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The history of Islam provides authentic records of how the chief rulers and Caliphs were questioned, advised and corrected by common people, men and women alike. The principle of mutual consultation is so fundamental in Islam that one has to speak up his mind for the best interest of society. In politics, or in any other field for that matter, consultative methods are not only a democratic formula of government, but a religious injunction and a moral duty enjoined upon both the rulers and the ruled. The objective is to ensure that the Law of God is observed, and that the rights of the people are honored and their obligations fulfilled. To prevent the rise of politicians of opportunist platforms, the Prophet, speaking on the authority of God, said that whoever speaks must say the right things; or else he had better keep silent. The seeking of counsel on the part of the ruler and rendering it on the part of the public is a religious ordinance, an article of faith, as Prophet Muhammad himself, although wise and unselfish, was not above the maxim or an exception to the rule. God instructs him: “It is by the mercy of God that you dealt gently with them (your people). Were you severe or harsh-hearted, they would have broken away from you. So pass over their faults, and ask for (God’s) forgiveness for them; and consult them in affairs (of moment). Then, when you have taken a decision, put your trust (in Him).” (3:159)
The political life of Islam is unique in its structure, function, and purpose. It is neither pragmatic nor instrumentalistic. It is not theocracy whereby a certain class of people assumes divine rights, hereditary or otherwise, and above other citizens beyond accountability. Nor is it a proletariat whereby some rebellious workingmen capture power one way or the other. It is not even democracy in its popular sense. It is something different from all that. The political life of Islam is guided by Divine instructions anchored solidly on sound spiritual and moral foundations.
Islam’s political contract is not concluded between the administration and the people alone. It is between these combined on one side and God on the other, and unless the human sides fulfill their obligations to the Divine, it is not morally valid and binding. Chosen by their people to administer the words of God, the administrators are entitled to support from the people in as much as they observe the very words of God. If the administration swerves from the Path of God or disobeys His Law, it has no right to the support of the people. Conversely, should the people fail to render support to their good administrators, their act would be deemed an irresponsible offense against the administration and against God Himself. The Qur’an says: “O you who believe! Obey God, and obey the Messenger (of God) and those charged with authority among you. If you differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to God and His Messenger, if you do believe in God and the Last Day. That is best, and most suitable for final determination.” (4:59)
Sovereignty in Islam does not therefore belong to the ruler nor even to the people themselves. It belongs to God alone. The Qur’an states: “Authority, power and sovereignty belong to none but God,” and “Blessed be He in Whose hands is dominion, and He over all things has power.” (67:1) The ruler, any ruler, is only an acting executive chosen to serve them according to the Law of God. and the people as a whole exercise it by trust from Him to enforce His law and enact His will. This is the foundation of the Islamic State consistent with the general outlook on the universe of which God is the Creator and in which He is the Sole Sovereign.
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El Salvador was rocked by civil war in the 1980s with U.S-backed forces aiding in the subsequent killing of thousands that would mark the country and result in the fleeing of thousands of refugees to countries such as Canada. Osvaldo Ramirez Castillo's family was forced to leave El Salvador. The work in Bestiaries is autobiographical in this sense, it is from his personal background, culture and experience that Castillo engages when confronting the horrific while bearing witness to terrible atrocities. The refuge for the refugee is not a place of silence, nor a numbing of a former time. Castillo is capturing the ineffable. The raw, staggering images in the finely drawn details, and gently balanced colour draws one to horrific images of disembodied limbs, decapitations, mad dogs, and blood. These images are evocative of the pre-Columbian mythology, colonial references and civil war upon which he draws.
In the work Origen de un a especie (Origin of a Species) the tattooed image of the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus, whose hands are clasped in prayer mark the back of a haloed man who appears to be contained in a vase. The vase in medieval iconography is symbolic for the body of the Virgin as a vessel or carrier of life – Jesus as redemptor for the sins of the human race. The man's ghostly right hand is holding a lighted torch; an additional right hand is grasped to a machete. Another man, his left hand is marked by the Stigmata, the additional hand grasps a rope that appears to be attempting to tame the body of Quetzalcoatl whose body snakes throughout the image like a bloody scaled root. Quetzalcoatl feathered reptilian God symbol of death, resurrection and creator of the world. The man’s chest is a series of raw tendons; he sits atop a square pedestal, a magazine of bullets on his hips. The figures appear to sustain rival creation stories, the title of the work yet another. The fight in El Salvador was between the right and left, with different groups claiming legitimacy to rule with the United States backed Junta in power during the Civil War.
In December of 1981, the Batallon Atlacatl was responsible for the largest number of civilians murdered in the Americas in contemporary times, resulting in the death of over 900 people. A bestial fanged-tooth figure stands poised with rifle in hand in La raza Express, nearby are a truck full of sloppy men with knives and elements of American imperialism stuck about them – a Mickey mouse, an I love NY t-shirt amongst other ‘treasures’. The biblical parable has Lazarus comforted in Heaven because he accepted his worldly fate of poverty and suffering. The rich man who refused to help Lazarus was stricken to suffer eternally for his selfish behavior. In Hell, the rich man begs to Heaven for help but the chasm between the two was too wide. The parable references the brutality, and consequential physical suffering inflicted on its victims due to the nature of this horrific event by those in power who made choices as the rich man had in not aiding the helpless on earth. La raza implies a competition or a categorization, life as a race in the western sense (i.e. the idea of progress), biological (Darwinian) and/or the mistaken idea of race as a physical determinate for characteristics.
