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All Nighter (bus service) is provided by AC Transit routes 73 and 805. The initial service providers for the All Nighter service in 2006 were AC Transit, Muni, SamTrans, County Connection, and Wheels. Most headways were 60 minutes, with the exception of Muni (30 minutes except 45 minutes on 108-Treasure Island) and AC Transit (30 minutes on weekend routes 800 and 801). All Nighter (bus service) The All Nighter is a night bus service network in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Portions of the service shadow the rapid transit and commuter rail services of BART and Caltrain, which are the major rail services
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Unalachtigo Lenape Unalachtigo Lenape The Unalachtigo were a purported division of the Lenape (Delaware Indians), a Native American tribe whose homeland "Lenapehoking" was in what is today the Northeastern United States. They were part of the Forks Indians. The name was a Munsee language term for the Unami-speakers of west-central New Jersey. Moravian missionaries called the Lenape people of the Forks region near Easton, Pennsylvania "Unami," and the Northern Unami language-speakers in New Jersey "Unalachtigo." It is debated whether Unalachtigo constituted a distinct dialect of Unami. Unalachtigo words were recorded in 17th-century vocabulary drawn from the Sankhikan band of Lenape in New
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Unalachtigo Lenape Jersey. The Sankhikan band were enemies of the Manhattan people, who spoke Munsee "Unalachtigo" probably came from the term "wə̆nálâhtko·w", which according to Ives Goddard has an unknown translation. Some sources translate "unalachtigo" as meaning "people who live near the ocean." Other spellings include Unalâchtigo (1818) and Wunalàchtigo (1798). Linguist Ives Goddard has determined that the Unalachtigo had their origins around the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania, and adjacent portions of New Jersey. They spoke a Northern Unami or Unalimi dialect of Lenape. An unrecognized tribe called the Unalachtigo Band of the Nanticoke Lenni Lenape Nation claims descent from the Lenape
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Unalachtigo Lenape of the Brotherton Reservation, an 18th-century Indian reservation, near Shamong Township in Burlington County, New Jersey. The group unsuccessfully filed for federal recognition with the Bureau of Indian Affairs on 1 Feb 2002. In 2005, the Unalachtigo Band of the Nanticoke Lenni Lenape Nation and their tribal chairman James Brent Thomas Sr. sued the State of New Jersey and Governor Donald DiFrancesco for restoration of the Brotherton Reservation lands and the expulsion of non-Indian peoples. Their complaint was dismissed by the Superior Court of New Jersey. Unalachtigo Lenape The Unalachtigo were a purported division of the Lenape (Delaware Indians), a
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Guillaume Fichet Guillaume Fichet Guillaume Fichet (; 21 September 1433 – c. 1480) was a French scholar who cooperated with Johann Heynlin to establish the first printing press in France in 1470. He was born in Le Petit-Bornand-les-Glières, in Savoy. In 1467, he was elected rector of the University of Paris, and he installed in the Sorbonne the first printing press ever set up in France, with the aid of three printers who came from Mainz to assist him in this work. The first book printed was "Lettres de Gasparino" (1470). Some of Fichet's own books followed, such as "Ficheti Guilielmi Artium
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Guillaume Fichet et Theologiæ Doctoris, Rhetoricorum Libri III." (1470). Guillaume Fichet Guillaume Fichet (; 21 September 1433 – c. 1480) was a French scholar who cooperated with Johann Heynlin to establish the first printing press in France in 1470. He was born in Le Petit-Bornand-les-Glières, in Savoy. In 1467, he was elected rector of the University of Paris, and he installed in the Sorbonne the first printing press ever set up in France, with the aid of three printers who came from Mainz to assist him in this work. The first book printed was "Lettres de Gasparino" (1470). Some of Fichet's own
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Aaron Downey Aaron Downey Aaron Douglas Downey (born August 27, 1974) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. Downey played 13 seasons of professional ice hockey and played 243 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks, St. Louis Blues, Boston Bruins, Dallas Stars and Detroit Red Wings. He was not drafted by either an NHL team or a major junior team. Downey was mostly known for his role as an enforcer. Downey also played in the minor leagues for the Manitoba Moose, Portland Pirates, Providence Bruins, Norfolk Admirals, Hampton Roads Admirals and the
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Aaron Downey Grand Rapids Griffins. Downey grew up in Honeywood, Ontario playing his minor hockey for the Honeywood Minor Hockey Association. In 1990-91, Downey suited up for the Grand Valley Harvesters Jr. C. team. He also competed at the OFSSAA boys wrestling championships while in high school. In 1991-92, Downey moved up to the Collingwood Blues of the Ontario Provincial Jr.A. league. In 1992-93, Downey walked on with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League as a free agent. He was cut at the start of the 1993-94 season and waived through the OHL. He ended up playing two seasons with
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Aaron Downey the Tier II Jr.A. Halifax Lions before signing as a free agent with the ECHL Hampton Roads Admirals. Downey is mostly known for his role as an enforcer, though he instantly shot into notoriety after knocking the Carolina Hurricanes' Jesse Boulerice down with one punch on February 11, 2003; the incident left Boulerice with a mild concussion and a broken jaw. After the fight, Stars color commentator Daryl Reaugh coined the short-lived nickname "Aaron 'One punch and he's' Downey." On the flip side, Downey became a YouTube sensation after his 16 April 2006 non-fight with Ottawa Senator Brad Norton. The
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Aaron Downey two squared off with fists raised for forty seconds before being escorted to the penalty box without having made contact or even thrown a punch. Downey was invited to the 2007 Red Wings training camp on a tryout basis. He was offered a two-way contract at the end of camp and chose to sign. Downey begins the 2007–08 NHL season as a member of the Red Wings, his fourth Original Six team. He was called up to the Detroit Red Wings lineup in mid October and had his first major league tilt as a Red Wing in a game against
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Aaron Downey the San Jose Sharks, with Kyle McLaren, after McLaren took a run at Henrik Zetterberg and Dallas Drake. Less than a week later the Wings played the Sharks again and Downey had a heavyweight battle against then San Jose tough guy Rob Davison. Downey added an element of toughness to the Red Wings with his willingness to fight. Prior to him joining the Red Wings, the Red Wings had been last in the NHL in fighting majors. The team had six for the 2005–06 NHL season, and 10 during the 2006–07 NHL season. Through February 2008, Downey accounted for nine
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Aaron Downey of the team's 19 fights. He was often praised by head coach Mike Babcock for his willingness to stick up for teammates and his positive attitude in the dressing room. Perhaps his most memorable bout was against Colorado Avalanche player Ian Laperrière, who had hit and injured Red Wings superstar defenceman Nicklas Lidstrom earlier in the game. The two fought late in the first period and came together again early in the third. In 2007–08 season he won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings. Although he did not appear in a playoff game, he did play the required
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Aaron Downey 40 regular-season games to get his name engraved on the cup. Downey spent the majority of the 2008-2009 season playing for Detroit's minor league affiliate, the Grand Rapids Griffins. Downey played 65 games for the Griffins during the 2008-2009 season, scoring 2 goals, getting 7 assists and racking up 126 penalty minutes, with 9 fights. Downey also played four games for the Red Wings in 2008-2009, in those games he had 1 goal, 1 assist, an even plus/minus, 7 penalty minutes, and one fight and led the team in shooting percentage with an even 50.0%. Downey's one fight with the
