mhjiang0408/MAC_Bench · Datasets at Hugging Face

iScience

28_3

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C

On the cover: The image represents that industrial production, mining, and the use of metals and related compounds have led to escalated and intensified environmental pollutions with heavy metals on our planet. High sensitivity to toxic heavy metal ions mediated by ionotropic receptors helps Drosophilidae to avoid such a polluted environment. Image credit: Fanchen Kong.

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On the cover: The illustration represents the core concept of collaborative trajectory following in a connected and automated airspace environment driven by 5G technology. Leveraging the low-latency global 5G network, aircraft acquire the capability for high-speed information exchange and real-time interaction necessary for global connectivity. By integrating intelligent aircraft following and interactions within autonomous connected airspace, the system achieves a dynamic and orderly stability in trajectory following, demonstrating adaptive resilience to environmental disturbances. This highlights the creation of a highly connected, collaborated, and stable future air traffic operation system. This vision aligns with the framework proposed by Huang et al., offering an intelligent connected aircraft-following model. Image source: Xiao Huang.

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On the cover: The illustration represents the core concept of collaborative trajectory following in a connected and automated airspace environment driven by 5G technology. Leveraging the low-latency global 5G network, aircraft acquire the capability for high-speed information exchange and real-time interaction necessary for global connectivity. By integrating intelligent aircraft following and interactions within autonomous connected airspace, the system achieves a dynamic and orderly stability in trajectory following, demonstrating adaptive resilience to environmental disturbances. This highlights the creation of a highly connected, collaborated, and stable future air traffic operation system. This vision aligns with the framework proposed by Huang et al., offering an intelligent connected aircraft-following model. Image source: Xiao Huang.

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On the cover: This issue features the first article (Manzano et al., 2020) from a special collection on “The Biology of Spaceflight” soon to be published in iScience and across other Cell Press journals. The image depicts Earth's atmosphere below the International Space Station, featuring the aurora borealis and the stars. Photograph by Scott Kelly.

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Nature Machine Intelligence

6_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

Learning from human decision making Artificial intelligence and machine learning systems may surpass human performance on a variety of tasks, but they may also mimic or amplify human errors or biases. This issue of Nature Machine Intelligence features a Perspective describing decades of research by psychologists on the development and prevention of errors and biases in human judgment and decision making. The authors provide connections between the psychology and machine learning literatures, and offer guideposts for the development and improvement of machine learning algorithms. See Alexander S. Rich and Todd M. Gureckis Image: Exdez/DigitalVision Vectors/Getty images. Cover design: Karen Moore

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Gathering knowledge on functionally invariant paths When a neural network is optimized for more than one objective, improvement on a new task often results in worse performance on previously learned tasks. Raghavan et al. formulate this optimization problem in terms of differential geometry and follow paths that preserve previous solutions while searching for new ones. See Raghavan et al. Image: Vanitha Selvarajan. Cover design: Vanitha Selvarajan

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A path for AI in the pandemic In three Comments this issue several groups of experts discuss what role AI can play in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Though AI and machine learning researchers are ready and willing to play their part, it is not an easy task to identify where developments can be most useful. A close collaboration with health workers is required, as well as consideration of how new tools can make a global impact, with adaptability to local situations. One fast-emerging application of machine learning is in data-driven, digital solutions for tracing and tracking COVID-19 infections, but there are alarm bells ringing over the dangers of surveillance creep. In a series of short interviews we delve into the debate about contact track-and-trace apps and the whether it is possible to get the balance right between protecting public health and safeguarding civil rights with digital surveillance tools. See Luengo-Oroz et al., Peiffer-Smadja et al., Hu et al. and Q&A Image: sleepyfellow / Alamy Stock Photo. Cover Design: Karen Moore.

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Looking for the right questions Machine learning offers a powerful tool to scientists for probing data. But these tools must be developed with the right questions in mind. This issue features a Perspective exploring the challenges for social sciences to connect to AI research, a Comment from conservation ecologists urging a focus on the right metrics and ethical approach for applying machine learning ‘in the wild’, and the next instalment of our Challenge Accepted series, highlighting the challenge of finding the right question — and prize — when organizing data science competitions. Image: Gonzalo Rodriguez Gaspar, GRG Studios. Cover Design: Karen Moore.

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Nature Cities

1_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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D

Of skies and skylines How we build and manage our cities affects air, climate and views. In this issue, Anna Zhelnina considers efforts to preserve the iconic skyline of Saint Petersburg, Russia, while Xia et al. document how many cities effectively benefit from the carbon mitigation efforts of other cities connected by supply chains. See Zhelnina and Xia et al. Image: Kirill Nikitin/Alamy Stock Photo. Cover design: Lauren Heslop

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Cooling from natural areas Overheating of cities is an increasing problem. Cao et al. investigate how neighboring rural land cover can mitigate and absorb urban heat. See Yang et al. Image: Shijie Cao, Southeast University, China. Cover design: Lauren Heslop.

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Urbanization warming Indian cities In a context of rapid industrialization, urbanization and climate change, Indian cities have experienced increasing warming. About 60% of the increased temperatures come from urbanization alone, especially in medium-sized cities. See Sethi & Vinoj Image: Dr. Vinoj. V, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, INDIA. Cover design: Lauren Heslop

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Quantifying 15-minute cities Quantifying the potential to achieve 15-minute cities, Bruno et al. measure the proximity time to access essential services and amenities across global cities. The 3D maps of Rome, Fortaleza, Nairobi, Mumbai, Hanoi and Bogotá show population density as the height of the bars, and blue, yellow and red as high, medium and low levels of accessibility. See Bruno et al. Image: Matteo Bruno, Sony Computer Science Laboratories - Rome. Hygor Piaget Monteiro Melo, Sony Computer Science Laboratories – Rome. Cover design: Lauren Heslop.

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Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering

1_10

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

Human body digital twins can be created through the analysis and modelling of real physiological data coming from on-body sensors and medical devices. The cover image illustrates the duality between the real world and the virtual representation. See Occhipinti et al. Cover design: Sam Whitham.

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Graph neural networks (GNNs) hold potential for harnessing data power to tackle application challenges in electrical engineering, physics, material science and biology. The cover image shows the analogy between GNNs and mazes. See Li et al. Cover design: Sam Whitham

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In alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goal 9, it is crucial to develop advanced spintronic technologies for low-power, beyond-CMOS devices. In this Focus Issue, we discuss the challenges and potential solutions in spintronics for neuromorphic computing, STT-MRAM, and logic applications. We also highlight the importance of integrating spintronic devices with existing silicon platforms and fostering collaboration between academia and industry. Additionally, we encourage the exploration of emerging materials and devices for low-power spintronics, such as two-dimensional magnets. See the Editorial Image: Zulfidin Khodzhaev, The University of Texas at Austin Cover design: Sam Whitham

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Hardware-aware neural architecture search is a useful tool to design efficient in-memory computing hardware for deep-learning accelerators. The cover image highlights a successful combination. SeeKrestinskaya et al. Cover design: Sam Whitham

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Nature Human Behaviour

8_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

Why much of our charitable giving is ineffective People donate billions each year, yet giving is often ineffective. Over five experiments, Burum and colleagues tested an explanation for inefficient giving based on evolutionary game theory, ruling out alternative accounts based on cognitive or emotional limitations. See Burum et al. Cover image: CatLane / E+ / Getty. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic.

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Connecting humans and machines The ubiquity of human–machine interactions is an opportunity to explore, while being mindful of the risks. This issue features a Focus on the many ways in which humans interact and communicate with machines, which foregrounds the societal implications and ethical considerations of emerging technologies. See Focus Image: Bethany Vukomanovic. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic

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Nature Human Behaviour turns five This month, we are celebrating our fifth anniversary with two dedicated Features. In one Feature, we asked 22 leading scientists in some of the key disciplines we cover to share their vision of the future of research in their disciplines. In a second Feature, past and present editors of the journal highlight some of their favourite papers and what made them special. See Editorial, See also Box-Steffensmeier et al. and See also Antusch et al. Cover image: incamerastock / Alamy Stock Photo. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic.

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Human behaviour and COVID-19 Human behaviour shapes the trajectory of pandemics, and behaviour is crucial to curb and contain disease spread. In this Focus, we bring together expert views from a broad range of disciplines across the behavioural and social sciences, to examine how individual and collective behaviour drive and can mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Cover image: GeorgePeters/DigitalVision Vectors/Getty. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic

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Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

5_12

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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C

The processes leading to large earthquakes remain enigmatic. Using detailed seismic and geodetic data, this Review examines how tectonic deformation and evolving fault behaviour initiate large earthquakes, and proposes an integrated model accounting for the diversity of observations. See Kato and Ben-Zion. Image: Marco Equizi / Getty images. Cover design: Carl Conway.

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The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) underwent dramatic changes over the Holocene, impacting global sea levels. This Review discusses these pre-industrial Holocene changes and their drivers, as well as their relevance for current and future perturbations to the AIS. See Jones et al. Image: Richard. S. Jones. Cover design: Carl Conway.

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Sonification uses non-speech audio to convey complex data patterns in both space and time, overcoming visual and language barriers to science communication. This Commentoutlines how data sonification is primed to aid interpretations of multi-dimensional Earth and environmental data streams. Image credit: Tom Gernon. Cover design: Carl Conway.

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Permafrost is warming and thawing at accelerating rates. This Focus issue and an accompanying online collection examines how permafrost is changing and the consequences for Earth and human systems. See Collection. Image: peace portal photo / Alamy Stock Photo. Cover design: Carl Conway.

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Trends in Biochemical Sciences

49_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

In this issue of Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Furst, Klass, and Francis discuss the use of DNA hybridization to assemble complex arrangements of cells on pages 342–350. This technology enables the study of intercellular interactions, nutrient transfer, and complex diseases. Cover image designed by Furst, Klass, and Francis.

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DNA breakage mechanisms at many of the most common lymphoid chromosomal translocation fragile zones have been intriguing. The activation-induced deaminase (AID) acts on single-stranded DNA and is a key factor in the chromosome breakage at non-immunoglobulin loci. On pages 391–400 in this issue, Liu et al. propose an RNA-tether model in which the binding of AID to the newly transcribed RNA stabilizes AID to facilitate its deamination at the non-template DNA strand in the transcription bubble. Cover image designed by Di Liu and Lingyu Xu.

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In this issue of Trends in Biochemical Sciences, women scientists are the primary authors of the Opinion and Review articles. From Anna Marabotti and colleagues, “Standardizing macromolecular structure files: further efforts are needed”; from Ilaria Elia et al, “The metabolic cross-talk between cancer and T cells”; from Tatiana G. Kutateladze and Nitika Gaurav, “Non-histone binding functions of PHD fingers”; from Jing-Dong Ja. Han, “LncRNAs: the missing link to senescence nuclear architecture”; from Joanna Rorbach et al, “Insights into mitoribosomal biogenesis from the recent structural studies”; and from Susan Daniel and colleagues “Membrane protein synthesis: no cells required”. Cover image: GettyImages/DrAfter123.

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On pages 472–483 of this issue of Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Drs. Goodsell, Olson, and Forli provide an update, almost thirty years in the making, of how structural information can be integrated with light microscopy and -omics data, among others, to depict the cellular mesoscale. This is the level at where one can observe how individual molecular components come together and interact in living systems. For example, on the cover, the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway is illustrated. Cover image designed by Dr. Goodsell, in collaboration with Daniel Klionsky.

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Science Signaling

2007_386

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

COVER This week features a Perspective on calcium regulation of the permeability of the nuclear pore complex. The image depicts a nuclear pore. [Image: A. Patel and Z. U. A. Chowdhury, University of London, London, UK.]

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ONLINE COVER This week features a Research Article that describes how the Ca2+ sensors STIM1 and STIM2 are differentially required for basophil responses to distinct stimuli. The image shows an artist’s rendition of a basophil. [Image: Science Picture Co/Science Source]

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ONLINE COVER This week features a Research Article that structurally defines a cavity in the ion channel TRPA1 that critically coordinates the complex manner in which the channel's sensitivity is regulated and in which alterations may underlie chronic pain and other disorders. The image shows a docking model of the channel with phosphoinositides. [Image: Zimova et al., Science Signaling ]

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ONLINE COVER This week features a Research Article that describes how kinases recognize structurally formed consensus phosphorylation motifs in folded substrates. The image shows a model of the position of the residues in a structurally formed consensus motif (blue and pink residues) on α-tubulin (gray) with a peptide with a linear consensus motif above for comparison. [Image: Tiago José Paschoal Sobreira (Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brazil)]

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ACS Applied Polymer Materials

2024_5

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

This cover illustration shows superior thermal conducting properties of newly developed liquid crystal (LC) materials derived from improved molecular orientation by polymerization. LC epoxy resins exhibit high thermal conductivity based on mesogen networks oriented by intermolecular interactions with excellent potential as electronic materials.

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Fluorescent sugar-hydrogel, developed using the functionalization of chitosan and an anthracene derivative, which shows solvent-dependent aggregation-based exciplex emission in gel networks at a normal temperature. The background image was created using DALL·E, an AI-powered image generation tool by OpenAI.

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Yellow cross-linked polymer monoliths with hierarchical porosities and

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A newly synthesized azobenzene-based monoacrylate molecule (AM) is used to develop multifunctional liquid crystal polymer networks (LCPNs) with photothermal effect. The multifunctionality of the strategically optimized and manufactured AM LCPN was demonstrated through the identification of shape memory, orientation, and self-healing properties.

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Med

6_1

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D

On the Cover: The events of 2020 have highlighted the existing health disparities among people of different races and ethnicities throughout the world and the urgent need for equitable access to healthcare solutions. The January 2021 issue of Med explores the complex relationships between diversity, race and health. Cover design by Kip Lyall. Adapted from ArdeaA/iStock via Getty Images.

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On the Cover: COVID-19 has affected the whole world. At the close of 2020, our first Med Special issue is focused on COVID-19, offering a time of reflection on the scientific advances we have made and the challenges that lie ahead. Our cover image recognizes the ongoing dedication of health care workers and the importance of solidarity to fight COVID-19.

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On the cover: Chemotherapies are currently dosed based on a patient's height and weight, using an equation from 1916 to estimate their body surface area. This method leads to variability in pharmacokinetics, potentially causing increased toxicities and decreased efficacy. Personalized dosing could improve the patient's experience by providing a more accurate dose, reducing side effects and increasing drug efficacy. In this issue of Med, DeRidder et al. develop a closed-loop automated drug infusion regulator (CLAUDIA) system to address this challenge by ensuring the drug reaches the target concentration regardless of other factors. This illustration depicts a positive treatment experience, with patients walking unbothered by their personalized chemotherapy dose represented by colorful IV bags floating like balloons. Recovery is gentler, and daily life is less impacted by chemotherapy. Cover credit: Virginia E. Fulford.

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On the cover: Immunotherapy has revolutionized the standards of care for individuals with cancer, yet not all patients obtain long-lasting benefit from these therapies. This month, we feature a special issue covering the latest developments in cancer immunotherapeutics, ranging from cell-based therapies to vaccines and tumor-targeting bacteria. Through a series of Q&As, reviews and opinion pieces, we seek to highlight some existing challenges in this field as well as potential breakthroughs that may improve efficacy and deliver on the clinical promise of immunotherapy. Cover image: Isaac Lane Koval/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images.

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Nature Nanotechnology

20_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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D

Research into public perceptions of nanotechnology is becoming more rigorous with social scientists developing and testing increasingly complex theoretical models, as demonstrated by three papers in this issue. Dan Kahan and coworkers investigated the influence of cultural factors - in particular, whether individuals were pro- or anti-commerce - on attitudes towards the risks and benefits associated with nanotechnology; Dietram Scheufele and colleagues combined the results of public surveys in the US and Europe to explore the influence of religious beliefs on public perceptions of nanotechnology. In the third study Nick Pidgeon and co-workers found that energy applications of nanotechnology were viewed more positively than health applications in workshops organized in the UK and the US. (Image credit: Dariusz Miszkiel/123RF.) Cover design by Karen Moore Letters p87, 91 and 95; News & Views p79; Editorial p71

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Water-based nanofabrication The cover shows an image of water-based micro- and nanopatterned circuits obtained by using silk as a surfactant on a hydrophobic wafer. See Omenetto Image: Fiorenzo Omenetto, Silklab. Cover design: Vanitha Selvarajan.

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Researchers are able to control many of the properties of semiconductor nanowires including their composition, doping, crystal structure and orphology. However, progress towards the ab initio design and growth of hierarchical nanostructures has been limited. Now Charles Lieber and co-workers have demonstrated a 'nanotectonic' approach that provides iterative control over the nucleation and growth of nanowires, and they have used this approach to grow kinked or zigzag nanowires in which straight sections of controllable length are separated by triangular joints. Moreover, the growth direction remains coherent along the nanowire. They have also grown nanowires with specific device functions, such as p-n diodes and field-effect transistors, localized at the kinked junctions. The image on the cover is a composite of the same false-colour scanning electron microscope image of a single multiply-kinked nanowire with a diameter of 80 nm and a segment length of 1 âμm. Image credit: B. Tian and C. Lieber. Letter p824

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Memristors for on-chip intelligence The image on the cover shows the optoelectronic memristor cells to be fully integrated as a 128 × 8 multi-mode array for in-sensor computing applications. See Heyi Huang et al. Image: Heyi Huang, Tsinghua University. Cover design: Vanitha Selvarajan

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ACS Earth and Space Chemistry

2024_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

Density functional theory calculations are used to probe the possibility of the formation of benzene from acetylene precursors on the surface of olivine dust particles.

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Aerosols transform into vesicles upon entry into aqueous solution containing lipids. In a prebiotic environment, such aerosols would have acted as carriers of molecular building blocks, connecting multiple environments necessary for the emergence of life. Cover art created by Annie Tykwinski.

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The cover art illustrates the emission of methane sulfonamide (MSAM) from the oceans and how it undergoes oxidation mediated by a Cl atom, oxygen (3O2), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), and nitric oxide (NO) to generate pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), formic acid (HC(O)OH), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.

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An electrochemical sensing system based on a combination of potentiometric sensing and real-time corrections for the effects of salinity and temperature is proposed for rapid in situ monitoring of oceanic pCO2 with fluctuating salinities and temperatures.

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Nature Chemical Engineering

1_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

Artificial transmembrane transport Building artificial cells that mimic the functions of biological cells represents a fundamental challenge. A major bottleneck is the transport of substances across the artificial cell membrane. Now, Nan-Nan Deng and colleagues demonstrate an endocytosis-/exocytosis-like transmembrane transport in a liposome-based system. By utilizing interfacial energy, liposomes can reversibly engulf and excrete oil microdroplets, which can subsequently be exploited as reconfigurable oil-based channels for molecular transport. The cover illustrates the shuttling process of ions and DNA across the oil-based channels. See Tian et al. and Parikh Image: Nan-Nan Deng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Cover design: Thomas Phillips.

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Connecting the dots The fast construction and on-the-fly reconfiguration of liquid-based devices have long been challenging. Now, Gu, Du and colleagues have developed a strategy to generate diverse liquid-based devices that can be designed and reconfigured on-demand within minutes simply by adding, connecting and removing liquid droplets in a pillared substrate. The cover shows a fluidic channel constructed using this method. See Zeng et al. and Wang & Wang Image: Yi Zeng, Southeast University. Cover Design: Thomas Phillips.

