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In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
[EX Q]: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
[EX A]: Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
[EX Q]: Un avion alb este parcat pe ciment.
[EX A]: A white airplane is parked on the cement.
[EX Q]: Un băiat joacă un joc portabil.
[EX A]: | A boy plays a handheld game.
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
Example Input: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
Example Output: Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
Example Input: Trenul vine pe calea ferată între două rânduri de copaci.
Example Output: The train comes down the track, between two rows of trees.
Example Input: Prim-plan al uniui cal tânăr plimbându-se pe lângă un cal mai mare.
Example Output: | Close-up of young horse walking next to a larger horse.
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
Input: Consider Input: Diferența fundamentală, vă rog?
Output: Fundimental difference, please?
Input: Consider Input: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
Output: Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
Input: Consider Input: Un câine negru și unul maro alergând în iarbă.
| Output: A black and a brown dog running in the grass.
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
instruction:
In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
question:
Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
answer:
Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
question:
Peace Rules a învins Funny Cide în derby-ul Louisiana.
answer:
Peace Rules defeated Funny Cide in the Louisiana Derby.
question:
Împreună cu producătorul de cipuri Intel, companiile includ Sony, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines, Gateway, Nokia și altele.
answer:
| Along with chip maker Intel, the companies include Sony, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines, Gateway, Nokia and others.
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
Q: Victima altercației armate a fost dusă la Centrul Spitalului Județean Kings, unde a murit ulterior, au spus polițiștii.
A: The shooting victim was taken to Kings County Hospital Center, where he later died, the police said.
****
Q: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
A: Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
****
Q: Vreo 14 000 de clienți au fost fără curent în zonă, au spus Oklahoma Gas și Electric.
A: | Some 14,000 customers were without power in the area, Oklahoma Gas and Electric said.
****
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
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In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
Ex Input:
Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
Ex Output:
Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
Ex Input:
Un bărbat merge pe un skateboard.
Ex Output:
A man is riding a skateboard.
Ex Input:
Un bărbat este urcat într-o ambulanță.
Ex Output:
| A man is being put into an abulance.
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
Q: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
A: | Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe. | task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
instruction:
In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
question:
Cei de la Pratt & Whitney au spus că 75% din echipamentele motorului vor fi externalizate în Europa, cu asamblarea finală în Germania.
answer:
Pratt &Whitney had said that 75 per cent of the engine equipment would be outsourced to Europe, with final assembly in Germany.
question:
Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
answer:
Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
question:
Un câine alb-negru aleargă printr-un câmp de vaci.
answer:
| A black and white dog is running through a cow field.
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
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In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
Q: Doi dintre britanici, Sandy Mitchell din Glasgow și William Sampson, născut în Glasgow, se confruntă cu pedeapsa cu moartea.
A: Two of the Britons, Sandy Mitchell from Glasgow and Glasgow-born William Sampson, face the death penalty.
****
Q: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
A: Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
****
Q: Câinele cafeniu ține o jucărie scârțâitoare verde în gură.
A: | The tan dog is carrying a green squeak toy in its mouth.
****
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
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TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
PROBLEM: Un pui de elefant mănâncă un puiet.
SOLUTION: A baby elephant eats a sapling.
PROBLEM: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
SOLUTION: Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
PROBLEM: un purtător de cuvânt pentru stockwell day nu a fost disponibil imediat pentru
SOLUTION: | a spokesman for stockwell day was not immediately available for
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
In this task, you are given a sentence in the Romanian language. Your job is to translate the Romanian sentence into the English language.
Input: Consider Input: Un bărbat taie o hârtie.
Output: A man is cutting a paper.
Input: Consider Input: Femeile care consumă cartofi și alte legume tuberoase în timpul sarcinii pot prezenta riscul de a provoca diabet de tip 1 copiilor lor, cred cercetătorii din Melbourne.
Output: Women who eat potatoes and other tuberous vegetables during pregnancy may be at risk of triggering type 1 diabetes in their children, Melbourne researchers believe.
Input: Consider Input: Fostul președinte a susținut, de asemenea, numeroase discursuri în 2002, fără a fi plătit, a declarat purtătorul de cuvânt al acestuia, Jim Kennedy.
| Output: The former president also gave numerous speeches in 2002 without compensation, said his spokesman Jim Kennedy.
| task1435_ro_sts_parallel_language_translation_ro_to_en |
|
TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
PROBLEM: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
SOLUTION: True
PROBLEM: Passage: There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data. Question: Analysis of what kind of deposits from the Amazon Fan indicates a change in rainfall in the Amazon basin?
SOLUTION: True
PROBLEM: Passage: DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux. Question: Late published versions were utilized by who?
SOLUTION: | False
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
True
Passage: Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons"). Question: What are people from Florida sometimes called?
False
Passage: The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyond Europe to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec, where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely. Question: What was the biggest religion in Quebec?
| False
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
One example is below.
Q: Passage: Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. She also directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. Critical and commercial response to the film was negative. Madonna contributed the ballad "Masterpiece" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Question: Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?
A: True
Rationale: The answer to given question is 'Macy's', which can be determined from the second sentence of the paragraph "The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label". Since this question is answerable, the output is True.
Q: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What happens when the immune system less active than normal?
A: | True | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Passage: Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. She also directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. Critical and commercial response to the film was negative. Madonna contributed the ballad "Masterpiece" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Question: Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?
Solution: True
Why? The answer to given question is 'Macy's', which can be determined from the second sentence of the paragraph "The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label". Since this question is answerable, the output is True.
New input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Solution: | True | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
--------
Question: Passage: The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang. Question: The strong force is due to the exchange of what?
Answer: False
Question: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
Answer: False
Question: Passage: France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of trade with France, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items, as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. It also provided crucial manpower in both World Wars. Question: Where did France focus its efforts to not rebuild its empire?
Answer: | False
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Input: Consider Input: Passage: Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568–1609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in the "Apologie" of William the Silent, condemning the Spanish Inquisition, which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny, daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule. As both spoke French in daily life, their court church in the Prinsenhof in Delft held services in French. The practice has continued to the present day. The Prinsenhof is one of the 14 active Walloon churches of the Dutch Reformed Church. The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the House of Orange-Nassau, which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. They settled at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and New Netherland in North America. Question: What leader led the Dutch Revolt and wrote Apologie?
Output: True
Input: Consider Input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
Output: False
Input: Consider Input: Passage: While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects. Like in other regional organisations such as the North American Free Trade Association, or the World Trade Organisation, breaking down barriers to trade, and enhancing free movement of goods, services, labour and capital, is meant to reduce consumer prices. It was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union, which led to a common market, then monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state. In Europe, however, those stages were considerably mixed, and it remains unclear whether the "endgame" should be the same as a state, traditionally understood. In practice free trade, without standards to ensure fair trade, can benefit some people and groups within countries (particularly big business) much more than others, but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market, particularly workers, consumers, small business, developing industries, and communities. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the EU, while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons, services and capital. These so-called "four freedoms" were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers (e.g. customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer or environmental standards) and fiscal barriers (e.g. different Value Added Tax rates). The tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit. The Treaties limit free trade, to prioritise other values such as public health, consumer protection, labour rights, fair competition, and environmental improvement. Increasingly the Court of Justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being. Question: How long has free movement and trade been central to European development?
| Output: True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
question:
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
answer:
False
question:
Passage: Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process. Question: Many construction companies are now placing more emphasis on what?
answer:
True
question:
Passage: In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. By 1931 the Fresno Traction Company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track. Question: In what year did Fresno become an incorporated city?
answer:
| True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Q: Passage: In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum distance (currently 1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy. This law also exists in Austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away, or where none is registered in the city. Question: Where are some physicians permitted to prescribe and give out medications within their practices?