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Aaron Downey Red Wings during this season was against the St. Louis Blues Cam Janssen; it lasted well over a minute and was regarded by many hockey fans as one of the best fights all season. Downey played for the Griffins during the playoffs, getting 1 assist, 44 penalty minutes and 1 fight in 10 games, before the Griffins were eliminated by the Manitoba Moose. Downey was then called up to the Red Wings roster for the remainder of their playoff run, but he was a healthy scratch the entire time, not playing a single game. On August 21, 2009 Downey signed
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Aaron Downey with the Phoenix Coyotes. On September 20, 2009, Downey was released from his professional tryout contract with the Coyotes. In October 2010, Downey returned to the Red Wings as a part-time strength and conditioning coach, benefitting greatly from his, as Mickey Redmond once stated, "absolutely huge, potato-bag carrying hands. On January 24, 2012, Aaron was elected to the Hampton Roads/Norfolk Admirals Hall of Fame along with Chris Phelps. Aaron has one younger brother playing pro in Ontario, in a Senior League, Trevor 6'1"-200 lb (4–6–1976) who plays for their hometown team the Shelburne Muskies. Eldest brother Paul currently manages the
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Aaron Downey family farm. Aaron is well known in the community for his various charitable contributions, mainly the house 9 foundation for children as well as his fund-raising for leukemia research, a sickness that hit home when Kyle was diagnosed but later beat a rare form. Aaron Downey Aaron Douglas Downey (born August 27, 1974) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. Downey played 13 seasons of professional ice hockey and played 243 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks, St. Louis Blues, Boston Bruins, Dallas Stars and Detroit Red Wings. He was
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El ministro y yo El ministro y yo El ministro y yo () is a 1975 Mexican film. Mateo Melgarejo (played by Mario Moreno "Cantinflas") is a notary public and scribe for the illiterate people of Santo Domingo, a neighborhood north of Mexico City's Zócalo. A squatter friend asks for his help in negotiating with the land census bureau to regularize a land title. After a great deal of frustration with the government bureaucracy, he writes a letter to the cabinet minister, earning an audience with him. The minister hires Melgarejo to reform the bureau, and the appointee proceeds to lecture the officials on
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El ministro y yo their duties in a democratic society. At the end, he gives up the post, returning to Santo Domingo to help its poor residents. The comedian La India María had replaced the "Cantinflas" character as the cinematic icon of Mexico's urban and rural poor, and critics viewed "El ministro y yo" as an attempt by Moreno, whose media influence made him one of Mexico's elite, to get back into touch with the common people. The unrealistic portrayal of a sympathetic cabinet minister and the unlikely appointment of a "commoner" to a position of power did not reverberate with the public. El
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Geography of Toronto Geography of Toronto The geography of Toronto, Ontario, covers an area of and is bounded by Lake Ontario to the south; Etobicoke Creek, Eglinton Avenue, and Highway 427 to the west; Steeles Avenue to the north; and the Rouge River and the Scarborough–Pickering Townline to the east. In addition to Etobicoke Creek and the Rouge River, the city is trisected by two minor rivers and their tributaries, the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown. Both flow southward to Lake Ontario at Humber Bay and Toronto Harbour respectively, which are part of the longer
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Geography of Toronto Waterfront, as well as Etobicoke Creek and the Rouge River. The concentration and protection of Toronto's ravines allows for large tracts of densely forested valleys with recreational trails within the city. Approximately 26–28% of Toronto is covered with over 10 million trees, a fairly high percentage within a large city in North America and there are ambitious proposals to double the coverage. The shoreline of the former Lake Iroquois is a major west−east geological feature, which was formed at the end of the last glacial period. In the west end, Davenport Road follows the ancient shoreline with the steps to
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Geography of Toronto Casa Loma rising above and downtown skyscrapers clearly visible to the southeast. It merges with the current Lake Ontario shoreline at the Scarborough Bluffs promontory. The Toronto Islands are the only group of islands located on the western shores of Lake Ontario and were formed from the erosion of the Scarborough Bluffs. The Toronto Islands were originally a sand spit until a major storm separated them from the mainland during the 19th century. Toronto's immediate neighbours are Mississauga and Brampton within the Regional Municipality of Peel, Vaughan and Markham within the Regional Municipality of York, and Pickering within the Regional
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Geography of Toronto Municipality of Durham. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) includes the regional municipalities of Halton, Peel, York and Durham. The GTA is part of a larger, natural ecosystem known as the Greater Toronto Bioregion. This ecosystem is bounded by Lake Ontario, the Niagara Escarpment, and the Oak Ridges Moraine, and includes many watersheds that drain into Lake Ontario. Some parts of Toronto, such as High Park and the lower Humber River, are located in the northernmost parts of the Carolinian forest zone found in North America. In March 2005, the Government of Ontario unveiled the boundaries of a greenbelt around the
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Geography of Toronto Greater Toronto Area, a area stretching from Niagara Falls to Peterborough. The green belt is designed to curb urban sprawl and to preserve valuable natural areas and farmland surrounding the city. However, some types of development including detached single residential, quarries and commercial facilities continue to get approved, exerting pressure and population growth on the Greenbelt. Toronto is among the latest in a line of cities that have implemented growth boundaries of some kind as a method of restricting urban growth, including Ottawa; Portland, Oregon; Frankfurt; Melbourne; Seoul and London. Toronto's continental climate is moderated by Lake Ontario; its climate
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Geography of Toronto is among the mildest in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, given Toronto's southerly latitude within the country. Downtown Toronto sits in a pocket of the humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfa") zone found at the southwestern end of Lake Ontario covering the southern part of the city — including downtown (but excluding the Toronto Islands), where the annual average temperature exceeds . Some of Toronto, outside of the former city limits and some suburban areas, fall within the "Dfb" climate regimen. This difference partly results from the urban heat island effect. Toronto is located in hardiness zone 7a,
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Geography of Toronto with increasing hardiness further away from the downtown core (5b in the suburbs). There is a high degree of variability from year to year and sometimes over a period of days, particularly during the winter months. Lake Ontario's water temperature varies due to upwelling of colder water or warmer pools of surface water creating very localized thermal contrast; the deeper waters of the lake, far from the shore, remain at a near constant water temperature of , the effect of which is either cooling or warming (in winter). This creates generally warmer nights through the colder season than would otherwise
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Geography of Toronto occur. When offshore winds blow in summer, they warm as they near the lakeshore in the evening; conversely, the cooling effect by the lake is most pronounced on spring afternoons, which can affect Toronto even more than other cities on the Great Lakes due its exposure to onshore winds from the east to south-east, on some days, the temperatures can be as much as 10 °C (18 °F) cooler than areas located far enough away from the Lake Ontario, an effect that wanes by summer when the dominant windflow becomes more southwesterly and the lake surface temperature warms. Springs and