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Engineering assembly pathways Visualizing and manipulating the self-assembly pathways of nanoparticles to form functionalized superstructures remains challenging. Now, Xingchen Ye, Sharon Glotzer and colleagues image the complete self-assembly process of gold nanocubes in situ through liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy. Both molecular dynamics simulations and scaling theory were applied to quantify the interactions between the nanocubes and solvent to enable on-the-fly control of the self-assembly pathways. The cover image shows the self-assembly of gold nanocubes into three distinct superlattices. See Zhong et al. and Woehl Image: Ella Maru Studio. Cover design: Thomas Phillips.

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Microbial fragrance production Benzyl acetate, a compound with a jasmine-like scent used in various products, is traditionally made through inefficient plant extraction or chemical methods. Now, Choi, Lee and colleagues have developed a more sustainable method using a metabolically engineered bacterium to produce benzyl acetate, achieving significant production levels in a fermentation process. The cover shows a 300-liter pilot-scale fermentor at KAIST, Korea. See Choi et al. and Sokolova & Haslinger Image: Kyeong Rok Choi and Sang Yup Lee, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology. Cover Design: Thomas Phillips.

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Trends in Ecology & Evolution

39_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

Animals, such as Singapore parrotfish, Scarus prasiognathos, shown here, transport energy and nutrients through food webs and across ecosystem boundaries. While energy and nutrient fluxes can be measured for individual animals, scaling up these individual processes to entire communities is difficult, particularly in high-diversity systems such as coral reefs. On pages 467−478, James Robinson and colleagues argue that filling data gaps and combining flux frameworks with existing ecosystem tools will improve quantitative predictions, which will advance our understanding of how fishes contribute to ecosystem functions and services. Photo credit: Tane Sinclair-Taylor.

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‘Key innovations’ are phenotypic traits that permit evolutionary shifts into previously inaccessible ecological spheres. On pages 122–131, Aryeh Miller and colleagues discuss the history of the term and clarify the relationship between key innovations and adaptive radiation. They provide an analytic framework to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics of many putative key innovations. The cover image shows Graham’s anole (Anolis grahami); the evolution of adhesive toepads in this group of arboreal lizards has provided evolutionary access to the arboreal zone. Photo credit: Day’s Edge Productions.

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On pages 1177–1188, Sally Keith and colleagues introduce the new field of “macrobehaviour”. This field integrates behavioural ecology and macroecology to provide new insight into both fields, and has particular relevance for understanding ecological responses to rapid environmental change. Coral reefs occur throughout the tropics and show clear geographic patterns in species diversity. As such, reef fish, such as the threespot damselfish (Dascyllus trimaculatus), pictured here, offer an ideal system in which to study macrobehaviour. Cover credit: Umeed Mistry.

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Understanding the resilience of coral reefs to climate change is a major concern amongst marine ecologists. But despite the global importance of reefs, the theory of reef resilience has largely been developed for just one region; the Caribbean. On pp. 404 – 413 of this issue, George Roff and Peter Mumby not only consider variation in resilience in other regions, they examine factors that might predispose a particular region to be resilient or susceptible to local disturbance and climate change . The cover image shows an Acropora dominated Indo-Pacific reef (Palau, Micronesia) that has undergone rapid recovery following coral bleaching in 1998. (Image courtesy of George Roff).

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Nature Cell Biology

26_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

Focus on cell death The cover shows 3-colour live imaging in vivo demonstrating a role for ferroptosis-like cell death in triggering macrophage recruitment but delaying the resolution of inflammation during wounding in Drosophila. See Focus for more content. Focus See Davidson et al. Image: Andrew J. Davidson, University of Glasgow. Cover design: Lauren Heslop

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Pooled multicolour tagging Multicolour tagging using intron-targeting single guide RNA libraries and computer vision enables the detection of protein localization changes. See Reicher et al. Image: Andreas Reicher, CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Cover design: Lauren Heslop

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Dicer-deficient cells have multiple spindles (green) and undergo aberrant mitosis. cover design: Lawrence Keogh

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A collage of Nature Cell Biology covers from the past decade.

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Trends in Immunology

46_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

Recent large scale studies have highlighted the variability of immune responses in humans. On pages 637–646, Liston et al. review the nature of these variations and the potential contributing factors. Cover image adapted from istockphoto, credit elenabs.

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Experiments with particular specific pathogen-free (SPF)-inbred mouse strains from different laboratories often yield conflicting data due to microbiota variations due to housing conditions. On pages 17–28, Rosshart, Bruno, and Schueler present the option of using natural microbiota from wild mice to outcompete and replace conventional laboratory SPF murine gut microbiota via co-housing (wildlings). They propose that this may yield more robust, reproducible, and generalizable mouse data in biomedical research than other models. Image credit: Ethan Tyler, NIH Division of Medical Arts.

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Since the age of Hippocrates, the crab has been used to represent cancer. In this Special Issue, Trends in Immunology explores the complex relationship between the immune system and cancer, discussing how some immune processes are co-opted by cancer for its own benefit, and highlighting how in some instances, immunity can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. We also discuss how the immune system is impacted by anti-cancer therapies, and how in turn this affects the outcome of the treatment. This battle is illustrated here: the crab puts up its own defense against anti-cancer therapy and cytotoxic immune cells, but it is also shielded from attack by pro-tumorigenic immune cells. Cover concept by Seth B. Coffelt and Karin E. de Visser. Cover artwork by Tomasz Ahrends.

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The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against infection and tissue injury. New imaging techniques and genetic tools are allowing researchers to more precisely define how innate immune cells navigate their way to the appropriate site during tissue perturbation. The articles in this themed issue of Trends in Immunology examine the mechanisms that underlie innate immune cell trafficking in health and disease. Cover illustration: Yvonne Blanco.

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ACS Materials Au

2024_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

High-precision printing using gold nanoparticle ink, characterized by its low-temperature sintering capacity, presents a promising frontier for advancing flexible printed and wearable electronic technologies. The cover features the investigation and optimization of a water-based gold nanoparticle ink formulation tailored for utilization in aerosol jet and inkjet printers, specifically for applications within printed electronics.

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Electric-field-induced Joule heating has been employed to transform porous hard carbons into a free-standing monolith consisting of interconnected onion-like carbons. Such macroscopic self-supporting yet porous structures exhibit highly efficient capture of volatile organic compounds, such as toluene, in atmospheric conditions, besides providing a new route for achieving structural interconversions among nanocarbons.

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Novel therapeutic strategies using gold nanoparticles as gene therapy vectors for the controlled and efficient silence of endogenous microRNAs or messenger RNAs involved in cancer. A universal gene silencing tool based on gold nanoparticles functionalized with DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that effectively silences the specific target (siRNA, miRNA, or gene-specific mRNA) while simultaneously signaling its action via fluorescence emission in cancer cells is of utmost importance for the development of more selective cancer therapies.

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This front cover represents the idea that science should be inclusive. We created a collage in which a face is composed and enriched by incorporating features of various women's faces worldwide. This work is part of the ACS-wide DEIR Cover Art program.

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Nature Ecology & Evolution

8_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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C

Birthday biodiversity A celebration of some of the species that have featured in the pages of Nature Ecology & Evolution during the journal's first year. See here for the names of all the species and the articles they appear in. Image: Rosemary Mosco. Cover Design: Allen Beattie.

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The young ones An exceptionally preserved juvenile specimen of the lower Cambrian chancelloriid Allonnia phrixothrix from the Haiyan Lagerstätte of southwest China. See Yang, X. et al. Image: Xianfeng Yang. Cover Design: Allen Beattie.

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Iron constitution Photograph of Ganas the Komodo dragon, once housed at London Zoo. Analysis of Ganas’ teeth, along with those of other Komodo dragons in museum collections around the world, has revealed that these lizards have evolved protective iron coatings on the cutting edges and tips of their serrated teeth. See LeBlanc et al. Image: Image courtesy of Charlotte Ellis, Zoological Society of London. Cover design: Allen Beattie

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Endless forms A celebration of some of the species that have featured in the pages of Nature Ecology & Evolution during 2018. See here for the names of all the species and the articles they appear in. Image: Rohan Chakravarty. Cover Design: Bethany Vukomanovic.

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Trends in Cognitive Sciences

28_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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D

In celebration of the 20th anniversary of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, this issue highlights how human cognition interacts with the modern environment. The editorial introduces a virtual special issue on cognition in the modern era and highlights articles in this and recent issues that examine facets of this topic. Cover image from iStockphoto/studiogstock. Cover design by Rebecca Schwarzlose.

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In celebration of our 25th anniversary, this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences features a series of essays highlighting key open questions that leading scientists believe the field should explore over the next quarter-century. Reflecting the breadth of cognitive science, these essays address diverse topics, from episodic memory to developmental psychology, consciousness to auditory cognition, and the experience of pain to mind-culture interactions. The real-world applicability of cognitive science, the interface between cognitive science and artificial intelligence, and the use of paradigms and methods that capture the dynamics of naturalistic cognition emerge as key themes. The puzzle pieces on the cover, depicting previous TICS covers, represent the process of knowledge accumulation over the last 25 years. Artwork by Phillip Krzeminski.

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In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Changeux presents a framework for connecting levels of brain organization to foster the integration of neuroscientific findings from individual genes to consciousness. Cover image from iStockphoto/grandeduc. Cover design by Rebecca Schwarzlose.

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Over the past decade, research has demonstrated that interoception is associated with both the quality and intensity of humans’ affective experiences. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how signals from the body produce affective states. In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, M. J. Feldman, E. Bliss-Moreau, and K. A. Lindquist integrate and build on prior theorizing to discuss how bodily signals are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated to produce affective experiences. In doing so, they provide insight into the distinct phenomenology of affective experiences. Cover image from DrAfter123/Getty Images.

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NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

25_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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C

‘Astrocytes and neurodegeneration’, inspired by the Review on p23. Cover design: Jennie Vallis

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‘Converging pathways in Parkinson disease’, inspired by the Review on p393. Cover design: Jennie Vallis

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‘Synaptic labels’, inspired by the Review on p668. Cover design: Jennie Vallis

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‘Glial satellites’ inspired by the Review on p485. Cover design: Jennie Vallis.

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Neuron

113_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Neuron/113_2.png

B

On the cover: A depiction of interneurons as gears in a watch movement—brass wheels representing their dendrites, and nickel their axons. On the left is a bistratified cell, and in the center is an O-LM cell. The bridge running left to right represents stratum pyramidale. A pyramidal neuron takes the role of pallet lever (brass, top right), receiving oscillatory input from the impulse pin to its apical tuft. Instead of a balance wheel, this oscillatory input comes from the movement of the interneuron gears. The output of the pyramidal neuron is the accurate timing of the movement of the pallet wheel (nickel, bottom right corner), representing the cell’s axon. In this issue, Katona et al. (pages 872–886) describe the temporal specialization of distinct hippocampal GABAergic interneurons (in the neuronal machine).

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On the cover: Memory has a constructive nature. In this issue of Neuron, Lei et al. investigate the underlying neural mechanisms for memory systems reconsolidation, which explains how recall of a remote memory triggers a reconstructive memory process in the hippocampus. During this process, a new hippocampal engram ensemble is recruited to provide new information to the original memory. The cover image represents this process through a “clue wall” filled with two distinct styles of clues. Abstract black-and-white line drawings symbolize semantic memory, while vivid, detailed images represent episodic memory. The abstract clues are concentrated near the brain’s outline, corresponding to the prefrontal cortex, whereas the detailed images are positioned relative to the hippocampus. These clues collectively form a “Ship of Theseus,” symbolizing memories that can be continuously updated with new information. This metaphor highlights the key finding of this study: memory is a reconstructive process, and we are in search of the traces and truth of our past via integrating remote abstract memories and newly acquired episodic information. Overall, the cover image reflects the reconstructive nature of memory, illustrating how the process of systems reconsolidation enables us to adapt and update our memories over time. Artwork by Ying Xu.

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On the cover: This special issue of Neuron presents a collection of Perspectives, Primers, and Review articles on cell biology. These articles discuss recent key advances in the field and outline open questions and possible directions of where the field is moving. Each article represents a powerful example of how important cell biology is to understand the architecture of the brain at the cellular and molecular level. The cover is an artistic depiction of a neuron to highlight its intracellular machinery and specialized structural features.

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On the cover: This special issue of Neuron presents a collection of reviews and opinions on neural dynamics and cognitive processing. These pieces discuss the orchestration of networks serving attention, perception, or memory, as well as the functional or mechanistic roles neural oscillations and synchrony may play therein. The cover depicts a vector visualization in the shape of a human head, symbolizing the dynamic flow of neural activity. Image adapted from Sylverarts via Getty Images.

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Macromolecules

2024_18

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Macromolecules/2024_18.png

A

Targeted induction of right- or left-handed double-stranded helical sense in chiral polyelectrolytes through selective choice of configuration in the chiral pendant and with an appropriate counteranion. Authors used Freepik for the cover design.

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Over the past 50 years, there has been tremendous progress in the synthesis of macromolecules with complex architectures, mainly by covalent chemistry. The “initiator” for this journey and the springboard for the advent of the other controlled/living polymerizations was the discovery of living anionic polymerization. Nature, the perfect chemist,

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Polyelectrolyte complexation is associative phase separation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in aqueous media. See Macromolecules, 2018, 51 (8), pp 2988–2995. View the article.

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Science Advances

11_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Science/Cover/Science Advances/11_8.png

D

ONLINE COVER Tears reveal more than just emotion. Tears' extracellular vesicles (EVs) allow us to see molecular-level signs of different diseases or actions of other organs inside our bodies. Hu et al. found that tear EVs act as immune effectors, maintain retinal homeostasis, and regulate inflammation. The rich bioinformation that tears carry offer value beyond the ocular system. Credit: Hu et alMAC_Bench/Science Advances

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ONLINE COVER Single photons carrying spin and orbital angular momenta (SAM and OAM) surrounded by dimers of orthogonal nanorods. SAM and OAM encoded photons are crucial for optical and quantum applications, but the realization of their accurate on-chip generation is elusive. Liu et al. propose a general, metasurface-based approach for designing single-photon sources of circularly polarized single-mode vortex beams, with the SAM and OAM separately controlled by the meta-atom configuration and array arrangement. The proposed approach opens a new avenue for on-chip generation of complex single-photon beams for high-dimensional optical and quantum systems. Credit: Xujing Liu

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ONLINE COVER A frontlit lithophane graphic of the reaction for isoamyl acetate. To increase the access to high-resolution data for people with blindness, lithophane graphics were developed using 3D-printing. Alonzo et al. report the creation of lithophane codices with greater resolution and an unlimited range of protuberance compared to existing swell form graphics. High school students with blindness were able to accurately interpret lithophanes of esterification reactions, despite little or no prior training in chemistry or experience with lithophanes, resulting in an increased student interest and sense of belonging in science. Credit: Mayte Gonzalez

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ONLINE COVER Artistic rendering of a universal prion-based mechanism for ionic strength sensing (represented by gauge) inside animal cells. An ever-expanding fraction of the global population faces rising temperatures and water scarcity, conditions that place excessive ionic stress on cells and tissues. Khandwala et al. show that increasing ionic strength inside cells activates a mitigative transcriptional program controlled by the protein NFAT5. This discovery links climate medicine and cell biology, providing a foundation for developing therapies against climate change-associated diseases, including chronic kidney disease. Credit: Kate Zvorykina and Ella Marushchenko (Ella Maru Studio, Inc.)

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Trends in Cognitive Sciences

28_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Trends in Cognitive Sciences/28_2.png

B

In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Risko and Gilbert review the current research on cognitive offloading, or the use of physical action to reduce cognitive load. Cognitive offloading includes a wide range of actions, from counting on one’s fingers to programming reminders into one’s smartphone. The authors discuss the factors that influence the decision to offload and the cognitive impact of offloading. Cover image from iStockphoto/jpa1999. Cover design by Rebecca Schwarzlose.

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Is working memory (WM) domain-general or domain-specific? In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Nazbanou Nozari and Randi C. Martin explore the domain-generality and domain-specificity of WM across three levels: computations, neural substrates, and applications. They propose a nuanced taxonomy, revealing the varying degrees of domain-generality and domain-specificity across these levels, with practical implications for WM training. The tiles on the cover visually represent the three levels explored by the authors. Cover image by Marissa Sirois.

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Scientific progress depends on the quality of scientific concepts that reflect researchers' understanding of their phenomena -- be it the periodic table of elements for chemistry or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for mental disorders. In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Marina Dubova & Robert L. Goldstone explore how scientific concepts influence measurement, experimentation, theorizing, and communication in science, as well as the studied phenomena themselves. The cover shows a scientist using a triangular mold to decompose their world, leading to difficulties for the scientist who receives that decomposition when trying to provide a coherent reconstruction of that world. This exemplifies challenges for science when trying to develop new, improved scientific concepts by using data shaped by the original concepts. A third scientist, an allegory for progressive improvement in scientific concepts, suggests a potentially better, curved mold for breaking down the world. Cover art by Joe Lee.

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In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Rosenberg, Finn, Scheinost, Constable, and Chun discuss advances in connectivity-based predictive modeling, how these methods inform our understanding of attention, and how they can be applied to other cognitive domains. Cover image from iStockphoto/SomkiatFakmee. Cover design by Rebecca Schwarzlose.

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ACS Infectious Diseases

2024_11

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Infectious Diseases/2024_11.png

D

The cover features an illustration of macrophages infected by Leishmania amastigotes. In their article, Mina et al. report Leishmania inositol phosphorylceramide synthase as a potential therapeutic target for the antihistamine clemastine fumarate. Image credit: Shutterstock. View the article.

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This front cover depicts original artwork created by Tatiana Román Valenzuela and is part of the ACS-wide DEIR Cover Art program. The piece illustrates the contributions of Alice Ball, an African American chemist who developed one of the first effective treatments for Hansen’s disease, or more widely known as leprosy. Read more about what inspired Tatiana to create this artwork in the accompanying Editorial. View the article.

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This cover shows a novel antiplasmodial agent attacking Plasmodium falciparum parasites in infected red blood cells. This new compound was re-engineered from the indole alkaloid yohimbine using a “ring distortion” chemical synthesis approach reported by Huigens, Chakrabarti, and co-workers. Artwork created by

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the molecular diversity of glycans present in fungal capsules. We report on the mapping of several antibody epitopes that target the polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). The accompanying fluorescence microscopy image depicts two antibodies, 13F1 (red) and 18B7 (green), binding to distinct regions of the capsule..