A: True
****
Q: Passage: Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi) east of Berlin, Germany. The city straddles the Vistula River. It is located in the heartland of the Masovian Plain, and its average elevation is 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level. The highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres (379.6 ft) ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the right side – 122.1 metres (400.6 ft) ("Groszówka" estate, district of Wesoła, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres (248.0 ft) (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city – e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill (121 metres (397.0 ft)), Szczęśliwice hill (138 metres (452.8 ft) – the highest point of Warsaw in general). Question: How many miles east of Berlin is Warsaw?
A: True
****
Q: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is a rare autoimmune disease?
A: | False
****
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
|
instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
question:
Passage: This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy. Question: With common construction procurement, what does the main contractor act as?
answer:
False
question:
Passage: In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. Question: What pushed up the Pyrenees?
answer:
True
question:
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What happens when the immune system less active than normal?
answer:
| True
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
[EX Q]: Passage: The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks. Question: Who produced the first geological map of the U.S.?
[EX A]: True
[EX Q]: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
[EX A]: True
[EX Q]: Passage: A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand), will result in high wages for that job. This is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption. Question: What can lead to lower wages for members of labor organizations?
[EX A]: | False
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instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
question:
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
answer:
True
question:
Passage: Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy. Question: In what city or the Arabs the twelve largest ethnic group?
answer:
False
question:
Passage: In regard to companies, the Court of Justice held in R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business, without infringing TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised. By contrast, in Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen the Court of Justice found that a UK limited company operating in Denmark could not be required to comply with Denmark's minimum share capital rules. UK law only required £1 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 Danish krone (around €27,000) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent. The Court of Justice held that Denmark's minimum capital law infringed Centros Ltd's freedom of establishment and could not be justified, because a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there, and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection. This approach was criticised as potentially opening the EU to unjustified regulatory competition, and a race to the bottom in standards, like in the US where the state Delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards, and low corporate taxes as a result. Similarly in Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH the Court of Justice held that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany. Although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes, denial of capacity went too far: it was an "outright negation" of the right of establishment. However, in Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt the Court of Justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law, they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose. This meant that the Hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to Italy while it still operated and was incorporated in Hungary. Thus, the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies (where restrictions must be justified), and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory, although it is not entirely clear why. Question: Why did the UK have to justify its actions?
answer:
| False
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Example Input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: When the Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957, at the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada, 13 of the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest. At a pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across the "line" and were immediately arrested. They were put on a bus and taken to the Nye County seat of Tonopah, Nevada, and arraigned for trial before the local Justice of the Peace, that afternoon. A well known civil rights attorney, Francis Heisler, had volunteered to defend the arrested persons, advising them to plead "nolo contendere", as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty. The arrested persons were found "guilty," nevertheless, and given suspended sentences, conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds.[citation needed] Question: Where did Francis Heisler plan to have her protest?
Example Output: False
Example Input: Passage: The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. Question: What evolved in later vertebrates?
Example Output: | False
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Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
See one example below:
Problem: Passage: Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. She also directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. Critical and commercial response to the film was negative. Madonna contributed the ballad "Masterpiece" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Question: Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?
Solution: True
Explanation: The answer to given question is 'Macy's', which can be determined from the second sentence of the paragraph "The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label". Since this question is answerable, the output is True.
Problem: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is a rare autoimmune disease?
Solution: | False | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Q: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is a rare autoimmune disease?
A: | False | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
--------
Question: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Answer: True
Question: Passage: There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,843 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35,064 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals and 12,344 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.62. Question: How many same-sex married couples or partnerships were there?
Answer: True
Question: Passage: Environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996. Question: The loss of biodiversity may be the result of what, according to environmentalists?
Answer: | True
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
[Q]: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
[A]: False
[Q]: Passage: Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs. Braddock called for a retreat. He was killed. Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops, led by George Washington, retreated to Virginia. Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War, Washington and Thomas Gage, played key roles in organizing the retreat. Question: How much success did this expedition with Braddock find?
[A]: True
[Q]: Passage: The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels. Question: When did BSkyB end their analogue service?
[A]: | True
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system? | True | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Q: Passage: When the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean King, saying that the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uighurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting. Question: Who did the Mongols refuse control of Korea?
A: False
****
Q: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
A: False
****
Q: Passage: An important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment. Conversely, education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor. Question: What do people with higher income have less access to?
A: | False
****
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
[EX Q]: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
[EX A]: True
[EX Q]: Passage: Ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools. Most of these schools are vocational schools. However, these vocational schools are not part of the German dual education system. Ergänzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees. Question: Along with private individuals and organizations, what groups sometimes runs ergänzungsschulen?
[EX A]: True
[EX Q]: Passage: Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit. In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s. Question: What was the triad?
[EX A]: | False
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Example Input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat. Question: When did Pachauri resign as chair of the IPCC?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of German prestige. He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884. Question: Who influenced France besides his neighbors?
Example Output: | False
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Example Input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: Planetary geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the Earth, the Moon, Mars, and meteorites, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the Sun, believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula. Analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth. Question: What celestial object eluded efforts to measure oxygen?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gaißau, Höchst and Fußach. The natural Rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments. In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced "Isel" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel ("Donkey"). Many local fields have an official name containing this element. Question: What is the delta in the Rhine delimited in the west by?
Example Output: | True
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Detailed Instructions: In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Problem:Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
Solution: | False | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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Given the task definition, example input & output, solve the new input case.
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Example: Passage: Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. She also directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. Critical and commercial response to the film was negative. Madonna contributed the ballad "Masterpiece" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Question: Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?
Output: True
The answer to given question is 'Macy's', which can be determined from the second sentence of the paragraph "The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label". Since this question is answerable, the output is True.
New input case for you: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues?
Output: | True | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Ex Input:
Passage: Religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools. Some such schools teach religious education, together with the usual academic subjects to impress their particular faith's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend. Others use the denomination as more of a general label to describe on what the founders based their belief, while still maintaining a fine distinction between academics and religion. They include parochial schools, a term which is often used to denote Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K-12 private education sector include Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians. Question: Along with Muslims, Jews and Protestant Christians, what religious group notably operates private schools?
