To celebrate the team's 75th anniversary, the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th-season logo patch on the left shoulder. In addition, the team wore "throwback" jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys, the same colors found on Philadelphia's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team's inaugural season, and had been the same colors used by the Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to its suspension of operations in 1931. The Eagles beat Detroit, 56–21. [219]
In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers, on September 12, 2010, the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team. [220] In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season, the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match-up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons, respectively, before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games.
For the 2012 season, Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL's official apparel licensee, but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike's "Elite 51" uniform technology. Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo, the only other change is the league-wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform (replacing the NFL Equipment logo). Other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged. The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey and resumed wearing white pants with their white jerseys in the regular season.
For the 2014 season, the Eagles officially adopted the "Elite 51"-style uniform from Nike. However, they only wore the midnight green jerseys and pants in the second half of that season due to the difficulty of producing their preferred shade of midnight green. [221]
In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants, the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys, giving them a blackout uniform set. The Eagles won the game 27–0. The victory was their first shutout in 18 years. In Week 16 of 2016 (also against the Giants), the Eagles wore a variation of the all-black look as part of the NFL Color Rush program, but with solid black socks as opposed to black with white sanitary socks of the original look. With the exception of 2017, the Eagles have regularly worn the all-black uniforms at home against the Giants since the 2014 'blackout' game. [222] [223] The black jerseys/white pants combination was last seen during a preseason road game against the New England Patriots , after which the black jerseys were paired exclusively with the black pants.
In 2018, the Eagles' midnight green pants were not worn at all, marking the first such instance since the 1996 rebrand that the Eagles wore only white pants with their primary white or midnight green jerseys.
In Week 6 of the 2017 season, the Eagles debuted an all-white look with white jerseys, white pants and solid white socks in a road game against the Carolina Panthers . [224] The all-white look began to be utilized full-time as a road uniform set in 2019 thanks to the NFL's decision to allow teams to wear solid color socks as an alternate look.
During Week 10 of the 2021 season, the Eagles paired their white uniforms with the alternate black pants against the Denver Broncos , marking the first time the black pants were paired with a different colored uniform.
In 2022, the Eagles unveiled a new black alternate helmet, which would be worn alongside the all-black uniform. In addition, the team announced that throwback Kelly Green uniforms would return as an alternate uniform starting in the 2023 season. [225] The team originally intended to release the uniforms in 2022, but due to production supply issues, the Eagles elected to delay its release to the 2023 season. The Eagles returned to wearing Kelly Green uniforms as the teams alternate, with their debut being in a Week 7 win vs the Miami Dolphins . With the Kelly Green helmet becoming the team's one alternate, the black helmet was temporarily shelved, and the Eagles returned to wearing their primary midnight green helmets with the all-black uniform.
Back in 2022, it was released to the media that the Eagles would be changing their wordmark to a more modernized design. [226] Due to supply chain issues, the new wordmark was not able to be applied to the uniforms until the 2024 season. In addition, the black helmet was brought back as the team's third helmet option; while the NFL only allowed teams with new designs to adopt a third helmet in 2024, the Eagles' minor change of jersey wordmark counted as such. The black helmets were worn with the white jerseys, black pants and white socks for the team's Week 1 game in São Paulo , Brazil against the Green Bay Packers .
Rivalries
Divisional
The Eagles and Dallas Cowboys rivalry has been listed among the best and most acrimonious in the NFL. [227] [228] The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27–25 on September 30, 1960. Dallas leads the all-time series 74–58 as of the 2024 season, but in recent years, the series has been close, with each team winning 12 games since 2006. [229] There is considerable hostility between the two teams' fan bases, with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . The rivalry has even spilled over into draft weekend , with Cowboys legend Drew Pearson and Eagles legend David Akers exchanging insults at the opposing franchise in 2017 and 2018 , respectively. [230] [231]
New York Giants
Washington Commanders
Conference
Inter-conference
Players
45 active, 14 reserve, 17 free agent(s)
(*) Posthumous honors.
Despite not being retired, the Eagles have not issued out Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles in 1995, [243] LeSean McCoy 's No. 25 since he left the team in 2015, [244] [245] or Nick Foles ' No. 9 since he left the team in 2019. [246]
Pro Football Hall of Famers
Philadelphia Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Players
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
15
The following players below have franchise records for the Eagles: [250]
Passing
Statistic
Pass attempts
Passing yards
Passing TDs
Intercepted
Passer rating
Sacked
Yards per pass att.
Pass yards per game
Rushing
Statistic
Rush yards
Rush yards per attempt
Rushing TDs
Rush yards per game
Receiving
Statistic
Receiving yards
Receiving TDs
Other
Statistic
All-purpose yards
Returning
Statistic
Yards per kick return
0
Yards per punt return
Punt ret TDs
1(8 times)
Defense
Statistic
1(7 times)
Exceptional performances
Assistant general manager – Jon Ferrari
Assistant general manager – Alec Halaby
Senior vice president/Tertiary football executive – Bryce Johnston
Senior advisor to the general manager/chief security officer – Dom DiSandro
Vice president of football operations and strategy – Adam Berry
Vice president of football operations – Jeff Scott
Head of football development and strategy – Connor Barwin
Vice president of player personnel – Charles Walls
Vice president of player personnel – Alan Wolking
Senior personnel director/advisor to the general manager – Dave Caldwell
Senior personnel director/advisor to the general manager – Matt Russell
Senior director of college scouting – Anthony Patch
Director of player personnel – Phil Bhaya
Director of football operations/pro scout – Ameena Soliman
Director of football analytics – James Gilman
Head coaches
Offensive coaches
Offensive assistant – Kyle Valero
Defensive coaches
Defensive ends/outside linebackers – Jeremiah Washburn
Inside linebackers – Bobby King
Defensive quality control – Tyler Scudder
Special teams coaches
Special teams assistant – Tyler Brown
Head coach quality control – Tyler Yelk
Strength and conditioning
Head strength and conditioning – Fernando Noriega
97.3 FM
From 2008 through 2010, Eagles games were broadcast on both rock-formatted WYSP and sports-talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations were owned and operated by CBS Radio. In 2011, CBS dropped the music on WYSP, renaming it WIP-FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP. By 2020, 610 WIP had changed call letters to WTEL and rebranded to the Philadelphia affiliate for the Black Information Network , while WIP-FM broadcast all Eagles games. In 2017, the Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP-FM through 2024. [251]
Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976, is the play-by-play announcer, and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998, is the color analyst. [252] [253] The post-game show, which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities, as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley, a former Eagles linebacker and special-teamer, and Rob Ellis. Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6–10 on 94.1 WIP-FM.
Spanish language broadcasts are on WEMG Mega 105.7FM with Rickie Ricardo on play-by-play, and Oscar Budejen as color commentator. [254] [255]
During the regular season, games are governed by the NFL's master broadcasting contract with Fox , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on Fox-owned WTXF-TV . When hosting an AFC team, those games can be seen on CBS-owned KYW-TV .
Training camp
Philadelphia Eagles training camp at the NovaCare Complex in South Philadelphia in 2019
The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem in the Lehigh Valley . [256] In 2013, with the addition of head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . [257] [258] Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935, Saint Joseph's University in 1939 and 1943, Saranac Lake from 1946 to 1948, Hershey from 1951 to 1967, Albright College from 1968 to 1972, Widener University from 1973 to 1979, and West Chester University from 1980 to 1995. [258]
Fight song
Eagles' cheerleaders
Fans
A full house at The Linc for an NFC playoff game against the Green Bay Packers on January 9, 2011
An Eagles fan celebrating the Eagles. victory in Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium on February 4, 2018
Eagles fans celebrate along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles' Super Bowl victory parade in Center City Philadelphia on February 8, 2018
Devotion
A Philadelphia Eagles fan celebrating at the Super Bowl LII in Minneapolis
Although the method may vary, studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league, noting their "unmatched fervor". [263] American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL, [264] ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 [265] and 2006. [266] The 2006 study called Eagles fans "incredibly loyal", noting that they filled 99.8% of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade. [267] Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey, [268] which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance. [269] ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey, citing the connection between the team's performance and the mood of the city. [270] The last home game that was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday, September 12, 1999, which was Andy Reid's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles. [271]
The studies note that, whether the Eagles have winning or losing teams, fans can be counted on to pack the stadium each year. As of August 2008, the team had sold out 71 consecutive games, and 70,000 additional fans were on the Eagles' waiting list for season tickets. [270] Despite finishing with a 6–10 record in the 2005 season, the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales, and single-game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened. [272]
Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous, "E-A-G-L-E-S – Eagles!" at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable, signifying their displeasure with the given team's performance, and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles. [273] Occasionally, travelling Phillies fans may even chant this when the Phillies appear to be a few innings away from an inevitable win on the road as a way to celebrate their team and Philadelphia as a whole. The Eagles and Phillies were both the main tenants at Veterans Stadium before Lincoln Financial Field and Citizens Bank Park were built.
Notable famous fans of the Eagles include actors Bradley Cooper , [274] Rob McElhenney , [275] and Miles Teller , [276] actor and comedian Kevin Hart , [277] Jeopardy! champion Brad Rutter , [278] journalists Jake Tapper [279] and Jesse Watters , [280] morning talk show host Kelly Ripa , [281] TV personality Jim Cramer , [282] and soccer star Carli Lloyd , the latter of whom also appeared at a joint practice of the Eagles with the Baltimore Ravens in 2019 where she nailed a 55-yard field goal attempt. [283] One week later, during an international friendly pitting the United States against Portugal at Lincoln Financial Field, Lloyd celebrated scoring a goal by doing the "E-A-G-L-E-S, Eagles!" chant. [284] The United States ultimately won that match 4–0.
Bad behavior
In 2006, HarperCollins published If Football's a Religion, Why Don't We Have a Prayer?, a book by Jereé Longman, in which he describes the fans of the 700 Level at Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for " hostile taunting , fighting, public urination and general strangeness." [287]
A 1997 game against the San Francisco 49ers in Philadelphia featured so many incidents that, beginning at the following home game, the Eagles appointed a judge, Seamus McCaffery , to preside over a temporary courtroom at the stadium; 20 suspects came before him that day. [285] Fan behavior improved after the team's move to Lincoln Financial Field, and "Eagles Court" ended in December 2003. [288]
During a January 2025 home playoff game against the Green Bay Packers , an Eagles fan shouted obscenities at a woman wearing Packers gear; the incident went viral online, leading to the Eagles fan losing his job and receiving a ban from the stadium. [289]
In popular culture
The 1976 Philadelphia Eagles season was the subject of the movie Invincible . [290] The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a part-time school teacher, who is a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player. The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation-only, and Papale had at least some previous playing experience. [291] The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season , and the novel mentions the 2006 team . [292] The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . [293] [294]
The award-winning comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles, most notably on Season 3, Episode 2, "The Gang Gets Invincible", a reference to the 2006 Wahlberg film. [295]
The Eagles are referenced in the 1978 Academy Award-winning movie The Deer Hunter . During a hunting trip in Pennsylvania , Nick and Stan are in a bar, and Nick says, "Hey, I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Pittsburgh wins by 20!" Stan responds, "And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles' quarterback wears a dress!" [296]
See also
^ For information about Eagles' uniform numbers, see
References
"Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts" . ProFootballHOF.com. NFL Enterprises. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
"Contact Us" . PhiladelphiaEagles.com. NFL Enterprises. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
There aren't any surprises with this set. The uniforms replicate the sets worn in the days of Randall Cunningham, from 1985–1995, before the team switched to its current scheme of midnight green, silver, black and white.
"Team Information" (PDF). 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide (PDF). NFL Enterprises. September 26, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
"Philadelphia Eagles Front Office Roster" . PhiladelphiaEagles.com. NFL Enterprises. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
"Home" . lincolnfinancialfield.com. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
Fox, Ashley (January 4, 2014). "Fans always have Eagles' back" . ESPN . Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ Ruck; Patterson and Weber: 183–184; cf. Herskowitz: 149, Lyons: 81–82
^ Lyons: 87; Ruck; Patterson and Weber: 187
^ Ruck; Patterson and Weber: 303; cf. MacCambridge 2005: 45
^ Ruck; with Patterson and Weber: 187; cf. Lyons: 88, MacCambridge 2005: 45
.
Warren, Harry (December 16, 1949). "Eagles 7½ point choice for title" . Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1, part 4. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
"Rams point for upset over Eagles" . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania. United Press. December 17, 1949. p. 7. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
"Eagles, Rams battle for NFL title today" . Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. December 18, 1949. p. 2B. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
"Eagles retain title, beat Rams in rain" . St. Petersburg Independent. Florida. Associated Press. December 19, 1949. p. 21. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
Didinger, Ray; Lyons, Robert S. (2005). The Eagles Encyclopedia. Temple University Press . ISBN
.
"Eagles bought for $5 miilion" . Toledo Blade. (Ohio). Associated Press. December 6, 1963. p. 30. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
"Year-by-Year History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2006. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
Brookover, Bob (September 17, 2006). "The Birds' Biggest Rival—In a division of fierce foes, the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone". The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. D1.
Brookover, Bob (November 6, 2008). "Eagles—Giants among top rivalries". The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. D6.
Garafolo, Mike (December 30, 2012). "Eagles fire Reid" . USA Today . Philadelphia. Archived from the original on June 1, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
Mortensen, Chris (January 16, 2013). "Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach" . ESPN.com . Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
"Pro Bowl receiver Jackson released by Eagles" . ESPN.com. March 28, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
Gowton, Brandon Lee (March 11, 2014). "Eagles Sign Safety Malcolm Jenkins" . Bleeding Green Nation. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Sports Archived November 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Rocky Mount Telegram. Retrieved on August 6, 2016.
Frank, Martin (December 22, 2014). "Eagles eliminated from playoffs" . CourierPostOnline.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
Patra, Kevin (March 10, 2015). "Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole" . NFL.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Wesseling, Chris (January 18, 2016). "Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach" . National Football League. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
"Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach" . Philadelphia Eagles. January 18, 2016. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Bacanskas, Julie (March 9, 2016). "Eagles Acquire 8th-Overall Pick" . PhiladelphiaEagles.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
Reimer, Alex (September 5, 2016). "Carson Wentz will start for Eagles" . sbnation.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
"2020 Philadelphia Eagles Injuries" . Lineups.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Gill, Mike (January 9, 2021). "How the Eagles' O-Line Fared in 2020" . 97.3 ESPN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Frank, Reuben (January 9, 2021). "Another defensive coach leaving Eagles' coaching staff" . NBC Sports. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
McManus, Tim (January 11, 2021). "Source: Eagles change course, fire HC Pederson" . ESPN.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
.
"Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans" . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25, 2007. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
Kulp, Andrew (April 27, 2018). "Akers torches Cowboys before announcing Eagles' pick" . NBC Sports Philadelphia. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
"Top 10 rivalries" . NFL.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
Gowton, Brandon Lee (October 31, 2017). "Eagles announce jersey number for Jay Ajayi" . Bleedinggreennation.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
"Merrill Reese" . WBCB. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
"Training Camp" . Philadelphiaeagles.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
"Cheerleaders" . Philadelphia Eagles. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
"Cheerleaders – Swimsuit Calendar" . Philadelphia Eagles. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Woolsey, Matt (September 1, 2008). "In Depth: America's Most Die-Hard Football Fans" . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Thomas, G. Scott (September 4, 2006). "NFL Fan Loyalty: Methodology" . Bizjournals. Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
George, John (February 5, 1999). "Proven: Eagles' fans are fanatics". Philadelphia Business Journal. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 3.
Thomas, G. Scott (September 4, 2006). "Full fan loyalty rankings" . Bizjournals. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
Thomas, G. Scott (September 4, 2006). "NFL Fan Support Rankings" . Bizjournals. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
Woolsey, Matt (September 1, 2008). "America's Most Die-Hard Football Fans" . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Berman, Zack (June 14, 2006). "Single Game Tickets Sold Out!" . Philadelphiaeagles.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
"Court at Eagles' games is out of session Sunday" . Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. December 6, 2003. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
Lemire, Christy (August 25, 2006). "'Invincible' football hero has unlikely story" . East Bay Times. Associated Press. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
Savage, Fred (September 13, 2007). "The Gang Gets Invincible" . IMDb.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Cimino, Michael. "The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay" (PDF). Drexel.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Sources
| 232 |
27 | when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl | https://www.dazn.com/en-US/news/american-football/how-many-super-bowls-have-philadelphia-eagles-won-list-of-championships-appearances-last-super-bowl-win/1929tpbenci3b1qq3ukxr7tmqy | American Football
How many Super Bowls have Philadelphia Eagles won? List of championships, appearances, last Super Bowl win
The Philadelphia Eagles have mixed success in the NFL's biggest game.
There is no question that the Philadelphia Eagles have one of the NFL's most passionate fanbases, and now they have finally been able to celebrate a second Super Bowl win after beating Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl LIX.
The franchise have reached the league's showpiece event on five occasions, but have managed just two wins.
Those could not have been any sweeter, coming against the two dominant forces of the times, the New England Patriots and the Chiefs.
DAZN News delves into the Eagles' record in the NFL's biggest game.
Date
Game
Result
February 6, 2005
Super Bowl XXXIX
February 4, 2018
Super Bowl LII
February 12, 2023
Super Bowl LVII
February 9, 2025
Super Bowl LIX
How many Super Bowls have the Philadelphia Eagles won?
Despite appearing in fiveSuper Bowls, the Philadelphia Eagles have only been victorious twice.
Their first came at Super Bowl LII when the Eagles overcame the New England Patriots in a thrilling 41-33 victory.
Their second came in 2025, with a 40-22 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs, in contest they dominated and never looked like losing
When was the last Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl win?
The Philadelphia Eagles are the latest team to lift the Vince Lombardi trophy, having won the 2025 edition in New Orleans.
In a thoroughly dominate display, they raced into a 24-0 halftime lead over the Kansas City Chiefs and never looked back. They eventually sealed the contest 40-22.
Jalen Hurts was named Super Bowl LIX MVP after completing 17-of-22 passes for 221 yards and two touchdowns, while rushing for 72 yards and another TD on the ground.
Saquon Barkley had a relatively quiet 57 rushing yards on 25 carries, but in doing so set the NFL single-season rushing record for the combined regular season and playoffs.
Defeat for Kansas in this one prevented them from becoming the first ever franchise to achieve the three-peat - winning three consecutive Super Bowls.
The victory was even sweeter for the Eagles, as it avenged their loss to the same opponents in Super Bowl LVII in February 2023.
Watch the entire NFL season live on DAZN
NFL Game Pass on DAZN gives you access to watch every NFL game during the regular season and playoffs, including the Super Bowl. This is available worldwide on DAZN, excluding the United States and China.
That's 335 games per season, and each match is available live* and on demand and is available either as a standalone subscription - monthly or annually - or as an add-on to an existing DAZN package to customers**.
You can watch NFL on DAZN literally everywhere and in any way, via your Smart TV, smartphone, tablet, game console, and PC/MAC/laptop.
*In the United Kingdom, up to two Sunday games per week will air on DAZN on a 24-hour tape delay.
** Viewers in Canada can access all NFL content through their regular DAZN subscription.
More NFL
| 233 |
27 | when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl | https://www.phl.org/at-phl/art-exhibitions/node/285 | Ticketed Passengers
It was February 4, 2018, when the Philadelphia Eagles won their first-ever NFL Super Bowl Championship. For the team, the city, and the fans, the world changed as the Philadelphia Eagles will forever be Super Bowl LII Champions.
This franchise-changing victory was 57 years in the making. The previous time that the Eagles won an NFL Championship was December 26, 1960, at Philadelphia’s Franklin Field when the Eagles defeated the Green Bay Packers, 17-13. The 1960 title came 11 years after the Eagles strung together back-to-back championships in 1948 (7-0 triumph over the Chicago Cardinals at Philadelphia’s Shibe Park) and 1949 (14-0 victory over the Los Angeles Rams at the L.A. Memorial Coliseum).
At the time of the 1960 NFL Championship quest, there was no Super Bowl, no Lombardi Trophy, and no grand parade. In the years that followed, the NFL made changes. In 1967, the first Super Bowl was played and in 1971, the first Lombardi Trophy was awarded. For decades, the Eagles and Philadelphians remained on the sidelines watching others take home the World Champion title and coveted trophy.
Finally, a breakthrough came in 1980 when the Eagles upended their arch-rival, the Dallas Cowboys, 20-7, at Veterans Stadium to win the NFC Championship and earn their first Super Bowl appearance versus the Oakland Raiders. To Philadelphia’s great disappointment, the final score was Raiders 27 – Eagles 10 in Super Bowl XV.
Not until the 2004 season were the Eagles able to get back to their second Super Bowl. They won the NFC Championship on January 23, 2005, by defeating the Atlanta Falcons, 27–10, at Lincoln Financial Field. The Eagles faced the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX and lost in a close game, 24-21.
Thirteen years later, 2017 turned out to be a magical season for the Super Bowl-starved, hungry underdog Eagles. With 13 wins, tying a franchise record (2004) for wins in the regular season, the Eagles clinched the NFC East Division and entered the NFC playoffs with home-field advantage. The Eagles beat the Atlanta Falcons, 15-10, in the Divisional Playoff Round and then trampled the Minnesota Vikings, 38-7, to win the NFC Championship Game and earn their third Super Bowl appearance.
The Eagles, City of Philadelphia, and Eagles fans around the world were a Midnight Green nation for the two weeks leading to Super Bowl LII. The anticipation and excitement were palpable. “Underdog mania” swept over the City. On Super Bowl Sunday, February 4, 2018, the Eagles faced the 5-time Super Bowl Champion New England Patriots. The game has been described as one of the best Super Bowls ever. And it was! The Eagles won Super Bowl LII, defeating the Patriots, 41-33.
Newspaper headlines read, “AT LAST! EAGLES FINALLY WIN THE SUPER BOWL” and “WON FOR THE AGES!” The Eagles, the city, and the fans are forever World Champions.
| 234 |
27 | when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII | Super Bowl LII
2018 National Football League championship game
"2018 Super Bowl" redirects here. For the Super Bowl that was played at the completion of the 2018 season, see Super Bowl LIII .
Super Bowl LII
Market share
68 (national)
Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season . As a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX from 13 years earlier, the game was between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles and the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots . The underdog Eagles defeated the Patriots with a score of 41–33 to win their first Super Bowl [3] and their first NFL title since 1960 , making the NFC East the first and currently only division where every team has won a Super Bowl. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota . [4] This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season . [5] It was also the sixth and most recent Super Bowl held in a cold-weather city, [6] although the stadium is indoors.
New England finished the regular season with an AFC-best 13–3 record, then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten, their third in four years, and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and MVP quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC-best 13–3 record but entered the playoffs as underdogs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season-ending injury late in the regular season; prior to his injury, Wentz was the media and fan favorite to win MVP [7] after leading his team to an 11–2 start. Backup quarterback Nick Foles was the Eagles' starting quarterback for the rest of the season. With Foles, the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance, having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX .
Several records were set during Super Bowl LII, including most yards gained in any NFL game by both teams combined (1,151) [8] and fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl (one); the Patriots also set the record for the fewest punts by a team in a Super Bowl. [9] [10] The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1:05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points, and Brady's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired. Foles, who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception, and also caught a one-yard touchdown pass on a trick play, was named Super Bowl MVP . [11] His touchdown catch became known as the Philly Special and joined NFL lore alongside his unexpected performance.
The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years, with an average of 103.4 million viewers. Average television viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers, 9% less than the previous year's . [12] This was the most recent Super Bowl to date where both teams scored at least one each quarter until 2023, a Super Bowl that also involved the Eagles . It is considered one of the greatest Super Bowl games of all time. [13] [14] [15] [16]
Eagles head coach Doug Pederson 's game plan, which was filled with over a dozen short-yardage plays, led to the Eagles going two-for-two on fourth down conversions and is regarded as highly influential in professional football. Fourth down conversion attempts in the NFL increased as a whole nearly 64% from 2017 to 2021. [17] [18]
On October 8, 2013, the league announced that three venues were vying to host Super Bowl LII: [19] [20] [21]
On May 20, 2014, the league's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta, Georgia . [26] [27]
Associated events
Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead-up to the game.
The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center [28] [31] [32] from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee. [5] Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl. [33]
The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium. [34] [35] [36] [37] Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl. [38] Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed "listening session" of his newest album at Prince's Paisley Park . [39] Dave Matthews Band performed at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul. [35] The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , [40] the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . [41] Planners originally scheduled a 64,000-square-foot (5,900 m2) traveling nightclub for 9500 people, [42] [35] but cancelled, moving its concerts into the main casino. [41] Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time. [43] The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake, Minnesota , has the second-largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl-week events including winter activities, a hotdish competition, and fundraisers. [40]
Other events were held at the Mall of America (including Radio Row as a home for national shows [44] [45] ), Saint Paul's RiverCentre [6] and Xcel Energy Center, [46] the Minnesota Vikings' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . [47] "Taste of the NFL" is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . [48] Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip-line across the Mississippi River near downtown. [49] The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing, an ice pyramid, and luminary candles at night. [5]
The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to, during and after the Super Bowl. [50] Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities, as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992. [51] The ice palace was planned, [52] [53] cancelled for lack of funds, [54] then re-announced with sponsors. [51] Events in Saint Paul also included an extreme sports demonstration, a "giant slide", and a block party. Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors. [55] The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20-by-40-foot (6.1 m × 12.2 m), 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) ice maze . [56]
The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships, an ice bar, [57] and an "urban ski competition". [58]
Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies. [45] Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day. [61] [62]
The slogan Bold North was developed by the Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee to promote Super Bowl LII and its surrounding festivities. The slogan was intended to represent an embrace of the region's climate as part of its identity, and was used on merchandise and by the host committee's official sponsors. The NFL unveiled the official logo for Super Bowl LII (a cerulean -colored version of a standardized design) prior to Super Bowl LI , and the official branding elements and secondary logo in October 2017—featuring blue and purple aurora motifs. [63] [64] [65]
Pre-game Food Rivalry
The NFC was represented by the number-one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number-one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference. [67]
Philadelphia Eagles
Philadelphia Eagles-related merchandise being sold by a vendor near the Wynnewood station in the Philadelphia suburbs one day prior to the Super Bowl
The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13–3, the same as New England, Minnesota, and Pittsburgh, but the various tie-breaking provisions gave them the NFC's top seed in the 2017–18 NFL playoffs . [68] It was a substantial improvement for the team under second-year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the previous season with a 7–9 record. [69] In the 2017 season, the team scored 457 points (third in the NFL), while giving up just 295 (fourth) points. [70]
The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season, he recorded a passer rating of 101.9, throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns, with only seven interceptions. His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns. Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off-season free agency: Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards. Meanwhile, third-year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career, hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns, a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined. The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players, LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount, an off-season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots, gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns, while Ajayi, picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins, rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams. [71] Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line, led by two Pro Bowl selections: Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks , along with all pro center Jason Kelce . [72]
The Eagles defense allowed the fourth-fewest yards in the league (4,904). [73] Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career, recording 5
1⁄2 sacks and two fumble recoveries, and he had plenty of help around him, such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles, and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9
1⁄2 sacks. Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88. The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions, along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions. [74]
Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games, but suffered a major setback on December 10, when Wentz went down with a season-ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles. After Wentz's injury, many analysts wrote off the remainder of the Eagles' season as they believed they would not recover from his loss. Surprising analysts, Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game, as well as the next two. The Eagles rested Foles and were led by third-string quarterback Nate Sudfeld for their meaningless game against the Cowboys in Week 17, a game they lost, but in the Eagles' two playoff games, Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards, three touchdowns and no interceptions, replicating the excellent performance of Wentz to carry the Eagles to the NFC title. [75]
New England Patriots
The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions. For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under head coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double-digit win season, finishing the regular season with a record of 13–3 and, by virtue of tie-breaking procedures, earning the AFC's number one overall seed. The previous season's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season-ending injury. Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2–2 record after four weeks, and the worst overall defense in the league at that point. [76] The defense came together as a unit, and tightened up over the rest of the season however, with the Patriots going 11–1 after week 4. Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins, a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one-game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week. The Patriots' defense was improved by several late-season free-agent signings, including Eric Lee , a defensive end, previously from the Buffalo Bills, whom the Patriots signed in Week 12, and James Harrison , a perennial All-Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas. In just six games for New England, Lee recorded 3
1⁄2 sacks, a safety, and an interception. [77] In his only regular season game with the Patriots, Harrison recorded two sacks. [78]
During the regular season, New England's offense led the league in yards gained (6,307) and ranked second in points scored (458). The 40-year-old Brady finished his 18th season with a league-leading 4,577 passing yards, 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions, earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award. One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns. Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski, who had played just eight games in the previous season, finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores. Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards, as well as another 240 yards returning punts. With the loss of their previous season's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency, Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead, rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games. He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs. Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all-purpose yards, 30 receptions, and eight touchdowns. In passing situations, the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground. These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection. On special teams, kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37, while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection. [79]
The Patriots' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed (5,856), but ranked fifth in fewest points, giving up only 296. Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6
1⁄2 sacks while also forcing two fumbles. Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5
1⁄2 sacks. The Patriots also had a superb secondary, led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler (two interceptions, three forced fumbles) and Stephon Gilmore (two interceptions, 47 solo tackles), as well as safeties Devin McCourty (97 combined tackles, one interception, one fumble recovery), Patrick Chung (84 tackles, one interception, two fumble recoveries) and Duron Harmon (four interceptions). [80]
In the playoffs, the Patriots earned a first-round bye and home-field advantage due to their status as the AFC's first overall seed. [81] In the divisional round, they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35–14, as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns. In that game, the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans' running game to 65 yards rushing. [82] They defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24–20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14–3 lead and whose league-best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half. Down 20–10 in the fourth quarter, the Patriots' comeback was sealed by two Brady-led drives, both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville's last chance to score. [83] Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt. Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins, leading the team with 196 receiving yards, and serving as Brady's primary target. [84]
Philadelphia also earned a first-round bye and home-field advantage as the NFC's first overall seed. [85] They started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15–10, stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after the Falcons had a first-down-and-goal situation on the Eagles' 9-yard line during their final drive. [86] They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38–7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive, the Eagles' defense held them to three punts, two turnovers on downs, two interceptions, and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game. Meanwhile, Foles had a great game, in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns. [87] [88]
Pre-game notes
This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . [89] Only one player, Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest. [90] Bill Belichick , the Patriots' head coach in that contest, also remained in that position. Two Eagles, running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in Super Bowl LI , the previous year’s Super Bowl. [91] The Eagles were 1–4 against the Brady/Belichick era Patriots prior to this game (excluding preseason), including Super Bowl XXXIX. Philadelphia’s lone win was a 35–28 victory at Gillette Stadium, week 13 in December, during their relatively weak 2015 season . The Eagles were behind 14–0, then proceeded to rally for 35 points and hold the Patriots to only two more touchdowns, allowing the visitors to finally get their revenge for eleven years prior.
The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII, because the AFC team is the designated home team in even-numbered years and the NFC team in odd-numbered years. As the designated home team, the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants, becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back-to-back Super Bowls, following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII .[ citation needed ] The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants; the same two uniforms were worn when they faced off in Super Bowl XXXIX, but with the Eagles as the "home" team. [92] Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys. The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV (who, coincidentally, had also worn green jerseys). [93]
Gambling establishments had the Patriots as 5 ½ point favorites and projected 47 ½ points scored. [94]
To coordinate the game and 10 days of events, the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium. [31] More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days. [95] Among them were some 5,000-plus media members; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota .
No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events, including parking. [96]
To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium, the stadium's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game, [97] and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter. [98] The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass, while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access. Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations, as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures. [99] [100] Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality, corporate greed, and racist practices. 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game, and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium's security perimeter. [101]
Under a 1998 agreement, the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets, and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium. The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings' locker room and sideline. The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles; until that point, the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible. Had that happened, the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities, while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota. [102]
NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. This would be the first time NBC aired the Super Bowl in the same year that it aired the Winter Olympics. [103] The network was then scheduled to broadcast Super Bowl LV in February 2021, their next scheduled Super Bowl at the time, but NBC eventually traded its broadcasting rights to CBS in exchange for February 2022's Super Bowl LVI to avoid having NBC Olympic broadcasts become Super Bowl counterprogramming . The NFL then assigned all subsequent Super Bowls in Winter Olympics years to NBC or any network that airs the Winter Olympics. [104] [105] [106]
Play-by-play announcer Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game. Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC's pre-game coverage. [107] Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea (which opened on the Friday following the game). [108] Tirico did however, contribute to the pregame show from Pyeongchang to preview the Winter Games.
NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium, and introduced "volumetric- AR " graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players, [109] [110] and a new on-air graphics package to be used exclusively for Sunday Night Football going forward. [111]
Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo. The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available. [112] [113]
As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated, the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective. Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis, including specials focusing on their respective teams, and a jointly-produced pre-game show aired by both channels. [114]
Nielsen reported a 47.4/70% overnight rating in metered markets, peaking at 52.2/74 during the fourth quarter. These numbers are about 3% lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI, and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. [115] The broadcast had an averaege of 103.4 million, down 7% of the previous year. However, according to Nielsen 2025`s estimation, the game had 104.1 million of averege audience with 43.1 of rating between NBC and Universo. [116] Also, 2.6 million watched the game on streaming platforms. The total viewership was 106 million. [117]
Dan Lovinger, NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales, stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price "north of $5 million" (the price set for the previous two Super Bowls) for a 30-second commercial during Super Bowl LII. [118] [119] As they began five days after the Super Bowl, NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics (which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year); the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events. [120] [103] During the second quarter, an equipment failure caused NBC's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break. No actual commercial time was lost. [121] [122]
Advertisements for Tide detergent featuring David Harbour of Stranger Things created a recurring theme, appearing in each quarter, often disguised as well-known commercials for other products, with Harbour eventually declaring "It's a Tide ad." [123] Anheuser-Busch has, as it has done in previous Super Bowls, purchased multiple commercials in the game, advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial, with the 60-second Budweiser commercial for this event instead focusing on a Budweiser factory plant in Georgia distributing water, referencing the beer maker's efforts to distribute water to families of victims affected by natural disasters, such as wildfires and hurricanes. However, a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a five-second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the "ClydesdaleCam" livestream event. [124] Other signed advertisers included The Coca-Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico. [119] Cellphone carrier T-Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating, featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds. The commercial also features Nirvana 's song " All Apologies " played as a lullaby. In the ad, Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them "unstoppable" and that they will demand fair and equal pay. T-Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying, "This year, we wanted to use our #SuperBowl airtime to share that @TMobile believes we all started in the same place. We are more alike than different. And we are unstoppable." [125]
Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with criticism over its ad "Built to Serve", which featured an excerpt from Martin Luther King Jr. 's "Drum Major Instinct" sermon on the virtues of serving others (February 4, 2018, was also the 50th anniversary of the sermon). The ad was considered an exploitation of King's words to sell a product, with media outlets noting that the sermon in the ad went on to specifically criticize advertisers (including automobile manufacturers) for being "gentlemen of massive verbal persuasion". [126] [127] [128]
Lead-out programs
In a surprise move, Netflix used its advertising time to announce that The Cloverfield Paradox — the third film in the Cloverfield series — would be available for streaming on the service immediately after the game, potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC. [132]
Online streams of the NBC broadcast were available on NBCSports.com, the NBC Sports app for mobile devices, tablets, connected-TV devices, and NBC.com without any required login. The Spanish-language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices, connected TV devices, and tablets but not mobile devices. [133]
Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017–18 playoffs, Verizon still offered mobile streaming of games, but no longer held exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers. Instead, Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo! ; on January 9, 2018, Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo! Sports and go90 app, including Super Bowl LII. As a result of the deal, the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time, regardless of network (because of Verizon's previous exclusive rights deal, non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts, regardless of source). [134] [135] The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers. [136]
This was the last game in Westwood One 's national radio contract with the NFL before a quiet renewal on undermined terms after the season and Cumulus exited a chapter 11 bankruptcy filing made just before the Super Bowl. [137] Each participating team's flagship station (the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ-FM /Boston, and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP-FM /Philadelphia, along with WEMG / Camden, New Jersey for Spanish play-by-play) carried the game with local announcers. For the second consecutive year, none of the local flagships were clear-channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team's immediate metropolitan area; listeners outside the flagship stations' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts. Under the terms of the Westwood One contract, any radio station that was not a local flagship, if it carried the game, was required to utilize the Westwood One feed. It was the first title win called by Eagles play-by-play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977. [138]
Bell Media holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS (for French), TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN's regional networks did not carry the game due to a scheduling conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women's curling championship. Due to the game being exempt from the CRTC 's simultaneous substitution regulations for the second year in a row, Bell reprised the previous year's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences. [141] [142]
On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines.
The Super Bowl flyover was a unique combination of airplanes—and a first for the Super Bowl. It was the first time the Heritage Flight team conducted a flyover for a Super Bowl.
The U.S. Air Force Heritage Flight performed a flawless execution perfectly timed with Pink's National Anthem. It consisted of one F-16 Fighting Falcon, two A-10 Thunderbolt IIs, and one P-51 Mustang flying in formation over U.S. Bank Stadium. [147]
Pink performed " The Star-Spangled Banner " [38] and Leslie Odom Jr. sang " America the Beautiful ". Coincidentally, both Pink and Odom are from the Philadelphia area. [148] [149] Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem, later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum. [150] She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance. [151] No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem, in contrast to the protests in the 2016 and 2017 seasons. [152]
Halftime show
Timberlake's performance drew criticism for not being "spectacular", looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous " wardrobe malfunction " during his performance with Jackson, and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living. [161] [162]
Game summary
A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter
The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half. They kicked off to the Eagles, who opened the game with a 14-play, 67-yard drive that took 7:05 off the clock and resulted in a 25-yard Jake Elliott field goal, giving them a 3–0 lead. The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards, with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in. Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays, hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17-yard gain on third-and-4, and later found Torrey Smith for a 15-yard completion on third-and-12. The Patriots responded with a drive of their own, almost with exactly the same results; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers, the longest a 28-yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8-yard line, where they settled for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26-yard field goal, tying the game at 3–3. The game's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive, taking only three plays: a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36-yard run up the middle by Blount, and a 34-yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field. The ensuing extra point attempt by Elliott missed wide right, making the score 9–3 in favor of the Eagles. The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11-yard line on their next drive, which was set up by a 50-yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended. [163]
With the second quarter under way, the Patriots came away empty-handed on the drive, as Gostkowski missed a 26-yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap. [164] New England's defense forced the game's only punt on the next drive. On the next drive, Brady completed a 23-yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion. On third down from near midfield, the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Brady. Brady was open but dropped the throw from Amendola. They went for it on fourth down, and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete, giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35-yard line. The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions, a 19-yard catch by Zach Ertz on third-and-7 and a 22-yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21-yard line. On the next play, a 21-yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown. They attempted a two-point conversion, which failed, making the score 15–3. The Patriots quickly struck back, as Brady completed a 46-yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff. But the team could only gain two more yards, resulting in Gostkowski's 45-yard field goal that got the score to 15–6. [165]
The Eagles got the ball back with 7:24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown after a 26-yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43-yard line. But on the next play, Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one-handed catch and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception, which he returned eight yards to the 10-yard line. The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven-play, 90-yard drive, featuring a 43-yard completion from Brady to Hogan. On the next play, James White scored with a 26-yard touchdown run. Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point, but the score was now 15–12. Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30-yard line as time ran down to the two-minute warning. Two plays later, on third-and-3, Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55-yard gain to the New England 8-yard line. Clement ran the ball six yards to the two-yard line on the next play. Two plays later, Philadelphia faced fourth-and-goal on the 1-yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock. Deciding to go for the touchdown, they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier, in what became the game's most memorable play. As Foles stepped up to the running back position, Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles, who was wide open in the right side of the end zone. Foles caught the ball, making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl, and the ensuing extra point was good, giving the Eagles a 22–12 lead, which was taken into the locker room after a short drive by the Patriots. The play came to be known as the Philly Special . [163]
The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams, including most total yards combined (673). This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl, with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles 215. [166]
Second half
The Patriots received the second-half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays. Gronkowski, who caught only one pass for nine yards in the first half, caught five for 68 yards on the drive, the last a 5-yard touchdown reception to make the score 22–19. The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third-down conversions by Foles. The first was a 17-yard pass to Agholor on third-and-6 from the Eagles 19-yard line. Later in the drive, he threw a 14-yard completion to Ertz on third-and-1 from the New England 40-yard line. Finally, he finished the possession with a 22-yard touchdown pass to Clement on third-and-6. The touchdown was upheld upon review, as officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball. An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29–19 in the Eagles' favor. Brady responded with a 10-play, 75-yard drive, completing all three of his passes for 61 yards, the last one a 26-yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29–26. The Eagles followed with an 8-play, 51-yard drive featuring a 24-yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play. By the end of the third quarter, the team had made it to the New England 16-yard line.
The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32–26. Brady then came back with another 75-yard drive featuring a 30-yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four-yard pass to Gronkowski, his second touchdown of the game, giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33–32. On their next drive, the Eagles faced third-and-6 after two plays but were able to keep the ball with a 7-yard catch by Ertz. Eventually they faced a fourth-and-1 on their own 45-yard line with 5:39 left in the game. Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt, Foles completed a 2-yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive. Then after a 1-yard Blount run, Foles picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10, 18, and 10 yards, respectively, moving the ball to the New England 14-yard line. Following a 3-yard run by Ajayi, Foles threw an 11-yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2:21 remaining in the game. The play was upheld on review; Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone, but it was determined that he established himself as a runner and maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line. A failed two-point conversion left the Eagles with a 38–33 lead.
The Patriots got the ball back on their own 25-yard line with the chance to mount a game-winning drive. But on 2nd-and-2, defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady for the game's only sack, and defensive end Derek Barnett recovered the fumble, allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1:05 and force the Patriots to use all their remaining timeouts. Elliott then kicked a 46-yard field goal, putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points, 41–33. New England needed a touchdown and two-point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime. After nine plays (one of them a 13-yard catch by Amendola on fourth-and-10), New England reached the 49-yard line, and with only nine seconds remaining, Brady threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone as time expired. The pass was incomplete, and Philadelphia won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history, [163] and their first league championship since 1960, ending the third-longest active championship drought in the NFL at 57 years.
The Eagles became just the second team to win a Super Bowl rematch after losing the first Super Bowl meeting with the same team, having lost to New England in Super Bowl XXXIX , and the first since the Washington Redskins defeated the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl XVII (Miami defeated Washington in Super Bowl VII .) The Eagles also became the first Super Bowl champions since the 1978 Pittsburgh Steelers to defeat both Super Bowl participants from the previous year in the same postseason. Additionally, the NFC East became the first division where every team had won a Super Bowl. [167]
Game statistics
The combined 74 points scored was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75, set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995; [168] it and this game marked only the second time in the game's history where the teams combined for 70+ points. [169] The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams (combined) with 1,151 yards, the most for any single game, regular season or postseason. [10] The game set many other Super Bowl records as well, including fewest punts from both teams (one), and most yards gained by a team (613 for New England). [10]
Foles completed 28 of 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns, with one interception, and caught a touchdown pass. Clement, who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season, was the Eagles' leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for eight yards. Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards. Blount was the game's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown. Brady completed 28 of 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns, breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season. Amendola was his top target, with eight receptions for 152 yards, while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine for 116 yards and two scores. [170]
Box score
Quarter
1
2
3
4
Total
Game weather: Played indoors (domed stadium)
3
0
1
4:17
9
67
3:38
NE
3
3
1
2:34
3
77
1:43
PHI
Alshon Jeffery 34-yard touchdown reception from Nick Foles , Elliott kick no good (wide right)
9
3
2
8:48
6
65
3:05
PHI
15
3
2
7:24
5
48
1:24
NE
15
6
2
2:04
7
90
2:57
NE
James White 26-yard touchdown run, Gostkowski kick no good (wide left)
15
12
2
0:34
7
70
1:30
PHI
Foles 1-yard touchdown reception from Trey Burton , Elliott kick good
22
12
3
12:15
8
75
2:45
NE
22
19
3
7:18
11
85
4:57
PHI
Corey Clement 22-yard touchdown reception from Foles, Elliott kick good
29
19
3
3:23
7
75
3:55
NE
Chris Hogan 26-yard touchdown reception from Brady, Gostkowski kick good
29
26
4
14:09
8
51
4:14
PHI
32
26
4
9:22
10
75
4:47
NE
32
33
4
2:21
14
75
7:01
PHI
Zach Ertz 11-yard touchdown reception from Foles, 2-point pass no good
38
33
4
1:05
4
4
1:04
PHI
41
33
41
33
The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch .
Records set(Unless otherwise noted, all records were only Super Bowl records)
Most yards allowed
613
10
33
613
500
3
8
8
357
235
505
2,576
18
40 years 185 days
8
11
11
1
1
Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception
1
46 yards
116
1,151
42
874
4
1
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
5
48
5
54
93
7
1
0
0
Super Bowl LII had seven officials . [173] The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers.
Referee: Gene Steratore (114)
Umpire: Roy Ellison (81)
Replay official: Paul Weidner
Alternate Back Judge: Greg Steed (12)
This was Steratore's first—and eventually only—Super Bowl as a referee, though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . [174] Steratore retired from officiating after 15 seasons on June 22, 2018, and joined CBS Sports as a rule analyst starting with the 2018 season . [175]
Harrison, Elliot (January 28, 2019). "Ranking all 52 Super Bowls" . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII: New Orleans, Minneapolis and Indianapolis
Patra, Kevin (May 20, 2014). "Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota" . National Football League. Archived from the original on July 22, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Rogers, Andy (December 14, 2017). "Suburbs ready for NFL weekend" . Sun ThisWeek. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
"2017 Philadelphia Eagles Schedule & Game Results" . Pro Football Reference. January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
"Eric Lee Statistics" . ESPN.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
NBC executives have promoted this as a "once in a lifetime" day. However, it is about to become a common occurrence. When the NFL's 11-year television contract starts in 2023, NBC's spot in the Super Bowl rotation lines up the same year as the Winter Olympics.
Fry, Erika (February 1, 2018). "Super Bowl Ads Can't Save TV". Fortune (print mail distribution): 11. ISSN 0015-8259 .
...and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a (30-second) pop.
"Super Football-Sonntag" . ProSieben (in German). January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Respers France, Lisa (February 5, 2018). "Pink defends Super Bowl performance" . CNN. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
"Super Bowl LII Officials Named" . NFLCommunications.com (Press release). NFL Enterprises. January 17, 2018. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven-person crew of on-field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday, February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium, the NFL announced today
External links
External videos
1 – Dates in the list denote the season, not necessarily the calendar year in which the championship game was played. For instance, Super Bowl LIV was played in 2020, but was the championship for the 2019 season.
2 – From 1966 to 1969, the first four Super Bowls were "World Championship" games played between two independent professional football leagues, AFL and NFL, and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game.
3 – Italics indicate future games.
Super Bowl LII
| 235 |
27 | when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl | https://www.nbcnews.com/sports/nfl/philadelphia-eagles-super-bowl-champs-rcna191406 | IE 11 is not supported. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser.
Philadelphia Eagles demolish the Kansas City Chiefs to win their second Super Bowl
In front of a sold-out Superdome crowd in New Orleans, the Eagles’ top-rated defense used its unrelenting pass rush to intercept Patrick Mahomes twice before halftime.
By Andrew Greif
Fueled by a harassing defense, Philadelphia denied a Kansas City coronation in Super Bowl 59, dethroning the Chiefs in a rout that delivered the Eagles their second championship in seven seasons by a score of 40-22.
Quarterback Jalen Hurts earned MVP honors after throwing for two touchdowns and running for one more.
Kansas City had won three Super Bowl titles in the last five years, including the last two, and it was trying to become the first team in the NFL's Super Bowl era to win back-to-back-to-back titles. Led by quarterback Patrick Mahomes, whose résumé sparked debates about whether he or Tom Brady was the best quarterback in NFL history, the Chiefs had won 17 consecutive one-score games and appeared infallible in the clutch.
Philadelphia, however, never allowed this Super Bowl — a rematch from two years earlier — to ever get close, muting Mahomes' effectiveness from the opening drive.
In front of a sold-out Superdome crowd in New Orleans, the Eagles’ top-rated defense used its unrelenting pass rush to intercept Mahomes twice before halftime — including an interception birthday boy Cooper DeJean returned for a touchdown — and hold Kansas City scoreless until the final minute of the third quarter. By then, Philadelphia already led 34-0, the biggest deficit Mahomes had ever faced in his decorated career.
Kansas City had overcome 10-point deficits to win each of its previous three championships under Mahomes and coach Andy Reid, but no team had ever overcome this big a hole to win a Super Bowl before.
Mahomes was sacked a season-high six times and was never allowed enough time to engineer the kind of play-extending magic that had become his signature as he pushed Kansas City to an unprecedented fifth Super Bowl in six seasons. Mahomes had just 33 yards at halftime but finished with 257 yards and three touchdowns.
Most striking was how Philadelphia cruised to victory while rarely needing its star running back, Saquon Barkley, to deliver the kind of big plays that had helped the Eagles advance to the Super Bowl in the first place. Barkley surpassed Denver’s Terrell Davis in the second quarter for the most rushing yards in a single season, playoffs included, with 2,478, but he finished with 57 yards on 25 carries, his second-lowest rushing total of the season. Philadelphia’s oft-criticized passing game turned a one-sided game into a blowout.
Since the Eagles' Super Bowl loss two years earlier against Kansas City, Hurts adorned his phone's lock screen with a photo of himself walking off the field following the defeat, a constant reminder of coming up short on the NFL's biggest stage. But Hurts was the one celebrating Sunday. He rushed for 72 yards and the game’s opening touchdown, found receiver A.J. Brown for a 12-yard touchdown pass in the second quarter for a 24-0 Eagles lead, and then his 46-yard pass to DeVonta Smith late in the third quarter sealed the victory by extending the lead to 34 points.
Hurts completed 17 of his 22 passes for 221 yards, including two touchdowns and one interception.
The Chiefs narrowed the final margin when Mahomes threw for two touchdowns in the game's final three minutes, but by then the game was so out of reach that Eagles coach Nick Sirianni had already been doused with a celebratory Gatorade bath by his players. The celebration could officially get underway when Philadelphia recovered an onside kick with 1:48 to play.
The Eagles' victory represented a resurgence for a franchise that, since it won its first Super Bowl title in 2018, had fired its coach and endured a humiliating end to the 2023 season. When the Eagles started 2-2, Sirianni was questioned about his hold on the locker room, and when he yelled at Eagles fans in mid-October, he was questioned about his composure; he later apologized. But after Philadelphia’s Week 5 bye, it finished the season 16-1, including Sunday’s runaway victory.
Andrew Greif
| 236 |
28 | where does the last name roberts come from | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_(surname) | Roberts (surname)
6 languages
Roberts
Language(s)
Wales, England
Roberts is a surname of English and Welsh origin, deriving from the given name Robert , meaning "bright renown" – from the Germanic elements "hrod" meaning renown and "beraht" meaning bright. The surname, meaning "son of Robert", is common in North Wales [1] [2] [3] and elsewhere in the United Kingdom.
Barbara Millicent Roberts, doll known as Barbie
Chelsea Roberts (formerly known as Kelly Roberts), sister to Barbie
Dread Pirate Roberts , a character in The Princess Bride
Irene Roberts , from Australian soap opera Home and Away
Moose Roberts, supporting character in Fireman Sam
Renée Roberts, English dubbed name for Zakuro Fujiwara in Tokyo Mew Mew
Skipper Roberts, doll known as Skipper
Stacie Roberts, sister to Barbie
Summer Roberts , from American television series The O.C.
Tutti and Todd Roberts, dolls known as Tutti and Todd
See also
^ Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. No ISBN.
^ Hanks, Patricia and Hodges, Flavia. 1990. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Roberts.
If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link.
| 250 |
28 | where does the last name roberts come from | https://www.findmypast.co.uk/surname/roberts | What does the name Roberts mean?
Roberts is a popular British surname, believed to have two core origins. Firstly, the Roberts surname is thought to be patronymic, reflecting the 'son of Robert', particularly common in Wales (especially in the north of the country) and Scotland. The second supposed origin of this surname, which is more prevalent in England, relates to someone who is the 'servant of Robert'.
Alternative variations of the name Roberts
Roberts, Robert, Robarts, Robertes, Robart
Copy Link
SS
Stuart
Previous
Previous
Start your family tree
Trace your family back in time. Make new discoveries and see what other Findmypast family historians in our genealogy community have discovered about the Robertses.
Orkney
Shetland
Highlands
In 1921, most Robertses lived in london
Census records trace your ancestors through each generation, so you can follow where your relatives lived through each decade.
14th most common surname in the UK
We have
1,140,000 records
for the Roberts surname. The oldest one dates back to 1300.
Who were Robertses most likely to marry?
What are the most common Roberts first names?
John
William
Mary
Elizabeth
Our
150,000 Robertses found in the 1921 Census
1,140,000 Robertses found in all census records
Common jobs for Robertses
Men and women often performed different types of jobs, so these are displayed by gender to maintain their historical accuracy.
Common female occupations for Robertses in 1921
Dressmaker
5,423
Farmer
5,713
We found over 1,000,000 family trees with the Roberts surname
Trace your family back in time and see what other Findmypast family historians in our genealogy community have discovered about the Robertses.
Search for a relative in our family trees
First name
Last name
Search
Who
When
Where
Search
| 251 |
28 | where does the last name roberts come from | https://namecensus.com/last-names/roberts-surname-popularity/ | Roberts last name popularity, history, and meaning
Roberts last name popularity, history, and meaning
Find out how popular the last name Roberts is in the United States and learn more about the meaning, history, and race and ethnic origin of people in America who are named Roberts.
Meaning of Roberts
An English and Welsh patronymic surname meaning "son of Robert," derived from the Germanic name Hrodebert, meaning "bright fame."
Roberts, like all of the last names we have data for, is identified by the U.S. Census Bureau as a surname which has more than 100 occurrences in the United States in the Decennial Census survey. The most recent statistics we have for the Roberts surname is from the 2010 census data.
Popularity of Roberts in America
Roberts is the 50th most popular name in America based on the data we have collected from the U.S. Census Bureau.
The Roberts surname appeared 376,774 times in the 2010 census and if you were to sample 100,000 people in the United States, approximately 128 people would have the surname Roberts.
We can also compare 2010 data for Roberts to data from the previous census in 2000. The table below contains all of the statistics for both years in a side-by-side comparison.
2010
2000
Change (%)
Rank
50
45
10.53%
Count
376,774
366,215
2.84%
The history of the last name Roberts
The surname Roberts is of English origin, derived from the medieval given name Robert, which in turn came from the Germanic name Robrecht or Rodebert. This name is composed of the elements "hrod" meaning "fame" and "berht" meaning "bright." The name Robert was introduced into England by the Norman invaders after the conquest of 1066.
Roberts is a patronymic surname, meaning it was initially used to refer to the son of someone named Robert. Early examples of the surname can be found in records from the 12th and 13th centuries, such as the Pipe Rolls of Lincolnshire from 1166, which mention a William Roberts.
The Domesday Book, a comprehensive survey of England completed in 1086, does not include any direct references to the Roberts surname. However, it does list individuals with the given name Robert, indicating the name's presence in England before the Norman Conquest.
One of the earliest recorded individuals with the Roberts surname was William Roberts, a medieval English scholar and theologian born around 1340. He was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and wrote several works on logic and philosophy.
Sir John Roberts (c. 1558-1609) was a prominent Welsh judge and politician who served as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and a member of the English House of Commons. He played a crucial role in the administration of Ireland during the Tudor period.
Another notable figure was Abraham Roberts (1647-1711), a Welsh Puritan minister and author known for his influential work "A View of the Religions." He was a prominent figure in the Presbyterian movement in Wales.
In the 18th century, William Roberts (1767-1849) was a Welsh Baptist minister and writer who published several works on theology and religious subjects. He was also involved in the founding of the Baptist College in Abergavenny.
During the American Revolutionary War, Owen Roberts (1758-1794) was a Welsh-born soldier who fought for the Continental Army. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and was killed in action during the Battle of Germantown in 1794.
The Roberts surname has also been associated with various place names in England, such as Roberts Bridge in East Sussex and Roberts Town in Shropshire. These locations may have been named after individuals bearing the Roberts surname or may have contributed to the development of the surname in those areas.
Race and ethnic origin of people with the last name Roberts
We also have some data on the ancestry of people with the surname Roberts.
The below race categories are the modified race categories used in the Census Bureau's population estimates program. All people were categorized into six mutually exclusive racial and Hispanic origin groups:
White only
Black only
Asian and Pacific Islander only
Hispanic
Two or More Races
For the most recent 2010 census data, the race/ethnic origin breakdown for Roberts was:
Race/Ethnicity
Percentage
0.61%
2,298
0.85%
3,203
2.15%
8,101
2.40%
9,043
Note: Any fields showing (S) means the data was suppressed for privacy so that the data does not in any way identify any specific individuals.
Since we have data from the previous census in 2000, we can also compare the values to see how the popularity of Roberts has changed in the 10 years between the two census surveys.
2010
2000
Change (%)
White
77.27%
79.56%
-2.92%
Black
16.72%
15.86%
5.28%
0.85%
0.85%
0.00%
Data source
The last name data and ethnic breakdown of last names is sourced directly from the Decennial Census survey, conducted every 10 years by the United States Census Bureau.
The history and meaning of the name Roberts was researched and written by our team of onomatology and genealogy experts.
If you have a correction or suggestion to improve the history of Roberts, please contact us.
Reference this page
We spend a lot of resources downloading, cleaning, merging, and formatting the data that is shown on the site.
If you found the data or information on this page useful in your research, please use the tool below to properly cite or reference Name Census as the source. We appreciate your support!
<a href="http://namecensus.com/last-names/roberts-surname-popularity/">Roberts last name popularity, history, and meaning</a>
"Roberts last name popularity, history, and meaning". NameCensus.com, http://namecensus.com/last-names/roberts-surname-popularity/. Accessed 28 February, 2025
Roberts last name popularity, history, and meaning. NameCensus.com. Retrieved from http://namecensus.com/last-names/roberts-surname-popularity/.
Search for a name
Search for a first or last name to learn more about its origin, meaning, and more.
Simple as that.
| 252 |
28 | where does the last name roberts come from | https://discover.23andme.com/last-name/Roberts | The meaning of Roberts
English: from the personal name Robert, with genitival or post-medieval excrescent -s. This surname is also occasionally borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of some similar (like-sounding) Jewish surname.
Dictionary of American Family Names, 2nd edition, © Oxford University Press, 2022.
How common is the last name Roberts in the United States?
Based on the Decennial U.S. Census, the popularity of the surname Roberts saw a slight shift from 2000 to 2010. In 2000, the surname was ranked 45th in terms of popularity but by 2010 it had slipped to the 50th spot, reflecting a decrease of 11.11%. However, the total count of individuals bearing this surname increased by 2.88% during the same period, rising from 366,215 in 2000 to 376,774 in 2010. This suggests that while the surname became less popular in comparison to others, more people claimed it over the decade.
2000
2010
Change
Rank
#45
#50
-11.11%
Count
366,215
376,774
2.88%
Race and Ethnicity of people with the last name Roberts
When it comes to ethnic identity, there were some significant shifts among those bearing the surname Roberts between 2000 and 2010 according to the Decennial U.S. Census. The percentage of Roberts identifying as Hispanic experienced the biggest increase of 51.90%, followed by Asian/Pacific Islander at 29.79%, and Two or more races at 28.74%. The percentage identifying as Black also rose slightly by 5.42%. During the same period, the proportion of Roberts identifying as White decreased by 2.88%. The proportions identifying as American Indian and Alaskan Native remained stable.
2000
2010
Change
White
79.56%
77.27%
-2.88%
Black
15.86%
16.72%
5.42%
Hispanic
1.58%
2.4%
51.9%
0.85%
0.85%
0%
Roberts ancestry composition
23andMe computes an ancestry breakdown for each customer. People may have ancestry from just one population or they may have ancestry from several populations. The most commonly-observed ancestry found in people with the surname Roberts is British & Irish, which comprises 54.9% of all ancestry found in people with the surname. The next two most common ancestries are French & German (21.4%) and Eastern European (3.7%). Additional ancestries include Scandinavian, Italian, Ashkenazi Jewish, Spanish & Portuguese, and Nigerian.
Ready to learn more about your ancestry? Get the most comprehensive ancestry breakdown on the market by taking our DNA test. Shop 23andMe
ANCESTRY BREAKDOWN
Possible origins of the surname Roberts
Your DNA provides clues about where your recent ancestors may have lived. Having many distant relatives in the same location suggests that you may all share common ancestry there. Locations with many distant relatives can also be places where people have migrated recently, such as large cities. If a large number of individuals who share your surname have distant relatives in a specific area, it could indicate a connection between your surname and that location, stemming from either recent ancestral ties or migration.
Based on 23andMe data, people with last name Roberts have recent ancestry locations in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ireland.
RECENT ANCESTRY Location
What Roberts haplogroups can tell you
H aplogroups are genetic population groups that share a common ancestor on either your paternal or maternal line. These paternal and maternal haplogroups shed light on your genetic ancestry and help tell the story of your family.
The top paternal haplogroup of people with the surname Roberts is R-CTS241 , which is predominantly found among people with European ancestry. H aplogroup R-CTS241 is descended from haplogroup R-M343.
Other common haplogroups include R-P311 and R-L21 , which are predominantly found among people with European and European ancestry. Other surnames with similar common haplogroups are: Davis , Thomas , Martin , Evans , Brown , Thompson , Smith , Taylor , Clark , Richards .
The most common maternal haplogroups of people with Roberts surname are: H 1, T2b, H . These most commonly trace back to individuals of European ancestry.
Paternal Haplogroup Origins R-M343
Your maternal lineage may be linked to Marie Antoinette
Because it is so dominant in the general European population, haplogroup H also appears quite frequently in the continent's royal houses. Marie Antoinette, an Austrian Hapsburg who married into the French royal family, inherited the haplogroup from her maternal ancestors. So did Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, whose recorded genealogy traces his female line to Bavaria. Scientists also discovered that famed 16th century astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus traced his maternal lineages to haplogroup H.
References
What do people with the surname Roberts have in common?
Spoiler alert: it's complicated. People with the same last name are usually no more genetically similar than a randomly sampled group of people from the same population. That said, people with the same surname are more likely to have similar ancestries than randomly sampled individuals. The reason is the tendency of people with similar cultural or geographical backgrounds to preferentially mate with one another. That's why people who share a surname may be more likely to share traits and tendencies in common than people within the general population. Check out the percentages below to see the prevalences of tastes, habits, and traits of people with your surname compared with prevalences among 23andMe users.
Preferences
Previous
"Roberts" Surname 43.6%
23andMe Users 41.3%
Vanilla Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 33.1%
23andMe Users 36.7%
"Roberts" Surname 23.8%
23andMe Users 24.8%
"Roberts" Surname 34.9%
23andMe Users 33.8%
Stawberry Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 16.1%
23andMe Users 14.7%
Likes Hoppy Beer
Like beer that has a strong hop flavor and aroma.
"Roberts" Surname 19.1%
23andMe Users 20.0%
Likes Boiled Eggs
"Roberts" Surname 72.4%
23andMe Users 70.2%
Vegetarian
Abstains from consuming meat, fish, and poultry, and typically follows a plant-based diet.
"Roberts" Surname 3.2%
23andMe Users 3.6%
Abstains from consuming any animal products or by-products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and honey.
"Roberts" Surname 1.7%
23andMe Users 1.8%
"Roberts" Surname 13.4%
23andMe Users 11.5%
Chocolate Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 43.6%
23andMe Users 41.3%
Vanilla Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 33.1%
23andMe Users 36.7%
"Roberts" Surname 23.8%
23andMe Users 24.8%
"Roberts" Surname 34.9%
23andMe Users 33.8%
Stawberry Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 16.1%
23andMe Users 14.7%
Likes Hoppy Beer
Like beer that has a strong hop flavor and aroma.
"Roberts" Surname 19.1%
23andMe Users 20.0%
Likes Boiled Eggs
"Roberts" Surname 72.4%
23andMe Users 70.2%
Vegetarian
Abstains from consuming meat, fish, and poultry, and typically follows a plant-based diet.
"Roberts" Surname 3.2%
23andMe Users 3.6%
Abstains from consuming any animal products or by-products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and honey.
"Roberts" Surname 1.7%
23andMe Users 1.8%
"Roberts" Surname 13.4%
23andMe Users 11.5%
Chocolate Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 43.6%
23andMe Users 41.3%
Vanilla Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 33.1%
23andMe Users 36.7%
"Roberts" Surname 23.8%
23andMe Users 24.8%
"Roberts" Surname 34.9%
23andMe Users 33.8%
Stawberry Ice Cream
"Roberts" Surname 16.1%
23andMe Users 14.7%
Likes Hoppy Beer
Like beer that has a strong hop flavor and aroma.
"Roberts" Surname 19.1%
23andMe Users 20.0%
Likes Boiled Eggs
"Roberts" Surname 72.4%
23andMe Users 70.2%
Vegetarian
Abstains from consuming meat, fish, and poultry, and typically follows a plant-based diet.
"Roberts" Surname 3.2%
23andMe Users 3.6%
Abstains from consuming any animal products or by-products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and honey.
"Roberts" Surname 1.7%
23andMe Users 1.8%
"Roberts" Surname 13.4%
23andMe Users 11.5%
Next
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Traits
Previous
Misophonia
When sounds made by others, like the sound of chewing or yawning, provoke strong emotional reactions in an individual.
"Roberts" Surname 28.0%
23andMe Users 27.9%
Cheek Dimples
Small indentations that appear on the cheeks when a person smiles.
"Roberts" Surname 35.1%
23andMe Users 37.6%
Acrophobia
An intense fear of heights that goes beyond the concern many people feel around significant heights.
"Roberts" Surname 18.4%
23andMe Users 16.7%
"Roberts" Surname 52.5%
23andMe Users 50.5%
Hair with strands that have no visible curl or wave.
"Roberts" Surname 29.1%
23andMe Users 30.5%
Aphantasia
A condition characterized by the inability to visualize mental images or experiences in one's mind.
"Roberts" Surname 4.8%
23andMe Users 4.6%
Tight Hair Curls
A type of hair texture characterized by small, springy curls that are closely packed together.
"Roberts" Surname 2.7%
23andMe Users 2.6%
Misophonia
When sounds made by others, like the sound of chewing or yawning, provoke strong emotional reactions in an individual.
"Roberts" Surname 28.0%
23andMe Users 27.9%
Cheek Dimples
Small indentations that appear on the cheeks when a person smiles.
"Roberts" Surname 35.1%
23andMe Users 37.6%
Acrophobia
An intense fear of heights that goes beyond the concern many people feel around significant heights.
"Roberts" Surname 18.4%
23andMe Users 16.7%
"Roberts" Surname 52.5%
23andMe Users 50.5%
Hair with strands that have no visible curl or wave.
"Roberts" Surname 29.1%
23andMe Users 30.5%
Aphantasia
A condition characterized by the inability to visualize mental images or experiences in one's mind.
"Roberts" Surname 4.8%
23andMe Users 4.6%
Tight Hair Curls
A type of hair texture characterized by small, springy curls that are closely packed together.
"Roberts" Surname 2.7%
23andMe Users 2.6%
Misophonia
When sounds made by others, like the sound of chewing or yawning, provoke strong emotional reactions in an individual.
"Roberts" Surname 28.0%
23andMe Users 27.9%
Cheek Dimples
Small indentations that appear on the cheeks when a person smiles.
"Roberts" Surname 35.1%
23andMe Users 37.6%
Acrophobia
An intense fear of heights that goes beyond the concern many people feel around significant heights.
"Roberts" Surname 18.4%
23andMe Users 16.7%
"Roberts" Surname 52.5%
23andMe Users 50.5%
Hair with strands that have no visible curl or wave.
"Roberts" Surname 29.1%
23andMe Users 30.5%
Aphantasia
A condition characterized by the inability to visualize mental images or experiences in one's mind.
"Roberts" Surname 4.8%
23andMe Users 4.6%
Tight Hair Curls
A type of hair texture characterized by small, springy curls that are closely packed together.
"Roberts" Surname 2.7%
23andMe Users 2.6%
"Roberts" Surname 23.7%
23andMe Users 21.1%
"Roberts" Surname 45.7%
23andMe Users 45.5%
"Roberts" Surname 64.2%
23andMe Users 61.5%
A preference for drinking caffeinated tea in a particular week.
"Roberts" Surname 49.7%
23andMe Users 49.2%
Learn Language As Adult
Learning a new language through formal or informal means after 18 years of age.
"Roberts" Surname 23.8%
23andMe Users 25.8%
Verbal Learner
Preferring to learn and process information through words, both written and spoken.
"Roberts" Surname 22.3%
23andMe Users 22.9%
Visual Learner
Preferring to learn and process information through visual cues and images.
"Roberts" Surname 13.5%
23andMe Users 15.6%
Whistle
Ability to make a sound by forcing breath out from between lips or teeth.
"Roberts" Surname 84.6%
23andMe Users 84.0%
"Roberts" Surname 23.7%
23andMe Users 21.1%
"Roberts" Surname 45.7%
23andMe Users 45.5%
"Roberts" Surname 64.2%
23andMe Users 61.5%
A preference for drinking caffeinated tea in a particular week.
"Roberts" Surname 49.7%
23andMe Users 49.2%
Learn Language As Adult
Learning a new language through formal or informal means after 18 years of age.
"Roberts" Surname 23.8%
23andMe Users 25.8%
Verbal Learner
Preferring to learn and process information through words, both written and spoken.
"Roberts" Surname 22.3%
23andMe Users 22.9%
Visual Learner
Preferring to learn and process information through visual cues and images.
"Roberts" Surname 13.5%
23andMe Users 15.6%
Whistle
Ability to make a sound by forcing breath out from between lips or teeth.
"Roberts" Surname 84.6%
23andMe Users 84.0%
"Roberts" Surname 23.7%
23andMe Users 21.1%
"Roberts" Surname 45.7%
23andMe Users 45.5%
"Roberts" Surname 64.2%
23andMe Users 61.5%
A preference for drinking caffeinated tea in a particular week.
"Roberts" Surname 49.7%
23andMe Users 49.2%
Learn Language As Adult
Learning a new language through formal or informal means after 18 years of age.
"Roberts" Surname 23.8%
23andMe Users 25.8%
Verbal Learner
Preferring to learn and process information through words, both written and spoken.
"Roberts" Surname 22.3%
23andMe Users 22.9%
Visual Learner
Preferring to learn and process information through visual cues and images.
"Roberts" Surname 13.5%
23andMe Users 15.6%
Whistle
Ability to make a sound by forcing breath out from between lips or teeth.
"Roberts" Surname 84.6%
23andMe Users 84.0%
Next
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Wellness
Previous
Migraine
A severe headache characterized by intense pain, sensitivity to light and sound, and often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
"Roberts" Surname 18.3%
23andMe Users 16.4%
Cat Allergy
An allergic reaction to cats, characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and difficulty breathing.
"Roberts" Surname 34.4%
23andMe Users 36.7%
Dog Allergy
An allergic reaction to dogs, characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and difficulty breathing.
"Roberts" Surname 22.5%
23andMe Users 23.3%
Chicken Pox
A highly contagious viral infection characterized by the development of itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin.
"Roberts" Surname 92.8%
23andMe Users 91.1%
Chronic Back Pain
Persistent and long-lasting discomfort or soreness in the back, typically lasting for more than three months.
"Roberts" Surname 24.1%
23andMe Users 15.0%
Food Allergy
An immune system response to a specific food or ingredient that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.
"Roberts" Surname 26.8%
23andMe Users 14.3%
Migraine
A severe headache characterized by intense pain, sensitivity to light and sound, and often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
"Roberts" Surname 18.3%
23andMe Users 16.4%
Cat Allergy
An allergic reaction to cats, characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and difficulty breathing.
"Roberts" Surname 34.4%
23andMe Users 36.7%
Dog Allergy
An allergic reaction to dogs, characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and difficulty breathing.
"Roberts" Surname 22.5%
23andMe Users 23.3%
Chicken Pox
A highly contagious viral infection characterized by the development of itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin.
"Roberts" Surname 92.8%
23andMe Users 91.1%
Chronic Back Pain
Persistent and long-lasting discomfort or soreness in the back, typically lasting for more than three months.
"Roberts" Surname 24.1%
23andMe Users 15.0%
Food Allergy
An immune system response to a specific food or ingredient that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.
"Roberts" Surname 26.8%
23andMe Users 14.3%
Migraine
A severe headache characterized by intense pain, sensitivity to light and sound, and often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
"Roberts" Surname 18.3%
23andMe Users 16.4%
Cat Allergy
An allergic reaction to cats, characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and difficulty breathing.
"Roberts" Surname 34.4%
23andMe Users 36.7%
Dog Allergy
An allergic reaction to dogs, characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and difficulty breathing.
"Roberts" Surname 22.5%
23andMe Users 23.3%
Chicken Pox
A highly contagious viral infection characterized by the development of itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin.
"Roberts" Surname 92.8%
23andMe Users 91.1%
Chronic Back Pain
Persistent and long-lasting discomfort or soreness in the back, typically lasting for more than three months.
"Roberts" Surname 24.1%
23andMe Users 15.0%
Food Allergy
An immune system response to a specific food or ingredient that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.
"Roberts" Surname 26.8%
23andMe Users 14.3%
Are health conditions linked to the last name Roberts?
The short answer is that, if there is an association between surname and health, it's usually more about your ancestry than your name. Individuals with a given surname are no more genetically similar than the general population but often have similar ancestries. The populations of people associated with those shared ancestries often have sets of genetic variations, also known as alleles, in common. Some of those alleles are associated with a greater likelihood of developing certain diseases.
Disease variant frequency by ancestry
Disease allele frequencies in populations associated with the surname Roberts are shown below. Important Note: not everyone with a disease allele will develop these health condition
Previous
Y402H variant
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss among older adults. The disease results in damage to the central part of the retina (the macula), impairing vision needed for reading, driving, or even recognizing faces. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants associated with an increased risk of developing the condition: the Y402H variant in the CFH gene and the A69S variant in the ARMS2 gene. Learn more about Age-Related Macular Degeneration
British & Irish 62.1%
23andMe Users 57.2%
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
H63D variant
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic condition characterized by absorption of too much dietary iron. This may lead to iron overload, which can cause damage to the joints and certain organs, such as the liver, skin, heart, and pancreas. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this condition. Learn more about Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
British & Irish 28.3%
23andMe Users 25.0%
Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
ε4 variant
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and personality changes. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of Alzheimer's disease, developing after age 65. Many factors, including genetics, can influence a person's chances of developing the condition. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the most common genetic variant associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease: the ε4 variant in the APOE gene. Learn more about Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
British & Irish 28.2%
23andMe Users 25.5%
Celiac Disease
HLA-DQ2.5 variant
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which the consumption of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and rye) can result in damage to the small intestine. Celiac disease can lead to both digestive and non-digestive problems. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes two common variants associated with an increased risk of developing this condition. Learn more about Celiac Disease
British & Irish 27.7%
23andMe Users 21.4%
Celiac Disease
HLA-DQ8 variant
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which the consumption of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and rye) can result in damage to the small intestine. Celiac disease can lead to both digestive and non-digestive problems. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes two common variants associated with an increased risk of developing this condition. Learn more about Celiac Disease
British & Irish 18.9%
23andMe Users 20.0%
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
C282Y variant
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic condition characterized by absorption of too much dietary iron. This may lead to iron overload, which can cause damage to the joints and certain organs, such as the liver, skin, heart, and pancreas. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this condition. Learn more about Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
British & Irish 17.6%
23andMe Users 9.8%
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
PI*S variant
AAT deficiency is a genetic condition that can lead to lung and liver disease. It is caused by decreased levels of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this deficiency: the PI*S and PI*Z variants in the SERPINA1 gene. Learn more about Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
British & Irish 9.5%
23andMe Users 7.3%
Factor V Leiden variant
Hereditary thrombophilia is a predisposition to developing harmful blood clots. These harmful blood clots most commonly form in the legs and can travel to the lungs. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to hereditary thrombophilia. Learn more about Hereditary Thrombophilia
British & Irish 4.2%
23andMe Users 4.5%
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
PI*Z variant
AAT deficiency is a genetic condition that can lead to lung and liver disease. It is caused by decreased levels of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this deficiency: the PI*S and PI*Z variants in the SERPINA1 gene. Learn more about Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
British & Irish 4.0%
23andMe Users 2.9%
Cystic Fibrosis
DeltaF508 variant
Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired lung and digestive function. A person must have two variants in the CFTR gene in order to have this condition. Learn more about Cystic Fibrosis
British & Irish 3.5%
23andMe Users 2.3%
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Y402H variant
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss among older adults. The disease results in damage to the central part of the retina (the macula), impairing vision needed for reading, driving, or even recognizing faces. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants associated with an increased risk of developing the condition: the Y402H variant in the CFH gene and the A69S variant in the ARMS2 gene. Learn more about Age-Related Macular Degeneration
British & Irish 62.1%
23andMe Users 57.2%
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
H63D variant
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic condition characterized by absorption of too much dietary iron. This may lead to iron overload, which can cause damage to the joints and certain organs, such as the liver, skin, heart, and pancreas. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this condition. Learn more about Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
British & Irish 28.3%
23andMe Users 25.0%
Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
ε4 variant
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and personality changes. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of Alzheimer's disease, developing after age 65. Many factors, including genetics, can influence a person's chances of developing the condition. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the most common genetic variant associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease: the ε4 variant in the APOE gene. Learn more about Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
British & Irish 28.2%
23andMe Users 25.5%
Celiac Disease
HLA-DQ2.5 variant
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which the consumption of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and rye) can result in damage to the small intestine. Celiac disease can lead to both digestive and non-digestive problems. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes two common variants associated with an increased risk of developing this condition. Learn more about Celiac Disease
British & Irish 27.7%
23andMe Users 21.4%
Celiac Disease
HLA-DQ8 variant
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which the consumption of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and rye) can result in damage to the small intestine. Celiac disease can lead to both digestive and non-digestive problems. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes two common variants associated with an increased risk of developing this condition. Learn more about Celiac Disease
British & Irish 18.9%
23andMe Users 20.0%
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
C282Y variant
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic condition characterized by absorption of too much dietary iron. This may lead to iron overload, which can cause damage to the joints and certain organs, such as the liver, skin, heart, and pancreas. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this condition. Learn more about Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
British & Irish 17.6%
23andMe Users 9.8%
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
PI*S variant
AAT deficiency is a genetic condition that can lead to lung and liver disease. It is caused by decreased levels of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this deficiency: the PI*S and PI*Z variants in the SERPINA1 gene. Learn more about Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
British & Irish 9.5%
23andMe Users 7.3%
Factor V Leiden variant
Hereditary thrombophilia is a predisposition to developing harmful blood clots. These harmful blood clots most commonly form in the legs and can travel to the lungs. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to hereditary thrombophilia. Learn more about Hereditary Thrombophilia
British & Irish 4.2%
23andMe Users 4.5%
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
PI*Z variant
AAT deficiency is a genetic condition that can lead to lung and liver disease. It is caused by decreased levels of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this deficiency: the PI*S and PI*Z variants in the SERPINA1 gene. Learn more about Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
British & Irish 4.0%
23andMe Users 2.9%
Cystic Fibrosis
DeltaF508 variant
Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired lung and digestive function. A person must have two variants in the CFTR gene in order to have this condition. Learn more about Cystic Fibrosis
British & Irish 3.5%
23andMe Users 2.3%
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Y402H variant
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss among older adults. The disease results in damage to the central part of the retina (the macula), impairing vision needed for reading, driving, or even recognizing faces. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants associated with an increased risk of developing the condition: the Y402H variant in the CFH gene and the A69S variant in the ARMS2 gene. Learn more about Age-Related Macular Degeneration
British & Irish 62.1%
23andMe Users 57.2%
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
H63D variant
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic condition characterized by absorption of too much dietary iron. This may lead to iron overload, which can cause damage to the joints and certain organs, such as the liver, skin, heart, and pancreas. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this condition. Learn more about Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
British & Irish 28.3%
23andMe Users 25.0%
Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
ε4 variant
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and personality changes. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of Alzheimer's disease, developing after age 65. Many factors, including genetics, can influence a person's chances of developing the condition. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the most common genetic variant associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease: the ε4 variant in the APOE gene. Learn more about Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
British & Irish 28.2%
23andMe Users 25.5%
Celiac Disease
HLA-DQ2.5 variant
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which the consumption of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and rye) can result in damage to the small intestine. Celiac disease can lead to both digestive and non-digestive problems. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes two common variants associated with an increased risk of developing this condition. Learn more about Celiac Disease
British & Irish 27.7%
23andMe Users 21.4%
Celiac Disease
HLA-DQ8 variant
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which the consumption of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and rye) can result in damage to the small intestine. Celiac disease can lead to both digestive and non-digestive problems. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes two common variants associated with an increased risk of developing this condition. Learn more about Celiac Disease
British & Irish 18.9%
23andMe Users 20.0%
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
C282Y variant
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic condition characterized by absorption of too much dietary iron. This may lead to iron overload, which can cause damage to the joints and certain organs, such as the liver, skin, heart, and pancreas. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this condition. Learn more about Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-Related)
British & Irish 17.6%
23andMe Users 9.8%
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
PI*S variant
AAT deficiency is a genetic condition that can lead to lung and liver disease. It is caused by decreased levels of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this deficiency: the PI*S and PI*Z variants in the SERPINA1 gene. Learn more about Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
British & Irish 9.5%
23andMe Users 7.3%
Factor V Leiden variant
Hereditary thrombophilia is a predisposition to developing harmful blood clots. These harmful blood clots most commonly form in the legs and can travel to the lungs. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to hereditary thrombophilia. Learn more about Hereditary Thrombophilia
British & Irish 4.2%
23andMe Users 4.5%
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
PI*Z variant
AAT deficiency is a genetic condition that can lead to lung and liver disease. It is caused by decreased levels of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The 23andMe Health + Ancestry DNA test includes the two most common variants linked to this deficiency: the PI*S and PI*Z variants in the SERPINA1 gene. Learn more about Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
British & Irish 4.0%
23andMe Users 2.9%
Cystic Fibrosis
DeltaF508 variant
Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired lung and digestive function. A person must have two variants in the CFTR gene in order to have this condition. Learn more about Cystic Fibrosis
British & Irish 3.5%
23andMe Users 2.3%
Sign up
| 253 |
28 | where does the last name roberts come from | https://www.england101.com/tribe/roberts | Days
Hours
Minutes
Seconds
89 Roberts Members Joined
Join the 16 member Roberts family leadership team
Thank you, we will inform you when there are new events
Don't forget to share within your family whatsapp groups
INTRODUCTION
A name which has many spelling variations, including Robert and Robart, Roberts has pre-7th century Germanic origins. It derives from the same root as the names Rupert, Rubke and Ruppertz of Germany, and Rops and Rubbens of Flanders.