An extreme expression of anthropomorphism – animal and human hybrids are apparent throughout the work. Human heads are replaced by dogs, birds, reptiles and other species. Allegorically, animals have a role in the Christian view of the world to be under the rule of humans supporting the western concept of domination. Here they are fragmented, falling apart to be sometimes grotesquely reconfigured into things neither quite human nor animal. In Central America, hybridity has a long tradition seen representative of deities, this aspect possibly representative of inherent powers and position in worldview.
Castillo describes his work as a ‘personal act of revision’. How is memory served? How does one bear witness to the atrocities that forced one to flee? History is written by those who hold the pen providing closure to the past through legitimacy of the written word. Revision is always part of any story or history declared. Walter Benjamin claimed that “Naming is that by which nothing beyond it is communicated....”. But naming in metaphorical and allegorical terms does not necessarily provide closure, in this sense, it allows for a wider interpretation, acknowledgement and speaks to truth and reality in infinite terms. Casitillo's Bestiaries is multilayered, complex, multifarious and strikingly powerful in its details and implications. He reminds those who have never experienced war the capabilities of the human species and those left to remember its victims. Leanne L’Hirondelle
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(a) Ambyomma hebreaum, the Bont tick (b) A. maculatum, the Gulf coast tick (c) A. americanum, the Lone star tick. (d) A. cajenennse (e) mouthparts and (f) position of anal groove.
The first study recording all varieties of ticks found on travellers has been published.
Travel and Disease Vector Ticks by Dr John McGarry from the School of Veterinary Science has been published in Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.
Dr McGarry said: ‘Ticks are really associated with animals but some species will dig into the human skin using their mouthparts to suck blood over several days. They are second only to mosquitoes in the variety of diseases they can transmit.’
The article explains how to recognise the different types that occur in various regional biotypes of the world, including the UK, and describes the specific disease risks they pose.
He continued: ‘Aristotle described ticks as ’disgusting parasitic animals? and I am sure travellers returning home with these souvenirs agree!?
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A white, crystalline, brittle, highly diamagnetic metallic element used in alloys to form sharp castings for objects sensitive to high temperatures and in various low-melting alloys for fire-safety devices. Atomic number 83; atomic weight 208.98; melting point 271.3°C; boiling point 1,560°C; specific gravity 9.747; valence 3, 5. See Table at element.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A chemical element (symbol Bi) with an atomic number of 83.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507° Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. Chemical symbol, Bi; atomic weight, 208; specific gravity, 9.6 to 9.8. A metal of a peculiar light-reddish color, highly crystalline, and so brittle that it can be pulverized.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically); usually recovered as a by-product from ores of other metals
Obsolete German Bismuth.(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
Uncertain; perhaps German weiß ("white") Masse ("mass"). (Wiktionary)
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Scouring others’ observations for new discoveries is actually common among astronomers:
1. In 2013, Rémi Soummer and colleagues reprocessed Hubble infrared data extending as far back as 1999. Where other scientists found nothing, Soummer’s team discovered five stars (including HD 141943, pictured at top of the page) with surrounding dust disks — the breeding grounds of planets.
2. When looking through 15-year-old radio data from several observatories in 2013, astronomers found clumpy segments along a ring shape in our galaxy; when they searched for it in visible light, they came up empty. Francesco de Gasperin and colleagues believe they’ve spied an old stellar explosion whose material has mostly dispersed, making it invisible in optical light but leaving behind radio imprints at the site.
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a caring learning environment
Our students come from many different countries and cultural traditions. Development of international mindedness and respect for the diversity of cultural and religious differences is central to life at Seisen. We offer a relevant, engaging and challenging curriculum in a friendly family environment.
At Seisen International School our aim is to provide our students with the academic and social skills they will need to become responsible and compassionate citizens of the world. Through the PYP programme we provide an inquiry-base learning environment for our diverse student body. Our programme is academically challenging whilst also meeting the needs of individual students.
In December 2007 Seisen International School was recognized by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) as an authorized school to teach the highly regarded Primary Years Programme (PYP). The Primary Years Programme (PYP) is a curriculum framework for international education. The programme focuses on the holistic development of the child addressing the physical, social, emotional, cultural and academic well being of each student and reflects our strong belief that education must address the development of the whole child.
The PYP is a transdisciplinary curriculum model where teaching and learning is organized around six transdisciplinary themes which:
- have global significance for all students in all cultures
- offer students the opportunity to explore the commonalities of human experience
- incorporate knowledge, concepts and skills from the traditional subject areas
- offer learners genuine opportunities to connect to the world around them
- provide engaging, relevant, challenging and significant learning opportunities
Dr. Sandra Mulligan, Principal
Mr. Michael Hughes
Grade 6 General music students are preparing "The Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy" from the Nutcracker by P.I. Tchaikovsky on handbells.
Over the past couple of weeks, Grade 1 has been inquiring into 2D shapes!
Grade 3 students moved forward to investigate examples of different goods and services.
Gr. 3 students dance about Healthy Eating.
Currently the second graders are practicing sight words or snap words in class and at home using various resources. EAL students have multiple sets of leveled sight words or snap words cards to play either independently or with someone for additional practice. To name a few, they could play Memory, Go Fish, Snap, Who Has It and Speed. Please encourage them and take the time to play these games. Enjoy!