Ex Output:
True
Ex Input:
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Ex Output:
True
Ex Input:
Passage: Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound, as is sometimes the case for Taxol. Computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins, which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies, assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles, and validation of proposed peptide-based drug treatments. Early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids; however, more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes, usually on well-studied virus proteins, as a training set. A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells. The emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics. Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response. Question: What is underrepresented in epitope regions?
Ex Output:
| False
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Ex Input:
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
Ex Output:
False
Ex Input:
Passage: Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O−
2) and hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O
2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms. Question: What is 2H02?
Ex Output:
False
Ex Input:
Passage: In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential. Question: What did Frank Burnet formulate before the 1950s?
Ex Output:
| False
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Input: Consider Input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
Output: False
Input: Consider Input: Passage: The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" (Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km). The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note 7] The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010.[note 1] Question: How long is Lake Constance?
Output: False
Input: Consider Input: Passage: The unproven Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859, states that except for s = −2, −4, ..., all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2. The connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible.[clarification needed] From a physical viewpoint, it roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise. From a mathematical viewpoint, it roughly states that the asymptotic distribution of primes (about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes, the prime number theorem) also holds for much shorter intervals of length about the square root of x (for intervals near x). This hypothesis is generally believed to be correct. In particular, the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason. Question: What type of prime distribution does the Riemann hypothesis propose is also true for short intervals near X?
| Output: True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Ex Input:
Passage: In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate "with all deliberate speed", local families organized a wave of private "Christian academies". In much of the U.S. South, many white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi). The academic content of the academies was usually College Preparatory. Since the 1970s, many of these "segregation academies" have shut down, although some continue to operate.[citation needed] Question: What was the primary race of students attending Christian academies after the Brown decision?
Ex Output:
True
Ex Input:
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Ex Output:
True
Ex Input:
Passage: One of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck. Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration. Question: What famous artist later further investigated Philo's experiments?
Ex Output:
| True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
PROBLEM: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
SOLUTION: False
PROBLEM: Passage: As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km²). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (about a third of which is Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population. Question: How many families per square mile are there in Fresno?
SOLUTION: False
PROBLEM: Passage: Colonel Monckton, in the sole British success that year, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755, cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted, and sometimes committing atrocities. More than any other factor, the cutting off of supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise. The Acadian resistance, in concert with native allies, including the Mi'kmaq, was sometimes quite stiff, with ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others). Other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians (ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and Île Saint-Jean), the only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757. Question: Who captured Fort Beausejour?
SOLUTION: | True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues?
Output: | True | task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Ex Input:
Passage: However, some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once. The non-deterministic Turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms, but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems. Question: A non-deterministic Turing machine has the ability to capture what facet of useful analysis?
Ex Output:
True
Ex Input:
Passage: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat – whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and making peace with Israel – released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed." This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity." Question: When did the so called gentlemen's agreement between Sadat and the Islamists break down?
Ex Output:
True
Ex Input:
Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues?
Ex Output:
| True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Example Input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What field involves the study of the immune system?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years. Question: Who concluded that the rising income inequality gap was not getting better?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak. Kuznets' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time. As an example, income inequality did fall in the United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory.[citation needed] It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time. Question: Who plotted the relationships between levels of income and inequality?
Example Output: | True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
PROBLEM: Passage: About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church. Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion, with 168,637 members as of the most recent census. Victoria is also home of 152,775 Muslims and 45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20% of Victorians claim no religion. Amongst those who declare a religious affiliation, church attendance is low. Question: How many Victorians are non-religious?
SOLUTION: True
PROBLEM: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
SOLUTION: False
PROBLEM: Passage: Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force. This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium "natural state" in place of the Aristotelian idea of the "natural state of rest". That is, the first law contradicts the intuitive Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's First Law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities. Specifically, in systems where objects are moving with different velocities, it is impossible to determine which object is "in motion" and which object is "at rest". In other words, to phrase matters more technically, the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation. Question: Who proposed that innate intertial is the natural state of objects?
SOLUTION: | True
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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In this task, you are given a passage and a question regarding that passage. You must determine whether or not the question is answerable from the given passage. If a question is answerable, output should be 'True', otherwise 'False'. You must not consider any other information that is not provided in the passage while labelling True or False.
Example Input: Passage: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system. Question: What is not caused by disorders of the immune system?
Example Output: False
Example Input: Passage: From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as "not holy, not Roman, and not an empire", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and "Germany" remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe. Question: Where were the Germanic tribes originally located?
Example Output: True
Example Input: Passage: The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties. Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle. Question: What happens to the working fluid in a chemistry system?
Example Output: | False
| task349_squad2_0_answerable_unanswerable_question_classification |
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Q: Question: Do markers of renal tubular dysfunction measured annually predict risk of microalbuminuria in the first few years after diagnosis of Type I diabetes?
Answer: Raised amounts of urine retinol binding protein and N-acetyl-glycosaminidase are related to HbA1c and the duration of diabetes. They occur in the majority of subjects and are not early markers for the risk of microalbuminuria.
A: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
PROBLEM: Question: Does usability testing found problems for novice users of pediatric portals?
Answer: Despite parental involvement and prior heuristic testing, scenario-based testing demonstrated difficulties in navigation, medical language complexity, error recovery, and provider-based organizational schema. While such usability testing can be expensive, the current study demonstrates that it can assist in making healthcare system interfaces for laypersons more user-friendly and potentially more functional for patients and their families.
SOLUTION: yes
PROBLEM: Question: Is cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with uraemia related to pre-diabetes?
Answer: The prevalence of CAN and impaired glucose tolerance is high in uraemic patients, but impaired glucose tolerance seems to play no significant role in the aetiology of CAN in uraemic patients.
SOLUTION: no
PROBLEM: Question: Are female sex and oligoarthritis category risk factors for uveitis in Italian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
Answer: In our patients, the risk of uveitis was related to younger age at onset of arthritis and presence of ANA, but not to female sex and disease category. This finding suggests that the patients who require the most intensive ophthalmologic screening are those who have early-onset JIA and are ANA-positive, regardless of their sex or disease subtype.
SOLUTION: | no
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Ex Input:
Question: Do combined effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women?
Answer: Obesity and type 2 diabetes, owing to their effects on adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators, contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. This study emphasizes healthy life style and better management of these metabolic disorders to avoid the pathogenesis of breast cancer and of other chronic diseases.
Ex Output:
yes
Ex Input:
Question: Does bispectral index monitoring improve early recovery of geriatric outpatients undergoing brief surgical procedures?
Answer: In this non-paralyzed elderly outpatient surgery population, the use of BIS monitoring for titrating the maintenance anesthetic (sevoflurane) failed to improve the early recovery process.
Ex Output:
no
Ex Input:
Question: Does weight gain during pregnancy influence the spread of spinal analgesia in the term parturient?
Answer: In parturients, weight gain during pregnancy, height, weight and body-mass index did not influence the extent of sensory analgesia after subarachnoidal administration of plain bupivacaine.
Ex Output:
| no
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
[EX Q]: Question: Does transcriptome analysis in oak uncover a strong impact of endogenous rhythmic growth on the interaction with plant-parasitic nematodes?