Its roots lie in the male given name 'Hrodbeorht', made up of 'hrod', meaning renown, and 'beorht', bright or famous. This type of personal name,was very popular throughout Europe for many centuries, and remains so today. It was 'adopted' by the Norsemen as they swept through Northern Europe on their march of conquest which took them to Normandy in the 10th century.
SURNAME
Roberts (variants – Robers, Robberds, Robarts, Robberts, Robards, Roberds) is an English, Welsh and Scottish patronymic surname which developed originally from the personal name Robert.
This surname is widespread in the UK and is frequently found in Wales and West Central England.
In England, the surname became common during the time of Edward the Confessor. Only a short twenty years after the Norman Conquest and the Battle of Hastings in 1066, it was first found in Kent in 1086, where a Willelmus filius Roberti was listed in the Domesday Book.
The Domesday Book also includes a reference to a Sheriff of Worcestershire, Robert the Bursar, who held a castle at Tamworth, Staffordshire and had holdings in Gloucester, Leicester, Lincoln and Warwick. The same source states that a Robert (son of Fafiton) had holdings in Bedford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Middlesex.
A Scottish connection comes via the 'Roberts of Glassenbury’ family, extinct baronets from Kent who, according to a genealogy in Harl. MSS., were descended from a Scotchman, William Rookherst who settled in Kent in the third year of Henry I. He purchased lands at Goudhurst, which he called after his own name. He later changed the name to Roobertes and then Roberts. Although the term herst is scarcely known in Scotland, it makes many appearances in Kent where the surname was first found.
In Wales the Roberts surname is patronymic in origin and would originally have referred back to a male ancestor who had the given name Robert. This personal name would have developed into a settled, hereditary surname between the 16th and 19th centuries, depending on where in Wales the family lived (families in certain parts of the country adopted fixed surnames later than others).
A Cornish example of the surname comes in the form of a convict, a William John Roberts (b. 1756), who, aged 31, was on 14 August 1786 found guilty in Bodmin, Cornwall of stealing yarn valued at 9 shillings. He was transported to New South Wales, Australia aboard the ship 'Scarborough' on 13 May 1787.
In 1891, the frequency of the surname throughout the whole of England and Wales was 112,694, with fewer occurrences in Scotland at 1,377. In 1881, in Kent there were 1,963 occurrences of the surname. At this time, the top jobs for individuals named Roberts in the UK included farmer (8% reported), labourer and coal miner, while there were fewer agricultural labourers .
The occupational term ‘Bobbies’ was derived from a personal name – Sir Robert Peel, who founded the London's Metropolitan police force in 1829. Constables were first called the ‘Peelers’ until Sir Robert became Chief Secretary in Ireland, when the term 'Bobbies' was adopted and which is still sometimes used today.
SOURCES:
Dictionary of American Family Homes, P Hanks OUP 2003
Homes of Family Names in Great Britain, H.B. Guppy, London 1890
The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland, P.Hanks, Coats, McClure OUP 2016
1860 Lower, Mark A Patronymica Britannica: a dictionary of the family names of the United Kingdom, London: J.R Smith. Public Domain
1857 Arthur, William An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names. New York: Sheldon, Blakeman. Public Domain
X
2) Choose time
3) Add agenda
Invite Roberts Members
❤💛💚💙💜💔❣💕💞💓💗💖💘💝💟☮✝☪🕉☸✡🔯🕎☯☦🛐⛎♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒♓🆔⚛🈳🈹☢☣📴📳🈶🈚🈸🈺🈷✴🆚🉑💮🉐㊙㊗🈴🈵🈲🅰🅱🆎🆑🅾🆘⛔📛🚫❌⭕💢♨🚷🚯🚳🚱🔞📵❗❕❓❔‼⁉💯🔅🔆🔱⚜〽⚠🚸🔰♻🈯💹❇✳❎✅💠🌀➿🌐Ⓜ🏧🈂🛂🛃🛄🛅♿🚭🚾🅿🚰🚹🚺🚼🚻🚮🎦📶🈁🆖🆗🆙🆒🆕🆓0⃣1⃣2⃣3⃣4⃣5⃣6⃣7⃣8⃣9⃣🔟🔢▶⏸⏯⏹⏺⏭⏮⏩⏪🔀🔁🔂◀🔼🔽⏫⏬➡⬅⬆⬇↗↘↙↖↕↔🔄↪↩⤴⤵#⃣*⃣ℹ🔤🔡🔠🔣🎵🎶〰➰✔🔃➕➖➗✖💲💱🔚🔙🔛🔝🔜☑🔘⚪⚫🔴🔵🔸🔹🔶🔷🔺▪▫⬛⬜🔻◼◻◾◽🔲🔳🔈🔉🔊🔇📣📢🔔🔕🃏🀄♠♣♥♦🎴🗨💭🗯💬🕐🕑🕒🕓🕔🕕🕖🕗🕘🕙🕚🕛🕜🕝🕞🕟🕠🕡🕢🕣🕤🕥🕦🕧
Add to Your Post
Post
Select Audience
Who can see your post?
Your post will show up in News Feed, on your profile and in search results.
Public
Friends
Only me
Tag People
Event Photo
Event Name
Patricia A Evans
My ancestor Archie Roberts emigrated with other Welsh settlers in 1749 to Virginia; he had at least three sons, Nathan, Issac, and Daniel. I would do appreciate seeing how to find out more about his story.
I am researching my husband's Roberts family. His great-great-grandfather, John Roberts (1840-1896) lived in Newfoundland. I am looking for any connection (parents/wife/children/siblings/birth certificate/immigration record). Thanks.
Scott Roberts
My Roberts family hails from Ferns county Wexford Ireland. The first born son for generation after generation was named William. (I and my father are exceptions). The names Richard and John also dominate
I AM NOW 81 YEARS OLD BUT ALL MY LIFE I AM TOLD OF LT HENRY ROBERTS WHO SAIL WITH CAPT COOK HE IS MY 5TIMES GRANDFATHER ALSO I AM TOLD JOHN ROBERTS OF THE S.COURT IS ALSO FAMILY TIES TO ME
Lady Jane Roberts born approx 1797 father John Roberts
Married Andrew Guthrie in 1823 in Quebec, Canada
Died in 1840 Quebec
Jeff Roberts
Seeking info on Peter Roberts in Necton, Norfolk, England circa 1700’s
Seeking departure dates and information of Roberts family immigration to Virginia colony--or any American colony if not Virginia specifically. Earliest known family member Joseph Roberts (1733-1788) in Virginia, possibly Spotsylvania area. Would like to know what part of Ireland this family originated.
I am trying to find answers to my ancestors. My 4th grandfather was Bird jr Roberts 1778 -1888 South Carolina his father was William Roberts whose father Bird sr,
James Lazos
According to our DNA tests (they change every few months with more info) Roberts is from Donegal, Ireland, and towns on the border of N. Ire. and Ireland. But it also shows Scottish. Pretty cool, this whole time I thought I was predominately Greek, but I'm a mutt from my mother's side and apparently we are not half greek, we have a lot of Balkan and E. European in us on my dad's (greek) side, my mother's side is the Roberts side, and anyway, it's interesting all the stuff on here but I think we can all agree on one thing, the name is broadly the UK. You cant nail it down to one town, that's just moronic, that's like trying to nail SMITH down to one location.
George William Thomas Rob
Im trying to find out weather my family originated in Wales or Ireland
Looking for info about Lorenzo W Roberts. Born 1800 New York.
Rachael Bliss
Interested in finding Robertses who immigrated from Wales to County Longford in Ireland, thosestill there or ones who settled in USA.
Roberts (Roberson)
Although it is more probable that Robert's in Ireland are actually from Scotland, and arrived during the Plantation of Ulster. According to my DNA Scotland is were my paternal side came from. We are basically Robertson's.
Roberts (Roberson)
Being born Welsh and having Welsh blood on my maternal side, this is not correct for all Roberts families. Fixed surnames in Wales is a late development for the majority. The patronymic system meant that the son often took the first name of the father as last name of the son. So it was only from when Henry VIII decreed that fixed names should be used in Wales did fixed names started to became the norm. This took quite some time. Thus not all Roberts's even in Wales are related. Roberts is not only a Welsh name, but English Sottish and Irish. In England it's first recorded in the Doomsday book recorded in Latin as Filius Roberti (son of Robert) Of Oxford. Roberts's in Ireland were descended from Clan Colla. (O'Heart). In Sc
Anthony Barrett
(Part 1 of 3) The Roberts name has a long history in Wales, but now DNA and some recorded history says their origin is from the Emerald Island. The Roberts story [dominated by DNA tribal marker R1b-L513, Subgroup B2] can trace their origins to the Finn Valley in Donegal, Ireland from 50 BCE. Perhaps the journey begins with the Clanna Dedad; Deda, son of Sen or Deda Mac Sin. The Roberts surname origin is from Clan Domnaill [DNA Tribe R1b-L513, Subgroup B1] and relations who remain in Ireland take the modern surname (O’)Donnelly, McDonald and Donohue in Ireland.
Anthony Barrett
(Part 2 of 3) According to research, the Domnaill name is also found in Brittany, France. It is a very old name which appears in the 5th century Roman inscriptions as Dumnovellaunos in Brittany meaning “Deep Valour” equivalent to Irish Domhnaill. But how could this be? Recent discoveries from DNA testing are unlocking the migration patterns of Celtic tribes as late as 800 CE to 1200 CE. The Roberts story begins in pre-history Ireland then moves to Wales where the family can be traced back to their Welsh tribe Cydifor Fawr. Many of his kin will then move to Brittany, France during the Dark Ages.
Anthony Barrett
(Part 3 of 3) Discover their newly found untold story and how forgotten texts bring their story back to life. From the ebook, “The Tribe Within” learn how DNA unfolds this amazing tale and if you look in the right places, how history narrates this evidence. There is another written account of their story, but it is camouflaged in smoke and myth – it will become the tales of King Arthur. Come follow in the footsteps of Deda Mac Sin and visit https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/401207
Invite more Roberts family members!
Write an email address and click 'Invite' to share this page with more members of the Roberts tribe.
Family Coat of Arms Generator
Why not see what your family crest could look like based on your own family characteristics?
Discover where the Roberts Family members live around the world
Explore where tribe members live today!
Mondays
Wear your crest with pride...plenty of products to choose from
Company number: 482158
By using our site we assume you are ok with our cookie policy
Ok
| 254 |
29 | where has gold been found in the united states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush | Gold rush
44 languages
Gold discovery triggering an onrush of miners seeking fortune
The fastest clipper ships cut the travel time from New York to San Francisco from seven months to four months in the 1849 California Gold Rush . [1]
A gold rush or gold fever is a discovery of gold —sometimes accompanied by other precious metals and rare-earth minerals —that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia , Greece , New Zealand , Brazil , Chile , South Africa , the United States , and Canada while smaller gold rushes took place elsewhere.
In the 19th century, the wealth that resulted was distributed widely because of reduced migration costs and low barriers to entry. While gold mining itself proved unprofitable for most diggers and mine owners, some people made large fortunes, and merchants and transportation facilities made large profits. The resulting increase in the world's gold supply stimulated global trade and investment. Historians have written extensively about the mass migration, trade, colonization, and environmental history associated with gold rushes. [2]
Gold rushes were typically marked by a general buoyant feeling of a "free-for-all" in income mobility , in which any single individual might become abundantly wealthy almost instantly, as expressed in the California Dream .
Gold rushes helped spur waves of immigration that often led to the permanent settlement of new regions. Activities propelled by gold rushes define significant aspects of the culture of the Australian and North American frontiers . At a time when the world's money supply was based on gold , the newly-mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the goldfields, feeding into local and wider economic booms .
The Gold Rush was a topic that inspired many TV shows and books considering it was a very important topic at the time. During various gold rushes, many books were published including The Call of the Wild , which had much success during the period.
Gold rushes occurred as early as the times of ancient Greece , whose gold mining was described by Diodarus Sicules and Pliny the Elder .
Surviving the gold rush
Swedish gold panners by the Blackfoot River , Montana in the 1860s
Gold prospecting at the Ivalo River in 1898
Jets of water at a placer mine in Dutch Flat, California sometime between 1857 and 1870
Within each mining rush there is typically a transition through progressively higher capital expenditures, larger organizations, and more specialized knowledge.
A rush typically begins with the discovery of placer gold made by an individual. At first the gold may be washed from the sand and gravel by individual miners with little training, using a gold pan or similar simple instrument. Once it is clear that the volume of gold-bearing sediment is larger than a few cubic metres, the placer miners will build rockers or sluice boxes, with which a small group can wash gold from the sediment many times faster than using gold pans. Winning the gold in this manner requires almost no capital investment, only a simple pan or equipment that may be built on the spot, and only simple organisation. The low investment, the high value per unit weight of gold, and the ability of gold dust and gold nuggets to serve as a medium of exchange, allow placer gold rushes to occur even in remote locations.
After the sluice-box stage, placer mining may become increasingly large scale, requiring larger organisations and higher capital expenditures. Small claims owned and mined by individuals may need to be merged into larger tracts. Difficult-to-reach placer deposits may be mined by tunnels. Water may be diverted by dams and canals to placer mine active river beds or to deliver water needed to wash dry placers. The more advanced techniques of ground sluicing , hydraulic mining and dredging may be used.
Typically the heyday of a placer gold rush would last only a few years. The free gold supply in stream beds would become depleted somewhat quickly, and the initial phase would be followed by prospecting for veins of lode gold that were the original source of the placer gold. Hard rock mining, like placer mining, may evolve from low capital investment and simple technology to progressively higher capital and technology. The surface outcrop of a gold-bearing vein may be oxidized, so that the gold occurs as native gold, and the ore needs only to be crushed and washed (free milling ore). The first miners may at first build a simple arrastra to crush their ore; later, they may build stamp mills to crush ore at greater speed. As the miners venture downwards, they may find that the deeper part of vein contains gold locked in sulfide or telluride minerals , which will require smelting . If the ore is still sufficiently rich, it may be worth shipping to a distant smelter (direct shipping ore). Lower-grade ore may require on-site treatment to either recover the gold or to produce a concentrate sufficiently rich for transport to the smelter. As the district turns to lower-grade ore, the mining may change from underground mining to large open-pit mining .
Many silver rushes followed upon gold rushes. As transportation and infrastructure improve, the focus may change progressively from gold to silver to base metals. In this way, Leadville, Colorado started as a placer gold discovery, achieved fame as a silver-mining district, then relied on lead and zinc in its later days. Butte, Montana began mining placer gold, then became a silver-mining district, then became for a time the world's largest copper producer.
By region
Ballarat 's tent city in the summer of 1853–54, oil painting from an original sketch by Eugene von Guerard
Various gold rushes occurred in Australia over the second half of the 19th century. The most significant of these, although not the only ones, were the New South Wales gold rush and Victorian gold rush in 1851, [3] and the Western Australian gold rushes of the 1890s. They were highly significant to their respective colonies' political and economic development as they brought many immigrants, and promoted massive government spending on infrastructure to support the new arrivals who came looking for gold. While some found their fortune, those who did not often remained in the colonies and took advantage of extremely liberal land laws to take up farming.
A chart showing the great nuggets of Victoria at Museums Victoria
Gold rushes happened at or around:
North America
The first significant gold rush in the United States was in Cabarrus County, North Carolina (east of Charlotte), in 1799 at today's Reed's Gold Mine . [4] Thirty years later, in 1829, the Georgia Gold Rush in the southern Appalachians occurred. It was followed by the California Gold Rush of 1848–55 in the Sierra Nevada , which captured the popular imagination. The California Gold Rush led to an influx of gold miners and newfound gold wealth, which led to California's rapid industrialization, as businesses sprung up to serve the increased population and financial and political institutions to handle the increased wealth. [5] One of these political institutions was statehood; the need for new laws in a sparsely-governed land led to the state's rapid entry into the Union in 1850. [6]
The gold rush in 1849 also stimulated worldwide interest in prospecting for gold, leading to further rushes in Australia, South Africa, Wales and Scotland. Successive gold rushes occurred in western North America: Fraser Canyon , the Cariboo district and other parts of British Columbia, in Nevada , in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , eastern Oregon , and western New Mexico Territory and along the lower Colorado River . There was a gold rush in Nova Scotia (1861–1876) which produced nearly 210,000 ounces of gold. [7] Resurrection Creek , near Hope, Alaska was the site of Alaska's first gold rush in the mid–1890s. [8] Other notable Alaska Gold Rushes were Nome , Fairbanks , and the Fortymile River .
Miners and prospectors ascend the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush.
One of the last "great gold rushes" was the Klondike Gold Rush in the Yukon Territory (1896–99). This gold rush is featured in the novels of Jack London , and Charlie Chaplin 's film The Gold Rush . Robert William Service depicted in his poetries the Gold Rush, especially in the book The Trail of '98 . [9] The main goldfield was along the south flank of the Klondike River near its confluence with the Yukon River near what was to become Dawson City in Yukon Territory, but it also helped open up the relatively new US possession of Alaska to exploration and settlement, and promoted the discovery of other gold finds.
The most successful of the North American gold rushes was the Porcupine Gold Rush in Timmins, Ontario area. This gold rush was unique compared to others by the method of extraction of the gold. Placer mining techniques were not able to be used to access the gold in the area due to it being embedded into the Canadian Shield , so larger mining operations involving significantly more expensive equipment was required. While this gold rush peaked in the 1940s and 1950s, it is still active today with over 200 million [10] ounces of gold having been produced from the region. The gold deposits in this area are identified as one of the largest in the world. [11]
In South Africa, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in the Transvaal was important to that country's history, leading to the founding of Johannesburg and tensions between the Boers and British settlers as well as the Chinese miners. [12]
South African gold production went from zero in 1886 to 23% of the total world output in 1896. At the time of the South African rush, gold production benefited from the newly discovered techniques by Scottish chemists, the MacArthur-Forrest process , of using potassium cyanide to extract gold from low-grade ore. [13]
South America
The gold mine at El Callao (Venezuela), started in 1871, was for a time one of the richest in the world, and the goldfields as a whole saw over a million ounces exported between 1860 and 1883. The gold mining was dominated by immigrants from the British Isles and the British West Indies, giving an appearance of almost creating an English colony on Venezuelan territory.
Between 1883 and 1906 Tierra del Fuego experienced a gold rush attracting many Chileans, Argentines and Europeans to the archipelago. The gold rush began in 1884 following discovery of gold during the rescue of the French steamship Arctique near Cape Virgenes . [14]
Mining industry today
There are about 10 to 30 million small-scale miners around the world, according to Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM). Approximately 100 million people are directly or indirectly dependent on small-scale mining. For example, there are 800,000 to 1.5 million artisanal miners in Democratic Republic of Congo , 350,000 to 650,000 in Sierra Leone , and 150,000 to 250,000 in Ghana , with millions more across Africa. [15]
In an exclusive report, Reuters accounted the smuggling of billions of dollars' worth of gold out of Africa through the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East , which further acts as a gateway to the markets in the United States , Europe and more. The news agency evaluated the worth and magnitude of illegal gold trade occurring in African nations like Ghana , Tanzania , and Zambia , by comparing the total gold imports recorded into the UAE with the exports affirmed by the African states. According to Africa's industrial mining firms, they have not exported any amount of gold to the UAE – confirming that the imports come from other, illegal sources. As per customs data, the UAE imported gold worth $15.1 billion from Africa in 2016, with a total weight of 446 tons, in variable degrees of purity. Much of the exports were not recorded in the African states, which means a huge volume of gold imports were carried out with no taxes paid to the states producing it. [16]
By date
Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush, British Columbia (1860s)[ clarification needed ]
Eastern Oregon Gold Rush (1860s–70s)[ clarification needed ]
Kumara Gold Rush, Kumara and Dillmanstown, New Zealand (1876) [21]
Barberton Gold Rush, South Africa (1883)
Witwatersrand Gold Rush , Transvaal , South Africa (1886); discovery of the largest deposit of gold in the world. The resulting influx of miners became one of the triggers of the Second Boer War of 1899-1902.
Amur gold rush, on the China-Russia border. Some miners in the region formed independent proto-states such as the Zheltuga Republic .
20th century
Porcupine Gold Rush , 1909–11, Timmins, Ontario , Canada – little known, but one of the largest in terms of gold mined, 67 million ounces as of 2001
Iditarod Gold Rush , Flat, Alaska , 1910–12, where gold was discovered by John Beaton and William A. Dikeman in 1908
Soviet gold rush - notably involving Gulag slave labor in the Kolyma region [23]
Apuí Gold Rush, Apuí , Amazonas , Brazil (2006); [30] approximately 500,000 miners are thought to work in the Amazon's gold mines ( Brazilian Portuguese : garimpos). [31]
Ralph K. Andrist (2015). The Gold Rush . New Word City. p. 29. ISBN
Reeves, Keir; Frost, Lionel; Fahey, Charles (22 June 2010). "Integrating the Historiography of the Nineteenth-Century Gold Rushes". Australian Economic History Review. 50 (2): 111–128. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00296.x .
Wendy Lewis , Simon Balderstone and John Bowan (2006). Events That Shaped Australia. New Holland. ISBN
.
Halloran, Jim (September 2010). "Alaska's Hope-Sunrise Mining District" . Prospecting and Mining Journal. 80 (1). Retrieved 28 November 2016.
Turner, Bob; Quat, Marianne; Debicki, Ruth; Thurston, Phil (2015), "Timmins: Canada's greatest goldfields!" (PDF), Natural Resources Canada and Ontario Geological Survey 2015, GeoTours Northern Ontario series
^ Martinic Beros, Mateo. Crónica de las Tierras del Canal Beagle. 1973. Editorial Francisco de Aguirre S.A. pp. 55–65
Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Bainbridge, James; Firestone, Matthew D. (January 27, 2010). Southern Africa . Lonely Planet. ISBN
. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
The early 1930s were marked by the decision of the Communist Party Politburo to reinstate the institution of prospectors who had been banned as antisocialist elements in the second half of the 1920s. Littlepage described in his book (1938) that by 1933 all plans to put prospectors back to work in the field had been worked out and implemented as rapidly as possible. Regulations to govern relations between prospectors and Gold Thrust were drawn up, setting in motion a Soviet gold rush.
Alissa Descotes-Toyosaki (2 April 2018). "Niger: the gold rush" . Paris Match. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
White, Franklin. Miner with a Heart of Gold – Biography of a Mineral Science and Engineering Educator. FriesenPress. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook).
External links
| 255 |
29 | where has gold been found in the united states | https://westernmininghistory.com/mines/ | Mines in the Western United States
Distribution of mines in the West. Yellow dots are mines with gold listed as a primary commodity. Black dots are mines without gold as a primary commodity, but may have gold listed as a secondary or tertiary commodity
A dynamic version of this map can be viewed on our Mining Towns map.
About the MRDS Mines Database:
All mine locations were obtained from the USGS Mineral Resources Data System. The locations and other information in this database have not been verified for accuracy. It should be assumed that all mines are on private property.
Mines By State
Over 110,000 mines from the USGS MRDS database have been categorized by state.
Alaska Mines
Of the approximately 12,000 mines recorded in Alaska by the USGS, over 7,000 are listed as gold producers.
Historically Alaska was the fourth largest producer of gold among US states, behind California, Colorado, and South Dakota. It is likely that Alaska has moved up that list due to output from modern mining operations.
Over 1,000 mines are identified as silver producers. Today gold, silver, and base metal mining continue to be active industries in Alaska.
Arizona Mines
Arizona ranked eighth among US states for historical gold production (statistic compiled 1968).
Arizona is the West's leading producer of copper and much of the states gold production is as a byproduct of copper mining. Copper mining remains an important industry in Arizona today.
California Mines
The USGS has record of over 31,000 mines in California. Over 22,000 mines are identified as gold producers with the vast majority of those mines being gold only operations.
California was the largest historic gold producing state by a wide margin with over 106 million ounces mined compared to second-place Colorado's 40 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968).
Colorado Mines
Colorado was the second largest historical gold producing state behind California (statistic compiled 1968).
Idaho Mines
Of around 6,700 mines recorded in Idaho by the USGS, over 3,000 are listed as gold producers.
Idaho ranked ninth for historical gold production with over 8 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968). The Silver Valley region of northern Idaho is the world's second largest silver producer.
Montana Mines
Of around 7,700 mines recorded in Montana by the USGS, over 3,500 are listed as gold producers.
Montana ranked seventh for historical gold production with around 18 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968). Butte, Montana was one of the world's largest historical copper producers.
Nevada Mines
Of over 12,000 mines recorded in Nevada by the USGS, over 5,500 are listed as gold producers. Over 3,300 mines are listed as silver producers.
Nevada ranked fifth for historical gold production with around 27 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968), however it is likely that number is much higher today as gold mining is still a major industry in the state.
New Mexico Mines
Of approximately 3,800 mines recorded in New Mexico by the USGS, around 1,000 are listed as gold producers.
New Mexico ranked twelfth for historical gold production with over 2 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968).
Oregon Mines
Of approximately 7,700 mines recorded in Oregon by the USGS, around 4,500 are listed as gold producers.
Oregon ranked tenth for historical gold production with almost 6 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968).
South Dakota Mines
Of approximately 1,000 mines recorded in South Dakota by the USGS, around half are listed as gold producers.
South Dakota ranked third for historical gold production with over 30 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968). The Lead district of South Dakota was the single largest historical gold producing district in the United States.
Utah Mines
Of around 6,000 mines recorded in Utah by the USGS, only about 800 were gold producers.
Utah ranked fifth for historical gold production with around 18 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968). Much of Utah's gold production was as a byproduct of copper mining at Bingham, one of the world's largest copper mines.
Washington Mines
Washington ranked eleventh for historical gold production with around 3.5 million ounces (statistic compiled 1968).
Wyoming Mines
The Top Ten Gold Producing States
These ten states contributed the most to the gold production that built the West from 1848 through the 1930s. Read more at The Top Ten Gold Producing States .
Join Our List
Thank you!
You will receive an email to confirm your address. Please click the link in that email to complete your subscription.
WMH Memberships
Search Western Mining History
| 256 |
29 | where has gold been found in the united states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_the_United_States | Gold mining in the United States
US annual gold production (1840–2012)
In the United States, gold mining has taken place continually since the discovery of gold at the Reed farm in North Carolina in 1799. The first documented occurrence of gold was in Virginia in 1782. [1] Some minor gold production took place in North Carolina as early as 1793, but created no excitement. The discovery on the Reed farm in 1799 which was identified as gold in 1802 and subsequently mined marked the first commercial production. [2]
The large scale production of gold started with the California Gold Rush in 1848.
The closure of gold mines during World War II by the War Production Board Limitation Order No. 208 in autumn 1942 was a major impact on the production until the end of the war. [3]
US gold production greatly increased during the 1980s, due to high gold prices and the use of heap leaching to recover gold from disseminated low-grade deposits in Nevada and other states.
In 2019 the United States produced 200 tonnes (6.4 million troy ounces) of gold (down from 210 tonnes in 2018) from 12 states, worth about US$8.9 billion, and 6.1% of world production, making it the fourth-largest gold-producing nation, behind China , Australia and Russia . Most gold produced today in the US comes from large open-pit heap leach mines in the state of Nevada . The US is a net exporter of gold. [4] [5]
Gold mining by state
Arizona has produced more than 16 million troy ounces (498 tonnes) of gold.
Gold mining in Arizona reportedly began in 1774 when Spanish priest Manuel Lopez directed Papago Indians to wash gold from gravel on the flanks of the Quijotoa Mountains, Pima County . Gold mining continued there until 1849, when the Mexican miners were lured away by the California Gold Rush. Other gold mining under Spanish and Mexican rule took place in the Oro Blanco district of Santa Cruz County, and the Arivaca district, Pima County. [12]
Mountain man Pauline Weaver discovered placer gold on the east side of the Colorado River in 1862. Weaver's discovery started the Colorado River Gold Rush to the modern ghost town of La Paz, Arizona and other locations along the river in the ensuing years.
The most prominent of these were those of the San Francisco district, which includes the towns of Oatman , Bullhead City and Katherine in Mohave County was discovered in 1863 or 1864, but saw little activity until a rush to the district occurred in 1902. The district produced 2.0 million ounces of gold through 1959. [13]
The gold-bearing quartz veins of the Vulture Mine , southwest of Wickenburg , in Maricopa County were discovered in 1863. The mine produced 366,000 troy ounces (11,400 kg) of gold through 1959. [14]
The last gold mine to operate in Arizona was the Gold Road mine at Oatman , which shut down in 1998. Patriot Gold is exploration drilling at the Moss mine at Oatman . [15]
In 2006, all of Arizona's gold production came as a byproduct of copper mining.
Spanish prospectors found gold in the Potholes district between 1775 and 1780, along the Colorado River , in present Imperial County, California , about ten miles northeast from Yuma, Arizona . The gold was recovered from dry placers. Other placer deposits on the west bank of the Colorado River were quickly found, including the Picacho and Cargo Muchacho districts.
Placer gold deposits were found at San Ysidro in San Diego County in 1828, San Francisquito Canyon and Placerita Canyon in Los Angeles County in 1835 and 1842, respectively
Gold miners excavate a gold-bearing bluff with jets of water at a placer mine in Dutch Flat, California sometime between 1857 and 1870.
Major gold mining in California began during the California Gold Rush. Gold was found by James Marshall at Sutters Mill, property of John Sutter, in present-day Coloma . In 1849, people started hearing about the gold and after just a few years San Francisco's population increased to thousands.
Gold production in California peaked in 1852, at 3.9 million troy ounces (121 tonnes) produced in that year. But the placer deposits worked in the early years were quickly exhausted, and production crashed. Hardrock mining (in California called quartz mining) began in 1849, and placer mining by hydraulic mining began in 1852.
Despite the new mining methods, by 1865 production was 867,000 troy ounces (27,000 kg), less than one-quarter of peak production.
Production sank to 412,000 troy ounces (12,800 kg) in 1929, but then soared to more than 1,400,000 troy ounces (44,000 kg) for each year 1939 through 1941, after the price was raised from $20.67 to $35 per ounce.
However, the federal government, in War Production Board Order L-208, ordered gold mines closed, to free up resources for the war effort during World War II , and production fell to 148,000 troy ounces (4,600 kg) in 1943. Post-war gold production never reached the peak of the early 1940s, as inflation and the fixed price of gold eroded its value. [16]
The largest gold-mining district in California is the famous Mother Lode of the Sierra Nevada . Found in the early 1850s, the lode is a zone one to four miles wide and running 120 miles northwest–southeast from El Dorado County in the north, through Amador , Calaveras , and Tuolumne counties, to Mariposa County in the south. The gold of the Mother Lode is in quartz veins within phyllite , schist , slate , and greenstone . Through 1959, the Mother Lode produced about 13.3 million troy ounces (414 tonnes) of gold. [17]
The second-largest gold-mining district in California was Grass Valley - Nevada City district in Nevada County . Gold in Holocene gravels was found in 1850, followed a few years later by hydraulic mining of Tertiary gravels. By 1880, most of the mining had shifted to lode deposits, such as the Empire Mine . Through 1959, the district produced 10.4 million troy ounces (323 tonnes) of lode gold, and 2.2 million troy ounces (68.4 tonnes) of placer gold. [18]
The rich placer deposits of the Columbia Basin- Jamestown - Sonora district were found in 1853. Almost all the gold was found at the base of Quaternary gravels, but some drift mines were worked in Tertiary gravels. Total production was about 5.9 million troy ounces (183 tonnes) of gold. [19]
The Rand Mining District near Randsburg in the Mojave Desert was formed in 1895 around the Yellow Aster Mine . It was the largest gold mining district in Southern California. [20]
In 2018 California produced 140,000 troy ounces (4,400 kg) of gold from its only operating mine, the Mesquite mine (owned by Equinox Gold Corp.) in Imperial County , which restarted active mining in 2007, having been inactive since 2001. [21] [22]
Gold was discovered in 1858 during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush in the vicinity of present-day Denver in 1858, but the deposits were small. The first important gold discoveries in Colorado were in the Central City - Idaho Springs district in January 1859.
Only one Colorado mine continues to produce gold, the Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine at Victor near Colorado Springs , an open-pit heap leach operation owned by Newmont Mining Corporation , which produced 360,000 troy ounces (11,000 kg) of gold in 2018. [23]
Small amounts of gold were mined commercially in North Eastern Florida during the late 19th Century, at the site where Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park is located today. No records are extant on the amount of gold produced, but the find was insufficient to keep the operation running commercially, and the small amount of pay dirt was depleted within a matter of months. [24]
Gold was first discovered in Idaho in 1860, in Pierce at the juncture where Canal Creek meets Orofino Creek .
The leading historical gold-producing district is the Boise Basin in Boise County , which was discovered in 1862 and produced 2.9 million troy ounces (90.2 tonnes), mostly from placers. [26]
The French Creek-Florence district in Idaho County began in the 1860s, and has produced about 1 million troy ounces (31 tonnes) from placers.
The Silver City district in Owyhee County began producing in 1863, and made over 1 million troy ounces (31 tonnes), mostly from lode deposits.
The Coeur d’Alene district in Shoshone County has made 44,000 troy ounces (1,400 kg) of gold as byproduct to silver mining. [27]
In 2006, active gold mines in Idaho included the Silver Strand mine and the Bond mine . [28]
Gold was reported in Maryland as early as 1830, but no production resulted. Placer gold was discovered at Great Falls near Washington, DC in 1861 during the American Civil War by Union soldiers from California. After the war a number of mines were opened on gold-bearing quartz veins in Montgomery County . No gold production has been reported since 1951. Total production was about 6,000 troy ounces (190 kg). [29]
Approximately 29,000 troy ounces (900 kg) of gold were produced from the Ropes gold mine northeast of Ishpeming in Marquette County, Michigan . The underground mine, originally operated from 1880 to 1897, and reopened from 1983 to 1989, [30] extracted gold from quartz veins in peridotite . [31]
Swedish gold panners in 1860s Montana.
Gold was first discovered in Montana in 1852, but mining did not begin until 1862, when gold placers were discovered at Bannack, Montana in 1862. The resulting gold rush resulted in more placer discoveries, including those at Virginia City in 1863, and at Helena and Butte in 1864. [32] In 1867, the Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode was located.
The Butte district, although mined primarily for copper, produced 2.9 million ounces (91 tonnes) of gold through 1990, almost all as a byproduct of copper production. [33]
Current active hardrock gold mines include the Montana Tunnels mine , and the Golden Sunlight mine . Active gold placers include the Browns Gulch placer and the Confederate Gulch placer. Gold is also produced from three platinum mines in the Stillwater igneous complex : the Stillwater mine, the Lodestar mine, and the East Boulder Project. [34]
Newmont and Barrick operate the largest mining operations, on the prolific Carlin Trend , one of the world's richest mining districts. [35]
New Mexico
Gold was first discovered in New Mexico in 1828 in the “Old Placers” district in the Ortiz Mountains , Santa Fe County, New Mexico . The placer gold discovery was followed by discovery of a nearby lode deposit. [37]
In 1877, two prospectors collected float in the area of the future Opportunity Mine near Hillsboro, New Mexico , which was assayed at $160 per ton in gold and silver. Soon, ore was discovered at the nearby Rattlesnake vein and a placer deposit of gold was found in November at the Rattlesnake and Wicks gulches. Total production prior to 1904 was about $6,750,000. [38]
North Carolina
North Carolina was the site of the first gold rush in the United States, following the discovery of a 17-pound (7.7 kg) gold nugget by 12-year-old Conrad Reed in a creek at his father's farm in 1799. The Reed Gold Mine , southwest of Georgeville in Cabarrus County, North Carolina produced about 50,000 troy ounces (1,600 kg) of gold from lode and placer deposits. [40]
Gold was produced from 15 districts, almost all in the Piedmont region of the state. Total gold production is estimated at 1.2 million troy ounces (37.3 tonnes).
Although gold mines are spread over much of Oregon , almost all of the gold produced has come from two principal areas: the Klamath Mountains in southwest Oregon, including Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson and Josephine counties; and the Blue Mountains in northeast Oregon, mostly in Baker and Grant counties.
Prospectors from Illinois discovered placer gold in the Klamath Mountains of southwest Oregon in 1850, starting a rush to the area. Lode gold deposits were also discovered.
About 37,000 troy ounces (1,200 kg) of gold was produced from the Cornwall iron mine five miles south of Lebanon , Lebanon County, Pennsylvania . Although the deposit produced iron since 1742, no gold was reported from the mine until 1878. [41]
South Carolina
Gold mines in the Carolina Slate Belt - USGS.
South Carolina had a number of lode gold mines along the Carolina Slate Belt. [42]
The Haile deposit was discovered in Lancaster County in 1827, and at least 257,000 troy ounces (8,000 kg) of gold were extracted intermittently between then and 1942, when the gold mine was ordered closed as nonessential to the war effort. Beginning in 1951, the deposit was mined for associated sericite, which was used as a white filler. [43]
Gold is associated with silicic, kaolinitic, and pyritic alteration of greenschist-grade felsic metavolcanics. [44] The mine was reopened as an open pit in the 1980s, and operated until 1992. Kinross Gold Corporation 's reclamation of the Haile site was nominated for a US Bureau of Land Management "Hardrock Mineral Environmental Award."
OceanGold Corp. restarted mining at the Haile deposit 2016. The company expects to produce an average of 126,700 ounces of gold per year for 13.25 years. [45]
The Brewer mine operated from 1828 to 1995, and became a federal Superfund site. [46]
Kennecott Minerals operated the Ridgeway open-pit gold mine from 1988 to 1999, with the land being reclaimed by Kennecott.
The Barite Hill mine operated from 1990 to 1994.
South Dakota
Placer gold was discovered on Coker Creek in Monroe County, Tennessee in 1827. The district produced about 9,000 troy ounces (280 kg). [48]
About 15,000 troy ounces (470 kg) of gold was recovered from the massive sulfide copper ores in the Copper Basin at Ducktown, Tennessee .
Some prospects have been excavated for gold on the Llano Uplift of central Texas . Gold prospects include the Heath mine and the Babyhead district, both in Llano County , and the Central Texas mine in Gillespie County . Gold production, if any, is not known. [49] Historically, the Lost Nigger Gold Mine may be in Texas.
Most gold produced in Utah today is a byproduct of the huge Bingham Canyon copper mine , southwest of Salt Lake City . In 2013, the Bingham Canyon mine produced 192,300 troy ounces (5,980 kg) of gold. [50] Over its life, Bingham Canyon has produced more than 23 million ounces (715 tonnes) of gold, making it one of the largest gold producers in the US.
The Barneys Canyon mine in Salt Lake County , the last primary gold mine to operate in Utah , stopped mining in 2001, but is still recovering gold from its heap leaching pads. Utah gold production was 460,000 troy ounces (14,000 kg) in 2006. [51]
Gold was first discovered in Washington in 1853, as placer deposits in the Yakima Valley. Production from the state never exceeded 50,000 troy ounces per year until the mid-1930s, when large hard rock deposits were developed near the Chelan Lake and Wenatchee deposits in Chelan County , and the Republic deposit in Ferry County . Production through 1965 is estimated to be 2.3 million ounces. [52]
Gold was discovered at the South Pass - Atlantic City -Sweetwater district in present Fremont County in 1842. The placers were worked intermittently until 1867, when the first important gold vein was discovered, and prospectors and miners rushed to the area.. The towns of South Pass City , Atlantic City , and Miner's Delight catered to the miners. The district was nearly deserted by 1875, and was worked only intermittently afterward. Total gold production was about 300,000 troy ounces (9,300 kg). In 1962, the district became the site of a major iron mine. [53]
Moraine gold
Several states (e.g., Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania) have placer gold deposits, despite having no hard rock gold deposits. This placer gold is found north of, or near the terminus of, Pleistocene, or earlier, moraines left by Ice Age glaciers that pushed gold-rich dirt down from Canada, where hard rock gold deposits do exist, and which were scoured by glaciers.
Small commercial operations have existed at various times, to mine this gold, with various degrees of limited success. The southernmost limit of these moraines, Pleistocene and older, is approximately at the Ohio River for Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. [54] [55] [56] The moraines in Pennsylvania are in the northwestern and northeastern portions of the Commonwealth. [57]
Taxes and royalties
However, a 2009 report by the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) characterizes state taxes on mineral production as "functional royalties," in that they take a share of mineral production, including gold production, for the public benefit. State taxes narrowly targeting mineral production include severance taxes, mining license taxes, and extraction excise taxes. [58] [59]
Extraction taxes on gold mining in the nine major western gold-mining states (in descending order of gold production) are:
Alaska – 7% net [62]
Utah – 2.6% gross [63]
Colorado – 2.25% gross [64]
Washington – 0.48% gross [58]
Montana – 1.6% net [58]
Idaho – 1% gross [58]
In 2015 Nevada and Alaska together accounted for 90.3% of US gold production. [35] [8]
See also
^ A.H. Koschmann and Bergendahl, 1968, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p. 253.
^ A.H. Koschmann and Bergendahl, 1968, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p. 211.
Craig, James R; Rimstidt, J.Donald (1998). "Gold production history of the United States". Ore Geology Reviews. 13 (6): 407. Bibcode : 1998OGRv...13..407C . doi : 10.1016/S0169-1368(98)00009-2 .
Sheaffer, Kristin N. (31 January 2020). "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020" (PDF). Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 70–71. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ Mining review, Mining Engineering, May 2007, p. 28.
^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.6-8.
^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.8.
"Annual Report 2019" (PDF). Chicago, IL: Coeur Mining, Inc. 19 February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
"2019 Annual Report" (PDF). Coeur d'Alene, ID: Hecla Mining Company. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ Maureen G. Johnson, 1972, ''Gold Placer Deposits of Arizona, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 1355.
^ A. H. Koschmann and M. H. Bergendahl, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.40-41.
^ A. H. Koschmann and M. H. Bergendahl, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.40.
^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl (1968)Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.55-56.
^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl (1968)Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.70-71.
^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl (1968)Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.82-83.
^ "First Bucyrus branded MT3700 goes into service at the New Gold Mesquite Mine in California," Mining Engineering, October 2010, p.15.
"Mesquite Gold Mine" . Equinoxgold. Vancouver, BC. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
"Operations and Projects" . Newmont. Newmont Mining Corporation. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^ Placard at Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park.
^ A. H. Koschmann and M. H. Bergendahl, 1968, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional paper 610, p.119.
^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.124-125.
^ M. H. Bergendahl (1964) Gold, in Mineral and Water Resources of Idaho, Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Report No. 1, p.93-101.
^ V. S. Gillerman and others, Idaho, Mining Engineering, May 2007, p.83.
^ Emery T. Cleaves (1964) Mineral resources of Montgomery and Howard Counties, in Howard and Montgomery Counties, Maryland Geological Survey, p.264-266.
^ Ropes Mine, Ishpeming, Marquette Co., Michigan, USA , mindat.org , 2010, accessed 2010-10-12.
^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.141-142.
^ A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.143.
^ Edwin W. Tooker, 1990, "Gold in the Butte district, Montana," in Gold in Porphyry Copper Systems, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 1857-E, p.E19
^ R. McCullough, Montana, Mining Engineering, May 2007, p.95.
"Gold mine production" . Goldhub. London: World Gold Council. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
^ Fayette Jones (1905) New Mexico Mines and Minerals, reprinted as Old Gold Mines and Ghost Camps of New Mexico, Fort Davis, Tex.: Frontier Book Co., p.21-23.
^ Harley, George Townsend, The Geology and Ore Deposits of Sierra County, New Mexico, New Mexico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 10, 1934, pp 139-140
^ Jeffrey C. Wynn and Robert W. Luce, Geophysical methods as mapping tools in a strata-bound gold deposit: Haile mine, Carolina slate belt, Economic Geology, March April 1984, p.383-388.
^ W.H. Spence and others, Origin of the gold mineralization at the Haile mine, Lancaster County, South Carolina, Mining Engineering, January 1980, p.70-73.
^ "OceanGold pours first gold at Haile mine in South Carolina," Engineering & Mining Journal, Feb. 2017, p.4.
^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.240.
^ Edgar B. Heylman, Gold in Texas, International California Mining Journal, October 2001.
Els, Frik (11 November 2014). "Bingham Canyon rebuilds after landslide" . MINING.com. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
^ R.L. Bon and K.A. Krahulec, Utah, Mining Engineering, May 2007, p.116.
^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.254-255.
^ Richard W.Bayley (1969) Ore deposits of the Atlantic City District, Fremont County, Wyoming, in Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933-1967, v.1, New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, p.589-604.
^ J.E. Lamar, Gold and Diamond Possibilities in Illinois, June 1968, http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/education/pdf-files/gold-poss.pdf Archived 2011-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ Geofacts #9, Gold in Ohio, November 1995, http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof09.pdf Archived 2012-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
"Gold production by state" (PDF). National Mining Association. Spokane, WA. 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
"2013-2014 Net Proceeds of Minerals Bulletin" (pdf). Nevada Department of Taxation. Carson City: Division of Local Government Services. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
"Mining License Tax" . Alaska Department of Revenue – Tax Division. State of Alaska. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
"House Bill 99-1249" . General Assembly of the State of Colorado. Denver. 1999. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
External links
Utah
Gold mining in the United States
| 257 |
29 | where has gold been found in the united states | https://historicsites.nc.gov/all-sites/reed-gold-mine/history | An official website of the State of North Carolina An official website of NC How you know
Secure websites use HTTPS certificates. A lock icon or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the official website.
Utility Menu
Site of the First Documented Discovery of Gold in the United States
Reed Gold Mine is the site of the first documented gold find in the United States. From this discovery, gold mining spread gradually to nearby counties and eventually into other southern states. During its peak years gold mining was second only to farming in the number of North Carolinians it employed. The estimated value of gold recovered reached over one million dollars a year. North Carolina led the nation in gold production until 1848, when it was eclipsed by the great rush to California.
A Simple Man
John Reed (Johannes Reith) was a Hessian soldier who left the British army near the conclusion of the Revolutionary War and came to settle near fellow Germans living in the lower Piedmont of North Carolina. Most of the people dwelt on modest family-run farms in rural areas, where they raised small grain crops such as corn and wheat.
The life of farmer John Reed would have been long forgotten had it not been for a chance event one Sunday in 1799. On that day, Reed's son Conrad found a large yellow rock in Little Meadow Creek on the Reed farm in Cabarrus County. This rock reportedly weighed 17 pounds and for three years was used as a doorstop at the Reed house.
In 1802 a Fayetteville jeweler identified the gold nugget. He purchased it for the asked price of $3.50—one-tenth of one percent of its true value.
The following year John Reed began the Reed mining operation by forming a partnership with three local men. The partners supplied equipment and enslaved men to dig for gold in the creek bed, while Reed provided the land. The returns were to be divided equally. The men mined mainly in the off-season from farming, giving first priority to raising their crops. Before the end of the first year, an enslaved boy named Peter had unearthed a 28-pound nugget, which was the largest documented found in the United States. Peter's Nugget remains the largest gold nugget found at Reed Gold Mine and the largest found east of the Mississippi River.
The Fever Spreads
Hearing of Reed's good fortune, other Piedmont farmers began exploring their creeks and finding gold. Men and women, both young and old, worked in the gold fields. Foreigners joined them, including the skilled Cornishmen from England.
"Placer," or creek, gold mining led to underground mining when it was learned in 1825 that the metal also existed in veins of white quartz rock. The search for underground or "lode" gold required much more money, labor, and machinery. Underground work at Reed was not begun until 1831. Four years later a family squabble resulted in a court injunction that closed the mine for a decade.
John Reed was a wealthy man when he died in 1845. Soon the Reed mine was sold at public auction.
The mine was eventually purchased in 1895 by Dr. Justin D. Lisle, Oliver S. Kelly and his son O. Warren Kelly for $15,000. They started exploring the older workings on Lower Hill, then worked towards Upper Hill. A 10-Stamp California style mill was purchased from the Mecklenburg Iron Works of Charlotte by 1896 and placed along Little Meadow Creek to crush and process the quartz faster. The Upper Hill workings were deepened first to the 100-foot level and finally reaching 150-feet looking for quartz veins. Unfortunately the gold they hoped to find never materialized and the Kelly family ended all underground mining in 1912, abandoning their efforts at Reed.
One highlight during the Kelly era at Reed was the discovery of a 23-pound gold nugget by four men - Jacob L. Shinn, Jesse Cox, his son A.M. "Mack" Cox and Dr. J.R. Jerome. They were digging near an old road, an area not completely searched in the past during April 1896. On the 9th of April, the men found a rather large heavy rock, but it didn't have the correct look, so was tossed aside. Finally Jacob Shinn took it to the creek, washed it off and realized it did in fact contain a large amount of gold. All the partners grew extremely excited, and took a wagon ride back to Georgeville to put the gold in Shinn's store. This rock was then determined to be a 23 pound gold nugget, the last large nugget of any size to be reported from the Reed property. Plaster casts were made of the nugget for the N.C. State Museum and the Smithsonian Institution, who had also taken an interest in the nugget. Once the excitement ended, the nugget was sold for $4,800, the value of the gold at the time ($20.67 per troy ounce). While Reed interprets this as the Shinn nugget, some of the Cox family descendants claim Mack actually discovered it in the ground. There is evidence to substantiate this claim, since the photograph showing the original nugget lists A.M. not Jacob Shinn as the person who discovered the nugget. Either way, both men, along with their partners, aided in this great discovery.
Historic Site
Portions of the underground tunnels at Reed Gold Mine have been restored for tours. A visitor center contains exhibits of gold and historical mining equipment. An orientation film highlights the first gold discovery. A picnic area is available, and trails wind through the historic mining area.
The Reed Expansion Committee, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of North Carolina's gold mining heritage, supports many ongoing projects at Reed Gold Mine.
Further Reading
The Story of John Reed's Mine
by Richard F. Knapp, North Carolina Office of Archives & History, Revised Edition, 1999.
Gold Mining in North Carolina
by Richard F. Knapp and Brent D. Glass,
North Carolina Office of Archives & History, 1999.
The Reed Gold Mine Guidebook
designed and edited by Linda Funk,
North Carolina Office of Archives & History, 1979.
The First Gold Rush: A Master Plan for Reed Gold Mine
National Park Service, 1972.
| 258 |
29 | where has gold been found in the united states | https://www.foxnews.com/travel/top-us-states-most-likely-strike-gold | Top US states where you're most likely to strike gold
Be sure to check for gold if booking a trip to these American states: survey
Serena Kerrigan, 30, recently attended two weddings on opposite coasts within 24 hours. The content creator flew from California to New York, had a no-show taxi issue and still made it in time for both events. See the highlights.
A new report is revealing the best states where Americans can most likely find gold in the ground.
SD Bullion, a U.S.-based bullion dealer, analyzed data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Mineral Resources Program.
The dealing company looked at locations nationwide where gold ore has been found or produced as a commodity.
"These regions, known for their favorable geological conditions and historical mining success, stand out as prime locations for gold exploration. The data offers valuable insights into the distribution of gold deposits, highlighting key areas for amateur prospectors and professionals," said Turner.
Just 32 states were found to have gold ore present or were currently producing gold.
Best states to visit if you're searching for gold
1. California
The Golden State appears to stay true to its name with 10,373 locations where gold has been found or is being produced. SD Bullion recorded 66.59 gold locations per 1,000 square miles.
In California, there is a three-day event at Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park in October called "Coloma Gold Rush Live" which allows visitors to explore a re-creation of an 1850 tent town and visit a mining camp, according to a brochure released by El Dorado and Visitor Guide.
2. Washington
The smallest place in terms of land area found in the states most likely to have gold, SD Bullion found 2,271 locations where gold has been found or is being produced. Washington recorded 34.17 gold locations per 1,000 square miles.
3. Oregon
There are 31.41 gold locations per 1,000 square miles with 3,015 locations where gold has been found or is currently being produced, recorded across its 95,988 square miles, according to SD Bullion.
4. Nevada
Known for its mining industry, Nevada has 30.91 gold locations per 1,000 square miles with 3,393 locations where gold has been found or is currently being produced.
The Fort Churchill State Historic Park in Lyon County, Nevada, hosts "Gold Fever" programs, allowing travelers to pan for their own gold and learn about the mining history of the area, according to carsonnow.org, a local newspaper based in Carson City, Nevada.
The Golden State stays true to its name with 10,373 locations where gold has been found or is being produced in California. (Oat_Phawat, inhauscreative)
5. Idaho
Idaho rounds up the top five, recording 28.44 gold locations per 1,000 square miles. With 2,350 locations where gold has been found or is currently being produced within an area of 82,643 square miles, according to SD Bullion.
"The state's mountainous terrain has historically been rich in minerals, attracting prospectors for centuries," said the report.
Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Alaska and Utah rounded out the list of 10 states where visitors can find gold.
"Data was first collected from the US Geological Survey’s Mineral Resources Data System. The data was then filtered to exclude non-US locations and US territories such as the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico," said the survey's methodology.
"The data was further filtered only to include locations where gold ore was reported or where gold is produced as a commodity. Then, the number of gold occurrences, prospect, and producer locations was totaled for each state, giving the total number of gold-containing locations."
"Finally, this number of locations was compared to the state's land area to get the total number of gold locations per 1000 square miles, upon which the final ranking is based."
Fox News Digital reached out to SD Bullion for comment.
Related Topics
Fox News Lifestyle
A look at the top-trending stories in food, relationships, great outdoors and more.
Arrives Twice a week
By entering your email and clicking the Subscribe button, you agree to the Fox News Privacy Policy and Terms of Use , and
agree to receive content and promotional communications from Fox News. You understand that you can
opt-out at any time.
Subscribe
Subscribed
Subscribe
| 259 |
30 | what is the main character's name in layer cake | https://www.reddit.com/r/movies/comments/14nq60/in_the_movie_layer_cake_what_is_xxxxs_name/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
In the Movie 'Layer Cake', what is XXXX's name?
And yes I googled the hell out of it. I found that in the DVD extras Daniel Craig and the director both say he has no name... but I don't believe them.
in the novel it says -- an unnamed, 29-year old drug dealer ("If you knew my name, you'd be as clever as me")
Any theories from the reddit sleuths?
Read more
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Top Posts
| 260 |
30 | what is the main character's name in layer cake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_Cake_(film) | Layer Cake (film)
2004 British crime film by Matthew Vaughn
Layer Cake
Produced by
Adam Bohling
David Reid
Matthew Vaughn
Layer Cake is a 2004 British crime drama thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn , in his directorial debut. The screenplay was adapted by J. J. Connolly from his 2000 novel of the same name . The film was produced by Adam Bohling, David Reid and Vaughn, with Stephen Marks as executive producer. The title refers to the social strata , especially in the British criminal underworld. The film's plot revolves around a London -based criminal, played by Daniel Craig , who works in the cocaine trade and wishes to leave the drug business. The film also features Tom Hardy , Michael Gambon , Colm Meaney , and Sienna Miller . Craig's character is unnamed in the film and is listed in the credits as "XXXX".
Layer Cake grossed $11.9 million at the box office and received generally positive reviews from critics. Craig's performance in the film has often been cited as a major factor in his casting as James Bond in 2005. [5]
The protagonist XXXX (otherwise unnamed) is a London cocaine distributor who abhors violence and operates with the care and professionalism of a legitimate businessman. His chief associates are his enforcer and partner Morty, and Gene, an Irish gangster who serves as his liaison to mob boss Jimmy Price. Just as XXXX is ready to retire from criminal life, he is summoned to a lunch meeting with Jimmy, who gives him two tasks.
The first is to track down Charlie, the drug-addicted runaway daughter of one of Price's associates. XXXX enlists the con men Cody and Tiptoes to find her; they learn that Charlie has apparently been kidnapped, but are unable to discover who abducted her.
The second task is for XXXX to oversee the purchase of one million ecstasy tablets from the "Duke", a low-level criminal who recently returned to London from Amsterdam with his girlfriend Slasher and crew of thugs led by his right-hand man Gazza. Unbeknownst to XXXX, the Duke and his crew have stolen the pills from a gang of Serbian war criminals. He meets the Duke's feckless nephew, Sidney, and finds himself attracted to his girlfriend Tammy. XXXX tries to broker the sale of the pills to Liverpool gangsters Trevor and Shanks but they refuse, informing him of their origin and that the vengeful Serbians have sent the assassin Dragan to recover the pills and kill the thieves. As the Duke had mentioned his name to the Serbians, XXXX is also a target.
XXXX arranges a tryst with Tammy but is kidnapped and brought to Eddie Temple, a wealthy crime lord. Eddie explains that Charlie is his daughter, whom he has recovered; Jimmy, having recently lost a fortune due to bad investments he blames on Eddie, wanted her as a hostage until Eddie recouped his losses. Eddie gives XXXX a recording, revealing that Jimmy has been working as an informant for Scotland Yard , planning to betray XXXX to the police once the pills were sold in exchange for immunity for his own crimes and XXXX's money. Eddie demands that XXXX sell him the pills instead.
XXXX assassinates Jimmy at his home, but later finds that his accountant, an associate of Jimmy's, has vanished along with XXXX's money. Confronted by Gene and Morty, he shares the evidence of Jimmy's betrayal, and the pair acknowledge him as the new acting boss. Gene shows them the corpse of the Duke, who was killed by one of his men when Slasher threatened to go to the police if Jimmy did not help them out of their situation. XXXX hires a hitman to ambush and kill Dragan, but Dragan kills the hitman first and makes XXXX promise to recover the pills.
Sidney brings XXXX to Duke's old hideout, and, as he tries to bargain with Gazza for the pills, the police arrive. XXXX and the Duke's gang barely escape the raid, while Dragan watches from afar as the pills are confiscated. However, it turns out that XXXX arranged for the raid, with Cody and Tiptoes posing as officers to secure the pills. XXXX delivers the Duke's severed head to Dragan as a peace offering; satisfied, Dragan reports to the Serbians that the police have seized the drugs. The Serbians accept the loss, which is revealed to be a small amount in comparison to their overall manufacturing capacity.
When XXXX and his crew arrive at Eddie's warehouse to sell the pills as arranged, Eddie's henchmen relieve them of the drugs at gunpoint, and Eddie welcomes him to the "layer cake" of criminal hierarchy. Having anticipated this double-cross, XXXX arranges Trevor and Shanks to gun down Eddie's men in an armed robbery, take the drugs, and sell them via Dizzy so he can settle his accounts. The gang assembles for lunch at the Stoke Park Country Club , honouring their new boss, but XXXX declines their offer of leadership and follows up on his initial plan to retire. With Tammy on his arm, he leaves the club, but is shot by a jilted yet apologetic Sidney. He collapses, bleeding out on the steps.
Daniel Moorehead as Dizzy
Paul Orchard as Lucky
Filming began in June 2003. Queen's Gate Mews in South Kensington , London, was used as the filming location for the home of Daniel Craig 's main character. [6]
Reception and legacy
Layer Cake received positive reviews, with an 81% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and an average of 7.1/10 based on 142 reviews. The critical consensus states that it is "A stylized, electric British crime thriller". [8] On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on 30 reviews. [9]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times remarked, "The movie was directed by Matthew Vaughn, who produced Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and Snatch , and this one works better than those films because it doesn't try so hard to be clever and tries harder to be menacing". Of Craig's performance, he said, "Craig is fascinating here as a criminal who is very smart, and finds that it is not an advantage because while you might be able to figure out what another smart person is about to do, dumbos like the men he works for are likely to do anything". He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. [10] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle remarked on the "efficient, gripping story" and wrote that Craig's performance as an improvising, "intelligent amateur" contained the "cool-yet-humble vibe of Steve McQueen ". [11] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave it a grade A, calling it a "Fast, convulsive, and densely exciting new British gangster thriller". [12] Leslie Felperin of Variety wrote: "There's a proper lived-in believability about Layer Cake's depiction of how the worlds of the rich, the criminal and the criminally rich intersect." [13]
Craig's starring role in the film has been cited as the performance that led to his high-profile casting as James Bond . [5]
Awards and accolades
Jason Statham 's production company is said to have the rights to produce a sequel, entitled Viva La Madness with Statham taking the lead role from Craig. On 17 September 2015, it was reported that Viva La Madness will be a TV show for Gaumont International Television . [19]
"Layer Cake" . Metacritic . 13 May 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
Felperin, Leslie (29 September 2004). "Layer Cake" . Variety.
"Film in 2005 | BAFTA Awards" . British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
"2005 Archives" . National Board of Review. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
External links
Layer Cake (film)
| 261 |
30 | what is the main character's name in layer cake | https://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/what-was-daniel-craigs-characters-name | Stack Exchange Network
Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Teams
Q&A for work
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.
12
In the movie Layer Cake , Daniel Craig stars as a drug dealer. His name is not mentioned throughout the movie. He was even credited as "XXXX", he also said near the end, that if you knew his name, you would be as smart as him.
Anybody here has any idea about what his name was in the movie?
asked Feb 28, 2013 at 5:29
2
It‘s either Carey Lake or Lake Carey, if the name could be an anagram of (Layer Cake) the movie title.
– user6345
Commented Oct 5, 2013 at 22:23
If I were to guess, I'd like the idea of an anagram to "Layer Cake", at the very beginning of the movie, we see Daniel Craig leaving his house, with "Layer Cake" written on his door.
16
The character played by Daniel Craig, had no name in the movie. The movie, is based on a book of the same name Layer Cake , and the protagonist (character played by Daniel Craig) has no name there too. He is Anonymous in the book.
If you read this interview of the director, Matthew Vaughan, you would know that they gave a name to this anonymous character, for the movie. Quoting the below part from that interview
It's an interesting character for him to play, isn't it? This man with
no name...
In the book he's just anonymous. But in the script it's really weird.
We didn't want to give him a name, but you have to call him something
in the script, so he became "XXXX". The last line of the book is the
last line of the movie. The studio wanted to cut it, but I told them
it was really important. The fact that he doesn't have a name is what
makes him so different. He's Clint Eastwood, riding in on a horse, he
doesn't give anything away. He's a chameleon.
4
1
Wow, so no matter how hard we try to find out. We'll come up with nothing since he really has no name, huh?
Yup, that is how the author wanted it to be :)
Commented Feb 28, 2013 at 9:04
Bugger. It would have been really bad-ass if someone was able to find out. Lol.
Commented Feb 28, 2013 at 9:06
@user2028096 "Wow, so no matter how hard we try to find out. We'll come up with nothing since he really has no name" - Well yeah, what other impression did you get from his name not even mentioned in the credits?
-4
I think his name, or at least handle is King. At the end, his main partner says, "the king is dead, long live the king." Plus, Temple told him he would be in his place some day and he was the king.
You must log in to answer this question.
Highly active question . Earn 10 reputation (not counting the association bonus ) in order to answer this question. The reputation requirement helps protect this question from spam and non-answer activity.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged
Question feed
To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.
| 262 |
30 | what is the main character's name in layer cake | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0375912/fullcredits | Menu
Movies
TV Shows
Watch
...
hair stylist (as Karen Sherriff Brown) / makeup artist (as Karen Sherriff Brown)
Follow IMDb on social
Get the IMDb app
For Android and iOS
| 263 |
30 | what is the main character's name in layer cake | https://whatculture.com/film/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-layer-cake?page=6 | 20 Things You Didn't Know About Layer Cake
15. The Protagonist Is Called XXXX Because The Author Couldn't Think Of A Name
Sony Pictures Classics
A recurring gag throughout the film is that the name of Daniel Craig's protagonist isn't ever mentioned or spoken, and even in Layer Cake's end credits, he's simply referred to as XXXX.
The reasoning behind this isn't some too-clever attempt to mystify the audience, but the simple fact that author J.J. Connolly couldn't think of an actual name for the character.
While writing the novel, he named the protagonist XXXX as a placeholder while he thought of something more suitable, but ultimately decided that the character didn't actually need a name for the story to work - and he's absolutely right.
Stay at home dad who spends as much time teaching his kids the merits of Martin Scorsese as possible (against the missus' wishes).
General video game, TV and film nut. Occasional sports fan. Full time loon.
| 264 |
31 | where was the dukes of hazzard show filmed | https://giggster.com/guide/movie-location/where-was-the-dukes-of-hazzard-filmed | 2005
Location Types
Location Styles
About The Dukes of Hazzard
In 2005, Jay Chandrasekhar brought to life a cinematic adaptation of the timeless television classic The Dukes of Hazzard. Featuring an illustrious cast that includes Seann William Scott, Johnny Knoxville, Denver Pyle playing Uncle Jesse Duke, Jessica Simpson as Daisy Duke and M.C. Gainey taking on Sheriff Roscoe P. Coltrane's role, this movie is sure to entertain. The popular television series was derived from the 1975 movie Moonrunners.
Join Bo (Scott) and Luke Duke (Knoxville) as they ride around Hazzard County in their iconic 1969 Dodge Charger, "General Lee", stirring up some naughty fun. Meanwhile, Boss Hog (Burt Reynolds) threatens to destroy the Dukes' family farm. Fortunately, Daisyâlooking delightful in her skimpy outfitâand moonshining uncle Jesse prove invaluable during their fight against a wicked county commissioner and his cronies. Get ready for an action-packed journey with daring stunts and exhilarating chases.
This adaptation of The Dukes of Hazzard was released to mixed reviews, with some acclaim for its comedy elements and catchy soundtrack. The film earned a People's Choice Award for Favorite Song from a Movie. It has since become a cult classic amongst fans of the original television show. It is fondly remembered for its mix of southern charm, thrilling car sequences, slapstick comedy, and stellar performances from its cast members.
The Dukes of Hazzard Locations
The 2005 remake of The Dukes of Hazzard was filmed in and around Clinton and French Settlement in Louisiana, USA. Some additional scenes were shot in Atlanta streets and various other locations across the state. The backdrop to the region is steeped in history and culture, with areas of outstanding natural beauty stretching as far as the eye can see. From woodlands to rolling hills, winding rivers, and lakes, the landscape offers a picturesque view for those lucky enough to take it all in.
Several locations are worth exploring for visitors keen on returning to the film set of The Dukes of Hazzard. A few fan favorites include Jefferson Parish and Moonlight Inn for exterior shots, Courthouse Square in Clinton for courtroom scenes. Along with this, various areas around Louisiana University were used to create college campus scenes, as well as Baton Rouge to showcase features such as cars racing down highways at high speed!
All in all, taking a trip out to explore these iconic locations from The Dukes of Hazzard would be an unforgettable experience, allowing fans an insight into how the production came together behind-the-scenes.
Ranch scenes in The Dukes of Hazzard
Columbia/Warner Bros. Ranch, 411 North Hollywood Way, Burbank, California, USA
With the film set primarily in the fictional Hazzard County, Georgia, Luke, Bo, and Daisy Duke call their Uncle Jesse's ranch home as they operate a moonshine business. Clashing with corrupt politicians and law enforcement officers along their way, these three cousins must team up if they want to survive.
The location used for filming the exterior shots of the Duke's ranch is Columbia/Warner Bros. Ranch, located at 411 North Hollywood Way, Burbank. This lot offers a small city look with its buildings and streets constructed to allow shooting from multiple angles to create an illusion of a much larger area. Though only spanning six blocks, it provides all that is needed to replicate some of the most recognizable scenes from the film.
When visiting this location, you have the option of multiple parking lots outside The Ranch or to take public transportation via Metro Red Line to the Universal/Studio City Station stop and Metrolink Ventura County Line with a 222 bus that takes you straight to Hollywood and Oak.
Louisiana State University, Highland Road & Dalrymple Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
The university scene in the movie Dukes of Hazzard features a high-speed car chase in Luke and Bo's iconic 1969 Dodge Charger stock car through Louisiana University. The sequence is iconic and is an excellent example of the action-packed adventures that the Duke boys often find themselves on. It was filmed on the campus of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.
Louisiana State University has a rich history dating back to 1920, exemplified by its unique Spanish-Mexican design crafted by the renowned Olmsted firm. Highland Road and Dalrymple Drive were chosen for filming purposes due to their awe-inspiring features, such as stucco walls and red-tiled roofs with porticoes reminiscent of Andrea Palladio's timeless architecture.
Visitors can fly to Louisiana State University into Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport (BTR). From there, it is about 15 minutes to drive to the university by car. If you're taking public transportation, there are several bus lines that run throughout Baton Rouge that will take you close to the campus as well.
Moonlight Inn, French Settlement, Louisiana, USA
The scene at the Boar's Nest is one of the most iconic moments in the franchise. Daisy Duke works as a waitress there in an agreement with Boss Hogg to get a loan for Uncle Jesse and his boys so they can enter a race. The Boar's Nest has been featured in various productions of The Dukes of Hazzard and is one of the oldest establishments in the fictional Hazzard County.
Planning to visit Moonlight Inn for its association with The Dukes of Hazzard film. In that case, you should check out other local attractions nearby, such as Fricke's Country Store, Tickfaw State Park, and Camp Ford Historic Site. You could also participate in outdoor activities like fishing or boating on Lake Maurepas.
This filming location is found just outside of French Settlement around 30 miles southeast of the Baton Rouge city center. The inn has existed since the 1930s and is known for its classic Americana charm.
East Feliciana Clerk-Court, 12305 St Helena St, Clinton, Louisiana, USA
The scene was filmed at the Courthouse Square in Clinton, Louisiana. In this pivotal moment, Daisy uses the governor's presence and television cameras to convince him to pardon her cousins, Bo and Luke, from their prison sentences. Before she can finish her plea, Uncle Jesse (Willie Nelson) steps in and knocks out Boss Hogg, simultaneously getting his pardon for assaulting a county commissioner.
The courthouse was constructed in 1840 and has since been a testament to its long-standing history. It survived both Civil War battles and Union occupation, during which it was used as a horse stable. Out front, there is also a monument to local soldiers that stands today. The courthouse square itself is well-known for serving as a backdrop to some of the most famous car chases in the franchiseâs history.
The courthouse is at East Feliciana Clerk-Court, 12305 St Helena St, Clinton, and can easily be reached by taking LA-67 N from Baton Rouge.
Conclusion
The Dukes of Hazzard is a fun, exciting, action-packed ride that brings back the nostalgia and excitement of the original television show. The casting for the roles was spot on, with Scott and Knoxville likable in the lead roles. The script was simple yet effective, providing plenty of heart-pounding car chases throughout the movie while also developing a relationship between Bo and Luke and introducing more complex plot points, such as their ongoing battle against the forces of Sheriff Roscoe P. Coltrane.
So if youâre a fan of this iconic franchise, there are plenty of good reasons why you might want to get out and explore some of the filming locations from The Dukes of Hazzard. Theyâre located in some of the most picturesque spots in the USA, so why not pay them a visit?
| 265 |
31 | where was the dukes of hazzard show filmed | https://rewoundandfound.com/the-dukes-of-hazzard/ | Location; Covington, Georgia, USA.
Hands down this was my absolute favorite TV show when I was a kid.
I was only 3 years old when it was first broadcast in the UK and due to the slightly more adult nature of the early shows the first series was broadcast after 9pm so I’m fairly sure I wouldnt have started watching until season 2 but after that I was hooked to the television every Saturday night. I even went missing from a Christmas party before Santa turned up so that I could run home and watch the Dukes (it was an age before video recorders).
90% of all the episodes were filmed on the Warner Bros. back lot in southern California but for the first five episodes and before the studio knew it had a hit on its hands the shows were filmed in the small town of Covington Georgia and the surrounding area.
In 2017 I was able to visit Covington as well as the grounds of Oxford College where the first jump of the General Lee was filmed then onto the actual Boars nest bar which is now a church.
After visiting Covington we pointed the hire car for the Apalachian mountains and in to the town of Gatlinburg where there is a branch of Cooters, the Dukes of Hazzard museum. Nothing like being 3000 miles from home and playing a round of Dukes of Hazzard crazy golf at 9pm in the evening.
Location; Covington, Georgia, USA.
Hands down this was my absolute favorite TV show when I was a kid.
I was only 3 years old when it was first broadcast in the UK and due to the slightly more adult nature of the early shows the first series was broadcast after 9pm so I’m fairly sure I wouldnt have started watching until season 2 but after that I was hooked to the television every Saturday night. I even went missing from a Christmas party before Santa turned up so that I could run home and watch the Dukes (it was an age before video recorders).
90% of all the episodes were filmed on the Warner Bros. back lot in southern California but for the first five episodes before the studio knew it had a hit on its hands the shows were filmed in the small town of Covington Georgia and the surrounding area.
In 2017 I was able to visit Covington as well as the grounds of Oxford College where the first jump of the General Lee was filmed then onto the actual Boars nest bar which is now a church.
After visiting Covington we pointed the hire car for the Apalachian mountains and in to the town of Gatlinburg where there is a branch of Cooters, the Dukes of Hazzard museum. Nothing like being 3000 miles from home and playing a round of Dukes of Hazzard crazy golf at 9pm in the evening.
1. the first car jump of the show.
2. The first General jump. This is Covington.
3. Looking down the hill from the first jump.
4. Bo, Luke, Uncle Jesse and Cooter in Covington.
5. The General parks at the court house. Covington.
5. Opposite the court house. Covington.
6. Opposite the court house. Covington.
7. Town square. Covington
8. Courthouse, Covington.
9. Town square, Covington (same location as plane landing in Cannonball run)
10. Town square, Covington
11. Town square, Covington
12. Uncle Jessie waits for the boys at the court house in Covington.
13. The steps to the court house, Covington.
14.Jesse and Cooter in Covington.
15. Herring street in Covington.
16. The only jump seen on every show. Oxford college.
17. The only jump seen on every show. Oxford college.
18. Roscoe P. Coltrane
20. The Dukes at the Boars nest.
21. The General drives into the parking lot. Our hire car only got as far as the gate.
22. Looking down at the boars nest. Now a church.
Me at the Boars nest
Jojo at the second tee.
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
1. the first car jump of the show.
2. The first General jump. This is Covington.
3. Looking down the hill from the first jump.
4. Bo, Luke, Uncle Jesse and Cooter in Covington.
5. The General parks at the court house. Covington.
5. Opposite the court house. Covington.
6. Opposite the court house. Covington.
7. Town square. Covington
8. Courthouse, Covington.
9. Town square, Covington (same location as plane landing in Cannonball run)
10. Town square, Covington
11. Town square, Covington
12. Uncle Jessie waits for the boys at the court house in Covington.
13. The steps to the court house, Covington.
14.Jesse and Cooter in Covington.
15. Herring street in Covington.
16. The only jump seen on every show. Oxford college.
17. The only jump seen on every show. Oxford college.
18. Roscoe P. Coltrane
20. The Dukes at the Boars nest.
21. The General drives into the parking lot. Our hire car only got as far as the gate.
22. Looking down at the boars nest. Now a church.
Me at the Boars nest
Jojo at the second tee.
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Cooters museum, Gatlinburg
Facebook Youtube Instagram
Copyright 2018 - Rewound and found by Dave Campbell
| 266 |
31 | where was the dukes of hazzard show filmed | https://hazzardnet.com/forums/topic/220-where-was-the-dukes-of-hazzard-shot/ | Sign In
Howdy Y'all,
Does anyone know where the Dukes of Hazzard was shot? Where the Boars Nest was? Where the chases always seemed to happen?
I just watched the TV series "V" and I swear some of the chase scenes were in the same as the Duke chases.
Howdy!
The first five episodes were shot in Georgia, with footage bein' filmed in Covington and Conyers, which were small towns about 35 miles southeast of Atlanta, give r' take.
The first jump that is used in the opening credits was filmed in Covington, smack-dab in the town square. The chase/jump in "One Armed Bandits" that shows a hill and railroad tracks was also filmed in Covington.
The original Boar's Nest is located somewhere between Covington and Conyers. The building still stands, though it was in disrepair last I'd seen, and has been vacant for several years. Once a real tavern, it changed ownership a few times. On occassion, a couple of Dukes fan clubs have rented it out for their shindigs.
Uncle Jesse's farm, the original Sheriff's department, the junkyard, and the store seen in "Mary Kaye's Baby" were all genuine places. The dirt roads and highways used in the chase scenes of those early eps were real roads in Newton County, GA.
When the show moved to CA, Warner Bros created sets in the Burbank studio lots. The backroads in the chase scenes were then filmed around Lake Sherwood CA, and also Valencia CA.
There ya go! And welcome to HazzardNet, Richie.
August 27, 2004
there used to be a fan site that had recent pictures of Georgia locations, maybe someone can help with that....If you watch the first 5 episodes you will definately notice the differences in the sets
Daney
Thanks very much for the link..Great site..I love seeing how little is changed in over 25 years....I bookmarked it now..