In Mr. Carroll's 5th grade class, the students engaged in lessons using both lemons and the story, "The Sneetches," by Dr. Seuss, to better illustrate racism and stereotypes.
As every member of the audience reported, the fourth graders amazed everyone with their singing and dancing performance yesterday evening at St. Mary's. Seisen 4th graders joined other schools to raise money for Refugees International Japan.
This week Grade 4 have been completing their goals for the Sakura Medal Programme.
The characteristics collected together in the learner profile and the attitudes can guide reflection and goal-making in all curriculum areas, including reading.
The readers workshop is a model of instruction that relies on access to great books, plenty of time to read and direct instruction on the skills needed to be a proficient reader
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OBC full form Other Backward Classes (OBC) is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify socially and educationally disadvantaged castes. Other Backward Classes (OBC) may be a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes as educationally or socially disadvantaged groups. The Indian central government classifies some of its citizens on the basis of their social status into Registered Castes (SC), Registered Tribes (ST), and an Other Backward Class (OBC).
OBC full form
OBC is one of the many categories of the Indian caste system. The employed caste is a sub-community in the Hindu caste system. Due to its low status, it has always faced deprivation, oppression and extreme social exclusion in India. According to the 1950 Constitution (Registered Castes), only marginalized Hindu communities in India can be classified as registered castes. Due to special rules on castes and planned tribes, the remaining classes are called other castes/backward classes.
In the Indian Constitution, OBCs were described as a backward class in the social and educational field. OBCs have 27% reserve in education and public sector employment.
The OBC-category backup allowance was granted by the Credentialing Commission in 1990 on the recommendation of Vice President Singh’s government. In 1990, on the recommendation of Vice President Singh’s government, the Credentials Commission granted the right to participate in the OBC class. Recently, this category has been provided with up to 27% reserves in government positions, educational institutions and many other state-owned enterprises across the country.
Social organizations tend to lag behind socially and educationally as compared to upper castes or general class. OBCs constitute 42% of the population, while 27% of the reserve is provided to individuals. OBCs constitute 42% of the population, while only 27% are reserved.
According to a 1980 Market Commission report, OBCs were found to cover 52% of the country’s population, and when the National Organization for Sample Surveys was formed in 2006, it was set at 41% . According to the 1980 Mandal Commission report, 52% of India’s population belonged to the OBC caste.
OBCs/OBCs were included after the recommendation of the Mandal Commission set up in 1979. The full form of OBC is Other Backward Classes. Registered Tribes Registered castes, economically underdeveloped classes and other underdeveloped classes benefit from the system of government reservation, promotion, legislature and scholarship. Thus, the government has set aside reserves for public sector employment and higher education to augment them. The National Commission for Backward Classes was established in 1993.
Upgraded caste is a term used to describe a caste system that is socially and economically ahead of the rest of India on average. Those who have not got reservation they have to qualify for OBC/ ST/ SC candidates competition. A tribe that mainly belongs to the lower classes or who have been expelled from the city.
People in this class get breakdown due to age in public office. And for those who belong to OBC category and attend school or university. Admission in good colleges or universities requires less restrictions than the general category.
OBC is a very popular term, it is also called another category of backward, many castes are part of it. OBC is a very popular term, it is also called “another backward class”, it is used by many castes. You may also be interested in some related terms related to OBC to know more.
Gives complete information about We all often hear about OBC and many people know this word, but many people do not know its full name, but all people should know its name. Today we will tell you what is the full name of OBC and what is its meaning and which castes come under this category, I will know all this in detail in today’s article. Friends, in today’s post, we will tell you about OBC Full Form, what is OBC, what is OBC history, if you do not know, then today’s post can be very useful for you, friends, in today’s post we will tell you about OBC Casta. Will tell
I hope that through this article you must have become familiar with the full form of OBC, What is OBC?, OBC History. And you must have some information related to OBC and keep visiting our website to know all similar information and do not forget to share this article on Facebook, Whatsapp, Telegram etc. If you think this post is useful and can help others, do share. Share it with your friends on Facebook, WhatsApp and other social networks.
In this article we are going to tell you the complete form of OBC, if you do not think about it, then our today’s article can be very useful for you because in this we will provide you complete data on OBC caste. If you do not know, then this article of ours can be of great use to you.
We have heard these words many times, so here we will know the full form of SC ST OBC UR and EWS. Moreover, we have provided All Complete SC ST OBC Form in different words and All Complete SC ST OBC Form in Hindi meaning in below table.
More or less think of all the ratings that fall into this rating; By visiting the connection we recommend, you need to go to its official site and; Select the espresso for which the OBC rating should be displayed and; Later in this state in OBC you will see the summary of the relative set of upcoming posts.
Nominating a guardian while completing OBC means the profession of your guardian, which your guardian carries out for his living. The Indian Constitution depicts OBCs as a regressive class in the social and educational sphere. As a result, the government has reserved jobs in the public sector and higher education to promote them.
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"Young people are more likely to grow up healthy when they have opportunities to learn new skills and interests."
Today, more than ever, children lead very busy lives. By providing positive CONSTRUCTIVE USES for their time, we can help nurture and develop good citizens. Below are a couple of simple ways to do just that:
- Give your baby a change of scene now and then
- Visit interesting buildings together.Tour a barn, skyscraper, fire station or bakery.