Answer: The results highlight that gene response patterns of plants to biotic interactions, both negative (i.e. plant-parasitic nematodes) and beneficial (i.e. mycorrhiza), are largely modulated by endogenous rhythmic growth, and that such plant traits should be considered as an important driver of these relationships in future studies.
[EX A]: yes
[EX Q]: Question: Is cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with uraemia related to pre-diabetes?
Answer: The prevalence of CAN and impaired glucose tolerance is high in uraemic patients, but impaired glucose tolerance seems to play no significant role in the aetiology of CAN in uraemic patients.
[EX A]: no
[EX Q]: Question: Does glucose uptake increase relative to oxygen consumption during short-term hibernation?
Answer: In this model of short-term hibernation, glucose and lactate uptake increase relative to oxygen consumption during sustained ischemia, and temporally coincide with the recovery of bioenergetics. The findings are consistent with the notion that glycolytically derived ATP is important for the maintainance of energy supply during sustained ischemia.
[EX A]: | yes
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does a null mutation in ANGPTL8 associate with either plasma glucose or type 2 diabetes in humans?
Answer: Disruption of ANGPTL8 function in humans does not seem to have a large effect on measures of glucose tolerance.
Output: no
Input: Consider Input: Question: Is cytosine deamination a major cause of baseline noise in next-generation sequencing?
Answer: Baseline noise during NGS is mostly due to cytosine deamination, the source of which is likely to be both biologic and an artifact of thermocycling, and it can be reduced by UNG pretreatment.
Output: yes
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does serum high-mobility group box 1 protein correlate with cognitive decline after gastrointestinal surgery?
Answer: Serum HMGB1 and IL-6 levels increase significantly after major gastrointestinal surgery in elderly patients and such elevations are associated with the occurrence of cognitive decline after surgery.
| Output: yes
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Definition: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Question: Is systemic chemerin related to inflammation rather than obesity in type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Visceral fat is not a major site of chemerin release, and elevated systemic levels of chemerin in obesity and T2D seem to be associated with inflammation rather than body mass index.
Output: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Question: Do glucose fluctuations increase the incidence of atrial fibrillation in diabetic rats?
Answer: Glucose fluctuations increase the incidence of AF by promoting cardiac fibrosis. Increased ROS levels caused by upregulation of Txnip expression may be a mechanism whereby in glucose fluctuations induce fibrosis.
Output: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Example Input: Question: Is neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio a reliable predictive marker for early-stage diabetic nephropathy?
Answer: Increased NLR was significantly associated with DN, and high NLR values may be a reliable predictive marker of early-stage DN.
Example Output: yes
Example Input: Question: Are immunologic marker paths for seroconversion : single determinations of immunoglobulin A and beta 2-microglobulin adequate to estimate time of HIV infection . Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop . Part II?
Answer: Further study of how serum IgA reflects HIV infection and careful clinical and statistical assessment of reduced beta 2M from 5 or 6 years after HIV infection are needed. The dependence of marker paths on mode of HIV transmission suggests that sexual transmission may have implications for HIV disease progression. The feasibility of using serum IgA and beta 2M, evaluable in single stored blood samples, to estimate time of HIV infection has been set back by our results.
Example Output: no
Example Input: Question: Is short sleep duration associated with a blood pressure nondipping pattern in type 1 diabetes : the DIAPASOM study?
Answer: Dipping status in type 1 diabetes was associated with longer sleep duration and with hypoglycemia unawareness.
Example Output: | yes
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Consider Input: Question: Do patients with ClearCode34-identified molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma represent unique populations with distinct comorbidities?
Answer: ClearCode34, after considering distinct patterns of comorbidities in each molecular subtype, remains a strong prognostic tool in patients with ccRCC. Obesity and diabetes mellitus emerged as factors that may influence ccRCC phenotypes and further studies investigating the effect of these metabolic conditions functionally onto tumor biology are warranted. Additionally, use of angiotensin system inhibitors could be studied in the context of ccRCC molecular classification in future studies to better understand its effect on ccRCC outcomes.
Output: yes
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does cSTMP induce apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in human myeloma RPMI8226 cells via CHOP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress?
Answer: Our results indicated that CSTMP could induce apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in RPMI8226 cells via CHOP-dependent ER stress.
Output: yes
Input: Consider Input: Question: Do dopamine D1 and corticotrophin-releasing hormone type-2α receptors assemble into functionally interacting complexes in living cells?
Answer: D1 and CRF2 α receptors are capable of heterodimerization in living cells. D1 /CRF2 α receptor heteromerization might account, at least in part, for the complex physiological interactions established between dopamine and CRH in normal and pathological conditions such as addiction, representing a new potential pharmacological target.
| Output: yes
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: yes
Why? The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
New input: Question: Do obese first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes with elevated triglyceride levels exhibit increased β-cell function?
Answer: We characterized FDR-T2DM subjects from central Mexico with NGT and revealed a class of obese subjects with elevated TGs and β-cell function, which may precede PT2DM.
Solution: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Q: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Are serum levels of copeptin associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications in Chinese population?
Answer: Using a post-hoc analysis our data show that elevated serum levels of copeptin are associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications in Chinese population, suggesting a potential role of the AVP system (copeptin) in the pathophysiology of diabetes.
A: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Let me give you an example: Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
The answer to this example can be: yes
Here is why: The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
OK. solve this:
Question: Does sulforaphane prevent Neuronal Apoptosis and Memory Impairment in Diabetic Rats?
Answer: SFN could prevent the memory impairment and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in diabetic rat. The possible mechanism was related to the regulation of neurotropic factors and Akt/GSK3β pathway.
Answer: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
--------
Question: Question: Are decreased plasma levels of select very long chain ceramide species associated with the development of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes?
Answer: These studies demonstrate, prospectively, that decreased plasma levels of select ceramide species are associated with the development of macroalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
Answer: yes
Question: Question: Is retinol-binding protein-4 strongly associated with insulin sensitivity in normal pregnancies?
Answer: The increased fat mass and insulin resistance during normal pregnancy was best explained by measures of fat mass. However, the increase in RBP4 from early to late pregnancy, associated with a decline in insulin sensitivity, potentially indicates interactions with glucose metabolism.
Answer: no
Question: Question: Do pro-inflammatory cytokine genes influence the clinical features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration?
Answer: Our findings support a role for pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
Answer: | yes
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Does mild-to-moderate intensity exercise improve cardiac autonomic drive in type 2 diabetes?
Answer: These data suggest that three times per week moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 6 months improves cardiac rhythm regulation as measured by heart rate variability in type 2 diabetic patients. | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Example Input: Question: Does chlamydia pneumoniae hide inside apoptotic neutrophils to silently infect and propagate in macrophages?
Answer: Taken together, our data suggest that C. pneumoniae uses neutrophil granulocytes to be silently taken up by long-lived macrophages, which allows for efficient propagation and immune protection within the human host.
Example Output: yes
Example Input: Question: Is nitric oxide-dependent renal vasodilatation altered in rat with rHuEpo-induced hypertension?