There is another one I had bookmarked too..
http://www.jonhollandakaboduke.com/introduction.html (Edited by Mufn. Link no longer has Dukes content. Jon must have let registration lapse.)
it is very similar, probably uses the same photos too..
tell me what you think of that one....
August 28, 2004
You're welcome, Darrell and thank you for postin' that other site. It has some good pictures.
Rich, welcome to Hazzardnet.
Hey Bri, you ever thought of writin' a book? The information you posted would make a nice section in the FAQs here.
August 29, 2004
Sure, but a dude named David Hofstede beat me to it. Heh heh. In the Credit where Credit is due, department.....David referenced the CA and some of the GA filming locations in his book, "The Dukes of Hazzard: The Unofficial Companion." To be fair to myself, the GA filming locations were known to me well before the book came out, thanks to a trip to Covington some years ago, and the local folks who remembered the filming.
A sweet lady who ran the Covington Floral Shop told me stories about the filming and area locations. Inside her floral shop, she had a small museum of Dukes and "The Heat of the Night" momentos. (the latter program also had footage shot in Covington).
I use the past tense, as I don't know whether the floral shop is still in business, or ran by the same proprietor. I can't remember her name, except that there was "Jo" somewhere in it. Mary Jo? At any rate, she was an absolute sweetheart, and I'll never be able to thank her enough for her time and her first-hand accounts. Covington has seen it's share of Dukes fans converge on it for one shindig or another - and great people like her, are why fans make the pilgrimage to GA.
Brian..
Did you take pictures like the ones in websites that were posted? I am sure you did....I loved seeing the pics on those websites see how little has changed, except the Boar's Nest..It reminds me of when I was a little kid in the 70's, I am only 34 lol, visiting family in NC. When I was last there last year looking at pictures and showing my kids and them saying not much has changed in the town my family is in....
Well enough of my rambling....
August 29, 2004
Who knows - her name may have been "Mama Jo Max." Haha - just a little joke.
March 13, 2005
Nice site. Kinda what I wanted to do with my site, but since I couldn't get screencaps or th' proper angles (NYC's a lot harder to shoot with traffic an' stuff) gave up on th' idea an' just tried to get th' most recognizeable photos I could.
Daney
Thanks very much for the link..Great site..I love seeing how little is changed in over 25 years....I bookmarked it now..
There is another one I had bookmarked too..
tell me what you think of that one....
Darrell
March 28, 2005
If you watch Knight Rider, you'll see some of the same scenery as well.
The California hills just ain't the same as good 'ole Georgia.
May 12, 2005
Hi all, I joined to say that I have been watching the Dukes on CMT. I noticed while watching the first few episodes that I kept seeing shots that were filmed on a backroad I take to work each day. I searched further and found the ranch where most of the dirt road scenes were shot is about 5 miles from my house (Disneys Golden Oak Ranch).
Although it's a private ranch and not open to the public the main road where many scenes were shot runs along side of it. I just started getting a few screen captures and then attempting to take a picture as close as I can to the screen capture. It has been about 20 years so things have changed but you can still tell it's the same place. I have many more sitting on my Tivo wating to be captured but I thought you might get a kick out of it.
Hey Brian.
I know exactly who you're talking about. Her name is Jo. But for reasons unknown, her last name has left my memory. I remember I used to chat with her the few times I visited the flower shop and when I attended the Dukes of Hazzard fan club's get together in Covington back in 1999. Man it was scalding hot with a nasty drought. I've heard that she sold the flower shop and I'm not sure what's she's doing now. It's been years since I last saw her.
Cheers.
Howdy Will -
I'll miss seein' Jo around town. She was a kind lady who loved to talk to people.
So you were in Covington in 1999? I think I remember you. You musta been on that same shindig tour....were you at the junkyard? And the party at the old Boar's Nest place?
Just wonderin'.
Join the conversation
You can post now and register later.
If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.
Note: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.
Reply to this topic...
Only 75 emoji are allowed.
× Your previous content has been restored. Clear editor
× You cannot paste images directly. Upload or insert images from URL.
Create New...
Important Information
| 267 |
31 | where was the dukes of hazzard show filmed | https://dukesofhazzard.fandom.com/wiki/Atlanta_Locations:_Then_and_Now! | In November of 1978, filming began on the the first five episodes of The Dukes of Hazzard in Oxnard, Loganville, Social Circle, Conyers, Covington and Atlanta, GA.
These first five episodes feature a noticeably different tone from the rest of the series, including some more adult-oriented humor, with some raunchier elements and slightly coarser language.
After completing production on the fifth episode, executives at Warner Brothers were impressed by the completed episodes and saw potential in developing the show into a full-running series.
Filming moved to the Warner Brothers Burbank Studios in Burbank, California and to Walt Disney’s Golden Oak Ranch in Newhall, California. This move simplified production, as well as developing a larger workshop to construct and service the large number of vehicles the series would go through.
Filming Locations[
The following locations images were posted between 2014 and 2019.
Original air date: January 26, 1979 Episode Synopsis:
Bo and Luke Duke discover illegal slot machines in Sheriff Coltrane’s police cruiser and use them to raise funds for the local orphanage, which Boss Hogg wants to tear down and build a shopping center in its place.
This is the first time we see the General Lee make one of its many jumps. This scene takes place over the railroad tracks near the Covington, Georgia town square. Today, the railroad tracks have been taken up and replaced with a rail trail. The buildings in the background are also gone, replaced with a parking deck and greenspace. This scene is also used in the opening credits, beginning with the second episode of season one.
Location: 1158 Elm Street, Covington, Georgia 30014
After a long day, the Duke boys are headed to their favorite watering hole in Hazzard County. Today, the old hay barn they pass on the way looks abandoned and forgotten.
Location: 1780 Alcovy Trestle Road, Social Circle, Georgia 30025
The General Lee turns off Flat Rock Road into the Boars Nest.
Location: 290 Flat Rock Road, Oxford, Georgia 30054
The Boars Nest is the local hangout for many of Hazzard County’s working class folks. Daisy Duke, is a waitress there and the boys stop by to grab a brew and catch up with the locals. The building is still there today, but it’s now the Deliverance Christian Tabernacle.
Location: 290 Flat Rock Road, Oxford, Georgia 30054
Once the Duke boys, Cooter, and their gang figure out where the truck transporting the slot machines is headed, they get Daisy in a skimpy bikini to flag down the truck at the Hazzard County line. She pretends her car is broken down in order to get the driver to stop. She was pretending that she was looking for the beach. This was filmed at Rosebud Rd near Loganville. In 2008 construction made the road twice as wide.
Location: 4198 Rosebud Road SW, Loganville, Georgia 30052
Bo drops by the Sheridan Orphans Home to drop off the first bag of loot from the slot machines. Since Boss Hogg has threatened to shut down the home in order to build a shopping center, the Duke boys use the proceeds from the illegal slot machines to help Jill Dodson keep the home running. The home, known as the Zachary – Echols House, was built in 1854 and is still standing today.
Location: 5160 Echols Street NW, Covington, Georgia 30014
The Sheriff’s Office and jail has been torn town in 2003. A Georgia Federal Credit Union building has been build in it’s place.
Location: 1381 Milstead Avenue NE, Conyers, Georgia 30012
While outrunning the deputies, the Duke boys use a dirt pile as a ramp to jump over Sheriff Coltrane’s police cruiser and make their getaway. The jump was performed on the campus of Oxford University on a Saturday in order to evade a crowd of students. The jump measured a distance of 81 feet and launched the General Lee 16 feet into the air. This jump is also seen in opening credits, beginning with episode two of season one.
Location: Language Hall, Oxford College, Oxford, Georgia 30054
The Duke boys are flying high as they soar across the sky in front of Seney Hall at Oxford College. The road in front of the hall was closed in 2013 and converted into a brick walkway. Other than that, Seney Hall looks much the same as it did back in late 1978.
Location: Seney Hall, Oxford College, Oxford, Georgia 30054
The General Lee finally lands near Seney Hall after jumping over Rosco’s patrol car. Hopkins Hall is in the background.
Location: Between Seney Hall and Hopkins Hall, Oxford College, Oxford, Georgia 30054
Sheriff Coltrane is in hot pursuit of the Duke boys as they make their way to the orphanage.
Intersection of Elm and Williams Streets, Covington, Georgia 30014
With Sheriff Coltrane in hot pursuit, the General Lee crisscrosses through the railroad crossing drawbars on its way to the orphanage.
Location: Intersection of Emory Street and Herring Street, Covington, Georgia 30014
The General Lee makes a sharp right turn on Herring Street and makes a beeline for the orphanage.
Location: Intersection of Emory Street and Herring Street, Covington, Georgia 30014
Most of these Shots are of Rosco chasing the Duke boys through the Covington town square.
Location: Covington town square, Covington, Georgia 30014
Advertisement
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
The Dukes of Hazzard Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 268 |
31 | where was the dukes of hazzard show filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard | The Dukes of Hazzard
American action-comedy television series (1979–1985)
(November 2018) (
Country of origin
Piggy Productions, Inc. (season 1)
Lou Step Productions (seasons 2–7)
Related
The Dukes of Hazzard is an American action comedy television series created by Gy Waldron that aired on CBS from January 26, 1979, to February 8, 1985, with a total of seven seasons consisting of 147 episodes . It was consistently among the top-rated television series in the late 1970s and early 1980s (at one point, ranking second only to Dallas , which immediately followed the show on CBS's Friday night schedule).
The show is about two young male cousins, Bo and Luke Duke , who live in rural Georgia and are on probation for moonshine -running. Probation prevents the "Duke Boys" from owning guns, and they are armed with bows and arrows and clever plans to outwit a corrupt sheriff and greedy rich "city slickers." Their cousin Daisy Duke and other family (such as patriarch Uncle Jesse) live in a secluded country home in the woods, where they plan various escapades to expose and evade county commissioner Boss Hogg and law officer Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane . The "Duke Boys" drive a customized 1969 Dodge Charger nicknamed the General Lee , which became a symbol of the show.
The series was inspired by the 1975 film Moonrunners , about a bootlegger family, which Waldron wrote and directed and had many identical or similar character names and concepts.
The Dukes of Hazzard follows the adventures of "the Duke boys", primarily cousins Bo Duke ( John Schneider ) and Luke Duke ( Tom Wopat ) (but alternatively Coy and Vance Duke for most of season 5), who live on a family farm in fictional Hazzard County, Georgia (the exact location of which is never specified, though Atlanta is mentioned several times as the nearest big city), with their cousin Daisy ( Catherine Bach ) and their wise old Uncle Jesse ( Denver Pyle ). The Duke boys race around in their customized 1969 Dodge Charger stock car , dubbed (The) General Lee , evading crooked and corrupt county commissioner Boss Hogg ( Sorrell Booke ) and his bumbling and corrupt Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane ( James Best ) along with his deputy(s), and always managing to get caught in the middle of various local escapades and incidents.
Bo and Luke were previously sentenced to probation for illegal transportation of moonshine ; their Uncle Jesse made a plea bargain with the U.S. government to refrain from distilling moonshine in exchange for Bo and Luke's freedom. As a result, Bo and Luke are on probation and not allowed to carry firearms—instead, they often use compound bows , sometimes with arrows tipped with dynamite —or to leave Hazzard County unless they get permission from their probation officer, Boss Hogg. The details of their probation terms vary from episode to episode. Sometimes it is implied that they would be jailed for merely crossing the county line, [1] or in other episodes the state line. On other occasions it is shown that they may leave Hazzard as long as they are back within a certain time. [2] Several other technicalities of their probation come into play at various times.
Corrupt county commissioner Jefferson Davis (J. D.) "Boss" Hogg either runs or has his fingers in virtually everything in Hazzard County. Hogg is forever angry at the Dukes, especially Bo and Luke, for their habit of foiling his crooked schemes. Many episodes revolve around Hogg's attempts to engage in some such scheme, sometimes with the aid of hired criminal help.
Some of these are get-rich-quick schemes , but many others affect the financial security of the Duke farm, which Hogg has long wanted to acquire for various reasons. Other times, Hogg hires criminals from out of town to do his dirty work for him, and he often tries to frame Bo and Luke as part of these plots. Bo and Luke always seem to stumble over Hogg's latest scheme, sometimes by curiosity, and often by sheer luck, and quash it. Despite the Dukes often coming to his rescue, Hogg never loses his irrational dislike of the clan, particularly Bo and Luke, often accusing them of spying on him, robbing or planning to rob him, or other nefarious actions.
Hogg was played by Sorrell Booke , who performed frequently on radio, stage, and film before his role in The Dukes of Hazzard. Hogg is one of only two characters to appear in every episode of the series, the other being Uncle Jesse Duke. Daisy Duke appears in all but one episode (season 3's " To Catch a Duke ").
The show's other main characters include local mechanic Cooter Davenport ( Ben Jones ), who in early episodes was portrayed as a wild, unshaven rebel, often breaking or treading on the edge of the law, before settling down to become the Duke family's best friend (often called an "honorary Duke") and owning the local garage. Enos Strate ( Sonny Shroyer ) is an honest but naive young deputy who, despite his friendship with the Dukes (and his crush on Daisy), is reluctantly forced to take part in Hogg and Rosco's crooked schemes. In the third and fourth seasons, when Shroyer left for his own show , his character was replaced by Deputy Cletus Hogg ( Rick Hurst ), Boss's cousin, who is slightly wilier than Enos but still a somewhat reluctant player in Hogg's plots.
Owing to their fundamentally good natures, the Dukes often wind up helping Boss Hogg out of trouble, albeit grudgingly. More than once Hogg is targeted by former associates who are either seeking revenge or have double-crossed him after a scheme has unraveled. Sheriff Coltrane also finds himself targeted in some instances. On such occasions, Bo and Luke usually have to rescue their adversaries as an inevitable precursor to defeating the bad guys; in other instances, the Dukes join forces with Hogg and Coltrane to tackle bigger threats to Hazzard or one of their respective parties. These instances became more frequent as the show progressed, and later seasons saw a number of stories where the Dukes and Hogg (and Coltrane) temporarily work together.
(November 2018)
The series was developed from the 1975 film Moonrunners . Created by Gy Waldron in collaboration with ex- moonshiner Jerry Rushing , this movie shares many identical and very similar names and concepts with the subsequent TV series . Although itself essentially a comedy, this original movie was much cruder and edgier than the family-friendly TV series that evolved from it.
In 1977, Waldron was approached by Warner Bros. with the idea of developing Moonrunners into a television series. Waldron reworked various elements from Moonrunners, ultimately devising what became The Dukes of Hazzard. Production began in October 1978 with the original intention of only nine episodes for a mid-season filler. The first five episodes were filmed in Covington and Conyers , Georgia and surrounding areas, including some location work in nearby Atlanta . After completing production on the fifth episode, "High Octane", the cast and crew broke for Christmas break, expecting to return in several weeks to complete the ordered run of episodes. In the meantime, executives at Warner Bros. were impressed by the rough preview cuts of the completed episodes and saw potential in developing the show into a full-running series. Part of this plan was to move production from Georgia to the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank, California , to simplify production as well as develop a larger workshop to service the large number of automobiles needed for the series.
Rushing appeared as shady used car dealer Ace Parker in the third episode, "Repo Men" (the fourth to be broadcast). Rushing believed this to be the start of a recurring role, in return for which he would supply creative ideas from his experiences: many of the Dukes (and thus Moonrunners) characters and situations were derived from Rushing's experiences as a youth, and much of the character of Bo Duke, he states to be based on him. However, "Repo Men" turned out to be the character's only appearance in the show's run, leading to a legal dispute in the following years over the rights to characters and concepts. Despite this, Rushing remained on good terms with cast and crew and in recent years has made appearances at several fan conventions.
By the end of the first (half) season, the family-friendly tone of The Dukes of Hazzard was mostly in place. When the show returned for a second season in the fall of 1979 (its first full season), with a few further minor tweaks, it quickly found its footing as a family-friendly comedy-adventure series. By the third season, starting in the fall of 1980, the template which would be widely associated with the show was evident.
As well as car chases, jumps and stunts, The Dukes of Hazzard relied on character familiarity, with each character effectively serving the same role within a typical episode. Deputy Cletus replaced Deputy Enos in Seasons 3 and 4, and Coy and Vance Duke temporarily replaced Bo and Luke (due to a salary dispute) for most of Season 5, but these were the only major cast changes through the show's run. Only Uncle Jesse and Boss Hogg appeared in all 145 episodes; Daisy appears in all but one, the third season's "To Catch a Duke." The General Lee also appears in all episodes except "Mary Kaye's Baby".
September 21, 1984
February 8, 1985
The show ran for seven seasons and a total of 147 episodes. Many of the episodes followed a similar structure "out-of-town crooks pull a robbery or commit a crime or scandal, Duke boys blamed, spend the rest of the hour clearing their names, the General Lee flies and the squad cars crash". [4]
Cast and characters
Character
Lucas K. "Luke" Duke ( Tom Wopat ), is the dark-haired, older Duke boy. He is typically the one who thinks of the plan that will get himself and his cousin Bo out of whatever trouble they have gotten into. Luke wears a checked blue shirt (a plain blue shirt in most, though not all, second-series episodes) and a denim jacket over it in first season and a few later second-season episodes. He is a veteran of the United States Marine Corps and a former boxer. Luke acted hypocritically on occasion, most prominently in season 1 episode 6 "Swamp Molly". [5] Luke was the first Duke to perform the "hood slide" across the General Lee, which is seen in the opening credits of the show (a shot taken from the second episode, "Daisy's Song"). According to Wopat the slide was an accident, because his foot got caught on the side of the General Lee when he attempted to jump across the hood; he also caught his arm on the hood's radio antenna, resulting in such antennas being removed from later versions of the General Lee. [6] However, the "hood slide" quickly proved popular and became a regular staple of the rest of the episodes. The only episode to directly refer to the age difference between Luke and Bo is in the seventh season opener, the "flashback" episode "Happy Birthday, General Lee", where it is stated that Luke had already been in the Marines while Bo was in his last year at high school. [7] Though Bo and Luke share the CB call sign "Lost Sheep", in the season one episode "Money to Burn", Luke refers to himself (singularly) as "Sittin' Duck".
Beauregard "Bo" Duke ( John Schneider ) is the blond-haired, younger Duke boy. He is more of the "shoot first, ask questions later" type than Luke. In the first-season episode "High Octane", his actual first name is revealed to be Beauregard. Bo had his eye, or heart, distracted by a pretty girl at times, leading the Dukes into trouble in a few episodes. Bo usually wears a cream-yellow shirt; for the first two seasons he wears a blue T-shirt underneath (brown in the first episode). This was slowly phased out during the third season. An ex- stock car driver, Bo is the one who drives the General Lee most of the time, with Luke riding shotgun . Bo was also the first Duke to jump the General Lee. [8] He and Luke take turns of driving the General Lee in some episodes as they share the car with each other (very early episodes suggest that it belongs solely to him; Luke is said to have a car that Cooter had wrecked shortly prior to the start of the opening episode, "One Armed Bandits"). Bo is known for his rebel yell , "Yeeeee-haaa," which he usually yells when the General Lee is airborne during a jump. Bo was the only Duke to perform a roof slide (sliding over the roof of the car rather than just the hood), as seen in the season 4 episodes "Dear Diary" [9] and "Share and Share Alike". [10] The Duke boys share the CB call sign or handle "Lost Sheep".
Daisy Duke ( Catherine Bach ) is Bo, Luke, Coy, and Vance's cousin. She is beautiful, honest, and kind, although she can be slightly over-trusting and naïve, which has led the Duke family into trouble on a number of occasions. She sometimes aspires to be a songwriter and singer, and at other times, a reporter. She races around Hazzard with her cousins, first in a yellow and black 1974 Plymouth Road Runner (later a 1971 Plymouth Satellite was used) and then, from mid-season 2 on, in her trademark white 1980 Jeep CJ-7 , christened Dixie with a golden eagle emblem on the hood (and the name "Dixie" on the hood sides). Daisy works as a waitress at the Boar's Nest, the local bar and pub owned by Boss Hogg, as part of an agreement with Boss Hogg so that he would give Uncle Jesse and the boys a loan for a lower interest rate so the boys could purchase the entry fee for a race in which they wished to race the General Lee. The arrangement was supposed to be for an indefinite time, but there are several times throughout the series when Hogg fires her. However, he always ends up rehiring her at the end of each episode because of various circumstances. Although Hogg is a nemesis to Daisy and her family, she is friends with Hogg's wife Lulu. Daisy often uses her charming personality and sex appeal to influence male policemen or henchmen into going easier on other Duke family members and/or cause them to become too distracted to carry out their assigned duties or evil plans. Daisy also utilizes her position at the restaurant to get insider information to help the Dukes in foiling Hogg's various schemes. She also has the distinction of having her trademark provocatively high-cut jean short shorts named after her: " daisy dukes ". Her CB handle is "Bo Peep". Occasionally, the variant of "Country Cousin" is used.
Jesse Duke ( Denver Pyle ), referred to by just about everyone in Hazzard other than Boss Hogg as "Uncle Jesse", is the patriarch of the Duke clan, and the father figure to all of the Dukes who stay with him on the Duke farm. Jesse apparently has at least five siblings but no children of his own, and he happily provides for his nephews and niece in the unexplained absence of all of their parents (Gy Waldron, the creator of the show, states on the DVDs that their parents were killed in a car wreck, but it was never mentioned in the show). In the third broadcast episode, "Mary Kaye's Baby", Jesse says that he has delivered many babies, including Bo and Luke. Jesse Duke, in his youth, had been a ridgerunner in direct competition with Boss Hogg, whom he always calls "J.D.". However, while both Boss Hogg and Uncle Jesse would scowl at the mention of the other's name, the two enjoyed a lifelong "friendship" of sorts, with one helping the other when in desperate need. Jesse educated his nephews against Hogg, and often provides the cousins with inspirational sage advice. Uncle Jesse drives a white 1973 Ford F-100 pickup truck. In the barn, he also has his old moonshine-running car, called Sweet Tillie in its first appearance (in the first-season episode "High Octane"), but referred to as Black Tillie in subsequent appearances. In the second-season episode "Follow That Still" and the sixth-season episode "The Boar's Nest Bears", the marriage to, and death of, his wife is mentioned; he also mentions marrying her in the first-season episode "Luke's Love Story". His CB handle is "Shepherd", a reference to his always seeking out and saving his "lost sheep"—Bo and Luke—from their various mishaps.
Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane ( James Best ) is the bumbling and corrupt sheriff of Hazzard County and right-hand man and brother-in-law of its corrupt county administrator, Jefferson Davis "J.D." Hogg ("Boss Hogg"), whom Rosco calls his "little fat buddy", "Little Chrome Dome", "Little Meadow-Muffin", and several other names. In the early episodes, it is mentioned that Rosco spent the first 20 years of his career as a mostly honest lawman, but after the county voted away his pension, Rosco joined Hogg in an effort to fund his retirement in his last couple of years as sheriff. Early episodes also portray him as a fairly hard-nosed, somewhat darker policeman character, who even shoots a criminal during the first season. As the series progressed and producers recognized how popular it had become with children, Best altered his portrayal into a more bumbling, comical character. By the end of the first season, his origin had been virtually forgotten (and his job as sheriff appeared to become open-ended). Rosco is also the younger brother of Lulu Coltrane Hogg (Boss Hogg's wife). Rosco frequently initiates car chases with Bo and Luke Duke, but the Duke boys usually elude Rosco by outwitting him, with Rosco typically wrecking his patrol car as a result from which he would nearly always escape unscathed (only two episodes—the fourth season's "Coltrane vs. Duke" and the sixth season's "Too Many Roscos"—toy with the concept of him being injured. The first episode has him faking injury so that the Duke boys would lose the General Lee while the latter has Best playing two characters. His normal character, Rosco, is presumed drowned while a criminal that looks like Rosco has a headache). These chases are often the result of Rosco setting up illegal speed traps such as false or changing speed limit signs and various other trickery, which became increasingly cartoonish and far-fetched as the seasons passed. While he enjoys "hot pursuit" he seemingly (Boss Hogg as well) never intends for anyone to get seriously hurt. His middle initial, "P", was added at the start of the second season, and only one episode (the third season's "Mrs. Rosco P. Coltrane", in which he is subjected to a scam marriage) reveals his middle name, "Purvis". Rosco also has a soft spot for his Basset Hound Flash, introduced at the start of the third season. His radio codename is "Red Dog". When Best briefly boycotted the show during the mid-second season, he was temporarily replaced by several "one-off" sheriffs, the longest standing being Sheriff Grady Bird, played by Dick Sargent , who appeared in two episodes ("Jude Emery" and "Officer Daisy Duke").
Boss Jefferson Davis "J.D." Hogg ( Sorrell Booke ) is the wealthiest man in Hazzard County and owns most of its property and businesses—whether directly or by holding the mortgages over the land. Usually dressed in an all-white suit, he is the fat, greedy, corrupt county commissioner with visions of grandeur and a voracious appetite for food, who constantly orders Rosco to "Get them Duke boys!" He is also Bo and Luke's probation officer; when Bo and Luke need to leave Hazzard they always get permission from him. Boss Hogg is also married to (and dominated by) Rosco's "fat sister" (Lulu Coltrane Hogg), a point that does not always sit well with either Boss Hogg or Rosco; Hogg sometimes claims that Rosco is indebted to him because of it, though his on-screen interactions with Lulu typically show him loving her deeply (and giving in to her stronger personality). In addition to his role as county commissioner, he is also the police commissioner, land commissioner, and bank president. Boss is also the chief of the Hazzard Fire Department and the owner of, or primary mortgage holder on, most of the places in the county, including the Boar's Nest, Rhubottem's Store, Cooter's garage and the Duke farm. It is implied in some episodes that he is the Justice of the Peace, but in others Hazzard relies on a circuit judge. In the episode "Coltrane vs. Duke", Hogg represents Rosco when he sues the Dukes, implying that he is a licensed attorney. His vehicle is a white 1970 Cadillac Coupe de Ville convertible, with bull horns mounted on the hood. In the first few seasons, he is almost always driven around by a chauffeur . His old moonshine-running car was called The Gray Ghost. Every morning, Boss Hogg would drink coffee and eat raw liver (Booke, a method actor , actually ate the raw liver). [11] Boss Hogg is described in one analysis as "an ineffectual bad guy—hence amusing". [12]
Cooter Davenport ( Ben Jones ) is the Hazzard County mechanic, nicknamed "Crazy Cooter" (a " cooter " is a large freshwater turtle, common in the southeastern U.S.). In the early episodes, he is a wild man, often breaking the law. By the end of the first season, he has settled down and become an easygoing good ol' boy. Although not mentioned in the first couple of episodes, by the mid-first season, he owns "Cooter's Garage" in Hazzard County Square, directly across from the Sheriff's Department. Cooter is an "honorary Duke", as he shares the same values and often assists the Dukes in escaping Rosco's clutches, or helps them to foil Boss Hogg's schemes. During the second season, Jones left the series for a few episodes due to a dispute over whether the character should be clean-shaven or have a full beard. In his absence, Cooter's place was filled by several of Cooter's supposed cousins who were never mentioned before or since. Jones returned when the dispute was solved—Cooter would be clean-shaven (although, for continuity reasons, with the episodes being broadcast in a different order to that which they were filmed, he was not clean-shaven until the third season onwards). Cooter drives a variety of trucks, including Fords , Chevys , and GMCs . His CB handle is "Crazy Cooter" and he often starts his CB transmissions with "Breaker one, Breaker one, I might be crazy but I ain't dumb, Craaaazy Cooter comin' atcha, come on."
Deputy Enos Strate ( Sonny Shroyer ) is a friend of the Dukes but, while working for Rosco and Boss, he is often forced into pursuing the Dukes and/or arresting them on trumped-up charges. In the early episodes, Enos is shown to be a rather good driver (and respected as such by Bo and Luke) but, by the end of the first season, he is shown to be as incompetent a driver as Rosco. His common catchphrase is "Possum on a gumbush!" When he returns from his stint in Los Angeles, he seems to be able to stand up to Boss and Rosco slightly more, and sometimes refuses to participate in their schemes. In the early episodes, Rosco frequently calls him "jackass", which soon evolved into the more family-friendly "dipstick" as the show became a hit with younger viewers (though Boss Hogg, who also used the term "jackass" to berate Sheriff Rosco, occasionally returned to calling Enos this in later seasons). Enos has a crush on Daisy Duke that she often uses to the Dukes' advantage in unraveling Hogg and Rosco's schemes. Enos is very much in love with Daisy, and although Daisy seems to love him back, it is supposedly only as a close friend. In the penultimate episode, "Enos and Daisy's Wedding", the two plan on getting married, only to have Enos call it off at the last minute due to an attack of hives , brought on by the excitement of possibly being married to Daisy. Later, in the first reunion movie , Enos and Daisy become a pair again and plan to get married, but this time Daisy backs out at the last minute upon the unexpected sight of her ex-husband.
Deputy Cletus Hogg ( Rick Hurst ), Boss Hogg's second cousin twice removed, is generally friendly and dim-witted. Like Enos, Cletus is often forced by Rosco and Hogg to chase the Dukes on trumped up charges. While Cletus is good-hearted, and sometimes resentful of having to treat the Dukes in such a way, he is somewhat more willing to go along with Hogg and Rosco than Enos. Cletus has a crush (though not as bad as Enos' crush) on Daisy and is even convinced she wants to marry him. Like Enos and Rosco, Cletus frequently ends up landing in a pond when pursuing the Duke boys in a car chase . Cletus makes his first appearance as the driver of a bank truck, part of Hogg's latest get-rich-quick scheme, in the first-season episode "Money To Burn", and becomes temporary deputy while Enos is away in the second-season episodes "The Meeting" and "Road Pirates". Leaving a job at the local junkyard, he becomes permanent deputy in the third season's "Enos Strate to the Top". After Enos' return, the pair both serve as deputies and share the same patrol car until the end of season five. Each of the Hazzard County Sheriff's Department officers drives various mid- to late-1970s Chrysler mid-size B body patrol cars, most often a Dodge Monaco or Plymouth Fury .
Coy Duke ( Byron Cherry ) is another blond-haired cousin who moves to Uncle Jesse's farm along with his cousin Vance after Bo and Luke left Hazzard to join the NASCAR circuit in season 5. Like his cousin Bo, he often drives the General Lee, is a bit wilder than Vance and chases women; he and Vance are only in the first 19 episodes of season 5 and Coy and Vance are in only one episode with their cousins Bo and Luke when they return from the NASCAR circuit. Supposedly, with cousin Vance, Coy had previously lived on the Duke farm until 1976, before the series had started.
Vance Duke ( Christopher Mayer ), an obvious replacement for Luke, filled the void of a dark-haired Duke on the show. Like Luke, Vance is more the thinker and the planner of the duo, along with being more mature than Coy. He is also a former Merchant Mariner .
The Balladeer (voice of Waylon Jennings ) sings and plays the Dukes of Hazzard theme song, "Good Ol' Boys", and serves as the show's narrator. During each episode, he provides an omniscient viewpoint of the situations presented, and regularly interjects comical asides during crucial plot points (often, during a freeze frame of a cliffhanger scene right before a commercial break) and "down home" aphorisms (these freeze-frame cliffhangers were often abridged in showings in some countries, such as the commercial-free BBC in the United Kingdom). After numerous requests from fans to see the Balladeer on-screen, Jennings finally appeared in one episode, the seventh season's aptly titled "Welcome, Waylon Jennings", in which he was presented as an old friend of the Dukes.
Flash (Sandy and others) is a slow-paced basset hound and Rosco's loyal companion, who hates Boss Hogg but loves the Dukes. She first appeared in the first official third-season episode "Enos Strate to the Top" (the two-part third season opener "Carnival of Thrills" was held over from the previous season), although the dog was not formally "introduced" in that episode. Initially referred to as a boy, Flash is later regularly a girl (despite an occasional male reference afterwards). Flash was added at the start of the third season, after James Best suggested to the producers that Rosco have a dog. Rosco doted on Flash, often calling her "Velvet Ears". Flash was portrayed by several Basset Hounds during the series (distinguishable by different facial colors), the most regular being Sandy.[ citation needed ] James Best bought a share of Sandy, who was rescued from an animal shelter and was trained by Alvin Mears of Alvin Animal Rentals. Sandy lived to age 14. A stuffed dog named Flush was used for dangerous stunt work in a few episodes. [13]
The pilot episode was to include a barber modeled after Floyd Lawson on The Andy Griffith Show as a regular character, but was eliminated when the final draft of the pilot's script was written and before the show was cast.[ citation needed ]
Recurring characters
Myrtle / Mabel Tillingham
Longstreet B. Davenport
Ernie Lively (credited as Ernie W. Brown)
L.B. was Cooter's cousin who filled for Cooter when he was away from the garage in several second-season episodes (in reality, this was to cover for Ben Jones's absence, after a disagreement with producers as to whether Cooter should have a beard or not). L.B. appeared in the episodes "Follow that Still", "Duke of Duke", and "The Runaway", before Jones returned to the series; the episode "Grannie Annie" also features another temporary Cooter replacement, Mickey Jones as B.B. Davenport. Ernie Lively also played a different character named "Dobro Doolan", a friend of Bo and Luke, in the first episode of the series, "One Armed Bandits" (where he was credited as Ernie Brown), and as a guard called Clyde in the later sixth-season episode "The Ransom of Hazzard County". With Cooter's temporary absence, it was never fully explained why one of his relations was suddenly running the garage in his place; and in a similar vein to Coy and Vance in the fifth season, both of these cousins of Cooter were very much clones of the original character, and were never mentioned before or after their temporary spells replacing the original character.
A play-on-words of the popular military helicopter. Boss Hogg's young nephew, said to be as crooked as—maybe even more crooked than—Hogg. Dressed in an all-white suit just like his Uncle Boss, Hughie drove or was chauffeured around in a white VW Beetle with bull horns on the hood, similar to Boss Hogg's Cadillac . Typically, Boss Hogg would call in Hughie once per season to come up with a particularly dastardly scheme to get rid of the Dukes. Hughie's seemingly flawless plots always ended in disaster, and Boss Hogg would throw him out of Hazzard at the end of the episode. Despite this, Hogg always gave Hughie "one last chance" on his next appearance. In later appearances, Hughie wormed his way back into Hazzard by coming up with a scheme and then persuading Hogg to go along with it, often by bribery. The character of Hughie was first introduced in the episode "Uncle Boss", produced as the second episode of the second season but not broadcast until the third season (for unknown reasons, and just several episodes prior to "The Return of Hughie Hogg"). By that time, Hughie had already been seen as Temporary Sheriff in the second-season episode "Arrest Jesse Duke", in which he appeared in a secondary role, written in at the last minute to cover Sheriff Rosco's absence during James Best's temporary boycott of the show. He acted somewhat out of character of his usual conniving self in the episode, due to being given most of Rosco's lines. Like the two Hazzard County deputies, Hughie has eyes for Daisy Duke, but his feelings are merely of a selfish, lustful nature; Daisy despises Hughie, and thus the only reason that she will ever appear to return Hughie's interest is merely to charm him into relaxing his guard or lure him away from a certain area until the other townspeople can prepare to act against him, thus preventing him from subjecting Hazzard County to additional corruption.
Wayne / Norris
Roger Torrey
One of Hughie's loyal duo of henchmen. Played by the same actor, but with different names on different occasions.
The other of Hughie's duo of henchmen. He and Norris were both bigger than Bo and Luke, but nonetheless struggled in fights against them. Again played by the same actor, but with different names on different occasions.
Emery Potter
Charlie Dell
Emery Potter is the part-time Hazzard County registrar and chief teller of the Hazzard Bank. Emery is a meek, soft-spoken man with a low tolerance for anything exciting. He is a friend of the Dukes, and sometimes falls under Hogg's crooked schemes simply because he is too timid to stand up for himself. First seen in the second-season episode "People's Choice", the character made several return appearances across the seasons. He has also served as Temporary Deputy on occasion.
Dr. Henry "Doc" Petticord
Miz (Emma) Tisdale
Sheriff Edward Thomas "Big Ed" Little
Mr. Rhuebottom
John Wheeler
A local store owner, seen occasionally from the fourth-season episode "Pin the Tail on the Dukes" onwards (the Rhuebottom General Store shopfront is seen as early as the first-season episode "Luke's Love Story").
Dr. "Doc" Appleby
Elderly successor to Doc Petticord. Played by Elmore Vincent on the character's first appearance, in the fourth-season episode "Dear Diary", before Parley Baer took over the role in subsequent appearances.
Elton Loggins
Ritchie Montgomery
A disc jockey on the local WHOGG radio station, seen in the sixth-season episode "Enos's Last Chance" and the late seventh-season episode "Strange Visitor To Hazzard", and referred to, along with the radio station, in several other episodes. Other than actor M. C. Gainey (who played Sheriff Rosco in the 2005 movie version and had previously played a villain in the fourth-season episode "Bad Day in Hazzard"), Ritchie Montgomery is the only actor to appear in both episode(s) of the TV series and the 2005 movie (where he plays the small role of a State Trooper). Montgomery mentions this in a feature on the DVD versions of the movie.
Notable guest appearances
NASCAR driver Terry Labonte makes a brief, uncredited appearance as a crewman in the episode "Undercover Dukes Part 1". The race cars supplied for both "Part 1" and "Part 2" of "Undercover Dukes" were supplied by Labonte's racing team owner, Billy Hagan . However, the emblems of the sponsors of the cars (at that time Labonte was sponsored by Budweiser ) were covered to avoid paying royalties.
The celebrity speed trap
During the show's second season, the show's writers began incorporating a "celebrity speed trap" into some of the episodes, as a means to feature top country stars of the day performing their hits. On its first couple of instances, the "speed trap" was featured early in the story, but for most of the cases, it was featured in the last few minutes of an episode, often used when the main story was running too short to fill episode time.
The "celebrity speed trap" feature was essentially the same each time: Aware that a big-name country star was passing through the area, Boss Hogg would order Rosco to lower the speed limit on a particular road to an unreasonable level (using a reversible sign, with one speed limit on one side and another, far lower, on the back), so that the targeted singer would be in violation of the posted limit. The singer would be required to give a free performance at the Boar's Nest in exchange for having their citations forgiven; the performer would then perform one of their best-known hits or other popular country music standard, while the Dukes, Boss, Rosco, Enos, Cletus, Cooter, and other patrons whooped and hollered in enjoyment of the performance. More often than not, the performer would give a sarcastic parting shot to Boss and Rosco.
Singers who were featured in the "speed trap" segments were:
Gilley's and Lynn's appearances were not solely for the celebrity speed trap. After performing a concert in Hazzard, Gilley was nabbed while leaving and forced to do a second show to nullify his citation. Loretta Lynn was kidnapped by criminals wanting to break into the music business. Lynn was the very first country music guest star on the show in 1979 and had an entire episode dedicated to her, titled "Find Loretta Lynn".
Janie Fricke was the only country music guest star who did not perform a song, celebrity speed trap or otherwise. She played an accomplice to a robber who hid money in the dashboard of the car that was to become the General Lee.
Casting of Coy and Vance
Byron Cherry and Christopher Mayer as Coy and Vance Duke, 1982
The Dukes of Hazzard was consistently among the top-rated television series (at one point, ranking second only to Dallas , which immediately followed the show on CBS' Friday night schedule). With that success came huge profits in merchandising, with a wide array of Dukes of Hazzard toys and products being licensed and becoming big sellers. However, over the course of the show's fourth season, series stars Tom Wopat and John Schneider—who had already previously voiced their concern and discontent about increasingly inferior scripts being written for episodes—became increasingly concerned about a contract dispute over their salaries and merchandising royalties owed to them from the high sales of Dukes products. They felt that neither of them was being paid what was owed to them [14] and this became very frustrating to the duo. As a result, in the spring of 1982, as filming was due to begin on the fifth season, Wopat and Schneider did not report to the set in protest over the matter. Catherine Bach also considered walking out due to similar concerns, but Wopat and Schneider convinced her to stay, insisting that if she left, there might not be a show to come back to, and that settling the issue was up to them. [15] : 96
Production was pushed back by a few weeks as fairly similar looking replacements were hastily hired: Byron Cherry as Coy Duke and Christopher Mayer as Vance Duke. Bo and Luke were said to have gone to race on the NASCAR circuit; how they did this considering the terms of their probation was never explained. Cherry and Mayer were originally contracted at just 10 episodes as stand-ins, still with hope that a settlement might be reached with Wopat and Schneider [15] : 92 (in total, they made 19 episodes including one with Bo and Luke). Some scripts for Coy and Vance were originally written for Bo and Luke but with their names crossed out and Coy and Vance penned in. [15] : 96
The new Dukes—previously unmentioned nephews of Uncle Jesse, who were said to have left the farm in 1976 before the show had started—were unpopular with the great majority of viewers, and the ratings immediately sank. Much of the criticism was that Coy and Vance were nothing but direct clones of Bo and Luke, with Coy a direct "carbon copy" replacement for Bo and Vance for Luke, with little variation in character. This was something that even show creator Gy Waldron has said was wrong, [16] and that he insisted, unsuccessfully, that audiences would not accept direct clones and the two replacements should be taken in a different direction character wise, but was overruled by the producers. Waldron also commented that if Bach too had walked, the show would probably have been canceled. It was reported that prior to filming, Cherry and Mayer were given Bo and Luke episodes to watch, to study and learn to emulate them, although Cherry has said in interviews that he does not recall this ever happening.
Hit hard by the significant drop in ratings, Warner Bros. renegotiated with Wopat and Schneider, and eventually a settlement was reached, and the original Duke boys returned to the series in early 1983, four episodes from the conclusion of the fifth season. Initially, part of the press release announcing Wopat and Schneider's return suggested that Cherry and Mayer would remain as part of the cast (though presumably in a reduced role), [15] : 97 but it was quickly realized that "four Duke boys" would not work within the context of the series, and due to the huge unpopularity associated with their time on the show, they were quickly written out of the same episode in which Bo and Luke returned.
Return of Bo and Luke
Although Coy and Vance were never popular, viewers were disappointed by their departure episode, "Welcome Back, Bo 'n' Luke", which was for the most part a standard episode, with the return of Bo and Luke and the departure of Coy and Vance tacked onto the beginning (Bo and Luke return from their NASCAR tour just as Coy and Vance leave Hazzard to tend to a sick relative). More than a few viewers commented that they were disappointed by this, and that they would have liked to see both pairs of Duke boys team up to tackle a particularly dastardly plot by Boss Hogg before Coy and Vance's departure, but as it turned out, Coy and Vance had little dialogue and were gone by the first commercial break, never to be seen, heard from or even mentioned again. [15] : 249
While the return of Bo and Luke was welcomed by ardent and casual viewers alike, and as a result ratings recovered slightly, the show never completely regained its former popularity. One of Wopat and Schneider's disputes even before they left was what they considered to be increasingly weak and formulaic scripts and episode plots. [15] : 86 With Wopat and Schneider's return, the producers agreed to try a wider scope of storylines. [15] : 100 It continued for two more seasons. Many cast members, including Wopat, decried the miniature car effects newly incorporated to depict increasingly absurd General Lee and patrol car stunts (which had previously been performed with real cars by stunt drivers). [17] The miniature car effects were intended as a budget saving measure (to save the cost of repairing or replacing damaged vehicles) and to help compete visually with KITT from the NBC series Knight Rider .[ citation needed ] By February 1985, The Dukes of Hazzard ended its run after seven seasons.
The show is estimated to have gone through 250–355 cars during filming. [18] [19]
The General Lee (Dodge Charger)
The General Lee on public display
The General Lee was based on a 1969 Dodge Charger [20] owned by Bo and Luke. It was orange with a Confederate battle flag painted on the roof, the words "GENERAL LEE" over each door, and the number "01" on each door. In the original five Georgia-filmed episodes, a Confederate flag along with a checkered racing flag in a criss-cross pattern could be seen behind the rear window; this was removed because the extra decal was impossible to replicate over and over again. The name refers to the American Civil War Confederate General Robert E. Lee . The television show was based on the movie Moonrunners , in turn based on actual moonshine runners who used a 1958 Chrysler named Traveler, after General Lee's horse (with a slight spelling change). Traveler was originally intended to be the name of the Duke boys' stock car too, until producers agreed that General Lee had more punch to it.
Since it was built as a race car , the doors were welded shut. Through the history of the show, an estimated 309 Chargers were used; 17 are still known to exist in various states of repair. A replica was owned by John Schneider, known as "Bo's General Lee". In 2008, Schneider sold "Bo's General Lee" at the Barrett-Jackson automobile auction for $230,000. An eBay auction which garnered a bid of $9,900,500 for the car was never finalized, with the purported bidder claiming his account had been hacked. [21] The underside of the hood has the signatures of the cast from the 1997 TV movie. Schneider has also restored over 20 other General Lee s to date. In 2008, a replica of the General Lee fetched a high bid of $450,000 at the Barrett-Jackson auto auction. In 2012, the General Lee 1, the first car used in filming the series, was purchased at auction by golfer Bubba Watson for $110,000. The car had been scrapped after being wrecked during the famous opening jump shoot, and was later discovered in a junkyard by the president of the North American General Lee fan club. [22] In 2015, following a wave of sentiment against Confederate symbolism in the wake of shootings in Charleston, SC (relating to photos where the attacker had posed with the Confederate flag), Bubba Watson announced that he would remove the Confederate flag from the roof of the General Lee 1 and repaint it with the U.S. national flag . [23]
The show also used 1968 Chargers (which shared the same sheet metal) by pop-riveting the "I" piece to the center of the 68's grille, as well as cutting out the tail lights, pop-riveting the '69 lenses in place, and removing the round side marker lights. These Chargers performed many record-breaking jumps throughout the show, almost all of them resulting in a completely destroyed car. No 1970 Chargers were used, as backdating them proved to be too time-consuming.
The Duke boys added a custom air horn to the General Lee that played the first 12 notes of the song " Dixie ". The Dixie horn was not originally planned, until a Georgia local hot rod racer drove by and sounded his car's Dixie horn. The producers immediately rushed after him asking where he had bought the horn. Warner Bros. purchased several Chargers for stunts, as they generally destroyed at least one or two cars per episode. By the end of the show's sixth season, the Chargers were becoming harder to find and more expensive. In addition, the television series Knight Rider began to rival the General Lee's stunts. As such, the producers used 1:8 scale miniatures, filmed by Jack Sessums' crew, or recycled stock jump footage—the latter being a practice that had been in place to an extent since the second season, and had increased as the seasons passed.
Some of the 01 and Confederate flag motifs were initially hand painted, but as production sped up, these were replaced with vinyl decals for quick application (and removal), as needed.
During the first five episodes of the show that were filmed in Georgia, the cars involved with filming were given to the crew at the H&H body shop near the filming location. At this shop, the men worked day and night to prepare the wrecked cars for the next day while still running their body shop during the day. Time was of the essence, and the men that worked at this shop worked hard hours to get the cars prepared for the show.
The third episode "Mary Kaye's Baby" is the only one in which the General Lee does not appear. Instead, the Dukes drove around in a blue 1975 Plymouth Fury borrowed from Cooter that Luke later destroyed by shooting a flaming arrow at the car, whose trunk had been leaking due to the moonshine stowed in the back.
The Duke boys' CB handle was (jointly) "Lost Sheep". Originally when the show was conceived, their handle was to be "General Lee" to match their vehicle, but this was only ever used on-screen on one occasion, in the second episode, "Daisy's Song", when Cooter calls Bo and Luke over the CB by this handle, although they were actually driving Daisy's Plymouth Road Runner (see below) at the time. As it became obvious that the "General Lee" handle would be out of place when the Duke boys were in another vehicle, the "Lost Sheep" handle was devised (with Uncle Jesse being "Shepherd" and Daisy being "Bo Peep").
Hazzard police cars (AMC Matador, Dodge Polara, Dodge Monaco, Plymouth Fury)
1970s-era Plymouth Fury similar to the ones used in the series
The 1975 AMC Matador [24] was one of many Hazzard County police cars used on the series, mostly in the first season; they had light bars and working radios. A 1970 Dodge Polara [25] and a 1974 Dodge Monaco [26] were used during the pilot episode "One Armed Bandits" ; these were also seen in the show's title sequence. From the second season, the 1977 Dodge Monaco [27] was mostly used. From mid-season four the similar looking 1978 Plymouth Fury [28] was used instead. The Matadors and Furies were former Los Angeles Police Department vehicles, while the Monacos were former California Highway Patrol units.
Plymouth Road Runner
Jeep CJ-7
Ford F-100 pickup truck
Cadillac de Ville
A white 1970 Cadillac de Ville convertible was used as Boss Hogg's car, notably with large bull horns as a hood ornament. In early seasons, Hogg was almost always driven by a chauffeur , who was normally nameless and had little or no dialogue, but identified on occasion as being called "Alex"; and played by several uncredited actors, including stuntman Gary Baxley. This chauffeur was often dressed in a red plaid shirt and deep brown or black Stetson hat but was on occasion an older man, sometimes dressed in more typical chauffeur attire.
Hogg is first seen to drive for himself in the second-season opener "Days of Shine and Roses", where he and Jesse challenge each other to one last moonshine race. From the fourth season onward, except for a couple of brief reappearances of the chauffeur (during the fourth season), Hogg drove himself around in his Cadillac (or occasionally driven by Rosco and, in the series' finale, by Uncle Jesse) and frequently challenged others by invoking his driving expertise from his days as a ridge-runner. Unlike other vehicles in the series, Boss Hogg's Cadillac is typically treated with kid gloves. The car is almost always seen with its convertible top down, with the top only being seen in two episodes, "Daisy's Song" (the chauffeur was called "Eddie" in this episode), the second to be produced and broadcast, and briefly in the second-season episode "Witness for the Persecution", when Cooter is returning it to the Court House after repairs. When filming close-up shots inside the studio, a similar-looking 1967 De Ville is used. The door vent windows (eliminated for 1969), as well as the small, round, chrome exterior mirror being noticeably different from the 1970 model's large, square, brushed stainless mirror.
Ford Custom 500
Theme song
The theme song "Good Ol' Boys" was written and performed by Waylon Jennings . He was also "The Balladeer" (as credited), and served as narrator of the show. The version released as a single is not the same version used in the show's opening credits; the single version has a repeat of the chorus and an instrumental to pad out the length, uses a different instrumental mix that emphasizes the bass, and replaces the last verse with an inside joke about how the TV show producers "keep on showing [Jennings's] hands and not [his] face on TV".
In 1980, the song reached No. 1 on the American Country chart and peaked at No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 . [31]
Broadcast history
(May 2019) (
The series was originally broadcast in America by CBS on Friday nights, at 9:00 p.m. and later 8:00 p.m., preceding Dallas from January 26, 1979, to February 8, 1985.
Until TNN ( The Nashville Network ) was purchased by Viacom , it aired reruns of The Dukes of Hazzard. Some months after the creation of " The National Network " (shortly before its change to "Spike TV"), the program was absent from much of television for quite some time. Viacom 's country music-themed cable network CMT (the former sister network to TNN) aired the show from 2005 to 2007 at 8:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time every weekday. CMT began airing the series in late February 2005. It also aired Monday–Thursday on ABC Family .
CMT aired The Dukes Ride Again, a special marathon which featured episodes from the first two seasons, on the weekend of September 10, 2010, and have begun airing episodes weeknights at 7 p.m. and 11 p.m. Eastern Time starting September 13, 2010.
CMT began to re-air The Dukes of Hazzard reruns in high definition, on January 5, 2014.
TV Land began to air The Dukes of Hazzard reruns on June 10, 2015, but removed them just three weeks later as a response to the Charleston church shooting and the ensuing debate over the modern display of the Confederate flag . [32]
Syndication and cable
Notably, television stations that aired the show in syndication include KCOP Los Angeles, WGN-TV Chicago, KBHK-TV San Francisco, WKBD Detroit, WTAF/WTXF Philadelphia, KTXL Sacramento, WVTV Milwaukee, KMSP Minneapolis–Saint Paul, WLOS Asheville, among others.
The Nashville Network bought The Dukes of Hazzard from Warner Bros. in 1997 for well over $10 million; not only did it improve the network's ratings, the show was also popular among younger viewers, a demographic TNN had a notorious difficulty in drawing. [33]
Nationwide, the show also aired on ABC Family (2000–01, 2004), TNN's sister network CMT (2005–07, 2010–12, 2014–15) and TV Land (2015); TV Land dropped the show in the wake of protests and controversy surrounding the display of the Confederate flag . [34]
Nielsen ratings
In the United Kingdom, the series aired on BBC One , debuting on Saturday March 3, 1979 at 9:00 p.m. (just several months after it began in the U.S.). Popular with all ages (and as some of the more adult elements of very early episodes faded out of the series), it quickly moved from its post- watershed position to a more family-friendly Monday evening slot at 7:20 p.m. Soon a massive hit, it moved from Monday evenings to prime-time Saturday evening (times varied, but typically around 5:25 p.m.), where it stayed for a number of years. Later when ratings began to dip (partly caused by the change to Coy and Vance, and partly to do with competition from ITV , with new hit shows such as The A-Team ), it moved back to Mondays, making the odd return for short runs on Saturdays. Late episodes also popped up occasionally on Sunday afternoons, and the remaining episodes of the final season were broadcast on weekday mornings during school holidays in the late 1980s. In 1992, Sky1 bought a package of the program, owning the rights to the first 60 episodes produced (running up to "The Fugitive"), showing the series on Saturday afternoons at 4 p.m. They later showed the episodes they owned again, including a stint showing it in a weekday 3 p.m. slot, running for 50 minutes (including commercials) with the episodes heavily edited for time as a result, often leaving gaps in the plot. Despite requests from fans, they did not secure the rights to later episodes. The series was later run on the satellite channels Granada Plus and TNT . U.K. satellite channel Bravo began airing reruns in August 2005. Reruns are currently shown on Forces TV .
In Brazil, the series was named Os Gatões (The Big Hunks), which limited its popularity among the male audience.
The series was also shown in the Netherlands by Dutch broadcasting organization AVRO , with Dutch subtitles, rather than being dubbed.
It was shown on Ten Network in Australia from September 1979 until the end of the series, and repeated throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. It was quietly rerun on pay TV channel TV1 in the 2000s, but is now shown on Nine Network's subchannel, Go! .
The series aired weekdays on New Zealand's channel The BOX . Previously it aired on TVNZ for its original run, being repeated on Saturday afternoons in the early 1990s. In May 1984, a doctor and member of the Auckland Health Board called for the programme to be taken off-air for promoting reckless driving; the production of the story for the Network News was featured in the 1985 documentary Network New Zealand. [42]
The series was popular in Colombia , dubbed into Spanish. Some late-night reruns continue to the present day.[ citation needed ]
In Italy, the series started to air in September 1981 on Canale 5 , under the title Hazzard and quickly became popular with the viewers.
A spin-off named Enos , starring Sonny Shroyer , aired on CBS from November 1980 to May 1981 and lasted a total of 18 episodes before being canceled. [43]
An animated version of the series called The Dukes aired in 1983 and was produced by Hanna-Barbera . The first season fell under the Coy and Vance era of the live-action show and thus they were adapted into animated form. By the second season, Bo and Luke had returned, and they replaced Coy and Vance in the cartoon series.
Several video games based on the series were created:
In 2005, the Humana Festival of New American Plays premiered a full-length comedy drama entitled Hazzard County by Allison Moore . The story centers on a young widowed mother and a visit that she receives from a big city television producer. Interspersed with recollections of Bo, Luke, and Daisy, the play takes a deep look at Southern "good ol' boy" culture and its popularization through the lens of American mass media.
In 2014, AutoTrader made a commercial where Bo and Luke shop for a new car while being chased. [44]
TV movies
Home media
Warner Home Video has released all seven seasons of The Dukes of Hazzard on DVD in Regions 1 and 2. The two TV movies that followed the series were released on DVD in Region 1 on June 10, 2008, and in Region 4 on June 4, 2014. [46] In Region 4, Warner has released only the first six seasons on DVD and the two TV movies. The Complete Series and Two Unrated Feature Films Box Set was released on DVD in Region 1 on November 14, 2017. [47]
Two one-shot DVDs were also released by Warner, the first one containing three episodes from the TV series (one from each one of its first three seasons) and the second one containing the first episode from it and a behind-the-scenes featurette that announced the upcoming premiere of the 2005 film .
DVD Name
Dukes Driving 101: A High Octane Salute
The Complete Third Season
May 31, 2005
November 21, 2005
March 1, 2006
Bo, Luke and Daisy – Just Good Ol' Friends: The Stars Reminisce
A Special Welcome
Dukes Family Tree
The Complete Fourth Season
Audio commentary (“Double Dukes”)
Cooter's Place: Keeping the Dream Alive
The Complete Sixth Season
General Lee: The Legendary Charger
The Complete Seventh Season
Remembering the Outlaw: A Tribute to Waylon Jennings
" Good Ol' Boys " music video with Tom Wopat, John Schneider and Catherine Bach
Making of the music video
Two-Movie Collection
The Complete Series and Two Unrated Feature Films Box Set
147
The TV series was also made available for streaming and download through a variety of services. [49]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it . (December 2020)
Season 1 garnered a mixed reception from critics. Tom Shales ( The Washington Post ): "Within five minutes, the program is out of breath from pandering so pantingly to its audience. [...] If this show succeeds, every television critic in America may as well quit." [50] Peter Hartlaub, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle : "Unfortunately, the first Dukes season wasn't the best, with a low budget and characters who found their footing as the series continued (Cooter started out a numbskull type)." [51] Conversely, Danny Graydon ( Empire ) writes: "Today, Hazzard's considerable charm endures, even if the sheer predictability is wearing." [52]
Legacy and influence in popular culture
In 2005, Tom Wopat and John Schneider were reunited during "Exposed", a fifth-season episode of the television series Smallville . [53] Wopat guest-starred as Kansas State Senator Jack Jennings, an old friend of Clark Kent 's adoptive father Jonathan Kent (portrayed by Schneider). In the episode, Jennings drives a 1968 Dodge Charger—the same body style as the General Lee. [54]
Daisy Duke was almost always dressed in very short blue jeans shorts. That style of shorts became known as "Daisy Dukes". [55] Katy Perry references "Daisy Dukes" in her number one single “ California Gurls ”. The popularity grew first in the 1993 with the song "Daisey Dukes" by rap group Duice and the 69 Boys.
The series is referenced in the British sitcom Only Fools and Horses ; it is one of Grandad 's favourite television programmes.
Lizard Lick Towing featured an episode with its repossession specialists Ronnie Shirley and Bobby Brantley repossessing a General Lee replica. [56]
After the 2015 Charleston church shooting , renewed debate about the symbolism of the Confederate battle flag (which was prominently featured on the General Lee's roof, and the panel behind the rear window in the first five episodes) prompted TV Land to pull reruns of the original series. [57] Warner Bros., which owns the property, announced it would also no longer create merchandise bearing the flag, including miniatures of the General Lee. [58] During the 2020 George Floyd protests , Amazon reportedly considered removing the program from its streaming service. [59]
Artifacts from the show are on display in Luray, Virginia ; Nashville, Tennessee ; and Pigeon Forge, Tennessee . Cooter's Place in Luray is overseen by Ben "Cooter" Jones from the series. The Pigeon Forge location features a gift shop and a small display of costumes, collectibles and artifacts from the show.
Covington and Conyers, Georgia, where the original five episodes were produced and filmed, have been two major tourist attractions for Dukes of Hazzard fans.
See also
^ Bidwell, Carol A. (1989). The Conejo Valley: Old and New Frontiers. Windsor Publications, pages 82-83.
^ The Dukes of Hazzard: "One Armed Bandits" DVD commentary track by John Schneider and Catherine Bach
^ John Shelton Reed, Southern Folk, Plain and Fancy: Native White Social Types (2007), p. 21.
"Basset Hounds" . tvacres.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Schwartz, Tony (July 10, 1982). "'Dukes' Stars Dropped" . The New York Times. Vol. 131, no. 45370. Archived from the original on July 10, 2022.
The Dukes Of Hazzard — The Complete Fourth Season (The Dukes Story: Building the Legend extra). Warner Bros.
"jesse's truck - HazzardNet Gallery" . Hazzardnet.com. July 18, 2006. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 hits (8th ed.). Billboard Books. p. 321. ISBN
.
^ Flint, Joe. (October 17, 1997) Divine (TV) Profits Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Entertainment Weekly Retrieved on May 12, 2022.
^ a b Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, page 1253.
"The Akron Beacon Journal" . newspapers.com. April 20, 1983. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
"Enos" . Epguides.com. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
"Dictionary.com definition 'jorts'" . May 29, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
Further reading
The Dukes of Hazzard
| 269 |
32 | who did develop the abandonment stage in the plc | https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-a-product-life-cycle | Subscribe to our newsletter to receive the latest news and events from TWI:
| 275 |
32 | who did develop the abandonment stage in the plc | https://www.eleken.co/blog-posts/decline-stage-of-product-life-cycle-overview-and-strategies | 2024
Decline Stage of the Product Life Cycle â How to Handle ItÂ
11
Some brands live like trees. They are born to grow, go into force just to get old and die like all living things do. That's a story about Kodak, for instance. Kodak was at the top of film-based photography until the invention of digital photography made all its achievements insignificant. Kodak was still very good at making film â the problem was that the world moved forward with digital technology, and Kodak was left on the sidelines of history with its outdated product.
But some brands live like phoenixes. Facing the decline stage of the product life cycle, they reinvent themselves and become stronger year after year. Take Levi's. The company has been around since 1873 and is still one of the world's favorite jeans brands. Or IBM, a pioneering tech brand that is alive and kicking even though it has recently celebrated its centenary. Another example is the Harry Potter saga. Fifteen years since the first book of the saga was published, the Harry Potter brand, valued at over $15 billion, is still going strong despite all the controversies around its author.
We can learn some things from the Harry Potter brand strategy regarding declining product recovery. But first, let's remind ourselves what the product life cycle is.
What are the product life cycle stages again?Â
The product life cycle is a series of stages that products undergo, from introduction to growth to maturity phase and eventual demise. The lifespan is different for each product. It can take a week or a month for one item, like some trendy necklace, and years or even decades for another. Warburtons, for example, have existed since 1876.
The growth stage is marked by higher profits and wider recognition. Customers spot you among other manufacturers, and the demand rises. Entrepreneurs introduce some adjustments or additional features.
The longest of the stages the company passes through is the maturity stage. The sales rise to the highest point in their life cycle, and the pace of progress slows down. The competition is extremely aggressive. The need to keep up with the competitors motivates entrepreneurs to update product characteristics and roll out advancements.
The declining stage of the product life cycle is the last on our list. The competition gets too high, and sales go down because of the latest technological inventions, changes in consumer needs, and upcoming trends. The sales rate falls until it stops being cost-effective for us to run the project. Nevertheless, money can still be made if you can handle it correctly.
So, what is the decline stage of the product cycle?
The decline stage of the product life cycle is the final phase in a product's life cycle, following introduction, growth, and maturity. It's marked by a consistent downward trend in sales, market share, and profitability. Products decline doe to market saturation, technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, or increased competition.
You'll see this stage more clearly through real-world examples. Some of the most recognizable SaaS products have experienced this downward shift, often due to intense competition or their inability to keep up with changing market demands. Letâs dive into some specific cases that illustrate how the decline stage can play out for even the most established players.
What are the examples of declining products?
In the SaaS world, even once-dominant platforms can experience this downturn. Letâs take a look at some well-known examples of SaaS products that have entered the decline stage and why they struggled to maintain their relevance.
Skype
Once a leading communication tool for video calls and messaging, Skype has lost significant market share to competitors like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Slack. Issues with its user interface, lack of innovation, and the rise of newer, more user-friendly platforms have contributed to its decline.
Dropbox (for personal use)
Dropbox was once a popular cloud storage solution, but with Google Drive, iCloud, and OneDrive becoming more integrated with other services and offering larger free storage spaces, Dropbox's appeal for personal users has waned.
InVision
InVision was once a dominant tool for design prototyping and collaboration. However, with the rise of Figma, a more collaborative, browser-based tool with real-time editing, InVision struggled to keep up. Figma offers superior features like seamless collaboration between designers and developers, integrated design and prototyping in one tool, and cloud-based accessibility, which made it more appealing for design teams.
Evernote
Evernote was once a leading note-taking app, but has lost ground to tools like Notion, Microsoft OneNote, and Google Keep. Many users felt Evernote became too complex and expensive compared to its competitors.
Hootsuite
Hootsuite, a popular social media management tool, has seen a decline in market share as other platforms like Buffer and Sprout Social offer more advanced features or better pricing models. Additionally, the rise of native tools like Facebook Business Suite has reduced the need for third-party platforms.
As we can see in the table below, the basic strategy for managing the product in a decline stage is to maintain it at minimum cost and eliminate the advertising and sales promotions. Sounds not quite a path to success, right?Â
Letâs check out some more promising product life cycle decline stage strategies.
Product life cycle: decline stage strategies
A significant fall in income marks the beginning of the decline stage of PLC. Making a profit during this period is challenging, but it's not all lost yet. Proper analysis of the market and your target audience prompts picking an appropriate variant among product revival strategies.
Here are several scenarios to prolong the life of your product:
Prolonging the product's life
The idea here is to promote the brand and maintain community activity through regular updates and releases before any product falls into the decline stage. Harry Potter has perfectly mastered this strategy with its eight best-selling books, eight blockbuster films, eleven video games, and a huge range of merchandise.
In the graph below, you can see how the brand's popularity changed between 1997 and 2003. At the moment when one book was in growth or early maturity, the next book was launched to boost the popularity of the previous part and extend the overall product lifecycle.
The strategy of prolonging the product life cycle requires ongoing work. If you miss an opportunity once, allowing your product to decline, it can be too late to boost it.Â
From our experience, startups often can't handle a prolonging strategy just because they lack free hands in their product teams. For such cases, Eleken UI/UX agency offers team extension services .
Changing the direction during the decline phase of the product life cycle
When consumers stop buying your product, you can consider changing the direction. It means exploring possibilities and observing an alternative appliance for your solution.
Some businesses can modify their product and present it to other market segments. Such actions bring a new audience to your business. For example, those who couldn't afford to use your service previously or those who simply didn't notice you among the wide range of other offers. This way, you can start selling in a completely different industry and find a new niche.
Others who notice their core product becoming outdated try to break into a new market. Among product life cycle decline stage examples, we can recall the story of one of Eleken's clients, TextMagic . Â
TextMagic was one of the leaders in SMS marketing. However, overall SMS usage is doomed to decline due to a high prevalence of messaging apps like WhatsApp and Viber. In the picture below, you can track this trend. The interest in SMS (blue graph) is continuously declining, while the popularity of WhatsApp is steadily increasing.
To avoid their product declining together with the SMS market, TextMagic asked Eleken designers to add some new marketing functionality to their product. For instance, we were involved in designing live chat and email marketing features.
With the new capabilities, TextMagic aimed to become an all-in-one marketing platform, gain new audiences, and relaunch the product's lifecycle.
Revitalize your product lifecycle with a redesign
Redesigning the solution
With products in the decline stage, overcomplicated design becomes a risk factor that may drag a company into collapse. That was a problem with Ricochet360 , a cloud phone system and CRM platform that came to Eleken for a redesign.Â
Ricochet360 was a complex software. The product team took over a month to help clients set up the app, customize it, and train an admin to use it. Then, the admin had to guide other contact center staff on using the new software.
But customers don't usually have months to learn how to use a new app. So Eleken designers started working on Ricochet360 design, aiming to shorten its brutal learning curve.
As a result, the app became much more intuitive and usable.
If you feel like your app needs a refresh to unleash its full potential, check out Elekenâs redesign services .Â
Start building a new value proposition in the time of decline stage in product life cycle
If all your efforts are in vain and the product becomes completely unprofitable, the right choice is to discontinue it from the market. On this condition, you can sell the product to someone who sees some value in it or just close it down.
With the resources accumulated during the product's maturity and decline, you could enter the market with new value propositions, thereby launching a new product life cycle.
Creating an MVP requires experienced product designers to acquire maximum value with minimal cost. Eleken can help you design the smallest thing that you can build and that someone would pay for or even just use.
Let's summarise key product decline strategies:
- Prolong product life: Keep the brand relevant through regular updates and releases.
- Change direction: Adapt the product for new market segments or industries.
- Redesign: Simplify and improve the productâs usability to increase appeal.
- Create a new value proposition: Discontinue unprofitable products and focus on launching new offerings.
What do you do at the decline stage of a product?
Navigating the decline stage of a product life cycle is less about accepting defeat and more about exploring transformative opportunities. This phase, while challenging, can be a pivotal moment for innovation and reinvention. Brands like Harry Potter and Levi's demonstrate that with the right strategy, declining products can be revitalized or even reborn, extending their market relevance and profitability. Whether it's prolonging the product's life, changing its direction, redesigning the solution, or building a new value proposition, each strategy requires careful consideration, market analysis, and an understanding of consumer needs.
Remember, the decline stage is not the end but a transition, a chance to reevaluate and redirect. It's an opportunity to apply creativity, leverage new technologies, and meet evolving market demands.Â
In this dynamic business landscape, having a competent design partner like Eleken, specializing in SaaS UI/UX design, can be invaluable. With expertise in designing and redesigning products at various life cycle stages, Eleken stands ready to help you turn challenges into opportunities, ensuring your product not only survives but thrives in its market. We're the most qualified SaaS designers you can get. Tell us a few words about your project , and we'll come back to you with hand-picked UI/UX ideas. Maybe redesign is exactly what your product needs to get a new breath of life!Â
Share
Senior content writer at Eleken UI/UX design agency. Kateryna has 4 years of experience translating complex design concepts into accessible content for SaaS businesses.
Lead UI/UX Designer at Eleken with 8+ years crafting complex SaaS. Passionate about nurturing talent and guiding team in solving tough tech challenges.
Top Stories
article
article
article
article
| 276 |
32 | who did develop the abandonment stage in the plc | https://strategiccfo.com/articles/profitability/product-life-cycle-stages/ | What is the Product Life Cycle?
A product life cycle includes stages the product experiences throughout its lifetime – from conception of the idea to the decline and abandonment of the product. Some products experience longer life cycles than others; however, all products go through the product life cycle stages.
Product Life Cycle Stages
What are the product life cycle stages? They are introduction, growth , maturity, and decline. Some may add other stages in between the four listed, including research and development , abandonment, and revitalization.
Introduction
The introduction stage is often preceded by a research and development stage. For the purposes of the product life cycle stages, we will start from when the product is first introduced to the marketplace. This stage is by far the most expensive stage in a product’s life cycle. Sales are typically slow, so a company may be bleeding cash until the product hits the next stage.
Pricing and promotion are critical in this stage of a product’s life. If it is not priced profitably or promoted effectively, then the product will arrive at the decline stage much quicker than anticipated.
If you want to see if you have a pricing problem and learn how to fix it, then click the button to access our Pricing for Profit Inspection Guide.
Growth
The next stage is the growth stage, where the company ramps up its sales and profits . The company will now be able to take advantage of economies of scale, profit margins , and increased profitability . Companies typically reinvest in this stage to grow the potential .
As the product gains more market share, increases distribution, etc., it will be ever important to scale the manufacturing and distribution effectively. A company needs to have an effective supply chain and logistics process to grow supply to the increasing demand. The worst thing that a company can experience in the growth stage is not being able to keep up with demand. Remember, growth impacts a company’s cash flow .
Maturity
In the maturity stage of the product life cycle, a company will start broadening the product’s audience, use, and availability. It is now able to maintain a consistent market share. A company will also continue to increase its production and logistics as demand continues to grow. The product becomes more popular during this stage. As a result, a company needs to be more careful in what marketing .
For example, when the iPhone was first released, many early-adopters acquired that technology . It took a few more years for it to become one of the most popular smart phone brands. As the product matures and continues to gain popularity, Apple continues to release newer, better, and greater models for a higher price .
Decline
Demand will eventually decline for a variety of reasons. Some of those reasons may include that there is a better product on the market or there is no need for that product anymore. This decline stage ends in total abandonment. A company usually has three options during this decline stage. Those include:
Offer the product at a reduced price
Add new feature or revamp the product
Allow it to continue to decline, resulting in the elimination or abandonment of the product
If the company decides to take option 3, then the entire product line is discontinued. Furthermore, they will liquidate any remaining inventory for that product.
What Stage Your Product Is In
So, what stage is your product in? As a financial leader , it is important to know what stage your product is in because it impacts profitability and the company’s value . If you are in one of the first 3 stages, then it’s time to check your pricing for your products. Are you pricing them to result in profit every single time? If you are not sure, then download the free Pricing for Profit Inspection Guide to learn how to price profitably.
Strategic CFO Lab Member Extra
Access your Strategic Pricing Model Execution Plan in SCFO Lab. The step-by-step plan to set your prices to maximize profits.
Click here to access your Execution Plan. Not a Lab Member?
Click here to learn more about SCFO Labs
Top Articles
Strategic CFO™ Financial Leadership Workshop
The Art Of The CFO®
Days
Hours
Min
Sugarland, TX 77478
Scroll to Top
Search ...
Results
| 277 |
32 | who did develop the abandonment stage in the plc | https://hbr.org/1965/11/exploit-the-product-life-cycle | Exploit the Product Life Cycle
How to convert a tantalizing concept into a managerial instrument of competitive power by Theodore Levitt
Print
Most alert and thoughtful senior marketing executives are by now familiar with the concept of the product life cycle. Even a handful of uniquely cosmopolitan and up-to-date corporate presidents have familiarized themselves with this tantalizing concept. Yet a recent survey I took of such executives found none who used the concept in any strategic way whatever, and pitifully few who used it in any kind of tactical way. It has remained—as have so many fascinating theories in economics, physics, and sex—a remarkably durable but almost totally unemployed and seemingly unemployable piece of professional baggage whose presence in the rhetoric of professional discussions adds a much-coveted but apparently unattainable legitimacy to the idea that marketing management is somehow a profession. There is, furthermore, a persistent feeling that the life cycle concept adds luster and believability to the insistent claim in certain circles that marketing is close to being some sort of science.1
A version of this article appeared in the November 1965 issue of Harvard Business Review.
TL
Theodore Levitt was a professor emeritus of marketing at Harvard Business School and former editor of Harvard Business Review.
Post
Post
Share
Save
Partner Center
| 278 |
32 | who did develop the abandonment stage in the plc | https://bbanote.org/decline-stage/ | December 31, 2024
October 18, 2023
What is the Decline Stage in PLC?
The decline stage in the product life cycle (PLC) is like the final chapter in a product’s story. At this point, sales drop significantly due to various reasons such as new technology, changing customer preferences, or strong competition.
It’s the twilight phase where the product’s once-glorious journey starts to fade.
During this stage, companies face tough choices. They can try to prolong the product’s life, much like how the Harry Potter brand continually refreshed its appeal with new books and movies.
Alternatively, they might change the product’s direction to cater to different markets or redesign it to make it more user-friendly.
However, sometimes it’s best to say goodbye. When a product is no longer profitable, it’s time to withdraw it and use the accumulated resources to introduce something new.
The decline stage is a natural part of a product’s life cycle , and the strategies chosen during this phase can determine whether a brand, like a phoenix, rises from the ashes or follows the path of brands like Kodak, unable to adapt to changing times.
Characteristics of Decline Stage
The decline stage of PLC is characterized by the following key features:
Slumping Sales: During the decline stage, a product’s sales start to drop significantly.
Rising Competition: The decline stage often sees increased competition. It’s like many players joining a game just as it’s about to end. Companies try to outdo each other in the final rounds.
Outdated Technology: Products in decline may become outdated, like old gadgets no one wants. It’s akin to using a vintage phone when smartphones dominate the market.
Changing Trends: Changing consumer preferences and trends can push a product into decline. Imagine trying to sell typewriters in the age of laptops.
Fading Profit Margins: Profit margins shrink during the decline stage. It’s like a clearance sale where items are sold at a fraction of their original price to clear the stock.
Strategies For Decline Stage
Below are the six key strategies you can employ for the declining stage of the product life cycle:
Maintain at a Minimal Cost
Think of this as keeping the old car running with just essential repairs.
In the decline stage, maintain your product’s presence in the market while cutting unnecessary expenses. It’s like giving your once-beloved, but now aging, car only the most critical repairs to keep it on the road a bit longer.
Eliminate Advertising and Promotions
Stop shouting about your product from the rooftops. At this stage, heavy advertising doesn’t make sense.
It’s like cutting down on billboards and TV ads for a movie that’s already played in theaters for months. Instead, rely on word-of-mouth.
Prolong the Life
Imagine giving your old, but still reliable, bicycle a fresh coat of paint. In the decline stage, extend your product’s life by adding new features or updates.
This can help it appeal to a new audience or boost its appeal to existing customers.
Change Direction
It’s like remodeling your house into a café when fewer people dine out. Explore new markets or find alternative uses for your product.
Just as restaurants pivoted to offering takeout during the pandemic, your product can find a new way to be relevant.
Redesign
If your product’s design feels like an outdated fashion, it’s time for a makeover.
Redesign the product to make it simpler, more user-friendly, and in tune with the current trends. Think of it as getting a stylish haircut to look fresh again.
Build a New Proposition
When your old toy is no longer fun, it’s time to trade it for a new one. If the decline becomes inevitable, consider selling your product or its assets.
Use the resources to launch a new venture with a fresh and exciting idea.
Examples of Products in Decline Stage
Let’s look at some examples of the declining stage of the product life cycle:
VCR Players
VCR players are like ancient relics from the past. They once ruled home entertainment with their ability to play videotapes.
However, they faced a decline when DVD players and digital streaming arrived.
Now, they’re mostly found in nostalgia shops, a reminder of simpler movie nights.
Fax Machines
Fax machines were the heroes of the office world, but they are now like forgotten superheroes.
With email and scanning technology, the need for these machines declined.
Nowadays, they’re more likely to gather dust in storerooms than send important messages.
Pay Phones
Pay phones were lifesavers in the pre-cell phone era. But with nearly everyone carrying a personal phone, these booths are like old storytellers in a digital age.
They stand in lonely corners, waiting for someone to remember their existence.
Typewriters
Typewriters are the grandfathers of modern keyboards. In their heyday, they were the tool for writers and businesses.
Today, they’re like museum artifacts. Writers and businesses have moved on to sleeker, quieter, and more versatile tools.
Polaroid Cameras
Polaroid cameras brought instant photos into our lives.
However, with the rise of digital photography and smartphones, they’re like artists who lost their stage.
They have niche enthusiasts but no longer a spotlight in everyday photography.
Cassette Tapes
Cassette tapes carried the tunes of many generations. Now, they are like echoes of the past, struggling to be heard in the age of digital music.
While vinyl records made a comeback, cassette tapes are mostly forgotten relics, quietly collecting memories.
Comment
Name
Email
Website
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Δ
About Us
At BBANOTE.ORG, we strive to provide high quality reference notes of different subjects of BBA Course, especially on Marketing Subject.
Search for:
| 279 |
33 | how to call china toll free number from us | https://krispcall.com/blog/how-to-call-china-from-us/ | Cloud Telephony
Reach your target audience and drive engagement with
KrispCall’s Bulk SMS Marketing.
Effortlessly capture high-quality leads and boost
conversion
rates with KrispCall’s lead capture widget.
Guide your team in real-time with advanced call
barging,
whispering, and listening.
| 280 |
33 | how to call china toll free number from us | https://www.8x8.com/blog/how-to-call-china-from-the-us?locale=us | Kevin V. Nguyen
June 20, 2019
Wondering how to call China from the US? The process is simple. Follow the steps in this guide to learn how to make international calls to China.
Calling China from the US
There are a few things you need to consider before you call China from the US:
Are you calling a Chinese cell phone or landline?