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Geography of Toronto autumns are shorter seasons than summers and winters, and feature varied weather with alternating periods of dry, sunny weather and rain. Many days in these seasons are sunny with pleasant rather than warm or cold temperatures. Nights are generally cool, but frosts are rare. Snow can fall in early spring or late fall but usually melt quickly after contact with the ground. At these changeable times of the year, temperature contrasts (up to in extreme cases) can occur within a short time frames due to rapidly changing air masses that sweep across the continent, often accompanied by high winds. Due
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Geography of Toronto to these airmass changes, temperatures of or above have been recorded as early as April 16 and as late as October 8. Conversely, temperatures of or below at night have been recorded as early as November 6 and as late as April 18. Accumulating snowfall has been reported as early as October 1 and as late as May 16. Toronto's weather is affected by the relative position of the polar jet stream and continental storm track, both of which pass over the area with some frequency. The subtropical jet can move well north of the area in the midsummer. There
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Geography of Toronto is no "dry season" precipitation falls in all months with regularity (a good part as snow during the winter), but heavier summer rains make higher average amounts as a general rule with occasional dry periods. February and March rank as the driest months on average. Annual average precipitation is . Despite being cold, extended snow free periods occur in most winter seasons and precipitation can fall as rain with temperatures sometimes climbing above . Average winter snowfall is at the weather station in Downtown Toronto and at Toronto Pearson International Airport. The average January maximum/minimum is / in the city.
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Geography of Toronto There are usually a few colder periods where temperatures remain below and less frequently below at night (especially in the northern suburbs), with wind chills making it feel like . Due to its position on the northwest shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is not a direct target of heavy, wind−whipped lake-effect snow squalls that hit other Great Lake cities on the south/east shorelines of the lakes, in areas where prevailing winds amplify lake effect. Despite this, there are usually two or more heavy snowfalls each winter which deposit at least accumulation, usually from powerful winter storms known as "Colorado Lows"
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Geography of Toronto or panhandle hooks that pick up moisture en route to the Great Lakes. These storms can produce strong easterly driven winds that fetch additional moisture from Lake Ontario. They frequently come with a volatile mix of snow, ice pellets, freezing rain and sometimes just ordinary rain, all of which can disrupt transportation, and in severe cases, interrupt power supply. A sustained freezing rain event occurred on December 22, 2013 plunging 30% of the city into darkness, some until after Christmas Day. Such storms can also produce large snowfall amounts, higher totals found in areas closer to Lake Ontario, sometimes falling
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Geography of Toronto over a series of days or weeks creating havoc. On January 13, 1999, then-Toronto mayor Mel Lastman called in the Canadian Armed Forces to assist with snow removal and clearing streets. Within twelve days, the downtown Toronto weather station at the University of Toronto (Trinity College near Queens Park) recorded an average season's worth of of snow, much of it lake effect from Lake Ontario and a monthly record for January, but fell short of the snowiest month overall March 1870, with , of which fell over a 5-day span. February 2008 set a record a snowfall record for the
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Geography of Toronto month with falling at the airport. The winter of 2007–08 brought accumulated seasonal snowfall totals of downtown and at the airport. The heavy winter snows, in combination with record rains during June–July of that year made 2008 the wettest year on the climate record with over of total precipitation. The largest single snowstorm on record took place on December 11-12, 1944, when accumulated, with on December 11 alone. On the opposite extreme, the winter of 2011–12 had the lowest seasonal snowfall total with only . March 2012 was the warmest March on record. The least snowfall in a calendar year
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Geography of Toronto was 2006, with only . The El Niño influenced winter of 2009–10 had , March 2010 recorded no measurable snow, the first such occurrence in any March since 1946, and was followed by the warmest April ever on record. Winter weather conditions in Toronto can vary greatly from one year to another and is significantly affected by global weather patterns such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Nino winters are generally mild and dry, with decreased snowfall (such as the winters of 2009-2010 and 2015-2016), while La Nina winters tend have more precipitation (the aforementioned winters of 1999 and
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Geography of Toronto 2008 are both La-Nina). ENSO Neutral years are more unpredictable. Maximum temperatures typically range from with moderate to high humidity, proximity to Lake Ontario and the other lakes contribute to summer moisture content but far away sources like the Gulf of Mexico also factor in. The cooling influence of the lake exists but can be very localized to the immediate shoreline or move further inland, but this depends on windspeed and airmass. The influence of the lake also increases humidity & night time minimums in built-up areas. Temperatures over occur about 7 days each year but usually lasts no longer
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Geography of Toronto than a few days at a time (3 consecutive days of such temperatures is defined as a heat wave, which occur in most summers but maximums rarely exceed , which last occurred on July 21, 2011). However, coupled with high humidity the humidex value can rise well into the 40s during these heat events, creating great discomfort. Nighttime temperatures generally hover close to in the city but during hotter spells can remain closer to . Summer heat episodes are usually broken by cooler, drier periods not experienced further south on the continent. But intense heat episodes pose a health risk
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Geography of Toronto to some as they often arrive with high humidity and dangerous levels of airborne smog, as a result Environment Canada has begun posting heat warnings in recent years to bring awareness. Thunderstorms are also a regular occurrence and can pop up quickly, especially west and north of the city in areas more prone to the "lake breeze front" or "lake breeze thunderstorms" phenomenon, in which intense, sharply defined squall lines develop quickly on summer afternoons amplified by localized wind patterns between the Great Lakes. These storms sometimes move into the city causing localized flooding resulting from downpours, intense lightning but
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Geography of Toronto less often severe winds knocking down trees and powerlines. In addition to snowstorms, ice storms, windstorms, heavy rainfall events associated with tropical storms or very severe thunderstorms, Tornadoes are rare, but do occur. Tornado warnings have been posted for the city on a few occasions in the past few years, however no touchdowns have been confirmed in the city since a weak tornado hit Scarborough in the mid-1990s. A pair of dangerous F2 tornados did touchdown in neighbouring Vaughan on August 20 during the 2009 tornado season. The tropical storm remnant of Hurricane Hazel caused 81 deaths in October 1954