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Nature Physics

20_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Physics/20_9.png

B

Kondo screening by quasiparticles The Kondo effect — the screening of a magnetic impurity’s local moment by the electron Fermi sea in a metal — has been observed in a charge-insulating quantum spin liquid material, where the spinon excitations take the role of electrons. See Zorko et al. Image: Matjaž Gomilšek, Durham University and Jožef Stefan Institute. Cover Design: David Shand

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Material time in a material world The way in which glassy materials age can be difficult to describe. The concept of material time allows for the description of this physical ageing in a linear way. Multispeckle dynamic light scattering experiments now provide experimental access to material time and show that intensity fluctuations become statistically reversible when referenced in this way. See Böhmer IMAGE: Sebastian Keuth. COVER DESIGN: Amie Fernandez

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Time to relax The dynamic relaxation spectrum of a supercooled liquid is asymmetric near the glass transition. Overcoming the difficulties of accessing low temperatures and long time scales, simulations now attribute this feature to dynamic facilitation. See Guiselin et al. and Zorn Image: Camille Scalliet, University of Cambridge. Cover Design: Amie Fernandez

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Glassy learning The physics that underlies the glass transition is both subtle and non-trivial. A machine learning approach based on graph networks is now shown to accurately predict the dynamics of glasses over a wider range of temperature, pressure and density. See Bapst et al. Image: DeepMind Technologies Limited. Cover Design: David Shand

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Trends in Biochemical Sciences

49_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Trends in Biochemical Sciences/49_3.png

D

Although we aim to understand the molecular underpinnings of cellular signalling events, inconsistencies and discord abound in the published literature. Do our in vitro experiments and in silico modelling efforts accurately capture the nature of in vivo events? How can we best make biochemical sense of the biological world? On pages 471–482 of this issue, Toby Gibson outlines conserved features of cellular signalling events, and discusses how this knowledge might facilitate experimental design and interpretation. Cover design by Philip Patenall.

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In this issue of Trends in Biochemical Sciences on pages 39–51, Olarte et al. describe two pathways, the CYTOLD and ERTOLD pathways, for directing protein to the surface of lipid droplets (LDs). The cover is an artistic depiction of lipid droplets budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a membrane network where lipids are synthesized, into the cytoplasm. The budding lipid droplets are filled with neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols, and bounded by a phospholipid monolayer. During LD formation, specific proteins containing amphipathic helices or hydrophobic, membraneembedded motifs use the CYTOLD and ERTOLD pathways, respectively, to localize and accumulate on the LD surface. Cover image designed by Maria-Jesus Olarte and created by scientific illustrator Allison Bruce (www.akbruce.com).

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The use of ensemble-based measurements obscures our ability to study complex biochemical pathways. Recent technological advances make it possible to tackle such questions on a single-molecule basis, thereby providing an in-depth view of cellular processes. On pages 234–243 of this issue, Achillefs Kapanidis and Terence Strick describe how the most popular single-molecule techniques can be used to address a wide range of biological questions and outline the challenges that remain in bringing these approaches to widespread use. Cover Design: Philip Patenall. Cover image: Photolibrary.

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Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) is an emerging concept that explains how membraneless cellular compartments and macromolecules organize themselves while maintaining mobility. On pages 888–900 in this issue, Choi et al. review presynaptic proteins that undergo LLPS and explore its potential contribution to presynaptic compartmentalization and function. They also highlight the limitations in this field and suggest future directions for understanding the role of LLPS in presynapses and neurodegenerative diseases. Cover image by Jiyoung Choi and Daehun Park.

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innovation

5_5

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

On the cover: Over the past three decades of exploration, Helicobacter pylori has emerged as the most significant bacterium in the understanding of gastric diseases: In 1984, the connection between Helicobacter pylori and gastritis, as well as gastric ulcers, was first confirmed in humans. In 1994, the World Health Organization classified Helicobacter pylori as a Group I carcinogen for gastric cancer. And in 2005, Dr. Barry Marshall and Dr. Robin Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their pioneering research in the field of Helicobacter pylori. Currently, Professor Shen Lin's team at Peking University Cancer Hospital, through a combination of large-scale clinical analysis and advanced omics technologies, has revealed the significant impact of Helicobacter pylori on the efficacy of immunotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors. This research opens up new directions for both clinical and basic studies of Helicobacter pylori.

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On the cover: Cancer is a complicated disease by genetic mutations. Loads of scientists and doctors had been making history to cancer research and clinical management. Now we're in the era of precision medicine and it is possible to conquest cancers via multidisciplinary collaboration in the near future.

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On the cover: The sun not only breeds all life, but also brings inexhaustible clean energy to the earth. The development of flexible photovoltaic technology, represented by flexible perovskite solar cells, frees the energy production from the constraints of traditional centralized photovoltaic application scenarios. From spacecraft and curved photovoltaics to wearable devices and IoT sensors, the combination of flexible photovoltaics and advanced technology will realize a more flexible, convenient, and imaginative collection and utilization of solar energy, contributing to a more intelligent and sustainable human society.

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On the cover: Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. And the reconstitution of immune homeostasis post-transplant is critical for the long-term survival. However, the dynamics of immune response patterns under immunosuppressive therapy in post-transplant patients remain largely unexplored. Professor Peng Zhihai's team at Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University utilized longitudinal clinical multicohort and single-cell technologies to reveal the processes of immune rejection and homeostasis remodeling after liver transplantation. Under immunosuppressive treatment, the postoperative immune response pattern of stably restored transplant patients underwent a dynamic evolution in one year, progressing through four stages of immune responses, from which a series of molecular markers for the early detection and proactive intervention of graft rejection were identified. On these findings, Peng's team developed a four-stage clinical management framework, offering a more refined guide to the clinical management of patients after liver transplantation.

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Nature Cardiovascular Research

3_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Cardiovascular Research/3_1.png

C

Explaining heart failure Fernandez-Patron et al. propose a unifying framework explaining how diverse risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and diabetes lead to the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure. See Fernandez-Patron et al. Image: Eugenio Hardy, Center for Molecular Immunology, Cuba and Carlos Fernandez-Patron, University of Alberta, Canada. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic

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The ‘sunset years’ come with sex differences in cardiometabolic health Using a large cohort of people that spans three generations, Zhernakova et al. find that sex differences in risk factors and biomarkers for cardiometabolic diseases change dynamically with age. See Zhernakova et al. and News & Views by Miller and Heather Image: Jingyuan Fu, University Medical Center Groningen. Cover Design: Bethany Vukomanovic

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How the glutamine-to-glutamate ratio influences atherosclerosis Murcy et al. show that increasing the plasma ratio of glutamine to glutamate in a mouse model of atherosclerosis can distally reprogram transcriptional and post-transcriptional remodeling of the aorta by GLS2-dependent hepatic glutaminolysis. See Murcy et al. Image: Aude Laurent (Ododo) - Motion design / Art direction / Video editing / illustration *FREELANCE*. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic

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COVID-19 and atherosclerosis Eberhardt et al. describe how SARS-CoV-2 infects cells within human atherosclerotic lesions, triggering plaque inflammation that contributes to acute cardiovascular complications and long-term risks in patients with COVID-19. See Eberhardt et al. Image: Katie Vicari. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic

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val

ACS Applied Bio Materials

2024_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Applied Bio Materials/2024_3.png

D

The cover graphic depicts the creation of novel light-responsive, self-assembled micelles via ultrasensitive photo-reversible cycloaddition reactions; this breakthrough in the development of stimuli-responsive block copolymers may enable significant advances in biomaterials and drug delivery. These newly developed polymeric micelles exhibit a number of unique amphiphilic characteristics including extremely high micellar stability, rapid and ultrasensitive light-responsive properties, and tunable drug-loading capacity and drug release profiles. Importantly, the drug-loaded micelles exhibit highly stable drug entrapment in serum-containing media for prolonged periods of time, undergo controlled cellular uptake, and, after short-term UV irradiation, substantially improve the safety and effectiveness of chemotherapy in vitro.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Applied Bio Materials/2019_7.txt

vith

2019_7.txt

A newly designed DNA aptamer switch (keyhole on door) can reconfigure when binding to lead ions (purple spheres). The aptamer switch (aptaswitch) is used to detect lead ions using the fluorescent signal obtained on reconfiguration (open aptaswitches on other side of door). Cover art designed and created by Arun Richard Chandrasekaran.

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The cover image depicts the semiconducting oligomer amphiphiles (OPV-PEG)-based activatable nanoprobes for in vivo imaging of biothiols. OPV-PEG is composed of a hydrophobic semiconducting segment that serves as both the signal source and the sensing moiety for biothiols, and the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains to provide the water-solubility. OPV-PEG can self-assemble with a near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizer to emit both NIR fluorescence and afterglow luminescence. In the presence of biothiols in living animals, the NIR fluorescence of this nanoprobe is turned on, but the afterglow signal remains the same, which permits precise tracking of the probe location while detecting biothiols.

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Esterase-responsive turn-on fluorogenic prodrug of the marketed drug epalrestat was developed towards the treatment of cancer by selectively inhibiting aldose reductases. Activation of the prodrug by intracellular esterases, overexpressed in cancer cells, enables the real-time monitoring of the active drug release (epalrestat) with fluorescence readout.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Applied Bio Materials/2024_3.txt

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2024_3.txt

train

Trends in Immunology

45_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Trends in Immunology/45_6.png

B

Stemming from an overactivated immune system, cytokine storms (CS) are associated with various pathologies, including infectious diseases (e.g. COVID-19), certain immunodeficiencies, autoinflammatory diseases, or following therapeutic interventions. On pages 681–705, Rajendra Karki and Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti discuss recent progress in innate immunity and inflammatory cell death, providing insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CS and a possible rationale for future therapeutic discovery and development. Image credit: gettyimages/andersborman. Cover design: Catarina Sacristán.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Immunology/42_5.txt

vith

42_5.txt

VAV1 is a positive regulator of TCR activation and cytokine production in primary human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Loss/suppression of VAV1 can mitigate disease phenotypes in arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, or colitis mouse models. On pages 580–596, Neurath and Berg suggest that targeting VAV1 may hold therapeutic potential in T and T/B cell-mediated autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The illustration represents the battle that unfolds between a dragon destroying a city (host), and a knight. The scene symbolizes self-reactive T cells (dragon) in autoimmunity, inflammation (flames), and the potential of drug targeting (knight), in this case VAV1. Image credit: Darrison Haftarczyk.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Immunology/45_6.txt

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Recent large scale studies have highlighted the variability of immune responses in humans. On pages 637–646, Liston et al. review the nature of these variations and the potential contributing factors. Cover image adapted from istockphoto, credit elenabs.

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A central tenet of (adaptive) immunology has been that responses are initiated in secondary lymphoid tissues and by and large this seems to be the case. However, more recent data has demonstrated that T cells, as opposed to their B cell cousins, are a lot less choosy about where they are activated. On pages 144–153 Burkhard Becher and colleagues speculate how the surprising unfussiness of T cells could represent an ancient activation pathway extant prior to the evolutionary appearance of dedicated lymph nodes. The cover image sans the T cell is of a cave bordering the Nanzen-ji temple complex in Kyoto, Japan. Photo by ZTF.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Immunology/31_10.txt

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test

Trends in Parasitology

40_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Trends in Parasitology/40_6.png

D

This special issue of Trends in Parasitology focuses on vectors - organisms that facilitate the spread of disease. Vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases and several can only be effectively managed through adequate vector control strategies. As argued in multiple articles included in this issue of Trends in Parasitology, the development of successful control approaches relies heavily on a detailed understanding of the vector biology, ecology, and epidemiology. On the cover, a swarm of mosquitos, the most important disease vector, at sunset. Cover art courtesy of iStockPhoto/smartstock.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Parasitology/32_11.txt

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32_11.txt

In this issue of Trends in Parasitology, we dedicate several articles to science education and to training the next generation of parasitologists. Cover image courtesy of iStockPhoto/karandaev.

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Ever since its invention, imaging technology has played a central role in parasitological diagnostics and (pre-)clinical research to fill the drug and vaccine development pipeline. In this issue of Trends in Parasitology, de Korne et al. discuss the role imaging technology has played so far in parasitology and provide an outlook of what imaging may bring to the field of parasitology. Migration through the host is a key characteristic of parasites. To symbolize this, the cover image shows the migratory paths of schistosomes and Plasmodium parasites, including the different “stations” where these parasites can currently be imaged. Improvements in the means by which parasites can be tracked on their journey through the host can provide fundamental insights for rational design and a readout for testing the efficacy of new antiparasitic strategies. Cover image designed by Clarize de Korne and Eric Brienen.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Parasitology/39_10.txt

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Microscopy image analysis is critical in parasitology research because it allows researchers to analyze parasite shape, function, and life cycles. Traditional artificial intelligence (AI) methods often have limitations due to their black-box nature and lack of integration with human expert knowledge, which impedes their explainability and performance. In this issue of Trends in Parasitology, Feng et al. review the recent advancements in knowledge-integrated AI models for the analysis of parasite microscopy images. By incorporating expert knowledge from parasitologists into AI, the resulting knowledge-integrated models can offer both high accuracy and explainability. This synergy is especially important in parasitology, where the correct identification of parasites is crucial for the treatment and control of the disease. The cover image represents the partnership between AI and parasitologists, demonstrating how this paradigm leads to better diagnostics and research in parasitology. Image credit: Sen Li.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Parasitology/40_6.txt

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Nature Reviews Nephrology

20_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Reviews Nephrology/20_9.png

B

Targeting IgA nephropathy, inspired by the Review on p9 Cover design: Lara Crow

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Nephrology/21_2.txt

vith

21_2.txt

The varied roles of non-haematopoietic cells, inspired by the Review on p206. Cover design: Lara Crow

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Nephrology/20_9.txt

groundtruth

20_9.txt

Advancing equitable access to care, inspired by the Comment articles for World Kidney Day starting on p147. Cover design: Lara Crow

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Nephrology/20_10.txt

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20_10.txt

The balancing act of regulatory T cells, inspired by the Review on p544. Cover design: Lara Crow

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19_4.txt

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Nature Plants

10_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Plants/10_7.png

B

Sex chromosomes and carbon capture Sphagnum mosses sequester large quantities of carbon into peatlands. The genomes of Sphagnum species contain sex chromosomes carrying genes that alter the growth and carbon capture characteristics of the two sexes. See Healey et al. Image: Blanka Aguero. Cover Design: Erin Dewalt.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/9_11.txt

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9_11.txt

How to make a moss Recent advances in DNA synthesis techniques have made possible the de novo synthesis of substantial genomes of organisms such as mycoplasma, bacteria and yeast. Synthesis of the genome of a multicellular organism remains out of reach, but the moss Physcomitrium patens could be the first. See Yu et al. and Editorial Image: Andreas Rullmann/Alamy Stock Photo. Cover design: Erin Dewalt

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/10_7.txt

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Five years of plant coverage Nature Plants is entering its sixth year and volume. To celebrate our fifth birthday, this issue’s cover looks back at many of the most striking images that we have used for issues over the last five years. See Editorial Cover Design: L. Heslop.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/6_12.txt

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The conquest of dry land Around 470 million years ago, land plants evolved from a charophycean algal ancestor. Many of their lineages, such as Sporogonites, Cooksonia and Baragwanathia (shown here), became extinct, while others have come to dominate most terrestrial habitats. See Bowman Image: June Ding. Cover Design: Erin Dewalt.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/8_1.txt

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8_1.txt

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Molecular Plant

17_5

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Molecular Plant/17_5.png

D

On the cover: The cover image illustrates that Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology such as the recently developed protein structure prediction tool AlphaFold2 can be used not only for understanding the complex interactions between plants and microorganisms but also for designing crop varieties that can adapt to future environments. Plant pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs) influence pathogen susceptibility and plant growth by regulating pectin methyl esterification. However, constitutive expression of PMEIs can disrupt cell-wall composition, leading to significant tradeoffs between growth and defense. In this issue, Xia et al. employed AlphaFold tools to redesign a modified soybean pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein that specifically targets and inhibits pectin methylesterases (PMEs) of Phytophthora sojae, without affecting the developmental functions of plant PMEs, thereby conferring enhanced disease resistance in soybean. The Image by Yeqiang Xia with the assistance of AI: Bing images, chatgpt4/DALL. E and Photoshop software.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Molecular Plant/17_4.txt

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17_4.txt

On The Cover A highly conserved recognition mechanism of plant peptide hormones by their receptors, the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Image by: Heqiao Zhang and Jijie Chai.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Molecular Plant/9_2.txt

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9_2.txt

On The Cover Manganese uptake at the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane enables photoautotrophic growth. Image by: Anja Schneider, Bin Zhang, and Chi Zhang.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Molecular Plant/11_6.txt

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On the cover: Fertility restorer genes play an important role in three-line hybrid rice breeding. In this issue, Song et al. show that structural variations of a new fertility restorer gene, Rf20, are associated with restoration of wild abortive-type cytoplasmic male sterility in rice. The cover image features rice paddy field for production of three-line hybrid seeds and the delicate structure of a rice floret with normal (left) and shrunk (right) anthers that produce fertile and sterile pollens, respectively. As shown in the circle around rice floret, RF20 gene as well as its copy number variations and environmental temperature that affect Rf20 gene expression contribute to the fertility restoration ability of rice restorer lines. Image by: Li Li.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Molecular Plant/17_5.txt

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17_5.txt

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Nature Machine Intelligence

6_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Machine Intelligence/6_4.png

B

A path for AI in the pandemic In three Comments this issue several groups of experts discuss what role AI can play in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Though AI and machine learning researchers are ready and willing to play their part, it is not an easy task to identify where developments can be most useful. A close collaboration with health workers is required, as well as consideration of how new tools can make a global impact, with adaptability to local situations. One fast-emerging application of machine learning is in data-driven, digital solutions for tracing and tracking COVID-19 infections, but there are alarm bells ringing over the dangers of surveillance creep. In a series of short interviews we delve into the debate about contact track-and-trace apps and the whether it is possible to get the balance right between protecting public health and safeguarding civil rights with digital surveillance tools. See Luengo-Oroz et al., Peiffer-Smadja et al., Hu et al. and Q&A Image: sleepyfellow / Alamy Stock Photo. Cover Design: Karen Moore.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Machine Intelligence/2_7.txt

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2_7.txt

Fly-by-feel flight control Natural flight capabilities surpass current drone technology, with mechanoreceptors in wings thought to have a crucial role in the control of insect flight. Inspired by this observation, Kim et al. developed a wing strain-based control system, achieving precise manoeuvrability of flapping wing robots and offering insights into autonomous flight control within complex aerodynamic flows. See Kim et al. Image: Aleksey Akimov/ Shutterstock. Pixacon/ Shutterstock. 3d_molier International/ Turboquid by Shutterstock. Image concept: Daeshik Kang, Ajou University. Cover design: Vanitha Selvarajan

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Machine Intelligence/6_4.txt

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Learning from human decision making Artificial intelligence and machine learning systems may surpass human performance on a variety of tasks, but they may also mimic or amplify human errors or biases. This issue of Nature Machine Intelligence features a Perspective describing decades of research by psychologists on the development and prevention of errors and biases in human judgment and decision making. The authors provide connections between the psychology and machine learning literatures, and offer guideposts for the development and improvement of machine learning algorithms. See Alexander S. Rich and Todd M. Gureckis Image: Exdez/DigitalVision Vectors/Getty images. Cover design: Karen Moore

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Machine Intelligence/1_9.txt

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1_9.txt

Insect-like plume tracking with reinforcement learning Flying insects excel at solving the computational challenge of tracking of odour plumes. Many aspects of the associated behaviour and the underlying neural circuitry are well studied, but measuring neural activity directly in freely behaving insects is not tractable. Singh et al. developed a complementary in silico approach that involves recurrent neural network artificial agents that use deep reinforcement learning to locate the source of simulated odour plumes. The trained agents produce trajectories with a strong resemblance to those of flying insects and learn to compute task-relevant variables with distinct dynamic structures in population activity. See Satpreet H. Singh et al. Image: Bing Wen Brunton, Floris van Breugel / University of Washington. Cover design: Thomas Phillips

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Machine Intelligence/5_12.txt

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5_12.txt

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ACS Catalysis

2025_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Catalysis/2025_2.png

D

based single-atom catalysts with exceptional catalytic performance for CO oxidation (see page 544). View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Catalysis/2015_11.txt

vith

2015_11.txt

All-inorganic noble-metal-free thiomolybdate anions anchor covalently and irreversibly to a range of oxide surfaces by undergoing a partial ligand displacement. We show that the heterogenized clusters act as stable and efficient light-driven hydrogen evolution co-catalysts when photosensitized by a semiconductor support (Cover design by Stephen Myakala).