Answer: The analysis of our results seems to indicate that the endogenous NO system activity was enhanced in rHuEpo-induced hypertension in rats with normal renal function and a resistance to NO was not developed in renal circulation. Further studies seem to be necessary to better clarify the exact mechanisms underlying the development of rHuEpo-induced hypertension.
Example Output: no
Example Input: Question: Is proteinuria testing among patients with diabetes mellitus associated with bladder cancer diagnosis : potential for unmeasured confounding in studies of pioglitazone and bladder cancer?
Answer: Proteinuria testing may be a confounder in studies of pioglitazone and bladder cancer but does not fully explain the association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer in this cohort. Optimal adjustment for proteinuria testing likely requires knowledge of the test result.
Example Output: | yes
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Is cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with uraemia related to pre-diabetes?
Answer: The prevalence of CAN and impaired glucose tolerance is high in uraemic patients, but impaired glucose tolerance seems to play no significant role in the aetiology of CAN in uraemic patients.
no
Question: Are fragile histidine triad gene alterations essential for hepatocellular carcinoma development in South Korea?
Answer: Aberrant FHIT transcripts were more common in HCC tissues as compared to non-cancerous liver tissues. However, Fhit expression was lost or reduced in a minor fraction of HCC tissues, while it was strongly expressed in non-cancerous liver tissues. Therefore, our study suggests that FHIT plays a role in relatively few HCC cases in South Korea.
no
Question: Does methylprednisolone restore biological response in multiple sclerosis patients with neutralizing antibodies against interferon-β?
Answer: Monthly pulsed MP treatment in NAb positive patients has no beneficial effect on NAb status or IFN-beta bioactivity.
| no
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Example input: Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Example output: yes
Example explanation: The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
Q: Question: Is short sleep duration associated with a blood pressure nondipping pattern in type 1 diabetes : the DIAPASOM study?
Answer: Dipping status in type 1 diabetes was associated with longer sleep duration and with hypoglycemia unawareness.
A: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Ex Input:
Question: Does increased expression of prostasin contribute to early-onset severe preeclampsia through inhibiting trophoblast invasion?
Answer: These findings suggest that prostasin may suppress the invasion process in preeclampsia by attenuating MMP2 and MMP9 secretion.
Ex Output:
yes
Ex Input:
Question: Is ischemic preconditioning cardioprotective in senescent human myocardium?
Answer: Our data indicate that ischemic preconditioning has no beneficial effect on the postischemic functional recovery of senescent human myocardium.
Ex Output:
no
Ex Input:
Question: Do diets fail : the success of medical nutrition therapy in patients with diabetes?
Answer: The health-care team can provide practical and useful information to patients with diabetes that will improve management of their disease and enhance their well-being.
Ex Output:
| no
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Problem:Question: Does altered calcium homeostasis explain the contractile deficit of diabetic cardiomyopathy?
Answer: We find no evidence to support the idea that altered Ca(2+) homeostasis underlies the contractile deficit of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The slower action potential and reduced SERCA2a expression can explain the slower Ca(2+) transient kinetics in diabetic rats but not the contractile deficit. Instead, we suggest that the observed LV remodeling may play a crucial role.
Solution: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Does surfactant replacement therapy on ECMO improve outcome in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
Answer: The data from this study suggest that surfactant replacement on ECMO for neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia does not provide significant benefit in the infant's clinical course with respect to survival, length of ECMO course, length of intubation, or subsequent need for supplemental oxygen.
no
Question: Are proliferation of colo-357 pancreatic carcinoma cells and survival of patients with pancreatic carcinoma altered by insulin glargine?
Answer: Regular human insulin and insulin glargine may be used to treat diabetes in patients with pancreatic cancer.
no
Question: Does cNS infection in childhood confer risk for later schizophrenia : a case-control study?
Answer: Overall there was no significant association between childhood CNS infection and schizophrenia. These data do not support the presence of an infectious etiology of schizophrenia.
| no
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
See one example below:
Problem: Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: yes
Explanation: The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
Problem: Question: Does sclerostin play a major role in the pathogenesis of skeletal complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Answer: T2DM results in impaired skeletal architecture through altered remodelling pathways, but despite altered serum levels, it does not appear that sclerostin contributes to the deleterious effect of T2DM in rat bone.
Solution: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
PROBLEM: Question: Does prospective international cohort study demonstrate inability of interim PET to predict treatment failure in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
Answer: This large international cohort delivers 3 novel findings: treatment response assessed by I-PET is comparable across disparate healthcare systems, secondly a negative I-PET findings together with good clinical status identifies a group with an EFS of 98%, and thirdly a single I-PET scan does not differentiate chemoresistant lymphoma from complete response and cannot be used to guide risk-adapted therapy.
SOLUTION: yes
PROBLEM: Question: Do patients with ClearCode34-identified molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma represent unique populations with distinct comorbidities?
Answer: ClearCode34, after considering distinct patterns of comorbidities in each molecular subtype, remains a strong prognostic tool in patients with ccRCC. Obesity and diabetes mellitus emerged as factors that may influence ccRCC phenotypes and further studies investigating the effect of these metabolic conditions functionally onto tumor biology are warranted. Additionally, use of angiotensin system inhibitors could be studied in the context of ccRCC molecular classification in future studies to better understand its effect on ccRCC outcomes.
SOLUTION: yes
PROBLEM: Question: Is gestational diabetes associated with changes in placental microbiota and microbiome?
Answer: A distinct microbiota profile and microbiome is present in GDM. Acinetobacter has been recently shown to induce IL-10 in mice. GDM could constitute a state of placental microbiota-driven altered immunologic tolerance, making placental microbiota a new target for therapy in GDM.
SOLUTION: | yes
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Example Input: Question: Is central venous saturation an alternative to mixed venous saturation during cardiopulmonary bypass in coronary artery surgery patients?
Answer: Although mean biases between the measurements were low, limits of agreement were too large to provide a clinically acceptable estimation of SvO(2) by ScvO(2) in these conditions. Variations in regional oxygen consumption seem to be the main factor worsening the relationship.
Example Output: no
Example Input: Question: Do alberta rodeo athletes develop the chronic whiplash syndrome?
Answer: Rodeo athletes appear to be in at least as many motor vehicle collisions as rodeo spectators, and 33% suffered the acute whiplash syndrome. Rodeo athletes appear, however, to be more resistant than spectators to developing prolonged pain and disability.
Example Output: no
Example Input: Question: Does experimental diabetes mellitus type 1 increase hippocampal content of kynurenic acid in rats?
Answer: A novel factor potentially implicated in diabetic hippocampal dysfunction has been identified. Observed increase of KYNA level may stem from the activation of endogenous neuroprotection, however, it may also have negative impact on cognition.
Example Output: | yes
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Problem:Question: Are serum levels of activin A and inhibin A related to the increased susceptibility to pre-eclampsia in type I diabetic pregnancies?
Answer: Serum concentrations of activin A and inhibin A could not predict preeclampsia in type I diabetes.