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Geography of Toronto due to flooding that swept homes along river banks into Lake Ontario. A sudden downburst during a strong thunderstorm was believed to have played a contributing factor in the Air France Flight 358 crash in August 2005 and just a few weeks later, record-breaking intense rainfall, the worst since Hazel, deluged north-central sections of the city within a couple of hours resulting in record insurance claims. Some rain gauges recorded 175 mm (7") of rain, over 100 mm (4") in just one hour. Another large rainstorm with intense, record rainfall amounts struck a wide swath of the city during the
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Geography of Toronto afternoon rush hour on July 8, 2013 flooding city streets, subway tunnels, basements and knocking out power for over 2 million residents, stranding commuters, some having to be rescued from a submerged train. A daily rainfall record of 126.4 mm (5") was set at Pearson Airport, most falling in an hour and a half. Flood insurance claims are likely to exceed the 2005 storm due to a wider area affected. During the 1936 North American heat wave, downtown temperatures in Toronto exceeded on three consecutive days (July 8 – 10), with nighttime temperatures not falling below . The city was
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Geography of Toronto ill-equipped at that time to handle such a prolonged extreme heat wave, and heat stroke claimed 225 lives in the city, not counting indirect deaths from causes such as drowning. The hottest month recorded, however, was July 1921, when the average maximum temperature downtown was , and a mean temperature of still holds as the warmest month. At the airport, the highest monthly maximum average was in July 1955. The highest humidex value stands at 50.3 from the heat wave of July 1995. The coldest minimum temperature of was recorded on January 10, 1859. The coldest temperature recorded at Toronto
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Geography of Toronto Pearson International Airport was on January 4, 1981, and the coldest windchill recorded was on the same day. The coldest month overall was at the airport in February 2015 and at downtown in February 1875. Winter cold snaps pose a danger as they often come with high winds, leaving the city's homeless population very prone to frostbite and hypothermia. Based on public records provided by Environment Canada, the average annual temperature has increased at Pearson Airport since the new Millennium if compared to the thirty-year normals from 1971–2000, more of this increase occurred at night: the average minimum temperature has
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Geography of Toronto been higher. Average precipitation during the same period was close to the average of the previous period, snowfall totals down only marginally with slightly higher rainfall. September and January have seen the highest average temperature increases. Part of this warming is likely attributed to increased urban growth surrounding the airport. An older study conducted in the 1990s analysed the heat island effect comparing data from selected regional stations, including both Downtown Toronto and Pearson Airport. Toronto has numerous hills and valleys that were carved out during the last Ice Age; The ravines are largely undeveloped, primarily as the result of
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Geography of Toronto Hurricane Hazel in 1954. Both Dufferin Street and Caledonia Road between Davenport Road and Eglinton Avenue run across numerous steep hills and valleys. Vaughan Road runs parallel to the buried Castle Frank Brook. The Don River is categorized as an underfit river, given that the river is too small for its much wider and deeper valley. The same is true for the Humber River and for the Rouge River. Grenadier Pond in High Park is the largest body of water fully within Toronto's city limits. Geography of Toronto The geography of Toronto, Ontario, covers an area of and is bounded
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Hercules Mooney Hercules Mooney Hercules Mooney (1715–1800) was an Irish-born veteran of the French and Indian and American Revolutionary wars. Born to a Protestant family, in 1733 he emigrated to the United States and settled in Dover, New Hampshire. In 1738 he married Elizabeth Evans, also of Dover. Having been a tutor back in Ireland, Mooney became a teacher and schoolmaster at Dover and after 1750 in Durham. In 1757 Mooney joined the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment to fight in the French and Indian War as a captain in command of a company of soldiers. Capt. Mooney was at the Siege of
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Hercules Mooney Fort William Henry that ended in the fall of the fort and attack by the Native Americans. After the end of the war Mooney returned to Durham to teach and was elected selectman in 1765. In 1775 he was a delegate to the provincial congress at Exeter, New Hampshire and in 1776 was appointed lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army. Lt. Col. Mooney served in Col. Pierse Long's regiment (Long's Regiment) and fought at the Battle of Fort Anne during the Saratoga campaign. During 1778 and 1779 Col. Mooney served on New Hampshire's Committee of Safety. In June 1779 he
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Hercules Mooney was given command of a regiment of the New Hampshire Militia that was sent to Rhode Island to keep watch on the British Army at Newport. After the end of the Revolutionary War Col. Mooney moved to Holderness, New Hampshire and served as a justice of the peace for Grafton County and in the New Hampshire General Court. He died at his home in April 1800. Hercules Mooney Hercules Mooney (1715–1800) was an Irish-born veteran of the French and Indian and American Revolutionary wars. Born to a Protestant family, in 1733 he emigrated to the United States and settled in
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Đuro Salaj Đuro Salaj Đuro Salaj (1889 – May 20, 1958) was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and the first president of the United Labour Unions of Yugoslavia. Salaj was born in Valpovo and received secondary education as a tailor. In 1907 he travelled to Austria, Germany and Switzerland looking for work, and became a social democrat and a trade union activist. In 1909 he moved to Sarajevo and became a local sewing trade union representative. After World War I he moved to Slavonski Brod where he became further involved in politics, and led the local branch
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Đuro Salaj of the Social Democratic Party to become the Communist Party. Between 1930 and 1944 he was the Communist Party of Yugoslavia representative with the Comintern, stationed in the Soviet Union. In SFR Yugoslavia, he was decorated with the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour. His remains are buried in the Tomb of the People's Heroes, Zagreb. Đuro Salaj Đuro Salaj (1889 – May 20, 1958) was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and the first president of the United Labour Unions of Yugoslavia. Salaj was born in Valpovo and received secondary education as a tailor.
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Mark R. V. Southern Mark R. V. Southern Mark Roderick Vendrell Southern (3 March 1961 – 15 March 2006) was an Indo-Europeanist and professor of German and linguistics. His research and teaching interests spanned the fields of Linguistics, Classics, Literature, Near Eastern Studies, and Religion. He specialized in historical and Indo-European linguistics, language contact and sociolinguistics, Greek and Latin linguistics, the pre-Islamic Middle East, and Sanskrit. He also commanded some competency in a wide range of languages, including Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Hittite, Old Persian, Classical Armenian, Yiddish, Hebrew, Norse, Old English, Frisian, Old Saxon, Old Irish, Breton, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and
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Mark R. V. Southern Russian. Southern was born in Cambridge, England, on 3 March 1961 to Eric and Elda (Moore) Southern, and distinguished himself early as a King's Scholar at Eton College. He graduated from Balliol College, Oxford, with an Honors B.A. in Classics in 1983. He worked for Bain Management Consultancy London, England before pursuing his passion for language, learning and teaching Princeton University in 1985. From 1986 to 1989, he attended Harvard University as an exchange scholar in linguistics. He earned his doctorate in Germanic Languages and Literatures from Princeton University in 1997. He married, converted to Judaism and had two daughters.