The area code of the place you’re calling in China
The cost of the call
How to call China from the US
Follow these steps to call China:
Dial the exit code 011. This will let your carrier know you’re going to make an international call.
Dial 86, the country code for China. This lets your carrier know you’re going to call China from the US.
Enter the area code. The area codes in China consist of 2 to 4 digits. Look at the table below to see the area codes of major cities in China.
Dial the phone number. A Chinese landline will be between 6 to 8 digits. Chinese mobile numbers are usually 11 digits. Skip dialing the area code when you call a mobile number.
China Area Codes
Here's a list of area codes with the major cities in China.
Location
Call a Chinese landline from the US
Here’s an example of how to call a Beijing landline from the US. The landline number in this example is 011-86-10-66-6666.
1. Dial 011, the exit code.
2. Dial 86, the country code for China.
3. Dial 10, the area code for Beijing.
4. Dial 66-6666, the phone number.
Call a Chinese cell phone from the US
Here’s an example of how to call a Beijing cell phone from the US. The mobile number in this example is 011-86-166-6666-6666.
1. Dial 011, the exit code.
2. Dial 86, the country code for China.
3. Dial 187-7861-2574, the mobile number.
How to Make Successful Business Calls to China
Show respect for the person you’re calling by being on time for the meeting.
If you have Chinese roots, you can give yourself a Chinese name when interacting with your Chinese client.
Be respectful of every person you talk to, regardless of title—never act cocky or arrogant in your conversation.
Let the person you’re speaking with end the conversation first.
Small talk about safe topics like climate, travel and scenery is merely an ice breaker. Answer small talk questions succinctly, and then move on.
Avoid scheduling calls during Chinese New Year, which is usually at the beginning of the year in January or February, or on other holidays, like Golden Week in October.
Using the Chinese language can impress those you’re doing business with, but only use Chinese words when you are entirely sure of their meaning and context. Otherwise, hire a translator to make sure your call goes smoothly.
Are calls to China expensive?
Calls to China can turn out to be expensive, whether they’re for business or personal reasons. Rates can change depending on if you’re calling a landline or cell phone. If you have to make frequent calls from the US to China, using a VoIP system like 8x8 can help you save time and money.
Using 8x8 for business calls from the US to China
The right enterprise cloud based communications solution can help businesses reduce costs, drive significant productivity improvements and achieve strategic business goals.
With 8x8 phone service , you can reduce expenses required to maintain, support and upgrade traditional on-premise solutions. Businesses of any size, configuration or geographic location can benefit from the cost, performance and operational advantages of 8x8’s cloud-based communication solutions. Calling China from the United States is even simpler—and much less expensive—when you use 8x8.
One platform
One solution for voice, video, meetings, content sharing and messaging on one system of engagement enables your team to collaborate from anywhere, on any device
Quality at scale
Security
The highest security standards in the industry with externally validated support for security regulations and standards including HIPAA, PCI-DSS, Privacy Shield and FISMA
8x8 can save you time and money
8x8 helps businesses of all sizes solve critical communication challenges. Some of the benefits of using 8x8 are:
Increase customer satisfaction and loyalty
Collaborate and communicate more effectively and securely
Free up IT resources with maintenance-free communications and rapid deployment
Unify communications throughout the entire organization
Integrate mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets and laptops into your communications strategy
View real-time and historical data about crucial business functions for faster, better decisions
Keep costs low and productivity high, with one easy-to-use economical system
Choosing the right technology is crucial to a growing business. Take the uncertainty out of the equation by choosing a SIP technology provider that can scale to meet your business' needs, whatever they may be at any given time. Call 1-866-498-2316 or fill out our online form to request a no-obligation quote from an 8x8 Product Specialist.
RELATED TOPICS
Chat with Sales
Company
| 281 |
33 | how to call china toll free number from us | https://www.vonageforhome.com/blog/how-to-call-china-from-the-u-s/ | Features
Features
Making calls to China from the U.S. is easy.
To call China from the U.S., just follow these simple dialing directions:
First dial 011, the U.S. exit code.
Next dial 86, the country code for China.
Then dial the area code (2-4 digits -- please see a sample calling code list below).
Finally dial the phone number (6-8 digit telephone number).
Need more help with how to call China?
Here is a list of major city area codes in China
CHINA AREA CODES
29
Xiangfan
710
Yangzhou
514
Yantai
535
Zaozhuang
532
Zibo
533
Vonage for Home offers easy and affordable calling rates for both domestic and international calls.
® ) are registered trademarks of Vonage America, LLC
Support
For a better experience, switch to a different browser.
| 282 |
33 | how to call china toll free number from us | https://www.goto.com/connect/international-calling/how-to-call-china-from-the-us | Calling internationally doesn’t need to be difficult
Before you call...
Are you calling a mobile number?
If you’re calling a mobile number in China, skip dialing the area code.
Does the number have a trunk code?
A trunk code is a prefix added for domestic calls – you won’t need to dial it when calling internationally.
Is your phone set up for international calls?
Not all phones come with international calling out of the box. With GoTo Connect , you get free international calling to 50+ countries.
Calling a mobile number
1. Dial exit code
The exit code to call outside the US is 011.
2. Dial country code
3. Dial phone number
Calling a landline number
1. Dial exit code
The exit code to call outside the US is 011.
2. Dial country code
3. Add area code
4. Dial phone number
China area codes
Make communicating from anywhere easy
GoTo Connect has all-in-one phone, meetings and messages built for small and midsize businesses.
| 283 |
33 | how to call china toll free number from us | https://www.globalcallforwarding.com/how-to-call-china-from-the-united-states/ | Follow the dialing format while calling China from the United States
Below is the dialing procedure to call China from the United States. You will find information on how to make an international call from the U.S. to a Chinese landline number or mobile number.
To call China from the United States
Land Phone Number Dial: 011 - 86 - 8-Digit Local #
Mobile Number Dial: 011 - 86 - 9-Digit Mobile #
Local time comparison
China is 13 hours ahead of the US East Coast.
Exit Code – This is the code you need to dial OUT from a country. Also known as IDD (International Direct Dialing) code or ISD (International Subscriber Dialing) code.
Country Code – Each country or region is assigned thier individual country code. You will need this code to dial IN to a country. There is a total of 249 codes worldwide. View all Country Codes
Area Codes – Area codes define a specific part of a country. This can be a whole city or a general region. Some countries are not big enough to have multiple area codes, so you would simply dial the country code and the direct dial number.
Local Number – This number is the local direct line to a home, business or cellphone.
Dial 011 – 86 – Area Code – xxxx-xxxx
Example #: Dial 011-86-20-5555-5555
How To Dial a China Toll Free Number from United States
Dial 011 – 86 – Area Code – xxxx-xxxx
Example #: Dial 011-86-800-5555-5555
How To Dial a China Mobile Number from United States
Dial 011 – 86 – 1 Area Code – xxxx-xxxx
Example #: Dial 011-86-122-5555-5555
Information About China
Chinese area codes are 2 to 4 digits depending on the region. Including the local number, they can be a total of 8 to 12 digits, with 10 and 11 digit numbers being most often used.
Cell phones are 11 digits, 1 is always the first digit. Skip dialing the area code when calling a mobile number.
ISD Code or Country Code for the China is 86
Area codes
Shanghai 21
Beijing 10
Tianjin 22
Shenzhen 755
Guangzhou 20
Chengdu 28
Chongqing 23
Dongguan 769
Shenyang 24
How to Get a China Phone Number
Time: Takes About 1 minutes
Description: Here are the steps to getting a China Phone Number
Necessary Items: Computer
Select your country
Under the “Select Your New Phone Number” dropdown, select China as the country
Select your number type
Depending on whether you wish to purchase a toll free number, a UIFN number, or a number based on geographic location
Enter a destination phone number
On the right of the “Select Number Type” area, add your current telephohne number
View Rates
Click on “View Rates and Try for Free” to see rates
Select a plan & features
Select a plan and any options that you are interested in
Enter contact info
Make sure to enter your name and other required information
Check out and add payment info
Follow through to checkout and select your preferred payment method. Note whether you want to turn the free trial on or off.
How to call other countries from the U.S.
How To Dial a China Local Number from the United States?
Dial the exit code 011, next dial the China country code of 86, followed by the local 8-digit number XXXX-XXXX. Dial 011-86-2-5555-5555
How To Dial a China Toll Free Number from United States?
Dial the exit code 011, next dial the China country code of 86, followed by the local 8-digit number XXX-XXXX. Dial 011-86-800-5555-5555
How To Dial a China Mobile Number from United States?
Dial the exit code 011, next dial the China country code of 86, followed by the local 11-digit number 1XX-XXXX-XXXX. Dial 011-86-122-5555-5555
How To Get Started
Sign Up Online, Instantly
A reliable suite of included and premium features to power your business communications.
CRM Integrations
IVR/Auto Attendant
Service quality and customer experience are our top priorities.
150+
Countries
24/7
Support
28+
Years
99.999%
Uptime
Cookie Settings
We use cookies to enhance your experience and analyze data for continuous website improvement.
Accept All
Accept Selection
Reject All
| 284 |
34 | how long were the pyramids the tallest structure | https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/of4c1n/til_the_pyramid_of_giza_was_the_worlds_tallest/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
Members
Online
[deleted]
TIL the Pyramid of Giza was the world’s tallest building for over 3,800 years.
| 294 |
34 | how long were the pyramids the tallest structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_pyramids | List of tallest pyramids
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is a list of the tallest pyramids in the world, both ancient and modern. In order to qualify for inclusion, each entry must be referred to as a pyramid (not just "pyramidal", "pyramid-shaped", or "in the shape of a pyramid") by reliable sources and be at least 50 meters (160 ft) tall.
Ancient pyramids
^ Coe & Koontz 1962, 2002, p. 120.
Emporis. "Memphis Pyramid" . Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
Emporis. "Walter Pyramid" . Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
List of tallest pyramids
| 295 |
34 | how long were the pyramids the tallest structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century | List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
2 languages
List of pre-twentieth century structures by height
This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . (February 2023)
Name
Municipality(current)
548
167
1894
City Hall was the tallest habitable building in the world from 1894 to 1908.
516
Burned to the ground in 534 after being struck by lightning.
Beauvais
France
156
(choir)
502
(tower)
47.5
(choir)
153
(tower)
1272/1569
From 1569 to 1573, the tower was the tallest structure on Earth.
Highest building between 1647 and 1874, between the St. Mary's Church spire collapse and the construction of the Church of St. Nicholas.
103~118 [1]
c. 280 BC
16th century
Current height: 76 m. Until 1600, the church was 117 m tall and the highest structure in the Netherlands before the 20th century.
Restored in 1912 to reach current height of 112 metres.
c. 1558
Chaturbhuj Temple dedicated to Vishnu was the tallest structure in the Indian subcontinent from 1558 to 1970.
Largest civic building in North America prior to 20th century
88 m when was constructed in 1171; built it higher in 1568
West Seven-Story Pagoda at Tōdai-ji
Nara
Japan
328
100
Shortened by 75 feet in 1855; destroyed by fire in 1856.
c. 601 BC
Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk . Alleged to have originally been built, to an unknown height, between the 14th and 9th centuries BC, then destroyed in 689 BC by Sennacherib . Rebuilt c. 600 BC by Nebuchadnezzar II . Finally demolished by Alexander the Great in 323 BC.
262
80
660
Built by the Silla kingdom following their defeat of Baekjae . Burned by the Mongols in 1238
The Clifton Hill Shot Tower held the title of Australia's tallest structure from its construction until 1930. The landmark has been proclaimed as the world's tallest shot tower by Guinness World Records . [3]
Bombay(now Mumbai)
1300–1330
Construction completed early in the 14th century, with further extensions during the following centuries to accommodate the growing population.
The church's current tower was built between 1711 and 1718, after previous versions collapsed in 1671 and 1710.
c. 1200
The tower is the tallest free-standing masonry structure in India, and was the tallest in the world until the completion of the Anaconda Smelter Stack in 1919.
c. 1190
The minaret was built around 1190 entirely of baked bricks and is famous for its intricate brick, stucco and glazed tile decoration
The Taroona Shot Tower held the title of Australia's tallest building between 1870 and 1875. It is the tallest cylindrical sandstone tower in the Southern Hemisphere .
India
175
53.3
1847
Its original height was 61m; after damages caused by earthquake, its top was reconstructed to present height, including flagstaff
India
174+
53+
1818
Height of this church was intended to be more than St John's Church, Calcutta, which in turn was 174 ft.
49 meters tall without counting its hti spire; originally built in 1444–1454; now raised to 61.5 m (since 2016)
Calcutta(now Kolkata)
Goa
India
150.9
46
1602
Only side part of the tower is still standing, most part is in ruined state
1605–1627
The fort is older, last renovation is considered as the time for its tallest part
12th–17th century
Tallest part of the temple is Rajagopuram (73m), which started to be built around 1500 and completed in 1987.
Suchindram, Kanyakumari
Konark
India
128
39
1250
Its original height was 70m, got damaged. Present height is that of surviving structure.
17th century
Temple itself is much older, its tallest part, East Gopuram in its present form is from 17th century
c. 1200
Fort existed in 100 AD, was probably upgraded in 12th century
c. 280 BC
One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . It fell after standing for 56 years and then collapsed in an earthquake.
(Stepwell)
Abhaneri
India
100
30
900
The figure is for depth below ground level. From bottom, total height shall include superstructure above ground also
Taken to Italy as a spoil of war in 1937. Reinstalled in 2008.
.
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
| 296 |
34 | how long were the pyramids the tallest structure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza | Great Pyramid of Giza
Largest pyramid in the Giza Necropolis, Egypt
"Great Pyramid" redirects here. For the pyramid in Mexico, see Great Pyramid of Cholula .
Great Pyramid of Giza
Coordinates
Type
Height
Original: 146.6 m (481 ft) or 280 cubits Current: 138.5 m (454 ft)
Base
Volume
Slope
Tallest in the world from c. 2600 BC to 1311 AD
Show map of Africa
The Great Pyramid of Giza [a] is the largest Egyptian pyramid . It served as the tomb of pharaoh Khufu , who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom . Built c. 2600 BC, [3] over a period of about 26 years, [4] the pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only wonder that has remained largely intact. It is the most famous monument of the Giza pyramid complex , which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site " Memphis and its Necropolis ". [5] It is situated at the northeastern end of the line of the three main pyramids at Giza .
Initially standing at 146.6 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the world's tallest human-made structure for more than 3,800 years. Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid's height to the current 138.5 metres (454.4 ft); what is seen today is the underlying core structure. The base was measured to be about 230.3 metres (755.6 ft) square, giving a volume of roughly 2.6 million cubic metres (92 million cubic feet), which includes an internal hillock. [6] The dimensions of the pyramid were 280 royal cubits (146.7 m; 481.4 ft) high, a base length of 440 cubits (230.6 m; 756.4 ft), with a seked of 5+1/2 palms (a slope of 51°50'40").
The Great Pyramid was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million large blocks, weighing 6 million tonnes in total. The majority of the stones are not uniform in size or shape, and are only roughly dressed. [7] The outside layers were bound together by mortar . Primarily local limestone from the Giza Plateau was used for its construction. Other blocks were imported by boat on the Nile : white limestone from Tura for the casing, and blocks of granite from Aswan , weighing up to 80 tonnes, for the "King's Chamber" structure. [8]
There are three known chambers inside of the Great Pyramid. The lowest was cut into the bedrock , upon which the pyramid was built, but remained unfinished. The so-called [9] Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber, which contain a granite sarcophagus, are above ground, within the pyramid structure. Hemiunu , Khufu's vizier , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. [10] Many varying scientific and alternative hypotheses attempt to explain the exact construction techniques , but, as is the case for other such structures, there is no definite consensus.
The funerary complex around the pyramid consisted of two mortuary temples connected by a causeway (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile); tombs for the immediate family and court of Khufu, including three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives; an even smaller "satellite pyramid"; and five buried solar barques .
Purpose
The Great Pyramid of Giza was the tomb of pharaoh Khufu, [11] and still contains his granite sarcophagus. [12] It had, like other tombs of Egyptian elites, four main purposes: [13]
It housed the body of the deceased and kept it safe. [14]
It demonstrated the status of the deceased and his family.
It retained the deceased's place in society.
It was a place where offerings could be brought to the deceased.
Make your grave well furnished and prepare thy place in the west.Look, death counts little for us. Look, life is valued highly by us.The house of the dead (the tomb) is for life. [15] [16] [17]
In ancient Egypt, high social status was considered absolutely positive, and the monumental social inequalities were symbolized by gigantic pyramids versus smaller mastabas . The sizes of tombs were regulated officially, with their allowed dimensions written down in royal decrees . In the Old Kingdom only kings and queens could have a pyramid tomb. Architectural layout and funeral equipment were also sanctioned, and were, like access to material and workers, at the discretion of the king. [18]
The Great Pyramid's internal chambers lack inscriptions and decorations, the norm for Egyptian tombs of the fourth to late fifth dynasty, apart from work-gang graffiti that include Khufu's names. [19] Constructed around 2600 BC, it predates the custom of inscribing pyramids with text by over 200 years. [20] [3]
The pyramid complex of Khufu included two temples that were lavishly decorated and inscribed. The pyramid temple was dedicated to the Sed festival , celebrating Khufu's 30th jubilee. [21] Surviving scenes portray Khufu, officials, priests and other characters performing rituals. The valley temple remains largely unexcavated, but blocks reused by Amenemhat I depict, for instance, nautical scenes and personifications of the estates of Khufu (e.g. the estate "Khufu is beautiful"). [22] The mortuary cult of Khufu which operated in these temples for hundreds of years indicates that Khufu was successfully interred in the Great Pyramid. [23] That the funeral was carried out by Khufu's son and successor Djedefre is evidenced by the presence of his cartouches on the blocks that sealed the boat pits next to the pyramid. [24]
The Great Pyramid was likely looted as early as the First Intermediate Period and may have been reused afterwards. [25] Arab accounts tell stories of mummies and treasures being found inside the pyramid. For instance, Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442) reports the discovery of three shrouded bodies, a sarcophagus filled with gold, and a corpse in golden armour with a sword of inestimable value and a ruby as large as an egg. [26]
Attribution to Khufu
Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the Great Pyramid on display at the Louvre museum
Khufu's cartouche found inscribed on a backing stone of the pyramid
Historically the Great Pyramid had been attributed to Khufu based on the words of authors of classical antiquity , first and foremost Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus . During the Middle Ages other people were credited with the construction of the pyramid as well, for example Joseph from the Book of Genesis , Nimrod , or the legendary king Saurid ibn Salhouk . [27]
In 1837 four additional relieving chambers were found above the King's Chamber after tunnelling to them. The chambers, previously inaccessible, were covered in hieroglyphs of red paint. The workers who were building the pyramid had marked the blocks with the names of their gangs, which included the pharaoh's name (e.g.: "The gang, The white crown of Khnum-Khufu is powerful"). The names of Khufu were spelled out on the walls over a dozen times. Another of these graffiti was found by Goyon on an exterior block of the 4th layer of the pyramid. [28] The inscriptions are comparable to those found at other sites of Khufu, such as the alabaster quarry at Hatnub [29] or the harbour at Wadi al-Jarf , and are present in pyramids of other pharaohs as well. [30] [31]
Throughout the 20th century the cemeteries next to the pyramid were excavated. Family members and high officials of Khufu were buried in the East Field south of the causeway, and the West Field , including the wives, children and grandchildren of Khufu, Hemiunu , Ankhaf and (the funerary cache of) Hetepheres I , mother of Khufu. As Hassan puts it: "From the early dynastic times, it was always the custom for the relatives, friends and courtiers to be buried in the vicinity of the king they had served during life. This was quite in accordance with the Egyptian idea of the Hereafter."
The cemeteries were actively expanded until the 6th dynasty and used less frequently afterwards. The earliest pharaonic name of seal impressions is that of Khufu, the latest of Pepi II . Worker graffiti were written on some of the stones of the tombs as well; for instance, "Mddw" ( Horus name of Khufu) on the mastaba of Chufunacht, probably a grandson of Khufu. [32]
Some inscriptions in the chapels of the mastabas (like the pyramid, their burial chambers were usually bare of inscriptions) mention Khufu or his pyramid. For instance, an inscription of Mersyankh III states that "Her mother [is the] daughter of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Khufu." Most often these references are part of a title, for example, Snnw-ka, "Chief of the Settlement and Overseer of the Pyramid City of Akhet-Khufu" [33] or Nykahap, "priest of Khufu who presides over the pyramid Akhet-Khufu". [34] [35] Several tomb owners have a king's name as part of their own name (e.g. Chufudjedef, Chufuseneb, Merichufu). The earliest pharaoh alluded to in that manner at Giza is Snefru (Khufu's father). [36] [37]
In 1936 Hassan uncovered a stela of Amenhotep II near the Great Sphinx of Giza , which implies the two larger pyramids were still attributed to Khufu and Khafre in the New Kingdom . It reads: "He yoked the horses in Memphis, when he was still young, and stopped at the Sanctuary of Hor-em-akhet (the Sphinx). He spent a time there in going round it, looking at the beauty of the Sanctuary of Khufu and Khafra the revered." [38]
In 1954 two boat pits, one containing the Khufu ship , were discovered buried at the south foot of the pyramid. The cartouche of Djedefre was found on many of the blocks that covered the boat pits. As the successor and eldest son he would have presumably been responsible for the burial of Khufu. [39] [24] The second boat pit was examined in 1987; excavation work started in 2010. Graffiti on the stones included 4 instances of the name "Khufu", 11 instances of "Djedefre", a year (in reign, season, month and day), measurements of the stone, various signs and marks, and a reference line used in construction, all done in red or black ink. [40]
During excavations in 2013 the Diary of Merer was found at Wadi al-Jarf . It documents the transportation of white limestone blocks from Tura to the Great Pyramid, which is mentioned by its original name Akhet Khufu (with a pyramid determinative ) dozens of times. It details that the stones were accepted at She Akhet-Khufu ("the pool of the pyramid Horizon of Khufu") and Ro-She Khufu ("the entrance to the pool of Khufu"), which were under supervision of Ankhhaf , the half brother and vizier of Khufu, and the owner of the largest mastaba of the Giza East Field . [41]
Age
Modern estimates of dating the Great Pyramid and Khufu's first regnal year
Author (year)
Estimated date
2613–2577 BC
The Great Pyramid has been determined to be about 4,600 years old by two principal approaches: indirectly, through its attribution to Khufu and his chronological age, based on archaeological and textual evidence; and directly, via radiocarbon dating of organic material found in the pyramid and included in its mortar.
Historical chronology
In the past the Great Pyramid was dated by its attribution to Khufu alone, putting the construction of the Great Pyramid within his reign, hence dating the pyramid was a matter of dating Khufu and the 4th dynasty. The relative sequence and synchronicity of events is the focal point of this method.
Absolute calendar dates are derived from an interlocked network of evidence, the backbone of which are the lines of succession known from ancient king lists and other texts. The reign lengths from Khufu to known points in the earlier past are summated, bolstered with genealogical data, astronomical observations, and other sources. As such, the historical chronology of Egypt is primarily a political chronology, thus independent from other types of archaeological evidence like stratigraphies , material culture, or radiocarbon dating.
The majority of recent chronological estimates date Khufu and his pyramid between 2700 and 2500 BC. [55]
Radiocarbon dating
Specimen of mortar from between core blocks of the Great Pyramid
Mortar was used generously in the Great Pyramid's construction. In the mixing process ashes from fires were added to the mortar, organic material that could be extracted and radiocarbon dated . A total of 46 samples of the mortar were taken in 1984 and 1995, making sure they were clearly inherent to the original structure and could not have been incorporated at a later date. The results were calibrated to 2871–2604 BC. The old wood problem is thought to be mainly responsible for the 100–300 year offset, since the age of the organic material was determined, not when it was last used. A reanalysis of the data gave a completion date for the pyramid between 2620 and 2484 BC, based on the younger samples. [56] [57] [58]
In 1872 Waynman Dixon opened the lower pair of "Air-Shafts", previously closed at both ends, by chiseling holes into the walls of the Queen's Chamber. One of the objects found within was a cedar plank, which came into possession of James Grant, a friend of Dixon. After inheritance it was donated to the Museum of Aberdeen in 1946; however, it had broken into pieces and was filed incorrectly. Lost in the vast museum collection, it was only rediscovered in 2020, when it was radiocarbon dated to 3341–3094 BC. Being over 500 years older than Khufu's chronological age, Abeer Eladany suggests that the wood originated from the centre of a long-lived tree or had been recycled for many years prior to being deposited in the pyramid. [59]
History of dating Khufu and the Great Pyramid
Circa 450 BC Herodotus attributed the Great Pyramid to Cheops (Hellenization of Khufu), yet erroneously placed his reign following the Ramesside period . Manetho , around 200 years later, composed an extensive list of Egyptian kings, which he divided into dynasties, assigning Khufu to the 4th. However, after phonetic changes in the Egyptian language and consequently the Greek translation, "Cheops" had transformed into "Souphis" (and similar versions). [60]
Greaves , in 1646, reported the great difficulty of ascertaining a date for the pyramid's construction based on the lacking and conflicting historic sources. Because of the differences in spelling, he did not recognize Khufu on Manetho's king list (as transcribed by Africanus and Eusebius ), [61] [ full citation needed ] hence he relied on Herodotus' incorrect account. Summating the duration of lines of succession, Greaves concluded 1266 BC to be the beginning of Khufu's reign. [42]
Two centuries later, some of the gaps and uncertainties in Manetho's chronology had been cleared by discoveries such as the King Lists of Turin , Abydos , and Karnak . The names of Khufu found within the Great Pyramid's relieving chambers in 1837 helped to make clear that Cheops and Souphis are one and the same. Thus the Great Pyramid was recognized to have been built in the 4th dynasty. [44] The dating among Egyptologists still varied by multiple centuries (around 4000–2000 BC), depending on methodology, preconceived religious notions (such as the biblical deluge ) and which source they thought was more credible.
Estimates significantly narrowed in the 20th century, most being within 250 years of each other, around the middle of the third millennium BC. The newly developed radiocarbon dating method confirmed that the historic chronology was approximately correct. It is still not a perfectly accurate method due to larger margins of error, calibration uncertainties and the problem of inbuilt age (time between growth and final usage) in plant material, including wood. [55] Astronomical alignments have also been suggested to coincide with the time of construction. [49] [52]
Egyptian chronology continues to be refined and data from multiple disciplines have started to be factored in, such as luminescence dating, radiocarbon dating, and dendrochronology. For instance, Ramsey et al. included over 200 radiocarbon samples in their model. [3]
Historiographical record
Classical antiquity
Herodotus
The Greek historian Herodotus was one of the first major authors to discuss the Great Pyramid.
The ancient Greek historian Herodotus , writing in the 5th century BC, is one of the first major authors to mention the pyramid. In the second book of his work The Histories , he discusses the history of Egypt and the Great Pyramid. This report was created more than 2000 years after the structure was built, meaning that Herodotus obtained his knowledge mainly from a variety of indirect sources, including officials and priests of low rank, local Egyptians, Greek immigrants, and Herodotus's own interpreters. Accordingly, his explanations present themselves as a mixture of comprehensible descriptions, personal descriptions, erroneous reports, and fantastical legends; as a result, many of the speculative errors and confusions about the monument can be traced back to Herodotus and his work. [62] [63]
Herodotus writes that the Great Pyramid was built by Khufu (Hellenized as Cheops) who, he erroneously relays, ruled after the Ramesside Period (the 19th dynasty and the 20th dynasty ). [64] Khufu was a tyrannical king, Herodotus claims, which may explain the Greek's view that such buildings can only come about through cruel exploitation of the people. [62] Herodotus states that gangs of 100,000 labourers worked on the building in three-month shifts, taking 20 years to build. In the first ten years a wide causeway was erected, which, according to Herodotus, was almost as impressive as the construction of the pyramids themselves. It measured nearly 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long and 20 yards (18.3 m) wide, and elevated to a height of 16 yards (14.6 m), consisting of stone polished and carved with figures. [65]
Underground chambers were made on the hill where the pyramids stand. These were intended to be burial places for Khufu himself and were supplied with water by a channel brought in from the Nile. [65] Herodotus later states that at the Pyramid of Khafre (beside the Great Pyramid) the Nile flows through a built passage to an island in which Khufu is buried. [66] Hawass interprets this to be a reference to the " Osiris Shaft ", which is located at the causeway of Khafre, south of the Great Pyramid. [67] [68]
Herodotus described an inscription on the outside of the pyramid, which, according to his translators, indicated the amount of radishes, garlic and onions that the workers would have eaten while working on the pyramid. [69] This could be a note of restoration work that Khaemweset , son of Rameses II , had carried out. Apparently, Herodotus' companions and interpreters could not read the hieroglyphs or deliberately gave him false information. [70]
Diodorus Siculus
Between 60 and 56 BC, the ancient Greek historian Diodorus Siculus visited Egypt and later dedicated the first book of his Bibliotheca historica to the land, its history, and its monuments, including the Great Pyramid. Diodorus's work was inspired by historians of the past, but he also distanced himself from Herodotus, who Diodorus claims tells marvellous tales and myths. [71] Diodorus presumably drew his knowledge from the lost work of Hecataeus of Abdera , [72] and like Herodotus, he also places the builder of the pyramid, "Chemmis", [73] after Ramses III. [64] According to his report, neither Chemmis ( Khufu ) nor Cephren ( Khafre ) were buried in their pyramids, but rather in secret places, for fear that the people ostensibly forced to build the structures would seek out the bodies for revenge. [74] With this assertion, Diodorus strengthened the connection between pyramid building and slavery. [75]
According to Diodorus, the cladding of the pyramid was still in excellent condition at the time, whereas the uppermost part of the pyramid was formed by a platform 6 cubits (3.1 m; 10.3 ft) high. About the construction of the pyramid he notes that it was built with the help of ramps since no lifting tools had yet been invented. Nothing was left of the ramps, as they were removed after the pyramids were completed. He estimated the number of workers necessary to erect the Great Pyramid at 360,000 and the construction time at 20 years. [73] Similar to Herodotus, Diodorus also claims that the side of the pyramid is inscribed with writing that "[set] forth [the price of] vegetables and purgatives for the workmen there were paid out over sixteen hundred talents." [74]
Strabo
The Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian Strabo visited Egypt around 25 BC, shortly after Egypt was annexed by the Romans . In his work Geographica , he argues that the pyramids were the burial place of kings, but he does not mention which king was buried in the structure. Strabo also mentions: "At a moderate height in one of the sides is a stone, which may be taken out; when that is removed, there is an oblique passage to the tomb." [76] This statement has generated much speculation, as it suggests that the pyramid could be entered at this time. [77]
Pliny the Elder
During the Roman Empire , Pliny the Elder argues that "bridges" were used to transport stones to the top of the Great Pyramid.
The Roman writer Pliny the Elder , writing in the first century AD, argued that the Great Pyramid had been raised, either "to prevent the lower classes from remaining unoccupied", or as a measure to prevent the pharaoh's riches from falling into the hands of his rivals or successors. [78] Pliny does not speculate as to the pharaoh in question, explicitly noting that "accident [has] consigned to oblivion the names of those who erected such stupendous memorials of their vanity". [78]
In pondering how the stones could be transported to such a vast height he gives two explanations: That either vast mounds of nitre and salt were heaped up against the pyramid, which were then melted away with water redirected from the river. Or, that "bridges" were constructed, their bricks afterwards distributed for erecting houses, arguing that the level of the river is too low for canals to bring water up to the pyramid. Pliny also recounts how "in the interior of the largest Pyramid there is a well, eighty-six cubits [45.1 m; 147.8 ft] deep, which communicates with the river, it is thought". He also describes a method discovered by Thales of Miletus for ascertaining the pyramid's height by measuring its shadow. [78]
Late antiquity and the Middle Ages
During late antiquity , a misinterpretation of the pyramids as "Joseph's granary" began to gain in popularity. The first textual evidence of this connection is found in the travel narratives of the female Christian pilgrim Egeria , who records that on her visit between 381 and 384 AD, "in the twelve-mile stretch between Memphis and Babylonia [= Old Cairo] are many pyramids, which Joseph made in order to store corn." [79] Ten years later the usage is confirmed in the anonymous travelogue of seven monks who set out from Jerusalem to visit the famous ascetics in Egypt, wherein they report that they "saw Joseph's granaries, where he stored grain in biblical times". [80]
This late 4th-century usage is further confirmed in the geographical treatise Cosmographia, written by Julius Honorius around 376 AD, [81] which explains that the Pyramids were called the "granaries of Joseph" (horrea Ioseph). [82] This reference from Julius is important, as it indicates that the identification was starting to spread out from pilgrim's travelogues. In 530 AD, Stephanos of Byzantium added more to this idea when he wrote in his Ethnica that the word "pyramid" was connected to the Greek word πυρός (pyros), meaning wheat. [83]
The Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun (786–833 CE) is said to have tunnelled into the side of the Great Pyramid.
In the seventh century AD, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered Egypt , ending several centuries of Romano-Byzantine rule. A few centuries later, in 832 AD, the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (786–833) is said to have tunnelled into the side of the structure and discovered the ascending passage and its connecting chambers. [84] [85] Around this time a Coptic legend gained popularity that claimed the antediluvian king Surid Ibn Salhouk had built the Great Pyramid. One legend in particular relates how, three hundred years prior to the Great Flood, Surid had a terrifying dream of the world's end, and so he ordered the construction of the pyramids so that they might house all the knowledge of Egypt and survive into the present. [86]
The most notable account of this legend was given by al-Masudi (896–956) in his Akbar al-zaman, alongside imaginative tales about the pyramid, such as the story of a man who fell three hours down the pyramid's well and the tale of an expedition that discovered bizarre finds in the structure's inner chambers. Al-zaman also contains a report of al-Ma'mun's entering the pyramid and discovering a vessel containing a thousand coins, which just happened to cover the cost of opening the pyramid. [87] (Some speculate that this story is true, but that the coins were planted by Al-Ma'mun to appease his workers, who were likely frustrated that they had found no treasure.) [88]
In 987 AD, the Arab bibliographer Ibn al-Nadim relates a fantastical tale in his al-Fihrist about a man who journeyed into the main chamber of a pyramid, which Bayard Dodge argues is the Great Pyramid. [89] According to Ibn al-Nadim, the person in question saw a statue of a man holding a tablet and a woman holding a mirror. Supposedly, between the statues was a " stone vessel [with] a gold cover". Inside the vessel was "something like pitch ", and when the explorer reached into the vessel "a gold receptacle happened to be inside". The receptacle, when taken from the vessel, was filled with "fresh blood", which quickly dried up. Ibn al-Nadim's work also claims that the bodies of a man and woman were discovered inside the pyramid in the "best possible state of preservation". [90]
The author al-Kaisi, in his work the Tohfat Alalbab, retells the story of al-Ma'mun's entry but with the additional discovery of "an image of a man in green stone", which when opened revealed a body dressed in jewel-encrusted gold armour. Al-Kaisi claims to have seen the case from which the body was taken, and asserts that it was located at the king's palace in Cairo. He also writes that he entered into the pyramid and discovered many preserved bodies. [91] Another attempt to enter the pyramid in search of treasure is recorded during the vizierate of al-Afdal Shahanshah (1094–1121), but it was abandoned after a member of the party was lost in the passages. [92]
The Arab polymath Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1163–1231) studied the pyramid with great care, and in his Account of Egypt, he praises them as works of engineering genius. In addition to measuring the structure, alongside the other pyramids at Giza, al-Baghdadi also writes that the structures were surely tombs, although he thought the Great Pyramid was used for the burial of Agathodaimon or Hermes . Al-Baghdadi ponders whether the pyramid pre-dated the Great Flood as described in Genesis , and even briefly entertained the idea that it was a pre-Adamic construction. [93] [94] A few centuries later, the Islamic historian Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442) compiled lore about the Great Pyramid in his Al-Khitat. In addition to reasserting that Al-Ma'mun breached the structure in 820 AD, Al-Maqrizi's work also discusses the sarcophagus in the coffin chambers, explicitly noting that the pyramid was a grave. [95]
By the Late Middle Ages , the Great Pyramid had gained a reputation as a haunted structure. Others feared entering because it was home to animals like bats. [96]
Construction
Preparation of the site
A hillock forms the base on which the pyramid stands. It was cut back into steps and only a strip around the perimeter was leveled, [97] which has been measured to be horizontal and flat to within 21 millimetres (0.8 in). [98] The bedrock reaches a height of almost 6 metres (20 ft) above the pyramid base at the location of the Grotto. [99]
Along the sides of the base platform a series of holes are cut in the bedrock. Lehner hypothesizes that they held wooden posts used for alignment. [100] Edwards, among others, suggested the use of water for evening the base, although it is unclear how practical and workable such a system would be. [97]
Materials
Origins of the materials used for Khufu's pyramid complex
The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks. Approximately 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction. [101]
Most of the blocks were quarried at Giza just south of the pyramid, an area now known as the Central Field . [102] They are a particular type of nummulitic limestone formed of the fossils of prehistoric shell creatures, whose small disc form can still be seen in some of the pyramid's blocks upon close inspection. [103] Other fossils have been found in the blocks and other structures on the site, including fossilized shark teeth. [104] [105] The white limestone used for the casing was transported by boat across the Nile from the Tura quarries of the Eastern Desert plateau, about 10 km (6.2 mi) south-east of the Giza plateau. In 2013, rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered, written by a supervisor of the deliveries of limestone from Tura to Giza in the 27th year of Khufu's reign. [106]
The granite stones in the pyramid were transported from Aswan , more than 900 km (560 mi) south. [8] The largest, weighing 25 to 80 tonnes, form the ceilings of the "King's chamber" and the "relieving chambers" above it. Ancient Egyptians cut stone into rough blocks by hammering grooves into natural stone faces, inserting wooden wedges, then soaking these with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, breaking off workable chunks. Once the blocks were cut, they were carried by boat on the Nile to the pyramid and used a now dry offshoot of the river to transport blocks closer to the site. [107] [108]
Workforce
The ancient Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built by thousands of conscript labourers. [109]
Worker graffiti found at Giza suggest haulers were divided into zau (singular za), groups of 40 men, consisting of four sub-units that each had an "Overseer of Ten". [110] [41]
As to the question of how over two million blocks could have been cut within Khufu's lifetime, stonemason Franck Burgos conducted an archaeological experiment based on an abandoned quarry of Khufu discovered in 2017. Within it, an almost completed block and the tools used for cutting it had been uncovered: hardened arsenic copper chisels, wooden mallets, ropes and stone tools. In the experiment replicas of these were used to cut a block weighing about 2.5 tonnes (the average block size used for the Great Pyramid). It took four workers 4 days (with each working 6 hours a day) to excavate it. The initially slow progress speeded up six times when the stone was wetted with water. Based on the data, Burgos extrapolates that about 3,500 quarry-men could have produced the 250 blocks/day needed to complete the Great Pyramid in 27 years. [111]
A construction management study conducted in 1999, in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, had estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 13,200 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. [112]
Surveys and design
Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available. In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.
The first precise measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Flinders Petrie in 1880–1882, published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. [113] Many of the casing-stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with high precision, with joints, on average, only 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) wide. [114] In contrast, core blocks were only roughly shaped, with rubble inserted between larger gaps. Mortar was used to bind the outer layers together and fill gaps and joints. [7]
The block height and weight tends to get progressively smaller towards the top. Petrie measured the lowest layer to be 148 centimetres (4.86 ft) high, whereas the layers towards the summit barely exceed 50 centimetres (1.6 ft). [113]
The accuracy of the pyramid's perimeter is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres (2.3 inches) in length [b] and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . [116]
The completed design dimensions are measured to have originally been 280 royal cubits (146.7 m; 481.4 ft) high by 440 cubits (230.6 m; 756.4 ft) long at each of the four sides of its base. Ancient Egyptians used seked – how much run for one cubit of rise – to describe slopes. For the Great Pyramid a seked of 5+1/2 palms was chosen, a ratio of 14 up to 11 in. [117]
Some Egyptologists suggest this slope was chosen because the ratio of perimeter to height (1760/280 cubits) equals 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 percent (corresponding to the well-known approximation of π as 22/7). Verner wrote, "We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π, in practice they used it". [118] Petrie concluded: "but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder's design". [119] Others have argued that the ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments and that the observed pyramid slope may be based on the seked choice alone. [120]
Alignment to the cardinal directions
The sides of the Great Pyramid's base are closely aligned to the four geographic (not magnetic) cardinal directions, deviating on average 3 minutes and 38 seconds of arc , or about a tenth of a degree . [121] Several methods have been proposed for how the ancient Egyptians achieved this level of accuracy:
The solar gnomon method: The shadow of a vertical rod is tracked throughout a day. The shadow line is intersected by a circle drawn around the base of the rod. Connecting the intersecting points produces an east–west line. An experiment using this method resulted in lines being, on average, 2 minutes, 9 seconds off due east–west. Employing a pinhole produced much more accurate results (19 arc seconds off), whereas using an angled block as a shadow definer was less accurate (3′ 47″ off). [122]
The pole star method: The polar star is tracked using a movable sight and fixed plumb line. Halfway between the maximum eastern and western elongations is true north. Thuban , the polar star during the Old Kingdom, was about two degrees removed from the celestial pole at the time. [123]
The simultaneous transit method: The stars Mizar and Kochab appear on a vertical line on the horizon, close to true north around 2500 BC. They slowly and simultaneously shift east over time, which is used to explain the relative misalignment of the pyramids. [52] [124]
Construction theories
Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques. [125] One mystery of the pyramid's construction is its planning. John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions, laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1-to-1 scale. He writes that "such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means". [126]
The basalt blocks of the pyramid temple show "clear evidence" of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet (4.6 m) in length. Romer suggests that this "super saw" may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 140 kilograms (310 lb). He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle support and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil, cutting sand, emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks, which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it. [127]
Casing
Remaining casing stones on the north side of the Great Pyramid
At completion, the Great Pyramid was cased entirely in white limestone. Precisely worked blocks were placed in horizontal layers and carefully fitted together with mortar, their outward faces cut at a slope and smoothed to a high degree. Together they created four uniform surfaces, angled at 51°50'40" (a seked of 5+1/2 palms ). [129] [130] Unfinished casing blocks of the pyramids of Menkaure and Henutsen at Giza suggest that the front faces were smoothed only after the stones were laid, with chiselled seams marking correct positioning and where the superfluous rock would have to be trimmed off. [131]
The size of a casing stone from the first layer (bottom) compared with one of the upper layers (top)
The height of the horizontal layers is not uniform but varies considerably. The highest of the 203 remaining courses are towards the bottom, the first layer being the tallest at 1.49 metres (4.9 ft). Towards the top, layers tend to be only slightly over 1 royal cubit (0.5 m; 1.7 ft) in height, with stones weighing around 500 kilograms (1,100 lb). [132] An irregular pattern is noticeable when looking at the sizes in sequence, where layer height declines steadily only to rise sharply again. [133] [134] [135]
So-called "backing stones" supported the casing, which were (unlike core blocks), precisely dressed as well and bound to the casing with mortar. [7] Now, these stones give the structure its visible appearance, following the partial dismantling of the pyramid in the Middle Ages . Amidst earthquakes in northern Egypt, workers stripped away many of the outer casing stones, [88] which were said to have been carted away by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan in 1356 for use in nearby Cairo . [116]
Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones, which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site. Today a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen in situ on each side, with the best preserved on the north below the entrances, excavated by Vyse in 1837.
The mortar was chemically analyzed [136] and contains organic inclusions (mostly charcoal), samples of which were radiocarbon dated to 2871–2604 BC. [137] It has been theorized that the mortar enabled the masons to set the stones exactly by providing a level bed. [138] [139]
Although it has been suggested that some or all of the casing stones were made from a type of concrete that was cast in place, rather than quarried and moved, archaeological evidence and petrographic analysis indicate this was not the case. [140]
Petrie noted in 1880 the four sides of the pyramid to be "very distinctly hollowed" and that "each side has a sort of groove specially down the middle of the face", which he reasoned was a result of increased casing thickness in these areas. [141] Under certain lighting conditions and with image enhancement the faces can appear to be split, leading to speculation that the pyramid had been intentionally constructed eight-sided. [142] [143] Laser scanning and photogrammetrical surveys concluded the concavities of the four sides to be the result of the removal of the casing stones, which damaged the underlying blocks that form the outer surface today. [144] [143]
Pyramidion and missing tip
The pyramid was once topped by a capstone known as a pyramidion . The material from which it was made is subject to much speculation; limestone, granite or basalt are commonly proposed, while in popular culture it is often solid gold, gilded or electrum . All known 4th dynasty pyramidia (of the Red Pyramid , Satellite Pyramid of Khufu (G1-d) and Queen's Pyramid of Menkaure (G3-a)) are of white limestone and were not gilded. [145] Only from the 5th dynasty onward is there evidence of gilded capstones; for instance, a scene on the causeway of Sahure speaks of the "white gold pyramidion of the pyramid Sahure's Soul Shines". [146]
The Great Pyramid's pyramidion was already lost in classical antiquity , as Pliny the Elder and later authors report a platform on its summit. [78] Over time more stones were removed from the peak, and nowadays the pyramid is about 8 metres (26 ft) shorter than it was when intact, with about 1,000 tonnes (2,200,000 lb) of material missing from the top. [147]
In 1874 a mast was installed on the top by the Scottish astronomer David Gill who, while returning from observing a rare Venus transit , was invited to survey Egypt and began by surveying the Great Pyramid. His measurements of the pyramid were accurate to within 1 mm. [148] [149] The mast was damaged in 2019 by a man who evaded security and climbed the pyramid; however, as the mast was periodically changed due to erosion and so was considered a modern object, the trespasser did not violate Egypt's strict laws regarding antiquities. [150]
Interior
Elevation diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid viewed from the east. The inner and outer lines indicate the pyramid's present and original profiles.
The internal structure consists of three main chambers (the King's, Queen's and Subterranean Chambers), the Grand Gallery and various corridors and shafts. None of the interior walls were decorated or inscribed, as was the norm for tombs of the 4th dynasty, apart from the marks and names of work-gangs left on blocks of the relieving chambers. [19]
There are two entrances into the pyramid: the original and a forced passage, which meet at a junction. From there, one passage descends into the Subterranean Chamber, while the other ascends to the Grand Gallery. From the beginning of the gallery three paths can be taken:
a vertical shaft that leads down, past a grotto, to meet the descending passage
a horizontal corridor leading to the Queen's Chamber
and the path up the gallery itself to the King's Chamber that contains the sarcophagus.
Both the King's and Queen's Chamber have a pair of small "air-shafts". Above the King's Chamber are a series of five relieving chambers.
Entrances
Original entrance
The original entrance is on the north side, 15 royal cubits (7.9 m; 25.8 ft) east of the centreline of the pyramid. Before the removal of the casing in the Middle Ages, the pyramid was entered through a hole in the 19th layer of masonry, approximately 17 metres (56 ft) above the pyramid's base level. The height of that layer – 96 centimetres (3.15 ft) – corresponds to the size of the entrance tunnel that is commonly called the Descending Passage. [99] [151] According to Strabo (64–24 BC) a movable stone could be raised to enter this sloping corridor; however, it is not known if it was a later addition or original.
The original entrance (top-left), Robbers' Tunnel (middle-right)
A row of double chevrons diverts weight away from the entrance. Several of these chevron blocks are now missing, as indicated by the slanted faces on which they once rested.
Numerous, mostly modern, graffiti is cut into the stones around the entrance. Most notable is a large, square text of hieroglyphs carved in honor of Frederick William IV , by Karl Richard Lepsius 's Prussian expedition to Egypt in 1842. [152]
North Face Corridor
In 2016 the ScanPyramids team detected a cavity behind the entrance chevrons using muography , which was confirmed in 2019 to be a corridor at least 5 metres (16 ft) long, and running horizontal or sloping upwards (thus not parallel to the Descending Passage). [153] [154]
In February 2023 the North Face Corridor was explored with an endoscopic camera, revealing a horizontal tunnel with a length of 9 metres (30 ft) and a transverse section of about 2 by 2 metres (6.6 by 6.6 ft). Its ceiling is formed by large chevrons, like those visible above the original entrance and also similar to relieving chambers. [155] [156]
Robbers' Tunnel
Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, which was long ago cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid. The entrance was forced into the 6th and 7th layer of the casing, about 7 metres (23 ft) above the base. After running more or less straight and horizontal for 27 metres (89 ft) it turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point but access is usually forbidden. [157]
The origin of this Robbers' Tunnel is the subject of much scholarly discussion. According to tradition the opening was made around 820 AD by Caliph al-Ma'mun 's workmen with a battering ram. The digging dislodged the stone in the ceiling of the Descending Passage that hid the entrance to the Ascending Passage, and the noise of that stone falling, then sliding down the Descending Passage alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, the workmen tunnelled upwards beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. [158] [159]
Due to historical and archaeological discrepancies, many scholars (with Antoine de Sacy perhaps being the first) contend that this story is apocryphal. They argue that it is much more likely that the tunnel had been carved shortly after the pyramid was initially sealed. This tunnel, the scholars continue, was then resealed (likely during the Ramesside Restoration ), and it was this plug that al-Ma'mun's ninth-century expedition cleared away. This theory is furthered by the report of patriarch Dionysius I Telmaharoyo , who claimed that before al-Ma'mun's expedition, there already existed a breach in the pyramid's north face that extended into the structure 33 metres (108 ft) before hitting a dead end. This suggests that some sort of robber's tunnel predated al-Ma'mun, and that the caliph enlarged it and cleared it of debris. [160]
Descending Passage
From the original entrance, a passage descends through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it, ultimately leading to the Subterranean Chamber.
It has a slanted height of 4 Egyptian feet (1.20 m; 3.9 ft) and a width of 2 cubits (1.0 m; 3.4 ft). Its angle of 26°26'46" corresponds to a ratio of 1 to 2 (rise over run). [161]
After 28 metres (92 ft), the lower end of the Ascending Passage is reached; a square hole in the ceiling, which is blocked by granite stones and might have originally been concealed. To circumvent these hard stones, a short tunnel was excavated that meets the end of the Robbers' Tunnel. This was expanded over time and fitted with stairs.
The passage continues to descend for another 72 metres (236 ft), now through bedrock instead of the pyramid superstructure. Lazy guides used to block off this part with rubble to avoid having to lead people down and back up the long shaft, until around 1902 when Covington installed a padlocked iron grill-door to stop this practice. [162] Near the end of this section, on the west wall, is the connection to the vertical shaft that leads up to the Grand Gallery.
A horizontal shaft connects the end of the Descending Passage to the Subterranean Chamber, It has a length of 8.84 m (29.0 ft), width of 85 cm (2.79 ft) and height of 91–95 cm (2.99–3.12 ft). A recess is located towards the end of the western wall, slightly larger than the tunnel, the ceiling of which is irregular and undressed. [163]
Subterranean Chamber
The Subterranean Chamber, or "Pit", is the lowest of the three main chambers and the only one dug into the bedrock beneath the pyramid.
Located about 27 m (89 ft) below base level, [99] it measures roughly 16 cubits (8.4 m; 27.5 ft) north-south by 27 cubits (14.1 m; 46.4 ft) east-west, with an approximate height of 4 m (13 ft).
The western half of the room, apart from the ceiling, is unfinished, with trenches left behind by the quarry-men running east to west. A niche was cut into the northern half of the west wall. The only access, through the Descending Passage, lies on the eastern end of the north wall.
Although seemingly known in antiquity, according to Herodotus and later authors, its existence had been forgotten in the Middle Ages until rediscovery in 1817, when Giovanni Caviglia cleared the rubble blocking the Descending Passage. [164]
Opposing the entrance, a blind corridor runs straight south for 11 m (36 ft) and continues with a slight bend another 5.4 m (18 ft), measuring about 0.75 m (2.5 ft) squared. A Greek or Roman character was found on its ceiling with the light of a candle, suggesting that the chamber had indeed been accessible during Classical antiquity . [165]
In the middle of the eastern half is a large hole called a Pit Shaft or Perring 's Shaft. The uppermost part may have ancient origins, about 2 m (6.6 ft) squared in width and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in depth, diagonally aligned with the chamber. Caviglia and Salt enlarged it to the depth of about 3 m (9.8 ft). [166] In 1837 Vyse directed the shaft to be sunk to a depth of 50 ft (15 m), in hopes of discovering the chamber encompassed by water that Herodotus alluded to. It is slightly narrower in width at about 1.5 m (4.9 ft). No chamber was discovered after Perring and his workers had spent one and a half years penetrating the bedrock to the then water level of the Nile, 12 m (39 ft) further down. [167]
The rubble produced during this operation was deposited throughout the chamber. Petrie, visiting in 1880, found the shaft to be partially filled with rainwater that had rushed down the Descending Passage. [168] In 1909, when the Edgar brothers' surveying activities were encumbered by the material, they moved the sand and smaller stones back into the shaft, leaving the upper part clear. [169] The deep, modern shaft is sometimes mistaken to be part of the original design.
Ludwig Borchardt suggested that the Subterranean Chamber was originally planned to be the burial place for pharaoh Khufu, but that it was abandoned during construction in favour of a chamber higher up in the pyramid. [170]
Rubble from the Pit Shaft excavation still filling the subterranean chamber in 1909
Pit Shaft in the floor, and blind corridor entrance
Niche in the west wall
Descending Passage exiting in the north wall
Ascending Passage
The upper two granite plugs in the Ascending Passage, seen from the end of the Robbers' Tunnel
The Ascending Passage connects the Descending Passage to the Grand Gallery. It is 75 cubits (39.3 m; 128.9 ft) long and of the same width and height as the shaft from which it originates, although its angle is slightly lower at 26°6'. [171]
The lower end of the shaft is plugged by three granite stones, which were slid down from the Grand Gallery to seal the tunnel. They are 1.57 m (5.2 ft), 1.67 m (5.5 ft) and 1 m (3.3 ft) long respectively. [171] The uppermost is heavily damaged, hence it is shorter. The Robbers' Tunnel terminates slightly below the stones, so a short tunnel was dug around them to access the Descending Passage, since the surrounding limestone is considerably softer and easier to work.
Most of the joints between the blocks of the walls run perpendicular to the floor, with two exceptions. Firstly, those in the lower third of the corridor are vertical. Secondly, the three girdle stones that are inserted near the middle (about 10 cubits apart) presumably stabilize the tunnel. [172]
Well Shaft and Grotto
Grotto (left) accessed through the broken wall of the Well Shaft (right)
The Well Shaft (also known as the Service Shaft or Vertical Shaft) links the lower end of the Grand Gallery to the bottom of the Descending Passage, about 50 metres (160 ft) further down.
It takes a winding and indirect course. The upper half goes through the nucleus masonry of the pyramid. It runs vertical at first for 8 metres (26 ft), then slightly angles southwards for about the same distance, until it hits bedrock approximately 5.7 metres (19 ft) above the pyramid's base level. Another vertical section descends further; it is partially lined with masonry that has been broken through to a cavity known as the Grotto. The lower half of the Well Shaft goes through the bedrock at an angle of about 45° for 26.5 metres (87 ft) before a steeper section, 9.5 metres (31 ft) long, leads to its lowest point. The final section of 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) connects it to the Descending Passage, running almost horizontally. The builders evidently had trouble aligning the lower exit. [173] [99]
The purpose of the shaft is commonly explained as a ventilation shaft for the Subterranean Chamber and as an escape shaft for the workers who slid the blocking stones of the Ascending Passage into place.
The Grotto is a natural limestone cave that was likely filled with sand and gravel before construction, before being hollowed out by looters. A granite block rests in it that likely originated from the portcullis that once sealed the King's Chamber.
Queen's Chamber
Axonometric view of the Queen's Chamber
The Horizontal Passage links the Grand Gallery to the Queen's Chamber. Five pairs of holes at the start suggest the tunnel was once concealed with slabs that lay flush with the gallery floor. The passage is 2 cubits (1.0 m; 3.4 ft) wide and 1.17 m (3.8 ft) high for most of its length, but near the chamber there is a step in the floor, after which the passage increases to 1.68 m (5.5 ft) high. [99] Half of the west wall consists of two layers that have atypically continuous vertical joints. Dormion suggests the entrances to magazines laid here and have been filled in. [174]
The Queen's Chamber is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid. It measures 10 cubits (5.2 m; 17.2 ft) north-south, 11 cubits (5.8 m; 18.9 ft) east-west, [175] and has a pointed roof that apexes at 12 cubits (6.3 m; 20.6 ft) tall. [176] At the eastern end of the chamber is a niche 9 cubits (4.7 m; 15.5 ft) high. The original depth of the niche was 2 cubits (1.0 m; 3.4 ft), but it has since been deepened by treasure hunters.
Shafts were discovered in the north and south walls of the Queen's Chamber in 1872 by British engineer Waynman Dixon , who believed shafts similar to those in the King's Chamber must also exist. The shafts were not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen's Chamber; their purpose is unknown. In one shaft Dixon discovered a ball of diorite , a bronze hook of unknown purpose and a piece of cedar wood. The first two objects are now in the British Museum. [177] The latter was lost until 2020 when it was found at the University of Aberdeen . It has since been radiocarbon dated to 3341–3094 BC. [178] The northern shaft's angle of ascent fluctuates and at one point turns 45 degrees to avoid the Great Gallery. The southern shaft is perpendicular to the pyramid's slope. [177]
The shafts in the Queen's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed, Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m (213 ft), [179] he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by a limestone "door" with two eroded copper "handles". The National Geographic Society created a similar robot, which, in September 2002, drilled a small hole in the southern door only to find another stone slab behind it. [180] The northern passage, which was difficult to navigate because of its twists and turns, was also found to be blocked by a slab. [181]
Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project , which used a fibre-optic " micro snake camera " that could see around corners. With this, they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002, and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it. They discovered hieroglyphic characters written in red paint. Egyptian mathematics researcher Luca Miatello stated that the markings read "121" – the length of the shaft in cubits. [182] The Djedi team were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper "handles" embedded in the door, which they now believe to be for decorative purposes. They additionally found the reverse side of the "door" to be finished and polished, which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris, but rather for a more specific reason. [183]
Grand Gallery
Grand Gallery (with modern walkway up the middle)
The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage towards the King's Chamber, extending from the 23rd to the 48th course (of stones), a rise of 21 metres (69 ft). It has been praised as a "truly spectacular example of stonemasonry". [184] It is 8.6 metres (28 ft) high and 46.68 metres (153.1 ft) long. Its walls are made out of polished limestone. [185] The base is 4 cubits (2.1 m; 6.9 ft) wide, but after two courses – at a height of 2.29 metres (7.5 ft) – the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 6–10 centimetres (2.4–3.9 in) on each side. [99]
There are seven of these steps, so, at the top, the Grand Gallery is only 2 cubits (1.0 m; 3.4 ft) wide. It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor so that each stone fits into a slot cut into the top of the gallery, like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery, rather than resting on the block beneath it, in order to prevent cumulative pressure. [186]
At the upper end of the Gallery, on the eastern wall, is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the relieving chambers.
The floor of the Grand Gallery has a shelf or step on either side, 1 cubit (52.4 cm; 20.6 in) wide, leaving a lower ramp 2 cubits (1.0 m; 3.4 ft) wide between them. There are 56 slots on the shelves, with 28 on each side. On each wall, 25 niches have been cut above the slots. [187] The purpose of these slots is not known, but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery, which is the same width as the Ascending Passage, has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage. [188] Jean-Pierre Houdin theorized that they held a timber frame that was used in combination with a trolley to pull the heavy granite blocks up the pyramid.
At the top of the gallery, there is a step onto a small horizontal platform where a tunnel leads through the Antechamber, once blocked by portcullis stones, into the King's Chamber.
The Big Void
East-West cut view of the Great Pyramid and front view of the North face Chevron area. a Subterranean chamber, b queen's chamber, c grand gallery, d king's chamber, e descending corridor, f ascending corridor, g al-Ma’mun corridor, h north face Chevron area, i ScanPyramids Big Void with horizontal hypothesis (red hatching) and inclined hypothesis (green hatching) as published in November 2017. [189]
In 2017, scientists from the ScanPyramids project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery using muon radiography , which they called the "ScanPyramids Big Void". A research team, under the supervision of Professor Morishima Kunihiro at Nagoya University , used special nuclear emulsion detectors. [190] [191] Its length is at least 30 metres (98 ft) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery. Its existence was confirmed by independent detection with three different technologies: nuclear emulsion films, scintillator hodoscopes , and gas detectors . [192] [193] The purpose of the cavity is unknown and it is not accessible. Zahi Hawass speculates it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery, [194] but the Japanese research team state that the void is completely different from previously identified construction spaces. [195]
To verify and pinpoint the void, a team from Kyushu University, Tohoku University, the University of Tokyo and the Chiba Institute of Technology planned to rescan the structure with a newly developed muon detector in 2020. [196] Their work was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic . [197]
Antechamber
A diagram of the Antechamber
The last line of defence against intrusion was a small chamber designed to house portcullis blocking stones, called the Antechamber. It is cased almost entirely in granite and is situated between the upper end of the Grand Gallery and the King's Chamber. Three slots for portcullis stones line the east and west wall of the chamber. Each of them is topped with a semi-circular groove for a log, around which ropes could be spanned.
The granite portcullis stones were approximately 1 cubit (52.4 cm; 20.6 in) thick and were lowered into position by ropes, which were tied through four holes at the top of the blocks. A corresponding set of four vertical grooves are on the south wall of the chamber, recesses that make space for the ropes.
The Antechamber has a design flaw: the space above them can be accessed, thus all but the last block can be circumvented. This was exploited by looters who punched a hole through the ceiling of the tunnel behind, gaining access to the King's Chamber. Later on, all three portcullis stones were broken and removed. Fragments of these blocks can be found in various locations in the pyramid (the Pit Shaft, the Original Entrance, the Grotto and the recess before the Subterranean Chamber). [173]
King's Chamber
Axonometric view of the King's Chamber
The King's Chamber is the upmost of the three main chambers of the pyramid. It is faced entirely with granite and measures 20 cubits (10.5 m; 34.4 ft) east-west by 10 cubits (5.2 m; 17.2 ft) north-south. Its flat ceiling is about 11 cubits and 5 digits (5.8 m;19.0 ft) above the floor, formed by nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons. All the roof beams show cracks due to the chamber having settled 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in). [198]
The walls consist of five courses of blocks that are uninscribed, as was the norm for burial chambers of the 4th dynasty. [19] The stones are precisely fitted together. The facing surfaces are dressed to varying degrees, with some displaying remains of lifting bosses not entirely cut away. [198] The back sides of the blocks were only roughly hewn to shape, as was usual with Egyptian hard-stone facade blocks, presumably to save work. [199] [99]
Sarcophagus
Sarcophagus in the King's Chamber
The only surviving object in the King's Chamber is a sarcophagus made of a single, hollowed-out granite block. When it was rediscovered in the Early Middle Ages , it was found broken open and any contents had already been removed. It is of the form common for early Egyptian sarcophagi, rectangular in shape with grooves to slide the now missing lid into place with three small holes for pegs to fix it. [200] [201] The coffer was not perfectly smoothed, displaying tool marks matching those of copper saws and tubular hand-drills. [202]
The internal dimensions of the sarcophagus are roughly 198 cm (6.50 ft) by 68 cm (2.23 feet), the external 228 cm (7.48 ft) by 98 cm (3.22 ft), with a height of 105 cm (3.44 ft). The walls have a thickness of about 15 cm (0.49 ft). The sarcophagus is too large to fit around the corner between the Ascending and Descending Passages, which indicates that it must have been placed in the chamber before the roof was put in place. [203]
Air shafts
In the north and south walls of the King's Chamber are two narrow shafts, commonly known as "air shafts". They face each other and are located approximately 0.91 m (3.0 ft) above the floor, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) from the eastern wall, with a width of 18 and 21 cm (7.1 and 8.3 in) and a height of 14 cm (5.5 in). Both start out horizontally for the length of the granite blocks they go through before changing to an upwards direction. [204]
The southern shaft ascends at an angle of 45° with a slight curve westwards. One ceiling stone was found to be distinctly unfinished, which Gantenbrink called a "Monday morning block". The northern shaft changes angle several times, shifting the path to the west, perhaps to avoid the Big Void. The builders apparently had trouble calculating the right angles, resulting in parts of the shaft being narrower. Now, they both commute to the exterior. Whether they originally penetrated the outer casing is unknown.
The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they were long believed by Egyptologists to be shafts for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king's spirit to the heavens. [205]
The idea that the shafts point towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies has been largely dismissed as the northern shaft follows a dog-leg course through the masonry and the southern shaft has a bend of approximately 20 centimetres (7.9 in), indicating no intention to have them point to any celestial objects. [206]
In 1992, as part of the Upuaut project, a ventilation system was installed in both air shafts of the King's Chamber. [206]
Relieving chambers
Relieving chambers above the King's Chamber, Smyth 1877
Above the roof of the King's Chamber are five compartments, named (from lowest upwards) " Davison 's Chamber", " Wellington 's Chamber", " Nelson 's Chamber", " Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber", and " Campbell 's Chamber".
They were presumably intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of the roof collapsing under the weight of stone above, hence they are referred to as "relieving chambers".
The granite blocks that divide the chambers have flat bottom sides but roughly shaped top sides, giving all five chambers an irregular floor, but a flat ceiling, with the exception of the uppermost chamber, which has a pointed limestone roof. [12]
Nathaniel Davison is credited with the discovery of the lowest of these chambers in 1763, although a French merchant named Maynard informed him of its existence. [207] It can be reached through an ancient passage that originates from the top of the south wall of the Grand Gallery. [12] The upper four chambers were discovered in 1837 by Howard Vyse after discovering a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber. This allowed the insertion of a long reed, which, with the employment of gunpowder and boring rods, opened a tunnel upwards through the masonry. [208] As no access shafts existed for the upper four chambers – unlike Davison's Chamber – they were completely inaccessible until this point.
Numerous graffiti of red ochre paint were found covering the limestone walls of all four newly discovered chambers. Apart from levelling lines and indication marks for masons, multiple hieroglyphic inscriptions spell out the names of work-gangs. Those names, which were also found in other Egyptian pyramids like that of Menkaure and Sahure , usually included the name of the pharaoh for whom they were working. [209] [30] The blocks must have received the inscriptions before the chambers became inaccessible during construction. Their orientation, often sideways or upside down, and their sometimes being partially covered by blocks, seems to indicate that the stones were inscribed before being laid. [210]
The inscriptions, correctly deciphered only decades after discovery, read as follows: [30]
"The gang, The Horus Mededuw-is-the-purifier-of-the-two-lands". Found once in relieving chamber 3. (Mededuw being Khufu's Horus name.)
"The gang, The Horus Mededuw-is-pure" Found seven times in chamber 4.
"The gang, Khufu-excites-love" Found once in chamber 5 (top chamber).
"The gang, The-white-crown-of Khnumkhuwfuw-is-powerful" Found once in chambers 2 and 3, ten times in chamber 4 and twice in chamber 5. (Khnum-Khufu being Khufu's full birth name.)
Pyramid complex
Temples and causeway
Remains of the basalt floor of the temple at the east foot of the pyramid
The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres (171 ft) north to south and 40 metres (130 ft) east to west, has almost entirely disappeared. Only some of the black basalt paving remains. There are only a few remnants of the causeway that linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. [211] [212]
East cemetery
The tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu, lies 110 metres (360 ft) east of the Great Pyramid. [213] Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, but the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty.
Subsidiary pyramids
On the southern end of the east side are four subsidiary pyramids The three that remain standing to almost full height are popularly known as the Queens' Pyramids ( G1-a , G1-b and G1-c ). The fourth, smaller satellite pyramid ( G1-d ), is so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the first course of stones and, later, the remains of the capstone were discovered during excavations in 1991–1993. [214]
Boats
A restored Khufu ship was once displayed at the Giza Solar boat museum and is now relocated to the Grand Egyptian Museum.
Three boat-shaped pits are located east of the pyramid. They are large enough in size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled.
Two additional boat pits, long and rectangular in shape, were found south of the pyramid, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons.
The first of these was discovered in May 1954 by the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el-Mallakh . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood, the longest 23 metres (75 ft) in length, the shortest 10 centimetres (0.33 ft). These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fitted together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years. The result is a cedar-wood boat 43.6 metres (143 ft) long, its timbers held together by ropes , which was originally housed in the Giza Solar boat museum , a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid. The boat is now in the Grand Egyptian Museum . [215] [216]
During construction of this museum in the 1980s, the second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat. [217]
Pyramid town
Flanking the Giza pyramid complex is a cyclopean stone wall, the Wall of the Crow. [218] Mark Lehner discovered a worker's town outside the wall, otherwise known as "The Lost City", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied during the reigns of Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC). [219] [220] In the early 21st century, Lehner and his team made several discoveries, including what appears to have been a thriving port, suggesting the town and associated living quarters, which consisted of barracks called "galleries", may not have been for the pyramid workers after all, but rather for the soldiers and sailors who used the port. In light of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived, Lehner suggested the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids, or possibly at nearby quarries. [221]
In the early 1970s, the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. It contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which Kromer identified with an artisans' settlement. [222] Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death. [223] A worker's cemetery used at least between Khufu's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Hawass in 1990. [224]
Looting
Authors Bob Brier and Hoyt Hobbs claim that "all the pyramids were robbed" by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings began. [225] [226] Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself "is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom ", before the Arab caliph Al-Ma'mun entered the pyramid around 820 AD. [158]
I. E. S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid "a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out, which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations". Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo's door was added. He adds: "If this highly speculative surmise be correct, it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones", in order to explain why al-Ma'mun could not find the entrance. [227] Scholars such as Gaston Maspero and Flinders Petrie have noted that evidence for a similar door has been found at the Bent Pyramid of Dashur . [228] [229]
Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Khufu lies. Edwards notes that the pyramid had "almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus" and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored. He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by pyramid guides. [63]
^ Also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ( Arabic : الهرم الأكبر,
al-Haram al-Akbar)
^ Based on side lengths 230.252 m, 230.454 m, 230.391 m, 230.357 m. [115]
References
Bussmann, Richard (2023). The Archaeology of Pharaonic Egypt: Society and Culture, 2700–1700 BC. p. 202.
Assmann, Jan (2003). Tod und Jenseits im Alten Ägypten (in German). p. 15.
. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2014.
Jürgen, Beckarath (1997). Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten: Die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr.
Hornung, Erik (January 2006). "Ancient Egyptian Chronology" . Handbook of Oriental Studies. 83.
^ Itinerarium Egeriae Y2 [= Peter the Deacon's citation]; ed. R. Weber, CCSL 175:100; PL 173:1129D ; trans. Wilkinson 1999, p. 94. This passage is not found in the sole surviving manuscript, which is only partially preserved, but appears in a later work by Peter the Deacon that uses Egeria as a source; see Wilkinson 1999, 4, 86. Wilkinson is confident "this is the first text to mention what became the regular Christian explanation of the pyramids" (94 n. 4); cf. Osborne 1986, p. 115.
^ Historia monachorum in Aegypto 18.3; ed. Preuschen 1897, 79 ; ed. Festugière 1971, 115; trans. Russell 1980, p. 102. There is also a Latin version by Rufinus , which includes "additions and alterations appropriate to a man who had seen the places and people for himself and regarded the experience as the most treasured of his life" (Russell 1981, 6). Rufinus seems less clear: "There is a tradition that these sites, which they call the storehouses (thesauros) of Joseph, are where Joseph is said to have stored up the grain. Others say it is the Pyramids themselves in which it is thought that the grain was collected" ( PL 21:440 ; ed. Schulz-Flügel 1990, p. 350).
Cosmographia 45; ed. Riese 1878, 51.2–4 (B); cf. Osborne 1986, p. 115. The quote appears only in version B of Riese's ed., a revision from late antiquity, and therefore may not derive from Julius.
Smith, Craig B. (June 1999). "Project Management B.C." Civil Engineering Magazine. Vol. 69, no. 6. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007.
Dash, Glen (2012). "New Angles on the Great Pyramid" (PDF). Aeragram. 13–2: 10–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2016.
"Building the Great Pyramid" . BBC. 3 February 2006. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
^ The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course, by Roger L. Cooke; 2nd Edition; John Wiley & Sons, 2011; ISBN 9781118030240 ; pp. 235–236
^ The Pyramid Builder's Handbook; by Derek Hitchins; Lulu; 2010; ISBN 9781445751658 ; pp. 83–84
Goyon, Georges (1978). Les Rangs d'Assises de la Grande Pyramide.
Lucas, Alfred. Ancient Egyptian Mortars.
Lepre, J. P. (1990). The Egyptian Pyramids: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference. p. 66.
Morishima, Kunihiro; Kuno, Mitsuaki; Nishio, Akira; Kitagawa, Nobuko; et al. (2 November 2017). "Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons". Nature. 552 (7685): 386–390. arXiv : 1711.01576 . Bibcode : 2017Natur.552..386M . doi : 10.1038/nature24647 . PMID 29160306 . S2CID 4459597 .
"Khufu's Second Boat" . Institute of Egyptology. Tokyo: Waseda University . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
"Wall of the Crow" . The Lost City. AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
"The Lost City of the Pyramids" . The Lost City. AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
"Dating the Lost City" . The Lost City. AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
"Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt's Giza Pyramids" . Livescience.com. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
Hawass, Zahi (1999). "Giza, workmen's community". In Kathryn A. Bard (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. pp. 423–426. ISBN
Bibliography
Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. ISBN
.
Burton, Anne (1972). Diodorus Siculus: Book I, A Commentary. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN
.
Cole, J.H. (1925). Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Cairo: Government Press. Survey of Egypt Paper No. 39.
Cooperson, Michael (2010). "al-Ma'mun, the Pyramids, and the Hieroglyphs" . In Nawas, John (ed.). Occasional Papers of the School of 'Abbasid Studies Leuven 28 June – 1 July 2004. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 177. Leuven , Belgium : Peeters . pp. 165–190. OCLC 788203355 .
Colavito, Jason (2015). Foundations of Atlantis, Ancient Astronauts and Other Alternative Pasts: 148 Documents Cited by Writers of Fringe History, Translated with Annotations. McFarland. ISBN
Cremin, Aedeen (2007). Archaeologica: The World's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures. Frances Lincoln. ISBN
.
Diodorus Siculus (1933). Library of History: Books 1-2.34. Vol. 1. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dormion, Gilles (2004). La chambre de Chéops: Analyse architecturale. Fayard. ISBN
.
Edwards, I.E.S. (1986) [1962]. The Pyramids of Egypt. Max Parrish.
. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Haase, Michael (2004a). Eine Stätte für die Ewigkeit: Der Pyramidenkomplex des Cheops aus baulicher, architektonischer und kulturgeschichtlicher Sicht. Zabern. ISBN
.
Ibn al-Nadim (1970). The Fihrist of al-Nadim: a tenth-century survey of muslim culture. Bayard Dodge (trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Jackson, K.; Stamp, J. (2002). Pyramid : Beyond Imagination. Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. BBC Worldwide Ltd. ISBN
Lehner, Mark; Hawass, Zahi (2017). Giza and the Pyramids: The Definitive History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN
.
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (1892). Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, 1881–1891. London: Religious Tract Society .
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians . British school of archaeology in Egypt and B. Quaritch Limited.
Pliny the Elder (1855). The Natural History . Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. London: Taylor and Francis . Retrieved 25 February 2021.
Riggs, Christina (2017). Egypt: Lost Civilizations. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN
Romer, John (2007). The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN
Rossi, Corinna (2007). Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
Schironi, Francesca (2009). From Alexandria to Babylon: Near Eastern Languages and Hellenistic Erudition in the Oxyrhynchus Glossary (P.Oxy. 1802 + 4812). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN
.
Shaw, Ian; Bloxam, Elizabeth, eds. (2021). The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN
.
Tallet, Pierre (2017). Les Papyrus de la Mer Rouge I: Le Journal de Merer. Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN
.
Tyldesley, Joyce (2007). Egypt: How a lost civilization was rediscovered. BBC Books. ISBN
Verner, Miroslav (2003). The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History. Atlantic Books. ISBN
.
Cooper, Roscoe; Cooper, Vicki Teague; Croll, Carolyn; Patch, Diana Craig; Tehon, Atha (1997). The Great Pyramid: An Interactive Book. London: British Museum Press.
Der Manuelian, Peter (2017). Digital Giza: Visualizing the Pyramids. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hawass, Zahi A. (2006). Mountains of the Pharaohs: The Untold Story of the Pyramid Builders. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Higgins, Michael Denis (2023). The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Science, Engineering and Technology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN
.
Levy, Janey (2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN
Nell, Erin; Ruggles, Clive (2014). "The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 45 (3): 304–360. arXiv : 1302.5622 . Bibcode : 2014JHA....45..304N . doi : 10.1177/0021828614533065 . S2CID 119224474 .
Rossi, Corinna ; Accomazzo, Laura (2005). The Pyramids and the Sphinx (English ed.). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
.
Records
Publications
Great Pyramid of Giza
| 297 |
34 | how long were the pyramids the tallest structure | https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/what-overtook-the-great-pyramid-of-giza-as-the-tallest-manmade-structure/ | What overtook the Great Pyramid of Giza as the tallest manmade structure?
What overtook the Great Pyramid of Giza as the tallest manmade structure?
For nearly 4,000 years, the Great Pyramid reigned supreme as the tallest manmade structure in the world
Published: February 27, 2014 at 12:40 PM
Ad
Lincoln Cathedral’s path towards being on top of the world was a rocky one. Parts of the building were rebuilt after a fire in 1141 destroyed the roof, and a huge earthquake in 1185 caused substantial damage. The building was described as being split in two. It required extensive construction work, begun by the new bishop, Hugh de Burgundy.
Then between 1307 and 1311, the central tower was raised with a spire topping it, making it the largest structure. It would remain as such for over 200 years, when, in 1549, the spire collapsed during a storm.
Between 1307 and 1311, the central tower of Lincoln Cathedral was raised with a spire topping it, making it the largest structure.
Ad
Even without the record, Lincoln Cathedral is a much-loved part of the city. Victorian writer and art critic John Ruskin heaped praise on Lincoln Cathedral: “I have always held and proposed against all comers to maintain that the Cathedral of Lincoln is out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles.”
Sign up to receive our newsletter!
Email address
Sign Up
By entering your details you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy . You can unsubscribe at any time.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
© Immediate 2025
| 298 |
35 | what is the setting of a dolls house | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll's_House | A Doll's House
1879 three-act play by Henrik Ibsen
"Dr. Rank" redirects here. For the Austrian psychoanalyst, see Otto Rank . For other uses, see A Doll's House (disambiguation) .
A Doll's House
Genre
Setting
The home of the Helmer family in an unspecified Norwegian town or city, c. 1879
A Doll's House ( Danish and Bokmål : Et dukkehjem; also translated as A Doll House) is a three-act play written by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen . It premiered at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen , Denmark, on 21 December 1879, having been published earlier that month. [1] The play is set in a Norwegian town c. 1879.
The play concerns the fate of a married woman, who, at the time in Norway , lacked reasonable opportunities for self-fulfillment in a male-dominated world. Despite the fact that Ibsen denied it was his intent to write a feminist play, it was a great sensation at the time [2] and caused a "storm of outraged controversy" that went beyond the theater to the world of newspapers and society. [3]
In 2006, the centennial of Ibsen's death, A Doll's House held the distinction of being the world's most-performed play that year. [4] UNESCO has inscribed Ibsen's autographed manuscripts of A Doll's House on the Memory of the World Register in 2001, in recognition of their historical value. [5]
The title of the play is most commonly translated as A Doll's House, though some scholars use A Doll House. John Simon says that A Doll's House is "the British term for what [Americans] call a 'dollhouse'". [6] Egil Törnqvist says of the alternative title: "Rather than being superior to the traditional rendering, it simply sounds more idiomatic to Americans." [7]
List of characters
Notable productions
Nora Helmer – wife of Torvald, mother of three, is living out the ideal of the 19th-century wife.