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Catalysis/2022_14.txt

ave_2

2022_14.txt

The cover art describes the surface segregation of Sn atoms in Pt-Sn catalyst. Surface segregation behavior of Sn atoms enables the restoration of Pt3Sn surface structure and allows the high catalytic efficiency for propane dehydrogenation.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Catalysis/2021_17.txt

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2021_17.txt

The catalytic activity of LaCoO3 perovskite toward toluene oxidation can be improved by A-site defects regulation and the Rs is closely associated with the O p-band center.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Catalysis/2025_2.txt

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2025_2.txt

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CELL RESEARCH

34_12

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/CELL RESEARCH/34_12.png

D

The cover describes the famous story of Trojan horse in ancient Greek history. This story reflects how tumor-originated oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG, Trojan horse) enters vascular endothelial cells via its new transporter SLC1A1 (city gate). R-2-HG entry is accompanied by Na+(soldiers hiding in the Trojan horse) that triggers downstream events to enhance tumor angiogenesis. See page 638-658 by Xiaomin Wang et al. for details.

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32_6.txt

The cover image illustrates the Lugou Bridge, which is one of the most famous scenic spots and the oldest existing stone arch bridge in Beijing. The stone lions carved above the stone guardrail are in different shapes, just like the heterogeneous fate choices of hemogenic endothelial cells on the way to become hematopoietic stem cells. See page 448–463 by Jun Xia et al. for details.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/CELL RESEARCH/33_7.txt

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33_7.txt

The cover image illustrates how RNAi (terracotta warrior from Qin dynasty of China), as an "ancient" antiviral immunity mechanism, protects human neural progenitors (the wall) and brain organoids (beacon towers) from the invasion of Zika viruses. In antiviral RNAi, Dicer (the crossbow) produces viral siRNAs (the arrows) from viral dsRNA to specifically target and cleave viral genomic RNAs. Cover art is contributed by Dr. Yefei Li. See page 265-273 by Yan-Peng Xu et al. for details.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/CELL RESEARCH/29_9.txt

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29_9.txt

The image shows the tragic story of the Greek soldier Philippides, who brought the victory message of the battle of Marathon to Athens but died after 26 miles and 385 yards (42.195 km) exhaustive running. In fact, human muscle developed mitochondrial protein lactylation as a preventive mechanism for such disaster. See page 13–30 by Yunzi Mao et al. for details.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/CELL RESEARCH/34_12.txt

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34_12.txt

train

Nature Aging

4_12

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Aging/4_12.png

B

Focus on reproductive aging Reproductive aging is an important determinant of fertility span and overall health and wellbeing in older age. In this issue, Nature Aging presents a series of reviews and opinion pieces on recent advances and future directions in reproductive aging research. The cover image shows seasonally colored trees — a springtime tree in green, and autumn trees in brilliant yellow and red — that represent different stages of reproductive physiology in aging. See Editorial Image: Alex Whitworth. Cover design: Alex Whitworth

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Aging/4_1.txt

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4_1.txt

Inferring health trajectories In this issue, Netta Mendelson Cohen et al. investigate individuals’ trajectories of healthy aging and age-related diseases. The researchers stitch together electronic health records with partial longitudinal coverage, using machine learning to untangle future healthy aging from chronic disease, and identify early indicators for healthy longevity. The cover image shows the study’s longevity-model features superimposed with representations of electronic health record information, which are connected via multiple solid or dotted lines that indicate differing propensities to drive the outputs of the models. See Cohen et al. Image: adapted from Nat. Aging https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00536-5 (2024), Springer Nature America (background and central graph), elenabs/iStock/Getty Images Plus (remaining elements). Cover Design: Lauren Heslop

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Aging/4_12.txt

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Aging in unity The cover image of Nature Aging’s first issue illustrates the notion that aging concerns everyone, pointing to the need for social unity and joined research endeavors to solve issues and seize opportunities associated with human aging. Our first issue features research and opinion articles authored by biologists, clinicians, social scientists and civil society and industry leaders that reflect the breadth of our interests, from the intricate details of the core biology of aging to public health and societal questions associated with population aging. See Editorial Image: Smartboy10 / DigitalVisionVectors / Getty. Cover design: Lauren Heslop.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Aging/1_12.txt

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Nonlinear multi-omics aging In this issue, Xiaotao Shen, Chuchu Wang and colleagues performed comprehensive multi-omics profiling in a cohort of 108 human participants and reveal nonlinear patterns in molecular markers of aging. The cover shows a heatmap depicting nonlinear changing data. See Shen et al. Image: Michael Snyder & Xiaotao Shen. Cover design: Lauren Heslop

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Aging/4_2.txt

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4_2.txt

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Nature Reviews Endocrinology

20_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Reviews Endocrinology/20_4.png

A

The relationship between the gut microbiota and thyroid disorders, inspired by the Review on p511. Cover design: Jennie Vallis

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Endocrinology/20_4.txt

groundtruth

20_4.txt

Key advances in endocrinology, inspired by the Year in Reviews starting on p71 Cover design: Jennie Vallis

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Endocrinology/17_11.txt

ave_2

17_11.txt

The ageing thyroid, inspired by the Review on p5. Cover design: Jennie Vallis

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Endocrinology/20_12.txt

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20_12.txt

Mapping progress in cell replacement therapies for T1DM, inspired by the Review on p14. Cover design: Edward Byrne

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Endocrinology/21_2.txt

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21_2.txt

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Environment & Health

2024_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Environment & Health/2024_7.png

A

, the model organism zebrafish exhibits an inflammatory response.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2024_7.txt

groundtruth

2024_7.txt

The epoxidation products produced by 1-nitropyrene metabolic transformation in the body increase the risk of DNA binding and affect human health. The health risks of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons should be taken seriously.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2023_1.txt

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2023_1.txt

Dietary intake of arsenosugars from seaweed, clams, mussels, and oysters confounds studies of arsenic methylation efficiency in humans.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2023_3.txt

ave_1

2023_3.txt

The cover emphasizes the differential accumulation of thallium in zebrafish embryos and larvae and the multifaceted nature of Tl toxicity in relation to the developmental stages of the aquatic organism.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2024_10.txt

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2024_10.txt

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ACS Applied Polymer Materials

2025_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Applied Polymer Materials/2025_1.png

B

The cover art is showing a microwire coated with a layer of Cell Imprinted Polymer (CIP). The CIP is porous, and the pores have specific affinity towards bacterial cells. These wires can be integrated into sensors for detection of bacteria in various matrices like water, food, and human body fluids.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Applied Polymer Materials/2023_8.txt

vith

2023_8.txt

A new method for synthesizing urea-based polymers with tetracyanobutadiene chromophores is presented. These polymers show selective turn-on fluorescence when exposed to fluoride ions in a wide range from 30 μM to 7.2 mM. Fluoride disrupts supramolecular aggregates of the polymer, enhancing emission intensity. The background image was generated using the free NinjaTech AI tool.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Applied Polymer Materials/2025_1.txt

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An all-organic nanocomposite of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with uniformly dispersed cellulose nanocrystals is prepared via in situ polymerization. The composite films are processed facilely through a blown extrusion process that is suitable for mass production, and a 22% improvement in tear toughness was achieved in relation to that of neat PBAT.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Applied Polymer Materials/2023_12.txt

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2023_12.txt

The cover art depicts a biomimetic 3D-printed armored structure inspired by armadillo shells for durable superhydrophobic surfaces. It showcases hexagonal patterns protecting inner hydrophobic nanoparticles, repelling water droplets. The design illustrates the approach of integrating 3D printing with nanomaterial surface treatments to create wear-resistant, water-repellent coatings for harsh environments.

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ACS Nano

2025_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Nano/2025_6.png

D

Protein structure and function can be compromised by mechanical stress. However, covalent

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Nano/2016_11.txt

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2016_11.txt

http://vaults.arc2.ucla.edu/MovieS2.htm

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Nano/2014_2.txt

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2014_2.txt

This study demonstrates the implementation of Hamming code in communication systems for error detection and correction using DNA nanostructures. Through intricate DNA logic operations and analysis of fluorescence signals, the DNA nanostructures provide error correction capabilities for data transmissions of up to 6 bits, showcasing its potential in ensuring accurate and reliable communication.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Nano/2023_7.txt

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2023_7.txt

Optical forces are utilized to enable the rapid and controllable transport of subcellular structures, such as organelles, within the natural tunneling nanotube structures between cells, which serve as biological conveyor belts.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Nano/2025_6.txt

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ACS Synthetic Biology

2024_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Synthetic Biology/2024_3.png

D

The cover art for this issue of ACS Synthetic Biology is part of the ACS Diversity and Inclusion Cover Art Series. The image, titled "Pipetting Hand," was created by Michael Rosnach,

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Synthetic Biology/2024_9.txt

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2024_9.txt

The cover depicts the implantation of heterologous catabolic pathways into Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for complete mineralization of methyl parathion and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, which highlights the power of synthetic biology to create novel strains with desirable degradative abilities. Artwork by Ting Gong based on DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00025.

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2016_8.txt

In 2017, ACS Synthetic Biology had an amazing year, publishing more than 240 papers and sponsoring more than 10 conferences/events! We thank the authors, reviewers, and readers for your continued support of the journal and we look forward to working with you in 2018.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Synthetic Biology/2018_12.txt

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2018_12.txt

Engineering living material for fragrance release. View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Synthetic Biology/2024_3.txt

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ACS Nanoscience Au

2024_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Nanoscience Au/2024_3.png

C

Many metal nanoparticles adopt a face centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure, as shown on the cover. The surfaces of four facets of this fcc nanoparticle are highlighted on the nanoparticle. Enlarged regions of the atomic arrangements of the surfaces of these facets are shown, along with the subsurface atoms.

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A different ligand ratio was employed in the design of hybrid drug delivery systems based on monolayer-protected gold nanoclusters for targeted cancer therapy and studied via MD simulations. This cover shows a representative case when the most convenient features are exhibited after favoring the targeting ligand (peptide) over the chemo drug. View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Nanoscience Au/2021_1.txt

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2021_1.txt

The strategic coating of Cu/ZrO2/In2O3 and Cu/CeO2/In2O3 catalysts with mesoporous SiO2 creates a maze-like environment during CO2 hydrogenation. This environment allows reactant molecules to move freely until they reach the active sites. Even under challenging reaction conditions, the physical constraints effectively prevent nanoparticles from sintering, ensuring consistent performance.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Nanoscience Au/2024_3.txt

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2024_3.txt

A Ce(III), Bi(III)-co-doping strategy was applied to lead-free Cs2AgInCl6 double perovskite nanocrystals for improved photoluminescence quantum yield and structural stability because of well-passivated surface defects and restrained uncoordinated chlorine ions that promoted the localization of self-trapped excitons and thus prevented emission quenching. The progressive red-shift in the emission of light is depicted in this cover as a change in color of the wavy ribbon and a lengthening of the undulations of the surface as doping proceeds.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Nanoscience Au/2022_5.txt

ave_3

2022_5.txt

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Nature Aging

4_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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D

Causality-enriched epigenetic clocks In this issue, Kejun Ying et al. identify CpGs that may be causally linked to aging-related traits using epigenome-wide Mendelian randomization. They develop the epigenetic clocks DamAge and AdaptAge, which track adverse and adaptive outcomes, respectively. The cover image conceptualizes the relationship between DNA methylation and the aging process as a cascade of dominoes that links the youthful individual with the old one. Each domino represents a key CpG site with a causal influence on aging undergoing methylation (denoted by the letter ‘M’). The falling of the dominoes embodies causal effects of these methylation events, suggesting a sequential impact on the progression of aging. See Ying et al. Image: Ying Fang, Independent Artist, and Kejun Ying, Harvard University. Cover design: Lauren Heslop

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Inferring health trajectories In this issue, Netta Mendelson Cohen et al. investigate individuals’ trajectories of healthy aging and age-related diseases. The researchers stitch together electronic health records with partial longitudinal coverage, using machine learning to untangle future healthy aging from chronic disease, and identify early indicators for healthy longevity. The cover image shows the study’s longevity-model features superimposed with representations of electronic health record information, which are connected via multiple solid or dotted lines that indicate differing propensities to drive the outputs of the models. See Cohen et al. Image: adapted from Nat. Aging https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00536-5 (2024), Springer Nature America (background and central graph), elenabs/iStock/Getty Images Plus (remaining elements). Cover Design: Lauren Heslop

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Single-cell epigenetic age estimation In this issue, a study by Trapp et al. introduces scAge, a computational framework that enables epigenetic age estimation at single-cell resolution. The new method can track the aging process in individual cells and its heterogeneity in tissue. Notably, scAge revealed a natural cellular rejuvenation event occurring during early embryogenesis. The issue cover features a cell, whose genome blends into the outline of a clock — its hands, denoting age, are driven by the CpG methylation patterns on the DNA. See Trapp et al. and the accompanying News & Views by K. Lenhard Rudolph Cover image: Tiamat Fox. Cover Design: Lauren Heslop

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Stochasticity in epigenetic clocks In this issue, three studies examine the contribution of stochastic epigenetic changes to DNA methylation clocks. Tarkhov et al., Meyer et al. and Tong et al. take different approaches to addressing this question, and concur that stochasticity is involved in epigenetic aging. The cover, from Meyer et al., shows a Galton board, which is a device used to illustrate concepts of probability and stochasticity. At the top, a series of small balls are released, which follow a random path before landing in bins at the bottom. Over many trials, this stochastic process leads to the formation of a normal distributed shape. A clock is depicted within this shape to illustrate that a completely stochastic process can be used to construct aging clocks, consistent with a role of age-dependent increases in stochastic variation in epigenetic processes. See Tarkhov et al., Meyer et al. & Tong et al. Image: Maayan Visuals. Cover design: Lauren Heslop

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Med

5_5

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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D

On the cover: In this issue, Millen et al. (pp. 290–310) describe and characterize a head and neck cancer organoid biobank. Using patient-derived models, they subsequently study the effects of therapies that are combined in the clinic and validate genetic biomarkers for treatment response. They explore whether these models can predict therapy response of corresponding patients. The cover shows an abstract representation of organoids derived from different patients (in different colors) that can be screened for drug sensitivity to indicate which drug works best (the labels attached to the Petri dishes). As such, organoid screens can generate patient-specific profiles or “fingerprints.” Cover art: Else Driehuis.

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On the Cover: COVID-19 has affected the whole world. At the close of 2020, our first Med Special issue is focused on COVID-19, offering a time of reflection on the scientific advances we have made and the challenges that lie ahead. Our cover image recognizes the ongoing dedication of health care workers and the importance of solidarity to fight COVID-19.

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On the cover: This issue of Med explores the applications of CAR T cell therapies beyond hematologic malignancies, including solid tumors and autoimmune diseases. A Q&A with Fabian Müller (University Hospital Erlangen) covers the latest developments in the field. A Review from Liu et al. discusses emerging combination strategies using CAR T cells in solid tumors, while Shu et al. review the exciting potential of CAR technology in non-neoplastic diseases. Fischbach et al. present a Case Report describing the safety and feasibility of CD19-targeted CAR T-cell therapy in the first two patients with progressive multiple sclerosis, with an accompanying Viewpoint from Rankin and Shah highlighting the new frontiers of CAR T cell therapies. Cover credit: Keith Chambers/Science Photo Library via Getty Images.

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On the cover: Xenotransplantation of engineered organs and tissues from different species offers a promising solution to the major global challenge of finding suitable donor organs for transplants. Results from early pig-to-human kidney xenotransplant trials are encouraging, but the interactions between xenotransplanted organs and the recipient require further characterization. In this issue of Med, Pan et al. apply single-cell sequencing to map the dynamics of xenograft-recipient interactions. While they observe early signs of antibody-mediated rejection, the porcine kidney shows evidence of rapid tissue repair after transplantation. These insights can be used to design new engineered porcine models to optimize patient outcomes after xenotransplantation.

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Nature Reviews Bioengineering

2_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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C

Mathematical models can make use of clinical data and incorporate knowledge of the underlying biological mechanisms of cancer growth and resistance to describe the response of tumour cells to cancer treatment and design treatment schedules that account for patient-specific responses. See Thomas O. McDonald et al. Cover image: Simon Bradbrook.

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Brain-machine interfaces can be connected to the nervous system to decode neural signals and translate them into commands for the control of external devices, for example, to enable individuals with paralysis to restore movements. However, long-term stability and wireless transmission of neural data remain challenging. In addition, issues of hype, patient access, user-centred design and long-term support will need to be addressed. See reality check of brain-machine interfaces Cover image: Simon Bradbrook

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Human brain organoids can partly mimic the structure and function of the human brain and are being explored for the investigation of human brain development, biology and disease. With their increasing complexity and applications, ethical questions have arisen focused on how to classify, use and regulate these tissues. See Nathan A. Shlobin et al Cover image: Simon Bradbrook

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Deep generative models can generate synthetic data to tackle challenges inherent in real-world data within bioengineering and medicine. These challenges include concerns around privacy, biases in data, distributional shifts, underrepresentation of specific populations, and the scarcity of high-quality data. See Boris van Breugel et al Cover image: Simon Bradbrook

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Cell Reports

43_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Cell Reports/43_7.png

B

On the cover: When a female Anopheles mosquito bites a person infected with malaria parasites, the mosquito ingests gametocytes. Gametocytes are the only parasite stage that can infect the mosquito, ensuring onward transmission. Gametocytes express a protease called plasmepsin V, and its inhibition with small molecules blocks protein export and gametocyte development, preventing parasite transmission to mosquitoes. This validates plasmepsin V as an antimalarial transmission-blocking drug target. Illustration by Drew Berry (Biomedical Animator, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research).

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On the cover: Aedes aegypti mosquitos that have fed on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) colored with food dyes. In this issue, Sakuma et al. identify fibrinopeptide A (FPA) as a meal-terminating signal that is produced in the host's blood during coagulation and increases in the mosquito's body as blood feeding proceeds. In the absence of FPA, mosquitoes will ingest greater volumes of blood or ATP. Image credit: Chisako Sakuma.