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Mark R. V. Southern On 15 March 2006, at age 45, he died at his home in Middlebury, Vermont. Before coming to Middlebury College in 2003, where he served as a visiting assistant professor of German and linguistics, Southern served as an assistant professor in the Department of Germanic Studies at the University of Texas, Austin; as assistant professor of German and linguistics in the Department of Modern Languages at Carthage College in Kenosha, Wisconsin; and as a teaching fellow in arts and literature at Harvard University. While at the University of Texas, he held concurrent appointments at UT's Center for Middle Eastern Studies
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Mark R. V. Southern and Center for Asian Studies and held concurrent memberships in the Foreign Language Education Program, the Department of Asian Studies, and the Department of Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures. At UT, he won the Jean Holloway Award for Excellence in Teaching and was selected as fellow to the Wakonse-South Conference on College Teaching. His "History of the German Language" is under consideration at Cambridge University Press. He also published widely in scholarly journals and gave papers at numerous conferences. Mark R. V. Southern Mark Roderick Vendrell Southern (3 March 1961 – 15 March 2006) was an Indo-Europeanist and professor of
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Gilbert of Hoyland Gilbert of Hoyland Gilbert of Hoyland (11??–1172?) (Gilbert of Hoyt) was a twelfth-century abbot of Swineshead Abbey, the Cistercian monastery in Lincolnshire, between about 1147 and his death in 1172. Swineshead had been a member of the monastic order of Savigny, which joined the Cistercian Order in 1147. Gilbert apparently went to Swineshead to help the community adopt Cistercian usages. Gilbert's surviving works are formed of seven brief spiritual treatises, some letters, and 47 sermons commenting on "Song of Songs" 3.1-5.10. ("Sermones in Canticum Salomonis") Sometime after Bernard of Clairvaux died in 1153, Gilbert was asked to continue Bernard's incomplete
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Gilbert of Hoyland series of 86 sermons on the biblical "Song of Songs." Gilbert wrote 47 sermons before he died in 1172, probably at the French Cistercian monastery of Larrivour. Gilbert's 47 sermons ended in Chapter 5 of the Song of Songs; another English Cistercian abbot, John of Ford, wrote another 120 sermons on the Song of Songs, so completing the Cistercian sermon-commentary on the book. The sermons were fairly well-known, surviving in about fifty manuscripts. Gilbert of Hoyland Gilbert of Hoyland (11??–1172?) (Gilbert of Hoyt) was a twelfth-century abbot of Swineshead Abbey, the Cistercian monastery in Lincolnshire, between about 1147 and his
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Pen Pen TriIcelon Pen Pen TriIcelon , known simply as Pen Pen in Europe, is a video game created by one of the first Japanese companies to reveal Dreamcast development, General Entertainment, otherwise known as Land Ho! It was released in Japan as one of four launch titles. A TriIcelon is similar to the human triathlon. TriIcelons consist of three separate sporting styles in one game: running, sliding, and swimming. These three things combine to make a race where everyone competes for first place. The player controls little penguin-like characters called Pen Pen, in a race consisting of the three separate sporting styles.
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Pen Pen TriIcelon Both the sliding and swimming parts are raced by tapping and holding the action button in a rhythmic motion to maintain a smooth flowing pace. The running section is controlled simply with the analogue stick, also with the ability to jump, and charge into other competitors. The Pen Pen are said to live on a small world called Iced Planet, and was here that the strange alien race were first discovered. Since the closest animal on Earth they resemble is the penguin, they were first given the name Pen Pen. The Pen Pen pretty much inhabit most of the planet's
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Pen Pen TriIcelon surface. It is believed they do, in fact, have their own language, but if so, it is totally incomprehensible to humans. It was later discovered that they come in a variety of different shapes and sizes. Other types came from other planets to visit the Iced Planet. Six types have been discovered so far. In a world of snow, ice and water, the Pen Pen have mastered the arts of running, sliding and swimming, and always used to play about on an iced field. These creatures saw the Pen Pen and came up with an idea, and thus, the TriIcelon
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Pen Pen TriIcelon was born. This soon became the most popular sport on the Iced Planet. Pen Pens enjoy this sport everyday and never get bored of competing, but once a year, they hold a grand TriIcelon race to determine the number one TriIcelon player. TYPE: Pen Pen SEX: Male Sparky is a light blue Pen Pen with red eyes and first appears wearing a helmet. He is described as an active and happy-go-lucky Pen Pen who loves speed, although he can also be a bit childish at times. However, he always likes to give his best performance when racing. He is voiced
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Pen Pen TriIcelon by Etsuko Kozakura. TYPE: Pen Pen SEX: Female Tina is a red Pen Pen with red lips, yellow hair, green eyes and heart-shaped breasts. She is one of three female characters (Pen Pen included), the others being Ballery and Mrs. Cream. Tina is described as Sparky's ideal rival who is a bit of a snob and very proud of herself. Tina likes to dress up and make herself look as good as possible. She is voiced by Aya Sakaguchi. TYPE: Pen Hippo SEX: Female Ballery is a pink Pen Hippo. She is one of three female characters (Pen Pen included),
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Pen Pen TriIcelon the others being Tina and Mrs. Cream. Ballery likes to pretend she's a cute, sweet girl that is excited by the slightest thing. However, she is actually very jealous and likes to meddle in the affairs of others. She is voiced by Run Sasaki. TYPE: Pen Shark SEX: Male Jaw is a purple Pen Shark with a red X-shaped scar on his stomach. Jaw is a bit wild and an all-around bad fellow. When he gets angry, he tends to get a little rough. He is voiced by Eiichiro Suzuki. TYPE: Pen Walrus SEX: Male Back is an orange Pen
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Pen Pen TriIcelon Walrus with a sun on his stomach. He is described as a very laid back guy who likes to take things nice and easy. Back is also extremely strong and when he gets angry (which isn't very often) he can be very frightening. He is voiced by Tose Tanaka. TYPE: Pen Octopus SEX: Male Sneak is an orange Pen Octopus. He is described as a joker who loves to play tricks. He is very mischievous and that can sometimes be a bad thing for himself. He is voiced by Takashi Matsuo. TYPE: Pen Dog SEX: Male Mr. Bow is a
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Pen Pen TriIcelon blue Pen Dog that first appears wearing a red top hat. With no regard for his safety, this reckless guy tends to leap before he looks. Bordering on stupidity, the foolhardy Mr. Bow will always dive straight into things with reckless abandon. He is voiced by Bakabon Onizuka. TYPE: ??? SEX: Male Hanamizu is an unknown species of Pen Pen, but looks somewhat like a cat or otter due to his long whiskers. Aside from his perpetually running nose, his surprisingly excellent skills in the game and being the only unlockable character, not much is known about this Pen Pen.