Torvald Helmer – Nora's husband, a newly promoted bank manager, professes to be enamored of his wife but their marriage stifles her.
Dr. Rank – a rich family friend (named "Peter Rank" in Michael Meyer 's translation). He is terminally ill, and it is implied that his "tuberculosis of the spine" originates from a venereal disease contracted by his father.
Kristine Linde (sometimes spelled Christine in English translations) – Nora's old school friend, widowed, is seeking employment. She was in a relationship with Krogstad prior to the play's setting.
Nils Krogstad – an employee at Torvald's bank, a single father, he is pushed to desperation. A supposed scoundrel, he is revealed to be a long-lost lover of Kristine.
The Children – Nora and Torvald's children: Ivar, Bobby, and Emmy (in order of age).
Anne Marie – Nora's former nanny, who gave up her own daughter to "strangers" when she became, as she says, the only mother Nora knew. She now cares for Nora's children. [8]
Helene – the Helmers' maid.
The Porter – delivers a Christmas tree to the Helmer household at the beginning of the play.
Mrs. Linde and Nora converse (from a 2012 production)
The play opens around Christmas time as Nora Helmer enters her home carrying many packages and presents. Nora's husband, Torvald, is working in his study when she arrives. He playfully rebukes her for spending so much money on Christmas gifts, calling her his "little squirrel". He teases her about how, the previous year, she had spent weeks making gifts and ornaments by hand because money was scarce. This year, Torvald is due a promotion at the bank where he works, so Nora feels that they can let themselves go a little. The maid announces two visitors: Mrs. Kristine Linde, an old friend of Nora's, who has come seeking employment; and Dr. Rank, a close friend of the family, who is let into the study. Kristine has had a difficult few years, ever since her husband died leaving her with no money or children. Nora says that things have not been easy for them either: Torvald became sick, and they had to travel to Italy so he could recover. Kristine explains that, when her mother was ill, she had to take care of her brothers, but, now that they are grown, she feels her life is "unspeakably empty". Nora promises to talk to Torvald about finding her a job. Kristine gently tells Nora that she is like a child. Nora is offended, so she tells her that she got money from "some admirer" so they could travel to Italy to improve Torvald's health. She told Torvald that her father gave her the money, but, in fact, she illegally borrowed it without his knowledge (women were forbidden from conducting financial activities such as signing checks without a man's endorsement). Since then, she has been secretly working and saving up to pay off the loan.
Krogstad, a lower-level employee at Torvald's bank, arrives and goes into the study. Nora is clearly uneasy when she sees him. Dr. Rank leaves the study and mentions that he feels wretched, though like everyone he wants to go on living. In contrast to his physical illness, he says that the man in the study, Krogstad, is "morally diseased".
After the meeting with Krogstad, Torvald comes out of the study. Nora asks him if he can give Kristine a position at the bank and Torvald is very positive, saying that this is a fortunate moment, as a position has just become available. Torvald, Kristine, and Dr. Rank leave the house, leaving Nora alone. The nanny returns with the children, and Nora plays with them for a while until Krogstad creeps through the ajar door into the living room and surprises her. Krogstad tells Nora that Torvald intends to fire him from the bank and asks her to intercede with Torvald to allow him to keep his job. She refuses, and Krogstad blackmails her about the loan she took out for the trip to Italy; he knows that she obtained this loan by forging her father's signature after his death. Krogstad leaves, and, when Torvald returns, Nora tries to convince him not to fire Krogstad. Torvald refuses to hear her pleas, explaining that Krogstad is a liar and a hypocrite and that, years before, he had committed a crime: he forged other people's signatures. Torvald feels physically ill in the presence of a man "poisoning his own children with lies and dissimulation".
Act Two
Kristine arrives to help Nora repair a dress for a costume function that she and Torvald plan to attend the next day. Torvald returns from the bank, and Nora pleads with him to reinstate Krogstad, claiming she is worried Krogstad will publish libelous articles about Torvald and ruin his career. Torvald dismisses her fears and explains that, although Krogstad is a good worker and seems to have turned his life around, he must be fired because he is too familiar around Torvald in front of other bank personnel. Torvald then retires to his study to work.
Dr. Rank then arrives. Nora asks him for a favor, but Rank responds by revealing that he has entered the terminal stage of his disease and that he has always been secretly in love with her. Nora tries to deny the first revelation and make light of it but is more disturbed by his declaration of love. She then clumsily attempts to tell him that she is not in love with him but loves him dearly as a friend.
Having been fired by Torvald, Krogstad arrives at the house. Nora convinces Dr. Rank to go into Torvald's study so he will not see Krogstad. When Krogstad confronts Nora, he declares that he no longer cares about the remaining balance of Nora's loan but that he will instead preserve the associated bond to blackmail Torvald into not only keeping him employed but also promoting him. Nora explains that she has done her best to persuade her husband, but he refuses to change his mind. Krogstad informs Nora that he has written a letter detailing her crime (forging her father's signature of surety on the bond) and put it in Torvald's mailbox, which is locked.
Nora tells Kristine of her difficult situation, gives her Krogstad's card with his address, and asks her to try to convince him to relent.
Torvald enters and tries to retrieve his mail, but Nora distracts him by begging him to help her with the dance she has been rehearsing for the costume party, feigning anxiety about performing. She dances so badly and acts so childishly that Torvald agrees to spend the whole evening coaching her. When the others go to dinner, Nora stays behind for a few minutes and contemplates killing herself.
Act Three
Torvald addresses Nora (from a 2012 production)
Kristine tells Krogstad that she only married her husband because she had no other means to support her sick mother and young siblings and that she has returned to offer him her love again. She believes that he would not have stooped to unethical behavior if he had not been devastated by her abandonment and in dire financial straits. Krogstad changes his mind and offers to take back his letter from Torvald. Kristine, however, decides that Torvald should know the truth for the sake of his and Nora's marriage.
After Torvald literally drags Nora home from the party, Rank follows them. They chat for a while, with Dr. Rank conveying obliquely to Nora that this is a final goodbye, as he has determined that his death is near. Dr. Rank leaves, and Torvald retrieves his letters. As he reads them, Nora prepares to run away for good, but Torvald confronts her with Krogstad's letter. Enraged, he declares that she is now completely in Krogstad's power; she must yield to Krogstad's demands and keep quiet about the whole affair. He berates Nora, calling her a dishonest and immoral woman and telling her that she is unfit to raise their children. He says that from now on their marriage will be only a matter of appearances.
A maid enters, delivering a letter from Krogstad to Nora, which Torvald demands to read himself. Torvald then exults that he is saved, as Krogstad has returned the incriminating bond, which Torvald immediately burns along with Krogstad's letters. He takes back his harsh words to his wife and tells her that he forgives her. Nora realizes that her husband is not the strong and gallant man she thought he was and that he truly loves himself more than he does Nora.
Torvald explains that, when a man has forgiven his wife, it makes him love her all the more since it reminds him that she is totally dependent on him, like a child. He preserves his peace of mind by thinking of the incident as a mere mistake that she made owing to her foolishness, one of her most endearing feminine traits.
Torvald, this is a settling of accounts. // In all these eight years [...], we have never exchanged a word on any serious subject.
Nora, in Ibsen 's A Doll's House (1879)
Nora tells Torvald that she is leaving him and, in a confrontational scene, expresses her sense of betrayal and disillusionment. She says he has never loved her and they have become strangers to each other. She feels betrayed by his response to the scandal involving Krogstad, and she says she must get away to understand herself. She says that she has been treated like a doll to play with for her whole life, first by her father and then by him. Torvald insists that she fulfill her duty as a wife and mother, but Nora says that she has duties to herself that are just as important and that she cannot be a good mother or wife without learning to be more than a plaything. She reveals that she had expected that he would want to sacrifice his reputation for hers and that she had planned to kill herself to prevent him from doing so. She now realizes that Torvald is not at all the kind of person she had believed him to be and that their marriage has been based on mutual fantasies and misunderstandings.
Nora leaves her keys and wedding ring; Torvald breaks down and begins to cry, baffled by what has happened. After Nora leaves the room, Torvald, for one second, still has a sense of hope and exclaims to himself "The most wonderful thing of all—?", just before the door downstairs is heard closing.
Alternative ending
Composition and publication
A Doll's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler (maiden name Laura Smith Petersen), a good friend of Ibsen. Much that happened between Nora and Torvald happened to Laura and her husband, Victor. Similar to the events in the play, Laura signed an illegal loan to save her husband's life—in this case, to find a cure for his tuberculosis. [10] She wrote to Ibsen, asking for his recommendation of her work to his publisher, thinking that the sales of her book would repay her debt. At his refusal, she forged a check for the money. At this point, she was found out. In real life, when Victor discovered Laura's secret loan, he divorced her and had her committed to an asylum. Two years later, she returned to her husband and children at his urging, and she went on to become a well-known Danish author, living to the age of 83.
Ibsen wrote A Doll's House when Laura Kieler had been committed to the asylum. The fate of this friend of the family shook him deeply, perhaps also because Laura had asked him to intervene at a crucial point in the scandal, which he did not feel able or willing to do. Instead, he turned this life situation into an aesthetically shaped, successful drama. In the play, Nora leaves Torvald with head held high, though facing an uncertain future given the limitations single women faced in the society of the time.
Kieler eventually rebounded from the shame of the scandal and had her own successful writing career while remaining discontented with sole recognition as "Ibsen's Nora" years afterward. [11] [12]
Ibsen started thinking about the play around May 1878, although he did not begin its first draft until a year later, having reflected on the themes and characters in the intervening period (he visualized its protagonist , Nora, for instance, as having approached him one day wearing "a blue woolen dress"). [13] He outlined his conception of the play as a "modern tragedy " in a note written in Rome on 19 October 1878. [14] "A woman cannot be herself in modern society", he argues, since it is "an exclusively male society, with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint!" [15]
Ibsen sent a fair copy of the completed play to his publisher on 15 September 1879. [16] It was first published in Copenhagen on 4 December 1879, in an edition of 8,000 copies that sold out within a month; a second edition of 3,000 copies followed on 4 January 1880, and a third edition of 2,500 was issued on 8 March. [17]
Production history
A Doll's House received its world premiere on 21 December 1879 at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, with Betty Hennings as Nora, Emil Poulsen as Torvald, and Peter Jerndorff as Dr. Rank. [18] Writing for the Norwegian newspaper Folkets Avis, the critic Erik Bøgh admired Ibsen's originality and technical mastery: "Not a single declamatory phrase, no high dramatics, no drop of blood, not even a tear." [19] Every performance of its run was sold out. [20] Another production opened at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, on 8 January 1880, while productions in Christiania (with Johanne Juell as Nora and Arnoldus Reimers as Torvald) and Bergen followed shortly after. [21]
In Germany, the actress Hedwig Raabe refused to perform the play as written, declaring, "I would never leave my children!" [20] Since the playwright's wishes were not protected by copyright, Ibsen decided to avoid the danger of being rewritten by a lesser dramatist by committing what he called a "barbaric outrage" on his play himself and giving it an alternative ending in which Nora did not leave. [22] [23] A production of this version opened in Flensburg in February 1880. [24] This version was also played in Hamburg , Dresden , Hanover , and Berlin , although, in the wake of protests and a lack of success, Raabe eventually restored the original ending. [24] Another production of the original version, some rehearsals of which Ibsen attended, opened on 3 March 1880 at the Residence Theatre in Munich . [24]
In Great Britain , the only way in which the play was initially allowed to be given in London was in an adaptation by Henry Arthur Jones and Henry Herman called Breaking a Butterfly. [25] This adaptation was produced at the Princess Theatre on 3 March 1884. Writing in 1896 in his book The Foundations of a National Drama, Jones says: "A rough translation from the German version of A Doll's House was put into my hands, and I was told that if it could be turned into a sympathetic play, a ready opening would be found for it on the London boards. I knew nothing of Ibsen, but I knew a great deal of Robertson and H. J. Byron. From these circumstances came the adaptation called Breaking a Butterfly." [26] H. L. Mencken writes that it was A Doll's House "denaturized and dephlogisticated . [...] Toward the middle of the action Ibsen was thrown to the fishes, and Nora was saved from suicide, rebellion, flight and immorality by making a faithful old clerk steal her fateful promissory note from Krogstad's desk. [...] The curtain fell upon a happy home." [27]
Before 1889, there were two private productions of the play in London (in its original form as Ibsen wrote it). In 1886, the first production in England took place at Eleanor Marx 's lodgings in London and featured her as Nora and her friend George Bernard Shaw in the role of Krogstad; both were champions of Ibsen. [8] The first public British production of the play in its regular form opened on 7 June 1889 at the Novelty Theatre , starring Janet Achurch as Nora and Charles Charrington as Torvald. [28] [29] [30] Achurch played Nora again for a seven-day run in 1897. Soon after its London premiere, Achurch brought the play to Australia in 1889. [31]
The play was first seen in the US in 1883 in Louisville, Kentucky ; Helena Modjeska acted Nora. [29] The play made its Broadway premiere at the Palmer's Theatre on 21 December 1889, starring Beatrice Cameron as Nora Helmer. [32] It was first performed in France in 1894. [21] Other productions in the US include one in 1902 starring Minnie Maddern Fiske , a 1937 adaptation with acting script by Thornton Wilder and starring Ruth Gordon , a 1971 production starring Claire Bloom , and a 1997 production starring Janet McTeer .
The play was performed by 24/6: A Jewish Theater Company in March 2011, one of their early performances following their December 2010 Lower Manhattan launch. [34]
In August 2013, Young Vic [35] produced a new adaptation [36] of A Doll's House directed by Carrie Cracknell [37] based on the English language version by Simon Stephens. In September 2014, in partnership with Brisbane Festival , La Boite Theatre Company located in Brisbane, Australia , hosted an adaptation of A Doll's House written by Lally Katz and directed by Stephen Mitchell Wright. [38] In June 2015, Space Arts Centre in London staged an adaptation of A Doll's House featuring the discarded alternate ending. [39] 'Manaveli' Toronto staged a Tamil version of A Doll's House (ஒரு பொம்மையின் வீடு) on 30 June 2018, translated and directed by Mr P Vikneswaran. The drama was very well received by the Tamil community in Toronto and was staged again a few months later. The same stage play was filmed at the beginning of 2019 and screened in Toronto on 4 May 2019. The film was received with very good reviews, and the artists were hailed for their performance. Arrangements were made to screen the film in London, at Safari Cinema Harrow, on 7 July 2019. [39] From September 2019 to October 2019, the Lyric Hammersmith in London hosted a new adaptation of the play by Tanika Gupta who moved the setting of the play to colonial India . [40] Though the plot largely remained unchanged, the protagonists were renamed Tom and Niru Helmer and a conversation was added regarding the British oppression of the Indian public. One significant shift was the lack of a slamming door at the end of the play. They also published a pack of teaching materials which includes extracts from the adapted play script. [41]
A production of A Doll's House by The Jamie Lloyd Company starring Jessica Chastain was scheduled to play at the Playhouse Theatre in London in mid-2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the play was postponed to a later date. [42] In November 2022, it was announced that the production would instead premiere on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre . It began previews on 13 February 2023 and officially opened on 9 March, running until 10 June. [43] It starred Chastain, Arian Moayed , Michael Patrick Thornton , and Okieriete Onaodowan . [44]
Analysis and criticism
A Doll's House questions the traditional roles of men and women in 19th-century marriage. [22] To many 19th-century Europeans, this was scandalous. The covenant of marriage was considered holy, and to portray it as Ibsen did was controversial. [45] The Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw , however, found Ibsen's willingness to examine society without prejudice exhilarating. [46]
The Swedish playwright August Strindberg criticised the play in his volume of essays and short stories Getting Married (1884). [47] Strindberg questioned Nora's walking out and leaving her children behind with a man that she herself disapproved of so much that she would not remain with him. Strindberg also considers that Nora's involvement with an illegal financial fraud that involved Nora forging a signature, all done behind her husband's back, and then Nora's lying to her husband regarding Krogstad's blackmail, are serious crimes that should raise questions at the end of the play, when Nora is moralistically judging her husband. Strindberg also points out that Nora's complaint that she and Torvald "have never exchanged one serious word about serious things" is contradicted by the discussions that occur in act one and two. [48]
The reasons Nora leaves her husband are complex, and various details are hinted at throughout the play. In the last scene, she tells her husband she has been "greatly wronged" by his disparaging and condescending treatment of her, and his attitude towards her in their marriage—as though she were his "doll wife"—and the children in turn have become her "dolls", leading her to doubt her own qualifications to raise her children. She is troubled by her husband's behavior in regard to the scandal of the loaned money. She does not love her husband, feels completely confused and that they are strangers, and suggests that her issues are shared by many women. George Bernard Shaw suggests that she left to begin "a journey in search of self-respect and apprenticeship to life" and that her revolt is "the end of a chapter of human history". [8] [49] [3]
Michael Meyer argued that the play's theme is not women's rights but rather "the need of every individual to find out the kind of person he or she really is and to strive to become that person". [50] In a speech given to the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights in 1898, Ibsen insisted that he "must disclaim the honor of having consciously worked for the women's rights movement" since he wrote "without any conscious thought of making propaganda", his task having been "the description of humanity". [51] The play, however, is associated with feminism, as Miriam Schneir includes it in her anthology Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings , labeling it as one of the essential feminist works. [52]
Because of the departure from traditional behavior and theatrical convention involved in Nora's leaving home, her act of slamming the door as she leaves has come to represent the play itself. [53] [54] In Iconoclasts (1905), James Huneker noted "That slammed door reverberated across the roof of the world." [55] Chinese writer Lu Xun evaluated the ending in the 1923 speech, What happens after Nora leaves home , in which he compares Nora's lack of economic independence to China's political and economic repression.
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
A Doll's House has been adapted for the cinema on many occasions, including:
The 1923 German silent film Nora , directed by Berthold Viertel . Nora was played by Olga Chekhova , who was born Olga Knipper, and was the niece and namesake of Anton Chekhov ’s wife. She was also Mikhail Chekhov 's wife. [58]
The 1943 Argentine film Casa de muñecas , starring Delia Garcés , which modernizes the story and uses the alternative ending. [59]
The 1944 German film Nora , directed by Harald Braun , which retells the story in line with Nazi ideology on the place of women, resolving it with Nora in the home. [60]
The 1954 Mexican film Casa de muñecas, directed by Alfredo B. Crevenna and starring Marga López , Ernesto Alonso and Miguel Torruco, sets the story in modern-day Mexico , adds a flashback framing device, turns Dr. Rank (renamed Dr. Eduardo Anguiano and played by Alonso, who gets second billing) into Nora's doomed suitor and savior, changes Nora's motivation for leaving her house, and adds a happy ending the following Christmas Eve .
Dariush Mehrjui 's 1992 film Sara is based on A Doll's House, with the plot transferred to Iran . Sara, played by Niki Karimi , is the Nora of Ibsen's play. [63]
In 2012, the Young Vic theater in London released a short film titled Nora with Hattie Morahan portraying what a modern-day Nora might look like. [64]
In 2016, there were plans for a modernized adaptation starring Ben Kingsley as Doctor Rank and Michele Martin as Nora. [65] [66]
The 2020 US film Friend of the World , directed by Brian Patrick Butler and starring Nick Young , Alexandra Slade , and Michael C. Burgess , was described as "more like a stage play than a film". During a scene, one of the characters is reading Ibsen's play. [67]
The 1959 adaptation was a live version for US TV directed by George Schaefer . This version featured Julie Harris , Christopher Plummer , Hume Cronyn , Eileen Heckart , and Jason Robards .
In 1973, Norwegian TV produced an adaptation of A Doll's House titled Et dukkehjem, directed by Arild Brinchmann and starring Lise Fjeldstad as Nora Helmer.
A Lux Radio Theatre production on 6 June 1938 starred Joan Crawford as Nora and Basil Rathbone as Torvald.
A later version by the Theatre Guild on the Air on 19 January 1947 featured Rathbone again as Torvald with Dorothy McGuire as Nora.
In 2012, BBC Radio 3 broadcast an adaptation by Tanika Gupta transposing the setting to India in 1879, where Nora (renamed 'Niru') is an Indian woman married to Torvald (renamed 'Tom'), an English man working for the British Colonial Administration in Calcutta. This production starred Indira Varma as Niru and Toby Stephens as Tom. [68]
In 1989, film and stage director Ingmar Bergman staged and published a shortened reworking of the play, now entitled Nora, which entirely omitted the characters of the servants and the children, focusing more on the power struggle between Nora and Torvald. It was widely viewed as downplaying the feminist themes of Ibsen's original. [69] The first staging of it in New York City was reviewed by The New York Times as heightening the play's melodramatic aspects. [70] The Los Angeles Times stated that "Nora shores up A Doll's House in some areas but weakens it in others." [71]
In 2017, performance artist Cherdonna Shinatra wrote and starred in a reworking of the play titled "Cherdonna's Doll House" under the direction of Ali Mohamed el-Gasseir. The production was staged at 12th Avenue Arts through Washington Ensemble Theatre. Brendan Kiley of The Seattle Times described it as a "triple-decker satire" in which "Cherdonna’s version of Ibsen’s play about femininity turns into a kind of memoir about Kuehner’s neither-here-nor-there career identity." [72]
In 2019, the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow performed Nora: A Doll's House by Stef Smith , a radical reworking of the play, with three actors playing Nora, simultaneously taking place in 1918, 1968, and 2018. [73] The production later transferred to the Young Vic in London. [74]
In 2019, Samuel Adamson's reworking of the play, titled Wife, was staged at the Kiln Theatre in Kilburn , London. It sets the play in different versions covering 80 years, between 1959 and 2042. [75] [76] [77]
In 2022, Indian theatre director Amitesh Grover staged the play at the National School of Drama (India), expanding on the role of the female servants and designing an expressionistic set which collapsed on Nora's husband, Torvald Helmer, at the end of the play. [78]
In 2023, Amy Herzog adapted a new version of the play directed by Jamie Lloyd and starring Jessica Chastain . This Broadway production began previews on February 13, 2023 at the Hudson Theatre , opened on March 9, 2023, and closed on June 10, 2023. [79]
In 2019, memoirist, journalist, and professor Wendy Swallow published Searching for Nora: After the Doll's House. Swallow's historical novel tells the story of Nora Helmer's life from the moment in December 1879 that Nora walks out on her husband and young children at the close of A Doll's House. Swallow draws from her research into Ibsen's play and iconic protagonist, the realities of the time, and the 19th-century Norwegian emigration to the US, following Nora as she first struggles to survive in Christiania (today's Oslo) and then travels by boat, train, and wagon to a new home in the western prairie of Minnesota .
^ Meyer (1967, 477).
Törnqvist, Egil (1995). Ibsen: A Doll's House. Capilano University Press . p. 54. ISBN
^ Meyer (1967, 466).
^ Ibsen, "Notes for a Modern Tragedy"; quoted by Meyer (1967, 466); see also Innes (2000, 79–81).
^ Meyer (1967, 474).
^ Meyer (1967, 475).
^ Quoted by Meyer (1967, 477).
^ a b Meyer (1967, 480).
^ a b Meyer (1967, 479).
^ text Jones, Henry Arthur. Herman, Henry. Breaking a butterfly : a play in three acts. Printed for private use only: not published. 76 pages.
^ Jones, Henry Arthur. The Foundations of a National Drama: a collection of lectures, essays and speeches, delivered and written in the years 1896–1912. (1 January 1913). 1 January 1913. Reprinted: Wentworth Press (26 Aug 2016)
^ Mencken, H. L. The Collected Drama of H. L. Mencken: Plays and Criticism. Scarecrow Press, 2012.
Ibsen, Henrik (1889). A Doll's House [Illustrated with photographs]. William C. Archer translator. London: T Fisher Unwin. OCLC 29743002 .
^ Brockett and Hildy (2003, 353).
^ .
^ Sandbach, Mary, trans. Strindberg, August, author. 1972. Getting Married Parts I and II. London: Victor Gollancz. (1972)
^ Meyer (1967, 478).
^ Ibsen, "Speech at the Festival of the Norwegian Women's Rights League, Christiana", 26 May 1898; in Dukore (1974, 563); see also Moi (2006, 229–230).
Schneir, Miriam (1972). Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings. Vintage Books.
Törnqvist, Egil (1995). Ibsen: A Doll's House. Cambridge University Press . p. 150. ISBN
Trelles Plazaolapage, Luis (1989). South American Cinema: Dictionary of Film Makers. Translated by de Ferdinandy, Yudit (1st ed.). Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. p. 10. ISBN
"WIFE" . Kiln Theatre. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
Bassett, Harvey (7 June 2019). "Review: Wife at Kiln Theatre" . Exeunt Magazine – Exeunt is an online theatre magazine for quality theatre criticism, interviews, essays, long-form writing and, podcasts. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
Service, Statesman News (6 June 2022). "Theatre Recovers" . The Statesman. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
Ibsen, Henrick (trans. McLeish). A Doll's House , Nick Hern Books , London, 1994
Merriam, Eve. After Nora Slammed the Door: From Doll's House to Paper Doll Lives? Merriam Looks at the "Women's Revolution" in America. World Publishing Company, Cleveland, 1964.
External links
Literature aboutthe New Woman
A Doll's House
| 299 |
35 | what is the setting of a dolls house | https://custom-writing.org/blog/when-does-a-dolls-house-take-place | Top 10 Articles
When Does A Doll’s House Take Place?
A Doll’s House takes place at the same time period as when it was written. Nowadays, we call it the Victorian era, since those were the years of Queen Victoria’s reign. That time was characterized by specific social norms that dictated how marriages and families should be run. Ibsen highlights the theme of gender roles from a different perspective.
Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!
First of all, A Doll’s House appears to be happening during a lot of changes in society. The Industrial Revolution encouraged the creation of more jobs and opportunities. It meant that everyone could grab a piece of success and earn enough money. Materialism began to rule over people. However, it wasn’t a beneficial time for everybody since women hadn’t had any rights yet. They were forced to get married in the seeking of financial stability. The ones who were willing to go against the system and risk everything stayed away from marriage to keep their business and financial independence.
However, it was still illegal for women to deal with money . That is why Nora is considered a criminal for borrowing such a large sum behind her husband’s back and even faking her father’s signature. On the other hand, Ibsen highlights Nora’s actions as a protest against social norms. She strives for freedom and respect, which obviously lacks in Helmer’s house . Her husband, Torvald, only cares about his own success. At the time, it means a good job, reputation, and happily looking family. It doesn’t matter to him that his lovely marriage is fake. Nora tries to play along, but deep down, she knows that society and the system are faulty.
Thank you for reading this article! If you are looking for essay title ideas on A Doll’s House, take a look at our essay topic collection or try using our title-generating tool .
This article was developed by the editorial team of Custom-Writing.org, a professional writing service with 3-hour delivery.
Recommended for You
Henrik Ibsen wrote A Doll’s House in 1879. The same year the play was published and performed for the first time. It appeared to be a pretty revolutionary piece, from the perspective of both the perspective and genre. Ibsen’s play started up a trend for realistic writing. However, it wasn’t...
It would only be fair to claim that A Doll’s House‘s central theme is gender equality. Even though Ibsen masterfully raised many others, such as marriage and social code, they don’t seem to be as crucial in the play. Nora’s character represents the theme of gender roles and proves that...
Why Did European Audiences Find the Character Nora in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Scandalous?
The mentality and perspective of people change with time. Therefore, we shouldn’t be shocked by the fact that the audience saw Nora as scandalous in the Victorian era. Back then, the whole of Europe had pretty traditional views on marriage, and women who leave their families behind just to self-explore...
Comments
By clicking "Allow", you automatically agree to our Cookies policy
Allow
| 300 |
35 | what is the setting of a dolls house | https://auafs.com/careers/essay/exploring-the-setting-of-a-dolls-house-an-in-depth-analysis.html | Exploring the Setting of A Doll’s House: An In-depth Analysis
Published
In Henrik Ibsen’s play, “A Doll’s House,” the setting plays a significant role in shaping the characters, their relationships, and the overall theme of the work. The play, established in 1879, takes place in a Victorian household and focuses on the life of Nora Helmer, the main character. The opening scene of the play, set in the living room of the Helmer family, provides valuable insights into the norms and expectations that defined the society of that time.
Through the carefully crafted setting, Ibsen explores the idea of a doll’s house, symbolizing a confined and stifled existence. The furniture, the dialogue, and the actions of the characters all contribute to the play’s central theme. Nora’s hopes, dreams, and feelings are connected to the setting, and it becomes evident that her role as a wife and mother limits her ability to express herself fully.
The symbolism of the setting can be seen in the dialogue between Nora and her husband Torvald. Though they seem to have a similar life to others around them, their conversations reveal the underlying tensions and conflicts within their relationship. The setting is used to highlight the power dynamics between Nora and Torvald, as well as the societal expectations that they both face.
Importantly, the significance of the setting extends beyond the confines of the Helmer household. The play explores the effects of societal norms and expectations on individual lives, particularly those of women in Victorian society. Ibsen challenges the accepted roles and ideas of the time, leading the audience to question their own beliefs and values.
Henrik Ibsen – A Doll’s House Setting
The setting of the play is important in shaping the development of the characters and their relationships. The house itself acts as a symbol of the confined and restricted lives that the characters lead. Nora’s doll’s house, which she hopes will make her feel similar to her dolls, is a metaphor for her own life, where she feels trapped and controlled by societal expectations.
Throughout the play, the dialogue and actions of the characters within this setting establish the established norms and expectations of Victorian society. Nora and Torvald’s relationship, for example, reflects the husband as the dominant figure and the wife as submissive. However, as the play progresses, Nora begins to question these roles and norms, leading to the climax of the play.
Ibsen’s choice of setting and the links he creates within it are significant in understanding the theme and ideas he wants to explore in “A Doll’s House”. The setting not only provides a backdrop for the events that take place but also becomes a character in its own right.
By borrowing from the Victorian setting, Ibsen creates a world that is familiar to the audience, making the play relatable and impactful. The audience can see parallels between the play’s setting and their own lives, questioning the accepted norms and expectations of society.
Monday April 14, 2014
In this analysis, we will explore the development of Nora’s character within the setting of her household and examine how the setting works to establish the themes and ideas of the play. When the audience first meets Nora, she is engaging in a play with her children, linking the idea of dolls with the idea of her own body being a doll in her husband Torvald’s eyes.
The Significance of the Opening Scene
The opening scene of “A Doll’s House” is significant in several ways. Firstly, it sets the stage for the audience to understand the Victorian society in which the play is set. The audience can understand the norms and expectations that have been established, creating a context for Nora’s actions throughout the play. Secondly, the opening scene establishes the importance of appearances and societal expectations, which will be central themes throughout the play.
In the opening dialogue between Nora and her friend Mrs. Linde, their discussion about the borrowed money serves as a catalyst for Nora’s development and the unfolding of the plot. Nora’s decision to borrow money and keep it a secret from her husband sheds light on the power dynamics within their relationship and the importance of money in their lives. This sets the stage for the conflict and subsequent growth of Nora’s character.
The Symbolism of the Doll’s House
The doll’s house that is prominently displayed in Nora’s home serves as a symbol for her own feelings of entrapment and lack of agency. Just as the dolls within the house are controlled and manipulated by their owners, Nora feels controlled and manipulated by the expectations of society and her husband. The doll’s house also represents the idea that Nora and other women of her time were seen as decorative objects rather than individuals with their own desires and aspirations.
Furthermore, the setting of the doll’s house highlights the theme of appearances versus reality. While the outside of the house may appear perfect and respectable, the inside is filled with secrets and hidden truths. This contrast emphasizes the tension and facade of happiness that is prevalent throughout the play.
The Victorian Setting and Its Impact on Relationships
The Victorian setting of “A Doll’s House” has a profound impact on the relationships between the characters. The societal norms and expectations place pressure on individuals to conform to a certain image, resulting in strained and unfulfilled relationships.
Nora’s relationship with her husband Torvald is shaped by the societal expectations placed upon them. Torvald expects Nora to be the perfect wife and mother, and Nora feels she must perform this role to maintain her social status. This leads to a lack of genuine connection and understanding between them.
Similarly, Nora’s relationship with Mrs. Linde is influenced by the Victorian setting. They are both products of a society that values male dominance and female subservience. While they forge a connection based on their shared experiences, they are ultimately limited by the constraints placed upon them by society.
The Impact of the Setting on Nora’s Development
The setting of “A Doll’s House” plays a crucial role in Nora’s development throughout the play. The norms and expectations established by society and the household shape her actions and decisions. As the play progresses, Nora becomes increasingly aware of the limitations placed upon her and begins to question her role within the household.
The Victorian setting acts as a catalyst for Nora’s transformation and eventual empowerment. By challenging the societal norms and expectations set upon her, Nora is able to break free from the doll-like existence she has been living and embrace her own agency and independence.
norms
established
house
here
the
borrow
dolls
like
cited
herself
significance
essay
dialogue
idea
when
know
of
1879
a
Ibsen
opening
Henrik
furniture
symbolism
feelings
April
most
plays
some
topic
Monday
though
shaping
main
life
A Doll’s House Setting Essay Main Body
The setting of a play can play a crucial role in shaping the overall mood, tone, and themes explored within the work. In the case of Henrik Ibsen’s play “A Doll’s House,” the setting of the household serves as an important backdrop for the development of the characters and their relationships.
The main setting of the play is the Helmer’s house, which is a symbol of the Victorian norms and expectations that govern Nora and Torvald’s lives. The use of a domestic setting allows Ibsen to explore the restrictions placed on women and the stifling nature of traditional gender roles.
The furniture and decorations within the house also hold symbolic significance. The doll’s house, described in the opening of the play, becomes a metaphor for Nora’s own life and the way she is treated by others. It represents the façade she maintains for the outside world and the artificiality of her marriage. Through this symbolism, Ibsen expresses his critique of societal expectations and the limitations they impose on women.
Throughout the play, the house serves as a stage for the unfolding drama and the evolving relationships between the characters. The dialogue and interactions between Nora and Torvald, as well as the other characters, reveal the tension and conflicts that arise within the household.
The setting of the play also plays a role in establishing the time period and social context in which the story takes place. The play was written in 1879, and the Victorian era was known for its strict moral and social codes. By setting the play in this time period, Ibsen highlights the contrast between societal expectations and the desires and hopes of the characters.
Moreover, the setting of the play allows the audience to feel more connected to the characters and their struggles. The use of a realistic setting makes the play relatable and allows the audience to empathize with Nora and understand the challenges she faces. The setting also adds to the realism of the play, creating a sense of authenticity and making it easier for the audience to become immersed in the story.
Setting
The furniture in the house serves as a check on the characters’ emotions and desires. For example, the Christmas tree in the living room is a symbol of Nora’s hopes and feelings, as she believes that it will bring joy and happiness to her family. However, the tree becomes a source of tension and conflict when Torvald asserts his authority by forbidding Nora to decorate it. This dialogue between Nora and Torvald reveals the power dynamics within their relationship and foreshadows the eventual unraveling of their marriage.
The setting of the play also links to the theme of appearance versus reality. Though the Torvalds’ house may appear perfect from the outside, it is clear that there are underlying issues and secrets within. This is seen through Nora’s secret borrowing of money to save her husband’s life, as well as the oppressive atmosphere created by Torvald’s strict adherence to societal expectations.
Moreover, the setting of “A Doll’s House” is not just limited to the physical space of the house itself. It extends to the societal norms and expectations that limit the characters’ freedom and happiness. The audience is invited to question the accepted norms of the time and to consider the consequences of maintaining a facade at the expense of one’s own authenticity and happiness.
The Significance of the Setting in A Doll’s House, a Play by Henrik Ibsen
The setting of a play often plays a crucial role in shaping the overall tone and atmosphere. In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, the setting serves as a powerful tool in conveying the theme of societal norms and their impact on individuals. By examining the setting of the play, we can gain a deeper understanding of the characters’ feelings and the development of their relationships.
Establishing the Victorian Norms
A Doll’s House is set in the Victorian era, specifically in the household of Nora and Torvald Helmer. The play takes place in April 1879, a time when societal norms dictated that women were expected to be obedient wives and mothers, devoting their lives to their husbands and children.
The Helmer’s house acts as a physical representation of these accepted norms. The furniture and layout of the house reflect the idea of the perfect Victorian household, with Nora being the doll-like figure trapped within. The audience can see this symbolism through the various conversations and interactions that take place within the setting.
Symbolism and Character Development
Throughout the play, Ibsen uses the symbolism of the house and its contents to highlight the inner lives of the characters. For example, Nora’s doll’s house is a recurring motif that represents her own life and her hopes for a better future. By borrowing elements from her doll’s house and making changes to it, Nora is unconsciously foreshadowing the internal changes she will undergo throughout the play.
The setting also plays a crucial role in the development of Nora and Torvald’s relationship. The Helmer’s house is presented as a place of superficial happiness, with Torvald being the dominant figure and Nora playing the role of the obedient wife. However, when conflicts arise and secrets are revealed, the true nature of their relationship is exposed. The setting helps to emphasize the disparity between the surface level happiness and the underlying tension and dissatisfaction within their marriage.
What Is The Setting Of A Doll’s House
At the opening of the play, the audience is introduced to Nora, a character who seems like a doll living in a doll’s house. The setting reflects her hopes and desires for a perfect life within the norms accepted by society. Nora’s house, with its borrowed money and carefully arranged furniture, represents her efforts to make her life like the fairy-tale she imagines. However, as the play unfolds, we come to realize that the doll’s house is not what it initially appears to be.
The setting of A Doll’s House also establishes the symbolic link between the characters and their environment. Nora’s house reflects her confinement and lack of freedom within her marriage. The closed doors, narrow spaces, and limited opportunities for movement signify her restricted existence. In contrast, the outside world represents the possibilities and potential for personal growth that Nora longs for.
The furniture in the doll’s house is another important element of the setting. It symbolizes the superficiality and emptiness of Nora’s life. The beautiful yet fragile objects in her home mirror Nora’s own delicate position within her marriage and society. The furniture further emphasizes the idea that Nora is like a doll, existing solely for the pleasure of others.
Ibsen’s use of setting in A Doll’s House is similar to his other plays, where the physical environment is employed to highlight the inner feelings and struggles of the characters. The setting enables the audience to better understand the characters’ motivations, conflicts, and desires.
The Significance of the Setting
The setting of A Doll’s House is significant because it reflects and influences the development of the characters and their relationships. It provides a context for the events and dialogue that take place throughout the play. The confined and oppressive atmosphere of the house mirrors the restricted lives of Nora and other women of that time. The setting also serves as a backdrop for the exploration of themes like the role of women in society, gender norms, and the effects of societal expectations on personal identity.
The setting of A Doll’s House, though seemingly mundane, holds great significance in the analysis of the play. It serves as a symbol of the confined and oppressive roles that women like Nora were expected to accept. The setting, with its carefully arranged furniture and closed doors, reflects the shallow nature of conventional Victorian society. Furthermore, by juxtaposing the doll’s house with the outside world, Ibsen highlights the contrast between societal expectations and individual desires. Overall, the setting of A Doll’s House contributes to the depth and impact of the play and enhances the audience’s understanding of the characters and their struggles.
FAQ
What is the significance of the setting in the play A Doll’s House?
The setting in A Doll’s House is significant because it represents the confinement and oppression of the main character, Nora. The play is set in a middle-class home in Norway during the late 19th century, where societal norms and expectations dictated that women be submissive and obedient to their husbands. The setting of the home symbolizes Nora’s restricted existence and her desperate desire to break free from the roles imposed upon her.
How does the setting contribute to the character development in A Doll’s House?
The setting in A Doll’s House contributes to the character development by providing a context for the actions and decisions of the characters. Nora’s confinement in the home reflects her lack of agency and autonomy, leading her to make a drastic decision to leave her husband and children at the end of the play. The setting also influences the behavior and expectations of the other characters, such as Torvald’s belief in the societal norms of the time and Mrs. Linde’s realization of her own desires for independence.
What is the main setting of A Doll’s House?
The main setting of A Doll’s House is the Helmer family’s residence in Norway. The play primarily takes place in the living room of the house, with occasional scenes in other parts of the home. The setting of the home allows for the exploration of the domestic sphere and the societal expectations placed upon women during that time period.
How does Henrik Ibsen use the setting of A Doll’s House to convey symbolism?
Henrik Ibsen uses the setting of A Doll’s House to convey symbolism through the contrast between the appearance of the home and the reality of the characters’ lives. The Helmer’s home is portrayed as beautiful and perfect on the surface, with a brightly decorated Christmas tree and luxurious furnishings. However, this setting masks the underlying tensions and secrets within the family. The setting also symbolizes the larger society, where appearances and social status are valued over individual freedom and authenticity.
Categorized as Essay Guidelines
By Alex Koliada, PhD
Alex Koliada, PhD, is a well-known doctor. He is famous for studying aging, genetics, and other medical conditions. He works at the Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics. His scientific research has been published in the most reputable international magazines. Alex holds a BA in English and Comparative Literature from the University of Southern California , and a TEFL certification from The Boston Language Institute.
| 301 |
35 | what is the setting of a dolls house | https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2542/2542-h/2542-h.htm | A Doll’s House
A DOLL’S HOUSE
ACT I
[SCENE.—A room furnished comfortably and tastefully, but not
extravagantly. At the back, a door to the right leads to the entrance-hall,
another to the left leads to Helmer’s study. Between the doors stands a
piano. In the middle of the left-hand wall is a door, and beyond it a window.
Near the window are a round table, arm-chairs and a small sofa. In the
right-hand wall, at the farther end, another door; and on the same side, nearer
the footlights, a stove, two easy chairs and a rocking-chair; between the stove
and the door, a small table. Engravings on the walls; a cabinet with china and
other small objects; a small book-case with well-bound books. The floors are
carpeted, and a fire burns in the stove. It is winter.
A bell rings in the hall; shortly afterwards the door is heard to open.
Enter NORA, humming a tune and in high spirits. She is in outdoor dress and
carries a number of parcels; these she lays on the table to the right. She
leaves the outer door open after her, and through it is seen a PORTER who is
carrying a Christmas Tree and a basket, which he gives to the MAID who has
opened the door.]
NORA. Hide the Christmas Tree carefully, Helen. Be sure the children do not see it
until this evening, when it is dressed. [To the PORTER, taking out her
purse.] How much?
PORTER. Sixpence.
NORA. There is a shilling. No, keep the change. [The PORTER thanks her, and goes
out. NORA shuts the door. She is laughing to herself, as she takes off her hat
and coat. She takes a packet of macaroons from her pocket and eats one or two;
then goes cautiously to her husband’s door and listens.] Yes, he is
in. [Still humming, she goes to the table on the right.]
HELMER. [calls out from his room]. Is that my little lark twittering out there?
NORA. [busy opening some of the parcels]. Yes, it is!
HELMER. Is it my little squirrel bustling about?
NORA. Yes!
HELMER. When did my squirrel come home?
NORA. Just now. [Puts the bag of macaroons into her pocket and wipes her
mouth.] Come in here, Torvald, and see what I have bought.
HELMER. Don’t disturb me. [A little later, he opens the door and looks into
the room, pen in hand.] Bought, did you say? All these things? Has my
little spendthrift been wasting money again?
NORA. Yes but, Torvald, this year we really can let ourselves go a little. This is
the first Christmas that we have not needed to economise.
HELMER. Still, you know, we can’t spend money recklessly.
NORA. Yes, Torvald, we may be a wee bit more reckless now, mayn’t we? Just a
tiny wee bit! You are going to have a big salary and earn lots and lots of
money.
HELMER. Yes, after the New Year; but then it will be a whole quarter before the salary
is due.
NORA. Pooh! we can borrow until then.
HELMER. Nora! [Goes up to her and takes her playfully by the ear.] The same
little featherhead! Suppose, now, that I borrowed fifty pounds today, and you
spent it all in the Christmas week, and then on New Year’s Eve a slate
fell on my head and killed me, and—
NORA. [putting her hands over his mouth]. Oh! don’t say such horrid
things.
HELMER. Still, suppose that happened,—what then?
NORA. If that were to happen, I don’t suppose I should care whether I owed
money or not.
HELMER. Yes, but what about the people who had lent it?
NORA. They? Who would bother about them? I should not know who they were.
HELMER. That is like a woman! But seriously, Nora, you know what I think about that. No
debt, no borrowing. There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that
depends on borrowing and debt. We two have kept bravely on the straight road so
far, and we will go on the same way for the short time longer that there need
be any struggle.
NORA. [moving towards the stove]. As you please, Torvald.
HELMER. [following her]. Come, come, my little skylark must not droop her wings.
What is this! Is my little squirrel out of temper? [Taking out his
purse.] Nora, what do you think I have got here?
NORA. [turning round quickly]. Money!
HELMER. There you are. [Gives her some money.] Do you think I don’t know
what a lot is wanted for housekeeping at Christmas-time?
NORA. [counting]. Ten shillings—a pound—two pounds! Thank you,
thank you, Torvald; that will keep me going for a long time.
HELMER. Indeed it must.
NORA. Yes, yes, it will. But come here and let me show you what I have bought. And
all so cheap! Look, here is a new suit for Ivar, and a sword; and a horse and a
trumpet for Bob; and a doll and dolly’s bedstead for Emmy,—they are
very plain, but anyway she will soon break them in pieces. And here are
dress-lengths and handkerchiefs for the maids; old Anne ought really to have
something better.
HELMER. And what is in this parcel?
NORA. [crying out]. No, no! you mustn’t see that until this evening.
HELMER. Very well. But now tell me, you extravagant little person, what would you like
for yourself?
NORA. For myself? Oh, I am sure I don’t want anything.
HELMER. Yes, but you must. Tell me something reasonable that you would particularly
like to have.
NORA. No, I really can’t think of anything—unless, Torvald—
HELMER. Well?
NORA. [playing with his coat buttons, and without raising her eyes to his]. If
you really want to give me something, you might—you might—
HELMER. Well, out with it!
NORA. [speaking quickly]. You might give me money, Torvald. Only just as much
as you can afford; and then one of these days I will buy something with it.
HELMER. But, Nora—
NORA. Oh, do! dear Torvald; please, please do! Then I will wrap it up in beautiful
gilt paper and hang it on the Christmas Tree. Wouldn’t that be fun?
HELMER. What are little people called that are always wasting money?
NORA. Spendthrifts—I know. Let us do as you suggest, Torvald, and then I shall
have time to think what I am most in want of. That is a very sensible plan,
isn’t it?
HELMER. [smiling]. Indeed it is—that is to say, if you were really to save
out of the money I give you, and then really buy something for yourself. But if
you spend it all on the housekeeping and any number of unnecessary things, then
I merely have to pay up again.
NORA. Oh but, Torvald—
HELMER. You can’t deny it, my dear little Nora. [Puts his arm round her
waist.] It’s a sweet little spendthrift, but she uses up a deal of
money. One would hardly believe how expensive such little persons are!
NORA. It’s a shame to say that. I do really save all I can.
HELMER. [laughing]. That’s very true,—all you can. But you
can’t save anything!
NORA. [smiling quietly and happily]. You haven’t any idea how many
expenses we skylarks and squirrels have, Torvald.
HELMER. You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way
of wheedling money out of me, and, as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt
in your hands. You never know where it has gone. Still, one must take you as
you are. It is in the blood; for indeed it is true that you can inherit these
things, Nora.
NORA. Ah, I wish I had inherited many of papa’s qualities.
HELMER. And I would not wish you to be anything but just what you are, my sweet little
skylark. But, do you know, it strikes me that you are looking rather—what
shall I say—rather uneasy today?
NORA. Do I?
NORA. [looks at him]. Well?
HELMER. [wagging his finger at her]. Hasn’t Miss Sweet Tooth been breaking
rules in town today?
NORA. No; what makes you think that?
HELMER. Hasn’t she paid a visit to the confectioner’s?
NORA. No, I assure you, Torvald—
HELMER. Not been nibbling sweets?
NORA. No, certainly not.
HELMER. Not even taken a bite at a macaroon or two?
NORA. No, Torvald, I assure you really—
HELMER. There, there, of course I was only joking.
NORA. [going to the table on the right]. I should not think of going against
your wishes.
HELMER. No, I am sure of that; besides, you gave me your word— [Going up to
her.] Keep your little Christmas secrets to yourself, my darling. They will
all be revealed tonight when the Christmas Tree is lit, no doubt.
NORA. Did you remember to invite Doctor Rank?
HELMER. No. But there is no need; as a matter of course he will come to dinner with us.
However, I will ask him when he comes in this morning. I have ordered some good
wine. Nora, you can’t think how I am looking forward to this evening.
NORA. So am I! And how the children will enjoy themselves, Torvald!
HELMER. It is splendid to feel that one has a perfectly safe appointment, and a big
enough income. It’s delightful to think of, isn’t it?
NORA. It’s wonderful!
HELMER. Do you remember last Christmas? For a full three weeks beforehand you shut
yourself up every evening until long after midnight, making ornaments for the
Christmas Tree, and all the other fine things that were to be a surprise to us.
It was the dullest three weeks I ever spent!
NORA. I didn’t find it dull.
HELMER. [smiling]. But there was precious little result, Nora.
NORA. Oh, you shouldn’t tease me about that again. How could I help the
cat’s going in and tearing everything to pieces?
HELMER. Of course you couldn’t, poor little girl. You had the best of intentions
to please us all, and that’s the main thing. But it is a good thing that
our hard times are over.
NORA. Yes, it is really wonderful.
HELMER. This time I needn’t sit here and be dull all alone, and you needn’t
ruin your dear eyes and your pretty little hands—
NORA. [clapping her hands]. No, Torvald, I needn’t any longer, need I!
It’s wonderfully lovely to hear you say so! [Taking his arm.] Now
I will tell you how I have been thinking we ought to arrange things, Torvald.
As soon as Christmas is over—[A bell rings in the hall.] There’s the bell. [She tidies the room a little.] There’s
some one at the door. What a nuisance!
HELMER. If it is a caller, remember I am not at home.
MAID. [in the doorway]. A lady to see you, ma’am,—a stranger.
NORA. Ask her to come in.
MAID. [to HELMER]. The doctor came at the same time, sir.
HELMER. Did he go straight into my room?
MAID. Yes, sir.
[HELMER goes into his room. The MAID ushers in Mrs Linde, who is in
travelling dress, and shuts the door.]
MRS LINDE. [in a dejected and timid voice]. How do you do, Nora?
NORA. [doubtfully]. How do you do—
MRS LINDE. You don’t recognise me, I suppose.
NORA. No, I don’t know—yes, to be sure, I seem
to—[Suddenly.] Yes! Christine! Is it really you?
MRS LINDE. Yes, it is I.
NORA. Christine! To think of my not recognising you! And yet how could I—[In
a gentle voice.] How you have altered, Christine!
MRS LINDE. Yes, I have indeed. In nine, ten long years—
NORA. Is it so long since we met? I suppose it is. The last eight years have been a
happy time for me, I can tell you. And so now you have come into the town, and
have taken this long journey in winter—that was plucky of you.
MRS LINDE. I arrived by steamer this morning.
NORA. To have some fun at Christmas-time, of course. How delightful! We will have
such fun together! But take off your things. You are not cold, I hope. [Helps her.] Now we will sit down by the stove, and be cosy. No, take
this armchair; I will sit here in the rocking-chair. [Takes her hands.] Now you look like your old self again; it was only the first moment—You
are a little paler, Christine, and perhaps a little thinner.
MRS LINDE. And much, much older, Nora.
NORA. Perhaps a little older; very, very little; certainly not much. [Stops
suddenly and speaks seriously.] What a thoughtless creature I am,
chattering away like this. My poor, dear Christine, do forgive me.
MRS LINDE. What do you mean, Nora?
NORA. [gently]. Poor Christine, you are a widow.
MRS LINDE. Yes; it is three years ago now.
NORA. Yes, I knew; I saw it in the papers. I assure you, Christine, I meant ever so
often to write to you at the time, but I always put it off and something always
prevented me.
MRS LINDE. I quite understand, dear.
NORA. It was very bad of me, Christine. Poor thing, how you must have suffered. And
he left you nothing?
MRS LINDE. No.
NORA. Nothing at all, then.
MRS LINDE. Not even any sorrow or grief to live upon.
NORA. [looking incredulously at her]. But, Christine, is that possible?
MRS LINDE. [smiles sadly and strokes her hair]. It sometimes happens, Nora.
NORA. So you are quite alone. How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely
children. You can’t see them just now, for they are out with their nurse.
But now you must tell me all about it.
MRS LINDE. No, no; I want to hear about you.
NORA. No, you must begin. I mustn’t be selfish today; today I must only think
of your affairs. But there is one thing I must tell you. Do you know we have
just had a great piece of good luck?
MRS LINDE. No, what is it?
NORA. Just fancy, my husband has been made manager of the Bank!
MRS LINDE. Your husband? What good luck!
NORA. Yes, tremendous! A barrister’s profession is such an uncertain thing,
especially if he won’t undertake unsavoury cases; and naturally Torvald
has never been willing to do that, and I quite agree with him. You may imagine
how pleased we are! He is to take up his work in the Bank at the New Year, and
then he will have a big salary and lots of commissions. For the future we can
live quite differently—we can do just as we like. I feel so relieved and
so happy, Christine! It will be splendid to have heaps of money and not need to
have any anxiety, won’t it?
MRS LINDE. Yes, anyhow I think it would be delightful to have what one needs.
NORA. No, not only what one needs, but heaps and heaps of money.
MRS LINDE. [smiling]. Nora, Nora, haven’t you learned sense yet? In our
schooldays you were a great spendthrift.
NORA. [laughing]. Yes, that is what Torvald says now. [Wags her finger at
her.] But “Nora, Nora” is not so silly as you think. We have
not been in a position for me to waste money. We have both had to work.
MRS LINDE. You too?
NORA. Yes; odds and ends, needlework, crotchet-work, embroidery, and that kind of
thing. [Dropping her voice.] And other things as well. You know Torvald
left his office when we were married? There was no prospect of promotion there,
and he had to try and earn more than before. But during the first year he
over-worked himself dreadfully. You see, he had to make money every way he
could, and he worked early and late; but he couldn’t stand it, and fell
dreadfully ill, and the doctors said it was necessary for him to go south.
MRS LINDE. You spent a whole year in Italy, didn’t you?
NORA. Yes. It was no easy matter to get away, I can tell you. It was just after Ivar
was born; but naturally we had to go. It was a wonderfully beautiful journey,
and it saved Torvald’s life. But it cost a tremendous lot of money,
Christine.
MRS LINDE. So I should think.
NORA. It cost about two hundred and fifty pounds. That’s a lot, isn’t it?
MRS LINDE. Yes, and in emergencies like that it is lucky to have the money.
NORA. I ought to tell you that we had it from papa.
MRS LINDE. Oh, I see. It was just about that time that he died, wasn’t it?
NORA. Yes; and, just think of it, I couldn’t go and nurse him. I was expecting
little Ivar’s birth every day and I had my poor sick Torvald to look
after. My dear, kind father—I never saw him again, Christine. That was
the saddest time I have known since our marriage.
MRS LINDE. I know how fond you were of him. And then you went off to Italy?
NORA. Yes; you see we had money then, and the doctors insisted on our going, so we
started a month later.
MRS LINDE. And your husband came back quite well?
NORA. As sound as a bell!
MRS LINDE. But—the doctor?
NORA. What doctor?
MRS LINDE. I thought your maid said the gentleman who arrived here just as I did, was the
doctor?
NORA. Yes, that was Doctor Rank, but he doesn’t come here professionally. He is
our greatest friend, and comes in at least once every day. No, Torvald has not
had an hour’s illness since then, and our children are strong and healthy
and so am I. [Jumps up and claps her hands.] Christine! Christine!
it’s good to be alive and happy!—But how horrid of me; I am talking
of nothing but my own affairs. [Sits on a stool near her, and rests her arms
on her knees.] You mustn’t be angry with me. Tell me, is it really
true that you did not love your husband? Why did you marry him?
MRS LINDE. My mother was alive then, and was bedridden and helpless, and I had to provide
for my two younger brothers; so I did not think I was justified in refusing his
offer.
NORA. No, perhaps you were quite right. He was rich at that time, then?
MRS LINDE. I believe he was quite well off. But his business was a precarious one; and,
when he died, it all went to pieces and there was nothing left.
NORA. And then?—
MRS LINDE. Well, I had to turn my hand to anything I could find—first a small shop,
then a small school, and so on. The last three years have seemed like one long
working-day, with no rest. Now it is at an end, Nora. My poor mother needs me
no more, for she is gone; and the boys do not need me either; they have got
situations and can shift for themselves.
NORA. What a relief you must feel if—
MRS LINDE. No, indeed; I only feel my life unspeakably empty. No one to live for anymore. [Gets up restlessly.] That was why I could not stand the life in my
little backwater any longer. I hope it may be easier here to find something
which will busy me and occupy my thoughts. If only I could have the good luck
to get some regular work—office work of some kind—
NORA. But, Christine, that is so frightfully tiring, and you look tired out now. You
had far better go away to some watering-place.
MRS LINDE. [walking to the window]. I have no father to give me money for a
journey, Nora.
NORA. [rising]. Oh, don’t be angry with me!
MRS LINDE. [going up to her]. It is you that must not be angry with me, dear. The
worst of a position like mine is that it makes one so bitter. No one to work
for, and yet obliged to be always on the lookout for chances. One must live,
and so one becomes selfish. When you told me of the happy turn your fortunes
have taken—you will hardly believe it—I was delighted not so much
on your account as on my own.
NORA. How do you mean?—Oh, I understand. You mean that perhaps Torvald could
get you something to do.
MRS LINDE. Yes, that was what I was thinking of.
NORA. He must, Christine. Just leave it to me; I will broach the subject very
cleverly—I will think of something that will please him very much. It
will make me so happy to be of some use to you.
MRS LINDE. How kind you are, Nora, to be so anxious to help me! It is doubly kind in you,
for you know so little of the burdens and troubles of life.
NORA. I—? I know so little of them?
MRS LINDE. [smiling]. My dear! Small household cares and that sort of
thing!—You are a child, Nora.
NORA. [tosses her head and crosses the stage]. You ought not to be so
superior.
MRS LINDE. No?
NORA. You are just like the others. They all think that I am incapable of anything
really serious—
MRS LINDE. Come, come—
NORA. —that I have gone through nothing in this world of cares.
MRS LINDE. But, my dear Nora, you have just told me all your troubles.
NORA. Pooh!—those were trifles. [Lowering her voice.] I have not told
you the important thing.
MRS LINDE. The important thing? What do you mean?
NORA. You look down upon me altogether, Christine—but you ought not to. You are
proud, aren’t you, of having worked so hard and so long for your mother?
MRS LINDE. Indeed, I don’t look down on anyone. But it is true that I am both proud
and glad to think that I was privileged to make the end of my mother’s
life almost free from care.
NORA. And you are proud to think of what you have done for your brothers?
MRS LINDE. I think I have the right to be.
NORA. I think so, too. But now, listen to this; I too have something to be proud and
glad of.
MRS LINDE. I have no doubt you have. But what do you refer to?
NORA. Speak low. Suppose Torvald were to hear! He mustn’t on any
account—no one in the world must know, Christine, except you.
MRS LINDE. But what is it?
NORA. Come here. [Pulls her down on the sofa beside her.] Now I will show you
that I too have something to be proud and glad of. It was I who saved
Torvald’s life.
MRS LINDE. “Saved”? How?
NORA. I told you about our trip to Italy. Torvald would never have recovered if he
had not gone there—
MRS LINDE. Yes, but your father gave you the necessary funds.
NORA. [smiling]. Yes, that is what Torvald and all the others think,
but—
MRS LINDE. But—
NORA. Papa didn’t give us a shilling. It was I who procured the money.
MRS LINDE. You? All that large sum?
NORA. Two hundred and fifty pounds. What do you think of that?
MRS LINDE. But, Nora, how could you possibly do it? Did you win a prize in the Lottery?
NORA. [contemptuously]. In the Lottery? There would have been no credit in
that.
MRS LINDE. But where did you get it from, then? Nora [humming and smiling with an air
of mystery]. Hm, hm! Aha!
MRS LINDE. Because you couldn’t have borrowed it.
NORA. Couldn’t I? Why not?
MRS LINDE. No, a wife cannot borrow without her husband’s consent.
NORA. [tossing her head]. Oh, if it is a wife who has any head for
business—a wife who has the wit to be a little bit clever—
MRS LINDE. I don’t understand it at all, Nora.
NORA. There is no need you should. I never said I had borrowed the money. I may have
got it some other way. [Lies back on the sofa.] Perhaps I got it from
some other admirer. When anyone is as attractive as I am—
MRS LINDE. You are a mad creature.
NORA. Now, you know you’re full of curiosity, Christine.
MRS LINDE. Listen to me, Nora dear. Haven’t you been a little bit imprudent?
NORA. [sits up straight]. Is it imprudent to save your husband’s life?
MRS LINDE. It seems to me imprudent, without his knowledge, to—
NORA. But it was absolutely necessary that he should not know! My goodness,
can’t you understand that? It was necessary he should have no idea what a
dangerous condition he was in. It was to me that the doctors came and said that
his life was in danger, and that the only thing to save him was to live in the
south. Do you suppose I didn’t try, first of all, to get what I wanted as
if it were for myself? I told him how much I should love to travel abroad like
other young wives; I tried tears and entreaties with him; I told him that he
ought to remember the condition I was in, and that he ought to be kind and
indulgent to me; I even hinted that he might raise a loan. That nearly made him
angry, Christine. He said I was thoughtless, and that it was his duty as my
husband not to indulge me in my whims and caprices—as I believe he called
them. Very well, I thought, you must be saved—and that was how I came to
devise a way out of the difficulty—
MRS LINDE. And did your husband never get to know from your father that the money had not
come from him?
NORA. No, never. Papa died just at that time. I had meant to let him into the secret
and beg him never to reveal it. But he was so ill then—alas, there never
was any need to tell him.
MRS LINDE. And since then have you never told your secret to your husband?
NORA. Good Heavens, no! How could you think so? A man who has such strong opinions
about these things! And besides, how painful and humiliating it would be for
Torvald, with his manly independence, to know that he owed me anything! It
would upset our mutual relations altogether; our beautiful happy home would no
longer be what it is now.
MRS LINDE. Do you mean never to tell him about it?
NORA. [meditatively, and with a half smile]. Yes—someday, perhaps, after
many years, when I am no longer as nice-looking as I am now. Don’t laugh
at me! I mean, of course, when Torvald is no longer as devoted to me as he is
now; when my dancing and dressing-up and reciting have palled on him; then it
may be a good thing to have something in reserve—[Breaking off.] What nonsense! That time will never come. Now, what do you think of my great
secret, Christine? Do you still think I am of no use? I can tell you, too, that
this affair has caused me a lot of worry. It has been by no means easy for me
to meet my engagements punctually. I may tell you that there is something that
is called, in business, quarterly interest, and another thing called payment in
installments, and it is always so dreadfully difficult to manage them. I have
had to save a little here and there, where I could, you understand. I have not
been able to put aside much from my housekeeping money, for Torvald must have a
good table. I couldn’t let my children be shabbily dressed; I have felt
obliged to use up all he gave me for them, the sweet little darlings!
MRS LINDE. So it has all had to come out of your own necessaries of life, poor Nora?
NORA. Of course. Besides, I was the one responsible for it. Whenever Torvald has
given me money for new dresses and such things, I have never spent more than
half of it; I have always bought the simplest and cheapest things. Thank
Heaven, any clothes look well on me, and so Torvald has never noticed it. But
it was often very hard on me, Christine—because it is delightful to be
really well dressed, isn’t it?
MRS LINDE. Quite so.
NORA. Well, then I have found other ways of earning money. Last winter I was lucky
enough to get a lot of copying to do; so I locked myself up and sat writing
every evening until quite late at night. Many a time I was desperately tired;
but all the same it was a tremendous pleasure to sit there working and earning
money. It was like being a man.
MRS LINDE. How much have you been able to pay off in that way?
NORA. I can’t tell you exactly. You see, it is very difficult to keep an
account of a business matter of that kind. I only know that I have paid every
penny that I could scrape together. Many a time I was at my wits’ end. [Smiles.] Then I used to sit here and imagine that a rich old gentleman
had fallen in love with me—
MRS LINDE. What! Who was it?
NORA. Be quiet!—that he had died; and that when his will was opened it
contained, written in big letters, the instruction: “The lovely Mrs Nora
Helmer is to have all I possess paid over to her at once in cash.”
MRS LINDE. But, my dear Nora—who could the man be?
NORA. Good gracious, can’t you understand? There was no old gentleman at all;
it was only something that I used to sit here and imagine, when I
couldn’t think of any way of procuring money. But it’s all the same
now; the tiresome old person can stay where he is, as far as I am concerned; I
don’t care about him or his will either, for I am free from care now. [Jumps up.] My goodness, it’s delightful to think of, Christine!
Free from care! To be able to be free from care, quite free from care; to be
able to play and romp with the children; to be able to keep the house
beautifully and have everything just as Torvald likes it! And, think of it,
soon the spring will come and the big blue sky! Perhaps we shall be able to
take a little trip—perhaps I shall see the sea again! Oh, it’s a
wonderful thing to be alive and be happy. [A bell is heard in the hall.]
MRS LINDE. [rising]. There is the bell; perhaps I had better go.
NORA. No, don’t go; no one will come in here; it is sure to be for Torvald.
SERVANT. [at the hall door]. Excuse me, ma’am—there is a gentleman to
see the master, and as the doctor is with him—
NORA. Who is it?
KROGSTAD. [at the door]. It is I, Mrs Helmer. [Mrs LINDE starts, trembles, and
turns to the window.]
NORA. [takes a step towards him, and speaks in a strained, low voice]. You?
What is it? What do you want to see my husband about?
KROGSTAD. Bank business—in a way. I have a small post in the Bank, and I hear your
husband is to be our chief now—
NORA. Then it is—
KROGSTAD. Nothing but dry business matters, Mrs Helmer; absolutely nothing else.
NORA. Be so good as to go into the study, then. [She bows indifferently to him and
shuts the door into the hall; then comes back and makes up the fire in the
stove.]
MRS LINDE. Nora—who was that man?
NORA. A lawyer, of the name of Krogstad.
MRS LINDE. Then it really was he.
NORA. Do you know the man?
MRS LINDE. I used to—many years ago. At one time he was a solicitor’s clerk in
our town.
NORA. Yes, he was.
NORA. He made a very unhappy marriage.
MRS LINDE. He is a widower now, isn’t he?
NORA. With several children. There now, it is burning up. [Shuts the door of the
stove and moves the rocking-chair aside.]
MRS LINDE. They say he carries on various kinds of business.
NORA. Really! Perhaps he does; I don’t know anything about it. But don’t
let us think of business; it is so tiresome.
DOCTOR RANK. [comes out of HELMER’S study. Before he shuts the door he calls to
him]. No, my dear fellow, I won’t disturb you; I would rather go in
to your wife for a little while. [Shuts the door and sees Mrs LINDE.] I
beg your pardon; I am afraid I am disturbing you too.
NORA. No, not at all. [Introducing him]. Doctor Rank, Mrs Linde.
RANK. I have often heard Mrs Linde’s name mentioned here. I think I passed you
on the stairs when I arrived, Mrs Linde?
MRS LINDE. Yes, I go up very slowly; I can’t manage stairs well.
RANK. Ah! some slight internal weakness?
MRS LINDE. No, the fact is I have been overworking myself.
RANK. Nothing more than that? Then I suppose you have come to town to amuse yourself
with our entertainments?
MRS LINDE. I have come to look for work.
RANK. Is that a good cure for overwork?
MRS LINDE. One must live, Doctor Rank.
RANK. Yes, the general opinion seems to be that it is necessary.
NORA. Look here, Doctor Rank—you know you want to live.
RANK. Certainly. However wretched I may feel, I want to prolong the agony as long as
possible. All my patients are like that. And so are those who are morally
diseased; one of them, and a bad case too, is at this very moment with
Helmer—
MRS LINDE. [sadly]. Ah!
NORA. Whom do you mean?
RANK. A lawyer of the name of Krogstad, a fellow you don’t know at all. He
suffers from a diseased moral character, Mrs Helmer; but even he began talking
of its being highly important that he should live.
NORA. Did he? What did he want to speak to Torvald about?
RANK. I have no idea; I only heard that it was something about the Bank.
NORA. I didn’t know this—what’s his name—Krogstad had
anything to do with the Bank.
RANK. Yes, he has some sort of appointment there. [To Mrs Linde.] I
don’t know whether you find also in your part of the world that there are
certain people who go zealously snuffing about to smell out moral corruption,
and, as soon as they have found some, put the person concerned into some
lucrative position where they can keep their eye on him. Healthy natures are
left out in the cold.
MRS LINDE. Still I think the sick are those who most need taking care of.
RANK. [shrugging his shoulders]. Yes, there you are. That is the sentiment
that is turning Society into a sick-house.
[NORA, who has been absorbed in her thoughts, breaks out into smothered
laughter and claps her hands.]
RANK. Why do you laugh at that? Have you any notion what Society really is?
NORA. What do I care about tiresome Society? I am laughing at something quite
different, something extremely amusing. Tell me, Doctor Rank, are all the
people who are employed in the Bank dependent on Torvald now?
RANK. Is that what you find so extremely amusing?
NORA. [smiling and humming]. That’s my affair! [Walking about the
room.] It’s perfectly glorious to think that we have—that
Torvald has so much power over so many people. [Takes the packet from her
pocket.] Doctor Rank, what do you say to a macaroon?
RANK. What, macaroons? I thought they were forbidden here.
NORA. Yes, but these are some Christine gave me.
MRS LINDE. What! I?—
NORA. Oh, well, don’t be alarmed! You couldn’t know that Torvald had
forbidden them. I must tell you that he is afraid they will spoil my teeth.
But, bah!—once in a way—That’s so, isn’t it, Doctor
Rank? By your leave! [Puts a macaroon into his mouth.] You must have one
too, Christine. And I shall have one, just a little one—or at most two. [Walking about.] I am tremendously happy. There is just one thing in the
world now that I should dearly love to do.
RANK. Well, what is that?
NORA. It’s something I should dearly love to say, if Torvald could hear me.
RANK. Well, why can’t you say it?
NORA. No, I daren’t; it’s so shocking.
MRS LINDE. Shocking?
RANK. Well, I should not advise you to say it. Still, with us you might. What is it
you would so much like to say if Torvald could hear you?
NORA. I should just love to say—Well, I’m damned!
RANK. Are you mad?
MRS LINDE. Nora, dear—!
RANK. Say it, here he is!
NORA. [hiding the packet]. Hush! Hush! Hush! [HELMER comes out of his room,
with his coat over his arm and his hat in his hand.]
NORA. Well, Torvald dear, have you got rid of him?
HELMER. Yes, he has just gone.
NORA. Let me introduce you—this is Christine, who has come to town.
HELMER. Christine—? Excuse me, but I don’t know—
NORA. Mrs Linde, dear; Christine Linde.
HELMER. Of course. A school friend of my wife’s, I presume?
MRS LINDE. Yes, we have known each other since then.
NORA. And just think, she has taken a long journey in order to see you.
HELMER. What do you mean?
MRS LINDE. No, really, I—
NORA. Christine is tremendously clever at book-keeping, and she is frightfully
anxious to work under some clever man, so as to perfect herself—
HELMER. Very sensible, Mrs Linde.
NORA. And when she heard you had been appointed manager of the Bank—the news
was telegraphed, you know—she travelled here as quick as she could.
Torvald, I am sure you will be able to do something for Christine, for my sake,
won’t you?
HELMER. Well, it is not altogether impossible. I presume you are a widow, Mrs Linde?
MRS LINDE. Yes.
MRS LINDE. Yes, a fair amount.
HELMER. Ah! well, it’s very likely I may be able to find something for you—
NORA. [clapping her hands]. What did I tell you? What did I tell you?
HELMER. You have just come at a fortunate moment, Mrs Linde.
MRS LINDE. How am I to thank you?
HELMER. There is no need. [Puts on his coat.] But today you must excuse
me—
RANK. Wait a minute; I will come with you. [Brings his fur coat from the hall and
warms it at the fire.]
NORA. Don’t be long away, Torvald dear.
HELMER. About an hour, not more.
NORA. Are you going too, Christine?
MRS LINDE. [putting on her cloak]. Yes, I must go and look for a room.
HELMER. Oh, well then, we can walk down the street together.
NORA. [helping her]. What a pity it is we are so short of space here; I am
afraid it is impossible for us—
MRS LINDE. Please don’t think of it! Goodbye, Nora dear, and many thanks.
NORA. Goodbye for the present. Of course you will come back this evening. And you
too, Dr. Rank. What do you say? If you are well enough? Oh, you must be! Wrap
yourself up well. [They go to the door all talking together.
Children’s voices are heard on the staircase.]
NORA. There they are! There they are! [She runs to open the door. The NURSE comes
in with the children.] Come in! Come in! [Stoops and kisses them.] Oh, you sweet blessings! Look at them, Christine! Aren’t they darlings?
RANK. Don’t let us stand here in the draught.
HELMER. Come along, Mrs Linde; the place will only be bearable for a mother now!
[RANK, HELMER, and Mrs Linde go downstairs. The NURSE comes forward with the
children; NORA shuts the hall door.]
NORA. How fresh and well you look! Such red cheeks like apples and roses. [The
children all talk at once while she speaks to them.] Have you had great
fun? That’s splendid! What, you pulled both Emmy and Bob along on the
sledge? —both at once?—that was good. You are a clever boy, Ivar.
Let me take her for a little, Anne. My sweet little baby doll! [Takes the
baby from the MAID and dances it up and down.] Yes, yes, mother will dance
with Bob too. What! Have you been snowballing? I wish I had been there too! No,
no, I will take their things off, Anne; please let me do it, it is such fun. Go
in now, you look half frozen. There is some hot coffee for you on the stove.
[The NURSE goes into the room on the left. NORA takes off the
children’s things and throws them about, while they all talk to her at
once.]
NORA. Really! Did a big dog run after you? But it didn’t bite you? No, dogs
don’t bite nice little dolly children. You mustn’t look at the
parcels, Ivar. What are they? Ah, I daresay you would like to know. No,
no—it’s something nasty! Come, let us have a game! What shall we
play at? Hide and Seek? Yes, we’ll play Hide and Seek. Bob shall hide
first. Must I hide? Very well, I’ll hide first. [She and the children
laugh and shout, and romp in and out of the room; at last NORA hides under the
table, the children rush in and out for her, but do not see her; they hear her
smothered laughter, run to the table, lift up the cloth and find her. Shouts of
laughter. She crawls forward and pretends to frighten them. Fresh laughter.
Meanwhile there has been a knock at the hall door, but none of them has noticed
it. The door is half opened, and KROGSTAD appears, he waits a little; the game
goes on.]
KROGSTAD. Excuse me, Mrs Helmer.
NORA. [with a stifled cry, turns round and gets up on to her knees]. Ah! what
do you want?
KROGSTAD. Excuse me, the outer door was ajar; I suppose someone forgot to shut it.
NORA. [rising]. My husband is out, Mr. Krogstad.
KROGSTAD. I know that.
KROGSTAD. A word with you.
NORA. With me?—[To the children, gently.] Go in to nurse. What? No, the
strange man won’t do mother any harm. When he has gone we will have
another game. [She takes the children into the room on the left, and shuts
the door after them.] You want to speak to me?
KROGSTAD. Yes, I do.
NORA. Today? It is not the first of the month yet.
KROGSTAD. No, it is Christmas Eve, and it will depend on yourself what sort of a
Christmas you will spend.
NORA. What do you mean? Today it is absolutely impossible for me—
KROGSTAD. We won’t talk about that until later on. This is something different. I
presume you can give me a moment?
NORA. Yes—yes, I can—although—
KROGSTAD. Good. I was in Olsen’s Restaurant and saw your husband going down the
street—
NORA. Yes?
NORA. What then?
KROGSTAD. May I make so bold as to ask if it was a Mrs Linde?
NORA. It was.
NORA. Yes, today.
KROGSTAD. She is a great friend of yours, isn’t she?
NORA. She is. But I don’t see—
KROGSTAD. I knew her too, once upon a time.
NORA. I am aware of that.
KROGSTAD. Are you? So you know all about it; I thought as much. Then I can ask you,
without beating about the bush—is Mrs Linde to have an appointment in the
Bank?
NORA. What right have you to question me, Mr. Krogstad?—You, one of my
husband’s subordinates! But since you ask, you shall know. Yes, Mrs Linde
is to have an appointment. And it was I who pleaded her cause, Mr. Krogstad,
let me tell you that.
KROGSTAD. I was right in what I thought, then.
NORA. [walking up and down the stage]. Sometimes one has a tiny little bit of
influence, I should hope. Because one is a woman, it does not necessarily
follow that—. When anyone is in a subordinate position, Mr. Krogstad,
they should really be careful to avoid offending anyone who—who—
KROGSTAD. Who has influence?
NORA. Exactly.
KROGSTAD. [changing his tone]. Mrs Helmer, you will be so good as to use your
influence on my behalf.
NORA. What? What do you mean?
KROGSTAD. You will be so kind as to see that I am allowed to keep my subordinate position
in the Bank.
NORA. What do you mean by that? Who proposes to take your post away from you?
KROGSTAD. Oh, there is no necessity to keep up the pretence of ignorance. I can quite
understand that your friend is not very anxious to expose herself to the chance
of rubbing shoulders with me; and I quite understand, too, whom I have to thank
for being turned off.
NORA. But I assure you—
KROGSTAD. Very likely; but, to come to the point, the time has come when I should advise
you to use your influence to prevent that.
NORA. But, Mr. Krogstad, I have no influence.
KROGSTAD. Haven’t you? I thought you said yourself just now—
NORA. Naturally I did not mean you to put that construction on it. I! What should
make you think I have any influence of that kind with my husband?
KROGSTAD. Oh, I have known your husband from our student days. I don’t suppose he
is any more unassailable than other husbands.
NORA. If you speak slightingly of my husband, I shall turn you out of the house.
KROGSTAD. You are bold, Mrs Helmer.
NORA. I am not afraid of you any longer. As soon as the New Year comes, I shall in a
very short time be free of the whole thing.
KROGSTAD. [controlling himself]. Listen to me, Mrs Helmer. If necessary, I am
prepared to fight for my small post in the Bank as if I were fighting for my
life.
NORA. So it seems.
KROGSTAD. It is not only for the sake of the money; indeed, that weighs least with me in
the matter. There is another reason—well, I may as well tell you. My
position is this. I daresay you know, like everybody else, that once, many
years ago, I was guilty of an indiscretion.
NORA. I think I have heard something of the kind.
KROGSTAD. The matter never came into court; but every way seemed to be closed to me after
that. So I took to the business that you know of. I had to do something; and,
honestly, I don’t think I’ve been one of the worst. But now I must
cut myself free from all that. My sons are growing up; for their sake I must
try and win back as much respect as I can in the town. This post in the Bank
was like the first step up for me—and now your husband is going to kick
me downstairs again into the mud.
NORA. But you must believe me, Mr. Krogstad; it is not in my power to help you at
all.
KROGSTAD. Then it is because you haven’t the will; but I have means to compel you.
NORA. You don’t mean that you will tell my husband that I owe you money?
KROGSTAD. Hm!—suppose I were to tell him?
NORA. It would be perfectly infamous of you. [Sobbing.] To think of his
learning my secret, which has been my joy and pride, in such an ugly, clumsy
way—that he should learn it from you! And it would put me in a horribly
disagreeable position—
KROGSTAD. Only disagreeable?