Solution: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Does sevoflurane alter norepinephrine-induced intracellular Ca² ( + ) changes in the diabetic rat aorta?
Answer: Sevoflurane at clinically relevant concentrations inhibited the NE-induced increase in [Ca²(+)](i) in the aortic smooth muscle from normal rats but not in that from type 2 DM rats. Thus, a Ca²(+)- signalling pathway resistant to sevoflurane appears to exist in the type 2 DM rat aorta.
Output: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
[Q]: Question: Does oligofructose affect the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by dietary proteins in the diabetes-prone BB rat model?
Answer: In the BB rat model, 5% OF in the diet did not have any protective effects against diet-induced T1DM. The present data do not suggest dietary OF as a promising approach for the dietary prevention of T1DM.
[A]: no
[Q]: Question: Does extracorporeal shockwave therapy improve short-term functional outcomes of shoulder adhesive capsulitis?
Answer: Our results showed that ESWT can be an alternative treatment, at least in the short-term, for primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. In addition, all of the side effects of ESWT were transient and tolerable.
[A]: yes
[Q]: Question: Is thinking life worth living . A population survey of Great Britain?
Answer: Reducing psychiatric morbidity in the population as a whole might also decrease the frequency of suicidal thoughts. Policies which improve social support at a population level might also have a large impact on prevalence of suicidal thoughts.
[A]: | no
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Q: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Does gestational diabetes mellitus alter apoptotic and inflammatory gene expression of trophobasts from human term placenta?
Answer: Maternal GDM results in heavier placentas with aberrant placental apoptotic and inflammatory gene expression that may account, at least partially, for macrosomia in newborns.
A: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
See one example below:
Problem: Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: yes
Explanation: The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
Problem: Question: Is osteoprotegerin associated with subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients : a speckle tracking study?
Answer: Plasma OPG values could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients.
Solution: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Ex Input:
Question: Does mPGES-2 deletion remarkably enhance liver injury in streptozotocin-treated mice via induction of GLUT2?
Answer: mPGES-2 deletion enhanced STZ-induced liver toxicity possibly via GLUT2-mediated STZ uptake, independently of diabetes mellitus.
Ex Output:
yes
Ex Input:
Question: Does growth hormone ( GH ) treatment restore endothelial function in children with GH deficiency?
Answer: These results indicate that endothelial function is impaired in children with GHD. GH therapy does not restore the impairment.
Ex Output:
no
Ex Input:
Question: Do [ Negative symptoms predict the improvement of social functioning of patients with schizophrenia ]?
Answer: Improvement of negative symptoms predicts the short-term improvement of social functioning of schizophrenia patients.
Ex Output:
| yes
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TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
PROBLEM: Question: Is race a predictor of prostate cancer detection on repeat prostate biopsy?
Answer: Race is not a predictor of prostate cancer detection in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsies. With the exception of HGPIN, all other clinical parameters were similar between black and white men. Serum PSA, PSA velocity, HGPIN and ASAP were found to be significant predictors of subsequent prostate cancer detection.
SOLUTION: no
PROBLEM: Question: Does presence of the full-length KIR2DS4 gene reduce the chance of rheumatoid arthritis patients to respond to methotrexate treatment?
Answer: Our results suggest that the response of RA patients with medium ESR values to MTX treatment may be dependent on the full-length KIR2DS4 gene.
SOLUTION: yes
PROBLEM: Question: Do mesenchymal stem cells treated with rat pancreatic extract secrete cytokines that improve the glycometabolism of diabetic rats?
Answer: RPE enhanced the secretion of cytokines by MSCs. MSCs in the pancreatic microenvironment may exert indirect salutary effects via paracrine mediators on injured pancreatic cells in an STZ-induced diabetic animal model. The secreted factors may exert their therapeutic benefits by preventing apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells.
SOLUTION: | yes
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Ex Input:
Question: Is preoperative prolonged steroid use associated with intraoperative blood transfusion in noncardiac surgical patients?
Answer: The effect of prolonged steroid use on bleeding, if any, thus seems likely to be small and is probably of limited clinical consequence. In contrast, corticosteroid use augments the risk of both systemic and wound infections.
Ex Output:
no
Ex Input:
Question: Do urban settings ensure access to services : findings from the immunisation programme in Kampala Uganda?
Answer: Complex health system barriers to childhood immunisation still exist in this urban setting; emphasizing that even in urban areas with great physical access, there are hard to reach people. As the rate of urbanization increases especially in sub-Saharan Africa, governments should strengthen health systems to cater for increasing urban populations.
Ex Output:
no
Ex Input:
Question: Does exenatide facilitate Recovery from Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats?
Answer: These results suggest that exenatide may be useful for treating peripheral neuropathy induced by oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer patients with type 2 diabetes.
Ex Output:
| yes
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Are decreased plasma levels of select very long chain ceramide species associated with the development of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes?
Answer: These studies demonstrate, prospectively, that decreased plasma levels of select ceramide species are associated with the development of macroalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
Output: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
|
Given the task definition, example input & output, solve the new input case.
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Example: Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Output: yes
The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
New input case for you: Question: Do hLA-DQB1 subtypes predict diabetic retinopathy in patients with type I diabetes mellitus?
Answer: Some haplotypes seem to predispose diabetic patients to diabetic retinopathy. HLA typing may be beneficial for predicting the prognosis of diabetic retinopathy in younger diabetic patients.
Output: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
|
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
--------
Question: Question: Does the phospholipase A ( 2 ) inhibitor methyl indoxam suppress diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in mice?
Answer: These results show that oral supplementation of a diabetogenic diet with the Pla2g1b inhibitor methyl indoxam effectively suppresses diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. This suggests that Pla2g1b inhibition may be a potentially effective oral therapeutic option for treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Answer: yes
Question: Question: Do changes in basophil activation during grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy correlate with clinical efficacy?
Answer: Allergen reactivity of peripheral blood basophils is not a biomarker for adverse events or early onset of clinical responses to SLIT.
Answer: no
Question: Question: Does crohn 's disease activity index correlate with endoscopic recurrence one year after ileocolonic resection?
Answer: The CDAI shows poor agreement with endoscopic recurrence 1 year after intestinal resection. Endoscopic recurrence should be the primary endpoint of future postoperative studies and ileocolonoscopy the gold standard test to detect postoperative recurrence.
Answer: | no
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given the task definition and input, reply with output. Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Does a diabetes scorecard improve HbA ( 1c ) , blood pressure , lipids , aspirin usage , exercise and diabetes knowledge over 9 months : a randomized controlled trial?
Answer: A diabetes scorecard did not improve glycaemic control, blood pressure control, LDL cholesterol, aspirin usage, exercise or diabetic knowledge in an urban population with uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes.
| no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
|
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Let me give you an example: Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
The answer to this example can be: yes
Here is why: The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
OK. solve this:
Question: Is the rs1893217 ( T/C ) polymorphism in PTPN2 gene associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus in subjects from Southern Brazil?