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On the cover: In this week's issue of Cell Reports, Ressurreição et al. use tools to rapidly disrupt the activity of the core planar polarity protein Dishevelled, combined with quantitative measurements and mosaic analysis, to investigate Dishevelled function in maintenance of planar polarity. The image depicts an adult Drosophila wing mutant for a planar polarity allele with mis-polarized hairs on the surface. Fly wing image by David Strutt, and montage designed by Samantha Warrington.

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On the cover: Three PLPPNs — a novel type of Drosophila mushroom body input neuron described by Li et al. in this issue — were labeled with a combination of split-GAL4 and MultiColor FlpOut transgenes. These neurons connect the visual system to the mushroom body, an associative brain center. Photo by Jinzhi Li.

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NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

42_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY/42_9.png

A

Whole-body imaging Image of a whole mouse body with depth color-coding of a neuronal marker. Mai et al. present wildDISCO, a method for whole-body imaging compatible with standard IgG antibody labeling. See Mai et al. Image: Ali Ertürk, Hongcheng Mai, Jie Luo. Cover Design: Erin Dewalt.

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Nature Biotechnology celebrates 15 years of publishing the very best of biotech science and business. Cover art: Marina Corral.

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Nature Biotechnology celebrates ten years of publishing the very best of biotech science and business. Cover art: Erin Boyle.

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Nature Biotechnology celebrates its 20-year anniversary. Cover art: Erin Boyle

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Structure

33_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

On the cover: Alternative complex III from Chloroflexus aurantiacus (CaACIII) is a multi-subunit quinol acceptor oxidoreductase that couples quinol oxidation with transmembrane proton translocation in respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains. This image shows CaACIII structures determined by X-ray crystallography and cryoelectron microscopy. The CaACIII crystal structure presented in this issue by Wu et al. highlights the conformational stability of its core functional modules and reveals local flexibility in regions with low sequence conservation.

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On the cover: Cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling regulate numerous physiological functions. Overloaded Ca2+ stores promote cell death and dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis leading to diseases including cancers. Guo et al. (pp. 1013–1021) present crystal structures of a prokaryotic TMBIM Ca2+ channel (ribbons) in which a pH- and ion-sensitive aspartyl dyad forms H-bonds with an arginine residue on TM2 (cyan) and regulates the opening and closing of a transmembrane pore for Ca2+ translocation across bilayer membranes (spheres).

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On the cover: β-Arrestins (βarrs) critically regulate GPCR signaling and trafficking. Min et al. (pp. 1014–1023) present a 2.3 Å crystal structure of βarr2 in complex with a phosphopeptide (C7pp) derived from the carboxyl terminus of a chemokine receptor CXCR7, showing that C7pp-bound βarr2 has small inter-domain rotation. The cover image shows the crystal structure of βarr2 (blue) in complex with C7pp (orange). HEK-293 cells expressing CXCR7 are also shown (green) when stimulated with a saturating concentration of agonist, followed by live cell imaging. Cover art by Kyungjin Min, Ka Young Chung, Arun K. Shukla, and Hyung Ho Lee.

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On the cover: In this special issue, we celebrate Structure’s 30th anniversary with a collection of reviews that highlight recent developments in different areas of structural biology. We asked structural biologists what to expect for the next decade in our Voices article. Cover image drawn by Julie Sung (scientific illustrator at Cell Press).

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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

2025_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering/2025_4.png

C

Graphics from this issue of ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. It is our vision that, over the next 25 years, innovators around the world will use foundational and methodological advances in Green Chemistry and Green Engineering to transform major sectors of the global economy, ranging from fuels and chemicals, to transportation, agriculture, and water purification and delivery. The next generations of chemists, engineers, and other innovators will use new sets of tools and principles. These tools and principles will need to be integrated into chemistry and engineering education. Building on 25 Years of Green Chemistry and Engineering for a Sustainable Future touches on these topics (DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02484).

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Lower right: Catalytic hydrogenation-esterification, which yields products favorable for subsequent upgrading, will benefit the high-grade utilization of sustainable biomass energy. (See J. Chen, Q. Cai, L. Lu, F. Leng, and S. Wang; DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02366.)

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The potassium sulfate process for refining spodumene concentrate to lithium chemicals produces high value byproducts, potash alum and leucite fertilizer, in contract to the conventional technology that yields low-value sodium sulfate and no-value hydrogen aluminosilicate.

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Graphics from this issue of ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Bioconjugate Chemistry

2024_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Bioconjugate Chemistry/2024_7.png

D

Innovations in radiometal bioconjugates have underpinned many significant clinical advances. This special issue of Bioconjugate Chemistry highlights new research in radiometal-based bioconjugates for molecular imaging and radiotherapy. This issue traverses the entire periodic table and the “spin wheel” on the cover represents the modularity of bioconjugate design. Namely, answering the clinical question, with the right targeting platform (e.g., antibody, peptide, small molecule...), with the best linking moiety, to the appropriate chelate, for radiolabeling with the diagnostic or therapeutic nuclide of choice.

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The cover art shows an artistic rendition of the selective immobilization of quantum dot–peptide conjugates for single-particle fluorescence imaging via the use of tetrameric antibody complexes and a dextran-functionalized surface. This approach has numerous advantages and potential applications in biophysical and photophysical studies and digital assays.

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In this Topical Review, the authors suggest new biocompatible chemical ligation tools for kinetic target-guided synthesis of biologically active compounds, based on a retrospective analysis of reaction rates of reported ligations. The protein structures were obtained from RSCB PDB (PDB ID: 5YGM).

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Our study introduces an innovative therapeutic approach using advanced ultradeformable particles (UDPs), specifically transethosomes, to deliver silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and vitamin E (VE) for bacterial-infected wound healing. This synergistic method significantly reduces the bacterial burden within the wound microenvironment, offering a promising strategy for addressing complications in skin injuries.

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Nature Synthesis

4_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Synthesis/4_1.png

C

A retrosynthetic approach for nanoparticles Retrosynthetic analysis is used for the synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. The strategy involves the design and synthesis of core–shell nanoparticle precursors which are annealed, giving the desired alloy. See Kar et al. Image: Ella Maru Studio. Cover design: Amie Fernandez

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Carbon nanobelts with a twist Fully-fused Möbius carbon nanobelts are synthesized using a bottom-up approach in which the aromatic carbon chain is formed by sequential Wittig reactions. This synthesis may pave the way for the development of nanocarbon materials with complex topological structures. See Segawa et al. Image: Issey Takahashi, Nagoya University. Cover Design: Tulsi Voralia.

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Anisotropic 2D metals Elemental metal nanosheets with aligned grain orientations are grown using a confined 2D template, resulting in nanosheets with high in-plane electrical anisotropy. The anisotropic 2D metals are demonstrated as switching elements. See Kim et al. Image: Wooyoung Shim, Yonsei University. Cover design: Thomas Phillips

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MOFs made to order The synthesis of isoreticular zeolite-like MOFs is achieved using a face-directed assembly strategy inspired by architecture techniques. The strategy combines a supermolecular building block approach with the use of various centring structure-directing agents. See Barsukova et al. Image: Aleksandr Sapianik. Cover design: Amie Fernandez

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Nature Chemistry

16_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Chemistry/16_4.png

B

Turning ten This issue marks the 10th anniversary of the launch of Nature Chemistry. The cover features some of our favourite covers from the last decade, including one from each volume of the journal. See Editorial Image: polesnoy / Alamy Stock Photo. Cover Design: Tulsi Voralia

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Topological transformations of DNA origami Biological systems often use topological transformations to control the flow of molecular information, but constructing artificial structures capable of such controlled structural changes is challenging. Now, Chunhai Fan, Hao Pei and co-workers have developed DNA origami systems that undergo global conformational changes upon topological operations involving ‘glue–cut’ processes. The cover depicts three differently shaped DNA nanostructures — showcasing variations in size, shape and topological properties — with a mechanical operating arm representing the topological operations. See Ji et al. Image: Xiewei Xiong, East China Normal University. Cover design: Laoise Mac Gabhann

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Just like the fish shown on the cover of this issue, tessellation with simple shapes can cover large surfaces. Recognizing that triple-helical self-assembly can be thought of as a tiling problem, Ronald T. Raines and co-workers have now demonstrated that collagen-mimetic peptide tiles can be assembled into triple helices with perfect symmetry to form synthetic collagen nanofibres that are nearly a micrometre in length.Article p1008IMAGE: H. ADAM STEINBERGCOVER DESIGN: KAREN MOORE

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Complex terpene natural products are assembled in nature by reaction cascades that occur inside enzyme pockets that stabilize the cationic intermediates and transition states. Now Qi Zhang and Konrad Tiefenbacher have successfully mimicked this process inside a supramolecular assembly. As shown on the cover, six resorcinarene monomers self-assemble to form a cavity that can encapsulate a geranyl acetate substrate and catalyse its conversion to a variety of cyclic monoterpene natural products.Article p197;News & Views p187IMAGE: JOHANNES RICHERSCOVER DESIGN: ALEX WING

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Journal of the American Chemical Society

2024_42

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Journal of the American Chemical Society/2024_42.png

D

A liquid–solid hybrid catalyst derived from Pickering emulsions has been successfully developed for continuous-flow reactions, which provides a new way for bridging the conceptual and technical gaps between homogeneous, heterogeneous and biological catalysis. See Yang and co-workers, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11860. View the article.

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Sandwich-type phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes have been limited to the dimer and trimer species in the past. This cover shows that the reaction of a double-decker Pc with a cadmium salt yields a discrete quadruple-decker Pc complex, which is the first buildup since the synthesis of a triple-decker Pc complex in 1986. See Fukuda and co-workers, p 6278. View the article.

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Insight into the redox properties of sulfated metal oxides was gained by observation of anomalous orthogonal organometallic reactivity upon chemisorption of an iridium precatalyst onto the oxide surface. This cover depicts the complex sulfate speciation that was investigated in order to identify the surface architecture responsible for this oxidation behavior. View the article.

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free stream exits the mountain.

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Journal of Chemical Education

2021_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Journal of Chemical Education/2021_1.png

C

Evoking affective responses from students studying chemistry may heighten their curiosity and further engage their interest in the subject, motivating them to delve deeper. In "Integrating Aesthetics Education into Chemistry Education: Students Perceive, Appreciate, Explore, and Create the Beauty of Chemistry in Scientific Photography Activity" (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00857), Yizhou Ling, Jiamin Xiang, Kai Chen, Junyao Zhang, and Hongyan Ren describe microscale lab activities in which students photograph precipitation reactions using a smartphone with magnification. Students observe changes in color, shape, texture, and opacity in various reactions of metal salts with sodium hydroxide solutions, including with cobalt chloride (pictured on the cover), ferrous sulfate, and copper sulfate. Using a wider lens to perceive the complexity and beauty of chemical reactions coupled with an aesthetic approach to wonder why and how these changes occur can stimulate experimental inquiry, affective response, and creative outcomes, including high-quality scientific photography.

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Reactions in gels help make a chemical process visual by slowing down the reaction rate, which allows students to observe a reaction process in detail. In the article "Experimenting with a Visible Copper–Aluminum Displacement Reaction in Agar Gel and Observing Copper Crystal Growth Patterns To Engage Student Interest and Inquiry" (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00207), Xinhua Xu, Meifen Wu, Xiaogang Wang, Yangyiwei Yang, Xiang Shi, and Guoping Wang describe an experiment in which the reaction process of copper–aluminum displacement in agar gel was observed at the microscopic level with a stereomicroscope. As shown on the cover, pine-like branches of copper crystals growing from aluminum surface into gel at a constant rate were observed. Students were asked to make hypotheses about the pattern formation and to design new research approaches to prove their hypotheses. Using this method, students carry out an experiment based on a specific chemical equation while also encountering the concepts of crystal growth and microcells through dramatic images of real-time change and visible crystal growth.

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In "Using Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate to Teach Chemical Concepts of Thermodynamics" (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00680), Daisuke Kajiya demonstrates the use of aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate in simple experiments with common equipment to help strengthen students' understanding of thermodynamics. Topics covered include the ideal gas law, the van't Hoff equation, Gibbs energy, pH change, chemical equilibrium, and pattern formation (as featured on the cover). These activities were successfully used with first-year and second-year undergraduate nonscience majors to study various basic principles of chemistry.

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The cover images are from one of the many videos available at the JCE Chemical Education Xchange Web site (ChemEd X, http://www.jce.divched.org/). The Journal of Chemical Education’spartner Web site aims to foster sharing of digital resources, information, and ideas among chemical educators. (Images from Chemistry Comes Alive!, JCE Software.)

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Precision Chemistry

2024_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Precision Chemistry/2024_9.png

A

With a copper electrode background, the cover describes the process of carbon deposition leading to electrode poisoning in the carbon dioxide reduction reaction process. The carbon accumulation on the electrode surface is irregularly distributed, and the hydrogen evolution reaction is intensified.

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The cover for the Special Issues "Precision Chemistry for Two-Dimensional Materials (Part I)" illustrates the precise growth of non-centrosymmetric two-dimensional single crystals. Humanoid models represent atoms A and B in the lattice, which are guided by the parallel steps. Cover art concept by Guoliang Cui and Xiaozhi Xu.

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Selective catalysis on metal nanoparticles represents a grand challenge in chemical synthesis. This cover art illustrates how visible-light illumination alters the electronic structures of surface atoms in platinum nanoparticles, promoting the selective synthesis of phenylhydroxylamine from the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. In contrast, the reaction in the dark primarily produces aniline.

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This cover art for the Special Issue “Precision Chemistry for Two-Dimensional Materials” was designed by Xiangfeng Duan of the University of California, Los Angeles and coworkers. It illustrates CuxBi2Se3 nanoplates with systematically tunable Cu doping concentrations, doping sites, and electronic properties as a potential material for future electronics.

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NATURE REVIEWS CANCER

24_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

Thriving in an inhospitable environment, inspired by the Review on p448. Cover design: Lara Crow

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Terraforming a new organ site, inspired by the Review on p829. Cover design: Lara Crow

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‘The signalling hub’, inspired by the Review on p454. Cover design: Lara Crow.

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'Cancer under construction' by Lara Crow, inspired by this Focus issue.

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Trends in Pharmacological Sciences

45_3

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Trends in Pharmacological Sciences/45_3.png

B

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences celebrates its 40th anniversary this year. This Special Issue commemorates the occasion with a series of articles that highlight the increasing incorporation of artificial intelligence in the different areas of pharmacology. Cover image conceptualized by Kusumika Mukherjee and rendered by Elsevier Webshop.

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Recent studies have shed more light on the pivotal role of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channels in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this issue, Liu et al. summarize the recent understanding of the role of TRPM channels in cerebral I/R injury, focusing on their contribution to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and calcium overload. They also discuss challenges and future directions in therapeutically targeting TRPM channels in cerebral I/R injury. The cover is an illustration of TRPM 2, 4, 7 and 8 (yellow, green, pink and blue). Cells impacted such as neuron (blue), microglia and astrocyte (yellow) are also depicted. Other elements depicted are activated inflammasome, degenerating myelin sheat, and misfolded proteins (brown), features in some cerebral I/R injury. Cover designed by Hong Xi using BioRender.

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Trends in Pharmacological Sciences celebrates its 40th anniversary this year. This Special Issue commemorates the occasion with a series of articles that highlight the increasing incorporation of artificial intelligence in the different areas of pharmacology. Cover image conceptualized by Kusumika Mukherjee and rendered by Elsevier Webshop.

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In this issue of Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, we are pleased to begin a series of articles that focus on topics that are important to China, and thus, to the greater pharmacological community. These reviews examine key trends in diverse areas of pharmacology, including new tools to study compound chemicals and development of targeted therapies. As we launch this month, we are delighted to bring you a perspective piece on the development of pharmacology in China, written by TiPS Editorial Board Member Ming-Wei Wang with his colleagues Richard D. Ye and Yizhun Zhu. In addition, we invite you to learn more on computational methods for drug design and discovery, especially as they have been applied in China, with a review article from Hualiang Jiang and colleagues. Cover image courtesy of iStockPhoto.

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Trends in Pharmacological Sciences

45_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Trends in Pharmacological Sciences/45_1.png

B

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences celebrates its 40th anniversary this year. This Special Issue commemorates the occasion with a series of articles that highlight the increasing incorporation of artificial intelligence in the different areas of pharmacology. Cover image conceptualized by Kusumika Mukherjee and rendered by Elsevier Webshop.

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This issue showcases recent advancements in vaccine research. It underscores the growing application of nucleic acid, recombinant protein, and multi-epitope peptide subunit vaccines, as well as lipid nanoparticle and dendritic cell-based platforms in the design and delivery of vaccines. These innovative approaches are proving effective against a range of diseases, including infectious viral diseases like mpox and enterovirus, parasitic infections such as malaria, and various cancers, all of which necessitate a multifaceted immune response. The inclusion of adjuvants, which enhance vaccine efficacy by stimulating innate immune receptors like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), is crucial for achieving optimal results. The cover image features various vaccine types in the background while spotlighting a new generation of small molecule (SM) adjuvants, made possible through advancements in high-throughput screening technologies. In contrast to traditional adjuvants, which are often large and complex molecules (lower left), innovative SM agonists like 2B182C for TLR4 (depicted in red on the cell surface) are prominently featured. Additionally, PVP-057 and 1V270, which target key endosomal innate immune receptors—the double stranded RNA sensor TLR3 (shown in blue) and the single stranded RNA sensor TLR7 (illustrated in green), respectively—are also represented. The cover image was designed by Wolfgang W. Leitner and created by Lisa A. Leitner using Adobe Illustrator.

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groundtruth

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In this issue of Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, we are pleased to begin a series of articles that focus on topics that are important to China, and thus, to the greater pharmacological community. These reviews examine key trends in diverse areas of pharmacology, including new tools to study compound chemicals and development of targeted therapies. As we launch this month, we are delighted to bring you a perspective piece on the development of pharmacology in China, written by TiPS Editorial Board Member Ming-Wei Wang with his colleagues Richard D. Ye and Yizhun Zhu. In addition, we invite you to learn more on computational methods for drug design and discovery, especially as they have been applied in China, with a review article from Hualiang Jiang and colleagues. Cover image courtesy of iStockPhoto.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Pharmacological Sciences/34_3.txt

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34_3.txt

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences celebrates its 40th anniversary this year. This Special Issue commemorates the occasion with a series of articles that highlight the increasing incorporation of artificial intelligence in the different areas of pharmacology. Cover image conceptualized by Kusumika Mukherjee and rendered by Elsevier Webshop.

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Lab Animal

53_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Lab Animal/53_8.png

C

Refining the housing and husbandry of laboratory rats Housing and husbandry conditions are known to affect animal welfare and research outcomes. In a new article, Neville et al. conducted a mapping review of refinements to laboratory rat housing and husbandry, and identified specific interventions that are likely to generate welfare improvements. See Neville et al. COVER IMAGE: Marina Spence. COVER DESIGN: Marina Spence.

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Keeping track of animals on the move Animals move. Keeping track of that can help researchers answer questions across a number of scientific disciplines, but it’s a tedious task to watch and annotate hours of videos of mice and worms and zebrafish (and more!) moving about for analysis. Can software help? A new Review compares and contrasts 28 different tracking software applications for different model species to help inform what option might be the best one for the question you want to ask of your animals. See Panadeiro et al. IMAGE: Marina Spence. COVER DESIGN: Marina Spence.