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Pen Pen TriIcelon He is voiced by Masaru Hachinohe. The game also has an unseen announcer voiced by Dennis Gunn who can be heard in the background saying some words at the beginning or at the end. Owner: Mrs. Cream Mrs. Cream is the mayor of the Sweets Town. She is one of three female characters (Pen Pen included), the others being Tina and Ballery. She is kind and friendly. Owner: Unga Pogo He is a young leader in the Jungle area. He loves animals and nature. Owner: Bambi Mask A colourfully dressed gentleman. He is always wearing a mask to make kids
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Pen Pen TriIcelon smile, and no one has seen his true appearance. Owner: Horror Man He is a count from the Horror family, which rules all monsters and ghosts on the Iced Planet. According to the game manual, he is 4771 years old and loves scaring others. The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator GameRankings. Pen Pen TriIcelon , known simply as Pen Pen in Europe, is a video game created by one of the first Japanese companies to reveal Dreamcast development, General Entertainment, otherwise known as Land Ho! It was released in Japan as one of four launch
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John Micklethwait John Micklethwait Richard John Micklethwait CBE (born 11 August 1962) is editor-in-chief of Bloomberg News, a position he has held since February 2015. A British journalist, he was previously the editor-in-chief of "The Economist" from 2006 to 2015. Micklethwait was born in 1962, in London, and was educated at Ampleforth College (an independent school) and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied history. He worked for Chase Manhattan Bank for two years and joined "The Economist" in 1987. Prior to becoming editor-in-chief, he was United States editor of the publication and ran the New York Bureau for two years. Before that,
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John Micklethwait he edited the Business Section of the newspaper for four years. His other roles have included setting up an office in Los Angeles for "The Economist", where he worked from 1990 to 1993. He has covered business and politics from the United States, Latin America, Continental Europe, Southern Africa and most of Asia. Appointed as editor-in-chief on 23 March 2006, the first issue of "The Economist" published under his editorship was released on 7 April 2006. He was named Editors' Editor by the British Society of Magazine Editors in 2010. Micklethwait has frequently appeared on CNN, ABC News, BBC, C-SPAN,
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John Micklethwait PBS and NPR. In 2015 he was appointed as a Trustee of the British Museum. He was also a delegate, along with two colleagues, at the 2010 Bilderberg Conference held in Spain. This group consists of an assembly of notable politicians, industrialists and financiers who meet annually to discuss issues on a non-disclosure basis. Micklethwait was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to journalism and economics. Micklethwait is the co-author of several books with Adrian Wooldridge, including: In "A Future Perfect", Wooldridge and Micklethwait resurrected the term "cosmocrat". John
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Overseas Consultants Inc. Overseas Consultants Inc. Overseas Consultants Inc. was formed by the merger of eleven top U.S. engineering and management firms in the 1940s. In one of its first major undertakings, the company conducted a six-month industrial reparations survey of post-World War II Japan in 1947. It ultimately prepared a report for General Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur's general view, however, was that Japan had already paid a heavy price, in that the war had totally shattered the Japanese economy, and Japan had lost all of the territories it had occupied in Manchuria, Korea, North China and the outer islands. (740.00119 Control (Japan)/3-2548, "Report
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Overseas Consultants Inc. by the Director of the Policy Planning Staff" (Kennan), March 25, 1948). The company also did work in underdeveloped countries. In the late 1940s, many poor countries desired to raise their standard of living by increasing output of food, natural resources and manufactured goods. Iran, for example, made a noteworthy start toward this end by engaging Overseas Consultants Inc. to advise on a proposed US$650,000,000 development program. (TIME Magazine, Oct. 24, 1949). The company conducted a detailed study that ultimately resulted in a multi-volume report. Today, the report provides invaluable historical insight into the economic development of Iran as of
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Overseas Consultants Inc. the late 1940s. Unfortunately, implementation of the plan fizzled out because the impoverished Iranian government lacked sufficient funds. Foreign aid donors - during, in part, the brief rule of Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq - did not provide money for implementation. (TIME Magazine, Jun. 4, 1951). The foreign aid donors were not forthcoming because Mossadeq and the Iranian government wished to see those funds or loans benefit Iran's oil industry directly, not benefit the Iranian-Anglo Oil company exclusively, which was owned principally by the British government. OCI was represented by the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, two of whose employees
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Overseas Consultants Inc. and partners were John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles who in 1950 were not yet fully part of the U.S. government. When the OCI contract was thwarted by Mossadeq and the Iranian Parliament, John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles declared personal war on Mossadeq. Once the two Dulles brothers officially entered United States government in 1953 as the Secretary of State and the Director of the CIA they arranged, with the help of Christopher Montague Woodhouse, the former chief of British intelligence in Iran, and head of the British Secret Intelligence Service, Sir John Sinclair, often referred to as "C",
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Overseas Consultants Inc. to overthrow Mohammed Mossadeq's government. The overthrow was overseen by Frank Wisner, a friend of Allen Dulles in Washington and a subordinate at the CIA. The onsite partner in the overthrow and CIA employee was Kermit Roosevelt. Mohammed Mossadeq detested Communism and considered the new President, General Eisenhower, a friend. Mossadeq's main crime was to thwart the profits of the Dulles brothers personally, their firm Sullivan & Cromwell, their clients OCI, the J. Schroder Banking Corporation, and Chase Manhattan Bank. The two banking clients appear to be minor players, the identity of the eleven engineering and consulting firms remains obscure
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Overseas Consultants Inc. and their pervasive influence in the post war rebuilding process something that needs to be further researched. The most disturbing thing about this incident involving Iran, the CIA, and the Dulles brothers, this is the introduction into world history of Frank Wisner the man in charge of the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba by the CIA in April 1961. Secondly the introduction by the Dulles brothers, Frank Wisner, and the CIA into history's stream of Mohammad Reza Shah later to be catalyst for the "Iranian Hostage Crisis" and the overthrow of the Shah by the Ayotallah Khomeini. Overseas Consultants
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Overseas Consultants Inc. also worked in such remote places as the southern highlands of Central Africa, studying vegetation and soils with respect to possible railroad construction. ("Report of Central African Rail Link-Development Survey 1 and 2", Overseas Consultants Inc. and Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, London, Colonial Office, 1952.) Kinzer, Stephen; "The Brothers, John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, And Their Secret World War."; New York, N.Y., Times Books, Henry Holt and Company New York; 2013; pages 119-20, 123-24, 143. "Report on Seven Year Development Plan for the Plan Organization of the Imperial Government of Iran."; OCI Proposal; New York, N.Y. OCI; 1949. Overseas