Answer: The PTPN2 rs1893217 polymorphism is not significantly associated with T1DM in Caucasian subjects from Southern Brazil.
Answer: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
|
TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
PROBLEM: Question: Does mPGES-2 deletion remarkably enhance liver injury in streptozotocin-treated mice via induction of GLUT2?
Answer: mPGES-2 deletion enhanced STZ-induced liver toxicity possibly via GLUT2-mediated STZ uptake, independently of diabetes mellitus.
SOLUTION: yes
PROBLEM: Question: Does oral contraceptive use by teenage women affect peak bone mass : a longitudinal study?
Answer: Oral contraceptive pill use by healthy, white, teenage females does not affect acquisition of peak bone mass.
SOLUTION: no
PROBLEM: Question: Does washing of new microscopic glass slides in dichromate solution influence sputum AFB smear results?
Answer: Washing of new glass slides in dichromate solution is not essential for AFB microscopy.
SOLUTION: | no
| task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Consider Input: Question: Is previous laparotomy a contraindication to laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy for early gastric cancer?
Answer: There was no difference in outcome following LAG between the PSURG and NSURG groups in the present study. The PSURG patient is not contraindicated for LAG assuming careful attention is given for all operative procedures, including port insertion and dissection of intra-abdominal adhesions.
Output: no
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does diabetes influence oral oncogenesis through fibroblast growth factor receptors?
Answer: It seems that diabetes does not affect the FGFR-2 and FGFR-3 pattern of expression throughout the various stages of oral oncogenesis.
Output: no
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does prolonged low-dose infusion of human parathyroid hormone increase femoral cancellous bone volume in ovariectomized rats?
Answer: These results support the absolute requirement of daily injections for the osteogenic action of hPTH on bone.
| Output: no
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instruction:
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
question:
Question: Does long-term treadmill exercise attenuate tau pathology in P301S tau transgenic mice?
Answer: Our results suggest that forced treadmill exercise differently affects the brain and spinal cord of aged P301S tau mice, with greater benefits observed in the spinal cord versus the brain. Our work adds to the growing body of evidence that exercise is beneficial in tauopathy, however these benefits may be more limited at later stages of disease.
answer:
yes
question:
Question: Is assessment of joint space narrowing with conventional standing antero-posterior radiographs : relief in mild-to-moderate pain a confounder in recent osteoarthritis structure-modifying drug trials?
Answer: Knee pain relief did not bias the report of a structure-modifying effect of glucosamine sulfate in two recent long-term trials, possibly due to the mild-to-moderate patient characteristics. Consensus deliverables should acknowledge that the potential limitations of conventional standing antero-posterior radiographs should not be overestimated since they may not apply to all patient populations and to all studies using this gold standard technique.
answer:
no
question:
Question: Does increased molar proinsulin-to-insulin ratio in women with previous gestational diabetes predict later impairment of glucose tolerance?
Answer: The hypothesis that an increased fasting PI/I is a marker for later development of NIDDM or IGT in former GDM subjects could not be supported.
answer:
| no
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Given the task definition, example input & output, solve the new input case.
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Example: Question: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Output: yes
The answer clearly says that ICLSs are elevated, which is exactly what the question asks. Hence, the output will be yes and it is correct.
New input case for you: Question: Is carbohydrate intake associated with time spent in the euglycemic range in patients with type 1 diabetes?
Answer: Carbohydrate intake is associated with time spent in euglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Output: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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instruction:
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
question:
Question: Does high expression of Cullin1 indicate poor prognosis for NSCLC patients?
Answer: These data suggested that Cullin1 might promote the progression of NSCLC and be a biotarget for NSCLC's therapy.
answer:
yes
question:
Question: Does a null mutation in ANGPTL8 associate with either plasma glucose or type 2 diabetes in humans?
Answer: Disruption of ANGPTL8 function in humans does not seem to have a large effect on measures of glucose tolerance.
answer:
no
question:
Question: Is functional dyspepsia associated with GNβ3 C825T and CCK-AR T/C polymorphism?
Answer: TT genotype of GNβ3 C825T is more common among patients with FD than among HC, suggesting that increased signal transduction associated with this genotype may be important in its pathophysiology. However, CCK-AR polymorphism is protective against FD.
answer:
| yes
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Definition: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Question: Do leptin-resistant obese mice form biliary crystals on a high cholesterol diet?
Answer: These data suggest that Lep(db) obese mice fed a high cholesterol diet have increased gallbladder volume and decreased biliary cholesterol saturation and crystal formation despite elevated serum cholesterol compared with lean control mice. We conclude that the link among obesity, diet, and gallstone formation may not require hypersecretion of biliary cholesterol and may be related to the effects of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or both on gallbladder motility.
Output: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given the task definition and input, reply with output. Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Does timing of protein ingestion relative to resistance exercise training influence body composition , energy expenditure , glycaemic control or cardiometabolic risk factors in a hypocaloric , high protein diet in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Answer: A HP, energy-restricted diet with RT was effective in improving glycaemic control, body composition, strength and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients with T2DM irrespective of altering the timing of protein ingestion relative to RT.
| no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Question: Is the E-selectin S128R polymorphism a risk factor for coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2?
Answer: In subjects suffering from diabetes mellitus type 2 the E-selectin S128R polymorphism is not associated with coronary artery disease nor with an increased risk for myocardial infarction. Thus, screening for this polymorphism is not indicated for risk assessment of CAD in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Output: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
[Q]: Question: Is arthrogenic muscle inhibition present in the limb contralateral to a simulated knee joint effusion?
Answer: Knee joint effusion results in ipsilateral but not contralateral impairment of quadriceps function. Rehabilitation protocols after knee joint injury should focus on ipsilateral neuromuscular and mechanical alterations that occur as the result of joint damage.
[A]: no
[Q]: Question: Does a null mutation in ANGPTL8 associate with either plasma glucose or type 2 diabetes in humans?
Answer: Disruption of ANGPTL8 function in humans does not seem to have a large effect on measures of glucose tolerance.
[A]: no
[Q]: Question: Does a diabetes scorecard improve HbA ( 1c ) , blood pressure , lipids , aspirin usage , exercise and diabetes knowledge over 9 months : a randomized controlled trial?
Answer: A diabetes scorecard did not improve glycaemic control, blood pressure control, LDL cholesterol, aspirin usage, exercise or diabetic knowledge in an urban population with uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes.
[A]: | no
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Q: Question: Is the L162V polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha gene ( PPARA ) associated with type 2 diabetes , BMI or body fat composition?
Answer: According to our study, the L162V SNP does not have a strong impact on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes or obesity.
A: | no | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Q: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Question: Are pro-atherogenic mediators and subclinical atherogenesis related to epicardial adipose tissue thickness in patients with cardiovascular risk?
Answer: EAT thickness was associated with MDA, CIMT, age, waist circumference, HDL-C and FS globally, but with NO only in patients with FS≥20. EAT may be used to identify vascular damage stage, possibly influenced by MDA and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Problem:Question: Does sulforaphane prevent Neuronal Apoptosis and Memory Impairment in Diabetic Rats?