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Monitoring squirrel hibernation with shredded paper Detecting torpor-bout duration in heterothermic mammals is usually invasive or inaccurate. To solve this problem, Hutchinson et al. developed a cost-effective, non-invasive method using the paper towel shredding behavior of ground squirrels to detect arousals with 100% accuracy over a long hibernation period. See Hutchinson et al. Cover image: Marina Spence. Cover design: Marina Spence.

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Reporting metadata in animal research Data sharing allows data to be reused in other analyses, avoiding resources (and animals) being wasted in unnecessary replication studies. A new Perspective proposes a minimal metadata set to enable data sharing and repurposing in animal research, contributing to the principle of reduction. See Moresis et al. Cover image: Debbie Maizels. Cover design: Debbie Maizels.

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ACS Central Science

2024_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Central Science/2024_9.png

B

All-perovskite tandem solar cells promise higher power conversion efficiencies than their single-junction counterparts. This outlook focuses on the main challenges and advances for perovskite absorbers and functional layers in a tandem devise, aiming to draw a roadmap for approaching highly efficient and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

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A layer-blocked covalent organic framework (LB-COF) heterogenous film, synthesized via two successive surface-initiated polycondensations, shared superior photocatalytic uranium extraction performance as a result of the formation of a S-scheme heterojunction.

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A freestanding single-layer graphene acts as a trampoline that cushions proteins landing on its surface. This molecule-on-trampoline mechanism preserves the gas-phase folding of proteins on the atomic membrane, enabling the native shape of proteins to be observed one at a time by single-molecule microscopy techniques.

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A metal-free layered organic cathode material for lithium-ion batteries intercalates Li+ and stores more energy in a shorter charging time than inorganic incumbents.

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ACS Applied Polymer Materials

2024_18

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Applied Polymer Materials/2024_18.png

D

The cover art depicts a biomimetic 3D-printed armored structure inspired by armadillo shells for durable superhydrophobic surfaces. It showcases hexagonal patterns protecting inner hydrophobic nanoparticles, repelling water droplets. The design illustrates the approach of integrating 3D printing with nanomaterial surface treatments to create wear-resistant, water-repellent coatings for harsh environments.

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This cover art illustrates the antibacterial schematic diagram of the versatile gelatin-PAAm-Ag NPs double network hydrogel coating on both the outer and lumen (inner) surfaces of disposable silicified latex urinary catheters (UCs). This study provides valuable insights and strategies for the development of novel antibacterial hydrogel coatings for UCs and other biomedical devices aimed at reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

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A newly synthesized azobenzene-based monoacrylate molecule (AM) is used to develop multifunctional liquid crystal polymer networks (LCPNs) with photothermal effect. The multifunctionality of the strategically optimized and manufactured AM LCPN was demonstrated through the identification of shape memory, orientation, and self-healing properties.

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niversal controlled-release system based on cubosome-carrying bacterial cellulose capsules with a pH-smart trigger mechanism for the oral administration of therapeutic bioactives is rationally designed. Site-specific, dual cargo-controlled release is achieved through a solubility-dependent phenomenon. Such an engineered pH-responsive microcapsule has potential for colon-targeted multidrug delivery.

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ACS Macro Letters

2025_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Macro Letters/2025_2.png

C

Aqueous photoiniferter polymerization of acrylonitrile, achieving high monomer conversion, faster kinetics, and controlled molecular weights, could dramatically improve polyacrylonitrile-based polymers for high-performance carbon fiber production. The AI-generated cover depicts black carbon fibers being pulled out of a beaker of shimmering saltwater, highlighting the potential application of this work.

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Polymer-protein conjugate particles with biocatalytic activity prepared by Schiff base synthesis can efficiently stabilize water-in-water emulsions. Considering the characteristics of all-aqueous, compartmental

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Bicontinuously structured polymeric nanoparticles through direct self-assembly in aqueous media from doxorubicin containing redox and pH-labile prodrug that promote loading of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargoes as promising cancer drug delivery systems.

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Single chain polymeric nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic interior in water, resulting in the faster and more complete conversion of the more hydrophobic substrate in oxidation reactions.

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Nature Climate Change

14_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Climate Change/14_9.png

D

Observing a smoother Arctic As sea ice moves around it can experience deformation and form pressure ridges, which in turn can affect the atmospheric circulation and support ecosystems. Writing in this issue of Nature Climate Change, Krumpen and colleagues use airborne observations to show that the number of pressure ridges has declined in recent decades, mainly due to a loss of older ice. See Krumpen et al. and News & Views Maksym Image: Andreas Preusser, Alfred Wegener Institute. Cover design: Vanitha Selvarajan

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Celebrating our tenth anniversary To celebrate a decade of Nature Climate Change, experts highlight the exciting developments in their fields over the past 10 years, and past and present editors talk about some of the remarkable papers published in the journal. See Editorial, Viewpoint and Feature. Image: Malte Mueller/Getty. Cover Design: Valentina Monaco

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Human behaviour and climate change Anthropogenic activity is the main cause of climate change, and human behaviour change is an essential part of comprehensive and effective climate actions. Insights from behavioural science could further promote real-world policy formation and implementation. In this issue, we feature a collection of opinion pieces on how progress in behavioural science can be applied to specific climate policy design. See Editorial Image: elenabs/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Olga Kurbatova/iStock/Getty Images Plus; and Bethany Vukomanovic. Cover design: Bethany Vukomanovic

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Losing meteorites Most of the meteorites in today's collections have been found in Antarctica, making it a key region for planetary science. Writing in this issue, Tollenaar, Zekollari and colleagues show that surface melt due to climate change can lead to substantial portions of current meteorites sinking into the ice, leaving bare blue ice areas void of any of these precious space rocks, making them unavailable for science. See Tollenaar et al. and News & Views by Righter Image: Veronica Tollenaar, Université libre de Bruxelles. Cover design: Valentina Monaco

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ACS Polymers Au

2024_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Polymers Au/2024_6.png

A

We highlight the “rock-like” nature of our hybrid composites obtained from covalently-linked recycled polyols obtained from post-industry use polyurethane materials and inorganic aluminosilicates.

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AI for polymers. A combination of polymer fingerprinting, machine learning, rapid computational characterization of polymers, and availability of large open-sourced homogeneous data can accelerate the design and development of polymeric materials.

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The cover illustrates the past, present, and future of carbanionic polymerization. After almost 70 years of its existence, this powerful method is still alive. It will continue to produce sophisticated structures and guide polymer scientists to new commercial products and advanced technological applications.

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The cover illustrates various topographical features in nanoconfined polymer thin films, arising from mechano-rheological responses, such as wrinkles, capillary leveling, particle tracking, dewetting hole growth, bubble inflation, and wetting ridges. Due to the extremely low thickness of polymer films, such unconventional characterization methods are imperative, and their efficacy has been demonstrated successfully.

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Nature Mental Health

2_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Mental Health/2_7.png

B

Light exposure and mental health The November issue’s cover references a study published this month by Burns et al. detailing patterns of increased night-time light exposure associated with greater risk and increased daytime light exposure associated with decreased risk of psychiatric disorders and self-harm. The authors suggested a sunflower and the dynamics of heliotropism (i.e., a plant following the sun’s trajectory) as a metaphor for the effects of light on mental health and the possibility of its future use as an intervention. See our Editorial for more on light and the potential effects of urbanization and urbanicity on mental health. Cover design: Marina Spence

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Reflecting on LGBT+ mental health Every June, Pride is celebrated. The theme for Pride 2024 in New York City — Reflect. Empower. Unite. — sends a special message to LGBT+ and allies that in order to foster solidarity and the pursuit of equality, it is necessary to reflect on the great strides made by previous generations. Although there are powerful and somber elements, Pride is also about uplift and joy and commitment to improving LGBT+ mental health and wellbeing. With a mirror ball reflecting the many colors of the inclusive LGBT+ flag, the cover for June symbolizes reflections of diversity that are united and ready to celebrate. Read more in our Editorial about Pride and supporting LGBT+ mental health Image: Ponomariova_Maria / iStock / Getty Images Plus. Cover design: Marina Spence

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Celebrating Pride and protecting LGBT+ mental health Nature Mental Health celebrates Pride this month of June and echoes the call of many advocates and researchers to work together to protect LGBT+ mental health. The cover of our June issue incorporates the ‘progress Pride’ flag. In addition to the iconic rainbow, black and brown have been added to represent people of color, as well as pink, light blue and white to represent trans, gender non-binary, intersex people and those across the gender spectrum. Flowers, which have been a key symbol of gay pride, mark a path to show the constant movement forward. See our Editorial for more on the celebration of Pride and the need to stand up and to protect LGBT+ rights and mental health. Cover design: Marina Spence.

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Lived experience: shifting focus On the cover of this issue, we feature the mind and brain as a prism — refracting the simple input of white light into a resplendent and living rainbow. It serves as a metaphor to consider how mental health lived experience is complex and inhabited by an individual. For some, embracing their lived experience has become a transformative experience, prompting them to use their status as a mental health ‘expert by experience’ to inform research, advocacy and policy, ultimately, to help others. See our Editorial for more on how shifting our focus to the value of lived experience can be transformative for the science of mental health and wellbeing. Cover design: Marina Spence

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ACS Energy Letters

2024_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Energy Letters/2024_2.png

A

Network analysis reveals the trends of interfacial reactivity of all-solid-state batteries and offers the guiding principles of interface design.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Energy Letters/2024_2.txt

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A collage of perovskite covers featured in previous issues of ACS Energy Letters. To commemorate ten years of perovskite photovoltaics, researchers from around the world tell their own stories and how they became interested in perovskite research. Cover art in the collage appeared on the following covers: Top row, left to right: 2016, 1 (6); 2018, 3 (8); 2017, 2 (5) Middle row, left to right: 2017, 2 (12); 2017, 2 (4); 2017, 2 (11) Bottom row, left to right: 2017, 2 (7); 2018, 3 (9); Suppl. cover art 2019, 4 (1)

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This cover work discovered that ex situ electrode properties failed to assess the effective rate capability of nickel-rich layered oxide (NRLO) cathodes under ultrafast cycling. Moreover, it proposed a kinetic indicator to quantitively describe ultrafast NRLOs; i.e., their better rate capability positively correlates with less in situ phase heterogeneity.

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The cover depicts magnetic couplings between redox-active transition metal centers in typical intercalation-type battery electrodes, which lead to characteristic electron spin and magnetic properties. Such properties can be probed as the battery operates using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetometry and provide insight into the crystal and electronic structure, composition, defect chemistry, and working principles of rechargeable batteries.

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ACS Chemical Neuroscience

2024_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Chemical Neuroscience/2024_8.png

C

10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00004

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Discovery of the peptide therapeutics targeting amyloid formation in neurodegenerative diseases, using the synergistic combination of yeast display and phage display techniques.

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Aberrant aggregation of amyloid-β peptides are considered the primary cause of Alzheimer’s disease. The caffeine-armed molecular tweezer demonstrates significant effectiveness in preventing the self-aggregation of these peptides and disrupting preformed amyloid fibrils through non-covalent interactions, especially π–π stacking with aromatic amino acid residues.

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A gold-star-coated aluminum substrate-based SERS immunoassay platform for the selective detection of blood-based biomarkers Aβ40, Aβ42, p-Tau, and t-Tau of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). SERS spectral data augmented by the machine learning technique yielded high sensitivity of the order of an attomolar concentration of the biomarkers and successfully differentiated between controls and patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD. The image was generated with the assistance of ChatGPT, powered by OpenAI.

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Developmental Cell

60_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Developmental Cell/60_1.png

C

On the cover: This image depicts clonal dispersion during branching morphogenesis. A reconstructed ductal tree of an embryonic murine salivary gland lobe (white lines) showing clones resulting from labelling individual cells at the initial stages of development and tracing them until the terminal stage of branching. These 3D maps provide a record of fate decision at proliferative tips during development. Each circle represents a single cell, and each colour identifies a given clone. To learn more about cell fate specification during branching morphogenesis, see Chatzeli et al., 94–109. Image credit: Lemonia Chatzeli and Ignacio Bordeu.

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On the cover: In this issue we celebrate Developmental Cell's 20th anniversary year. The image depicts the fruits of the cell and developmental biology's progress over the last two decades. Cell biology is represented by the epithelial cell layer, development by Waddington's landscape, and a Tree of Knowledge to reflect on growth and understanding of how cells and organisms respond to their environment. Cover image drawn by Julie Sung (Scientific Illustrator at Cell Press).

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On the cover: Sex differences originate early in human postnatal T cell development. The image represents the different developmental paths male (green) and female (purple) T cells take during differentiation and training in the thymus. Sex differences in thymic niches and T cell developmental trajectories are depicted by analogous but distinct white nodes, representing sex biases in thymic niches, which we identified using our spatial multi-omics thymus resource. To learn more about how the authors use spatial multi-omics to identify sex differences in T cell development and thymus biology, see Stankiewicz et al. Image credit: Jen Ma.

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On the cover: Developmental Cell publishes papers representing a full range of cell biology and development, from molecular mechanism to organismal pathophysiology. The spiraling elements depicted on the cover of this month's tenth anniversary issue suggest a continuum of relationships amongst these intertwined disciplines. Cover image created by Kate Mahan and Yvonne Blanco.

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Molecular Plant

17_12

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Molecular Plant/17_12.png

D

On the cover: The cover image features an illustration inspired by the Chinese myth of King Yu Taming the Flood, which serves as a metaphor for the role of CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 12 (CPK12) in hypoxia signaling in Arabidopsis. Hypoxia caused by the submergence/flooding can seriously hinder plant growth, development, and crop yields. The work reported by Fan et al. (2023) in this issue demonstrates that hypoxia stress triggers rapid activation and translocation of CPK12 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. This process is regulated by phosphatidic acid (PA) and the scaffold protein 14-3-3. After entering the nucleus, CPK12 interacts with and phosphorylate several ERF-VII transcription factors to potentiate plant hypoxia sensing. The cover illustration shows that, like King Yu who built river channels with the help of Bo-Yi and Hou-Ji to dredge floods, CPK12 promotes hypoxia signaling by stabilizing ERF-VIIs with the help of PA and 14-3-3 protein. Image by: Lin-Na Wang.

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On the cover: The cover of this special issue is dedicated to celebrating 15 years of publication by Molecular Plant. The representative covers published in the journal are collected and processed to make up the Arabic number 15, which is surrounded by six covers showing different plant species. As one of the prime journals with plant science title, Molecular Plant has served the global plant science community for 15 years by sharing exciting new findings and cutting-edge research on diverse plant species worldwide.

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On The Cover The serene scene depicts a beautiful lake surrounded by green bioluminescent trees representing Arabidopsis roots in a moonlight night. The bright moon projects the silhouette of FERONIA, the goddess of love, fertility, and wild woods. After FERONIA perceives RALF1 peptides released by the glittery stars escorting her, the birds (eIF4E1) transduce her prosperity and lovely cues to deliver branches (RH gene) to the trees. Love is the spring of everything. Image by: Feng Yu, Sirui Zhu and José Manuel Estévez.

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On the cover: The cover image illustrates a leaf of the fern Ceratopteris richardii infected by the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia scleroriorum. An angiosperm pathogen can infect a non-angiosperm plant, suggesting at least partial conservation of molecular regulation of plant-microbe interactions. Overlay of real colour image and 488nm-excited fluorescent image after dye with GFP-conjugated Wheat Germ Agglutin, known to bind chitin. Image by Baptiste CASTEL with the assistance of NightCafé (https://creator.nightcafe.studio).

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Matter

7_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Matter/7_7.png

A

On the cover: The cover image of this issue of Matter by Feeney and Petry et al. illustrates the thermal evaporation process of a perovskite absorber in an industrial setting. The image captures the formation of perovskite directly in its photoactive cubic alpha phase, a result of kinetic trapping of initially formed crystallites as they come into contact with exposed phosphonic acid anchoring groups on the surface. In addition, the incorporation rate of formamidinium iodide (FAI) markedly increases when the perovskite crystallizes in the alpha phase, enabling higher overall production throughput. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of how surface chemistry influences the crystallization dynamics of co-evaporated perovskite precursors, thereby advancing the field of perovskite solar cell technology.

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On the cover: This month marks the 5-year anniversary of the publication of our first issue of Matter, volume 1, issue 1 on July 3rd, 2019. Since our launch, each article has represented a small piece of materials research, a kind of “building block” contributing to the overall progression of materials science. This “building block” theme has been a motif across the years of Matter, reflected in our branding, and now commemorated by the cover, which depicts a celebratory “five” among building blocks. The five colors (white, red, blue, green, and yellow) are also no accident, representing both 5 years as well as five innovations our team has brought to academic publishing (see this month’s editorial by Steve Cranford). Join us as we celebrate our anniversary!

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On the Cover: For the inaugural issue of Matter, we wanted to reflect the vast scope of materials science without focusing on a particularmaterial,molecular system, ormanuscript. Here, we explicitly depict the “launching” of Matter via an assembly of representative scale-free building blocks—theoretical components of all materials systems—from nano to macro and fundamentals to application. Cover by Kip Lyall.

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On the cover: This issue of Matter marks the inaugural “Pieces of Matter” issue, with a collection of six invited Perspectives, five featured in this issue (see the contributions by Buonassisi, Jen/Yip, Loi, Stranks, Walsh, and Yang) with a focus on a single materials system: perovskites. The cover, contributed by co-editor of the collection, Yuanyuan Zhou, and created by Ms. Xinran Xu, from the Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory, Hong Kong Baptist University, depicts perovskites as the centerpiece to an art gallery exhibition, highlighting illustrative examples of physics, atomistic structure, device engineering, machine learning, etc., i.e. disparate “pieces” that compose a research field.

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BDJ In Practice

37_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/BDJ In Practice/37_9.png

A

Volume 37 | Issue 4 | April This themed edition of BDJ In Practice takes a deep dive into the recruitment and retention market as it stands today. With deep-rooted problems stemming back a number of years, what does the outlook look like for the profession? Cover illustration by Tim Marrs

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In this associate themed issue... Associates are the lifeblood of NHS dentistry in today's climate. But is the NHS climate forcing associates to look for private work? Cover illustration by Danny Allison

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The right cover The release of the government’s consultation on Professional Indemnity has got many corners of the profession talking. With their preferred option stated for the record, Kevin Lewis provides an insider’s view of discretionary indemnity and mutuality and what it could mean for the profession Cover illustration by Danny Allison

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In this issue... Do you think you take fewer risks due to the environment you work in? That’s the question posed in this month’s issue. Is there an over-bearing, disjointed regulator providing a hostile environment so practitioners play it safe? Read on to find out. Cover illustration by Danny Allison

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Nature Protocols

19_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Protocols/19_4.png

C

Two-photon activation for synthetic optogenetics Synthetic optogenetics provides a method to interrogate neuronal signaling. Depicted is a cultured hippocampal neuron (green) photostimulated by near-infrared light patterned by computer-generated holography (red and pattern). See Carmi et al. Image: Shai Berlin. Cover Design: Erin Dewalt.