- Let your child experiment with different activities he or she likes.
- Look for activities that are positive, stimulating, have caring adults and don’t require excessive time commitments.
- Encourage your teenager to be involved in at least one activity that may continue into her or his adult years.
- Expose her or him to different forms of art - paintings, pictures, music, etc.
- Encourage activities that focus on fun or healthy competition, especially during the elementary and middle school years.
- Consider helping your child start a new club or group - photography, chess, sports, music, etc.
- Model having an “extracurricular activity” yourself.
- Take time out of your busy lives to have family time at home where positive interactions take place.
Constructive Use of Time Quotations
“We must use time creatively, and forever realize that the time is always ripe to do right.” —Martin Luther King Jr.
“Inside you there’s an artist you don’t know about.” —Jalal-Uddin Rumi
“How adolescents spend their out-of-school time affects their success in school and their future.” —Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development
“There is nothing like staying home for real comfort.” - Jane Austen
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Earth Day Activities For Kids
The importance of Earth Day is to observe the earth and remind those who inhabit it the need to be stewards of it. A spring date of April 22 is usually Earth Day although the spring equinox has also been observed as Earth Day because of its symbolism as a time of rebirth and renewal.
Celebrating and caring for the earth is more important than ever, especially for teaching younger generations the responsibility of preserving the earth’s resources. Children need to know how to care for our planet and celebrating Earth Day is a fun and educational opportunity to present kids with life-long skills.
Earth Day Activities For Kids
- Teach your children about the world around them in your own backyard or a neighborhood park. Bird watching is an excellent activity for any time of the day, so spend a few minutes learning about the birds in your area. Have kids take a notebook, a guidebook for birds and colored pencils so they can draw the birds they see, as well as learn to identify them through songs and chirping. In addition, kids can count the birds and variety of birds they see and monitor them in the future. Kids can learn what birds do at different times of day, how many species of birds live in the area and what they are doing for food, shelter and other activities. Bird feeders can also be a great source of education too. Helping kids connect to nature is an easy way to nurture their empathy for the planet, and encourage them to preserve wildlife and ecosystems.
- Teaching your children about soil and dirt is also an educational way to learn about the environment. With a spoon or a small shovel, kids can learn about soil. Have your children make a list of everything in the soil they are digging up, and repeat the process digging deeper every time. The soil changes the deeper your child digs, showing them there is more to the earth than just what you see on the surface. Combine this activity with planting a tree on your property, or while you are working on your existing landscaping.
- The importance of learning about soil can also lead to helping your children understand why flower and vegetable gardens are important, as well as keeping soil clean and free of toxins. Your small plot of earth is connected to the bigger world at large, and keeping your area healthy is a great way to start cleaning up the planet as a whole.
- Designate an area of your yard as a garden, and plant fruit trees, vegetables or other edible plants. Have your children design small signs noting which seeds or plants are where.
- Contact your local parks and recreation department for information on planting trees in your community in celebration of earth day.
Earth Day Crafts For Kids
With craft sticks and fabric scraps, kids can create a unique flower garden with recycled materials, which is very appropriate for Earth Day. Find colorful fabric scraps and cut them into simple flower shapes, about 1-1.5 inches in diameter. Next, cut small circles and squares and glue them to the center of the flower shapes. Place five craft sticks, side by side with plenty of space between them so one craft stick will stretch across all five horizontally, making a fence. Glue one stick at the top and one at the bottom, about an inch from the edge. After the glue is dry, paint your fence white. Add six different lengths of chenille or green pipe cleaners to your fence with glue, creating flower stems. Add a flower to each stem. Glue the chenille stems to the fence. You can add a background and glue the flower fence to it for a picture that can be hung and framed.
Earth Day Games For Kids
Make Earth Day meaningful with games that teach your children about recycling. For example, for every item your children find in the house that can be recycled, give them points or prizes through one less chore or special treats. In addition, you can create a Bingo game with your children to teach the same ideas about recycling. Explain what objects are good and which are harmful to the environment and place them on a Bingo card. Every time your child points out an object that is on the bingo card, place a stamp over it. This way your child knows the object and what it means for preserving and caring for the planet.
Earth Day is a communal celebration that can be educational and fun. Encouraging your children to celebrate Earth Day is to create a caring environment inside and outside your home. Many communities have Earth Day celebrations to help spread and educate the need to be a steward of the planet. Check your local newspaper and community bulletin boards for Earth Day celebrations in your area.
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The effects of estrogen on the nose-twitch courtship behavior in mice why? Because the key words identify a specific behavior, a modifying agent, and the experimental organism. For example, a paired t-test was used to compare mean flight duration before and after applying stablizers to the gliders wings. It is not necessary (or even desirable) to use the words hypothesis or null hypothesis, since these are usually implicit if you clearly state your purpose and expectations. Avoid using ambiguous terms to identify controls or treatments, or other study parameters that require specific identifiers to be clearly understood. Here you will indicate what types of descriptive statistics were used and which analyses (usually hypothesis tests) were employed to answer each of the questions or hypotheses tested and determine statistical siginifcance Buy now Writing a journal paper University
April 1994) and the exact location of the study area. . Seeds exposed to the 2-day treatment had the highest cumulative germination (84), 1. A general rule-of-thumb is that the title should contain the presented. The effects of estrogen on the nose-twitch courtship behavior in mice why? Because the key words identify a specific behavior, a modifying agent, and the experimental organism.