NORA. [impetuously]. Well, do it, then!—and it will be the worse for
you. My husband will see for himself what a blackguard you are, and you
certainly won’t keep your post then.
KROGSTAD. I asked you if it was only a disagreeable scene at home that you were afraid
of?
NORA. If my husband does get to know of it, of course he will at once pay you what is
still owing, and we shall have nothing more to do with you.
KROGSTAD. [coming a step nearer]. Listen to me, Mrs Helmer. Either you have a very
bad memory or you know very little of business. I shall be obliged to remind
you of a few details.
NORA. What do you mean?
KROGSTAD. When your husband was ill, you came to me to borrow two hundred and fifty
pounds.
NORA. I didn’t know anyone else to go to.
KROGSTAD. I promised to get you that amount—
NORA. Yes, and you did so.
KROGSTAD. I promised to get you that amount, on certain conditions. Your mind was so
taken up with your husband’s illness, and you were so anxious to get the
money for your journey, that you seem to have paid no attention to the
conditions of our bargain. Therefore it will not be amiss if I remind you of
them. Now, I promised to get the money on the security of a bond which I drew
up.
NORA. Yes, and which I signed.
KROGSTAD. Good. But below your signature there were a few lines constituting your father
a surety for the money; those lines your father should have signed.
NORA. Should? He did sign them.
KROGSTAD. I had left the date blank; that is to say, your father should himself have
inserted the date on which he signed the paper. Do you remember that?
NORA. Yes, I think I remember—
KROGSTAD. Then I gave you the bond to send by post to your father. Is that not so?
NORA. Yes.
KROGSTAD. And you naturally did so at once, because five or six days afterwards you
brought me the bond with your father’s signature. And then I gave you the
money.
NORA. Well, haven’t I been paying it off regularly?
KROGSTAD. Fairly so, yes. But—to come back to the matter in hand—that must
have been a very trying time for you, Mrs Helmer?
NORA. It was, indeed.
NORA. He was very near his end.
KROGSTAD. And died soon afterwards?
NORA. Yes.
KROGSTAD. Tell me, Mrs Helmer, can you by any chance remember what day your father
died?—on what day of the month, I mean.
NORA. Papa died on the 29th of September.
KROGSTAD. That is correct; I have ascertained it for myself. And, as that is so, there is
a discrepancy [taking a paper from his pocket] which I cannot account
for.
NORA. What discrepancy? I don’t know—
KROGSTAD. The discrepancy consists, Mrs Helmer, in the fact that your father signed this
bond three days after his death.
NORA. What do you mean? I don’t understand—
KROGSTAD. Your father died on the 29th of September. But, look here; your father has
dated his signature the 2nd of October. It is a discrepancy, isn’t it? [NORA is silent.] Can you explain it to me? [NORA is still
silent.] It is a remarkable thing, too, that the words “2nd of
October,” as well as the year, are not written in your father’s
handwriting but in one that I think I know. Well, of course it can be
explained; your father may have forgotten to date his signature, and someone
else may have dated it haphazard before they knew of his death. There is no
harm in that. It all depends on the signature of the name; and that is genuine,
I suppose, Mrs Helmer? It was your father himself who signed his name here?
NORA. [after a short pause, throws her head up and looks defiantly at him].
No, it was not. It was I that wrote papa’s name.
KROGSTAD. Are you aware that is a dangerous confession?
NORA. In what way? You shall have your money soon.
KROGSTAD. Let me ask you a question; why did you not send the paper to your father?
NORA. It was impossible; papa was so ill. If I had asked him for his signature, I
should have had to tell him what the money was to be used for; and when he was
so ill himself I couldn’t tell him that my husband’s life was in
danger—it was impossible.
KROGSTAD. It would have been better for you if you had given up your trip abroad.
NORA. No, that was impossible. That trip was to save my husband’s life; I
couldn’t give that up.
KROGSTAD. But did it never occur to you that you were committing a fraud on me?
NORA. I couldn’t take that into account; I didn’t trouble myself about
you at all. I couldn’t bear you, because you put so many heartless
difficulties in my way, although you knew what a dangerous condition my husband
was in.
KROGSTAD. Mrs Helmer, you evidently do not realise clearly what it is that you have been
guilty of. But I can assure you that my one false step, which lost me all my
reputation, was nothing more or nothing worse than what you have done.
NORA. You? Do you ask me to believe that you were brave enough to run a risk to save
your wife’s life?
KROGSTAD. The law cares nothing about motives.
NORA. Then it must be a very foolish law.
KROGSTAD. Foolish or not, it is the law by which you will be judged, if I produce this
paper in court.
NORA. I don’t believe it. Is a daughter not to be allowed to spare her dying
father anxiety and care? Is a wife not to be allowed to save her
husband’s life? I don’t know much about law; but I am certain that
there must be laws permitting such things as that. Have you no knowledge of
such laws—you who are a lawyer? You must be a very poor lawyer, Mr.
Krogstad.
KROGSTAD. Maybe. But matters of business—such business as you and I have had
together—do you think I don’t understand that? Very well. Do as you
please. But let me tell you this—if I lose my position a second time, you
shall lose yours with me. [He bows, and goes out through the hall.]
NORA. [appears buried in thought for a short time, then tosses her head].
Nonsense! Trying to frighten me like that!—I am not so silly as he
thinks. [Begins to busy herself putting the children’s things in
order.] And yet—? No, it’s impossible! I did it for
love’s sake.
THE CHILDREN. [in the doorway on the left]. Mother, the stranger man has gone out
through the gate.
NORA. Yes, dears, I know. But, don’t tell anyone about the stranger man. Do you
hear? Not even papa.
CHILDREN. No, mother; but will you come and play again?
NORA. No, no,—not now.
CHILDREN. But, mother, you promised us.
NORA. Yes, but I can’t now. Run away in; I have such a lot to do. Run away in,
my sweet little darlings. [She gets them into the room by degrees and shuts
the door on them; then sits down on the sofa, takes up a piece of needlework
and sews a few stitches, but soon stops.] No! [Throws down the work,
gets up, goes to the hall door and calls out.] Helen! bring the Tree in. [Goes to the table on the left, opens a drawer, and stops again.] No,
no! it is quite impossible!
MAID. [coming in with the Tree]. Where shall I put it, ma’am?
NORA. Here, in the middle of the floor.
MAID. Shall I get you anything else?
NORA. No, thank you. I have all I want. [Exit MAID.]
NORA. [begins dressing the tree]. A candle here-and flowers here—The
horrible man! It’s all nonsense—there’s nothing wrong. The
tree shall be splendid! I will do everything I can think of to please you,
Torvald!—I will sing for you, dance for you—[HELMER comes in
with some papers under his arm.] Oh! are you back already?
HELMER. Yes. Has anyone been here?
NORA. Here? No.
HELMER. That is strange. I saw Krogstad going out of the gate.
NORA. Did you? Oh yes, I forgot, Krogstad was here for a moment.
HELMER. Nora, I can see from your manner that he has been here begging you to say a
good word for him.
NORA. Yes.
HELMER. And you were to appear to do it of your own accord; you were to conceal from me
the fact of his having been here; didn’t he beg that of you too?
NORA. Yes, Torvald, but—
HELMER. Nora, Nora, and you would be a party to that sort of thing? To have any talk
with a man like that, and give him any sort of promise? And to tell me a lie
into the bargain?
NORA. A lie—?
HELMER. Didn’t you tell me no one had been here? [Shakes his finger at
her.] My little songbird must never do that again. A songbird must have a
clean beak to chirp with—no false notes! [Puts his arm round her
waist.] That is so, isn’t it? Yes, I am sure it is. [Lets her
go.] We will say no more about it. [Sits down by the stove.] How
warm and snug it is here! [Turns over his papers.]
NORA. [after a short pause, during which she busies herself with the Christmas
Tree.] Torvald!
HELMER. Yes.
NORA. I am looking forward tremendously to the fancy-dress ball at the
Stenborgs’ the day after tomorrow.
HELMER. And I am tremendously curious to see what you are going to surprise me with.
NORA. It was very silly of me to want to do that.
HELMER. What do you mean?
NORA. I can’t hit upon anything that will do; everything I think of seems so
silly and insignificant.
HELMER. Does my little Nora acknowledge that at last?
NORA. [standing behind his chair with her arms on the back of it]. Are you
very busy, Torvald?
HELMER. Well—
HELMER. Bank business.
NORA. Already?
HELMER. I have got authority from the retiring manager to undertake the necessary
changes in the staff and in the rearrangement of the work; and I must make use
of the Christmas week for that, so as to have everything in order for the new
year.
NORA. Then that was why this poor Krogstad—
HELMER. Hm!
NORA. [leans against the back of his chair and strokes his hair]. If you
hadn’t been so busy I should have asked you a tremendously big favour,
Torvald.
HELMER. What is that? Tell me.
NORA. There is no one has such good taste as you. And I do so want to look nice at
the fancy-dress ball. Torvald, couldn’t you take me in hand and decide
what I shall go as, and what sort of a dress I shall wear?
HELMER. Aha! so my obstinate little woman is obliged to get someone to come to her
rescue?
NORA. Yes, Torvald, I can’t get along a bit without your help.
HELMER. Very well, I will think it over, we shall manage to hit upon something.
NORA. That is nice of you. [Goes to the Christmas Tree. A short pause.] How
pretty the red flowers look—. But, tell me, was it really something very
bad that this Krogstad was guilty of?
HELMER. He forged someone’s name. Have you any idea what that means?
NORA. Isn’t it possible that he was driven to do it by necessity?
HELMER. Yes; or, as in so many cases, by imprudence. I am not so heartless as to
condemn a man altogether because of a single false step of that kind.
NORA. No, you wouldn’t, would you, Torvald?
HELMER. Many a man has been able to retrieve his character, if he has openly confessed
his fault and taken his punishment.
NORA. Punishment—?
HELMER. But Krogstad did nothing of that sort; he got himself out of it by a cunning
trick, and that is why he has gone under altogether.
NORA. But do you think it would—?
HELMER. Just think how a guilty man like that has to lie and play the hypocrite with
every one, how he has to wear a mask in the presence of those near and dear to
him, even before his own wife and children. And about the children—that
is the most terrible part of it all, Nora.
NORA. How?
HELMER. Because such an atmosphere of lies infects and poisons the whole life of a
home. Each breath the children take in such a house is full of the germs of
evil.
NORA. [coming nearer him]. Are you sure of that?
HELMER. My dear, I have often seen it in the course of my life as a lawyer. Almost
everyone who has gone to the bad early in life has had a deceitful mother.
NORA. Why do you only say—mother?
HELMER. It seems most commonly to be the mother’s influence, though naturally a
bad father’s would have the same result. Every lawyer is familiar with
the fact. This Krogstad, now, has been persistently poisoning his own children
with lies and dissimulation; that is why I say he has lost all moral character. [Holds out his hands to her.] That is why my sweet little Nora must
promise me not to plead his cause. Give me your hand on it. Come, come, what is
this? Give me your hand. There now, that’s settled. I assure you it would
be quite impossible for me to work with him; I literally feel physically ill
when I am in the company of such people.
NORA. [takes her hand out of his and goes to the opposite side of the Christmas
Tree]. How hot it is in here; and I have such a lot to do.
HELMER. [getting up and putting his papers in order]. Yes, and I must try and
read through some of these before dinner; and I must think about your costume,
too. And it is just possible I may have something ready in gold paper to hang
up on the Tree. [Puts his hand on her head.] My precious little
singing-bird! [He goes into his room and shuts the door after him.]
NORA. [after a pause, whispers]. No, no—it isn’t true. It’s
impossible; it must be impossible.
[The NURSE opens the door on the left.]
NURSE. The little ones are begging so hard to be allowed to come in to mamma.
NORA. No, no, no! Don’t let them come in to me! You stay with them, Anne.
NURSE. Very well, ma’am. [Shuts the door.]
NORA. [pale with terror]. Deprave my little children? Poison my home? [A
short pause. Then she tosses her head.] It’s not true. It can’t
possibly be true.
ACT II
[THE SAME SCENE.—THE Christmas Tree is in the corner by the piano,
stripped of its ornaments and with burnt-down candle-ends on its dishevelled
branches. NORA’S cloak and hat are lying on the sofa. She is alone in the
room, walking about uneasily. She stops by the sofa and takes up her
cloak.]
NORA. [drops her cloak]. Someone is coming now! [Goes to the door and
listens.] No—it is no one. Of course, no one will come today,
Christmas Day—nor tomorrow either. But, perhaps—[opens the door
and looks out]. No, nothing in the letterbox; it is quite empty. [Comes
forward.] What rubbish! of course he can’t be in earnest about it.
Such a thing couldn’t happen; it is impossible—I have three little
children.
[Enter the NURSE from the room on the left, carrying a big cardboard
box.]
NURSE. At last I have found the box with the fancy dress.
NORA. Thanks; put it on the table.
NURSE. [doing so]. But it is very much in want of mending.
NORA. I should like to tear it into a hundred thousand pieces.
NURSE. What an idea! It can easily be put in order—just a little patience.
NORA. Yes, I will go and get Mrs Linde to come and help me with it.
NURSE. What, out again? In this horrible weather? You will catch cold, ma’am,
and make yourself ill.
NORA. Well, worse than that might happen. How are the children?
NURSE. The poor little souls are playing with their Christmas presents, but—
NORA. Do they ask much for me?
NURSE. You see, they are so accustomed to have their mamma with them.
NORA. Yes, but, nurse, I shall not be able to be so much with them now as I was
before.
NURSE. Oh well, young children easily get accustomed to anything.
NORA. Do you think so? Do you think they would forget their mother if she went away
altogether?
NURSE. Good heavens!—went away altogether?
NORA. Nurse, I want you to tell me something I have often wondered about—how
could you have the heart to put your own child out among strangers?
NURSE. I was obliged to, if I wanted to be little Nora’s nurse.
NORA. Yes, but how could you be willing to do it?
NURSE. What, when I was going to get such a good place by it? A poor girl who has got
into trouble should be glad to. Besides, that wicked man didn’t do a
single thing for me.
NORA. But I suppose your daughter has quite forgotten you.
NURSE. No, indeed she hasn’t. She wrote to me when she was confirmed, and when
she was married.
NORA. [putting her arms round her neck]. Dear old Anne, you were a good mother
to me when I was little.
NURSE. Little Nora, poor dear, had no other mother but me.
NORA. And if my little ones had no other mother, I am sure you would—What
nonsense I am talking! [Opens the box.] Go in to them. Now I
must—. You will see tomorrow how charming I shall look.
NURSE. I am sure there will be no one at the ball so charming as you, ma’am. [Goes into the room on the left.]
NORA. [begins to unpack the box, but soon pushes it away from her]. If only I
dared go out. If only no one would come. If only I could be sure nothing would
happen here in the meantime. Stuff and nonsense! No one will come. Only I
mustn’t think about it. I will brush my muff. What lovely, lovely gloves!
Out of my thoughts, out of my thoughts! One, two, three, four, five, six— [Screams.] Ah! there is someone coming—. [Makes a movement
towards the door, but stands irresolute.]
[Enter Mrs Linde from the hall, where she has taken off her cloak and
hat.]
NORA. Oh, it’s you, Christine. There is no one else out there, is there? How
good of you to come!
MRS LINDE. I heard you were up asking for me.
NORA. Yes, I was passing by. As a matter of fact, it is something you could help me
with. Let us sit down here on the sofa. Look here. Tomorrow evening there is to
be a fancy-dress ball at the Stenborgs’, who live above us; and Torvald
wants me to go as a Neapolitan fisher-girl, and dance the Tarantella that I
learned at Capri.
MRS LINDE. I see; you are going to keep up the character.
NORA. Yes, Torvald wants me to. Look, here is the dress; Torvald had it made for me
there, but now it is all so torn, and I haven’t any idea—
MRS LINDE. We will easily put that right. It is only some of the trimming come unsewn here
and there. Needle and thread? Now then, that’s all we want.
NORA. It is nice of you.
MRS LINDE. [sewing]. So you are going to be dressed up tomorrow Nora. I will tell
you what—I shall come in for a moment and see you in your fine feathers.
But I have completely forgotten to thank you for a delightful evening
yesterday.
NORA. [gets up, and crosses the stage]. Well, I don’t think yesterday
was as pleasant as usual. You ought to have come to town a little earlier,
Christine. Certainly Torvald does understand how to make a house dainty and
attractive.
MRS LINDE. And so do you, it seems to me; you are not your father’s daughter for
nothing. But tell me, is Doctor Rank always as depressed as he was yesterday?
NORA. No; yesterday it was very noticeable. I must tell you that he suffers from a
very dangerous disease. He has consumption of the spine, poor creature. His
father was a horrible man who committed all sorts of excesses; and that is why
his son was sickly from childhood, do you understand?
MRS LINDE. [dropping her sewing]. But, my dearest Nora, how do you know anything
about such things?
NORA. [walking about]. Pooh! When you have three children, you get visits now
and then from—from married women, who know something of medical matters,
and they talk about one thing and another.
MRS LINDE. [goes on sewing. A short silence]. Does Doctor Rank come here everyday?
NORA. Everyday regularly. He is Torvald’s most intimate friend, and a great
friend of mine too. He is just like one of the family.
MRS LINDE. But tell me this—is he perfectly sincere? I mean, isn’t he the kind
of man that is very anxious to make himself agreeable?
NORA. Not in the least. What makes you think that?
MRS LINDE. When you introduced him to me yesterday, he declared he had often heard my name
mentioned in this house; but afterwards I noticed that your husband
hadn’t the slightest idea who I was. So how could Doctor Rank—?
NORA. That is quite right, Christine. Torvald is so absurdly fond of me that he wants
me absolutely to himself, as he says. At first he used to seem almost jealous
if I mentioned any of the dear folk at home, so naturally I gave up doing so.
But I often talk about such things with Doctor Rank, because he likes hearing
about them.
MRS LINDE. Listen to me, Nora. You are still very like a child in many things, and I am
older than you in many ways and have a little more experience. Let me tell you
this—you ought to make an end of it with Doctor Rank.
NORA. What ought I to make an end of?
MRS LINDE. Of two things, I think. Yesterday you talked some nonsense about a rich admirer
who was to leave you money—
NORA. An admirer who doesn’t exist, unfortunately! But what then?
MRS LINDE. Is Doctor Rank a man of means?
NORA. Yes, he is.
NORA. No, no one; but—
MRS LINDE. And comes here everyday?
NORA. Yes, I told you so.
MRS LINDE. But how can this well-bred man be so tactless?
NORA. I don’t understand you at all.
MRS LINDE. Don’t prevaricate, Nora. Do you suppose I don’t guess who lent you
the two hundred and fifty pounds?
NORA. Are you out of your senses? How can you think of such a thing! A friend of
ours, who comes here everyday! Do you realise what a horribly painful position
that would be?
MRS LINDE. Then it really isn’t he?
NORA. No, certainly not. It would never have entered into my head for a moment.
Besides, he had no money to lend then; he came into his money afterwards.
MRS LINDE. Well, I think that was lucky for you, my dear Nora.
NORA. No, it would never have come into my head to ask Doctor Rank. Although I am
quite sure that if I had asked him—
MRS LINDE. But of course you won’t.
NORA. Of course not. I have no reason to think it could possibly be necessary. But I
am quite sure that if I told Doctor Rank—
MRS LINDE. Behind your husband’s back?
NORA. I must make an end of it with the other one, and that will be behind his back
too. I must make an end of it with him.
MRS LINDE. Yes, that is what I told you yesterday, but—
NORA. [walking up and down]. A man can put a thing like that straight much
easier than a woman—
MRS LINDE. One’s husband, yes.
NORA. Nonsense! [Standing still.] When you pay off a debt you get your bond
back, don’t you?
MRS LINDE. Yes, as a matter of course.
NORA. And can tear it into a hundred thousand pieces, and burn it up—the nasty
dirty paper!
MRS LINDE. [looks hard at her, lays down her sewing and gets up slowly]. Nora, you
are concealing something from me.
NORA. Do I look as if I were?
MRS LINDE. Something has happened to you since yesterday morning. Nora, what is it?
NORA. [going nearer to her]. Christine! [Listens.] Hush! there’s
Torvald come home. Do you mind going in to the children for the present?
Torvald can’t bear to see dressmaking going on. Let Anne help you.
MRS LINDE. [gathering some of the things together]. Certainly—but I am not
going away from here until we have had it out with one another. [She goes
into the room on the left, as HELMER comes in from the hall.]
NORA. [going up to HELMER]. I have wanted you so much, Torvald dear.
HELMER. Was that the dressmaker?
NORA. No, it was Christine; she is helping me to put my dress in order. You will see
I shall look quite smart.
HELMER. Wasn’t that a happy thought of mine, now?
NORA. Splendid! But don’t you think it is nice of me, too, to do as you wish?
HELMER. Nice?—because you do as your husband wishes? Well, well, you little
rogue, I am sure you did not mean it in that way. But I am not going to disturb
you; you will want to be trying on your dress, I expect.
NORA. I suppose you are going to work.
HELMER. Yes. [Shows her a bundle of papers.] Look at that. I have just been into
the bank. [Turns to go into his room.]
NORA. Torvald.
HELMER. Yes.
NORA. If your little squirrel were to ask you for something very, very
prettily—?
HELMER. What then?
HELMER. I should like to hear what it is, first.
NORA. Your squirrel would run about and do all her tricks if you would be nice, and
do what she wants.
HELMER. Speak plainly.
NORA. Your skylark would chirp about in every room, with her song rising and
falling—
HELMER. Well, my skylark does that anyhow.
NORA. I would play the fairy and dance for you in the moonlight, Torvald.
HELMER. Nora—you surely don’t mean that request you made to me this
morning?
NORA. [going near him]. Yes, Torvald, I beg you so earnestly—
HELMER. Have you really the courage to open up that question again?
NORA. Yes, dear, you must do as I ask; you must let Krogstad keep his post in the
bank.
HELMER. My dear Nora, it is his post that I have arranged Mrs Linde shall have.
NORA. Yes, you have been awfully kind about that; but you could just as well dismiss
some other clerk instead of Krogstad.
HELMER. This is simply incredible obstinacy! Because you chose to give him a
thoughtless promise that you would speak for him, I am expected to—
NORA. That isn’t the reason, Torvald. It is for your own sake. This fellow
writes in the most scurrilous newspapers; you have told me so yourself. He can
do you an unspeakable amount of harm. I am frightened to death of him—
HELMER. Ah, I understand; it is recollections of the past that scare you.
NORA. What do you mean?
HELMER. Naturally you are thinking of your father.
NORA. Yes—yes, of course. Just recall to your mind what these malicious
creatures wrote in the papers about papa, and how horribly they slandered him.
I believe they would have procured his dismissal if the Department had not sent
you over to inquire into it, and if you had not been so kindly disposed and
helpful to him.
HELMER. My little Nora, there is an important difference between your father and me.
Your father’s reputation as a public official was not above suspicion.
Mine is, and I hope it will continue to be so, as long as I hold my office.
NORA. You never can tell what mischief these men may contrive. We ought to be so well
off, so snug and happy here in our peaceful home, and have no cares—you
and I and the children, Torvald! That is why I beg you so earnestly—
HELMER. And it is just by interceding for him that you make it impossible for me to
keep him. It is already known at the Bank that I mean to dismiss Krogstad. Is
it to get about now that the new manager has changed his mind at his
wife’s bidding—
NORA. And what if it did?
HELMER. Of course!—if only this obstinate little person can get her way! Do you
suppose I am going to make myself ridiculous before my whole staff, to let
people think that I am a man to be swayed by all sorts of outside influence? I
should very soon feel the consequences of it, I can tell you! And besides,
there is one thing that makes it quite impossible for me to have Krogstad in
the Bank as long as I am manager.
NORA. Whatever is that?
HELMER. His moral failings I might perhaps have overlooked, if necessary—
NORA. Yes, you could—couldn’t you?
HELMER. And I hear he is a good worker, too. But I knew him when we were boys. It was
one of those rash friendships that so often prove an incubus in afterlife. I
may as well tell you plainly, we were once on very intimate terms with one
another. But this tactless fellow lays no restraint on himself when other
people are present. On the contrary, he thinks it gives him the right to adopt
a familiar tone with me, and every minute it is “I say, Helmer, old
fellow!” and that sort of thing. I assure you it is extremely painful for
me. He would make my position in the Bank intolerable.
NORA. Torvald, I don’t believe you mean that.
HELMER. Don’t you? Why not?
NORA. Because it is such a narrow-minded way of looking at things.
HELMER. What are you saying? Narrow-minded? Do you think I am narrow-minded?
NORA. No, just the opposite, dear—and it is exactly for that reason.
HELMER. It’s the same thing. You say my point of view is narrow-minded, so I must
be so too. Narrow-minded! Very well—I must put an end to this. [Goes
to the hall door and calls.] Helen!
NORA. What are you going to do?
HELMER. [looking among his papers]. Settle it. [Enter MAID.] Look here;
take this letter and go downstairs with it at once. Find a messenger and tell
him to deliver it, and be quick. The address is on it, and here is the money.
MAID. Very well, sir. [Exit with the letter.]
HELMER. [putting his papers together]. Now then, little Miss Obstinate.
NORA. [breathlessly]. Torvald—what was that letter?
HELMER. Krogstad’s dismissal.
NORA. Call her back, Torvald! There is still time. Oh Torvald, call her back! Do it
for my sake—for your own sake—for the children’s sake! Do you
hear me, Torvald? Call her back! You don’t know what that letter can
bring upon us.
HELMER. It’s too late.
NORA. Yes, it’s too late.
HELMER. My dear Nora, I can forgive the anxiety you are in, although really it is an
insult to me. It is, indeed. Isn’t it an insult to think that I should be
afraid of a starving quill-driver’s vengeance? But I forgive you
nevertheless, because it is such eloquent witness to your great love for me. [Takes her in his arms.] And that is as it should be, my own darling
Nora. Come what will, you may be sure I shall have both courage and strength if
they be needed. You will see I am man enough to take everything upon myself.
NORA. [in a horror-stricken voice]. What do you mean by that?
HELMER. Everything, I say—
NORA. [recovering herself]. You will never have to do that.
HELMER. That’s right. Well, we will share it, Nora, as man and wife should. That
is how it shall be. [Caressing her.] Are you content now? There!
There!—not these frightened dove’s eyes! The whole thing is only
the wildest fancy!—Now, you must go and play through the Tarantella and
practise with your tambourine. I shall go into the inner office and shut the
door, and I shall hear nothing; you can make as much noise as you please. [Turns back at the door.] And when Rank comes, tell him where he will
find me. [Nods to her, takes his papers and goes into his room, and shuts
the door after him.]
NORA. [bewildered with anxiety, stands as if rooted to the spot, and
whispers]. He was capable of doing it. He will do it. He will do it in
spite of everything.—No, not that! Never, never! Anything rather than
that! Oh, for some help, some way out of it! [The door-bell rings.] Doctor Rank! Anything rather than that—anything, whatever it is! [She
puts her hands over her face, pulls herself together, goes to the door and
opens it. RANK is standing without, hanging up his coat. During the following
dialogue it begins to grow dark.]
NORA. Good day, Doctor Rank. I knew your ring. But you mustn’t go in to Torvald
now; I think he is busy with something.
RANK. And you?
NORA. [brings him in and shuts the door after him]. Oh, you know very well I
always have time for you.
RANK. Thank you. I shall make use of as much of it as I can.
NORA. What do you mean by that? As much of it as you can?
RANK. Well, does that alarm you?
NORA. It was such a strange way of putting it. Is anything likely to happen?
RANK. Nothing but what I have long been prepared for. But I certainly didn’t
expect it to happen so soon.
NORA. [gripping him by the arm]. What have you found out? Doctor Rank, you
must tell me.
RANK. [sitting down by the stove]. It is all up with me. And it can’t be
helped.
NORA. [with a sigh of relief]. Is it about yourself?
RANK. Who else? It is no use lying to one’s self. I am the most wretched of all
my patients, Mrs Helmer. Lately I have been taking stock of my internal
economy. Bankrupt! Probably within a month I shall lie rotting in the
churchyard.
NORA. What an ugly thing to say!
RANK. The thing itself is cursedly ugly, and the worst of it is that I shall have to
face so much more that is ugly before that. I shall only make one more
examination of myself; when I have done that, I shall know pretty certainly
when it will be that the horrors of dissolution will begin. There is something
I want to tell you. Helmer’s refined nature gives him an unconquerable
disgust at everything that is ugly; I won’t have him in my sick-room.
NORA. Oh, but, Doctor Rank—
RANK. I won’t have him there. Not on any account. I bar my door to him. As soon
as I am quite certain that the worst has come, I shall send you my card with a
black cross on it, and then you will know that the loathsome end has begun.
NORA. You are quite absurd today. And I wanted you so much to be in a really good
humour.
RANK. With death stalking beside me?—To have to pay this penalty for another
man’s sin? Is there any justice in that? And in every single family, in
one way or another, some such inexorable retribution is being exacted—
NORA. [putting her hands over her ears]. Rubbish! Do talk of something
cheerful.
RANK. Oh, it’s a mere laughing matter, the whole thing. My poor innocent spine
has to suffer for my father’s youthful amusements.
NORA. [sitting at the table on the left]. I suppose you mean that he was too
partial to asparagus and pate de foie gras, don’t you?
RANK. Yes, and to truffles.
NORA. Truffles, yes. And oysters too, I suppose?
RANK. Oysters, of course, that goes without saying.
NORA. And heaps of port and champagne. It is sad that all these nice things should
take their revenge on our bones.
RANK. Especially that they should revenge themselves on the unlucky bones of those
who have not had the satisfaction of enjoying them.
NORA. Yes, that’s the saddest part of it all.
RANK. [with a searching look at her]. Hm!—
NORA. [after a short pause]. Why did you smile?
RANK. No, it was you that laughed.
NORA. No, it was you that smiled, Doctor Rank!
RANK. [rising]. You are a greater rascal than I thought.
NORA. I am in a silly mood today.
RANK. So it seems.
NORA. [putting her hands on his shoulders]. Dear, dear Doctor Rank, death
mustn’t take you away from Torvald and me.
RANK. It is a loss you would easily recover from. Those who are gone are soon
forgotten.
NORA. [looking at him anxiously]. Do you believe that?
RANK. People form new ties, and then—
NORA. Who will form new ties?
RANK. Both you and Helmer, when I am gone. You yourself are already on the high road
to it, I think. What did that Mrs Linde want here last night?
NORA. Oho!—you don’t mean to say you are jealous of poor Christine?
RANK. Yes, I am. She will be my successor in this house. When I am done for, this
woman will—
NORA. Hush! don’t speak so loud. She is in that room.
RANK. Today again. There, you see.
NORA. She has only come to sew my dress for me. Bless my soul, how unreasonable you
are! [Sits down on the sofa.] Be nice now, Doctor Rank, and tomorrow you
will see how beautifully I shall dance, and you can imagine I am doing it all
for you—and for Torvald too, of course. [Takes various things out of
the box.] Doctor Rank, come and sit down here, and I will show you
something.
RANK. [sitting down]. What is it?
NORA. Just look at those!
RANK. Silk stockings.
NORA. Flesh-coloured. Aren’t they lovely? It is so dark here now, but
tomorrow—. No, no, no! you must only look at the feet. Oh well, you may
have leave to look at the legs too.
RANK. Hm!—
NORA. Why are you looking so critical? Don’t you think they will fit me?
RANK. I have no means of forming an opinion about that.
NORA. [looks at him for a moment]. For shame! [Hits him lightly on the ear
with the stockings.] That’s to punish you. [Folds them up
again.]
RANK. And what other nice things am I to be allowed to see?
NORA. Not a single thing more, for being so naughty. [She looks among the things,
humming to herself.]
RANK. [after a short silence]. When I am sitting here, talking to you as
intimately as this, I cannot imagine for a moment what would have become of me
if I had never come into this house.
NORA. [smiling]. I believe you do feel thoroughly at home with us.
RANK. [in a lower voice, looking straight in front of him]. And to be obliged
to leave it all—
NORA. Nonsense, you are not going to leave it.
RANK. [as before]. And not be able to leave behind one the slightest token of
one’s gratitude, scarcely even a fleeting regret—nothing but an
empty place which the first comer can fill as well as any other.
NORA. And if I asked you now for a—? No!
RANK. For what?
RANK. Yes, yes!
RANK. Would you really make me so happy for once?
NORA. Ah, but you don’t know what it is yet.
RANK. No—but tell me.
NORA. I really can’t, Doctor Rank. It is something out of all reason; it means
advice, and help, and a favour—
RANK. The bigger a thing it is the better. I can’t conceive what it is you
mean. Do tell me. Haven’t I your confidence?
NORA. More than anyone else. I know you are my truest and best friend, and so I will
tell you what it is. Well, Doctor Rank, it is something you must help me to
prevent. You know how devotedly, how inexpressibly deeply Torvald loves me; he
would never for a moment hesitate to give his life for me.
RANK. [leaning towards her]. Nora—do you think he is the only
one—?
NORA. [with a slight start]. The only one—?
RANK. The only one who would gladly give his life for your sake.
NORA. [sadly]. Is that it?
RANK. I was determined you should know it before I went away, and there will never be
a better opportunity than this. Now you know it, Nora. And now you know, too,
that you can trust me as you would trust no one else.
NORA. [rises, deliberately and quietly]. Let me pass.
RANK. [makes room for her to pass him, but sits still]. Nora!
NORA. [at the hall door]. Helen, bring in the lamp. [Goes over to the
stove.] Dear Doctor Rank, that was really horrid of you.
RANK. To have loved you as much as anyone else does? Was that horrid?
NORA. No, but to go and tell me so. There was really no need—
RANK. What do you mean? Did you know—? [MAID enters with lamp, puts it down
on the table, and goes out.] Nora—Mrs Helmer—tell me, had you
any idea of this?
NORA. Oh, how do I know whether I had or whether I hadn’t? I really can’t
tell you—To think you could be so clumsy, Doctor Rank! We were getting on
so nicely.
RANK. Well, at all events you know now that you can command me, body and soul. So
won’t you speak out?
NORA. [looking at him]. After what happened?
RANK. I beg you to let me know what it is.
NORA. I can’t tell you anything now.
RANK. Yes, yes. You mustn’t punish me in that way. Let me have permission to do
for you whatever a man may do.
NORA. You can do nothing for me now. Besides, I really don’t need any help at
all. You will find that the whole thing is merely fancy on my part. It really
is so—of course it is! [Sits down in the rocking-chair, and looks at
him with a smile.] You are a nice sort of man, Doctor
Rank!—don’t you feel ashamed of yourself, now the lamp has come?
RANK. Not a bit. But perhaps I had better go—for ever?
NORA. No, indeed, you shall not. Of course you must come here just as before. You
know very well Torvald can’t do without you.
RANK. Yes, but you?
NORA. Oh, I am always tremendously pleased when you come.
RANK. It is just that, that put me on the wrong track. You are a riddle to me. I have
often thought that you would almost as soon be in my company as in
Helmer’s.
NORA. Yes—you see there are some people one loves best, and others whom one
would almost always rather have as companions.
RANK. Yes, there is something in that.
NORA. When I was at home, of course I loved papa best. But I always thought it
tremendous fun if I could steal down into the maids’ room, because they
never moralised at all, and talked to each other about such entertaining
things.
RANK. I see—it is their place I have taken.
NORA. [jumping up and going to him]. Oh, dear, nice Doctor Rank, I never meant
that at all. But surely you can understand that being with Torvald is a little
like being with papa—[Enter MAID from the hall.]
MAID. If you please, ma’am. [Whispers and hands her a card.]
NORA. [glancing at the card]. Oh! [Puts it in her pocket.]
RANK. Is there anything wrong?
NORA. No, no, not in the least. It is only something—it is my new dress—
RANK. What? Your dress is lying there.
NORA. Oh, yes, that one; but this is another. I ordered it. Torvald mustn’t
know about it—
RANK. Oho! Then that was the great secret.
NORA. Of course. Just go in to him; he is sitting in the inner room. Keep him as long
as—
RANK. Make your mind easy; I won’t let him escape.
[Goes into HELMER’S room.]
NORA. [to the MAID]. And he is standing waiting in the kitchen?
MAID. Yes; he came up the back stairs.
NORA. But didn’t you tell him no one was in?
MAID. Yes, but it was no good.
NORA. He won’t go away?
MAID. No; he says he won’t until he has seen you, ma’am.
NORA. Well, let him come in—but quietly. Helen, you mustn’t say anything
about it to anyone. It is a surprise for my husband.
MAID. Yes, ma’am, I quite understand. [Exit.]
NORA. This dreadful thing is going to happen! It will happen in spite of me! No, no,
no, it can’t happen—it shan’t happen! [She bolts the door
of HELMER’S room. The MAID opens the hall door for KROGSTAD and shuts it
after him. He is wearing a fur coat, high boots and a fur cap.]
NORA. [advancing towards him]. Speak low—my husband is at home.
KROGSTAD. No matter about that.
NORA. What do you want of me?
KROGSTAD. An explanation of something.
NORA. Make haste then. What is it?
KROGSTAD. You know, I suppose, that I have got my dismissal.
NORA. I couldn’t prevent it, Mr. Krogstad. I fought as hard as I could on your
side, but it was no good.
KROGSTAD. Does your husband love you so little, then? He knows what I can expose you to,
and yet he ventures—
NORA. How can you suppose that he has any knowledge of the sort?
KROGSTAD. I didn’t suppose so at all. It would not be the least like our dear
Torvald Helmer to show so much courage—
NORA. Mr. Krogstad, a little respect for my husband, please.
KROGSTAD. Certainly—all the respect he deserves. But since you have kept the matter
so carefully to yourself, I make bold to suppose that you have a little clearer
idea, than you had yesterday, of what it actually is that you have done?
NORA. More than you could ever teach me.
KROGSTAD. Yes, such a bad lawyer as I am.
NORA. What is it you want of me?
KROGSTAD. Only to see how you were, Mrs Helmer. I have been thinking about you all day
long. A mere cashier, a quill-driver, a—well, a man like me—even he
has a little of what is called feeling, you know.
NORA. Show it, then; think of my little children.
KROGSTAD. Have you and your husband thought of mine? But never mind about that. I only
wanted to tell you that you need not take this matter too seriously. In the
first place there will be no accusation made on my part.
NORA. No, of course not; I was sure of that.
KROGSTAD. The whole thing can be arranged amicably; there is no reason why anyone should
know anything about it. It will remain a secret between us three.
NORA. My husband must never get to know anything about it.
KROGSTAD. How will you be able to prevent it? Am I to understand that you can pay the
balance that is owing?
NORA. No, not just at present.
KROGSTAD. Or perhaps that you have some expedient for raising the money soon?
NORA. No expedient that I mean to make use of.
KROGSTAD. Well, in any case, it would have been of no use to you now. If you stood there
with ever so much money in your hand, I would never part with your bond.
NORA. Tell me what purpose you mean to put it to.
KROGSTAD. I shall only preserve it—keep it in my possession. No one who is not
concerned in the matter shall have the slightest hint of it. So that if the
thought of it has driven you to any desperate resolution—
NORA. It has.
KROGSTAD. If you had it in your mind to run away from your home—
NORA. I had.
NORA. How could you know that?
KROGSTAD. Give up the idea.
NORA. How did you know I had thought of that?
KROGSTAD. Most of us think of that at first. I did, too—but I hadn’t the
courage.
NORA. [faintly]. No more had I.
KROGSTAD. [in a tone of relief]. No, that’s it, isn’t it—you
hadn’t the courage either?
NORA. No, I haven’t—I haven’t.
KROGSTAD. Besides, it would have been a great piece of folly. Once the first storm at
home is over—. I have a letter for your husband in my pocket.
NORA. Telling him everything?
KROGSTAD. In as lenient a manner as I possibly could.
NORA. [quickly]. He mustn’t get the letter. Tear it up. I will find some
means of getting money.
KROGSTAD. Excuse me, Mrs Helmer, but I think I told you just now—
NORA. I am not speaking of what I owe you. Tell me what sum you are asking my husband
for, and I will get the money.
KROGSTAD. I am not asking your husband for a penny.
NORA. What do you want, then?
KROGSTAD. I will tell you. I want to rehabilitate myself, Mrs Helmer; I want to get on;
and in that your husband must help me. For the last year and a half I have not
had a hand in anything dishonourable, amid all that time I have been struggling
in most restricted circumstances. I was content to work my way up step by step.
Now I am turned out, and I am not going to be satisfied with merely being taken
into favour again. I want to get on, I tell you. I want to get into the Bank
again, in a higher position. Your husband must make a place for me—
NORA. That he will never do!
KROGSTAD. He will; I know him; he dare not protest. And as soon as I am in there again
with him, then you will see! Within a year I shall be the manager’s right
hand. It will be Nils Krogstad and not Torvald Helmer who manages the Bank.
NORA. That’s a thing you will never see!
KROGSTAD. Do you mean that you will—?
NORA. I have courage enough for it now.
KROGSTAD. Oh, you can’t frighten me. A fine, spoilt lady like you—
NORA. You will see, you will see.
KROGSTAD. Under the ice, perhaps? Down into the cold, coal-black water? And then, in the
spring, to float up to the surface, all horrible and unrecognisable, with your
hair fallen out—
NORA. You can’t frighten me.
KROGSTAD. Nor you me. People don’t do such things, Mrs Helmer. Besides, what use
would it be? I should have him completely in my power all the same.
NORA. Afterwards? When I am no longer—
KROGSTAD. Have you forgotten that it is I who have the keeping of your reputation? [NORA stands speechlessly looking at him.] Well, now, I have warned you.
Do not do anything foolish. When Helmer has had my letter, I shall expect a
message from him. And be sure you remember that it is your husband himself who
has forced me into such ways as this again. I will never forgive him for that.
Goodbye, Mrs Helmer. [Exit through the hall.]
NORA. [goes to the hall door, opens it slightly and listens.] He is going. He
is not putting the letter in the box. Oh no, no! that’s impossible! [Opens the door by degrees.] What is that? He is standing outside. He is
not going downstairs. Is he hesitating? Can he—? [A letter drops into
the box; then KROGSTAD’S footsteps are heard, until they die away as he
goes downstairs. NORA utters a stifled cry, and runs across the room to the
table by the sofa. A short pause.]
NORA. In the letter-box. [Steals across to the hall door.] There it
lies—Torvald, Torvald, there is no hope for us now!
[Mrs Linde comes in from the room on the left, carrying the dress.]
MRS LINDE. There, I can’t see anything more to mend now. Would you like to try it
on—?
NORA. [in a hoarse whisper]. Christine, come here.
MRS LINDE. [throwing the dress down on the sofa]. What is the matter with you? You
look so agitated!
NORA. Come here. Do you see that letter? There, look—you can see it through the
glass in the letter-box.
MRS LINDE. Yes, I see it.
NORA. That letter is from Krogstad.
MRS LINDE. Nora—it was Krogstad who lent you the money!
NORA. Yes, and now Torvald will know all about it.
MRS LINDE. Believe me, Nora, that’s the best thing for both of you.
NORA. You don’t know all. I forged a name.
MRS LINDE. Good heavens—!
NORA. I only want to say this to you, Christine—you must be my witness.
MRS LINDE. Your witness? What do you mean? What am I to—?
NORA. If I should go out of my mind—and it might easily happen—
MRS LINDE. Nora!
NORA. Or if anything else should happen to me—anything, for instance, that
might prevent my being here—
MRS LINDE. Nora! Nora! you are quite out of your mind.
NORA. And if it should happen that there were some one who wanted to take all the
responsibility, all the blame, you understand—
MRS LINDE. Yes, yes—but how can you suppose—?
NORA. Then you must be my witness, that it is not true, Christine. I am not out of my
mind at all; I am in my right senses now, and I tell you no one else has known
anything about it; I, and I alone, did the whole thing. Remember that.
MRS LINDE. I will, indeed. But I don’t understand all this.
NORA. How should you understand it? A wonderful thing is going to happen!
MRS LINDE. A wonderful thing?
NORA. Yes, a wonderful thing!—But it is so terrible, Christine; it
mustn’t happen, not for all the world.
MRS LINDE. I will go at once and see Krogstad.
NORA. Don’t go to him; he will do you some harm.
MRS LINDE. There was a time when he would gladly do anything for my sake.
NORA. He?
MRS LINDE. Where does he live?
NORA. How should I know—? Yes [feeling in her pocket], here is his card.
But the letter, the letter—!
HELMER. [calls from his room, knocking at the door]. Nora!
NORA. [cries out anxiously]. Oh, what’s that? What do you want?
HELMER. Don’t be so frightened. We are not coming in; you have locked the door.
Are you trying on your dress?
NORA. Yes, that’s it. I look so nice, Torvald.
MRS LINDE. [who has read the card]. I see he lives at the corner here.
NORA. Yes, but it’s no use. It is hopeless. The letter is lying there in the
box.
MRS LINDE. And your husband keeps the key?
NORA. Yes, always.
MRS LINDE. Krogstad must ask for his letter back unread, he must find some pretence—
NORA. But it is just at this time that Torvald generally—
MRS LINDE. You must delay him. Go in to him in the meantime. I will come back as soon as I
can. [She goes out hurriedly through the hall door.]
NORA. [goes to HELMER’S door, opens it and peeps in]. Torvald!
HELMER. [from the inner room]. Well? May I venture at last to come into my own
room again? Come along, Rank, now you will see— [Halting in the
doorway.] But what is this?
NORA. What is what, dear?
HELMER. Rank led me to expect a splendid transformation.
RANK. [in the doorway]. I understood so, but evidently I was mistaken.
NORA. Yes, nobody is to have the chance of admiring me in my dress until tomorrow.
HELMER. But, my dear Nora, you look so worn out. Have you been practising too much?
NORA. No, I have not practised at all.
HELMER. But you will need to—
NORA. Yes, indeed I shall, Torvald. But I can’t get on a bit without you to
help me; I have absolutely forgotten the whole thing.
HELMER. Oh, we will soon work it up again.
NORA. Yes, help me, Torvald. Promise that you will! I am so nervous about
it—all the people—. You must give yourself up to me entirely this
evening. Not the tiniest bit of business—you mustn’t even take a
pen in your hand. Will you promise, Torvald dear?
HELMER. I promise. This evening I will be wholly and absolutely at your service, you
helpless little mortal. Ah, by the way, first of all I will just— [Goes towards the hall door.]
NORA. What are you going to do there?
HELMER. Only see if any letters have come.
NORA. No, no! don’t do that, Torvald!
HELMER. Why not?
NORA. Torvald, please don’t. There is nothing there.
HELMER. Well, let me look. [Turns to go to the letter-box. NORA, at the piano, plays
the first bars of the Tarantella. HELMER stops in the doorway.] Aha!
NORA. I can’t dance tomorrow if I don’t practise with you.
HELMER. [going up to her]. Are you really so afraid of it, dear?
NORA. Yes, so dreadfully afraid of it. Let me practise at once; there is time now,
before we go to dinner. Sit down and play for me, Torvald dear; criticise me,
and correct me as you play.
HELMER. With great pleasure, if you wish me to. [Sits down at the piano.]
NORA. [takes out of the box a tambourine and a long variegated shawl. She hastily
drapes the shawl round her. Then she springs to the front of the stage and
calls out]. Now play for me! I am going to dance!
[HELMER plays and NORA dances. RANK stands by the piano behind HELMER, and
looks on.]
HELMER. [as he plays]. Slower, slower!
NORA. I can’t do it any other way.
HELMER. Not so violently, Nora!
NORA. This is the way.
HELMER. [stops playing]. No, no—that is not a bit right.
NORA. [laughing and swinging the tambourine]. Didn’t I tell you so?
RANK. Let me play for her.
HELMER. [getting up]. Yes, do. I can correct her better then.
[RANK sits down at the piano and plays. NORA dances more and more wildly.
HELMER has taken up a position beside the stove, and during her dance gives her
frequent instructions. She does not seem to hear him; her hair comes down and
falls over her shoulders; she pays no attention to it, but goes on dancing.
Enter Mrs Linde.]
MRS LINDE. [standing as if spell-bound in the doorway]. Oh!—
NORA. [as she dances]. Such fun, Christine!
HELMER. My dear darling Nora, you are dancing as if your life depended on it.
NORA. So it does.
HELMER. Stop, Rank; this is sheer madness. Stop, I tell you! [RANK stops playing,
and NORA suddenly stands still. HELMER goes up to her.] I could never have
believed it. You have forgotten everything I taught you.
NORA. [throwing away the tambourine]. There, you see.
HELMER. You will want a lot of coaching.
NORA. Yes, you see how much I need it. You must coach me up to the last minute.
Promise me that, Torvald!
HELMER. You can depend on me.
NORA. You must not think of anything but me, either today or tomorrow; you
mustn’t open a single letter—not even open the letter-box—
HELMER. Ah, you are still afraid of that fellow—
NORA. Yes, indeed I am.
HELMER. Nora, I can tell from your looks that there is a letter from him lying there.
NORA. I don’t know; I think there is; but you must not read anything of that
kind now. Nothing horrid must come between us until this is all over.
RANK. [whispers to HELMER]. You mustn’t contradict her.
HELMER. [taking her in his arms]. The child shall have her way. But tomorrow
night, after you have danced—
NORA. Then you will be free. [The MAID appears in the doorway to the right.]
MAID. Dinner is served, ma’am.
NORA. We will have champagne, Helen.
MAID. Very good, ma’am. [Exit.]
HELMER. Hullo!—are we going to have a banquet?
NORA. Yes, a champagne banquet until the small hours. [Calls out.] And a few
macaroons, Helen—lots, just for once!
HELMER. Come, come, don’t be so wild and nervous. Be my own little skylark, as
you used.
NORA. Yes, dear, I will. But go in now and you too, Doctor Rank. Christine, you must
help me to do up my hair.
RANK. [whispers to HELMER as they go out]. I suppose there is
nothing—she is not expecting anything?
HELMER. Far from it, my dear fellow; it is simply nothing more than this childish
nervousness I was telling you of. [They go into the right-hand room.]
NORA. Well!
NORA. I could tell from your face.
MRS LINDE. He is coming home tomorrow evening. I wrote a note for him.
NORA. You should have let it alone; you must prevent nothing. After all, it is
splendid to be waiting for a wonderful thing to happen.
MRS LINDE. What is it that you are waiting for?
NORA. Oh, you wouldn’t understand. Go in to them, I will come in a moment. [Mrs Linde goes into the dining-room. NORA stands still for a little while,
as if to compose herself. Then she looks at her watch.] Five o’clock.
Seven hours until midnight; and then four-and-twenty hours until the next
midnight. Then the Tarantella will be over. Twenty-four and seven? Thirty-one
hours to live.
HELMER. [from the doorway on the right]. Where’s my little skylark?
NORA. [going to him with her arms outstretched]. Here she is!
ACT III
[THE SAME SCENE.—The table has been placed in the middle of the stage,
with chairs around it. A lamp is burning on the table. The door into the hall
stands open. Dance music is heard in the room above. Mrs Linde is sitting at
the table idly turning over the leaves of a book; she tries to read, but does
not seem able to collect her thoughts. Every now and then she listens intently
for a sound at the outer door.]
MRS LINDE. [looking at her watch]. Not yet—and the time is nearly up. If only
he does not—. [Listens again.] Ah, there he is. [Goes into the
hall and opens the outer door carefully. Light footsteps are heard on the
stairs. She whispers.] Come in. There is no one here.
KROGSTAD. [in the doorway]. I found a note from you at home. What does this mean?
MRS LINDE. It is absolutely necessary that I should have a talk with you.
KROGSTAD. Really? And is it absolutely necessary that it should be here?
MRS LINDE. It is impossible where I live; there is no private entrance to my rooms. Come
in; we are quite alone. The maid is asleep, and the Helmers are at the dance
upstairs.
KROGSTAD. [coming into the room]. Are the Helmers really at a dance tonight?
MRS LINDE. Yes, why not?
KROGSTAD. Certainly—why not?
MRS LINDE. We have a great deal to talk about.
KROGSTAD. I shouldn’t have thought so.
MRS LINDE. No, you have never properly understood me.
KROGSTAD. Was there anything else to understand except what was obvious to all the
world—a heartless woman jilts a man when a more lucrative chance turns
up?
MRS LINDE. Do you believe I am as absolutely heartless as all that? And do you believe
that I did it with a light heart?
KROGSTAD. Didn’t you?
MRS LINDE. Nils, did you really think that?
KROGSTAD. If it were as you say, why did you write to me as you did at the time?
MRS LINDE. I could do nothing else. As I had to break with you, it was my duty also to put
an end to all that you felt for me.
KROGSTAD. [wringing his hands]. So that was it. And all this—only for the
sake of money!
MRS LINDE. You must not forget that I had a helpless mother and two little brothers. We
couldn’t wait for you, Nils; your prospects seemed hopeless then.
KROGSTAD. That may be so, but you had no right to throw me over for anyone else’s
sake.
MRS LINDE. Indeed I don’t know. Many a time did I ask myself if I had the right to
do it.
KROGSTAD. [more gently]. When I lost you, it was as if all the solid ground went
from under my feet. Look at me now—I am a shipwrecked man clinging to a
bit of wreckage.
MRS LINDE. But help may be near.
KROGSTAD. It was near; but then you came and stood in my way.
MRS LINDE. Unintentionally, Nils. It was only today that I learned it was your place I was
going to take in the Bank.
KROGSTAD. I believe you, if you say so. But now that you know it, are you not going to
give it up to me?
MRS LINDE. No, because that would not benefit you in the least.
KROGSTAD. Oh, benefit, benefit—I would have done it whether or no.
MRS LINDE. I have learned to act prudently. Life, and hard, bitter necessity have taught
me that.
KROGSTAD. And life has taught me not to believe in fine speeches.
MRS LINDE. Then life has taught you something very reasonable. But deeds you must believe
in?
KROGSTAD. What do you mean by that?
MRS LINDE. You said you were like a shipwrecked man clinging to some wreckage.
KROGSTAD. I had good reason to say so.
MRS LINDE. Well, I am like a shipwrecked woman clinging to some wreckage—no one to
mourn for, no one to care for.
KROGSTAD. It was your own choice.
MRS LINDE. There was no other choice—then.
KROGSTAD. Well, what now?
MRS LINDE. Nils, how would it be if we two shipwrecked people could join forces?
KROGSTAD. What are you saying?
MRS LINDE. Two on the same piece of wreckage would stand a better chance than each on
their own.
KROGSTAD. Christine I...
MRS LINDE. What do you suppose brought me to town?
KROGSTAD. Do you mean that you gave me a thought?
MRS LINDE. I could not endure life without work. All my life, as long as I can remember, I
have worked, and it has been my greatest and only pleasure. But now I am quite
alone in the world—my life is so dreadfully empty and I feel so forsaken.
There is not the least pleasure in working for one’s self. Nils, give me
someone and something to work for.
KROGSTAD. I don’t trust that. It is nothing but a woman’s overstrained sense
of generosity that prompts you to make such an offer of yourself.
MRS LINDE. Have you ever noticed anything of the sort in me?
KROGSTAD. Could you really do it? Tell me—do you know all about my past life?
MRS LINDE. Yes.
KROGSTAD. And do you know what they think of me here?
MRS LINDE. You seemed to me to imply that with me you might have been quite another man.
KROGSTAD. I am certain of it.
MRS LINDE. Is it too late now?
KROGSTAD. Christine, are you saying this deliberately? Yes, I am sure you are. I see it
in your face. Have you really the courage, then—?
MRS LINDE. I want to be a mother to someone, and your children need a mother. We two need
each other. Nils, I have faith in your real character—I can dare anything
together with you.
KROGSTAD. [grasps her hands]. Thanks, thanks, Christine! Now I shall find a way to
clear myself in the eyes of the world. Ah, but I forgot—
MRS LINDE. [listening]. Hush! The Tarantella! Go, go!
KROGSTAD. Why? What is it?
MRS LINDE. Do you hear them up there? When that is over, we may expect them back.
KROGSTAD. Yes, yes—I will go. But it is all no use. Of course you are not aware
what steps I have taken in the matter of the Helmers.
MRS LINDE. Yes, I know all about that.
KROGSTAD. And in spite of that have you the courage to—?
MRS LINDE. I understand very well to what lengths a man like you might be driven by
despair.
KROGSTAD. If I could only undo what I have done!
MRS LINDE. You cannot. Your letter is lying in the letter-box now.
KROGSTAD. Are you sure of that?
MRS LINDE. Quite sure, but—
KROGSTAD. [with a searching look at her]. Is that what it all means?—that
you want to save your friend at any cost? Tell me frankly. Is that it?
MRS LINDE. Nils, a woman who has once sold herself for another’s sake, doesn’t
do it a second time.
KROGSTAD. I will ask for my letter back.
MRS LINDE. No, no.
KROGSTAD. Yes, of course I will. I will wait here until Helmer comes; I will tell him he
must give me my letter back—that it only concerns my dismissal—that
he is not to read it—
MRS LINDE. No, Nils, you must not recall your letter.
KROGSTAD. But, tell me, wasn’t it for that very purpose that you asked me to meet
you here?
MRS LINDE. In my first moment of fright, it was. But twenty-four hours have elapsed since
then, and in that time I have witnessed incredible things in this house. Helmer
must know all about it. This unhappy secret must be disclosed; they must have a
complete understanding between them, which is impossible with all this
concealment and falsehood going on.
KROGSTAD. Very well, if you will take the responsibility. But there is one thing I can do
in any case, and I shall do it at once.
MRS LINDE. [listening]. You must be quick and go! The dance is over; we are not
safe a moment longer.
KROGSTAD. I will wait for you below.
MRS LINDE. Yes, do. You must see me back to my door...
KROGSTAD. I have never had such an amazing piece of good fortune in my life! [Goes out
through the outer door. The door between the room and the hall remains
open.]
MRS LINDE. [tidying up the room and laying her hat and cloak ready]. What a
difference! what a difference! Someone to work for and live for—a home to
bring comfort into. That I will do, indeed. I wish they would be quick and
come—[Listens.] Ah, there they are now. I must put on my things. [Takes up her hat and cloak. HELMER’S and NORA’S voices are
heard outside; a key is turned, and HELMER brings NORA almost by force into the
hall. She is in an Italian costume with a large black shawl around her; he is
in evening dress, and a black domino which is flying open.]
NORA. [hanging back in the doorway, and struggling with him]. No, no,
no!—don’t take me in. I want to go upstairs again; I don’t
want to leave so early.
HELMER. But, my dearest Nora—
NORA. Please, Torvald dear—please, please—only an hour more.
HELMER. Not a single minute, my sweet Nora. You know that was our agreement. Come along
into the room; you are catching cold standing there. [He brings her gently
into the room, in spite of her resistance.]
MRS LINDE. Good evening.
HELMER. You here, so late, Mrs Linde?
MRS LINDE. Yes, you must excuse me; I was so anxious to see Nora in her dress.
NORA. Have you been sitting here waiting for me?
MRS LINDE. Yes, unfortunately I came too late, you had already gone upstairs; and I
thought I couldn’t go away again without having seen you.
HELMER. [taking off NORA’S shawl]. Yes, take a good look at her. I think
she is worth looking at. Isn’t she charming, Mrs Linde?
MRS LINDE. Yes, indeed she is.
HELMER. Doesn’t she look remarkably pretty? Everyone thought so at the dance. But
she is terribly self-willed, this sweet little person. What are we to do with
her? You will hardly believe that I had almost to bring her away by force.
NORA. Torvald, you will repent not having let me stay, even if it were only for half
an hour.
HELMER. Listen to her, Mrs Linde! She had danced her Tarantella, and it had been a
tremendous success, as it deserved—although possibly the performance was
a trifle too realistic—a little more so, I mean, than was strictly
compatible with the limitations of art. But never mind about that! The chief
thing is, she had made a success—she had made a tremendous success. Do
you think I was going to let her remain there after that, and spoil the effect?
No, indeed! I took my charming little Capri maiden—my capricious little
Capri maiden, I should say—on my arm; took one quick turn round the room;
a curtsey on either side, and, as they say in novels, the beautiful apparition
disappeared. An exit ought always to be effective, Mrs Linde; but that is what
I cannot make Nora understand. Pooh! this room is hot. [Throws his domino on
a chair, and opens the door of his room.] Hullo! it’s all dark in
here. Oh, of course—excuse me—. [He goes in, and lights some
candles.]
NORA. [in a hurried and breathless whisper]. Well?
MRS LINDE. [in a low voice]. I have had a talk with him.
NORA. Yes, and—
MRS LINDE. Nora, you must tell your husband all about it.
NORA. [in an expressionless voice]. I knew it.
MRS LINDE. You have nothing to be afraid of as far as Krogstad is concerned; but you must
tell him.
NORA. I won’t tell him.
MRS LINDE. Then the letter will.
NORA. Thank you, Christine. Now I know what I must do. Hush—!
HELMER. [coming in again]. Well, Mrs Linde, have you admired her?
MRS LINDE. Yes, and now I will say goodnight.
HELMER. What, already? Is this yours, this knitting?
MRS LINDE. [taking it]. Yes, thank you, I had very nearly forgotten it.
HELMER. So you knit?
MRS LINDE. Of course.
MRS LINDE. Really? Why?
HELMER. Yes, it’s far more becoming. Let me show you. You hold the embroidery
thus in your left hand, and use the needle with the right—like
this—with a long, easy sweep. Do you see?
MRS LINDE. Yes, perhaps—
HELMER. But in the case of knitting—that can never be anything but ungraceful;
look here—the arms close together, the knitting-needles going up and
down—it has a sort of Chinese effect—. That was really excellent
champagne they gave us.
MRS LINDE. Well,—goodnight, Nora, and don’t be self-willed any more.
HELMER. That’s right, Mrs Linde.
MRS LINDE. Goodnight, Mr. Helmer.
HELMER. [accompanying her to the door]. Goodnight, goodnight. I hope you will
get home all right. I should be very happy to—but you haven’t any
great distance to go. Goodnight, goodnight. [She goes out; he shuts the door
after her, and comes in again.] Ah!—at last we have got rid of her.
She is a frightful bore, that woman.
NORA. Aren’t you very tired, Torvald?
HELMER. No, not in the least.
NORA. Nor sleepy?
HELMER. Not a bit. On the contrary, I feel extraordinarily lively. And you?—you
really look both tired and sleepy.
NORA. Yes, I am very tired. I want to go to sleep at once.
HELMER. There, you see it was quite right of me not to let you stay there any longer.
NORA. Everything you do is quite right, Torvald.
HELMER. [kissing her on the forehead]. Now my little skylark is speaking
reasonably. Did you notice what good spirits Rank was in this evening?
NORA. Really? Was he? I didn’t speak to him at all.
HELMER. And I very little, but I have not for a long time seen him in such good form. [Looks for a while at her and then goes nearer to her.] It is delightful
to be at home by ourselves again, to be all alone with you—you
fascinating, charming little darling!
NORA. Don’t look at me like that, Torvald.
HELMER. Why shouldn’t I look at my dearest treasure?—at all the beauty that
is mine, all my very own?
NORA. [going to the other side of the table]. You mustn’t say things
like that to me tonight.
HELMER. [following her]. You have still got the Tarantella in your blood, I see.
And it makes you more captivating than ever. Listen—the guests are
beginning to go now. [In a lower voice.] Nora—soon the whole house
will be quiet.
NORA. Yes, I hope so.
HELMER. Yes, my own darling Nora. Do you know, when I am out at a party with you like
this, why I speak so little to you, keep away from you, and only send a stolen
glance in your direction now and then?—do you know why I do that? It is
because I make believe to myself that we are secretly in love, and you are my
secretly promised bride, and that no one suspects there is anything between us.
NORA. Yes, yes—I know very well your thoughts are with me all the time.
HELMER. And when we are leaving, and I am putting the shawl over your beautiful young
shoulders—on your lovely neck—then I imagine that you are my young
bride and that we have just come from the wedding, and I am bringing you for
the first time into our home—to be alone with you for the first
time—quite alone with my shy little darling! All this evening I have
longed for nothing but you. When I watched the seductive figures of the
Tarantella, my blood was on fire; I could endure it no longer, and that was why
I brought you down so early—
NORA. Go away, Torvald! You must let me go. I won’t—
HELMER. What’s that? You’re joking, my little Nora! You
won’t—you won’t? Am I not your husband—? [A knock is
heard at the outer door.]
NORA. [starting]. Did you hear—?
HELMER. [going into the hall]. Who is it?
RANK. [outside]. It is I. May I come in for a moment?
HELMER. [in a fretful whisper]. Oh, what does he want now? [Aloud.] Wait
a minute! [Unlocks the door.] Come, that’s kind of you not to pass
by our door.
RANK. I thought I heard your voice, and felt as if I should like to look in. [With
a swift glance round.] Ah, yes!—these dear familiar rooms. You are
very happy and cosy in here, you two.
HELMER. It seems to me that you looked after yourself pretty well upstairs too.
RANK. Excellently. Why shouldn’t I? Why shouldn’t one enjoy everything in
this world?—at any rate as much as one can, and as long as one can. The
wine was capital—
HELMER. Especially the champagne.
RANK. So you noticed that too? It is almost incredible how much I managed to put
away!
NORA. Torvald drank a great deal of champagne tonight too.
RANK. Did he?
NORA. Yes, and he is always in such good spirits afterwards.
RANK. Well, why should one not enjoy a merry evening after a well-spent day?
HELMER. Well spent? I am afraid I can’t take credit for that.
RANK. [clapping him on the back]. But I can, you know!
NORA. Doctor Rank, you must have been occupied with some scientific investigation
today.
RANK. Exactly.
RANK. Indeed you may.
RANK. The best possible, for both doctor and patient—certainty.
NORA. [quickly and searchingly]. Certainty?
RANK. Absolute certainty. So wasn’t I entitled to make a merry evening of it
after that?
NORA. Yes, you certainly were, Doctor Rank.
HELMER. I think so too, so long as you don’t have to pay for it in the morning.
RANK. Oh well, one can’t have anything in this life without paying for it.
NORA. Doctor Rank—are you fond of fancy-dress balls?
RANK. Yes, if there is a fine lot of pretty costumes.
NORA. Tell me—what shall we two wear at the next?
HELMER. Little featherbrain!—are you thinking of the next already?
RANK. We two? Yes, I can tell you. You shall go as a good fairy—
HELMER. Yes, but what do you suggest as an appropriate costume for that?
RANK. Let your wife go dressed just as she is in everyday life.
HELMER. That was really very prettily turned. But can’t you tell us what you will
be?
RANK. Yes, my dear friend, I have quite made up my mind about that.
HELMER. Well?
RANK. At the next fancy-dress ball I shall be invisible.
HELMER. That’s a good joke!
RANK. There is a big black hat—have you never heard of hats that make you
invisible? If you put one on, no one can see you.
HELMER. [suppressing a smile]. Yes, you are quite right.
RANK. But I am clean forgetting what I came for. Helmer, give me a cigar—one of
the dark Havanas.
HELMER. With the greatest pleasure. [Offers him his case.]
RANK. [takes a cigar and cuts off the end]. Thanks.
NORA. [striking a match]. Let me give you a light.
RANK. Thank you. [She holds the match for him to light his cigar.] And now
goodbye!
HELMER. Goodbye, goodbye, dear old man!
NORA. Sleep well, Doctor Rank.
RANK. Thank you for that wish.
NORA. Wish me the same.
RANK. You? Well, if you want me to sleep well! And thanks for the light. [He nods
to them both and goes out.]
HELMER. [in a subdued voice]. He has drunk more than he ought.
NORA. [absently]. Maybe. [HELMER takes a bunch of keys out of his pocket
and goes into the hall.] Torvald! what are you going to do there?
HELMER. Emptying the letter-box; it is quite full; there will be no room to put the
newspaper in tomorrow morning.
NORA. Are you going to work tonight?
HELMER. You know quite well I’m not. What is this? Someone has been at the lock.
NORA. At the lock—?
HELMER. Yes, someone has. What can it mean? I should never have thought the
maid—. Here is a broken hairpin. Nora, it is one of yours.
NORA. [quickly]. Then it must have been the children—
HELMER. Then you must get them out of those ways. There, at last I have got it open. [Takes out the contents of the letter-box, and calls to the kitchen.] Helen!—Helen, put out the light over the front door. [Goes back into
the room and shuts the door into the hall. He holds out his hand full of
letters.] Look at that—look what a heap of them there are. [Turning them over.] What on earth is that?
NORA. [at the window]. The letter—No! Torvald, no!
HELMER. Two cards—of Rank’s.
NORA. Of Doctor Rank’s?
HELMER. [looking at them]. Doctor Rank. They were on the top. He must have put
them in when he went out.
NORA. Is there anything written on them?
HELMER. There is a black cross over the name. Look there—what an uncomfortable
idea! It looks as if he were announcing his own death.
NORA. It is just what he is doing.
HELMER. What? Do you know anything about it? Has he said anything to you?
NORA. Yes. He told me that when the cards came it would be his leave-taking from us.
He means to shut himself up and die.
HELMER. My poor old friend! Certainly I knew we should not have him very long with us.
But so soon! And so he hides himself away like a wounded animal.
NORA. If it has to happen, it is best it should be without a word—don’t
you think so, Torvald?
HELMER. [walking up and down]. He had so grown into our lives. I can’t
think of him as having gone out of them. He, with his sufferings and his
loneliness, was like a cloudy background to our sunlit happiness. Well, perhaps
it is best so. For him, anyway. [Standing still.] And perhaps for us
too, Nora. We two are thrown quite upon each other now. [Puts his arms round
her.] My darling wife, I don’t feel as if I could hold you tight
enough. Do you know, Nora, I have often wished that you might be threatened by
some great danger, so that I might risk my life’s blood, and everything,
for your sake.
NORA. [disengages herself, and says firmly and decidedly]. Now you must read
your letters, Torvald.
HELMER. No, no; not tonight. I want to be with you, my darling wife.
NORA. With the thought of your friend’s death—
HELMER. You are right, it has affected us both. Something ugly has come between
us—the thought of the horrors of death. We must try and rid our minds of
that. Until then—we will each go to our own room.
NORA. [hanging on his neck]. Goodnight, Torvald—Goodnight!
HELMER. [kissing her on the forehead]. Goodnight, my little singing-bird. Sleep
sound, Nora. Now I will read my letters through. [He takes his letters and
goes into his room, shutting the door after him.]
NORA. [gropes distractedly about, seizes HELMER’S domino, throws it round
her, while she says in quick, hoarse, spasmodic whispers]. Never to see him
again. Never! Never! [Puts her shawl over her head.] Never to see my
children again either—never again. Never! Never!—Ah! the icy, black
water—the unfathomable depths—If only it were over! He has got it
now—now he is reading it. Goodbye, Torvald and my children! [She is
about to rush out through the hall, when HELMER opens his door hurriedly and
stands with an open letter in his hand.]
HELMER. Nora!
NORA. Ah!—
HELMER. What is this? Do you know what is in this letter?
NORA. Yes, I know. Let me go! Let me get out!
HELMER. [holding her back]. Where are you going?
NORA. [trying to get free]. You shan’t save me, Torvald!
HELMER. [reeling]. True? Is this true, that I read here? Horrible! No,
no—it is impossible that it can be true.
NORA. It is true. I have loved you above everything else in the world.
HELMER. Oh, don’t let us have any silly excuses.
NORA. [taking a step towards him]. Torvald—!
HELMER. Miserable creature—what have you done?
NORA. Let me go. You shall not suffer for my sake. You shall not take it upon
yourself.
HELMER. No tragic airs, please. [Locks the hall door.] Here you shall stay and
give me an explanation. Do you understand what you have done? Answer me! Do you
understand what you have done?
NORA. [looks steadily at him and says with a growing look of coldness in her
face]. Yes, now I am beginning to understand thoroughly.
HELMER. [walking about the room]. What a horrible awakening! All these eight
years—she who was my joy and pride—a hypocrite, a liar—worse,
worse—a criminal! The unutterable ugliness of it all!—For shame!
For shame! [NORA is silent and looks steadily at him. He stops in front of
her.] I ought to have suspected that something of the sort would happen. I
ought to have foreseen it. All your father’s want of principle—be
silent!—all your father’s want of principle has come out in you. No
religion, no morality, no sense of duty—. How I am punished for having
winked at what he did! I did it for your sake, and this is how you repay me.
NORA. Yes, that’s just it.
HELMER. Now you have destroyed all my happiness. You have ruined all my future. It is
horrible to think of! I am in the power of an unscrupulous man; he can do what
he likes with me, ask anything he likes of me, give me any orders he
pleases—I dare not refuse. And I must sink to such miserable depths
because of a thoughtless woman!
NORA. When I am out of the way, you will be free.
HELMER. No fine speeches, please. Your father had always plenty of those ready, too.
What good would it be to me if you were out of the way, as you say? Not the
slightest. He can make the affair known everywhere; and if he does, I may be
falsely suspected of having been a party to your criminal action. Very likely
people will think I was behind it all—that it was I who prompted you! And
I have to thank you for all this—you whom I have cherished during the
whole of our married life. Do you understand now what it is you have done for
me?
NORA. [coldly and quietly]. Yes.
HELMER. It is so incredible that I can’t take it in. But we must come to some
understanding. Take off that shawl. Take it off, I tell you. I must try and
appease him some way or another. The matter must be hushed up at any cost. And
as for you and me, it must appear as if everything between us were just as
before—but naturally only in the eyes of the world. You will still remain
in my house, that is a matter of course. But I shall not allow you to bring up
the children; I dare not trust them to you. To think that I should be obliged
to say so to one whom I have loved so dearly, and whom I still—. No, that
is all over. From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns
us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance—
[A ring is heard at the front-door bell.]
HELMER. [with a start]. What is that? So late! Can the worst—? Can
he—? Hide yourself, Nora. Say you are ill.
[NORA stands motionless. HELMER goes and unlocks the hall door.]
MAID. [half-dressed, comes to the door]. A letter for the mistress.
HELMER. Give it to me. [Takes the letter, and shuts the door.] Yes, it is from
him. You shall not have it; I will read it myself.
NORA. Yes, read it.
HELMER. [standing by the lamp]. I scarcely have the courage to do it. It may
mean ruin for both of us. No, I must know. [Tears open the letter, runs his
eye over a few lines, looks at a paper enclosed, and gives a shout of joy.] Nora! [She looks at him questioningly.] Nora!—No, I must read it
once again—. Yes, it is true! I am saved! Nora, I am saved!
NORA. And I?
HELMER. You too, of course; we are both saved, both you and I. Look, he sends you your
bond back. He says he regrets and repents—that a happy change in his
life—never mind what he says! We are saved, Nora! No one can do anything
to you. Oh, Nora, Nora!—no, first I must destroy these hateful things.
Let me see—. [Takes a look at the bond.] No, no, I won’t
look at it. The whole thing shall be nothing but a bad dream to me. [Tears
up the bond and both letters, throws them all into the stove, and watches them
burn.] There—now it doesn’t exist any longer. He says that
since Christmas Eve you—. These must have been three dreadful days for
you, Nora.
NORA. I have fought a hard fight these three days.
HELMER. And suffered agonies, and seen no way out but—. No, we won’t call
any of the horrors to mind. We will only shout with joy, and keep saying,
“It’s all over! It’s all over!” Listen to me, Nora. You
don’t seem to realise that it is all over. What is this?—such a
cold, set face! My poor little Nora, I quite understand; you don’t feel
as if you could believe that I have forgiven you. But it is true, Nora, I swear
it; I have forgiven you everything. I know that what you did, you did out of
love for me.
NORA. That is true.
HELMER. You have loved me as a wife ought to love her husband. Only you had not
sufficient knowledge to judge of the means you used. But do you suppose you are
any the less dear to me, because you don’t understand how to act on your
own responsibility? No, no; only lean on me; I will advise you and direct you.
I should not be a man if this womanly helplessness did not just give you a
double attractiveness in my eyes. You must not think anymore about the hard
things I said in my first moment of consternation, when I thought everything
was going to overwhelm me. I have forgiven you, Nora; I swear to you I have
forgiven you.
NORA. Thank you for your forgiveness. [She goes out through the door to the
right.]
HELMER. No, don’t go—. [Looks in.] What are you doing in there?
NORA. [from within]. Taking off my fancy dress.
HELMER. [standing at the open door]. Yes, do. Try and calm yourself, and make
your mind easy again, my frightened little singing-bird. Be at rest, and feel
secure; I have broad wings to shelter you under. [Walks up and down by the
door.] How warm and cosy our home is, Nora. Here is shelter for you; here I
will protect you like a hunted dove that I have saved from a hawk’s
claws; I will bring peace to your poor beating heart. It will come, little by
little, Nora, believe me. Tomorrow morning you will look upon it all quite
differently; soon everything will be just as it was before. Very soon you
won’t need me to assure you that I have forgiven you; you will yourself
feel the certainty that I have done so. Can you suppose I should ever think of
such a thing as repudiating you, or even reproaching you? You have no idea what
a true man’s heart is like, Nora. There is something so indescribably
sweet and satisfying, to a man, in the knowledge that he has forgiven his
wife—forgiven her freely, and with all his heart. It seems as if that had
made her, as it were, doubly his own; he has given her a new life, so to speak;
and she has in a way become both wife and child to him. So you shall be for me
after this, my little scared, helpless darling. Have no anxiety about anything,
Nora; only be frank and open with me, and I will serve as will and conscience
both to you—. What is this? Not gone to bed? Have you changed your
things?
NORA. [in everyday dress]. Yes, Torvald, I have changed my things now.
HELMER. But what for?—so late as this.
NORA. I shall not sleep tonight.
HELMER. But, my dear Nora—
NORA. [looking at her watch]. It is not so very late. Sit down here, Torvald.
You and I have much to say to one another. [She sits down at one side of the
table.]
HELMER. Nora—what is this?—this cold, set face?
NORA. Sit down. It will take some time; I have a lot to talk over with you.
HELMER. [sits down at the opposite side of the table]. You alarm me,
Nora!—and I don’t understand you.
NORA. No, that is just it. You don’t understand me, and I have never understood
you either—before tonight. No, you mustn’t interrupt me. You must
simply listen to what I say. Torvald, this is a settling of accounts.
HELMER. What do you mean by that?
NORA. [after a short silence]. Isn’t there one thing that strikes you as
strange in our sitting here like this?
HELMER. What is that?
NORA. We have been married now eight years. Does it not occur to you that this is the
first time we two, you and I, husband and wife, have had a serious
conversation?
HELMER. What do you mean by serious?
NORA. In all these eight years—longer than that—from the very beginning
of our acquaintance, we have never exchanged a word on any serious subject.
HELMER. Was it likely that I would be continually and forever telling you about worries
that you could not help me to bear?
NORA. I am not speaking about business matters. I say that we have never sat down in
earnest together to try and get at the bottom of anything.
HELMER. But, dearest Nora, would it have been any good to you?
NORA. That is just it; you have never understood me. I have been greatly wronged,
Torvald—first by papa and then by you.
HELMER. What! By us two—by us two, who have loved you better than anyone else in
the world?
NORA. [shaking her head]. You have never loved me. You have only thought it
pleasant to be in love with me.
HELMER. Nora, what do I hear you saying?
NORA. It is perfectly true, Torvald. When I was at home with papa, he told me his
opinion about everything, and so I had the same opinions; and if I differed
from him I concealed the fact, because he would not have liked it. He called me
his doll-child, and he played with me just as I used to play with my dolls. And
when I came to live with you—
HELMER. What sort of an expression is that to use about our marriage?
NORA. [undisturbed]. I mean that I was simply transferred from papa’s
hands into yours. You arranged everything according to your own taste, and so I
got the same tastes as you—or else I pretended to, I am really not quite
sure which—I think sometimes the one and sometimes the other. When I look
back on it, it seems to me as if I had been living here like a poor
woman—just from hand to mouth. I have existed merely to perform tricks
for you, Torvald. But you would have it so. You and papa have committed a great
sin against me. It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life.