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Nanoplastics in plant roots Transmission electron microscopy image (pseudo-color) showing nanoplastics localized near the catheters of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Nanoplastics appear in white, the cell wall is depicted in green and the cell is highlighted in gold. See Sun et al. Image: Xian-Zheng Yuan, Shandong University. Cover design: S. Harris

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Protocols/20_2.txt

vitg

20_2.txt

Microfluidic system to isolate neuronal compartments Neurons of the dorsal root ganglia grow along channels of microfluidic chambers. This enables the isolation and subsequent study of membrane protein dynamics in discrete neuronal somas (orange) and axons (blue). See Tyagi et al. Image: Elizabeth Akin, Grant Higerd-Rusli and Sidharth Tyagi, Yale University. Cover design: S. Whitham

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Protocols/19_4.txt

groundtruth

19_4.txt

Human neurons in culture Image of human striatal organoids that are derived from pluripotent stem cells in vitro and can be integrated with cortical cells to form cortico-striatal assembloids. See Miura et al. Image: Sergiu P. Pașca, Stanford University. Cover design: Tulsi Voralia.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Protocols/17_12.txt

vith

17_12.txt

train

ACS Chemical Neuroscience

2024_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Chemical Neuroscience/2024_1.png

A

A gold-star-coated aluminum substrate-based SERS immunoassay platform for the selective detection of blood-based biomarkers Aβ40, Aβ42, p-Tau, and t-Tau of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). SERS spectral data augmented by the machine learning technique yielded high sensitivity of the order of an attomolar concentration of the biomarkers and successfully differentiated between controls and patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD. The image was generated with the assistance of ChatGPT, powered by OpenAI.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Chemical Neuroscience/2024_1.txt

groundtruth

2024_1.txt

The mechanisms accounting for the formation of pores by amyloid peptides are revealed by unbiased all-atom simulations. Peptides adsorb, aggregate into β-sheets, and form pores spontaneously at the surface of lipid bilayers. Four peptides differing in the distribution of polar and nonpolar residues along the sequence are investigated.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Chemical Neuroscience/2024_7.txt

vith

2024_7.txt

10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00004

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Chemical Neuroscience/2020_21.txt

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2020_21.txt

.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Chemical Neuroscience/2010_12.txt

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2010_12.txt

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ACS Omega

2025_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Omega/2025_1.png

D

The cover art provided is a synthesis of the work developed. The Cry10Aa protein is shown with the 20 amino acid sequence of α-helix 3 in blue, which was used as a model sequence for the present project. From these sequences, six variants of antimicrobial peptides were generated, with emphasis on variant 5, which was demonstrated to be potent against Staphylococcus aureus

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Omega/2024_26.txt

vith

2024_26.txt

This cover art illustrates the eco-friendly synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from plant-based precursors and their dual applications. Gold nanoparticles synthesized from CQDs are depicted, facilitating a transformative catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, alongside their use in vivid bacterial imaging. This visual encapsulation celebrates the fusion of green chemistry and nanotechnology, showcasing a novel stride toward environmental sustainability and biomedical advancement.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Omega/2024_31.txt

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2024_31.txt

Cover image by Siva Kumar Krishnan and Yuri Chipatecua Godoy. This image depicts a schematic representation of three-dimensional (3D) graphene oxide-Au nanostar hybrid nanostructures for surface enhanced Raman scattering applications.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Omega/2020_49.txt

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2020_49.txt

Flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases like AbeH show great potential as synthetic tools for regioselective green aryl halide production, despite suboptimal catalytic efficiency. Crystallography and ITC have determined that negative coupling between flavin and substrate binding limits turnover by preventing tryptophan from binding to AbeH as long as flavin remains bound.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/ACS Omega/2025_1.txt

groundtruth

2025_1.txt

val

Journal of Proteome Research

2024_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Journal of Proteome Research/2024_8.png

D

The cover graphic symbolizes the multi-year efforts of the global C-HPP consortium to generate each year a more nearly complete map of the human proteome and provide insights into the proteogenomics of human biology. Each C-HPP team seeks compelling protein-level evidence for "missing proteins", which is then validated with standardized bioinformatic tools and integrated into publicly-accessible knowledge bases. Artwork inspired by Jin-Young Cho and Young-Ki Paik. Background image: SHUTTERSTOCK and iStock.com

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Proteome Research/2015_4.txt

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2015_4.txt

The cover for this special issue on clinical proteomics today depicts the flow of information in a modern healthcare setting. Image courtesy of: György A. Marko-Varga

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Proteome Research/2011_12.txt

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2011_12.txt

Proteomic analysis of human urinary exosome was successfully achieved with chemical affinity enrichment toward the phosphatidylserine exposure on the exosomal surface by molecular imprinting. View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Proteome Research/2025_3.txt

vitg

2025_3.txt

https://deepai.org/machine-learning-model/psychedelic-poster-generator

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Proteome Research/2024_8.txt

groundtruth

2024_8.txt

train

Nature Reviews Nephrology

20_11

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Reviews Nephrology/20_11.png

B

Targeting IgA nephropathy, inspired by the Review on p9 Cover design: Lara Crow

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Nephrology/21_2.txt

vith

21_2.txt

Revisiting the year’s highlights, inspired by the Year-in-Review articles starting on p71. Cover design: Lara Crow

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Nephrology/20_11.txt

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20_11.txt

The Sustainable Development Goals, inspired by this month’s Focus issue Image: Lara Crow. Cover design: Lara Crow.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Nephrology/17_12.txt

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Innovations in dialysis, inspired by the Review on p481. Cover design: Lara Crow

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Nephrology/19_5.txt

ave_1

19_5.txt

train

Nature Ecology & Evolution

9_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Ecology & Evolution/9_1.png

D

Y chromosome diversification The golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) belongs to the Old World monkeys, which make up the largest family of primates. A comparative genomics study across 29 primates reveals that the Y chromosome exhibits highly diverse genomic features across lineages. See Zhou et al Image: Yong Wang. Cover Design: Allen Beattie.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Ecology & Evolution/7_6.txt

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7_6.txt

Endless forms A celebration of some of the species that have featured in the pages of Nature Ecology & Evolution during 2018. See here for the names of all the species and the articles they appear in. Image: Rohan Chakravarty. Cover Design: Bethany Vukomanovic.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Ecology & Evolution/3_12.txt

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Birthday biodiversity A celebration of some of the species that have featured in the pages of Nature Ecology & Evolution during the journal's first year. See here for the names of all the species and the articles they appear in. Image: Rosemary Mosco. Cover Design: Allen Beattie.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Ecology & Evolution/2_12.txt

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2_12.txt

Lemur evolution Madagascar is home to an extraordinary level of endemic biodiversity, but quantifying this is complicated by cryptic diversity among some genera such as mouse lemurs (genus Microcebus). Van Elst et al. shed light on this by presenting a generalizable, integrative framework to characterize the species diversity of this taxonomically controversial genus, demonstrating that it has been overestimated. The photograph depicts Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae), which may recently have gone extinct, in Menabe Central Forest in Madagascar. In a second paper in this issue, Orkin et al. analyse genome-wide resequencing data from 50 species of lemurs, revealing high levels of genomic diversity and demographic declines consistent with the historic timing of human expansion across the island. See Tobias van Elst et al. and Joseph D. Orkin et al. Image: Nick Garbutt. Cover design: Allen Beattie

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Ecology & Evolution/9_1.txt

groundtruth

9_1.txt

train

Crystal Growth & Design

2024_12

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Crystal Growth & Design/2024_12.png

A

Artistic representation of crystals ranging in size and morphology as they are being dissolved into a stream of flowing fluid. The image was created with the help of the DALL

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Crystal Growth & Design/2024_12.txt

groundtruth

2024_12.txt

supramolecular polymeric motifs are combined in one crystal to produce the platforms for multimodal thermally tuned blue-to-green and/or NIR photoluminescence. The background of the cover image was generated by artificial intelligence (AI) using Microsoft Copilot.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Crystal Growth & Design/2024_4.txt

vith

2024_4.txt

The cover shows two conformers of resorcinol and a single crystal of resorcinol polymorphs α grown in a high-pressure diamond-anvil cell. Resorcinol polymorphs were determined in the 1930s, but their metastable phases, symmetry, and densities have remained puzzling. The high-pressure structures reveal the mechanism destabilizing polymorphs α and β, involving the molecular conformation and directions of hydrogen bonds

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Crystal Growth & Design/2019_3.txt

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2019_3.txt

Twenty years and 19 volumes of Crystal Growth & Design represented by our first cover and the CGD fashion statements over the years.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Crystal Growth & Design/2019_1.txt

vitg

2019_1.txt

val

Nature Reviews Chemistry

8_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Reviews Chemistry/8_2.png

A

The depolymerization of lignin is represented by a wooden block at the centre of the image surrounded by the products of breakdown and catalysts that have been applied in this important biomass valorization reaction. Lignin is a heterogeneous aromatic macromolecule found in the cell walls of plants. Its conversion to useful monomers is considered key to a transition away from fossil fuel feedstocks. Although there has been much research into C-O cleavage, commercial use of a far greater proportion of available lignin requires cleavage of C-C bonds, which has proven particularly challenging both to develop and to quantify, see Palumbo et al. Image: Rita Clare; Cover design: Carl Conway

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Chemistry/8_2.txt

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8_2.txt

Discovery and design of new therapeutics require understanding of processes across different spatiotemporal scales. The development of multiscale simulation techniques enables us to simultaneously study drug mechanism of action at both atomic and cellular level. The cover image is a representative example of a quantum mechanics–molecular mechanics (QM/MM) model of an enzyme–drug complex (data from J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135 (21), pp 8001–8015). Image: Adrian Mulholland, Pek IeongDesign: Rachael Tremlett

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Chemistry/2_9.txt

vith

2_9.txt

The availability of synthetic DNA is outstripped by its growing number of uses. With applications in engineering biology, therapy, data storage and nanotechnology, the demand for synthetic DNA is increasing. New technologies have been developed and commercialised to meet this need. By analogy to the advances in word processing, this cover image represents how technological advances can improve the efficiency and scale of DNA syntheses. See Hoose et al. Image: Carl Conway. Cover design: Carl Conway

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Chemistry/7_10.txt

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7_10.txt

Autocatalytic lipids — that form assemblies capable of catalysing their own formation — are fascinating chemicals that display a variety of extraordinary behaviour up to and including the emulation of processes, such as growth, metabolism and homeostasis, that are associated with living systems. The cover illustrates this with the gradual appearance from top left of ever more complex assemblies eventually leading to larger assemblies that are beginning to divide. See Howlett & Fletcher Image: Carl Conway & Philip Patenall Cover design: Philip Patenall

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Reviews Chemistry/7_3.txt

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7_3.txt

train

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation

2024_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation/2024_7.png

A

Aminosterols entry pathway into a neuron-like lipid bilayer.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation/2024_7.txt

groundtruth

2024_7.txt

An artistic interpretation of the charge pushback induced by water at the aqueous Pt(111) interface. This rearrangement of charge density is responsible for most of the work function change produced by adsorbed water for metallic surfaces. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2020, 16, 2703–2715.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation/2020_8.txt

vith

2020_8.txt

This work presents a novel automatic machine learning-based manifold learning approach to discover essential transition components with kinetic properties. The circuit in the cover story represents neurons transmitting kinetic information from high-dimensional space into the protein structure of interest. The conformational space of the peptide (shown as sticks) is explored comprehensively in the protein pocket with shape complementarity considered. The lower curves with starring points indicate the long-lasting conformations, which can be used to guide subsequent drug design and lead optimization.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation/2024_14.txt

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2024_14.txt

A computational strategy is presented to improve the accuracy of local coupled cluster methods for systems containing first row transition metals. Dynamic correlation-induced orbital relaxation effects were identified as the main error source in local coupled cluster calculations. The cover art features a transition metal complex in the benchmark set.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation/2023_18.txt

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2023_18.txt

val

Nature Plants

10_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Plants/10_4.png

B

Wall planner Xa4 is a widely exploited and lasting disease resistance gene in rice breeding. It encodes a cell wall-associated kinase that slightly reduces plant height by partially preventing culm cell elongation. See Nature Plants 3, 17009 (2017). Image: S. Wang Cover Design: L. Heslop

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/3_10.txt

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3_10.txt

Single-cell sequencing in seeds Seed germination is controlled by the dynamic modulation of gene expression. Single-cell RNA sequencing can identify the gene regulatory networks that are specific to different cell types and states. In the image, different false colours indicate nuclei with distinct gene expression profiles in a germinating seed. See Liew, L.C. et al. Image: Lucas Auroux & Lim Chee Liew, La Trobe University, Australia. Cover design: Erin Dewalt

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/10_4.txt

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10_4.txt

Five years of plant coverage Nature Plants is entering its sixth year and volume. To celebrate our fifth birthday, this issue’s cover looks back at many of the most striking images that we have used for issues over the last five years. See Editorial Cover Design: L. Heslop.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/6_12.txt

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6_12.txt

Inequalities of parental responsibility Maternal and paternal genomes contribute equally to the transcriptome of embryos during the early stages of their development. However, as the developing plant differentiates, the contributions from the parental alleles begin to vary with cell type. See Zhao, P. et al. Image: P. Zhao, X. Zhou, Y. Zheng, Y. Ren and M-X. Sun. Cover design: L. Heslop.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Plants/6_2.txt

ave_2

6_2.txt

test

Nature Synthesis

3_11

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Synthesis/3_11.png

B

Data-driven automated synthesis This Focus issue describes how techniques such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, robotics and automation can be combined to accelerate chemical and materials synthesis. The cover image is from a Review Article describing the development of self-driving laboratories in chemical and materials sciences. See Abolhasani and Kumacheva Image: Milad Abolhasani, North Carolina State University. Cover Design: Amie Fernandez.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Synthesis/2_7.txt

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2_7.txt

A retrosynthetic approach for nanoparticles Retrosynthetic analysis is used for the synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. The strategy involves the design and synthesis of core–shell nanoparticle precursors which are annealed, giving the desired alloy. See Kar et al. Image: Ella Maru Studio. Cover design: Amie Fernandez

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Synthesis/3_11.txt

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3_11.txt

Green ammonia synthesis Ammonia synthesis via the Haber–Bosch reaction produces approximately 1% of the world’s CO2 emissions, leading to intensive research to find more sustainable routes. This Focus issue overviews recent progress and challenges in green ammonia synthesis, looking at catalyst synthesis, resource allocation and different synthetic routes to produce green ammonia. The cover image depicts an Article that describes the synthesis of core–shell nanocrystals with tunable single-atom alloy layers as electrocatalysts for green ammonia production. See Gao et al. Image: Xue Han, Huiyuan Zhu & Qiang Gao, University of Virginia. Cover Design: Amie Fernandez.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Synthesis/2_6.txt

ave_2

2_6.txt

Carbon nanobelts with a twist Fully-fused Möbius carbon nanobelts are synthesized using a bottom-up approach in which the aromatic carbon chain is formed by sequential Wittig reactions. This synthesis may pave the way for the development of nanocarbon materials with complex topological structures. See Segawa et al. Image: Issey Takahashi, Nagoya University. Cover Design: Tulsi Voralia.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Synthesis/1_6.txt

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1_6.txt

test

Nature Sustainability

7_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Sustainability/7_6.png

A

Urban expansion and local food in Africa Rapid urbanization affects both local food and ecological systems in Africa. De Vos and colleagues integrate the effects of land-use displacement and dietary shifts associated with urbanization in scenarios of food demand to study the impact of urban expansion on the African environment. See De Vos et al. Image: Arnold Mugasha/Shot by mu. Cover design: Alex Whitworth

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Sustainability/7_6.txt

groundtruth

7_6.txt

Integrating livestock and wildlife Globally, most wildlife live outside of protected areas, creating potential conflicts. Keesing et al. assess tradeoffs between management for wildlife and for livestock in an East African savannah (pictured), finding potential benefits from integrating the two. See Keesing et al Image: Felicia Keesing, Bard College. Cover Design: Alex Wing

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Sustainability/1_3.txt

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1_3.txt

Tropical forest carbon loss Tropical forests store huge reserves of carbon but are under growing assault. Using satellite data, Zeng and colleagues show that annual carbon loss in tropical forests more than doubled between 2001 and 2019. Agricultural activities are driving most of this loss. See Feng et al. Image: LeoFFreitas / Moment / Getty. Cover Design: Valentina Monaco.

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5_8.txt

Human activity and landslide risk in Africa Population pressure and land-use change affect landslide risk. Depicker and colleagues analyse the impact of population dynamics, conflicts and deforestation on landslide risk in the Kivu Rift region (pictured), Eastern Africa. See Depickeret al. Image: Dr. Olivier Dewitte, Royal Museum for Central Africa. Cover Design: Valentina Monaco.

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/Nature Sustainability/4_2.txt

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4_2.txt

test

Molecular Pharmaceutics

2024_12

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Molecular Pharmaceutics/2024_12.png

D

Molecular interactions impact physicochemical and dissolution attributes of pharmaceutical ingredients in amorphous solid dispersions. Structural elucidation aims to unveil mechanistic roles but often reveals challenges from the multicomponent and disordered nature of drug products. Atomic-level structural restraints are obtained from the intermolecular drug-polymer distance measurement using solid-state NMR. View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Molecular Pharmaceutics/2020_6.txt

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2020_6.txt

The cover art symbolizes the importance of the prediction and control of the solid form in pharmaceutical solid state chemistry, a subject explored within this Virtual Special Issue (VSI) titled “Crystallizing the Role of Solid-State Form in Drug Delivery.” This VSI is jointly produced by Molecular Pharmaceutics and Crystal Growth & Design [https://pubs.acs.org/page/vi/solid-state-form-drug-delivery] and is guest edited by Dr. Doris Braun (University of Innsbruck), Prof. Lidia Tajber (Trinity College Dublin), Prof. Lynne Taylor (Purdue University), and Prof. Jonathan Steed (Durham University). The guest editors have selected a wide range of articles that collectively highlight ongoing advances in formulation approaches and our understanding of the molecular solid state. This new VSI builds on the joint retrospective Virtual Issue published in February 2021 [https://pubs.acs.org/page/cgdefu/vi/crystals-drug-delivery?ref=vi_collection]. A

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Molecular Pharmaceutics/2022_5.txt

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2022_5.txt

The cover art demonstrates the key finding from a study titled “Stabilizing Mechanisms of β-Lactoglobulin in Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Indomethacin”. β-Lactoglobulin-based amorphous solid dispersions of indomethacin are substantially stable even at 50–

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Molecular Pharmaceutics/2022_2.txt

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2022_2.txt

Molecular dynamics simulations unveil cisplatin delivery by carbon nanohorns (CNHs) in breast cancer cells. CNH cellular intake was kinetically sluggish; however, it might enhance the retention effect, improving the bioavailability of cisplatin in the tumor cells.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Molecular Pharmaceutics/2024_12.txt

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2024_12.txt

train

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

28_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Trends in Cognitive Sciences/28_1.png

D

In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Windt, Nielsen, and Thompson examine the widespread assumption that consciousness is absent during deep, dreamless sleep. They present evidence suggesting that conscious experience may persist in dreamless sleep and lay out key questions for future empirical inquiry. Cover image from iStockphoto/Natalia Moroz. Cover design by Rebecca Schwarzlose.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Cognitive Sciences/20_1.txt

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20_1.txt

In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Samaha and colleagues review the mechanisms by which rhythmic fluctuations in brain activity prior to the onset of a stimulus alter one's perception of that stimulus. The authors conclude that the amplitude of low-frequency oscillations can bias conscious perception without changing the veridicality of one's perceptual decision. The cover image depicts an observer wearing EEG electrodes with wavy, "oscillating" hair, viewing a commonlyused "grating" stimulus, thereby depicting key concepts from the paper. Cover design by Elda Broglio.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Cognitive Sciences/24_5.txt

vith

24_5.txt

In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Decety and Yoder describe emerging findings on the cognitive and neuroscientific underpinnings of justice motivation. Cover image from iStockphoto/tomloel. Cover design by Rebecca Schwarzlose.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Cognitive Sciences/21_12.txt

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21_12.txt

Is a cognitive science of dreaming possible? In this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Remington Mallett and colleagues address the historical barriers and recent advancements in dream research, focusing on the challenges of objective observation and the limitations of retrospective recall. The authors highlight innovative methodologies, such as content decoding and real-time reporting, that enhance our understanding of dream content and its neural correlates. They also examine the potential of dream engineering techniques to manipulate dream experiences for therapeutic and experimental purposes. By promoting interdisciplinary approaches, this work sets the stage for a new era in dream science. Cover art by Carmen Mancuso.