You may use the active voice to a certain extent, although this section requires more use of third person, passive constructions than others. Is the average height of male students the same as female students in a pool of randomly selected biology majors you would first collect height data from large random samples of male and female students Writing a journal paper University Buy now
Do not fall into the trap of thinking that results contrary to what you expected are necessarily bad data. Remember to use the throughout - the work being reported is done, and was performed in the past, not the future. Organize the discussion to address each of the experiments or studies for which you presented results discuss each in the same sequence as presented in the results, providing your interpretation of what they mean in the larger context of the problem. It is not necessary (or even desirable) to use the words hypothesis or null hypothesis, since these are usually implicit if you clearly state your purpose and expectations. This website describes the style, content, and format associated with each section Buy Writing a journal paper University at a discount
Similarly, the first figure is figure 1, the next figure 2, etc. The text of the results section should be crafted to follow this sequence and highlight the evidence needed to answer the questionshypotheses you investigated. Write using your final outline and organized notes as guides. You should also indicate the used to analyze your results, including the probability level at which you determined significance (usually at 0. Consult the appropriate your next step is to verify that there are sufficient and relevant sources and that they meet the requirements of the assignment (e.
Present the results of your experiment(s) in a sequence that will logically support (or provide evidence against) the hypothesis, or answer the question, stated in the introduction Buy Online Writing a journal paper University
Abstract useful to someone who may to reference your work. A good way to get on track is to sketch out the introduction start with the specific purpose and then decide what is the scientific context in which you are asking the question(s) your study addresses. The loop was moved lightly back and forth over the agar to spread the culture. When possible, give the actual latitude and longitude position of the site these can be obtained using handheld gps units, or, from web resources such as google earth( (labeled as a figure) showing the study location in relation to some larger more recognizable geographic area. Key results depend on your questions, they might include obvious trends, important differences, similarities, correlations, maximums, minimums, etc Buy Writing a journal paper University Online at a discount
Therefore, enough key information (e. Although it is the first section of your paper, the abstract, by definition, must be written last since it will summarize the paper. Be sure to clearly state the purpose and or hypothesis that you investigated. The title is not a section, but it is necessary and important. As you become more proficient you will most likely compose the abstract from scratch.
Ay 1995 pool of biology majors if the summary statistics are shown in a figure, the sentence above need not report them specifically, but must include a reference to the figure where they may be seen males averaged 12. Designators such as tube 1, tube 2, or site 1 and site 2 are completely meaningless out of context and difficult to follow in context Writing a journal paper University For Sale
For example state briefly how you approached the problem (e. In genetics studies include the strains or genetic stocks used. You would then calculate the descriptive statistics for those samples (mean, sd, n, range, etc) and plot these numbers. Location data must be as precise as possible grover nature preserve, mi sw grover, maine rather than grover nature preserve or grover. You must refer to each table andor figure individually and in sequence (see ), and clearly indicate for the reader the key results that each conveys.
Make sure to although you might occasionally include in this section tables and figures which help explain something you are discussing, they must not contain new data (from your study) that should have been presented earlier For Sale Writing a journal paper University
When more then two authors, the names are separated by commas except for the last which is separated from the previous name by the word and. Updates to follow there is no magic formula for writing a successful research paper. For example, if you found that the mean height of male biology majors was significantly larger than that of female biology majors, you might report this result (in blue) and your statistical conclusion (shown in red) as follows males (180. For eaxmple, if you testing for differences among groups, and you find a significant difference, to simply report that groups a and b were significantly different. The judgment of what is general or specific is difficult at first, but with practice and reading of the scientific literature you will develop e firmer sense of your audience Sale Writing a journal paper University
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|Place of production||Memphis (?), Egypt|
|Date||7th and 6th centuries B.C.|
|Medium, technique||Bronze; hollow cast with wax process|
14.3 x 13.5 cm
|On view||Museum of Fine Arts, Basement Floor, Ancient Egypt, Temples and gods|
Apis, “the king of all sacred animals” in Egypt was depicted in this votive bronze statue originating presumably from Saqqara (the necropolis of the city of Memphis), from the period of the Twenty-sixth (Saite) Dynasty. Thanks to the numerous positive characteristics attributed to bulls (procreative power, unfettered life energy) the Apis bull and its cult became part of the rituals connected to Egyptian kingship as early as the beginnings of the country’s written history. On a theological level, the Apis bull was associated with Ptah in Memphis, the most ancient capital of Egypt. In the Late Period, votive bronze statues were produced and erected en masse to pay tribute to the Apis bull, which was considered the living image and earthly manifestation of Ptah. Among them, the proportionately represented and masterly executed Budapest piece is one of the highest quality pieces.
The votive statuette shows the usual depiction of the bull striding forward with its front left leg. It wears a sun-disc with a uraeus-serpent between its horns, while the body is incised with various decorations and symbols of the cosmic significance of the Apis bull. The (white) triangle engraved into its forehead was one of the distinctive body marks based on which the priests were able to recognize the new incarnation after the bull kept in the temple district died. The winged scarab at the front part of the bull’s back and the figure of the vulture-shaped sky goddess engraved further down refer to the cosmic functions of the Apis. Presumably, like the votive objects of other animal cults found in the animal burial grounds in Saqqara, the Apis bronzes were offered at particular festival events, mainly during the festivals of Osiris as well as the New Year celebration and the festive events aimed at the continuation and renewal of the state.