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Education in Toronto Education in Toronto Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is home to four publicly funded K12 school boards, one non-publicly funded religious K12 school board, a variety of K12 private and preparatory schools, plus a diversity of other religious, cultural, vocational, career and specialty schools/institutions. As a global city, Toronto is also home to a number of post-secondary educational institutions, comprising five degree-granting institutions of university status, plus the principal campuses of four publicly funded Ontario colleges as well as the campus of one other publicly funded Ontario college. Four school
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Education in Toronto boards in Toronto provide public primary, secondary, and adult education. The following public school boards operate secular schools: There is a strong alternative school movement. The Toronto District School Board has many alternative schools. The oldest is ALPHA Alternative School, which opened in 1972. There are also private alternative organizations. The first conference for publicly funded alternative schools in the Greater Toronto Area happened in Nov, 2012. The following public school boards operate separate schools in Toronto. Before 1998, in Metropolitan Toronto, Les Conseil des écoles catholiques du Grand Toronto (the Metropolitan Separate School Board, now the Toronto Catholic District
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Education in Toronto School Board) and the North York Board of Education operated French-language schools. In 1980 the separate school board operated five Catholic schools and North York operated two of them. Maurice Bergevin, the vice principal of the Etienne Brule School, stated that a study from Montreal in 1971 stated that if francophones in Toronto had the same proportion of schools that anglophones had in Montreal, there would be 31 francophone schools in Metropolitan Toronto. According to a 1971 Canadian federal census, Toronto had 160,000 francophones. A partial list of well-known private and/or independent elementary, secondary, and university-preparatory schools includes: Toronto Academy,
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Education in Toronto an early high school located on Front Street between Bay and York Streets and had ties to Knox College, Toronto. Established in 1846 as an alternative to provincial schools, broke ties to the Knox in 1849 and closed after 1852. William Lyon Mackenzie's son, future Chief Justice Thomas Moss as well as first African Canadian doctor Anderson Ruffin Abbott. Toronto is home to a number of post-secondary institutions, including the largest (University of Toronto) and third largest (York University) universities in Canada. Toronto universities total approximately 187,000 undergraduate students. In Canada, colleges refers to a technical, applied arts, or applied
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Education in Toronto science school. Toronto has the principal campuses of four post-secondary colleges, as well as the campus of one other Ontario-based college, scattered across the city in 29 campuses. In addition to those five colleges, from 1995 to 2001, Collège des Grands-Lacs operated within the city. The following colleges operate a campus within the city: Toronto is home to a number of supplementary schools, which provides additional educational support for students in mainstream public, and private schools. The city also hosts a growing number of publicly funded and private English as a Second Language (ESL) schools and is home to as
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Education in Toronto many as 10,000 ESL students at a time. These are either visa students primarily from Latin America, Asia and Europe, or newly arrived landed immigrants and Canadian citizens. Schools located in Toronto include: Education in Toronto Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is home to four publicly funded K12 school boards, one non-publicly funded religious K12 school board, a variety of K12 private and preparatory schools, plus a diversity of other religious, cultural, vocational, career and specialty schools/institutions. As a global city, Toronto is also home to a number of post-secondary
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Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris The Rue Saint-Jacques is a street in the Latin Quarter of Paris which lies along the "cardo" of Roman Lutetia. The Boulevard Saint-Michel, driven through this old quarter of Paris by Baron Haussmann, relegated the roughly parallel rue Saint-Jacques to a backstreet, but it was a main axial road of medieval Paris, as the buildings that still front it attest. It was the starting point for pilgrims leaving Paris to make their way along the "chemin de St-Jacques" that led eventually to Santiago de Compostela. The Paris base of the Dominican Order was established in 1218 under
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Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris the leadership of Pierre Seila in the Chapelle Saint-Jacques, close to the Porte Saint-Jacques, on this street; this is why the Dominicans were called "Jacobins" in Paris. Johann Heynlin and Guillaume Fichet established the first printing press in France, briefly at the Sorbonne and then on this street, in the 1470s. The second printers in Paris were Peter Kayser and Johann Stohl at the sign of the Soleil d'Or in the Rue Saint-Jacques, from 1473. The proximity of the Sorbonne led many later booksellers and printers to set up shop here also. Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris The Rue Saint-Jacques is a
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Committee of 19 Committee of 19 The Committee of 19 is a committee of students at Auburn University that direct the War on Hunger efforts on campus and in the local community. In 2004, Auburn University was chosen by the World Food Programme, an agency of the United Nations and the largest humanitarian organization in the world, to lead the first student-led efforts in the War on Hunger. The number 19 in the title is symbolic of the 19 cents per day that it takes the World Food Programme to feed a hungry child in the developing world. Today, that number is estimated
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Committee of 19 to be closer to twenty-five cents. There are currently 22 members on the Committee of 19, representing various student organizations and the university's colleges and schools. Vision In partnership with the United Nations World Food Programme, Auburn University will be the catalyst mobilizing universities across the nation and around the globe to create a grassroots student campaign to conquer world hunger and malnutrition. The focus of the campaign will also give momentum to local hunger initiatives. "We believe in a world free of hunger. We believe that every man, woman, and child has a right to the basic human need
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Committee of 19 of food. We believe that the skills we learn in the classroom reach beyond the bounds of our own selves and have the power to influence the lives of others for good. We believe that uniting our unique knowledge, talents, and skill sets can produce powerful cooperation and promote sustainable, effective change. We believe that collaboration on university, local, regional, national, and global levels is necessary for reaching universal solutions in our globalized world. We believe that a world without hunger promotes well being, increases productivity, embraces education, and proliferates peace. And because we believe these things, we have no
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Committee of 19 choice but to take action." Mission The mission of the Committee of 19 shall be to develop and implement an action agenda for students that encompasses Through these facets, the Committee of 19 shall lead Auburn University and the local community in the effort to eliminate world hunger and malnutrition. Goal The goal of the Committee of 19 is to create a "War on Hunger" model that is suitable for replication by other universities across the nation and around the globe. In December 2005, students and administrators from Auburn University presented the War on Hunger model at a meeting of