MAC_Bench/Cell/Story/Trends in Cognitive Sciences/28_1.txt

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28_1.txt

train

Macromolecules

2024_24

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Macromolecules/2024_24.png

A

Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels with varying degrees of crosslinking, including ultra-low self-crosslinking, were systematically investigated using a combination of light and X-ray scattering techniques, supported by numerical simulations, across their volume phase transition.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2024_24.txt

groundtruth

2024_24.txt

Polyelectrolyte complexation is associative phase separation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in aqueous media. See Macromolecules, 2018, 51 (8), pp 2988–2995. View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2018_16.txt

vith

2018_16.txt

Over the past 50 years, there has been tremendous progress in the synthesis of macromolecules with complex architectures, mainly by covalent chemistry. The “initiator” for this journey and the springboard for the advent of the other controlled/living polymerizations was the discovery of living anionic polymerization. Nature, the perfect chemist,

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2017_21.txt

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2017_21.txt

°

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2009_8.txt

vitg

2009_8.txt

train

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

25_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY/25_6.png

B

‘aiR-loops’, inspired by the Review on p521. Cover design: Vicky Summersby

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY/23_5.txt

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23_5.txt

‘Somitogenesis and segment determination, from head to tail’, inspired by the Review on p517 Cover design: Vicky Summersby

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY/25_6.txt

groundtruth

25_6.txt

‘Directed migration’, inspired by the Review on p529 Cover design: Vicky Summersby

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY/22_5.txt

vitg

22_5.txt

‘Nuclear compartments’, inspired by the Review on p653 Cover design: Vicky Summersby

MAC_Bench/Nature/Story/NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY/22_3.txt

ave_2

22_3.txt

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Macromolecules

2024_1

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Macromolecules/2024_1.png

B

°

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2009_8.txt

vitg

2009_8.txt

The molecular origin of the glassy dynamics associated with the gas-barrier properties, the crystallization kinetics, and the phase behavior of poly(ethylene 2,5-furanoate) (PEF) are explored by employing pressure in addition to temperature. View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2024_1.txt

groundtruth

2024_1.txt

Polyelectrolyte complexation is associative phase separation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in aqueous media. See Macromolecules, 2018, 51 (8), pp 2988–2995. View the article.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2018_16.txt

vith

2018_16.txt

Over the past 50 years, there has been tremendous progress in the synthesis of macromolecules with complex architectures, mainly by covalent chemistry. The “initiator” for this journey and the springboard for the advent of the other controlled/living polymerizations was the discovery of living anionic polymerization. Nature, the perfect chemist,

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Macromolecules/2017_21.txt

clip

2017_21.txt

val

Environment & Health

2024_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/Environment & Health/2024_2.png

A

Prenatal exposure to F-53B exerts detrimental effects on synaptic development in fetal mice. F-53B could bind with the protein of PKA and CREB1 in hippocampal neurons of mice which prevents PKA translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, and further inhibits the phosphorylation of nuclear CREB.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2024_2.txt

groundtruth

2024_2.txt

This image shows that two routes (IVI and INI) of silica nanoparticle exposure resulted in different outcomes of brain damage. The Baidu Wenxin Yige platform was used to improve the cover image, drawn using SAI software.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2024_11.txt

vith

2024_11.txt

The composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is intricate, and its various components have diverse effects on human health. Delving into the impact of PM2.5 components from different sources on cardiopulmonary health contributes to safeguarding public health.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2024_5.txt

vitg

2024_5.txt

The cover emphasizes the differential accumulation of thallium in zebrafish embryos and larvae and the multifaceted nature of Tl toxicity in relation to the developmental stages of the aquatic organism.

MAC_Bench/ACS/Story/Environment & Health/2024_10.txt

clip

2024_10.txt

val

Nature Reviews Chemistry

8_4

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Reviews Chemistry/8_4.png

C

Autocatalytic lipids — that form assemblies capable of catalysing their own formation — are fascinating chemicals that display a variety of extraordinary behaviour up to and including the emulation of processes, such as growth, metabolism and homeostasis, that are associated with living systems. The cover illustrates this with the gradual appearance from top left of ever more complex assemblies eventually leading to larger assemblies that are beginning to divide. See Howlett & Fletcher Image: Carl Conway & Philip Patenall Cover design: Philip Patenall

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Single cluster catalysts (SCCs) bridge the gap between heterogeneous single atom catalysts and nanoparticle catalysts. They are typically less than 1 nm in size and comprise 2–20 atoms of one or more elements. The properties of SCCs can be finely tuned by controlling the composition or by inclusion of linkers and ligands. The cover image illustrates a variety of atomically precise SCCs with different heteroatoms anchored on a support. See Li et al. Image: Jiong Lu Cover design: Carl Conway

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The question of how life began has intrigued people for many years. While we may never know the answer, several research avenues exist – each with their own theories and starting conditions. Common grounds between different theories do exist, such as the need for membranes forming compartment used to contain and protect the crucial ingredients of life. How these compartments were formed is also heavily debated. It is possible that simple amphiphiles — synthesised in dense molecular clouds of the interstellar medium — were deposited on early Earth via meteors and comets before eventually self-assembling into membranes and the phospholipid bilayers as we know them today. See Bocková et al. Image: Carl Conway; Cover design: Carl Conway

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Gene delivery vehicles capture and protect nucleic acid cargoes, deliver them to cells and tissues, and are important for biological research as well as the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Chemistry has a key role in developing innovative synthetic materials for next-generation gene therapies to safely and efficaciously deliver nucleic acids to target sites in vivo. See Montenegro et al. Montenegro Cover: Carl Conway

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Nature Synthesis

3_12

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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B

Functionalization by transfer Functionalization of C(sp 3)–H bonds via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), which is typically photo- or electrochemically induced, is a key transformation in the synthesis of complex molecules. This Focus issue overviews technological, catalytic and method-based innovations that have enabled this field to develop. The cover image is from a Perspective describing how HAT catalysis facilitates acceptorless dehydrogenative cross-coupling between two C–H bonds. See Ohmatsu and Ooi Image: YAP Co., Ltd. Cover Design: Amie Fernandez.

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MOFs made to order The synthesis of isoreticular zeolite-like MOFs is achieved using a face-directed assembly strategy inspired by architecture techniques. The strategy combines a supermolecular building block approach with the use of various centring structure-directing agents. See Barsukova et al. Image: Aleksandr Sapianik. Cover design: Amie Fernandez

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Anisotropic 2D metals Elemental metal nanosheets with aligned grain orientations are grown using a confined 2D template, resulting in nanosheets with high in-plane electrical anisotropy. The anisotropic 2D metals are demonstrated as switching elements. See Kim et al. Image: Wooyoung Shim, Yonsei University. Cover design: Thomas Phillips

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A retrosynthetic approach for nanoparticles Retrosynthetic analysis is used for the synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. The strategy involves the design and synthesis of core–shell nanoparticle precursors which are annealed, giving the desired alloy. See Kar et al. Image: Ella Maru Studio. Cover design: Amie Fernandez

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Immunity

57_8

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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A

On the cover: Immune systems exhibit marked differences at baseline in the human population. In this issue, Mulè et al. introduce the concept of a “naturally adjuvanted” baseline immune setpoint. The authors use a statistical framework for integrating human population and single-cell variations in response to influenza vaccines and find that at baseline—before vaccination—innate immune cell subsets in high responders to an unadjuvanted vaccine phenocopy cell states uniquely induced by vaccines formulated with the adjuvant AS03. The state of individual immune systems is illustrated as leaves. Past encounters with caterpillars shape each leaf, akin to how past exposures and environmental inputs shape immune systems. Amidst these variations, vividly colored leaves represent individuals who exhibit a shared naturally adjuvanted immune setpoint, whereas grey leaves represent those less poised to respond. Artwork by Sarah Hopkins.

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On the cover: The bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of immune cells are not simply for survival of the cells, but rather, they also fuel critical differentiation processes and effector functions. In this issue of Immunity, we present four review articles that discuss the current understanding of how cellular metabolism impacts the immune cells. Olhenchock, Rathmell, and Vanderheiden (703–713) explain the biochemical mechanisms that underlie how metabolism is adapted to meet the energetic and redox demands of immune cell populations. Many chromatin- and DNA-modifying enzymes make use of substrates and cofactors that are intermediates of metabolic pathways. Glass, Phan, and Goldrath (714–729) examine how metabolic activity can integrate environmental signals with activation-induced gene-expression programs through the modulation of the epigenome and discuss how this integration could lead to context-specific responses. Pearce and Russell (730–742) discuss the role of the mTOR pathway as a metabolic sensor in the tissue microenvironment, how mTOR signaling impacts the differentiation and function of tissue-resident immune cells, and the impact of metabolic constrains in tissues on immune homeostasis and disease. Rickert and Boothby (743–755) discuss recent evidence for the importance of different niches in the development and function of B cells, highlighting the role of the nutrients and metabolic by products that distinguish these sites. The image on the cover aims to capture the impact of metabolic changes in the cellular function and form: the energy, as represented by light, and the change, represented by different colors. Image by Maxiphoto (istockphoto.com).

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On the cover: 2019 marks the 25th anniversary of Immunity. The cover for this anniversary issue was designed to celebrate our authors, reviewers, and readers and was created with photos submitted by immunology labs from around the world (download the high-resolution image here). These photos, along with information about each lab, are compiled in a companion website (https://www.cell.com/immunity/community) that we hope will serve as a resource to foster connections within the immunology community. We thank all of the labs that participated in this effort—it has been fun! In this issue, we also present to you fourteen commissioned reviews on the theme of cytokines. These articles highlight the progress made in both the understanding of these fundamental effectors of immunity and the translation of these insights into the clinic. Cover design by Kavitha Scranton.

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On the cover: 2024 marks the 30th anniversary of Immunity! To celebrate this milestone with the immunology community, we hosted an open call for cover submissions for our special anniversary issue and are grateful to have received beautiful and creative submissions from across the globe! The winning design featured on the cover of this anniversary issue was designed by Yun Hsuan Elena Lin, a PhD candidate in the laboratory of Dr. John Chang at the University of Californa, San Diego. In her illustration, immune cells are depicted as flowers flourishing from vases in the shape of the number 30. The stalks of the flowers are comprised of DNA, RNA, mitochondria, antibodies, blood vessels, lymphatics, neuronal and glial cells, microbes, and more, highlighting advances in immunology research over the past decades. Model organisms populate the image as well, recognizing their key contributions in driving substantial advances in human immunology. The bouquet captures the diversity of immunological research published by Immunity, painted over a backdrop of dawn that symbolizes the exciting discoveries to come. In this issue, we present a collection of review and perspective articles on innate immunity with a focus on pattern recognition. Rather than recognizing unique aspects of a pathogen, the innate immune system uses families of receptors that recognize shared features of potential threats to the host. Likewise, sensing of endogenous molecular patterns enables maintenance of health. Throughout this collection of articles, we explore the latest understanding of how the innate immune system evolved to ensure that the body responds appropriately to the myriad of microbes in the environment while maintaining regulation of homeostatic functions, how these mechanisms can go awry in disease, and the prospects for harnessing these insights into the development of new therapies.

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Molecular Therapy

33_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

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D

On the Cover: To mark the 20th anniversary of ASGCT and to celebrate the 20th annual meeting, society founder and gene therapy pioneer George Stamatoyannopoulus recruited a group of leaders who have contributed to landmark developments and clinical translation of the field to author a series of review articles highlighting these advances; these reviews are featured in this issue of Molecular Therapy. Although it is impossible to encompass every advance or every subfield falling under the ASGCT and Molecular Therapy umbrella, we hope this set of reviews will set the benchmark for where we are now and set the stage for an even brighter future, serving as an inspiration for new investigators entering our field. Cover credit: iStock.com/cosmin4000.

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On the Cover: This issue of Molecular Therapy is the first of its 20th year of publication. The field of gene and cell therapy has changed significantly during these two decades: the science has led to real therapies that are now beginning to impact patients. Many issues remain to be solved, however, if these promising molecular therapies are to become affordable and accessible treatment options for both patients and medical providers. Molecular Therapy and its sibling journals look forward to covering these important issues in the decades to come. Cover credit: iStock.com/YinYang.

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On the Cover: The image is an artistic presentation of the PeptiENV platform described in Ylösmäki et al., pp. 2315–2325. The metallic grey/blue-ish particles represent an enveloped virus and the white, green, and purple “string of beads” represents the attached therapeutic peptides. This is a very simple yet effective method of increasing the tumor-specific T cell responses of clinically relevant enveloped viruses.

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On the cover: Chen et al. demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP) exacerbates renal inflammation in diabetic kidney disease via a Smad3-NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathway. The image depicts CRP binding to its receptor and triggering signaling to activate Smad3 in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylated Smad3 translocates into the nucleus with other Smads. Following this, Smad3 interacts with the promoter region of NLRP3, initiating NLRP3 expression. Image credit: Haiyong Chen and Yifan Wang.

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

45_7

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Acta Pharmacologica Sinica/45_7.png

C

Cover Credit: CircNSD1 acts as ceRNA of miR-429-3p to promote the target gene SULF1 expression and activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway signaling to enhance fibroblasts proliferation and collagen deposition leading to cardiac fibrosis. (DOI 10.1038/s41401-024-01296-7). See the article in pages 2092-2106.

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Challenges and opportunities for network pharmacology-based research on traditional Chinese medicines against COVID-19. See the article in pages 845–847.

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Cover Credit: In this cover article, Zhou et al. constructed a novel mechanistic quantitative systems pharmacology model describing the underlying pathophysiological processes of HER2+BC, from ligand-receptor binding to downstream signaling and finally to tumor growth, while incorporating the distinct modalities and mechanisms of various state-of-the-art therapeutics. A large variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental data was used during model calibration and validation, achieving a quantitative and accurate description of cellular signaling, time-response, dose-response, and tumor growth kinetics. In a high-throughput manner, this multiscale QSP model platform enabled researchers to probe into the efficacy of different therapeutic strategies at the preclinical level, generate new hypothesis regarding best treatment combinations to overcome resistance, and suggested important directions for future translational drug research and model-informed drug development. Doi:10.1038/s41401-024-01232-9. See the article in pages 1287–1304

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Cover Credit: Mechanisms of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor-5 (TGR5) agonist on inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and ameliorating ulcerative colitis. Activation of TGR5 by OM8 enhanced cAMP/PKA signaling, which led to upregulation of c-FLIP expression, and subsequently suppressed JNK phosphorylation, thereby antagonizing TNF-α induced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis.

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ACS Food Science & Technology

2024_6

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/ACS/Cover/ACS Food Science & Technology/2024_6.png

B

Factors contributing to honey botanical origin and volatile fingerprint: (1)

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This cover, in part created using the "Canva" AI tool, represents the focus of our study, a chickpea plant, treated with foliar application of wood distillate. Seeds were used to obtain a fortified flour, employed for the development of functional bakery products, like cookies. Additionally, it includes a graph containing a flavonoid found in the flour and a model of the simulated gastrointestinal digestion to obtain available peptides.

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This illustration, created using the "Image Creator from Playground AI" tool, vividly represents the theme of our study. It features a cup of dark tea, with steam symbolizing warmth and health, alongside a healthy-looking white rat. The graphic contrasts this with an image of a lethargic white rat, representing the condition before dark tea consumption. Additionally, it includes a graph or infographic indicating improvements in glucose levels or other diabetic markers in white rats post-

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This study determined the efficacy of carotenes in modulating molecular targets in a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced AMD in vitro model. To evaluate cytotoxicity, a panel of 17 human cancer cells and non-cancerous human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells were treated with carotenes. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of carotenes in modulating oxidative stress, and its underlying molecular targets were also studied using bioinformatic analyses through reactome pathway analysis and targeted cell-based reporter assays.

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Developmental Cell

59_9

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Cell/Cover/Developmental Cell/59_9.png

B

On the cover: This image represents three studies in this issue of Developmental Cell that are part of the SpatioTemporal Omics Consortium (STOC): zebrafish embryogenesis spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas (bottom right), 3D spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of developing Drosophila (top right), and cell-type-specific spatial transcriptomic atlas of arabidopsis (left). To learn more about Stereo-seq and its applications, see Wang et al. (pp. 1271–1283), Liu et al. (1284–1298), and Xia et al. (1299–1310). Image credit: Mingjiang Lu, Huifang Xiao.

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On the cover: The image depicts “Auto-Pack” (Autophagosome-Packman, in yellow) engulfing misfolded proteins (in red) from the labyrinth of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through a process known as ER-phagy (autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum). To learn more about how ER-phagy is activated in response to protein misfolding, see De Leonibus et al. Image credit: Gennaro Di Bonito, Marianna Maddaluno, and Chiara De Leonibus.

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On the cover: An artistic depiction of the elimination of transposable elements that occurs during development of the somatic genome in the ciliated unicellular organism Paramecium. To learn more about the role of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 in the repression of transposable elements, see Miró-Pina et al. on pp. 1037–1052. Cover illustration drawn by Eve Charmant inspired by the artist Jean Cocteau.

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On the cover: Developmental Cell publishes papers representing a full range of cell biology and development, from molecular mechanism to organismal pathophysiology. The spiraling elements depicted on the cover of this month's tenth anniversary issue suggest a continuum of relationships amongst these intertwined disciplines. Cover image created by Kate Mahan and Yvonne Blanco.

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Nature Reviews Nephrology

21_2

Which of the following options best describe the cover image?

MAC_Bench/Nature/Cover/Nature Reviews Nephrology/21_2.png

B

The Sustainable Development Goals, inspired by this month’s Focus issue Image: Lara Crow. Cover design: Lara Crow.

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Targeting IgA nephropathy, inspired by the Review on p9 Cover design: Lara Crow

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The balancing act of regulatory T cells, inspired by the Review on p544. Cover design: Lara Crow

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Targeting IgA nephropathy, inspired by the Review on p9 Cover design: Lara Crow

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