This record is subject to revision due to ongoing research.
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- What is a magnetic field made of?
- Can humans feel magnetic fields?
- How does the magnetic field affect humans?
- Which unit is Tesla?
- What are the characteristics of a magnetic field?
- How large is a magnetic field?
- How does a magnetic field work?
- How magnetic field is created?
- How can you detect a magnetic field?
- What is H in magnetic field?
- What causes a magnetic field?
- Can we use the Earth’s magnetic field to generate electricity?
- Is the Earth’s core magnetic?
- Can we see magnetic flux lines?
- What is the definition of magnetic field?
- What is magnetic field and what is its source?
- Where is a magnetic field strongest?
- What is the end of a magnet called?
What is a magnetic field made of?
Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges.
Everything is made up of atoms, and each atom has a nucleus made of neutrons and protons with electrons that orbit around the nucleus.
Since the orbiting electrons ≠are tiny moving charges, a small magnetic field is created around each atom..
Can humans feel magnetic fields?
Magnetoreception (also magnetoception) is a sense which allows an organism to detect a magnetic field to perceive direction, altitude or location. … Humans are not thought to have a magnetic sense, but there is a protein (a cryptochrome) in the eye which could serve this function.
How does the magnetic field affect humans?
The Earth’s magnetic field does not directly affect human health. Humans evolved to live on this planet. High-altitude pilots and astronauts can experience higher levels of radiation during magnetic storms, but the hazard is due to the radiation, not the magnetic field itself.
Which unit is Tesla?
The tesla (symbol T) is the derived SI unit of magnetic flux density, which represents the strength of a magnetic field. One tesla represents one weber per square meter.
What are the characteristics of a magnetic field?
General Properties of Magnetic Lines of ForceThey seek the path of least resistance between opposite magnetic poles. … They never cross one another.They all have the same strength.Their density decreases (they spread out) when they move from an area of higher permeability to an area of lower permeability.More items…
How large is a magnetic field?
The magnitude of the magnetic field (B) is more a function of the shape of the magnet than its size. For example, a 1/4″ cube (B444) has a Surface Field of 5754 Gauss. So does a bigger cube, such as a 1/2″ cube (B888), 1″ cube (BX0X0X0), or even a monster 2″ cube (BY0Y0Y0).
How does a magnetic field work?
When an electric charge travels, the magnetic field generates as the electrons that spin and move around become magnetic objects themselves. Elements that have unpaired electrons in their ground states such as iron, cobalt and nickel can be aligned such that they form permanent magnets.
How magnetic field is created?
As Ampere suggested, a magnetic field is produced whenever an electrical charge is in motion. The spinning and orbiting of the nucleus of an atom produces a magnetic field as does electrical current flowing through a wire. The direction of the spin and orbit determine the direction of the magnetic field.
How can you detect a magnetic field?
A simple compass can detect a magnetic field and demonstrate its direction. Iron filings can be used to show the shape of a magnetic field. At the sophisticated level, a gaussmeter can detect a field and indicate its strength, as measured in gauss units.
What is H in magnetic field?
The definition of H is H = B/μ − M, where B is the magnetic flux density, a measure of the actual magnetic field within a material considered as a concentration of magnetic field lines, or flux, per unit cross-sectional area; μ is the magnetic permeability; and M is the magnetization. …
What causes a magnetic field?
The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the Earth’s outer core: these convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo.
Can we use the Earth’s magnetic field to generate electricity?
Actually, it’s possible to use the Earth’s magnetic field to generate electricity. A satellite in the form of large diameter loop in orbit around the Earth will generate a current in that loop, and could be used to power something, but at the cost of a rapidly degrading orbit.
Is the Earth’s core magnetic?
The magnetism of Earth’s core is due to the electrical conductivity of the liquid metal it contains. The magnetic field is thought to arise according to the so-called geodynamo model: the molten core’s movement gives rise to electric currents that in turn produce the magnetism of Earth.
Can we see magnetic flux lines?
At each end of a magnet is a pole. These lines of flux (called a vector field) can not be seen by the naked eye, but they can be seen visually by using iron fillings sprinkled onto a sheet of paper or by using a small compass to trace them out.
What is the definition of magnetic field?
Magnetic field, a vector field in the neighbourhood of a magnet, electric current, or changing electric field, in which magnetic forces are observable.
What is magnetic field and what is its source?
Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents, which can be macroscopic currents in wires, or microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits. The magnetic field B is defined in terms of force on moving charge in the Lorentz force law.
Where is a magnetic field strongest?
the closer the lines, the stronger the magnetic field (so the magnetic field from a bar magnet is strongest closest to the poles) the lines have arrowheads to show the direction of the force exerted by a magnetic north pole.
What is the end of a magnet called?
Magnetic poleMagnetic pole, region at each end of a magnet where the external magnetic field is strongest. A bar magnet suspended in Earth’s magnetic field orients itself in a north–south direction. The north-seeking pole of such a magnet, or any similar pole, is called a north magnetic pole.
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The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) observed the flare's peak at 1:41a.m. ET (0641 UT). SDO recorded these images (above) in extreme ultraviolet light that show a very large eruption of cool gas. It is somewhat unique because at many places in the eruption there seems to be even cooler material -- at temperatures less than 80,000 K.