HELMER. How unreasonable and how ungrateful you are, Nora! Have you not been happy
here?
NORA. No, I have never been happy. I thought I was, but it has never really been so.
HELMER. Not—not happy!
NORA. No, only merry. And you have always been so kind to me. But our home has been
nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I was
papa’s doll-child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it
great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it great fun when I
played with them. That is what our marriage has been, Torvald.
HELMER. There is some truth in what you say—exaggerated and strained as your view
of it is. But for the future it shall be different. Playtime shall be over, and
lesson-time shall begin.
NORA. Whose lessons? Mine, or the children’s?
HELMER. Both yours and the children’s, my darling Nora.
NORA. Alas, Torvald, you are not the man to educate me into being a proper wife for
you.
HELMER. And you can say that!
NORA. And I—how am I fitted to bring up the children?
HELMER. Nora!
NORA. Didn’t you say so yourself a little while ago—that you dare not
trust me to bring them up?
HELMER. In a moment of anger! Why do you pay any heed to that?
NORA. Indeed, you were perfectly right. I am not fit for the task. There is another
task I must undertake first. I must try and educate myself—you are not
the man to help me in that. I must do that for myself. And that is why I am
going to leave you now.
HELMER. [springing up]. What do you say?
NORA. I must stand quite alone, if I am to understand myself and everything about me.
It is for that reason that I cannot remain with you any longer.
HELMER. Nora, Nora!
NORA. I am going away from here now, at once. I am sure Christine will take me in for
the night—
HELMER. You are out of your mind! I won’t allow it! I forbid you!
NORA. It is no use forbidding me anything any longer. I will take with me what
belongs to myself. I will take nothing from you, either now or later.
HELMER. What sort of madness is this!
NORA. Tomorrow I shall go home—I mean, to my old home. It will be easiest for
me to find something to do there.
HELMER. You blind, foolish woman!
NORA. I must try and get some sense, Torvald.
HELMER. To desert your home, your husband and your children! And you don’t
consider what people will say!
NORA. I cannot consider that at all. I only know that it is necessary for me.
HELMER. It’s shocking. This is how you would neglect your most sacred duties.
NORA. What do you consider my most sacred duties?
HELMER. Do I need to tell you that? Are they not your duties to your husband and your
children?
NORA. I have other duties just as sacred.
HELMER. That you have not. What duties could those be?
NORA. Duties to myself.
HELMER. Before all else, you are a wife and a mother.
NORA. I don’t believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a
reasonable human being, just as you are—or, at all events, that I must
try and become one. I know quite well, Torvald, that most people would think
you right, and that views of that kind are to be found in books; but I can no
longer content myself with what most people say, or with what is found in
books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them.
HELMER. Can you not understand your place in your own home? Have you not a reliable
guide in such matters as that?—have you no religion?
NORA. I am afraid, Torvald, I do not exactly know what religion is.
HELMER. What are you saying?
NORA. I know nothing but what the clergyman said, when I went to be confirmed. He
told us that religion was this, and that, and the other. When I am away from
all this, and am alone, I will look into that matter too. I will see if what
the clergyman said is true, or at all events if it is true for me.
HELMER. This is unheard of in a girl of your age! But if religion cannot lead you
aright, let me try and awaken your conscience. I suppose you have some moral
sense? Or—answer me—am I to think you have none?
NORA. I assure you, Torvald, that is not an easy question to answer. I really
don’t know. The thing perplexes me altogether. I only know that you and I
look at it in quite a different light. I am learning, too, that the law is
quite another thing from what I supposed; but I find it impossible to convince
myself that the law is right. According to it a woman has no right to spare her
old dying father, or to save her husband’s life. I can’t believe
that.
HELMER. You talk like a child. You don’t understand the conditions of the world
in which you live.
NORA. No, I don’t. But now I am going to try. I am going to see if I can make
out who is right, the world or I.
HELMER. You are ill, Nora; you are delirious; I almost think you are out of your mind.
NORA. I have never felt my mind so clear and certain as tonight.
HELMER. And is it with a clear and certain mind that you forsake your husband and your
children?
NORA. Yes, it is.
NORA. What is that?
NORA. No, that is just it.
HELMER. Nora!—and you can say that?
NORA. It gives me great pain, Torvald, for you have always been so kind to me, but I
cannot help it. I do not love you any more.
HELMER. [regaining his composure]. Is that a clear and certain conviction too?
NORA. Yes, absolutely clear and certain. That is the reason why I will not stay here
any longer.
HELMER. And can you tell me what I have done to forfeit your love?
NORA. Yes, indeed I can. It was tonight, when the wonderful thing did not happen;
then I saw you were not the man I had thought you were.
HELMER. Explain yourself better. I don’t understand you.
NORA. I have waited so patiently for eight years; for, goodness knows, I knew very
well that wonderful things don’t happen every day. Then this horrible
misfortune came upon me; and then I felt quite certain that the wonderful thing
was going to happen at last. When Krogstad’s letter was lying out there,
never for a moment did I imagine that you would consent to accept this
man’s conditions. I was so absolutely certain that you would say to him:
Publish the thing to the whole world. And when that was done—
HELMER. Yes, what then?—when I had exposed my wife to shame and disgrace?
NORA. When that was done, I was so absolutely certain, you would come forward and
take everything upon yourself, and say: I am the guilty one.
HELMER. Nora—!
NORA. You mean that I would never have accepted such a sacrifice on your part? No, of
course not. But what would my assurances have been worth against yours? That
was the wonderful thing which I hoped for and feared; and it was to prevent
that, that I wanted to kill myself.
HELMER. I would gladly work night and day for you, Nora—bear sorrow and want for
your sake. But no man would sacrifice his honour for the one he loves.
NORA. It is a thing hundreds of thousands of women have done.
HELMER. Oh, you think and talk like a heedless child.
NORA. Maybe. But you neither think nor talk like the man I could bind myself to. As
soon as your fear was over—and it was not fear for what threatened me,
but for what might happen to you—when the whole thing was past, as far as
you were concerned it was exactly as if nothing at all had happened. Exactly as
before, I was your little skylark, your doll, which you would in future treat
with doubly gentle care, because it was so brittle and fragile. [Getting
up.] Torvald—it was then it dawned upon me that for eight years I had
been living here with a strange man, and had borne him three children—.
Oh, I can’t bear to think of it! I could tear myself into little bits!
HELMER. [sadly]. I see, I see. An abyss has opened between us—there is no
denying it. But, Nora, would it not be possible to fill it up?
NORA. As I am now, I am no wife for you.
HELMER. I have it in me to become a different man.
NORA. Perhaps—if your doll is taken away from you.
HELMER. But to part!—to part from you! No, no, Nora, I can’t understand
that idea.
NORA. [going out to the right]. That makes it all the more certain that it
must be done. [She comes back with her cloak and hat and a small bag which
she puts on a chair by the table.]
HELMER. Nora, Nora, not now! Wait until tomorrow.
NORA. [putting on her cloak]. I cannot spend the night in a strange
man’s room.
HELMER. But can’t we live here like brother and sister—?
NORA. [putting on her hat]. You know very well that would not last long. [Puts the shawl round her.] Goodbye, Torvald. I won’t see the
little ones. I know they are in better hands than mine. As I am now, I can be
of no use to them.
HELMER. But some day, Nora—some day?
NORA. How can I tell? I have no idea what is going to become of me.
HELMER. But you are my wife, whatever becomes of you.
NORA. Listen, Torvald. I have heard that when a wife deserts her husband’s
house, as I am doing now, he is legally freed from all obligations towards her.
In any case, I set you free from all your obligations. You are not to feel
yourself bound in the slightest way, any more than I shall. There must be
perfect freedom on both sides. See, here is your ring back. Give me mine.
HELMER. That too?
NORA. That too.
HELMER. Here it is.
NORA. That’s right. Now it is all over. I have put the keys here. The maids
know all about everything in the house—better than I do. Tomorrow, after
I have left her, Christine will come here and pack up my own things that I
brought with me from home. I will have them sent after me.
HELMER. All over! All over!—Nora, shall you never think of me again?
NORA. I know I shall often think of you, the children, and this house.
HELMER. May I write to you, Nora?
NORA. No—never. You must not do that.
HELMER. But at least let me send you—
NORA. Nothing—nothing—
HELMER. Let me help you if you are in want.
NORA. No. I can receive nothing from a stranger.
HELMER. Nora—can I never be anything more than a stranger to you?
NORA. [taking her bag]. Ah, Torvald, the most wonderful thing of all would
have to happen.
HELMER. Tell me what that would be!
NORA. Both you and I would have to be so changed that—. Oh, Torvald, I
don’t believe any longer in wonderful things happening.
HELMER. But I will believe in it. Tell me! So changed that—?
NORA. That our life together would be a real wedlock. Goodbye. [She goes out
through the hall.]
HELMER. [sinks down on a chair at the door and buries his face in his hands].
Nora! Nora! [Looks round, and rises.] Empty. She is gone. [A hope
flashes across his mind.] The most wonderful thing of all—?
[The sound of a door shutting is heard from below.]
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 2542 ***
| 302 |
35 | what is the setting of a dolls house | https://www.helenroulston.com/ofsetting.html | The Importance of Setting
Settings are very important in works of drama, and playwrights choose them carefully. Tennessee Williams chose a run-down building in New Orleans for his 1947 play, A Streetcar Named Desire, because The Big Easy is such a contrast to Blanche DuBois' genteel upbringing in Belle Reeve. Samuel Beckett set Waiting for Godot on a desolate country road near a tree because it helped emphasize the play's existential nature. Henrik Ibsen chose to set his 1879 play, A Doll's House, only in the Helmer household for specific reasons, as well.
By setting A Doll's House only in the "doll's house," Ibsen gives the audience a sense of Nora's reality. Her only concerns are her house and her family. The outside world, including its laws, is of no importance to her. Therefore, the audience is not shown the outside world, just the confinement and restrictions of Nora's world as represented by the house.
Also, setting the play only in the Helmer household keeps the play's focus on Nora. It wold be easy to get distracted by the subplot about Christine's and Krogstad's relationship or about Torvald's new job as bank manager. Ibsen, however, keeps scenes involving these aspects and not Nora off-stage. The audience is told what happens only through the dialogue between Nora and the other characters. The play remains about Nora because of this focus on her.
When Patrick Garland and Joseph Losey made their film versions of A Doll's House in 1973, they lost this focus. Instead of limiting the play to the house as Ibsen did, they showed all the action that occurred off-stage, and even invented some new action. The audience sees everything that happens, and that takes the focus off of Nora (Jane Fonda/Claire Bloom) and makes the films about everyone involved. The films are not about a woman's self-discovery but about how one woman's actions affect the others around her.
I do not think Ibsen would have liked the films for just that reason. By expanding the setting from the Helmer's house to the entire city, Garland and Losey destroy the message contained within A Doll's House. Even though setting can seem like such a small detail, it really is a crucial element in a drama and film.
Meg Schoenman
| 303 |
36 | who sang you'll be a woman soon in pulp fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl,_You'll_Be_a_Woman_Soon | Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon
8 languages
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (1967)
Neil Diamond version
The song first appeared on Diamond's album Just for You . The mono and stereo versions of this song differ slightly. On the mono "Just For You" LP as well as on the 45, the strings do not come in until the second verse. It also has a slightly longer fade. The stereo "Just For You" LP version has a shorter fade and the strings come in on the first chorus. The lyrics describe a narrator romantically interested in a young woman whose friends and family disapprove of him ("They never get tired of putting me down") while he urges the woman to reach her own conclusions about him ("Don't let them make up your mind").
Billboard described the single as a "sure-fire chart topper," stating that an "easy rhythm backs a soulful reading of a compelling lyric." [2] Cash Box called the single a "rhythmic, mid-tempo ballad that should see lots of Top 40 play." [3]
Track listing
"You'll Forget"
10
27
Track listing
"The Break" (1995)
American alternative rock band Urge Overkill recorded a cover of the song for their second extended play (EP), Stull (1992). This version would later appear in Quentin Tarantino 's 1994 film Pulp Fiction . Issued as a single in late 1994, this version achieved some chart success both domestically and internationally, peaking at number one in Iceland and reaching the top 20 in Flanders , France, and New Zealand. On the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, the song peaked at number 11.
Track listing
"Bustin' Surfboards"
"Spotlight Singles" (PDF). Billboard. March 25, 1967. p. 16. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
"CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. March 25, 1967. p. 14. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ Billboard allmusic.com (Retrieved March 27, 2009)
"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles". Music & Media . Vol. 12, no. 19. May 13, 1995. p. 23.
"Alternative Airplay" . Billboard. December 17, 1994. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
"Single Releases". Music Week . November 5, 1994. p. 23.
Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon
| 304 |
36 | who sang you'll be a woman soon in pulp fiction | https://www.last.fm/music/Chris+Isaak/_/Pulp+Fiction+Soundtrack+-+Girl,+You'll+Be+A+Woman+Soon+-+Urge+Overkill | Scrobble, find and rediscover music with a Last.fm account
Lyrics
Related Tags
Featured On
We don‘t have an album for this track yet.
We don‘t have an album for this track yet.
About This Artist
Chris Isaak (born June 26, 1956 in Stockton, California as Christopher Joseph Isaak) is an American Rock'n'Roll singer, songwriter, and occasional actor. Isaak's music can be… read more
Chris Isaak (born June 26, 1956 in Stockton, California as Christopher Joseph Isaak) is an American Rock'n'Roll singer, songwriter, and occasional actor. Isaak's music can be described as a blend of country, blues, rock&… read more
Audioscrobbler
Connect your Spotify account to your Last.fm account and scrobble everything you listen to, from any Spotify app on any device or platform.
| 305 |
36 | who sang you'll be a woman soon in pulp fiction | https://open.spotify.com/track/4lmmw2ltsnA7q9qm0eI2X2 | Sign in to see lyrics and listen to the full track
Sign up
Popular Releases by Friday Night At The Movies
| 306 |
36 | who sang you'll be a woman soon in pulp fiction | https://open.spotify.com/track/0QWGQc1NVsgjm6T25Bcxxw | Sign in to see lyrics and listen to the full track
Sign up
| 307 |
36 | who sang you'll be a woman soon in pulp fiction | https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/neil-diamond-didnt-want-girl-youll-be-a-woman-soon-quentin-tarantinos-pulp-fiction-1st.html/ | Why Neil Diamond Didn’t Want ‘Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon’ in Quentin Tarantino’s ‘Pulp Fiction’ at 1st
Neil Diamond discussed why he wrote "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" and what he thought of its use in Quentin Tarantino's 'Pulp Fiction.' The song was not a hit.
A cover of Neil Diamond’s “Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon” appears in Quentin Tarantino ‘s Pulp Fiction . After reading the script for Pulp Fiction, Diamond denied Tarantino permission to use the song on principal. During an interview, Diamond explained why he changed his mind.
Quentin Tarantino wearing a suit around the time he made ‘Pulp Fiction’ | Frank Trapper/Corbis via Getty Images
Why Neil Diamond wrote ‘Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon’
Tarantino’s movies often make expressive use of rock music. For example, Urge Overkill’s cover of “Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon” appears in a famous scene from Pulp Fiction. During the sequence, Uma Thurman ‘s character dances to the song before overdosing on heroin.
Diamond explained why he didn’t want “Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon” in Pulp Fiction. “At the point on my career I wrote it, my audience was teenage girls, and the song came out of that context,” he told Billboard . “I wrote it while I was on a Dick Clark Where the Action Is tour; the audience sparked it.
“And then when Quentin Tarantino a few years later came around and wanted to use it for Pulp Fiction, I turned him down because I had a promise to myself I wouldn’t use any of my songs for drug references or even smoking cigarettes,” Diamond added.
Why Neil Diamond allowed Quentin Tarantino to use the song in ‘Pulp Fiction’
Diamond revealed how he reacted to the Pulp Fiction script. “I got a script, and I read it and I thought it was wonderful, but it didn’t fit into the guidelines I had set for myself,” he recalled. “And then I spoke to a good friend about it, my friend Dave Rosner, who was my publisher, and he explained Quentin Tarantino was a bonafide star of the future and I should take it as a serious picture.”
Diamond was ultimately pleased with the cover of the song by Urge Overkill that appeared in the movie. He also felt “Girl You’ll Be a Woman Soon” fit well in the Pulp Fiction scene that initially gave him pause. The cover remains one of Urge Overkill’s most famous songs.
Related
The way the world reacted to ‘Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon’
Diamond’s version of “Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon” wasn’t a hit. It did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Diamond released the song on the album Just for You. Just for You was a modest hit at best, peaking at No. 80 on the Billboard 200 and staying on the chart for 19 weeks.
Diamond’s “Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon” wasn’t popular in the United Kingdom either. According to The Official Charts Company , the song did not chart in the U.K. Meanwhile, Just for You didn’t impact the U.K. chart. “Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon” wasn’t a major success, but Pulp Fiction gave the song a place in film history.
Best in Entertainment
| 308 |
37 | who inaugurated hosur 1 plant of ashok leyland | https://www.ashokleyland.com/manufacturing | Cutting-Edge Production
Every day, Ashok Leyland buses ferry the hopes, ambitions and laughter of over millions of world citizens. Every day, trucks large and small, in the hundreds of thousands, carry precious cargo through the veins of the countries, nurturing a rapidly growing economy. Every day, engines are powered on to drive a staggering array of activities in agriculture, marine applications and construction and industrial applications. Every day, our defence vehicles, a vital logistical limb of the Armed Forces, are engaged in proud service of our soldiers.
Every day, there is a relentless demand on the shop floor of Ashok Leyland – second largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India, the fourth largest manufacturer of buses and 10th largest manufacturer of trucks in the world.
We create world class engines, chassis, full vehicle bodies and everything else in between. Since the very first day our ‘Mother Plant’ at Ennore was established, up to the setting up of our ninth facility in Pantnagar, in 2010, this is a responsibility we fulfill diligently and without compromise.
Explore our Manufacturing Plants
Established in 1948
75 years ago, this is where everything started for Ashok Leyland. The years of wisdom integrates with new-age technology to create a world-class manufacturing unit and this is the Ennore plant. Set up in 1948 as Ashok Motors, the Ennore plant was started as an assembling unit for Austin cars. In 1955, Leyland Motors of the UK came in as an equity partner, and Ashok Leyland was born. This plant is spread over 121.9 acres, with 50.7 acres utilized by manufacturing shops and buildings.
Over the...
Read More
Established in 1980
Set up in the year 1980, it is Ashok Leyland’s second plant and its first aggregation unit. Today it is a center of excellence for engines. This plant is spread over 101.2 acres, with 44 acres utilized by manufacturing shops and buildings. Over the last 4 decades, it has evolved from an engine and chassis plant to a specialist in engine assembly. An entire ecosystem of facilities has grown around it, making it a comprehensive and world-class engine manufacturing unit.
It is an engine-intens...
Read More
Bhandara Plant, Maharashtra
Established in 1982
Ashok Leyland’s Bhandara Plant was inaugurated in March 1982 to manufacture a range of commercial vehicles for goods and passenger applications.
The plant is spread over 230 acres with 110 acres utilized by manufacturing shops and buildings. Over 50% area is under green cover with more than 2 lacs trees of 40 varieties planted. Bhandara Plant has many applauds to its credit including Golden Peacock award for Environment.
Located centrally at India, the plant has progressively emerged as ...
Read More
Alwar Plant, Rajasthan
Established in 1982
Ashok Leyland’s Alwar Plant was established in 1982, with facility for Chassis Assembly. The plant spreads over 14.25 lakh sq. m of which 1 Lakh sq.m of built-up area surrounded by rich greenery with more than fifty thousand trees and niche bio diversity. This plant holds the capacity to assemble 36000 chassis, 40000 sets of Axles and 24000 Cowls per annum.
Apart from Chassis Assembly, the Alwar plant is a major warehouse for aftermarket needs which is catering to the demands of North India...
Read More
Established in 1994
Distinguished by its ability to handle a diverse range of vehicles, in record turnaround times, it is one of Ashok Leyland’s most versatile plants, and the winner of the Deming Award for excellence. Established in 1994, it is Ashok Leyland’s 5th plant. From its early days, a unit designed for versatility. This plant is spread over 234 acres, with 54 acres utilized by manufacturing shops and buildings.
The uniqueness of Hosur 2 is that it is one of the only commercial vehicle manufacturing un...
Read More
Established in 2009
Ashok Leyland (UAE) LLC is a subsidiary of Ashok Leyland Ltd, and is based in Ras Al Khaimah (RAK), United Arab Emirates. The plant has been in operation since 2009, and was set up to manufacture buses and trucks to the countries of Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), and other markets of Middle East and Africa.
The RAK plant marked Ashok Leyland’s first foray in setting up greenfield manufacturing facilities overseas, in line with its vision towards becoming a global CV player. The plant was t...
Read More
Established in 2001
It is Ashok Leyland’s sixth manufacturing facility, third at Hosur and first sheet metal stamping facility which is capable of supplying skin and bigger sheet metal panels for more than 90% of Trucks produced by Ashok Leyland. CPPS was established in 2001 and is located 45 kms from Bengaluru, Silicon Valley of India. It is spread across 92.72 acres (37.5 hectares) with manufacturing facilities and greeneries. Planting of 9,800 trees, rain water harvesting pond with capacity of 38 lakh liters, ca...
Read More
Pantnagar Plant, Uttarakhand
Established in 2010
Situated at the foothills of the mighty Himalayan mountains, Ashok Leyland’s Pantnagar plant is an ultra-modern unit with well-rounded in-house facilities, award-winning quality control, and diverse human resources. Pantnagar is a fusion of youth, technology, and strategic integration. Established in 2010, Pantnagar has its genesis from the knowledge and experience gained from all the Ashok Leyland plants be it in design, architecture, processes, or technology.
Pantnagar is highly integrate...
Read More
VBCL Plant, Rajasthan
Established in 2001
VBCL plant was established in April 2021 as a 100 % subsidiary of Ashok Leyland to cater to Fully Built Bus Solutions. VBCL Unit is located at the Golden Triangle of Delhi-Jaipur-Agra and strategically connected to Delhi Mumbai Express way in a strategic town of Rajasthan between Delhi, Jaipur & Agra i.e.,170 Kms from Delhi and 150 Kms from Jaipur and 165 kms from Agra and is a part of National Capital Region (NCR).
VBCL plant offers (Domestic & International) a range of buses from 1...
Read More
Social Media
| 313 |
37 | who inaugurated hosur 1 plant of ashok leyland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Leyland | Ashok Leyland
24 languages
Indian multinational automotive company
Company type
Headquarters
Number of employees
11,463 (2020) [1]
Hinduja Leyland Finance
Ashok Leyland Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturer, with its headquarters in Chennai . It is now owned by the Hinduja Group . [3] It was founded in 1948 as Ashok Motors, which became Ashok Leyland in the year 1955 after collaboration with British Leyland . [4] Ashok Leyland is the second largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in India (with a market share of 32.1% in 2016), the third largest manufacturer of buses in the world, [5] and the tenth largest manufacturer of lorries.
With the corporate office located in Chennai , its manufacturing facilities are in Ennore , Bhandara , two in Hosur , Alwar and Pantnagar . [6] [7] Ashok Leyland also has overseas manufacturing units with a bus manufacturing facility in Ras Al Khaimah (UAE), one at Leeds, United Kingdom and a joint venture with the Alteams Group for the manufacture of high-press die-casting extruded Aluminium components for the automotive and telecommunication sectors. [8] Operating nine plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and marine applications.
Ashok Leyland has a product range from 1T GVW (Overall Vehicle Weight) to 55T GTW (Overall Trailer Weight) in trucks, 9 to 80-seater buses, vehicles for defence and special applications, and diesel engines for industrial, genset and marine applications. [9] In 2019, Ashok Leyland claimed to be in the top 10 global commercial vehicle makers. [10] It sold approximately 140,000 vehicles (M&HCV and LCV) in 2016. The company has passenger transportation options ranging from 10 seaters to 74 seaters (M&HCV = LCV). In the trucks segment, Ashok Leyland primarily concentrates on the 16 to 25-tonne range and has a presence in the 7.5 to 49 tonne range.
A 2018 stamp sheet of India dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Ashok Leyland
Ashok Motors
Ashok Motors was founded in 1948 by Raghunandan Saran, an Indian independence campaigner from Punjab . [11] By the end of the Indian Independence Movement , he was persuaded by India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to invest in a modern industrial venture. Ashok Motors was incorporated in 1948 as a company to assemble and manufacture Austin cars from England , and the company was named after the founder's only son, Ashok Saran. The company had its headquarters in Chennai , with the manufacturing plant also in Chennai. The company was engaged in the assembly and distribution of Austin A40 passenger cars in India.[ citation needed ]
In year 1954 Indian government gave approvals to Ashok Motors to manufacturer Leyland Comet trucks the generation range of cabover trucks from Leyland and they also received approvals to manufacture Tiger Cub lightweight bus also by Leyland. These were the first ever models of British Leyland manufactured in india. [12]
The collaboration ended in 1975 but the holding of British Leyland , which was then a major British vehicle conglomerate due to several mergers, agreed to assist in technology, which continued until the 1980s. After 1975, changes in management structures saw the company launch various vehicles in the Indian market, with many of these models continuing to this day with various upgrades.
Under Iveco and Hinduja partnership
Hinduja Group
In 2007, the Hinduja Group bought out Iveco's indirect stake in Ashok Leyland. [14] The promoter shareholding now stands at 51%. Today the company is the flagship of the Hinduja Group , a British-based and Indian originated trans-national conglomerate .
Ashok Leyland launched India's first electric bus and Euro 6 compliant truck in 2016. [15]
In June 2020, Ashok Leyland launched its new range of modular trucks, AVTR. [16] [17] [18]
In September 2020, Ashok Leyland launched the Bada Dost based on its indigenously developed LCV platform called Phoenix. [19] [20] [21] [22]
In 2024, Ashok Leyland entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Tamil Nadu government for a Rs 1,200 crore investment. [23] [24]
On 22 July 2024, Ashok Leyland unveiled its first ever 15-meter, multi-axle bus chassis, the Ashok Leyland Garud, at the M&HCV Expo held at BIEC, Bengaluru. [25]
Ashok Leyland will operate a plant for the manufacture of electric commercial vehicles in Uttar Pradesh. The plant will produce 2,500 vehicles a year, initially, and will gradually increase to 5,000 per year in the next decade. This facility will mainly produce electric buses. The plant will be launched in 2025. [26]
IIT Madras
Sun Mobility
CVRDE partnership
Iveco partnership
In the late 1980s Iveco investment and partnership resulted in Ashok Leyland launching the 'Cargo' range of trucks based on European Ford Cargo trucks. The Cargo entered production in 1994, at Ashok Leyland's new plant in Hosur . [33] These vehicles used Iveco engines and for the first time had factory-fitted cabs. Though the Cargo trucks are no longer in production and the use of Iveco engine was discontinued, the cab continues to be used on the Ecomet range of trucks as well as for several of Ashok Leyland's military vehicles.
The Cargo was originally introduced in 7 and 9 long tons (7,100 and 9,100 kg) versions; later, heavier-duty models from 15 to 26 long tons (15,200 to 26,400 kg) were progressively introduced. [34]
ETG Group
South Indian Bank
Ashok Leyland Titan Double Decker bus of BEST, Mumbai
Ashok Leyland City Transit Bus in Navi Mumbai
Ashok Leyland Inter-City Deluxe Bus operated by APSRTC
Ashok Leyland Tusker Twin Axle Lorry with custom built cabin, a regular sight on Indian highways
A 1980s-built short haul Ashok Leyland lorry in Tamil Nadu, still in operation
A Telangana State Road Transport Corporation TSRTC city bus in Hyderabad
Ashok Leyland Eagle 814 in Arica , Chile
Boss
Boss is an intermediate commercial vehicle launched by Ashok Leyland. It is available in the range of 11T to 18.5T. The presently available models are:
1115
1215
1315
1415
1920
Ecomet
1015
1115
1215
1415
1615
2820 6x2
2820 6x4
3520 8x2 (Single-Tire Lift Axle/Twin Steer)
3525 8x4
4220 10x2
4225 10x2
5225
5425
Bada Dost
The Dost is a 1.25 ton light commercial vehicle (LCV) that is the first product to be launched by the Indian-Japanese commercial vehicle joint venture Ashok Leyland Nissan Vehicles. Dost is powered by a 58 hp high-torque, 3-cylinder, turbo-charged common rail diesel engine and has a payload capacity of 1.25 tonnes. It is available in both BS3 and BS4 versions. The bodywork and some of the underpinnings relate to Nissan's C22 Vanette of the 1980s; this is most visible in the door design. The LCV is produced in Ashok Leyland's Hosur plant in Tamil Nadu. The LCV is available in three versions. With the launch of Dost Ashok Leyland has now entered the Light Commercial Vehicle segment in India [38] [39] [40] [41]
STiLE
Ashok Leyland STiLE light commercial vehicle
STiLE is a multi-purpose vehicle which was manufactured by Ashok Leyland. The vehicle was unveiled during the 2012 Auto Expo and was launched in July 2013. STiLE was marketed as a "multi-purpose vehicle" for use as a hotel shuttle, taxi , ambulance , and panel van , and in courier service. In May 2015, Ashok Leyland stopped production due to low demand. [42] [43] [44] [45]
Diesel Generators Ashok Leyland offers Diesel Generators manufactured with Ashok Leyland engines and Leypower alternators. Currently they manufacture 5 to 2250 kVA Silent DG Sets. [46]
Subsidiary ventures
Ashok Leyland Defence Systems
An Indian road-mobile launcher with a ballistic missile
Ashok Leyland's Stallion Kavach 4X4 Mine Protection Armoured Vehicle
Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS) is a newly floated company by the Hinduja Group. Ashok Leyland holds 26 percent in Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS). The company designs and develops defence logistics and tactical vehicles, defence communication and other systems. [48] Ashok Leyland is the largest supplier of logistics vehicles to the Indian Army. It has supplied over 60,000 of its Stallion vehicles, all manufactured at the Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ) . [49]
International operations and exports
A new Ashok Leyland 3518iL chassis unit for custom built cab and load body
Exports of commercial vehicles contribute to a seven percent share of Ashok Leyland's total revenues. [50]
The company has a presence in SAARC countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, and in the Middle East countries where it exports 3600–4000 units a year. [51] The company has an assembly unit, mainly for buses, in Ras Al Khaimah in UAE to cater to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states. [52] This unit currently assembles 4000 units, which the company plans to increase to 6000 units. [50]
Ashok Leyland exports medium and heavy commercial vehicles to Arab countries like Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Yemen; former Soviet Union countries like Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Nepal; the Philippines; Thailand and Malaysia. [52] Every year Ashok Leyland exports about 12000 trucks to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. [53]
On 11 June 2012, Ashok Leyland supplied 100 Falcon buses to Ghana for $7.6 million (about ₹420 million). [54] Ashok Leyland was awarded the first overseas order worth $6 million for its vestibule buses from Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC). [55]
Lanka Ashok Leyland
A Lanka Ashok Leyland bus in Sri Lanka in 2013
Lanka Ashok Leyland (LAL) in Sri Lanka was formed in 1982 and started its operations in 1983 as a joint venture between Lanka Leyland Ltd (a wholly owned company of the Government of Sri Lanka) and Ashok Leyland Ltd India. LAL imports commercial vehicles in both knock down kits and fully built, and carries out assembly operations, repair and service, and body building on chassis. [56]
In 2010 Ashok Leyland acquired a 26% stake in the British bus manufacturer Optare , [57] [58] a company that was originally based on the premises of a former British Leyland subsidiary Charles H Roe before moving to the new purpose-built factory in 2011 in Sherburn-in-Elmet . [59] In 2017, Ashok Leyland acquired a further 72.31% stake in Optare increasing its overall stake to 98.31%. [60]
Hybrid technology
Electric Technology
Euro VI Truck
In 2017, the company showcased iEGR (intelligent exhaust gas recirculation ) technology for its trucks and buses to meet BS-IV emission standards. The technology also promises other advantages like better fuel efficiency than BS-III trucks, and power transmission up to 400 HP. [66]
Ashok Leyland announced iBUS in the beginning of 2008, as part of the future for the country's increasingly traffic-clogged major cities. Its Rs 6-million iBus is a feature-filled, low-floor concept bus for the metros revealed during the Auto Expo 2008 in India. This low-floored iBus will have the first of its kind features, including anti-lock braking system, electronic engine management and passenger infotainment. The executive class has an airline-like ambiance with wide LCD screens, reading lights, audio speakers and, for the first time, Internet on the move. A GPS system enables vehicle tracking and display of dynamic route information on LCD screens, which can also support infotainment packages including live data and news. The bus will probably be equipped with an engine from the new Neptune family, which Ashok Leyland also introduced at this exhibition, which is ready for the BS4/Euro 4 emission regulations and can be upgraded to Euro 5. [67] Leyland's iBus has hybrid technology.
Awards and recognition
In 2019, the company was awarded the AON Best Employers for India award. [68]
In 2019, Ashok Leyland was ranked as 34th best brand in India by Interbrand. [69] [70]
See also
"Ashok Leyland Ltd" . Business Standard India. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
"About Us" . Ashok Leyland. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
"STiLE features" . Ashok Leyland website. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
"STiLE variants" . Ashok Leyland website. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
^ Ashok Leyland largest supplier of logistics vehicles to Indian Army. Over 60,000 Stallions.
Anand, N. (23 July 2016). "Ashok Leyland to focus on exports" . The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
"- mydigitalfc" . mydigitalfc.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
External links
| 314 |
37 | who inaugurated hosur 1 plant of ashok leyland | https://www.mappls.com/5s62s5 | What's New
Total area: m² ( sq yard )
Total distance:
Automotive Industries
4.0 (2)
4.0 (2)
Ask a Question
| 315 |
37 | who inaugurated hosur 1 plant of ashok leyland | https://www.trucksbuses.com/blog/ashok-leyland-celebrates-75-years-in-india-with-dream-drive | Ashok Leyland Celebrates 75 Years in India with Dream Drive
Ashok Leyland is one of India's leading automobile manufacturers, specialising in the production of commercial vehicles. Founded in 1948 as Ashok Motors by Raghunandan Saran, a visionary freedom fighter, Pandit Nehru's call for indigenous industrialization resulted in the birth of Ashok Motors. Ashok Leyland's inception dates back to 1948 when India was in the nascent stages of independence. The company initially focused on assembling and manufacturing passenger cars like Austin from the Englend. The name "Ashok" was a tribute to Saran's only son, symbolising a deeply personal connection to the venture. However, the turning point in the company's trajectory occurred in 1954 when Ashok Leyland was born, dedicated exclusively to the manufacturing of commercial vehicles. In 1954, recognizing the potential in the commercial vehicle segment, the company transformed into Ashok Leyland, dedicated solely to the production of trucks , buses , and small commercial vehicles .
Ashok Leyland Journey : 1948 to Present
Headquartered in Chennai, India, Ashok Leyland has played a significant role in shaping the country's automotive industry. Ashok Leyland Company has consistently been at the forefront of innovation and technological advancements in the commercial vehicle sector. It has established itself as a leader in various segments, including medium and heavy-duty trucks, buses, and defence vehicles. Ashok Leyland's products are known for their reliability, performance, and durability, making them a preferred choice for a wide range of applications, from transporting goods across long distances to providing public transportation solutions in urban areas. The company's vehicles are engineered to withstand the diverse and challenging road conditions of India and many other global markets.
Celebrating 75 Years of Excellence: Ashok Leyland's Spectacular 'Dream Drive' Odyssey
In a grand celebration of its momentous 75th anniversary, Ashok Leyland, the pioneering commercial vehicle manufacturer, has launched an exceptional endeavour titled the 'Dream Drive.' This extraordinary expedition, initiated from the heart of Bengaluru in the month of July, stands as a testament to the company's steadfast dedication to progress and resilience. The Ashok Leyland journey involves ten determined vehicles navigating diverse terrains, embarking on five unique routes that traverse iconic cities and pivotal dealerships across India, including the bustling streets of Mumbai, the serene expanses of Jammu, the vibrant hub of Kolkata, the picturesque landscapes of Dibrugarh, and the historic city of Alwar. Each route, including the one leading to Alwar, showcases a distinct facet of Ashok Leyland's remarkable journey. As Dream Drive continues its celebratory voyage, it affirms the company's unwavering connection with the nation, fostering engagement with its cherished network of dealerships and customers. More than just a journey, the Dream Drive encapsulates the spirit of renewal and dedication. Dheeraj Hinduja, the Executive Chairman of Ashok Leyland, envisions the Dream Drive as a pledge to shape the future of the commercial vehicle industry, thereby bolstering India's economic growth for generations to come.
Global Partnerships and Expanding Horizons
In its quest for growth and technological advancement, Ashok Leyland formed strategic partnerships on the global stage. A significant collaboration in 1986 with Japan's Hino Motors paved the way for the infusion of advanced engine technology. This marked the company's commitment to embracing international expertise and delivering world-class products to the Indian market. The partnership with IVECO from Italy further enriched Ashok Leyland's repertoire of practices and technology, positioning it as a global player. These global alliances enriched Ashok Leyland's technological capabilities and fostered a cross-cultural exchange of ideas and best practices. The company's ability to seamlessly integrate diverse technological inputs into its operations demonstrated its agility and adaptability, making it a force to be reckoned with in the international automotive landscape. By forging these partnerships, Ashok Leyland showcased its commitment to global competitiveness while remaining rooted in its Indian heritage.
Technological Marvels and Industry-Leading Innovations
Embark on a series of captivating road journeys that span India's diverse landscapes. Experience the swift four-day odyssey from Trichy to Mumbai, commencing on 17-07-2023 and reaching its destination on 21-07-2023, aboard the CBL15103D38003 vehicle. Conquer the majestic Himalayas in an awe-inspiring eight-day expedition from Coimbatore to Leh, with a flag-off on 26-07-2023 and a triumphant arrival on 26-07-2023, led by the resilient CDB1215SAROG01. Alternatively, immerse yourself in a 6-day adventure from Coimbatore to Dibrugarh, departing on 18-07-2023 and concluding on 24-07-2023, aboard the steadfast CDB1415SAROG01, as you traverse from Southern comfort to Eastern charms. For shorter yet equally memorable journeys, set forth on a one-day drift from Coimbatore to Kolkata, starting on 17-07-2023 and estimated to gracefully arrive on 18-07-2023, within the reliable confines of the CDP0914SAROG01. Lastly, embark on a quick one-day jaunt from Coimbatore to Bengaluru on 18-07-2023, guided by the nimble CHN4825SBROG01, savoring the essence of the Southern trail.
Embarking on Diverse Routes: Unveiling States Covered and Enchanting Destinations
Embark on a captivating journey across diverse terrains and states, each route promising a unique adventure. Traverse from Mumbai to Alwar on Route 1, covering the expanse of Maharashtra (MH), Madhya Pradesh (MP), Gujarat (GJ), and Rajasthan (RJ), revealing the rich tapestry of western India. On Route 2, embark from Leh to PNR, meandering through the enchanting landscapes of Himachal Pradesh (HP), Punjab (PB), Haryana (HR), and Uttar Pradesh (UP), offering an unforgettable passage through northern beauty. Route 3 unveils a passage from Kolkata to Hosur, spanning the vibrant states of West Bengal (WB), Odisha (OD), Andhra Pradesh (AP), and Telangana (TL), a journey that encapsulates the essence of the eastern and southern regions. Set forth on Route 4, an expedition from Bengaluru to Ennore, traversing the realms of Karnataka (KA), Kerala (KL), and finally Tamil Nadu (TN), a perfect blend of South Indian charm. Lastly, Route 5 beckons, journeying from Dibrugarh to Bhandara, unfolding through the states of Bihar (BH), Jharkhand (JH), Odisha (OD), and Chhattisgarh (CH), an exploration of the central and eastern corridors.
Technological Marvels and Industry-Leading Innovations
From its initial assembly of Austin cars, the company's evolution into the world of heavy vehicles reshaped India's automotive narrative. Innovations like the game-changing Comet truck and subsequent advancements in buses and trucks exemplify its indomitable spirit and technical prowess. This journey is a testament to Ashok Leyland's commitment, innovation, and rise to prominence as a global heavyweight in the commercial vehicle domain.
Highlights of Ashok Leyland Journey: 1948-Present
1948: The Beginnings with Austin Cars
Founded as Ashok Motors, the company commenced its journey by assembling and manufacturing Austin cars from England.
1954: Transition to Commercial Vehicles
Under the new identity of Ashok Leyland, the company shifted its focus exclusively towards the manufacturing of commercial vehicles in India.
1954: Introduction of the Comet
Ashok Leyland introduced the Comet, a rugged and fuel-efficient truck model that swiftly gained popularity in the Indian market.
1963: Venture into Bus Manufacturing
Innovation took the form of Comet buses, featuring passenger bodies built on truck chassis and introducing advanced full air brakes to India.
1966: Expansion to Higher Tonnage Vehicles
With the Ashok Leyland Beaver/Hippo range, the company entered the 10-30 tonne range segment, anticipating industry growth and diversification.
1967: Milestone of Two Decades
Celebrating 20 years of operations, Ashok Leyland achieved a remarkable feat with the introduction of Titan double-decker buses.
1969: Pioneering Power Steering
In a groundbreaking move, Ashok Leyland introduced power steering for commercial vehicles in India, setting a new industry standard.
1970: Manufacturing for the Armed Forces
Catering to defense requirements, Ashok Leyland designed the 6x4 Hippo Tipper for the Armed Forces, expanding its manufacturing prowess.
1974: Crossing the 10,000 Vehicles Mark
A significant milestone was reached as Ashok Leyland's production crossed the 10,000 vehicles mark, reflecting its growing influence.
1975: Transition from British Leyland
Independence beckoned as Ashok Leyland's collaboration with British Leyland concluded, paving the way for its independent journey.
1978: Elegant Viking and Cheetah
Introducing the Ashok Leyland Viking (front entry) and Cheetah (rear-engine) buses, the company showcased its innovative and elegant bus designs.
1980: Hosur 1 Plant Establishment
With the establishment of the Hosur 1 manufacturing plant, Ashok Leyland expanded its manufacturing capabilities, complementing its Ennore facility.
1982: Broadening Manufacturing Base
Initiatives: Ashok Leyland expanded its manufacturing footprint in 1982 by establishing the Bhandara plant for gearbox assembly and the Alwar unit dedicated to passenger chassis production.
1986: Collaboration with Hino Motors
Partnership: Ashok Leyland entered a pivotal collaboration with Hino Motors in 1986, particularly focused on the H-series engines.
Achievement: This collaboration bore fruit as Ashok Leyland successfully developed indigenous versions of the H-series engines, a remarkable achievement in its pursuit of cutting-edge technology.
1987: Hinduja Group Takes Over
Transition: In 1987, the Hinduja Group, in partnership with IVECO, acquired the overseas holding of Ashok Leyland, solidifying its position as the group's flagship company, setting the stage for its ascent to greater prominence.
1990: Vellivoyalchavadi Plant Setup
1994: Cargo Trucks Production
Initiative: In 1994, Ashok Leyland ventured into cargo truck production, incorporating IVECO technology.
Significance: This marked the introduction of factory-fitted cabs and indigenous versions of IVECO engines, showcasing Ashok Leyland's engineering expertise.
1996: Hosur 2 Plant for Army Vehicles
Plant: The establishment of the Hosur 2 plant in 1996 was a strategic move to cater specifically to the manufacturing of Army vehicles, underscoring Ashok Leyland's contribution to defense mobility.
1998: Celebrating Golden Jubilee
Milestone: Ashok Leyland celebrated a significant milestone in 1998, marking 50 years of its impactful operations that have shaped India's automotive landscape.
2005: Multi Axle Vehicle Drive
Achievement: Ashok Leyland achieved a notable feat in 2005 with the rollout of the 'H' series multi-axle vehicle, reinforcing its commitment to innovation and superior engineering.
Collaboration: The company also unveiled co-branded oils in collaboration with Gulf Oil, reflecting its holistic approach to vehicular performance.
2010: The Entry into Small Commercial Vehicles
Model: In 2010, Ashok Leyland made a significant entry into the small commercial vehicle segment with the Ashok Leyland DOST, created in collaboration with Nissan Motor. Highlight: This marked a strategic diversification and expansion of Ashok Leyland's product portfolio, opening new avenues for growth and market presence.
2012: Diversifying into Light Commercial Range
In a strategic move, Ashok Leyland introduced models like the MiTR bus and PARTNER truck, expanding their Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) offerings. This marked a decisive step in strengthening their presence within the LCV market segment.
2014: Revolutionising Bus Design
Ashok Leyland revolutionised bus design with the JanBus, incorporating a fully-flat floor, single-step entry, and air suspension. This innovation underscored their commitment to customer-centric and innovative designs in the bus manufacturing industry.
2016: Pioneering Electric Mobility
Breaking new ground, Ashok Leyland launched the Circuit series, India's first electric bus, marking a significant contribution to the company's commitment to electric mobility solutions.
2017: Transforming the Trucking Landscape
With the introduction of models like the GURU truck and the Next-gen PARTNER truck, Ashok Leyland aimed to revolutionise the trucking industry through advanced and efficient models.
2018: Expanding the LCV Portfolio
Continuing their focus on Light Commercial Vehicles, Ashok Leyland expanded its portfolio with models such as BADA DOST, BOSS LE, and BOSS LX trucks, catering to diverse customer needs.
2021: Innovations and Breakthroughs
This year witnessed remarkable accomplishments, including the introduction of the Falcon Super and Gazl smart transport solutions in Oman, India's first 4-axle truck with 40.5-ton GVW, and the Ashok Leyland Ecomet STAR in the ICV category. The company also introduced Ultra Low Floor CNG BS VI buses, a notable achievement delivered to IndiGo.
2022: Advancements and Expansions
Ashok Leyland continued to lead with innovations, unveiling the AVTR 4825 10x2 Tipper with Tandem dummy axle and India's first 9-speed AMT Tipper, the AVTR 2825. Additionally, strategic moves included the establishment of new dealerships and bolstering their presence in regions like Southern Africa.
2023: Fuel powered vehicles and counting...
Expo launches: Ashok Leyland has launched seven new alternative fuel-powered commercial vehicles at the Auto Expo 2023. Among the vehicles on display is the BOSS Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), a Fuel Cell Electric Truck which uses hydrogen for power and a dual-fuel Liquefied Natural Gas and CNG vehicle. Ashok Leyland has also showcased a hydrogen fuel cell-powered truck at Auto Expo 2023.
New strategy: The new vehicles are part of the company’s plans to expand its presence in the growing alternative fuel segment.
Ashok Leyland: Milestones and Achievements
Ashok Leyland, a name synonymous with excellence in the automotive industry, has achieved remarkable milestones over the years, cementing its position as a leader in the commercial vehicle sector. Here are some of its notable achievements:
1. Diversification into Light Commercial Range (2012): Ashok Leyland expanded its offerings with models like the MiTR bus and PARTNER truck, solidifying its presence in the Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) segment.
2. Revolutionising Bus Design (2014): The introduction of the Ashok Leyland JanBus marked a revolutionary shift in bus design, featuring a fully-flat floor, single-step entry, and air suspension. This innovation showcased the company's commitment to customer-centric and innovative designs.
3. Pioneering Electric Mobility (2016): Ashok Leyland made history by launching the Circuit series, India's first electric bus. This milestone underscored the company's dedication to sustainable and environmentally friendly mobility solutions.
4. Transforming the Trucking Landscape (2017): Ashok Leyland's strategic move to introduce models like the GURU truck and the Next-gen PARTNER truck aimed at revolutionising the trucking industry with advanced and efficient vehicles.
5. Expanding the LCV Portfolio (2018): The company continued to diversify its Light Commercial Vehicle portfolio with models such as BADA DOST, BOSS LE, and BOSS LX trucks, catering to a wide range of customer needs.
6. Innovations and Breakthroughs (2021): Ashok Leyland introduced game-changing solutions like the Falcon Super and Gazl smart transport in Oman. The company also achieved milestones with the introduction of India's first 4-axle truck with 40.5-ton GVW, the AVTR 4120, and the Ashok Leyland Ecomet STAR in the ICV category. The delivery of Ultra Low Floor CNG BS VI buses to IndiGo further showcased their commitment to innovation.
7. Advancements and Expansions (2022): Ashok Leyland's commitment to technological progress continued with the launch of the AVTR 4825 10x2 Tipper with Tandem dummy axle and India's first 9-speed AMT Tipper, the AVTR 2825. The company's strategic moves included establishing new dealerships and expanding its presence in regions like Southern Africa.
These achievements reflect Ashok Leyland's unwavering dedication to engineering excellence, innovation, and sustainable mobility solutions, as the company continues to pave the way for the future of transportation.
Ashok Leyland's Evolution in the EV Segment: A Journey from 1948 to Present
From its inception in 1948 as Ashok Motors, Ashok Leyland journey in the automotive landscape has been nothing short of transformative. As the industry pivoted towards sustainability and electric mobility, the company's commitment remained resolute. Over the years, Ashok Leyland has emerged as a pioneering force in the electric vehicle (EV) segment. Its journey from conventional vehicles to eco-friendly solutions stands as a testament to its progressive outlook.
In 2023, this commitment was further highlighted through a strategic collaboration with Switch Mobility. This partnership showcased Ashok Leyland's dedication to pushing the boundaries of electric mobility, with an eye on creating sustainable and efficient transport solutions. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, Ashok Leyland journey in the EV segment reflects a remarkable transition from its roots in 1948 to its role as a trailblazer in shaping a greener and cleaner future for transportation.
Driving Green Innovation: Ashok Leyland's Collaboration with Switch Mobility in 2023
In 2023, Ashok Leyland's trajectory in the electric vehicle (EV) landscape took a significant leap with its collaboration with Switch Mobility. This strategic partnership underscored Ashok Leyland's commitment to fostering innovation, sustainability, and efficiency in the transport sector. By joining forces with Switch Mobility, the company demonstrated its proactive approach to creating eco-friendly solutions that address the evolving needs of the modern world. This collaboration not only marked a pivotal moment in Ashok Leyland journey but also solidified its position as a forward-thinking industry leader, poised to drive the transition towards a cleaner and greener transportation ecosystem.
Conclusion: A Legacy of Excellence and Innovation
The 75-year journey of Ashok Leyland epitomizes a saga of innovation, resilience, and visionary leadership. From its humble beginnings as an assembler of Austin cars, the company transformed into a global heavyweight in the commercial vehicle sector. Ashok Leyland's legacy is one of pushing boundaries, setting benchmarks, and striving for excellence in every aspect. Through strategic partnerships, technological innovations, and a steadfast commitment to customer satisfaction, the company has carved an indelible mark in the Indian and global automotive landscape. As the company continues its path of growth, its journey remains an inspiration, reminding the world of the power of vision, adaptability, and a relentless pursuit of innovation.
Recent Posts
| 316 |
37 | who inaugurated hosur 1 plant of ashok leyland | https://www.ashokleyland.com/aboutus | USD 4.5 Billion
A US $ 4.5 billion company, that has a 75 year legacy, and a footprint that extends across 50 countries, Ashok Leyland is one of the most fully integrated manufacturing companies this side of the globe
2nd Largest
Ashok Leyland, flagship of the Hinduja group, is the 2nd largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in India, the 4th largest manufacturer of buses in the world, and the 19th largest manufacturers of trucks
50+ countries
With the largest fleet of logistics vehicles deployed in the Indian Army and significant partnerships with armed forces across the globe, Ashok Leyland vehicles for Defence and Special applications helps keep borders secure
Ashok Leyland, flagship of the Hinduja group, is the 2nd largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in India, the 4th largest manufacturer of buses in the world, and the 19th largest manufacturers of trucks. Headquartered in Chennai, 9 manufacturing plants gives an international footprint – 7 in India, a bus manufacturing facility in Ras Al Khaimah (UAE), one at Leeds, United Kingdom and a joint venture with the Alteams Group for the manufacture of high-press die-casting extruded aluminium components for the automotive and telecommunications sectors, Ashok Leyland has a well-diversified portfolio across the automobile industry. Ashok Leyland has recently been ranked as 34th best brand in India. We are also an ISO 27001:2022 certified company.
Pioneers in the Commercial Vehicle (CV) space, many product concepts have become industry benchmarks and norms. Ashok Leyland has ISO/TS 16949 Corporate Certification and is also the first CV manufacturer in India to receive the OBD-II (on board diagnostic) certification for BS IV-compliant commercial vehicle engines, SCR (selective catalytic reduction), iEGR (intelligent exhaust gas recirculation) and CNG technologies. Ashok Leyland is the first truck and bus manufacturer outside of Japan to win the Deming prize for its Pantnagar plant in 2016 and the Hosur Unit II has been awarded the Deming Prize in 2017. Driven by innovative products suitable for a wide range of applications and an excellent understanding of the customers and local market conditions, Ashok Leyland has been at the forefront of the commercial vehicle industry for decades.
With the largest fleet of logistics vehicles deployed in the Indian Army and significant partnerships with armed forces across the globe, Ashok Leyland vehicles for Defence and Special applications helps keep borders secure. The Ashok Leyland product portfolio also has diesel engines for industrial, genset and marine applications.
In the commercial vehicle industry, Ashok Leyland has one of the largest and fastest-growing networks with 52863 touch points that includes 1748 exclusive touch points and 11,207 outlets for Leyparts. The company now has a service centre every 75 kilometres on all major highways, allowing it to keep its “Ashok Leyland Quick Response” promise of reaching customers within 4 hours and getting them back on the road in 48 hours.” With technology-enabled customer engagement processes and knowledge on the specific applications of the product range, Ashok Leyland sales team are well equipped to fulfil customer’s needs
History of Ashok Leyland
| 317 |
38 | who played in the hunchback of notre dame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film) | The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)
63 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American animated musical drama film
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Running time
91 minutes
In 1993, David Stainton , then a development executive at Disney Feature Animation, conceived the idea to adapt Victor Hugo's Gothic fiction novel into an animated feature. He subsequently pitched the idea to then-Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg . At Katzenberg's request, Trousdale, Wise, and Hahn joined the project in 1993. Murphy wrote the first draft of the script, and Mecchi and Roberts, who had rewritten the script for The Lion King (1994), were soon brought in. Additional rewrites were provided by Tzudiker and White. That same year, the production team embarked on a research trip to Paris to study the Notre-Dame cathedral and additional locations for the film. [4] The musical score was composed by Alan Menken , with songs written by Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz .
The Hunchback of Notre Dame premiered at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans on June 19, 1996, and was released in the United States on June 21. It is considered different from Disney's other films due to its mature themes such as infanticide , lust , antiziganism , and genocide , despite the changes made from the original source material in order to ensure a G rating from the MPAA . [5] The film received generally positive reviews and was a commercial success, grossing over $325 million worldwide and becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 1996 . It was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for its musical score. A stage adaptation of the film was produced by Walt Disney Theatrical in 1999. A direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II , was released in 2002.
Plot
The eastern view of the Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris , France.
Clopin , a Roma puppeteer, narrates the story of a mysterious bell-ringer to a group of children.
A group of Roma immigrating to Paris are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo , Paris' Minister of Justice, and his soldiers. One woman attempts to flee with her baby, reaching the doors of Notre Dame pleading for sanctuary . Frollo chases her down and knocks her onto the cathedral's steps, where she fractures her skull and dies. Seeing her baby's deformed appearance, Frollo believes it to be a demon and tries drowning the child but is thwarted by the archdeacon , who scolds Frollo for murdering an innocent woman. Afraid for his soul, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the child as his own, naming him " Quasimodo " (meaning 'half-formed') and hiding him away in the cathedral's bell tower .
Twenty years later, Quasimodo has grown into a kind yet isolated young man, now with a pronounced hunchback caused by kyphosis . He is also incredibly strong, due to years of ringing Notre Dame's heavy bells. He has lived his entire life in the cathedral with his only company being a trio of living stone gargoyles Victor, Hugo, and Laverne. The gargoyles encourage him to attend the annual Festival of Fools , despite Frollo's warnings that he would be shunned for his appearance. Quasimodo attends and is celebrated for his appearance but then, prompted by Frollo's guards, is humiliated by the crowd. Frollo refuses Quasimodo's pleas for help, but he is rescued by Esmeralda , a kind Roma who stands up to Frollo for his tyranny. Intending to commit genocide against Roma people living in Paris, Frollo orders Esmeralda's arrest, but she escapes using a magic trick .
Quasimodo retreats back into the cathedral, followed by Esmeralda and Captain Phoebus of Frollo's guard. Phoebus refuses to arrest her for witchcraft inside Notre Dame and instead tells Frollo that she has claimed asylum . Esmeralda finds and befriends Quasimodo, who helps her escape Notre Dame out of gratitude for defending him. She entrusts Quasimodo with a pendant containing a map to the Roma hideout called the Court of Miracles . Frollo develops an obsessive lust for Esmeralda and, upon realizing this, begs the Virgin Mary to save him from her " spell " and avoid eternal damnation .
When Frollo discovers Esmeralda's escape, he searches for her, bribing and arresting Travellers/Roma and setting fire to houses while trying to find her. Phoebus defies Frollo when ordered to burn down a house with a family inside and Frollo orders him executed. Phoebus flees but is struck by an arrow and falls into the River Seine , where he is found by Esmeralda and taken to Notre Dame for refuge. The gargoyles encourage Quasimodo to confess his feelings for Esmeralda, but he is heartbroken to discover she and Phoebus have fallen in love. Realizing that Quasimodo helped Esmeralda escape, Frollo tells him he knows about the Court of Miracles and plans to attack it at dawn. Using the map Esmeralda gave him, Quasimodo and Phoebus find the court to warn the Roma, only for Frollo to follow them and capture all the Roma present.
When Esmeralda again rejects Frollo's advances, he attempts to burn her at the stake at Place du Parvis , but Quasimodo swoops down and carries her to the cathedral tower, crying "Sanctuary!" from the ledge. When Frollo attempts to seize the cathedral, Phoebus releases the Roma and rallies the Paris citizens against Frollo's guards. Quasimodo and the gargoyles pour molten lead onto the streets to prevent anyone entering, but Frollo himself manages to break into the cathedral beforehand. Violating the tradition of sanctuary, he pursues Quasimodo and Esmeralda to the bell tower with the intent of killing them both. He and Quasimodo fight, eventually both falling from a ledge. Frollo plummets to his death in the molten lead while Quasimodo is saved by Phoebus. Afterwards, Quasimodo accepts Phoebus and Esmeralda's love, and he gives them his blessing. They encourage him to leave the cathedral; when he does so, the people of Paris hail him as a hero.
Voice cast
Demi Moore as Esmeralda (singing voice by Heidi Mollenhauer), a young Romani woman (referred to as a " Gypsy " by many), who dwells within the streets of Paris.
Tony Jay as Judge Claude Frollo , a powerful Parisian justice minister , who, after a series of sensitive circumstances, becomes the begrudged caretaker of the deformed Quasimodo.
Kevin Kline as Captain Phoebus , a gallant war veteran summoned by Judge Claude Frollo to assist in the eradication of Paris' Romani community.
Paul Kandel as Clopin , the leader of the Romani people residing in Paris and is exceedingly protective of their headquarters, the Court of Miracles. He also serves as the narrator of the film, telling the film's events to a group of children at the beginning.
Jason Alexander , Charles Kimbrough , and Mary Wickes as Hugo, Victor, and Laverne respectively, a trio of sentient gargoyles belonging to Notre Dame. This was Wickes' final acting performance as she died a year before its release, at age 85. Jane Withers provided Laverne's remaining dialogue for the film.
Production
Development
The idea to adapt The Hunchback of Notre Dame came from development executive David Stainton in 1993, who was inspired to turn Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame into an animated feature film after reading the Classics Illustrated comic book adaptation. [6] Stainton then proposed the idea to then-studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg . After the release of Beauty and the Beast (1991), Gary Trousdale had taken a sabbatical break from directing, instead spending several months developing storyboards for The Lion King (1994). [7] Following this, Trousdale and his directing and writing partner Kirk Wise subsequently developed an animated feature based on the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice titled A Song of the Sea, adapting it to make the central character a humpback whale and setting it in the open ocean. [8] [9] While they were working on the project they were summoned to meet with Katzenberg. "During that time," explained Trousdale, "while we working on it, we got a call from Jeffrey. He said, 'Guys, drop everything – you're working on Hunchback now.'" [10] According to Wise, they believed that it had "a great deal of potential... great memorable characters, a really terrific setting, the potential for fantastic visuals, and a lot of emotion." [11]
Production on The Hunchback of Notre Dame began in the summer of 1993. [12] In October 1993, directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, art director David Goetz, Roy Conli , Ed Ghertner, Will Finn , Alan Menken, and Stephen Schwartz took a trip to Paris for ten days; three days were devoted to exploring the Notre Dame cathedral where the team took photographs and sketched areas of the religious site, included passageways, stairwells, towers, and a hidden room. [13] The team also located books that documented the cathedral's restricted areas, including one about Victor Hugo's watercolor paintings. Goetz stated, "It turned out that his paintings were very similar in tone to what we were coming with for our early visual development work ... We were a little tentative because it seemed like an un-Disney thing. Then we went to Paris and saw the Hugo paintings and the work of other illustrators of the time. We felt they were so similar that we were really on a track that was appropriate ... We thought, heck, let's go with it." [4] The team also visited the Palace of Justice and an original location of the Court of Miracles . [13]
Writing
"We knew it would be a challenge to stay true to the material while still giving it the requisite amount of fantasy and fun most people would expect from a Disney animated feature. We were not going to end it the way the book ended, with everybody dead."
Tab Murphy was brought on board to write the screenplay, and it was decided early on that Quasimodo would be the center of the story, as he was in preceding live-action film adaptations. In the early drafts, Quasimodo served as a Cyrano between Phoebus and Esmeralda, but it was discarded to focus more on Quasimodo. [15] Meanwhile, a love story between Quasimodo and Esmeralda was also conceived, according to Murphy, but "we decided to make Phoebus more heroic and central to the story. Out of that decision grew the idea of some sort of a triangle between Quasimodo, Esmeralda and Phoebus." [16] Some of the novel's key characters were jettisoned entirely. The gargoyles of Notre Dame were added to the story by Trousdale and Wise. Their portrayal as comedic friends and confidantes of Quasimodo was inspired by a portion of the novel, which reads: "The other statues, the ones of monsters and demons, felt no hatred for Quasimodo…The saints were his friends and blessed him; the monsters were his friends, and protected him. Thus he would pour out his heart at length to them." [17] [18]
One of the first changes made to accommodate Disney's request was to turn the villainous Claude Frollo into a judge rather than an archdeacon, thus avoiding religious sensibilities in the finished film. [19] "As we were exploring the characters, especially Frollo, we certainly found a lot of historical parallels to the type of mania he had: the Confederate South , Nazi Germany , take your pick," explained Wise. "Those things influenced our thinking." [16] Producer Don Hahn evaluated that one inspiration for Frollo was found in Ralph Fiennes 's performance as Amon Goeth in Schindler's List (1993), who had murdered Jews yet lusted after his Jewish maid. [14]
For the opening sequence, Disney story veteran Burny Mattinson constructed an effective sequence that covered much exposition, although Katzenberg felt something was missing. Following Stephen Schwartz's suggestion to musicalize the sequence, French animators Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi storyboarded the sequence to Menken and Schwartz's music resulting in "The Bells of Notre Dame". [20] Lyricist Stephen Schwartz also worked closely with the writing team even suggesting that the audience should be left wondering what the outcome of what Phoebus would do before he extinguishes the torch in water in retaliation against Frollo. [21]
Casting
In late 1993, pop singer Cyndi Lauper was the first actor cast during the film's initial stages. She had been hired one week after reading for a part with the directors, who felt her performance was "hilarious and sweet". Thinking she had been cast as Esmeralda, Lauper was startled to learn she was to voice a gargoyle named Quinn. [22] [23] The development team had come up with the names of Chaney, Laughton and Quinn—named after the actors who portrayed Quasimodo in preceding Hunchback film adaptations. However, Disney's legal department objected to the proposed names of the gargoyles, fearing that the estates of Lon Chaney , Charles Laughton , or Anthony Quinn (who was still alive at the time) would file a lawsuit over the unauthorized use of their names, so the idea was dropped. [22] Trousdale and Wise then suggested naming the characters Lon, Charles, and Anthony, which would have resulted in the same legal concern. Instead, they would name the first two gargoyles after Victor Hugo, and the third gargoyle after Andrews Sisters singer LaVerne Andrews as suggested by Wise. [22]
Now cast as Laverne, Lauper was deemed too youthful for a friend who would provide wise counsel to Quasimodo. At the same time, Sam McMurray —best known for his work on The Tracey Ullman Show —was hired for Hugo. Meanwhile, Charles Kimbrough was cast as Victor, who was initially unimpressed at an animated adaptation of Hunchback, but later became rather impressed at the level of research that went into the film and how the story ideas transitioned from the novel to the screen. [24] After several recording sessions and test screenings, Lauper and McMurray were called by the directors who released them from their roles. [22] At one point, Jeffrey Katzenberg had considered Arsenio Hall , David Letterman , and Jay Leno to voice the gargoyles, [23] but he eventually cast Jason Alexander , due to his previous role in The Return of Jafar (1994). After a suggestion by supervising animator Will Finn , [23] Laverne was then re-envisioned into a wiser, mature character with Mary Wickes cast in the role. [22] Following Wickes' death in October 1995, [25] Jane Withers was hired to voice her six remaining lines. [14] [26]
Animation work on The Hunchback of Notre Dame was partially done at 1400 Air Way in Glendale, California , which was one of several headquarters for Walt Disney Feature Animation.
Katzenberg had also wanted Meat Loaf for the role of Quasimodo, but he passed on the role after Disney could not come to an agreement with his record company. [23] Mandy Patinkin was also approached for the title role, but his style of portraying Quasimodo collided with the producers' demands, and Patinkin stated, "'I [was] just there at the audition [and I] said, 'I can't do this.'" [27] Tom Hulce was cast as Quasimodo following his first audition for the role, and according to the actor, he noticed during the audition that the Disney executives, producers, and directors "were staring at the floor. It looked like everyone was at a memorial service" until he noticed the floor was lined with storyboard sketches. According to Wise, the filmmakers "like to audition the voices with our eyes closed, so we see the character's face." [28] Quasimodo was originally portrayed as older and with more of a speech impediment during the early rehearsals, but Hulce commented that "we experimented, endlessly. At one point I was ready to call in and say 'Things just aren't happening'." [29] Ultimately, the directors desired to portray Quasimodo with a younger voice different from the previous portrayals since "[Victor] Hugo described Quasimodo as 20." [10] Additionally, Hulce was permitted to do his own singing after performing a demo recording of " Out There ". [30]
Due to her deeper voice than actresses who had previously played Disney heroines, [31] Demi Moore was cast as Esmeralda, and met with Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz on singing. After several singing demos, the actress said, "You'd better get someone else," according to Schwartz. New York City cabaret singer Heidi Mollenhauer was selected to provide the singing voice. [32] For the role of Phoebus, co-director Kirk Wise explained that "As we're designing the characters, we form a short list of names...to help us find the personality of the character." Subsequently, the filmmakers modeled his portrayal on the personalities of Errol Flynn and John Wayne , and "One of the names on the top of the list all the time was Kevin Kline ." [10] Moore and Kline were the only actors to have the role directly offered to them instead of auditioning. [23] British actor Tony Jay , who declared his role as Frollo as his "bid for immortality", [33] was cast after the directors had worked with him in Beauty and the Beast (1991). [31] Anthony Hopkins was originally considered for the role, but he turned down the offer. [23] After watching his portrayal as Uncle Ernie in the musical The Who's Tommy , Broadway actor Paul Kandel was selected to voice Clopin. [31]
Animation
Alongside Pocahontas (1995), storyboard work on The Hunchback of the Notre Dame was among the first to be produced for an animated film on the new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the main Disney lot in Burbank, which was dedicated in 1995. [11] [34] However, most animators were occupied with The Lion King (1994) and Pocahontas (1995) at the time, and as a result, more animators were hired from Canada and United Kingdom to join the production team for the film. [35] As the development phase furthered along, most of the entire animation team moved out into a large warehouse facility on Airway in Glendale, California . As the Disney story artists, layout crew, and animators moved in their new quarters, they decided to name the building "Sanctuary". [36]
Since Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), other animators hired by Disney Feature Animation were from Germany , France , Ireland , and additional ones from Canada were involved in providing animation duties at the recently opened satellite studio, Walt Disney Animation Paris . [20] Supervised by coproducer Roy Conli , [37] 20 percent of the film was done there. [38] To coordinate with the Burbank studio, the Brizzis traveled there with storyboards and conferred with the directors, animators, and layout team. Back in Paris, they discuss their animation dailies via video conferences provided by Compression Lab Industries' (CLI) video system. [39] Meanwhile, at the Feature Animation Florida studio, which had been working on Mulan (1998), their first in-house production, at least seven animators penned about four minutes of screen time, which mostly involved Frollo and Quasimodo. The studio had also provided additional layout, cleanup, and special-effects animation. [40]
During early development, Trousdale and Wise realized they needed crowds of people, but for this time, they wanted them to move as opposed to being traditionally drawn as painted backdrops. Recalling the wildebeest stampede in The Lion King (1994), they landed on the idea of using computer animation to generate them. For that reason, the CGI department, headed by Kiran Joshi, created the software Crowd to achieve large-scale crowd scenes, [41] particularly for the Feast of Fools sequence and the film's climax. The software was used to create six types of characters—males and females either average in weight, fat, or thin—which were programmed and assigned 72 specific movements ranging from jumping and clapping. [42] Digital technology also provided a visual sweep that freed Quasimodo to scamper around the cathedral and soar around the plaza to rescue Esmeralda. [16]
Editing
Although the film did deviate from the source material's darker elements to receive a G rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), it initially received a PG rating after being submitted to the rating board. The reasons were a scene in which Frollo sniffs Esmeralda's hair and Frollo saying the word "sin" in the song " Hellfire ". Hahn suggested toning down the sniffing sound effect and making the word less obvious by turning up the background sound effects. In turn, this resulted in the film receiving a G rating after its resubmission. [5]
Music
Having worked on Pocahontas (1995) for a year, Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz were offered multiple film projects to collaborate on when they chose to work on The Hunchback of Notre Dame. According to Schwartz, they had both been attracted to underlying themes of social outcast and Quasimodo's struggle to break free of the psychological abuse of Frollo. [43]
The film has many musical motifs that carry throughout the film, weaving their way in and out of various pieces of music, and having varying timbres depending on the action in the story at that point. The film's soundtrack includes a musical score composed by Menken, and songs written by him and Stephen Schwartz . The film's songs include " The Bells of Notre Dame " for Clopin, Frollo, and the Archdeacon, " Out There " for Quasimodo and Frollo, " Topsy Turvy " for Clopin, " God Help the Outcasts " for Esmeralda, "Heaven's Light" for Quasimodo, " Hellfire " for the Archdeacon and Frollo, " A Guy Like You " for the gargoyles, and "The Court of Miracles" for Clopin and the other Roma.
Three songs written for the film were discarded for the storyboarding process. Trousdale and Wise were not certain what musical number could be placed for the third act, though Menken and Schwartz conceived two love songs, "In a Place of Miracles" and "As Long as There's a Moon", between Esmeralda and Phoebus in the film. However, Trousdale and Wise felt the song took too much focus off of Quasimodo, [44] and ultimately decided to have Clopin sing about sentencing Phoebus and Quasimodo to death for finding their Roma sanctuary. [45] Menken and Schwartz had also written " Someday " originally for the film, but the directors suggested that a religious song be sung in the cathedral. The song was instead featured in the end credits. [46] R&B group All-4-One recorded the song for the end credits of the North American English release, [47] and by the British R&B girl group Eternal in the British English version. Luis Miguel recorded the version for the Latin American Spanish version, which became a major hit.
Themes and interpretations
The Hunchback of Notre Dame's thematic concerns include infanticide , lust , damnation , and sin , [48] as well as the belief in a loving, forgiving God . According to Mark Pinsky, it is also a " condemnation of abortion , euthanasia , and racism , and [a] moral resistance to genocide ." [49]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame was the first—and currently only—Disney animated feature to have a major focus on traditional religious faith; in this case, pre- Reformation Catholicism . In fact, the words "God," "Lord", and "Hell" are uttered more times in this film than in any other produced by Disney.[ citation needed ] The book The Gospel According to Disney explains that "it is the church... that interposes, or attempts to interpose itself between the villain and his evil intentions." During production, the studio executives expressed concerns about various aspects of the film, especially those relating to the religious content in the story, "for their failure to defend the poor and the powerless" and concerns that the story was "too controversial". [49] Another book Deconstructing Disney notes that the studio "approached the name of God with an almost Hebraic zeal (that it should never be stated) yet here it is invoked in a manner both pious and puritan." Many of the songs were adapted from genuine Latin prayers and chants, such as "Hellfire", which uses the Tridentine form of the Confiteor as a counterpoint melody. The Gospel According to Disney includes a quote that says "religion... appears as an impotent, irrelevant caricature [and] Disney refuses to admit a serious role for religion." At one point, the archdeacon says to Esmeralda, "You can't right all the wrongs of this world by yourself... perhaps there is someone in here who can," referring either to God or Mary. This questions the power religious people actually have in making the world a moral and happy place, according to Pinsky. [49]
The Gospel According to Disney explains that "while Frollo's stated goal is to purge the world of vice and sin, according to the opening song, he 'saw corruption everywhere except within.'" Because "killing the woman on the steps has put Frollo's soul in mortal danger," he has to take the child and look after him as penance. Even then, he absolves himself of agency in the murder by claiming "God works in mysterious ways," and ponders whether "the child may be of use to him one day." During the song "God Help the Outcasts", Esmeralda wonders if "Were you once an outcast too?" while looking at a statue of Mary with the infant Jesus, referencing the Flight into Egypt . [49]
According to the film's production notes, Quasimodo is "symbolically viewed as being an angel in a devil's body." He is "trapped between heaven above [and] the gritty streets of urban Paris viewed as Hell." The version of the alphabet Quasimodo recites in a daily ritual reflects Frollo's view of the world – full of abominations and blasphemy. He is also constantly called deformed, ugly, a monster, and an outcast who would be hated if he ever left the confines of the church. [49]
Release
In 1994, the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1995 release, [50] [51] though the film was reportedly delayed following the departure of Katzenberg from The Walt Disney Company . [52] By January 1995, it was later pushed back to a summer 1996 release. [53] [54] The film premiered on June 19, 1996, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, where it was played on six enormous screens. The premiere was preceded by a parade through the French Quarter , beginning at Jackson Square and utilizing floats and cast members from Walt Disney World . [55] The film was widely released two days later.
Marketing
As part of the promotion of the film, Walt Disney Records shipped two million products, including sing-along home videos, soundtrack CDs, and the "My First Read Along" novelized version of the film.[ citation needed ] Upon release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame was accompanied by a marketing campaign of more than $40 million with commercial tie-ins with Burger King , Payless Shoes , Nestlé , and Mattel . [56] By 1997, Disney earned approximately $500 million in profit with the spin-off products based from the film. [57] [58]
Home media
The Hunchback of Notre Dame was first released on VHS , standard CLV LaserDisc , and special edition CAV LaserDisc on March 4, 1997, under the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection label. By mid-1998, the operating income of the VHS release had accumulated to $200 million. [59] [60] It was originally planned for a DVD release in December 2000 as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection, [61] but instead, it was re-issued on March 19, 2002, as a special edition along with its direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002).
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Hunchback of Notre Dame on Blu-ray alongside its sequel in a Special Edition "2-Movie Collection" on March 12, 2013. [62]
Reception
Box office
The Hunchback of Notre Dame grossed $21.3 million during its opening weekend, ranking in second place at the box office behind Arnold Schwarzenegger 's Eraser . [63] At the time, both Warner Bros. and Disney already had big summer hits with Twister and The Rock respectively. [64] In a new box office strategy, Disney also included ticket sales which were sold from Disney Stores nationwide, which added about $1 million to the box office numbers. [64] However, the film had earned slightly less when compared to Pocahontas, which had grossed $29 million the year previous. Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook defended the results claiming it was comparable to Beauty and the Beast (1991), which opened in half as many theaters, and grossed about $9 million. [64] In its second weekend, The Hunchback of Notre Dame dropped into third place behind The Nutty Professor and Eraser, but stayed above Striptease and made a total $14.3 million. [65]
In France, the film collected an opening gross of $6.5 million within its first five days of release, which was the country's third-highest opening of 1996, after Mission: Impossible and Independence Day . [66]
Ultimately, the film grossed just over $100.1 million domestically. In foreign markets, by December 1996, the film became the fifteenth film that year to gross over $100 million, and went on to accumulate $225.2 million, surpassing Pocahontas' $204.5 million international gross. [67] Worldwide, The Hunchback of Notre Dame grossed over $325.3 million, making it the fifth highest-grossing film of 1996. [3]
Critical reception
The Hunchback of Notre Dame received generally positive reviews from film critics. [68] [69] Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an 80% positive rating based on 112 reviews, along with an average rating of 7.5/10. The consensus reads, "Disney's take on the Victor Hugo classic is dramatically uneven, but its strong visuals, dark themes, and message of tolerance make for a more-sophisticated-than-average children's film." [70] Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [71] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [72]
Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert rewarded the film 4 stars, calling it "the best Disney animated feature since Beauty and the Beast – a whirling, uplifting, thrilling story with a heart touching message that emerges from the comedy and song." [73] In his review for the Chicago Tribune , Gene Siskel awarded the film
3+1⁄2 (out of a possible 4) stars, describing the film as "a surprisingly emotional, simplified version of the Victor Hugo novel" with "effective songs and, yes, tasteful bits of humor." [74] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an A, labeling it as "the best of Disney's 'serious' animated features in the multiplex era, (...) an emotionally rounded fairy tale that balances darkness and sentimentality, pathos and triumph, with uncanny grace." [75]
Richard Corliss of Time magazine praised the film, stating that "the result is a grand cartoon cathedral, teeming with gargoyles and treachery, hopeless love and tortured lust" and also said "Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz have written the largest, most imposing score yet for an animated film." [76] Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph gave it a positive review, saying "it is thrillingly dramatic, and for long stretches you forget you are watching a cartoon at all... A dazzling treat." [77] Variety also gave the film a positive review, stating that "there is much to admire in Hunchback, not least the risk of doing such a downer of a story at all" and also saying: "the new film should further secure Disney's dominance in animation, and connoisseurs of the genre, old and young, will have plenty to savor." [78] Janet Maslin wrote in her The New York Times review: "In a film that bears conspicuous, eager resemblances to other recent Disney hits, the filmmakers' Herculean work is overshadowed by a Sisyphean problem. There's just no way to delight children with a feel-good version of this story." [79]
Upon opening in France in March 1997, reception from French critics towards Hunchback was largely positive. [80] French critics and audiences found resonance in the film which recounted a real-life incident from August 1995 when French police raided a Parisian church and seized over 200 immigrants seeking refuge from deportation under France's strict expulsion laws. "It is difficult not to think of the undocumented immigrants of St. Bernard when Frollo tries to sweep out the rabble," wrote one reviewer. [81]
Audience response
Arnaud Later, a leading scholar on Hugo, accused Disney of simplifying, editing, and censoring the novel in numerous aspects, including the personalities of the characters. In his review, he later wrote that the animators "don't have enough confidence in their own emotional feeling" and that the film "falls back on clichés." [82] Descendants of Hugo bashed Disney in an open letter to the Libération newspaper for their ancestor receiving no mention on the advertisement posters, and describing the film as a "vulgar commercialization by unscrupulous salesmen." [83] [84] [85]
Some audiences expressed concerns about whether the film was appropriate for children. [86] Jason Alexander said that while "Disney would have us believe this movie's like the Ringling Bros., for children of all ages," he would not take his then-four-year-old child to view the film. [14] However, some newspaper publications reported child audiences being unaffected by the mature content and praising the film. [86] [87] Some audiences criticized the film for having "homosexual undertones", noticeably with the song "Out There", being the name of a gay pressure group and as a call to come out of the closet. [88] [89]
In June 1996, the Southern Baptist Convention voted overwhelmingly to urge its sixteen million members to boycott Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise, saying the company "disparages Christian values." [90] The cause of the protests—unrelated to the film—stemmed from the company's domestic partnership policy and gay and lesbian theme days at Walt Disney World . [91] Trousdale also claimed that Southern Baptists were outraged over the casting of Demi Moore as Esmeralda, as she had just come off of the film Striptease (1996), in which she played an exotic dancer. [92] Disney officials would not comment on the motivation for the religious content displayed in the film beyond comments on the subject included in the film's press kit , with Disney vice president John Dreyer commenting, "The film speaks for itself." [93] Nevertheless, there was praise from religious organizations for its portrayal of religion in the film. Louis P. Sheldon , a Presbyterian pastor and chairman of the Anaheim-based Traditional Values Coalition , said two months before its premiere: "I am thrilled at what I hear about Hunchback, that Disney is seeking to honour Christianity and its role in Western civilization . I only pray that it will accomplish much good in the minds and hearts of its viewers." [94]
Following protests in the United States, thousands of British parents banned their kids from seeing The Hunchback of Notre Dame. [95] In reaction to the controversy, Walt Disney Feature Animation president Peter Schneider said, "The only controversy I've heard about the movie is certain people's opinion that, 'Well, it's OK for me, but it might disturb somebody else." Schneider also stated in his defense that the film was test-screened "all over the country, and I've heard nobody, parents or children, complain about any of the issues. I think, for example, the issue of disabilities is treated with great respect." and "Quasimodo is really the underdog who becomes the hero; I don't think there's anything better for anybody's psychological feelings than to become the hero of a movie. The only thing we've been asked to be careful about is the word hunchback, which we have to use in the title." [96]
Accolades
Award
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Ruth Lambert
Tab Murphy, Irene Mecchi, Bob Tzudiker, and Noni White
Nominated
Won
Won
1997
Nominated
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
The film was adapted into a musical production, re-written and directed by James Lapine and produced by Walt Disney Theatrical , in Berlin, Germany . The musical Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) was very successful and played from 1999 to 2002, before closing. A cast recording was also recorded in German. An English-language revival of the musical premiered in San Diego on October 28, 2014. [107]
Sequel and spin-offs
In June 1998, Disney had announced production had begun on a sequel titled The Hunchback of Notre Dame Deux: The Secret of the Bells, and was slated for release in fall 1999. [108] However, the sequel was delayed from its planned fall release in order to accommodate the recording of "I'm Gonna Love You" by Jennifer Love Hewitt . [109] The sequel reunited its original voice cast, with Hewitt, Haley Joel Osment and Michael McKean voicing new characters. [109] In 2002, the direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II , was released on VHS and DVD.