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Committee of 19 the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. Following the positive response from the presentation, Auburn University hosted the War on Hunger Summit on the weekend of February 17–19, 2006. Representatives from twenty-nine universities were present to learn more about the Auburn University War on Hunger model. Guests at the conference included: The War on Hunger Summit returned to Auburn University's campus in 2013. The Auburn University Hotel and Conference Center hosted over a hundred students, professors, and administrators from multiple academic institutions. Committee of 19 The Committee of 19 is a committee of students at Auburn University that
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Candorville Candorville Candorville is a syndicated newspaper comic strip written and illustrated by Darrin Bell, an editorial cartoonist. "Candorville", launched in September 2003 by The Washington Post Writers Group, features young black and Latino characters living in the inner city. Using the vehicle of humor, "Candorville" presents social and political commentary as well as the stories of its protagonists. "Candorville" grew out of a comic strip called "Lemont Brown", which appeared in the student newspaper of UC Berkeley, "The Daily Californian", from 1993 to 2003. It still appears in the "Daily Californian" under its new title, and it is that newspaper's
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Candorville longest-running comic strip. "Candorville" appears in most of America's largest newspapers. It also runs in Spanish-language newspapers where it is translated by the author's wife, Laura Bustamante. Because of its political content, "Candorville", like "Doonesbury", sometimes appears on a newspaper's editorial page rather than its comics page; like G.B. Trudeau's strip, "Candorville" has been accused of having a liberal slant, which has prevented the strip from being syndicated to some right-leaning newspapers. This is despite the fact that "Candorville" has lampooned liberal organizations like PETA, and liberal politicians like Hillary Clinton, Howard Dean, John Edwards, and Barack Obama. Eight collections
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Candorville of "Candorville" have been published in book form: Candorville Candorville is a syndicated newspaper comic strip written and illustrated by Darrin Bell, an editorial cartoonist. "Candorville", launched in September 2003 by The Washington Post Writers Group, features young black and Latino characters living in the inner city. Using the vehicle of humor, "Candorville" presents social and political commentary as well as the stories of its protagonists. "Candorville" grew out of a comic strip called "Lemont Brown", which appeared in the student newspaper of UC Berkeley, "The Daily Californian", from 1993 to 2003. It still appears in the "Daily Californian" under
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Beretta 8000 Beretta 8000 The Beretta 8000 (Cougar) series pistols are manufactured by Beretta of Italy. They first appeared on the market in 1994 as a more compact alternative to the full-sized Beretta 92 service pistol in order to offer a compromise between concealability, ease of carry, accuracy and firepower. Originally developed for the .40 S&W cartridge, which was a new cartridge at the time, it was later also manufactured for other calibers, such as 9×19 mm, .357 SIG and .45 ACP. These pistols are suitable for use by police and for civilian self-defense. Cougar 8000 series pistols are recoil-operated, locked breech
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Beretta 8000 semi-automatic pistols. These pistols use a relatively rare rotating barrel locking system, in which the barrel rotates on recoil to unlock itself from the slide. The rotating motion of the barrel is controlled by the stud on its bottom, which follows the cam track in the steel frame insert. The frame is made from lightweight aluminum alloy. The basic version of the Cougar pistol is the F model, with double-action trigger with exposed hammer, and ambidextrous safety/decocker levers, located on the slide. Alternative is D version, which is double-action only, and thus have spurless hammer and no safety/decocker levers. Cougar
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Beretta 8000 pistols use double-stack magazines in 9 mm, .357 SIG and .40 caliber models, and staggered column magazines in .45 caliber models. The 8000 series is available in several calibers and in either "F", "G" or "D" configuration. European models were offered in .41 Action Express and 9×21mm. The F specification is the basic version with double-action trigger, exposed hammer, and ambidextrous safety/decocking levers (located on the slide). The D specification is double-action only ("DAO") with a spurless hammer and no safety/decocking levers. The G specification is a DA/SA variant with a "decock" only feature. It features an exposed hammer with
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Beretta 8000 ambidextrous decocking levers (on the slide). There is no safety on this model. The T specification includes a tactical rail. The 8000, 8040 and 8045 are available in a Mini variant weighing 140 g less than the respective models and with a grip that is 25 mm shorter. The slide and barrel are the same length as the full size pistols. This variant is available in the "D" and "F" configurations. Some models are available as an Inox version which has a stainless steel slide, barrel and other components. The 8045 Beretta Cougar was produced between 1998–2004 in the D
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Beretta 8000 and F configuration. A Mini 8045 Cougar was also produced in the same configurations. No factory 8045 Cougars were produced in the "G" configuration, but prototype Cougars do exist in the G configuration as well as with a light rail. In 1999, Beretta USA offered 2000 special edition kits to accompany the 8045F Cougar. Accompanying the basic 8045F was a kit consisting of a special edition case, lapel pin and charcoal laminate grips with inlaid cougar medallions. Several kits were sold but the number of kits is unconfirmed. With 2000 units initially projected, it is believed the total number sold
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Beretta 8000 to be far less than that. There is no specific serial number run for these as the kits were sold with the standard pistol as they were ordered. Typically, the Cat Pak cougars had a date code of BM for 1999. 8045 Cat Pak pistols are listed as such in Beretta USA records but it is unclear if all kits had that code since some were sold separately (did not include the pistol). The pistol comes in the 8045F model which is a double/single-action-type pistol. Standard white dot sights and factory black plastic grips are standard with the "Pak" consisting
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Beretta 8000 of the case, wood grips and pin. These models are becoming increasingly rare and value is estimated in the $650–$800 range depending on condition. Beretta USA had made an 8045F for the Los Angeles Police Department. One requirement of the LAPD using these firearms was the use of a 4-inch barrel. There were a limited number of these longer barrels produced to meet this need. Some barrels were shipped to the LAPD to be added and some were shipped direct from the factory assembled in the pistols. However, BUSA had offered these barrels for sale to military/law enforcement officers only
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Beretta 8000 for $198 for a brief period. Some of these pistols were converted to a "G" model (decock only) by various agencies but were not offered in this configuration from Beretta USA. Marketing and distribution of the Cougar has been transferred to Stoeger Industries, a subsidiary of Beretta. The firearms are made in Turkey, using Beretta factory tooling. Stoeger now produces Cougars in 9×19mm, .45 ACP, and .40 S&W. Stoeger recently added a more compact-sized Cougar pistol to their production line, currently available in 9×19mm only. The Cougar Compact has a reduced magazine capacity of 13 rounds and MSRP is US$50
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Beretta 8000 less than its full-size counterpart. Beretta 8000 The Beretta 8000 (Cougar) series pistols are manufactured by Beretta of Italy. They first appeared on the market in 1994 as a more compact alternative to the full-sized Beretta 92 service pistol in order to offer a compromise between concealability, ease of carry, accuracy and firepower. Originally developed for the .40 S&W cartridge, which was a new cartridge at the time, it was later also manufactured for other calibers, such as 9×19 mm, .357 SIG and .45 ACP. These pistols are suitable for use by police and for civilian self-defense. Cougar 8000 series
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