This is a Coronal Mass Ejection as viewed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory on June 7, 2011. Credit: Credit: NASA/SDO
When viewed in Solar and Heliospheric Observatory's (SOHO) coronagraphs (right), the event shows bright plasma and high-energy particles roaring from the Sun. This not-squarely Earth-directed CME is moving at 1400 km/s according to NASA models.
The CME should deliver a glancing blow to Earth's magnetic field during the late hours of June 8th or June 9th. High-latitude sky watchers should be alert for auroras when the CME arrives.
Check back shortly as more media is coming in as this is being published.
What is a solar flare? What is a CME?
For answers to these and other space weather questions, please visit the Spaceweather Frequently Asked Questions page: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/spaceweather/index.html
Susan Hendrix | EurekAlert!
From rocks in Colorado, evidence of a 'chaotic solar system'
23.02.2017 | University of Wisconsin-Madison
Prediction: More gas-giants will be found orbiting Sun-like stars
22.02.2017 | Carnegie Institution for Science
In the field of nanoscience, an international team of physicists with participants from Konstanz has achieved a breakthrough in understanding heat transport
Cells need to repair damaged DNA in our genes to prevent the development of cancer and other diseases. Our cells therefore activate and send “repair-proteins”...
The Fraunhofer IWS Dresden and Technische Universität Dresden inaugurated their jointly operated Center for Additive Manufacturing Dresden (AMCD) with a festive ceremony on February 7, 2017. Scientists from various disciplines perform research on materials, additive manufacturing processes and innovative technologies, which build up components in a layer by layer process. This technology opens up new horizons for component design and combinations of functions. For example during fabrication, electrical conductors and sensors are already able to be additively manufactured into components. They provide information about stress conditions of a product during operation.
The 3D-printing technology, or additive manufacturing as it is often called, has long made the step out of scientific research laboratories into industrial...
Nature does amazing things with limited design materials. Grass, for example, can support its own weight, resist strong wind loads, and recover after being...
Nanometer-scale magnetic perforated grids could create new possibilities for computing. Together with international colleagues, scientists from the Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have shown how a cobalt grid can be reliably programmed at room temperature. In addition they discovered that for every hole ("antidot") three magnetic states can be configured. The results have been published in the journal "Scientific Reports".
Physicist Dr. Rantej Bali from the HZDR, together with scientists from Singapore and Australia, designed a special grid structure in a thin layer of cobalt in...
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24.02.2017 | Life Sciences
24.02.2017 | Trade Fair News
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Doctors may soon be able to predict if patients will develop a particular disease based on their genes and lifestyle.
University researchers launched a study Tuesday titled “Genes for Good,” which aims to collect health and genetic information to better understand human health and preventative medicine. The study is co-led by Biostatistics Prof. Goncalo Abecasis and Scott Vrieze, assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Vrieze wrote in an e-mail interview that the goal of Genes for Good aligns with the aim of the Precision Medicine Initiative, which was announced during President Barack Obama’s State of the Union Address in January.
Obama characterized the initiative as a research effort to “revolutionize” how diseases are treated. The program was launched with a $215 million investment in the president’s 2016 budget.
The initiative aims to help clinicians provide the best possible care for patients by taking the patients’ genes, environments and lifestyles into account when determining medical treatments.
“What we’re doing is not unlike that which is being proposed and discussed for the new NIH Precision Medicine Initiative,” Vrieze wrote.
Abecasis said the recent technological advances have facilitated biomedical data analysis, which traditionally has been the limiting factor. He said researchers now need ways to generate and collect a large dataset of genetic and health information for analysis.
“One of the questions we were interested in was figuring out how to engage large numbers of people in research in a cost-effective manner,” Abecasis said. “By reaching large numbers of people, we can explore questions that can’t be tackled in small studies.”
Genes for Good collects health information by having its participants complete various health and lifestyle surveys. Once a certain number of surveys are completed, the participants can send in saliva samples to get their genes analyzed.
The genetic information includes details about an individual’s ancestry, such as what fraction of a patient’s genes originated from which continents.
Though participants can also download a full copy of the genetic information compiled through the project, the information will not be completely user-friendly in its current form.
“(It) is probably more useful for aficionados at the moment,” Abecasis said. “But that will become gradually more useful as more annotation services become available.”
Currently, the study uses Facebook as a platform to engage and reach out to a large, diverse group of people.
“We thought Facebook would be a place where many people already spent time as part of their regular routine,” Abecasis said. “And that perhaps they might answer some questions about their health as a small addition to that routine.”
Abecasis also said his team is currently working on a mobile version of the app to reach more individuals.
Rackham student Shweta Ramdas said she participated in Genes for Good because she wanted to contribute to the ongoing research.
“I saw this as win-win, really,” Ramdas said. “It’s also a great feeling knowing that you’re contributing to a research study, even if in a small way.”
Ramdas, who is studying bioinformatics, said she participated because her research project centers on human genetics. However, she wants to see others who do have background in genetics to participate in the study as well.
“I’d also want my non-Ph.D. friends to get excited about genetics and its increasing presence in our lives over the next few decades,” Ramdas said.