Quasimodo, Esmeralda, Victor, Hugo, Laverne and Frollo all made guest appearances on the television series House of Mouse . Frollo could also be seen amongst a crowd of Disney Villains in the direct-to-video film Mickey's House of Villains .[ citation needed ]
Live-action remake
A live-action remake of The Hunchback of Notre Dame was announced in January 2019. The script was set to be penned by David Henry Hwang with Menken and Schwartz returning to write the music. Josh Gad , David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman were set to produce, with Gad being possibly considered to play Quasimodo. [110] The film, titled Hunchback, would draw elements from both the animated film and Hugo's novel. [111] [112] In January 2021, Gad stated that the project was still in the works and that he and the studio were "getting closer" to making it happen. [113]
In May 2023, Menken suggested that development on the live-action remake had stalled owing to the original movie's content and themes: "It's a tough one, because the Hunchback movie, Hunchback story involves a lot of real, real issues that are important issues and should be explored to be discussed. And there has to be an agreement about how we deal with those issues. You know, do we do a Hunchback without ' Hellfire '? I don't think so ... So it sits in this limbo right now." [114]
Video games
In 1996, a tie-in game entitled The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games was released by Disney Interactive [115] for the PC and the Nintendo Game Boy, which is a collection of mini games based around the Festival of Fools that includes a variation of Balloon Fight .
In 2022, content of the film was made available within the Disney Magic Kingdoms game by Gameloft , introduced in a limited time Event with a storyline that takes place after the events of the film. [116] [117]
Other media
Characters from The Hunchback of Notre Dame make very rare appearances at the Disney Parks and Resorts in occasional parades and shows. Clopin's Music Box is a small attraction based on the film in Fantasyland at Disneyland and Hong Kong Disneyland has the Clopin's Festival of Foods restaurant. [118] [119]
Notes
References
Bates, James; Apodaca, Patrice (June 20, 1996). "Stalking the King of Animation" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
Don Hahn; Gary Trousdale; Kirk Wise (2002). The Making of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (Documentary film). Burbank, California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment. B00005TN8K.
Thompson, Anne; Krager, Dave (June 21, 1996). "Playing a Hunch" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Clark, John (June 16, 1996). "A Quasi Original" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Archerd, Army (June 17, 1996). "Thesp requires Heimlich at museum bow" . Variety. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
King, Susan (March 16, 1997). "The Hunchback From Hope" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
McCormick, Moira (July 6, 1996). "Tom Hulce gives voice to singing Quasimodo in 'Hunchback'" . Billboard . Vol. 108, no. 27. p. 64. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2014 – via Google Books.
"The Hunchback of Notre Dame: The Making of". Disney Adventures . Vol. 6, no. 10. July 31, 1996. pp. 20–1.
Daly, Steve (July 8, 1994). "Mane Attraction" . Entertainment Weekly. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
They've increased the worldwide animation staff from a worn-down 150 to nearly 1,000, with swanky new digs nearly ready back in Burbank and no end to expansion in sight (six features are due by 1998, including Pocahontas next summer and The Hunchback of Notre Dame for Christmas 1995).
Weinraub, Bernard; Fabrikant, Geraldine (October 9, 1994). "Dismissal Stuns Magic Kingdom" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
In a Gothic reprise of the Beauty and the Beast theme, "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" will pine for his Esmeralda in 1996.
Cromelin, Richard (January 21, 1996). "Sneaks '96" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
Bates, James (July 23, 1996). "Quasi-Successful" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020 – via Google Books.
Horn, John (June 1, 1997). "Can Anyone Dethrone Disney?" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
Bates, James; Eller, Claudia (June 12, 1998). "Bridled Optimism" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
Fitzpatrick, Eileen (July 11, 1998). "Kid Vid Business Isn't All Play" . Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 28. p. 85. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2014 – via Google Books.
Brennan, Judy (June 24, 1996). "'Eraser,' 'Hunchback' Post Strong Openings" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
Groves, Don (December 2, 1996). "'Dame' grand overseas" . Variety . Retrieved October 13, 2024.
Groves, Don (December 1, 1996). "Weekend o'seas biz Quasi-hot" . Variety. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
Amundson, Quinton (July 2, 2021). "Disney's Hunchback ages well" . The Catholic Register . Retrieved June 19, 2024.
it garnered generally positive critical reviews
Ebert, Roger (June 21, 1996). "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" . Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2011 – via RogerEbert.com .
Laster, Arnaud (January 1997). "Waiting for Hugo" . Animation World Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 10. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
Williams, Michael (March 11, 1997). "Disney's 'Hunchback' irks Hugo progeny" . Variety. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
Williams, Michael (March 11, 1997). "Disney Outrages Hugo Family" . Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
"Real Buzz: Parents, Kids Get Animated About 'Hunchback'" . Los Angeles Daily Times. June 27, 1996. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2014 – via The Free Library.
Rauzi, Robin (June 24, 1996). "Children Seem Unfazed by 'Hunchback' Themes" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
Rose, Simon (July 11, 1996). "Quasi-rudo!; Disney takes a risque with sexy scenes" . The Mirror. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014 – via The Free Library.
Glancey, Jonathan (July 15, 1996). "Do we need Disney?" . The Independent . Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Dickerson, Marla (June 13, 1996). "Baptist Group Rebukes Disney, Urges Boycott" . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
"Notre damn" . The Advocate . Here. July 23, 1996. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Animation Guild (October 23, 2012), TAGInterview GaryTrousdale 2 , archived from the original on July 2, 2021, retrieved December 7, 2018
Pinsky, Mark (July 27, 1996). "'Hunchback' finds favor with activists" . The Herald Journal . Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2015 – via Google News Archive.
Pinsky, Mark (June 29, 1996). "Activists praise 'Hunchback'" . The Lakeland Ledger . Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2015 – via Google News Archive.
Stenson, Jules (June 23, 1996). "'Hunchback of Naughty Dame' row" . The People . Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2014 – via The Free Library.
"AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
"AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
{{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
"Disney is Remaking Hunchback" . The Hunchblog of Notre Dame. January 17, 2019. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
"News Bits". GamePro . No. 96. IDG . September 1996. p. 21.
"Gameloft Support" . helpshift.com. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
.
Laird, Paul (2014). The Musical Theater of Stephen Schwartz: From Godspell to Wicked and Beyond. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN
.
Thomas, Bob (1997). Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse To Hercules. New York: Hyperion . ISBN
.
Robello, Stephen (1996). The Art of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. New York: Hyperion. ISBN
External links
LR
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)
| 318 |
38 | who played in the hunchback of notre dame | https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0116583/fullcredits/cast | Menu
Movies
TV Shows
Watch
Follow IMDb on social
Get the IMDb app
For Android and iOS
| 319 |
38 | who played in the hunchback of notre dame | https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_hunchback_of_notre_dame | Signed in
Please open the email link from the same browser you initiated the change email process from.
Didn't you get the email?
Resend email
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Please sign in again.
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Continue with Google
Continue with Email
Continue
First name (Required)
Last name (Required)
Create my account
By creating an account, you agree to the Privacy Policy and the
Terms and Policies ,
and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes and to receive email from the Fandango Media Brands .
First name (Required)
Last name (Required)
Create my account
By creating an account, you agree to the Privacy Policy and the
Terms and Policies , and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes.
LEARN MORE
Let's keep in touch!
Sign up for the Rotten Tomatoes newsletter to get weekly updates on:
Upcoming Movies and TV shows
Rotten Tomatoes Podcast
Media News + More
Sign me up
No thanks
By clicking "Sign Me Up," you are agreeing to receive occasional emails and communications from Fandango Media (Fandango, Vudu, and Rotten Tomatoes) and consenting to Fandango's Privacy Policy and Terms and Policies .
Please allow 10 business days for your account to reflect your preferences.
Let's keep in touch!
Sign up for the Rotten Tomatoes newsletter to get weekly updates on:
Upcoming Movies and TV shows
Rotten Tomatoes Podcast
Media News + More
Sign me up
--
Play trailer
G
100,000+ Ratings
An animated Disney adventure follows disfigured Quasimodo (Tom Hulce), the bell-ringer of Notre Dame Cathedral, who bides his time locked away in a tower. With only gargoyles to keep him company, Quasimodo longs to be with other people, leading to his chance encounter with the enchanting Gypsy Esmeralda (Demi Moore). When the beautiful young woman catches the attention of Quasimodo's guardian, sinister Frollo (Tony Jay), Quasimodo must help to keep her out of his clutches.
Watch on Fandango at Home
Buy Now
Fandango at Home
Disney+
Watch The Hunchback of Notre Dame with a subscription on Disney+, rent on Fandango at Home, or buy on Fandango at Home.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
What to Know
Critics Consensus
Disney's take on the Victor Hugo classic is dramatically uneven, but its strong visuals, dark themes, and message of tolerance make for a more-sophisticated-than-average children's film.
Critics Reviews
Jay Boyar
Orlando Sentinel
If the Disney team had set out to craft a cartoon response to the ongoing attacks against the company by socially conservative critics, it could not have come up with a more devastating one than its new animated feature.
Rated: 5/5
Minneapolis Star Tribune
The Hunchback of Notre Dame offers a pleasant surprise for people who were wondering how the studio could make a story about suffering and bigotry into a fun family film.
Rated: 4.5/5
New York Daily News
It's not what Victor Hugo had in mind, yet it works magnificently.
Rated: 4/4
Full Review
Malcolm Johnson
Hartford Courant
In its teeming, riotous crowd scenes, its awe-inspiring views of the streets and spires of medieval Paris, its astonishing animation in fights and dances and its spellbinding storytelling, The Hunchback of Notre Dame adds up to a miracle of animation.
Rated: 3.5/4
Tampa Bay Times
This is often a stunning, even groundbreaking, piece of work that can only be compared to Beauty and the Beast with its breathtaking detail and atmospheric shadows and light.
Rated: A
Northwest Herald (Crystal Lake, IL)
Disney's most powerful animated film since Bambi. Add a dose of the dash and sass that made Aladdin soar and you have a film that 20 years from now should be considered an authentic masterpiece.
Rated: 3.5/4
audience reviews
matthias s
**Review: *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* (★★★★☆)**
Man, I forgot how dark *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* is. Disney really went for it with this one—murder, lust, religious hypocrisy—it’s all here, wrapped up in some of the most breathtaking animation they’ve ever done. Seriously, every frame looks like a painting. And those songs? Absolute fire. "Hellfire" might be the most chilling villain song in Disney history. Speaking of villains, Frollo is just straight-up terrifying, a real monster in a world where the "monster" is actually the hero.
But it's not all doom and gloom—the film balances its heavy themes with charm, humor, and heart. It’s not flawless (those gargoyles… yeah), but it’s a bold, beautiful, and deeply underrated classic. Easily one of Disney’s most visually stunning and emotionally rich films. If you haven’t watched it in a while, trust me, it’s worth revisiting.
Rated 4/5 Stars •
02/25/25
Full Review
Luca F
A Great movie. The tonal whiplash, however, does bring down what could have been a Masterpiece.
Rated 4/5 Stars •
01/25/25
Full Review
Trafalgar L
Disney's adaptation of "Notre Dame de Paris" by Victor Hugo is a masterpiece.
The story is about a deformed man named Quasimodo who was raised by Judge Claude Frollo. One day he meets a Romani woman named Esmeralda and after she saves him she becomes a wanted fugitive. Now he must protect her and the other Romani people as Frollo plans to commit genocide and exterminate them.
So this is a bit darker than your typical Disney film, but it is loaded with songs, breathtaking animation and humor for all ages. Highly Recommend!
Rated 4/5 Stars •
01/01/25
Full Review
Garrett B
It’s animation and musical score helps the film overcome its dark tone
Rated 4/5 Stars •
12/31/24
12/29/24
Full Review
Carlos A
This is my favorite Disney movie ever. Visuals are beautiful, the story is really complex and with great meaning and lessons of tolerance, love, friendship and equality. The music is majestic and the dialogs are beautiful.
Rated 5/5 Stars •
12/22/24
My Rating
Read More
Read Less
POST RATING
The Fox and the Hound
75%
78%
Watchlist
Tarzan
90%
75%
Tarzan
Watchlist
TRAILER
View More
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Trailer 1
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Trailer 1
1:02
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
View more photos
Synopsis
An animated Disney adventure follows disfigured Quasimodo (Tom Hulce), the bell-ringer of Notre Dame Cathedral, who bides his time locked away in a tower. With only gargoyles to keep him company, Quasimodo longs to be with other people, leading to his chance encounter with the enchanting Gypsy Esmeralda (Demi Moore). When the beautiful young woman catches the attention of Quasimodo's guardian, sinister Frollo (Tony Jay), Quasimodo must help to keep her out of his clutches.
Director
- -
Join the Newsletter
Get the freshest reviews, news, and more delivered right to your inbox!
| 320 |
38 | who played in the hunchback of notre dame | https://letterboxd.com/film/the-hunchback-of-notre-dame-1996/ | Back
Watched on
Contains spoilers
Tags
Press
Tab
You (private)
Use account default
Your diary date (if set) and watched status for this film will remain publicly visible if you change the privacy level of this entry. Add members to your Close Friends from their profile. Set your account default in Settings .
Draft
Draft entries do not appear in your watched films or diary for others, and don’t contribute to your stats.
Delete
Save
Reactions only visible to you
Draft entry
Visible to the member’s friends (with link)
Only visible to you
| 321 |
38 | who played in the hunchback of notre dame | https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame | Directed by
Starring
The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released to theaters on June 21 , 1996 by Walt Disney Pictures . The 34th animated feature in the Disney Animated Canon , the film is loosely based on Victor Hugo's novel of the same name, but changed most of its substance to make it more family-friendly. The plot centers on Esmeralda , a Romani dancer; Claude Frollo , a powerful and ruthless Minister of Justice who lusts after her and plans to commit genocide by killing all of the Roma that live in Paris ; Quasimodo , the protagonist, Notre Dame 's kindhearted and deformed bell-ringer, who adores Esmeralda; and Phoebus , the chivalrous but irreverent military captain, who holds affections for Esmeralda.
The film was directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , directors of Beauty and the Beast , and produced by Don Hahn , producer of Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King . The animation screenplay was written by Irene Mecchi and Jonathan Roberts , who had previously worked on The Lion King , and Tab Murphy, Bob Tzudiker, and Noni White, who would go on to write the screenplay for Tarzan . For The songs for the musical film were composed by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz and the film featured the voices of Tom Hulce , Demi Moore , Kevin Kline , Paul Kandel, Jason Alexander , Charles Kimbrough , David Ogden Stiers , Tony Jay , and Mary Wickes (in her final film role). It belongs to the era known as the Disney Renaissance .
The Hunchback of Notre Dame premiered on June 19, 1996 at the New Orleans Superdome and was released worldwide on June 21, 1996. It received positive reviews from critics and was a box office success, earning over $325 million worldwide.
A direct-to-video sequel The Hunchback of Notre Dame II was released in 2002. A darker, Gothic stage adaption of the film was re-written and directed by James Lapine and produced by Walt Disney Theatrical in Berlin, Germany as Der Glöckner von Notre Dame that ran from 1999 to 2002.
Contents
Plot[
The movie opens in 15th century Paris with Clopin , a Romani puppeteer, telling a group of children the story of the Hunchback of Notre Dame. The story begins in 1462 as three Roma sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by a squadron of soldiers working for Judge Claude Frollo , the Minister of Justice and de facto ruler of Paris. A Romani woman attempts to flee with her baby, but Frollo, thinking the woman is carrying stolen goods chases her. She manages to evade him briefly to arrive at Notre Dame. She pounds on the door, begging for sanctuary, but Frollo catches up to her and grabs the bundle from her arms, kicking her away in the process and causing her to fall and fatally strike her head on the steps of Notre Dame. Frollo then sees that the "stolen goods" was her infant son, who is deformed, and declares the baby "a monster." He spots a nearby well and attempts to drop the baby into it, but the Archdeacon appears and stops him. Frollo tries to claim that the baby is an "unholy demon" that he's "sending back to hell, where it belongs." The Archdeacon accuses him of murdering an innocent woman and attempting to murder newborn baby. Frollo denies that he is in the wrong, saying his conscience is clear, but the Archdeacon declares he can lie to himself all he wants, but he cannot hide his crime from "the eyes of Notre Dame" (the statues of the saints outside the cathedral). Fearing for his soul and in order to atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child as his own, hiding him in the Cathedral's bell tower and naming him Quasimodo . He notes that someday the child may be of use to him.
Twenty years later, in 1482, Quasimodo has developed into a kind yet isolated young man employed as Notre Dame's bell ringer. He keeps three gargoyles, Victor, Hugo, and Laverne , and the pigeons that roost on the cathedral as his only company. He is constantly told by Frollo that he is a monster who would be rejected by the uncaring outside world. Though he believes Frollo, he still yearns to go outside for even a single day. Every year Quasimodo looks forward to seeing the Festival of Fools, but this time the thought of the festival leaves him depressed, as he never gets to attend. Quasimodo's friends insist he go as he loves the festival and would have fun. Quasimodo reminds them he can't leave the tower because Frollo has forbidden it. After some prompting, Quasimodo almost leaves, but Frollo arrives at just that moment to bring him lunch. While reviewing the alphabet, Quasimodo accidentally lets slip that his thoughts are on the festival, and Frollo becomes angry that Quasimodo wants to go to the festival. Quasimodo points out that Frollo goes every year. Frollo explains he goes because he is a public official despite hating every second of it. He reminds Quasimodo that nobody would like him because of his appearance and how after his mother "abandoned him," he would have been treated poorly had Frollo not taken him in. Before leaving, Frollo reminds Quasimodo that the bell tower is his only safe haven. Despite these warnings, Quasimodo still wishes to see the city and plans sneak out of the Cathedral to attend the Feast of Fools.
Meanwhile, Captain Phoebus , who has been away at war, has returned to Paris to serve as Frollo's new captain of the guards. He is charmed by a Romani dancer named Esmeralda , performing with her pet goat Djali . When she is accused of stealing the money she earned by dancing, Phoebus distracts and humiliates the Brutish and Oafish Guards who harass her. After Phoebus pulls rank on the guards, they escort him to the Palace of Justice. There Phoebus meets with Frollo, who after hearing about his war record expects Phoebus to be the perfect replacement for his last captain, who was "a bit of a disappointment." Frollo explains that Phoebus' job will be to help him eradicate the Roma from Paris--a task he has been attempting himself for the past 20 years. Frollo has heard of their safe haven called the Court of Miracles and shows Phoebus that he intends to destroy it like the bugs under a stone. Phoebus uncomfortably acknowledges Frollo's point. A cheer from the crowd beneath Notre Dame reminds Frollo that duty calls, and he orders Phoebus to accompany him to the festival.
Quasimodo sneaks down to the town square and finds he has a front row seat to see the master of ceremonies, Clopin, announce the start to the Feast of Fools. Quasimodo tries to stay out of sight, but is followed and harassed by Clopin until he accidentally stumbles into Esmeralda's tent. She helps him up and compliments him on his "mask." Frollo arrives at the festival escorted by Phoebus and his guards, and Phoebus has the guards disperse through the crowd to keep an eye on things. Frollo sits in his designated booth, only to be startled and irritated by Clopin, who announces Esmeralda's dance performance. The crowd is smitten by Esmeralda--none moreso than Frollo, Phoebus and Quasimodo. After the dance, Clopin announces the contest for King of Fools, and Esmeralda pulls Quasimodo onto the stage to join the contest. She and the crowd are shocked to learn that Quasimodo's face is not a mask, and Frollo is angered to see that Quasimodo has disobeyed him to attend the festival. At first Quasimodo is embarrassed and tries to hide his face, but Clopin quells the alarmed crowd by reminding them they were looking for the ugliest face in Paris and found it. Quasimodo is crowned King of Fools and paraded around the square, receiving cheers, praise, and kisses.
The joy is short lived, however, when the Oafish Guard interrupts the celebration by throwing rotten fruit at Quasimodo. Other soldiers follow suit, and the crowd quickly joins in, tying Quasimodo down so that they can continue to mock and humiliate him. Quasimodo calls out desperately for his master to help. Frollo ignores Quasimodo's pleas, even holding back Phoebus' attempt to stop the cruelty to teach Quasimodo a lesson. The crowd only stops when a kind Esmeralda frees Quasimodo from his restraints and openly defies Frollo. She then throws Quasimodo's prop crown at Frollo, deeming him to be the biggest fool. The judge immediately orders her arrest, but she escapes with help from the crowd, her fellow Roma, acrobatics and a few illusions, which Frollo refers to as "witchcraft." Frollo then confronts Quasimodo, who promises never to disobey Frollo angain, and sends him back inside the Cathedral before ordering Phoebus to bring Esmeralda to him alive.
Esmeralda follows Quasimodo to find him, but she is followed by Phoebus. The two engage in combat briefly, with Phoebus defending while trying to convince her that he means her no harm. Phoebus states he refuses to arrest her inside the Cathedral, convincing Esmeralda that he is friendly. After the two are introduced, Frollo comes inside and orders Phoebus to arrest her, but Phoebus covers for her saying that she has claimed "sanctuary," and thus cannot be arrested as long as she remains in Notre Dame. Frollo finally leaves when the Archdeacon intervenes, but not before grabbing Esmeralda's arm and threatening her. He tell her he's patient and she won't last long inside the church. He then sniffs her hair, claiming to imagine her with a noose around her neck, but Esmeralda is not fooled and expresses her disgust. Frollo accuses her of twisting his mind and giving him unholy thoughts. He leaves, but not before warning Esmeralda that his men will capture her the moment she attempts to escape the Cathedral. The Archdeacon advises Esmeralda to not anger Frollo anymore. She then voices her frustration with the fact that not one person from the crowd helped Quasimodo because he is different. The Archdeacon tells her that perhaps someone within the church can help her "right all the wrongs of this world." After watching everyone praying, Esmeralda prays for all those suffering, and in particular for her people, who are outcasts in society. Quasimodo listens in on her prayer, but is called out by a parishioner. He stumbles and runs back to his tower, Esmeralda following and attempting to apologize for her part in exposing Quasimodo's face to the crowd. Esmeralda demonstrates genuine kindness and praises Quasimodo for his artistic talent, forming a friendship with the bell ringer. Quasimodo shows her around his home, including his wooden city, the gargoyles, the bells (which he introduces by name), and the view from the top of the tower. He even invites her stay but she states that she cannot. He then states that she is nothing like the Roma Frollo told him about. She asks how a cruel man like Frollo could have raised a sweet man like Quasimodo. Quasimodo explains that Frollo took him in when no one else would because of his appearance. Esmeralda performs a palm reading on Quasimodo's hand and tells him he's not a monster at all. She then asks him if he thinks she is evil, to which he emphatically responds that she is good and kind to him. As gratitude for helping him in the crowd, Quasimodo helps Esmeralda escape Notre Dame. In return, Esmeralda invites him to leave Notre Dame with her, but he declines because of what happened that day and says that the Cathedral is his home. Before leaving, Esmeralda promises to visit and gives Quasimodo a map to the Romani hideout, the Court of Miracles, in case he should ever need sanctuary outside of Notre Dame.
After Quasi returns to the tower, he encounters Phoebus, who is searching for Esmeralda. Quasimodo is angry to see a guard searching his tower and demands that he leave. Phoebus explains that he is sorry for trapping Esmeralda in the church, and that he only wanted to keep her from being harmed. Before leaving, Phoebus tells Quasimodo to tell Esmeralda she is lucky to have a friend like Quasimodo. Back in the tower, the three gargoyles comment on how well he defended "his girl." At first, Quasimodo laughs at that notion, thinking he has no hope for love because of his appearance, but shortly after concludes that if one person can love him for who he is, then he may have true happiness in his grasp after all.
Back in his quarters in the Palace of Justice, Frollo begins to realize his lustful feelings for Esmeralda and prays to Mary to be free of such feelings to escape eternal damnation. During his prayer, he blames Esmeralda more and more for igniting such feelings in him, and concludes his prayer with wishing that she would either be destroyed or be his to possess. The Brutish Guard informs him of Esmeralda's escape, and Frollo determines that Esmeralda will be given the choice to either be his or to burn.
The next morning an exhausted Frollo instigates a city-wide manhunt for Esmeralda. He orders Phoebus to track down the Roma hiding throughout the city. Frollo offers the captured Roma an increasing number of pieces of silver for information on Esmeralda, but no one gives her location away and Frollo has them locked up. When Frollo orders a miller's family to be burned alive inside their home for welcoming Roma, Phoebus defies the judge and saves the family when Frollo sets the house alight. Frollo orders Phoebus executed for treason. Esmeralda, watching from nearby, slings a stone at Frollo's horse , causing a distraction that allows Phoebus to escape. After being hit by an arrow, Phoebus falls into the Seine River and is left for dead by Frollo, but he is rescued by Esmeralda, who takes him to Notre Dame for refuge.
The manhunt yields no results, and Frollo ponders how Esmeralda could've possibly escaped the cathedral, eventually concluding that Quasimodo must have helped her.
Meanwhile, in the bell tower, Quasimodo watches the city burn, worried for Esmeralda. Victor, Hugo, and Laverne assure Quasimodo that Esmeralda is staying safe, and encourage him to tell her how he feels as he has much to offer. When Esmeralda arrives, Quasimodo is relieved to see her. She introduces him to Phoebus and begs Quasimodo to hide him until he recovers from his injuries. Despite his heart breaking as he watches Esmeralda and Phoebus express their feelings for one another, Quasimodo promises Esmeralda that he will protect Phoebus. Djali alerts them to Frollo's approach, and Quasimodo sends them out through a different route, then hides an unconscious Phoebus underneath his workbench. When Frollo arrives in the tower, he offers Quasimodo some grapes and watches as Quasimodo fumbles nervously. Frollo hints that he knows Quasimodo is hiding something. Noticing a wooden figure of Esmeralda that Quasimodo made, Frollo reveals he knows Quasimodo helped Esmeralda escape and loses his temper at Quasimodo, claiming that it's the hunchback's fault that Paris is burning, and calling Esmeralda a Gypsy who is incapable of love. He clutches Quasimodo by his shirt, but stops to recompose himself as he thinks Quasimodo is under her spell, promising to free them both from her. As he leaves, the judge bluffs that he knows where the Court of Miracles is and intends to attack it at dawn with a battalion. After Frollo leaves, Phoebus requests Quasimodo's help in finding the Court before Frollo. At first Quasimodo won't go because of his fear of Frollo and jealousy of Phoebus. Phoebus is disappointed with Quasimodo's attitude and leaves. The gargoyles are also unimpressed with Quasimodo. Eventually, Quasimodo concludes that he has to help his friend, and he meets Phoebus at the base of the cathedral to show him the amulet Esmeralda gave him. After Quasimodo realizes that the amulet is a map, the two set out to find the Court of Miracles. Once inside, they are ambushed by Roma and are almost hanged by their leader Clopin, who accuses them of being spies. They are saved when Esmeralda intervenes and clears up the misunderstanding. Phoebus warns the Court that Frollo plans to invade at dawn. Esmeralda urges everyone to leave right away and everyone starts to pack up. Esmeralda thanks Phoebus for warning them, even though it was risky. Phoebus realizes Quasimodo's feelings for Esmeralda and gives him all the credit. Suddenly, Frollo's army appears and captures all the Roma. He gloats about Quasimodo being useful at last, leading him to Esmeralda but she calls the judge a liar knowing that Quasimodo did not do it intentionally. He is also impressed at Phoebus being alive and promises to "remedy that." He tells invites (albeit forcefully) to a bonfire the next day (that being the prelude to their executions—starting with Esmeralda). Quasimodo pleads with his master to stop, but Frollo won't have it and has his soldiers take Quasimodo back to the bell tower and chain him there.
At dawn, Frollo reads Esmeralda's crimes, charging her with witchcraft and declaring the sentence to be death by burning. He gives Esmeralda one last chance to choose him or the fire, but she spits in Frollo's face and glares at him. Frollo announces that Esmeralda has refused to recant and that she will be burned. Up in the bell tower, the gargoyles try to free Quasimodo, telling him not to give up, but he refuses to listen. They tell him that they thought he was “made of something stronger” than stone, which gets through to Quasimodo after a moment, and he determines to rescue Esmeralda. Frollo sets the pyre ablaze, and Quasimodo shouts for her and strains at his chains until he breaks them. He then rappels down to the pyre and frees Esmeralda, by this point unconscious from smoke inhalation, bringing her to the bell tower and crying, "Sanctuary!" As Frollo grabs a sword and orders his men to seize the cathedral, Phoebus escapes and ignites a rebellion among the people of Paris, who have had enough of Frollo's tyranny. The Parisians free the Roma and offer them weapons, and a battle ensues in the street between the citizenry and Frollo's army.
Quasimodo lays Esmeralda on his bed and starts to fight off Frollo's soldiers by tossing bricks and various other items at them, releasing their grappling hooks, knocking down their ladders, and finally by pouring molten metal through the cathedral's gargoyle spouts. Frollo, however, still manages to break in and force his way past the Archdeacon. Quasimodo, believing Esmeralda to be dead, breaks down in tears beside her body as Frollo comes into the room to kill him with a dagger. Quasimodo, in his fury, disarms his former guardian, striking genuine fear into Frollo. Quasimodo declares that people like Frollo are the only reason the world is so "dark and cruel." Esmeralda regains consciousness and calls for Quasimodo, and Quasimodo grabs her and flees when he sees Frollo draw a sword, still determined to kill Esmeralda. The judge chases them onto the balcony, where he slashes at Quasimodo and Esmeralda with his sword. Frollo expresses his irritation and lack of surprise that Quasimodo would protect a Romni, revealing that Quasimodo's mother had died trying to protect him. Frollo then uses his cloak to pull Quasimodo down, resulting in both of them dangling off the edge of the cathedral. Frollo manages to regain his footing on a gargoyle spout as Esmeralda attempts to help Quasimodo back onto the balcony, gripping his arm desperately as he begins to asphyxiate due to his kyphosis. Frollo raises his sword in preparation to strike Esmeralda, dramatically paraphrasing the Bible with, "And He shall smite the wicked and plunge them into the fiery pit!" At that moment, the gargoyle cracks, causing Frollo to lose his footing. He desperately grips the gargoyle as it appears to come to life and snarl at him before breaking completely, plunging Frollo into the molten metal and fire below. After Frollo falls to his death, Esmeralda loses her grip on Quasimodo, who starts to fall but is caught by Phoebus on a lower floor. After three friends reunite, Esmeralda rushes into Quasimodo's arms while Phoebus steps aside. However, Quasimodo, realizing he only loves her as a friend, convinces Esmeralda to be with Phoebus and blesses their relationship.
As the citizens celebrate their victory over Frollo, Esmeralda gently coaxes Quasimodo to join them. Quasimodo reluctantly emerges from the Cathedral to face the populace again. This time, a little girl approaches him, gently touches his face and then embraces him. Clopin then cheers Quasimodo, who is hailed as a hero and is finally accepted into society. Clopin closes out the story with a riddle; "What makes a monster and what makes a man?", and Quasimodo is victoriously carried through the streets on the shoulders of his fellow Parisians, overjoyed to be one of them at last.
Songs[
Jennifer Darling as Woman
Denise Pickering as Little Girl
Peter Samuel as Chorus
Kath Soucie as Woman
Additional voices[
Jack Angel
Joan Barber
Scott Barnes
Susan Blu
Maureen Brennan
Victoria Clark
Philip Clarke
Jonathan Dokuchitz
Bill Farmer
Laurie Faso
Merwin Foard
Dana Hill
Judy Kaye
Eddie Korbich
Alix Korey
Michael Lindsay
Sherry Lynn
Howard McGillin
Anna McNeely
Bruce Moore
Gordon Stanley
Marcelo Tubert
Computer graphics supervisor: Kiran Bhakta Joshi
Production manager: Patricia Hicks
Differences from the original story[
Since the original Victor Hugo novel is filled to the brim with heaps of dark and morbid subject material that would be considered inappropriate for family viewers, Disney took considerable liberties with the original source material and therefore altered the story. Here are some main differences:
In the book, Quasimodo was deaf, half-blind and had unintelligible speech; in the film, he was not deaf, was quite capable of fluent speech and can see with both eyes, with his left one being partially covered.
In the book, Frollo willingly adopts Quasimodo; in the film, Frollo is made Quasimodo's guardian by the Archdeacon as atonement for murdering Quasimodo's mother.
In the book Quasimodo's mother is cruel and neglectful, having abandoned him on the steps of Notre Dame. In the film, she is kind and caring towards the deformed Quasimodo, as she loves him in spite of his deformity, even sacrificing herself to save Quasimodo from the cruelty of the French government led by Frollo.
In the book, Quasimodo is around four years old when Frollo takes him in; in the film, he is an infant.
In the film, Esmeralda was confirmed a Romani. In the book, she was born to a working girl and was ambiguously brown.
In the film, Esmeralda saves Quasimodo and Phoebus from being hanged in the Court of Miracles. In the book, she saves a man named Pierre Gringoire.
In the book, Phoebus was an untrustworthy womanizer. He was much kinder and friendlier to Quasimodo and Esmeralda in the film.
In the book, Esmeralda was 16 years old. In the film she appears to be much older, perhaps in her late-20s or early-30s.
In the book, Frollo successfully killed Esmeralda. In the film, Quasimodo rescues her from being burned at the stake.
In the novel, Quasimodo committed suicide after Esmeralda and Frollo died. He found Esmeralda's dead body and clutched it until he starved to death.
In the film, Frollo was a judge, was archenemies with the archdeacon, was racist, and named Quasimodo after his disfigurement. In the book, Frollo was the archdeacon had more sympathy and compassion and named Quasimodo after Quasimodo Sunday.
In the book, Esmeralda was sentenced to be hanged. In the film, she was nearly burned at the stake.
The talking gargoyles do not appear in the book.
Gringoire, Fleur-de-Lys, Paquette, and Jehan Frollo do not appear in the movie.
In the book, Frollo was thrown off the cathedral by Quasimodo after Esmeralda's death. In the film, the gargoyle on which he was standing broke, and he fell into the pit of molten lead (that Quasi and the gargoyles poured earlier) while trying to murder both Quasimodo and Esmeralda.
In the book, Phoebus tried to seduce Esmeralda, was stabbed by Frollo (who framed Esmeralda for it), but survived, and instead of claiming Esmeralda's innocence, he married a woman named Fleur-de-Lys, though their marriage ended up being an unhappy one. In the film, he truly loved Esmeralda, and later happily marries her in the sequel , having a son ( Zephyr ) with her.
In the book, Esmeralda does not like Quasimodo instantly.
In the book, Frollo tried to rape Esmeralda when she hides in the bell tower, but Quasimodo picks up Frollo, and slams him against the wall. While in the movie, this isn't stated outright (being a family film), there are several noticeable hints that Frollo lusts for Esmeralda and that the only thing that keeps him from acting on that lust is his nature as a religious fundamentalist.
In the book, Quasimodo gave Esmeralda a high pitched whistle, one of the few things that Quasimodo can hear; this does not appear in the film.
In the book, Clopin leads the Court of Miracles in an attack below Notre Dame, using a scythe to fight and singing gleefully, until he is shot and killed with an arquebus (an early gun); in the film, Clopin is mostly absent from the final battle, only seen leaping out of his cage with Djali and the other Roma when the townspeople free them; he survives the battle and provides the closing narration/reprise.
In the book, during Esmeralda's execution, the people of Paris vehemently condemn her as a witch. However, in the film, the people have an exact opposite reaction. Instead, they protest against Esmeralda's burning by proclaiming and maintaining her innocence. Some have even been seen struggling against Frollo's soldiers.
Production[
Development[
The idea to adapt The Hunchback of Notre Dame came from development executive David Stainton in 1993, who was inspired to turn Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame into an animated feature film after reading the Classics Illustrated comic book adaptation. Stainton then proposed the idea to then-studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg . Following Beauty and the Beast , Gary Trousdale had taken the opportunity to take a break from directing, instead spending several months developing storyboards for The Lion King . [1] Following this, Trousdale and Kirk Wise subsequently attempted developing an animated feature based on the Greek myth of Orpheus titled A Song of the Sea, adapting it to make the central character a humpback whale and setting it in the open ocean. [2] The concept obstinately refused to pull together, but while they were working on the project they were summoned to meet with Katzenberg. "During that time," explained Trousdale, "while we working on it, we got a call from Jeffrey. He said, "Guys, drop everything – you're working on Hunchback now." [3] According to Wise, they believed that it had "a great deal of potential...great memorable characters, a really terrific setting, the potential for fantastic visuals, and a lot of emotion."
Production on The Hunchback of Notre Dame went underway in the summer of 1993. [4] In October 1993, directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, art director David Goetz, Roy Conli, Ed Ghertner, Will Finn, Alan Menken, and Stephen Schwartz took a trip to Paris, France for ten days; three days were devoted to exploring Notre Dame including a private tour of rarely glimpsed sites as actual passageways, stairwells, towers, and hidden room within which Hugo set his actions. Also included were visits to the Palace of Justice and an original location of the Court of Miracles.
Writing[
Template:Quote box
Writer Tab Murphy was brought on board to write the screenplay, and it was decided early on that Quasimodo would be the center of the story, as he was in past live-action film adaptations. [5] A love story between Quasimodo and Esmeralda was originally conceived, according to Murphy, but "we decided to make Phoebus more heroic and central to the story. Out of that decision grew the idea of some sort of a triangle between Quasimodo, Esmeralda, and Phoebus." [6] Some of the novel's key characters were jettisoned entirely while the gargoyles of Notre Dame were added to the story by Trousdale and Wise, and portrayed as comedic friends and confidantes of Quasimodo as suggested in the novel, which reads "The other statues, the ones of monsters and demons, felt no hatred for Quasimodo…The saints were his friends and blessed him the monsters were his friends and protected him. Thus he would pour out his heart at length to them." [7]
One of the first changes made to accommodate Disney's request was to turn the villainous Claude Frollo into a judge rather than an archdeacon, thus avoiding religious sensibilities in the finished film. [8] "As we were exploring the characters, especially Frollo, we certainly found a lot of historical parallels to the type of mania he had: the Confederate South, Nazi Germany, take your pick," explained Wise. "Those things influenced our thinking." [6] Producer Don Hahn evaluated that one inspiration for Frollo was found in Ralph Fiennes 's performance as Amon Goeth in Schindler's List, who murders Jews yet desires his Jewish maid. [9] For the opening sequence, Disney story veteran Burny Mattinson constructed an effective sequence that covered much exposition, although studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg felt something was missing. Following Stephen Schwartz's suggestion to musicalize the sequence, French animators Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi storyboarded the sequence to Menken and Schwartz's music resulting in "The Bells of Notre Dame". [10] Lyricist Stephen Schwartz also worked closely with the writing team even suggesting that the audience should be left wondering what the outcome of what Phoebus would do before he douses the torch in water in defiance of Frollo. Another was, unsurprisingly, the film's conclusion. While Frollo's death was retained – and, indeed, made even more horrific – both Quasimodo and Esmeralda were spared their fates and given a happy ending. This revised ending was based in part on Victor Hugo's own libretto to a Hunchback opera, in which he had allowed Captain Phoebus to save Esmeralda from her execution.
Casting[
In late 1993, pop singer Cyndi Lauper was the first actor attached to the film during its initial stages. Thinking she was cast as Esmeralda, Lauper was startled to learn she was to voice a gargoyle named Quinn, and was hired one week after one reading with the directors. [11] The development team would later come up with the names of Chaney, Laughton, and Quinn – named after the actors who portrayed Quasimodo in previous Hunchback film adaptations. However, Disney's legal department objected to the proposed names of the gargoyles, fearing that the estates of Lon Chaney, Charles Laughton , or Anthony Quinn (who was alive at the time) might file a lawsuit over the use of their names so the names was dropped. [12] Trousdale and Wise then suggested naming the characters Lon, Charles, and Anthony – which resulted in the same legal concern – before instead naming the first two gargoyles after Victor Hugo, and the third as Laverne, which was selected by Kirk Wise as a tribute to Andrews Sisters singer Laverne Andrews. [12] Nowcast as Laverne, Lauper was deemed too youthful for a friend who was to provide Quasimodo wise counsel while at the same time Sam McMurray – best known for his work on The Tracey Ullman Show – was hired for Hugo. Meanwhile, Charles Kimbrough was cast as Victor who at first was unimpressed at an animated adaptation of Hunchback, but later became rather impressed at the level of research that went into the film and how the story ideas transitioned from the novel to the screen. [13] After several recording sessions and test screenings, Lauper and McMurray were called by the directors who regrettably released them from their roles. [14] Jason Alexander , having voiced Abis Mal in The Return of Jafar , was cast as Hugo fulfilling a lifelong desire to be in a Disney film. Laverne was then revisioned into a wiser, mature character with Mary Wickes cast in the role. [14] Following Wickes' death in October 1995, [15] Jane Withers was hired to voice her six remaining lines. [9] [16]
Mandy Patinkin was approached for the title role, but his style of portraying Quasimodo collided with the producers' demands, and Patinkin stated "'I [was] just there at the audition [and I] said, 'I can't do this.'" [17] Tom Hulce was cast as Quasimodo following his first audition for the role, and according to the actor, he noticed during the audition that the Disney executives, producers, and directors were "were staring at the floor. It looked like everyone was at a memorial service" until he noticed the floor was lined with storyboard sketches. According to Wise, the filmmakers "like to audition the voices with our eyes closed, so we see the character's face." [18] Quasimodo was originally portrayed to be more monstrous, older, and with more of a speech impediment during the early rehearsals, but Hulce commented that "we experimented, endlessly. At one point I was ready to call in and say 'Things just aren't happening.'". [19] Ultimately, the directors desired to portray Quasimodo with a younger voice different from the previous portrayals since "[Victor] Hugo described Quasimodo as 20". [3] Additionally, Hulce was allowed to do his own singing after being asked to perform a demo recording of " Out There ". [20] Desiring a huskier voice different from the leading Disney heroines, Demi Moore was cast as Esmeralda, and met with Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz on singing. After several singing demos, the actress said "You'd better get someone else," according to Schwartz. New York City cabaret singer Heidi Mollenhauer was selected to provide the singing voice. [21] For the role of Phoebus, co-director Kirk Wise explained that "As we're designing the characters, we form a short list of names...to help us find the personality of the character." Subsequently, the filmmakers modeled his portrayal on the personalities of Errol Flynn and John Wayne, and "One of the names on the top of the list all the time was Kevin Kline ." [3] British actor Tony Jay , who declared his role as Frollo as his "bid for immortality", [22] was cast after the directors worked with him in Beauty and the Beast. After watching his portrayal as Uncle Ernie in the musical The Who's Tommy, Broadway actor Paul Kandel was selected to voice Clopin.
Animation[
Alongside Pocahontas, storyboard work on The Hunchback of the Notre Dame was among the first to be produced for an animated film on the new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the main Disney lot in Burbank, which was dedicated in 1995 . However, as the Feature Animation building was occupied with The Lion King and Pocahontas at the time, more animators were hired from Canada and United Kingdom to join the production team for Hunchback, [23] and as the development phase furthered along, most of the entire animation team was moved out into a large warehouse facility on Airway in Glendale, California . As the Disney story artists, layout crew, and animators moved in their new quarters, they decided to name the building "Sanctuary." [24]
Since Who Framed Roger Rabbit , other animators hired by Disney Feature Animation were from Germany , France , Ireland , and additional ones from Canada were involved in providing animation duties at the recently opened satellite studio, Walt Disney Animation Paris, [10] of which about 20 percent of the film was done. [25] Meanwhile, while Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida was prepping their first in-house production then titled The Legend of Mulan , at least seven animators penned about four minutes of screentime, mostly involving Frollo and Quasimodo. Layout, cleanup, and special-effects artists provided additional support. [26]
To achieve large-scale crowd scenes, particularly for the Feast of Fools sequence and the film's climax, computer animation was used to create six types of characters - males and females either average in weight, fat, or thin - which were programmed and assigned 72 specific movements ranging from jumping and clapping. [27] Digital technology also provided a visual sweep that freed Quasimodo to scamper around the cathedral and soar around the plaza to rescue Esmeralda. [6]
Music[
Three songs written for the film were discarded during the storyboarding process and not used: "In a Place of Miracles", "As Long As There's a Moon", and " Someday ", a candidate to replace "God Help the Outcasts". Though not included in the body of the film, "Someday" is heard over the end credits, performed by R&B group All-4-One in the North American English release, and Eternal in the British English version. Luis Miguel recorded the version for the Latin American Spanish version, which became a major hit in Mexico.
Release[
In 1994, the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1995 release, though the film was reportedly delayed following the departure of Jeffrey Katzenberg from the Walt Disney Company. By January 1995, it was later pushed back to a summer 1996 release. The film premiered on June 19, 1996, at the New Orleans Superdome, where it was played on six enormous screens. The premiere was preceded by a parade through the French Quarter, beginning at Jackson Square and utilizing floats and cast members from Walt Disney World. The film was widely released two days later.
Marketing[
As part of the film's promotion, Walt Disney Records shipped two million products, including sing-along home videos, soundtrack CDs, and the "My First Read Along" novelized version of the film, aimed at a toddler demographic. Upon release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame was accompanied by a marketing campaign at more than $40 million with commercial tie-ins with Burger King, Payless Shoes, Nestle, and Mattel. By 1997, Disney earned approximately $500 million in profit with the spin-off products based on the film.
Box office[
In its opening weekend, the film opened in second place at the box office behind Eraser , grossing $21.3 million. In a new box office strategy, Disney also included ticket sales which were sold from Disney stores nationwide, which added about $1 million to the box-office numbers. However, in comparison to Pocahontas, which had grossed $29 million the previous year, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook defended the results claiming it was comparable to Beauty and the Beast, which opened in half as many theaters and grossed about $9 million. In foreign markets, by December 1996, the film became the fifteenth film that year to gross over $100 million surpassing the domestic box office gross and went on to accumulate $200 million. The film would ultimately gross just over $100 million domestically and over $325 million worldwide, making it the fifth highest grossing film of 1996, between Independence Day , Twister , Mission: Impossible , The Rock , and 101 Dalmatians .
Critical response[
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 73% positive rating based on 51 reviews with its consensus stating, "Disney's take on the Victor Hugo classic is dramatically uneven, but its strong visuals, dark themes, and message of tolerance make for a more-sophisticated-than-average children's film." Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert rewarded the film 4 stars, calling it "the best Disney animated feature since Beauty and the Beast – a whirling, uplifting, thrilling story with a heart-touching message that emerges from the comedy and song". In his written review for the Chicago Tribune, Gene Siskel awarded the film 3½ (out of a possible 4) stars describing the film as "a surprisingly emotional, simplified version of the Victor Hugo novel" with "effective songs and, yes, tasteful bits of humor". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an A in his review and labeled it: "the best of Disney's 'serious' animated features in the multiplex era, (...) an emotionally rounded fairy tale that balances darkness and sentimentality, pathos and triumph, with uncanny grace".
Richard Corliss of Time praised the film, giving a positive review and stating that "the result is a grand cartoon cathedral, teeming with gargoyles and treachery, hopeless love and tortured lust" and also said, "Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz have written the largest, most imposing score yet for an animated film". Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph gave it a positive review, saying, "it is thrillingly dramatic, and for long stretches, you forget you are watching a cartoon at all... A dazzling treat". Variety also gave the film a positive review, stating that "there is much to admire in Hunchback, not least the risk of doing such a downer of a story at all" and also saying: "the new film should further secure Disney's dominance in animation, and connoisseurs of the genre, old and young, will have plenty to savor".
Also addressing the film's darker themes, The Daily Mail called The Hunchback of Notre Dame "Disney's darkest picture, with a pervading atmosphere of racial tension, religious bigotry, and mob hysteria" and "the best version yet of Hugo's novel, a cartoon masterpiece, and one of the great movie musicals". Janet Maslin wrote in her The New York Times review, "In a film that bears conspicuous, eager resemblances to other recent Disney hits, the filmmakers' Herculean work is overshadowed by a Sisyphean problem. There's just no way to delight children with a feel-good version of this story."
Upon opening in France in March 1997, reception from French critics towards Hunchback was reported to be "glowing, largely positive". French critics and audience even found resonance in the film when it mirrored a real-life incident from August 1995 where French police stormed a Parisian church and took away more than 200 illegal immigrants who were seeking sanctuary from deportation. "It is difficult not to think of the undocumented immigrants of St. Bernard when Frollo tries to sweep out the rabble," wrote one reviewer.
Best Family Feature Film - Animation (Nominated, lost against James and the Giant Peach)
The film currently stands with a 80% "fresh" rating at Rottentomatoes.com, with a 60% "fresh" rating by established critics (the "Cream of the Crop").
Allusions[
When Esmeralda is looking at Quasimodo's model of Paris, she notices a sculpture of the town baker - the same baker who appears in Beauty and the Beast .
Home video[
Other media[
Adaptations[
Disney Comic Hits #11, published by Marvel Comics, features two stories based upon the film.
Disney-MGM Studios had a stage show based on the film from 1996 to 2002. It was located in The Backlot Theatre in the New York Street section of the theme park (now called Streets of America). After the show's closing, and part of the re-theming of the area, a mural of a San Francisco street went up to block off the view of the theater's vacant interior. Recently, The Backlot Theatre underwent a major renovation to enclose it. No new attraction for the location has been announced, although it is often used during special events.
The film was adapted into a darker, more Gothic musical production, re-written and directed by James Lapine and produced by the Disney theatrical branch, in Berlin, Germany. The musical Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) was very successful and played from 1999 to 2002, before closing. A cast recording was also recorded in German.
Years later, from 2014-2015, a North American production that kept the story closer to the book was opened to very positive reviews in the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and the Paper Mill Playhouse in New Jersey before closing. A cast recording released on January 22, 2016 sparked a renewed interest in the show, and fans on Change.org called for a Broadway transfer. However, Schwartz commented on the matter in an interview with Playbill.com, saying that the show was designed specifically for amateur theaters and will not move to Broadway. (Interestingly enough, in that same interview, Schwartz, who is also the creator of Broadway, such hits as Wicked, Pippin, and Godspell, comically added that his two favorite shows that he's ever done, Hunchback and Children of Eden, have not been put on Broadway.) Rather, it will be available for licensing with Music Theatre International, the company that currently licenses all Disney theatrical productions
Currently, the North American version of the show is available for licensing with Musical Theatre International.
Sequel[
In 2002 , a direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II , was released on VHS and DVD. The plot focuses once again on Quasimodo as he continues to ring the bells now with the help of Zephyr, Esmeralda, and Phoebus' son. He also meets and falls in love with a new girl named Madellaine who has come to Paris with her evil circus master, Sarousch.
Quasimodo, Esmeralda, Victor, Hugo, Laverne, and Frollo all made guest appearances on the Disney Channel TV series House of Mouse . Frollo also be can seen amongst a crowd of Disney Villains in Mickey's House of Villains .
Video games[
In 1996 , to tie in with the original theatrical release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games was released by Disney Interactive for the PC and the Nintendo Game Boy, which is a collection of mini-games based around the Festival of Fools that includes a variation of Balloon Fight.
A world based on The Hunchback of Notre Dame, La Cité des Cloches (The City of Bells), made its debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance . It was the first new Disney world confirmed for the game. All of the main characters except Clopin and the Archdeacon appear.
Gallery[
Videos[
1995 Teaser Trailer
The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Sneak Peek -1 (February 28, 1996)
1995 Sneak Peek Trailer 1
The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Sneak Peek -2 (April 24, 1996)
1996 Sneak Peek Trailer 2
The Hunchback of Notre Dame - 1997 VHS Trailer
1997 Home Video Trailer
2002 Trailer
Trivia[
This is the second of three Disney films in which Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz collaborated, the first being Pocahontas and the third being Enchanted .
The Hunchback of Notre Dame was the first Disney animated film to contain a production budget around $100 million dollars at the time, until Tarzan three years later.
Belle also makes a cameo appearance in the film. During the song Out There , Belle is seen walking through the streets reading her book, which would make some believe that both films take place at the same time. However, this is clearly impossible, based on the fashions, technology, and politics seen in Beauty and the Beast , which placed her film in the latter half of the 18th century, pre-revolutionary (pre-1789) France. Glen Keane confirmed that Belle's cameo in the film was not canonical. However, both time periods are similar in the fact that married women were viewed not as equal human beings under God (and the law of today), but as personal property and as obedient, servile slaves to their husbands that (in some extreme cases) can be bought and sold like any purchase ( Gaston 's behavior towards Belle and all women in his village is a testament to this, and Claude Frollo exudes a similar treatment to Esmeralda in the film as well).
Coincidentally, both Beauty and the Beast and this film are directed by both Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise .
According to the song "Topsy Turvy", the story takes place during and after the 6th of January. However, there is no sign in the atmosphere that it is winter.
This was the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film to include a post-credits scene.
It was also the second Disney animated film in general to do so after James and the Giant Peach (released two months earlier).
Many Disney fans have considered this film to be one of Disney's darkest films due to the subjects tackled in the film including racism and harassment.
An original pitch for the movie portrayed Phoebus as a more Gaston-like figure, described as a "log-headed" soldier, while Quasimodo was a poet and the focus was on a love story between him and Esmeralda. This changed after Tab Murphy took over as the writer. After a few months of working on the project, Murphy decided that Quasimodo's story should focus more on earning the acceptance of the people and incorporate more themes from the actual novel.
At several points, Disney executives pushed for an ending where Quasimodo and Esmeralda end up together. This was due to negative test audience reactions to the endings of early cuts of the movie, with some finding the depiction of Quasimodo's inability to win Esmeralda's affection too upsetting and pessimistic, despite the "inner beauty" theme. However, the writers struggled to maintain this idea, as they felt it might overshadow Quasimodo's actual arc of being accepted by the people and overcoming Frollo's influence. They were concerned that defining Quasimodo's worth by having him achieve a romantic relationship would undermine his journey. After many rewrites, a compromise was proposed: Esmeralda would choose Quasimodo over Phoebus temporarily, acknowledging his heroism. However, Quasimodo would ultimately realize that he loves Esmeralda only as a friend and would step aside, allowing her to be with Phoebus. This resolution was designed to feel like Quasimodo's own decision and to show that he was capable of "getting the girl" if he truly wanted to. Additionally, the romance between Esmeralda and Phoebus was edited down in the final third of the film. Their love song, Phoebus' participation in the final battle with Frollo, and a wedding subplot were removed, as test audiences felt too sympathetic toward Quasimodo to appreciate the romantic moments between the two lovers. Some viewers even found the characters unlikable for not recognizing Quasimodo's true feelings. To address this, a scene was added where Phoebus acknowledges Quasimodo's feelings for Esmeralda and gives him credit, demonstrating that Phoebus sees Quasimodo as his equal and is willing to step aside for his sake, ensuring that the bell-ringer isn't "short-changed" in any way as far his happy ending.
The filmmakers briefly considered having Quasimodo killed off, since that is his fate in the original novel. He was originally supposed to be stabbed by Frollo, then Esmeralda regains consciousness and tries to save him by killing Frollo. Phoebus was then supposed to meet up with them, and Quasimodo's last wish was to ring the bells one last time. They take him to the bells, then Esmeralda and Phoebus help him ring the bells as he dies. The final shot was going to include Esmeralda and Phoebus crying over their best friend as the people of Paris cheer for their success, unaware of Quasimodo's death. However, the film's head writer Tab Murphy claims this information is only a rumor, as from day one Disney made a rule that the movie must have a "happy ending," and killing Quasimodo or Esmeralda was never on the table.
The filmmakers originally wanted Esmeralda to kill Judge Frollo in order to save Quasimodo. Esmeralda would've jumped onto the ledge then grabbed Quasimodo's hand. Judge Frollo would've attempted to kill Quasimodo with his sword then Esmeralda would've kicked Judge Frollo off the cathedral, causing Frollo to fall to his death. This idea was ultimately abandoned, as having a heroine kill the villain was considered improper in a family film and may have gotten the film a PG-13 rating. Though their fears were arguably unfounded, as the heroine of Disney's 1998 animated feature does kill her film's villain, and that movie was also rated G.
This film was released the same year Doctor Who star Jon Pertwee passed away. His family stated that he had seen every other Disney film during his lifetime and they ended up crying halfway through God Help the Outcasts because of his death and how sad the song was.
This is the first Disney animated film where the male lead (Quasimodo) and female lead (Esmeralda) do not end up together, as in this case the female lead ends up with someone else (Phoebus).
In 2019, a live-action adaptation was reported to be in the works under the title Hunchback . However, similar to the rejection of Pocahontas , Alan Menken suggested in May, 2023 that further development had stalled and concluded that "it sits in this limbo right now". [28]
This is the first film under the Walt Disney Pictures banner to have some movie posters with the company url Disney.com at the bottoms.
References[
↑ Shapiro, Stephanie (July 3, 1996). " Holy Medieval Icon! Gargoyles Are Hot ", Baltimore Sun, Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved on November 30, 2014.
Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1556525919 . Retrieved on November 30, 2014.
↑ Britton, Bonnie (June 22, 1996). " Etched in Stone ". Retrieved on November 30, 2014.
↑ King, Susan (March 16, 1997). " The Hunchback From Hope ". Retrieved on November 30, 2014.
Media
Songs
Miscellaneous
Other Disney units
Live-Action Films with Non-CG Animation
More Fandoms
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Disney Wiki is a FANDOM Movies Community.
| 322 |
39 | which city had the highest number of english and hindi newspapers in 2012 and 2013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation | List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Breakdown of UK daily newspaper circulation, 1956 to 2019.
At the start of the 19th century, the highest-circulation newspaper in the United Kingdom was the Morning Post , which sold around 4,000 copies per day, twice the sales of its nearest rival. As production methods improved, print runs increased and newspapers were sold at lower prices. By 1828, the Morning Herald was selling the most copies, but it was soon overtaken by The Times . [1]
Pubs would typically take in one or two papers for their customers to read, and through this method, by the 1850s the newspaper of the licensed trade,[ clarification needed ] the Morning Advertiser , had the second highest circulation. Sales of The Times were around 40,000, [2] and it had around 80% of the entire daily newspaper market, [3] but Sunday papers were more popular, some boasting sales of more than 100,000. [2] Later in the century, the Daily News came to prominence, selling 150,000 copies a day in the 1870s, [1] while by 1890, The Daily Telegraph had a circulation of 300,000. Sunday newspaper sales also grew rapidly, with Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper being the first to sell one million copies an issue. [2] The press was changed by the introduction of halfpenny papers . The first national halfpenny paper was the Daily Mail [1] (followed by the Daily Express and the Daily Mirror), which became the first weekday paper to sell one million copies around 1911. Circulation continued to increase, reaching a peak in the mid-1950s; [2] sales of the News of the World reached a peak of more than eight million in 1950. [4]
Newspaper vendor outside Paddington station , London (2005)
Since the 1950s, there has been a gradual decline in newspaper sales. [2] The availability of multimedia news platforms has accelerated this decline in the 21st century, and by the close of 2014, no UK daily or Sunday newspaper had a circulation exceeding two million. [5] [6] The overall circulation of newspapers declined by 6.6% in 2014–15. [7] In February 2018 The Sun's 40-year dominance at the top of the circulation charts was eclipsed by the free Metro newspaper for the first time. [8] In May 2020 the Audit Bureau of Circulations , which records and audits sales, stated that monthly publication of circulation figures would no longer be automatic, as publishers were concerned that they had become a "negative narrative of decline". The first newspapers to decline to publish circulation figures were The Telegraph, The Sun and The Times. [9]
Daily newspapers
Title
Title
Title
Title
Title
Title
Title
Title
Title
Title
Title
^ Ivor Crewe, Brian Gosschalk, Political Communications, p.172
^ David Seawright, An Important Matter of Principle, p.183
^ Andreas H. Jucker, Social Stylistics, p.47
^ a b c James Curran et al., Impacts and Influences, p.29
^ a b Samuel Rhoads and Enoch Lewis, Friends' Review, p.603
^ a b William Turner Coggeshall, The Newspaper Record, pp.87–89. Figures for newspapers published outside London are calculated from annual sales assuming 312 issues per year.
^ a b The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, pp.195
^ a b c d e f g Sunday Post , Audit Bureau of Circulations . Note that circulation figures for the Sunday Post before October 2006 were given biannually; the figure given is that for the first half of the year in each case.
^ a b c D. T. Denver, Hugh Bochel, Scotland decides, p.79
^ Willings Press Guide Vol 1: UK (2007)
List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation
| 323 |
39 | which city had the highest number of english and hindi newspapers in 2012 and 2013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_India_by_circulation | List of newspapers in India by circulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of the top newspapers in India by circulation . These figures include both print and digital subscriptions, are compiled by the Audit Bureau of Circulations . The figures include normal print editions, branded print editions (e.g., regional editions or editions tailored for commuters), and digital subscriptions (e.g., for tablet computers or restricted-access).
Circulation figures try to estimate the number of copies sold, while readership figures are usually higher as they tend to estimate the number of people who actually read the newspaper. Typically, readership tends to be 2.5 times circulation, though this may be higher or lower depending on individual cases. [1] [2]
List of newspapers by circulation
11
27
These figures are compiled by Media Research Users Council (MRUC) in the Indian Readership Survey (IRS) Q4 2019. [5]
List of newspapers by readership
[ edit ]
Rank
Newspaper
Language
City
Owner
1
8.478
6.285
5.863
3.265
3.247
2.905
2.884
2.872
2.750
2.502
27
1.628
1.138
28
"Circulation vs readership" . The basics of selling newspaper advertising. McLinnis and associates. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
List of newspapers in India by circulation
| 324 |
39 | which city had the highest number of english and hindi newspapers in 2012 and 2013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_by_circulation | 12 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2020)
This is a list of paid daily newspapers in the world by average circulation . Worldwide newspaper circulation figures are compiled by the International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations and World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers . This list shows the latest figures that are publicly available through either organisation.
Some figures are disputed; the numbers for Japanese newspapers have been subjected to claims of " oshigami " (exaggeration by over-supplying papers to businesses). [1] Free newspapers are not counted.
Top newspapers by circulation
Position
Newspaper
Country
Language
Circulation(thousands)
1
WAN-IFRA World Press Trends 2014 (Figures available for 2014) [4]
World Press Trends Database (Figures available from 2010 to 2017) [5]
IFABC National Newspapers Total Circulation 2013 (Figures available from 2008 to 2012) [6]
See also
^ Some figures are disputed; the numbers for Japanese newspapers have been subjected to claims of " oshigami " or exaggeration by over-supplying papers to businesses.
"World Press Trends 2016: Facts and Figures" . wptdatabase.org. WAN-IFRA. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Milosevic, Mira; Chishlom, Jim; Kilman, Larry; Teemu, Henriksson (2014). "World Press Trends 2014" (PDF). WAN-IFRA. p. 37. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
"National Newspapers Total Circulation" (XLS). ifabc.org. International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Certification. December 20, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
| 325 |
39 | which city had the highest number of english and hindi newspapers in 2012 and 2013 | https://www.allupost.com/blog/best-hindi-newspapers-in-india/ | Posted on
Spread the love
Hindi is one of the official languages of India and is spoken by a significant portion of the Indian population. The Hindi language has a rich literary and cultural heritage, and the Hindi press has played a significant role in shaping public opinion and promoting literacy in India. Hindi newspapers are an essential part of the Indian media landscape, and they cater to the diverse information needs of the Hindi-speaking population.
List of Best Hindi Newspapers in India
Dainik Jagran
Dainik Jagran is the largest Hindi daily newspaper in India, with a daily circulation of over 3.6 million copies. It was founded in 1942 in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, and is currently published from 37 cities in 11 states in India.
Amar Ujala
Amar Ujala is the second-largest Hindi daily newspaper in India, with a daily circulation of over 3 million copies. It was founded in 1948 in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, and is currently published from 19 cities in 7 states in India.
Hindustan
Hindustan is a popular Hindi daily newspaper published by Hindustan Media Ventures Limited. It was founded in 1936 in Delhi and is currently published from 19 cities in India. It has a daily circulation of over 2.8 million copies.
Rajasthan Patrika
Rajasthan Patrika is a leading Hindi daily newspaper published from Jaipur, Rajasthan. It was founded in 1956 and has a daily circulation of over 2 million copies. It is currently published from 36 cities in 8 states in India.
Nai Dunia
Nai Dunia is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Indore, Madhya Pradesh. It was founded in 1947 and has a daily circulation of over 1.2 million copies. It is currently published from 12 cities in India.
Navbharat Times
Navbharat Times is a Hindi daily newspaper published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. It was founded in 1947 and is currently published from Delhi, Mumbai, and Lucknow. It has a daily circulation of over 1.1 million copies.
Punjab Kesari
Punjab Kesari is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jalandhar, Punjab. It was founded in 1965 and has a daily circulation of over 1 million copies. It is currently published from 14 cities in India.
Dainik Bhaskar
Dainik Bhaskar is a popular Hindi daily newspaper published by Dainik Bhaskar Group. It was founded in 1958 and is currently published from 12 states in India. It has a daily circulation of over 900,000 copies.
Prabhat Khabar
Prabhat Khabar is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Ranchi, Jharkhand. It was founded in 1984 and has a daily circulation of over 900,000 copies. It is currently published from 10 cities in India.
Jansatta
Jansatta is a Hindi daily newspaper published by The Indian Express Group. It was founded in 1983 and is currently published from Delhi, Kolkata, and Lucknow. It has a daily circulation of over 800,000 copies.
Patrika
Patrika is a Hindi daily newspaper published by Patrika Group. It was founded in 1956 and is currently published from 9 states in India. It has a daily circulation of over 700,000 copies.
Amar Bharti
Amar Bharti is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
Rashtriya Sahara
Rashtriya Sahara is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1990 and has a daily circulation of over 600,000 copies. It is currently published from 10 cities in India.
Aj
Aj is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1920 and has a daily circulation of over 500,000 copies. It is currently published from 16 cities in India.
Dainik Tribune
Dainik Tribune is a Hindi daily newspaper published by The Tribune Trust. It was founded in 1978 and is currently published from Chandigarh, Delhi, and Haryana. It has a daily circulation of over 400,000 copies.
Dainik Navajyoti
Dainik Navajyoti is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jaipur, Rajasthan. It was founded in 1936 and has a daily circulation of over 400,000 copies. It is currently published from 11 cities in India.
Haribhoomi
Haribhoomi is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Raipur, Chhattisgarh. It was founded in 1991 and has a daily circulation of over 400,000 copies. It is currently published from 7 cities in India.
Deshbandhu
Deshbandhu is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Raipur, Chhattisgarh. It was founded in 1959 and has a daily circulation of over 350,000 copies. It is currently published from 10 cities in India.
Pratahkal
Pratahkal is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. It was founded in 1995 and has a daily circulation of over 300,000 copies. It is currently published from 4 cities in India.
Pratah Kamal
Pratah Kamal is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1996 and has a daily circulation of over 300,000 copies. It is currently published from 3 cities in India.
Navsanchaar
Navsanchaar is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Patna, Bihar. It was founded in 1991 and has a daily circulation of over 300,000 copies. It is currently published from 6 cities in India.
Dainik Savera Times
Dainik Savera Times is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jalandhar, Punjab. It was founded in 2012 and has a daily circulation of over 250,000 copies. It is currently published from 3 cities in India.
Dainik Gomantak
Dainik Gomantak is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Panaji, Goa. It was founded in 1966 and has a daily circulation of over 200,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Dainik Prabhat
Dainik Prabhat is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Pune, Maharashtra. It was founded in 1968 and has a daily circulation of over 200,000 copies. It is currently published from 3 cities in India.
Sanmarg
Sanmarg is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Kolkata, West Bengal. It was founded in 1947 and has a daily circulation of over 200,000 copies. It is currently published from 3 cities in India.
Hamara Mahanagar
Hamara Mahanagar is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Delhi. It was founded in 2005.
Janwani
Janwani is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. It was founded in 1953 and has a daily circulation of over 150,000 copies. It is currently published from 3 cities in India.
Dainik Purvoday
Dainik Purvoday is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Guwahati, Assam. It was founded in 1966 and has a daily circulation of over 100,000 copies. It is currently published from 5 cities in India.
Dainik Dabang Dunia
Dainik Dabang Dunia is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Indore, Madhya Pradesh. It was founded in 2010 and has a daily circulation of over 100,000 copies. It is currently published from 5 cities in India.
Gavkari
Gavkari is a Marathi language daily newspaper published from Maharashtra. However, it also has a Hindi edition that is published from Nagpur, Maharashtra. The Hindi edition was launched in 2013 and has a daily circulation of over 100,000 copies.
Dainik Jugasankha
Dainik Jugasankha is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Silchar, Assam. It was founded in 1950 and has a daily circulation of over 90,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Prabhat Khabar
Prabhat Khabar is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Ranchi, Jharkhand. It was founded in 1984 and has a daily circulation of over 70,000 copies. It is currently published from 5 cities in India.
Dainik Bhaskar
Dainik Bhaskar is a Hindi daily newspaper published by D.B. Corp Ltd. It was founded in 1958 and has a daily circulation of over 60,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Punjab Kesari
Punjab Kesari is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jalandhar, Punjab. It was founded in 1965 and has a daily circulation of over 50,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Amar Ujala
Amar Ujala is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Noida, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1948 and has a daily circulation of over 40,000 copies. It is currently published from 3 cities in India.
Dainik Sambad
Dainik Sambad is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Agartala, Tripura. It was founded in 1980 and has a daily circulation of over 30,000 copies. It is currently published from 3 cities in India.
Dainik Agradoot
Dainik Agradoot is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Guwahati, Assam. It was founded in 1950 and has a daily circulation of over 25,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Dainik Asam
Dainik Asam is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Guwahati, Assam. It was founded in 2003 and has a daily circulation of over 20,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Uttam Hindu
Uttam Hindu is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Haldwani, Uttarakhand. It was founded in 1949 and has a daily circulation of over 20,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Dainik Statesman
Dainik Statesman is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Kolkata, West Bengal. It was founded in 1875 and has a daily circulation of over 15,000 copies. It is one of the oldest Hindi daily newspapers in India.
Dainik Janwarta
Dainik Janwarta is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jalandhar, Punjab. It was founded in 1960 and has a daily circulation of over 15,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Dainik Savera Times
Dainik Savera Times is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jalandhar, Punjab. It was founded in 1997 and has a daily circulation of over 10,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Dainik Navajyoti
Dainik Navajyoti is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jaipur, Rajasthan. It was founded in 1936 and has a daily circulation of over 10,000 copies. It is currently published from 5 cities in India.
Daily News Activist
Daily News Activist is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 2011 and has a daily circulation of over 10,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Rajasthan Patrika
Rajasthan Patrika is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jaipur, Rajasthan. It was founded in 1956 and has a daily circulation of over 9,000 copies. It is currently published from 36 cities in India.
Jan Morcha
Jan Morcha is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1977 and has a daily circulation of over 8,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Dainik Navajyoti
Dainik Navajyoti is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Jodhpur, Rajasthan. It was founded in 1986 and has a daily circulation of over 7,000 copies. It is currently published from 5 cities in India.
Jansandesh Times
Jansandesh Times is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Chandigarh, Punjab. It was founded in 2004 and has a daily circulation of over 6,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Hamara Mahanagar
Hamara Mahanagar is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 2011 and has a daily circulation of over 5,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Sandhya Prakash
Sandhya Prakash is a Hindi daily newspaper published from Patna, Bihar. It was founded in 2003 and has a daily circulation of over 5,000 copies. It is currently published from 2 cities in India.
Conclusion
Hindi newspapers have been an integral part of Indian media for decades, providing readers with the latest news, views, and opinions on a wide range of topics. With the rise of digital media and online news portals, the popularity of Hindi newspapers has only increased in recent years. In this blog, we have compiled a comprehensive list of the top 100 Hindi newspapers in India, covering major cities and regions across the country. From the widely-read Dainik Jagran and Amar Ujala to regional dailies like Dainik Statesman and Jansandesh Times, this list has something for everyone. Whether you’re a news buff, a political junkie, or just looking for the latest entertainment updates, these Hindi newspapers are sure to keep you informed and entertained.
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Δ
Recent Posts
| 326 |
39 | which city had the highest number of english and hindi newspapers in 2012 and 2013 | https://hariomad.com/blog/top-10-newspapers-in-delhi-by-circulation-for-advertisment/ | Top 10 newspapers in delhi by circulation for advertisment.
Newspaper advertising has always been and still is the first choice of advertising that businesses think of doing. This is because the print sector has been around longer than any other kind of media advertising we see today. Moreover, advertisers can run their ads in sections of the newspaper that will closely relate to their target audience.
The print industry witnessed a decline in ad revenues during the pandemic, but it gradually saw a resurgence in 2020. The market of English newspapers across India saw an increase in ad revenue that is around 63 billion Indian rupees in 2020. This figure is estimated to grow up to 80 billion rupees by 2024, which indicates a steady growth of the newspaper sector.
So we have come up with the Top 10 Newspapers in Delhi for Advertising in 2021 by Circulation.
1. The Times of India
The Times of India is the largest newspaper in Delhi and third-largest newspaper in India by circulation in India and also one of the oldest English-language newspapers in India.
Circulation:- 11,32,235
Category: Newspaper-English
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- The Times Group
2. Hindustan Times
Hindustan newspaper is the second-largest newspaper in Delhi and the fourth largest circulated newspaper in India and has the third-largest read daily in the country. Hindustan Dainik has 21 editions across the Hindi belt and is also available online in paper format.
Circulation:- 8,40,464
Category: Newspaper-English
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- HT Media (Hindustan media ventures ltd.)
3. NBT Navbhart Times
Navbharat Times is one of the largest circulated as well as largest reader’s Hindi newspapers of Delhi, Mumbai, and Lucknow or Kanpur.
Circulation:- 6,41,443
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- The Times Group.
4. Danik Jagran
Dainik Jagran is an Indian Hindi language daily newspaper. It was ranked 5th in the world and 2nd in India by circulation in 2016.
Circulation:- 4,62,502
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- Jagran Prakashan Ltd
5. Punjab Kesari
Punjab Kesari is a Hindi-language newspaper published from many centers in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi in India. It is owned by the Punjab Kesari group.
Circulation:- 355,647
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- Punjab Kesari group.
6. Hindustan
Hindustan Dainik or ”Hindustan” is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper. According to Audit Bureau of Circulations, it is ranked 13th in the world by circulation and 6th in India. Madan Mohan Malaviya launched it in 1936. It is published by Hindustan Media Ventures Limited.
Circulation:- 286,799
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- Hindustan Dainik or ”Hindustan” is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper. According to Audit Bureau of Circulations, it is ranked 13th in the world by circulation and 6th in India. Madan Mohan Malaviya launched it in 1936. It is published by Hindustan Media Ventures Limited.
7. Amar Ujala
Amar Ujala is a founded in 1948 Hindi-language daily newspaper published in India. It has 21 editions in six states and two union territories covering 180 districts. It has a circulation of around two million copies.
Circulation:- 2,02,502
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- Amar Ujala Limited
8. The Indian Express
The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. It is published in Mumbai by the Indian Express Group. In 1999, eight years after the group’s founder Ramnath Goenka’s death in 1991, the group was split between the family members.
Circulation:- 1,40,000
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- Indian Express Limited.
9. Economic Times
The Economic Times is an Indian English-language business-focused daily newspaper. It is owned by The Times Group. The Economic Times began publication in 1961. As of 2012, it is the world’s second-most widely read English-language business newspaper, after The Wall Street Journal, with a readership of over 800,000.
Circulation:- 138,505
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- The Times Group.
10. The Hindu
The Hindu is an English-language, Indian daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It began as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in 1889. It is one of the Indian newspapers of record and the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, after The Times of India.
Circulation:- 87,486
Category: Newspaper-Hindi
Popular Ad Types: Quarter page, Full page, Jacket, Half page, Advertorial, Classifieds
Own:- The Hindu Group, and; Kasturi and Sons Limited.
Share this:
The history of English newspapers in India dates back to the year 1780 when Hicky’s Bengal Gazette was launched by…
Matrimonial advertisements are mainly of two types. Prospective brides and their families usually advertise under the ‘Wanted Grooms’ section while prospective grooms, place…
Newspaper advertising has always been and still is the first choice of advertising that businesses think of doing. This is…
Searching for the right candidate to hire for an open position is not an easy task to do by an…
A notice advertisement or a public notice ad is advertised in the papers to inform the public about specific information…
Publish your advertisement in a newspaper through an ad agency. They have expertise in publishing ads and will guide you to…
India has the second-largest market of newspapers in the world and there are over 100000 newspaper publications, 240 million circulations,…
Before explaining the process of getting a duplicate of the lost share certificate let me explain to you what is…
Leave a Reply
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Δ
| 327 |
Subsets and Splits