Answer: SFN could prevent the memory impairment and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in diabetic rat. The possible mechanism was related to the regulation of neurotropic factors and Akt/GSK3β pathway.
Solution: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
[EX Q]: Question: Are endogenous sex hormones associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in menopausal women?
Answer: Estradiol and testosterone are not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in menopausal women. A positive correlation between IMT and FSH may reflect an association between low estrogen and IMT. Abdominal fat can be an important link between androgenic levels and cardiovascular risk.
[EX A]: no
[EX Q]: Question: Do combined effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women?
Answer: Obesity and type 2 diabetes, owing to their effects on adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators, contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. This study emphasizes healthy life style and better management of these metabolic disorders to avoid the pathogenesis of breast cancer and of other chronic diseases.
[EX A]: yes
[EX Q]: Question: Does prediction of Thorough QT study result using action potential simulations based on ion channel screens?
Answer: This study provides a proof-of-principle for the prediction of human TQT study results using data available early in drug development. We highlight a number of areas that need refinement to improve the method's predictive power, but the results suggest that such approaches will provide a useful tool in cardiac safety assessment.
[EX A]: | yes
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Q: Question: Is diabetes associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism : a systematic review and meta-analysis?
Answer: Diabetes is associated with increased risk of VTE, which may have implications for the primary and secondary prevention of VTE.
A: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does oligofructose affect the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by dietary proteins in the diabetes-prone BB rat model?
Answer: In the BB rat model, 5% OF in the diet did not have any protective effects against diet-induced T1DM. The present data do not suggest dietary OF as a promising approach for the dietary prevention of T1DM.
Output: no
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does greater body mass independently predict less radiographic progression on X-ray and MRI over 1-2 years?
Answer: Greater BMI is associated with a lower risk of progression on X-ray and MRI over 2 years. Subjects with greater BMI also demonstrate less bone oedema at baseline. Greater BMI may indicate a less aggressive RA phenotype and aid in risk stratification.
Output: yes
Input: Consider Input: Question: Does collaborative DTM reduce hospitalization and healthcare costs in patients with diabetes treated with polypharmacy?
Answer: A collaborative pharmacist-driven DTM program with a care manager-executed patient outreach component results in reduced hospital utilization and significant healthcare cost savings.
| Output: yes
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
[Q]: Question: Are fatty acid-amino acid conjugates essential for systemic activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase and accumulation of jasmonic acid in Nicotiana attenuata?
Answer: Our results reveal that N. attenuata specifically recognizes herbivore-derived FACs in damaged leaves and rapidly send out a long-distance signal to phylotactically connected leaves to activate MAPK and JA signaling, and we propose that FACs that penetrated into wounds rapidly induce the production of another long-distance signal(s) which travels to all systemic leaves and activates TPI defense.
[A]: yes
[Q]: Question: Does remote ischemic preconditioning affect the incidence of acute kidney injury after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair?
Answer: RIPC did not reduce the risk of postoperative renal failure or myocardial injury in patients undergoing open AAA repair. The authors' results do not support the introduction of this technique to routine clinical practice.
[A]: no
[Q]: Question: Does inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore restore the cardioprotection by postconditioning in diabetic hearts?
Answer: The loss of cardioprotection by IPostC in diabetic state can be overcome by increasing the potency of protective IPostC through its co-application with mPTP inhibition.
[A]: | yes
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Example Input: Question: Is neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio a reliable predictive marker for early-stage diabetic nephropathy?
Answer: Increased NLR was significantly associated with DN, and high NLR values may be a reliable predictive marker of early-stage DN.
Example Output: yes
Example Input: Question: Does metoclopramide influence the frequency of propofol-induced spontaneous movements?
Answer: Metoclopramide does not affect the frequency of propofol-induced movements, but propofol and fentanyl doses influence the frequency of movements during propofol induction.
Example Output: no
Example Input: Question: Does comparative study of the failure rates among 3 implantable defibrillator lead?
Answer: This study demonstrates a higher failure rate of Linox S/SD high-voltage leads compared to contemporary leads. Although the mechanism of lead failure is unclear, the majority presents with abnormal electrical parameters. Comprehensive monitoring of Linox S/SD high-voltage leads includes remote monitoring to facilitate early detection of lead failure.
Example Output: | yes
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Instructions: Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Input: Question: Is insulin sensitivity an important determinant of renal health in adolescents with type 2 diabetes?
Answer: A significant proportion of adolescents with type 2 diabetes showed evidence of early DN, and insulin sensitivity, rather than HbA1c, blood pressure, or lipid control, was the strongest determinant of renal health.
Output: | yes | task846_pubmedqa_classification |
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Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
Q: Question: Does ginsenoside Rg3 improve erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats?
Answer: Oral gavage with Rg3 appears to both prevent degeneration of neurons in the dorsal nerves and exert an antioxidant effect in the corpus cavernosum of rats.
A: yes
****
Q: Question: Are filaggrin loss-of-function mutations a predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis in an Ishigaki Island under subtropical climate?
Answer: The FLG loss-of-function mutation frequency was not significantly different between the AD and non-AD groups in a cohort of children from Ishigaki Island, which has a subtropical climate, suggesting that FLG loss-of-function mutations are not always a predisposing factor for AD prevalence.
A: no
****
Q: Question: Does analysis of pulmonary function test result in a health check-up population?
Answer: Health check-up is an important approach for screening COPD, obstructive ventilator dysfunction, and obstructive small airway disease. Smoking cessation and controlling of relevant risk factors are helpful to lower the incidences of these conditions.
A: | yes
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instruction:
Given a passage with a question and an answer to that question, classify if the answer actually answers the question into 'yes' or 'no'. Output 'yes' if the answer answers the question and output 'no' if the answer does not answer the question.
question:
Question: Does lactobacillus plantarum 299v reduce enteric bacteria or bacterial translocation in patients undergoing colon resection?
Answer: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v was established in the intestine, but no inhibitory effect on enteric bacteria, bacterial translocation, or postoperative complications was found. The mechanism behind the protective effects of probiotics found in animal and some human studies remain elusive and require further explorations. No adverse effects were recorded after the administration of high doses of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v.
answer:
no
question:
Question: Does ischemic preconditioning attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting activation of IKKbeta and inflammatory response?
Answer: The evidence suggests that IKKbeta may play a role in renal I/R injury and give rise to the generation of NGAL. It appears that IPC may attenuate renal injury and the expression of NGAL following acute I/R injury. IKKbeta may offer a clinically accessible target for preventing renal injury following I/R.
answer:
yes
question:
Question: Does short-term exercise training stimulate skeletal muscle ATP synthesis in relatives of humans with type 2 diabetes?
Answer: The ability of short-term exercise to stimulate ATP production distinguished individuals with improved insulin sensitivity from those whose insulin sensitivity did not improve. In addition, the NDUFB6 gene polymorphism appeared to modulate this adaptation. This finding suggests that genes involved in mitochondrial function contribute to the response of ATP synthesis to exercise training.
answer:
| no
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