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Hydraulic fluid power systems can do a lot in industrial applications greater than human labor could ever. We’ve got the technology works as a result: gas or liquid that naturally flows may be used to transmit energy within a system with the help of an outdoors pressure. Hydraulic fluid systems have been in existence for hundreds of years. It started by using water, and so the name hydraulics, but more sophisticated systems in modern occasions depend on various oil-based substances.
The main reason fluids can transmit energy whenever a pressure is positioned in it could be described by Pascal’s Law. Pascal’s Law claims that pressure inside a limited body of fluid functions equally everywhere. Or a different way to explain it’s the pressure within a sealed system remains continuous. How it operates: when pressure is used, the piston pushes with the cylinder displacing the oil and magnifying the pressure. The machine can efficiently produce a exponential quantity of pressure with just a little of pressure expelled with a human or machine Click here.
There are several applications that need the rigidity that the liquid can offer. For the reason that situation, the best choice will be a hydraulic cylinder, even just in situations that need low power. With hydraulic fluid power, the motors and cylinders used are rather small in dimensions but nonetheless have remarkably high energy potential. Remarkable ability to slot in small spaces means they are easily adaptable for numerous applications. Machines which use hydraulic fluid power have numerous positive attributes. They are able to frequently be very adjustable but simultaneously could be held endlessly in a single position.
Additionally they allows accurate acceleration in addition to precision stopping. Meaning they’re a perfect easily fit in instances that need sudden momentum gain. Hydraulic systems may also handle greater torques and take care of quickly altering speeds. Hydraulic systems are often maneuverable because of the fact the power is also distributed everywhere. Due to this the machine doesn’t have to prevent when it’s turning or rotating. Hydraulic systems can operate in a number of hazardous and challenging conditions, including operating under water as well as in situations that need so that it is in working closeness for an open flame or high temperature.
Oftentimes, fluid systems can replace mechanical connections in a reduced cost. On another positive note, minimal maintenance services are needed for that system to become operational for prolonged periods. This will make hydraulic systems reliable and excellent for demanding industries for example construction, manufacturing, exploration, etc.
It isn’t an exaggeration to state hydraulics have forever altered how a world works. For instance, heavy machinery for example bulldozers and excavators utilized by the development industry, employ this technology. It permits them to move a lot of money of dirt, rocks along with other material effortlessly. It might have a group of humans numerous hrs simply to make the same results. Additionally, it reduces the quantity of risk the individual needs to take regarding personal safety and wellbeing.
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Compression socks are a well-known remedy for leg and foot swelling. Poor blood circulation in your legs can be caused by many factors, such as gravity. Your legs and feet are the furthest away from your heart, making it difficult for your body to return blood flow back up to the heart. Especially if you stand on your feet all day.
It is especially taxing on your veins to pump blood upwards, potentially leading to several conditions that can cause pain, fatigue, swelling, and other vein issues. That’s where compression socks come in. Compression socks can improve blood circulation and reduce leg fatigue in the most comfortable way possible.
Keep reading to learn more about how compression socks work, how they can help you, and the types of compression socks available.
How Do Compression Socks Work?
No rocket science here. Compression socks work by applying pressure to your legs and feet to improve blood flow and circulation. They provide a gradient of compression, getting stronger as they move down the leg to your feet. These are known as graduated compression socks. Compression levels can vary in different types of compression socks, measured in units of mmHg (millimetres of mercury). This measurement unit dictates the amount of pressure applied.
By applying pressure to the leg, compression socks reduce venous pressure within the limb. They are also designed to work with the natural pumping motion of your calves to allow optimal mobility while you walk or exercise. Compression socks go by many names such as orthopedic socks, compression hose, or medical compression stockings. Consult your doctor to learn which pair will work best for you.
How Can Compression Socks Help You?
Now that you know how compression socks work, what exactly can they do? Research shows that people of all ages and activity levels can wear compression socks to increase blood circulation and maximize endurance. Read on to learn more about what health conditions compression socks can treat.
Reduce Leg Fatigue And Pain
If you’ve ever experienced leg fatigue and pain throughout the day, you’re not alone. Many people who work long hours on their feet or sit at a desk may experience this sensation. Compression socks can combat leg fatigue and pain by increasing circulation, which increases the amount of oxygen in your legs to eliminate that heavy feeling.
Reduce Leg Fatigue And Pain
Swelling is one of the most common reasons to wear compression socks. That’s because they can improve your lymphatic circulation by applying pressure. Compression is the tightest around your feet and lower legs where swelling typically occurs. By applying pressure, compression socks force blood flow and the buildup of fluids to move upwards, reducing swelling.
Reduce Varicose Veins And Venous Ulcers
Varicose veins are not only painful, but they can cause you to feel insecure about the appearance of your legs. Varicose veins are enlarged veins close to the surface of your skin. They can become twisted and varicose from too much pressure.
This commonly occurs in the legs because walking and standing increase pressure in your lower body. Fortunately, compression socks are a great remedy that can reduce the buildup of blood in the veins, thereby relieving pressure and pain in your legs.
Research shows that venous ulcers can also easily be treated by compression socks. Venous ulcers are sores that take longer to heal due to poor vein blood flow. Both venous ulcers and varicose veins can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.
Help With Muscle Recovery
People who are healthy and active can also greatly benefit from the use of compression socks. Even if you don’t spend all day on your feet, research shows that compression socks can help boost muscle recovery post-workout. They also reduce the swelling and soreness that commonly occurs in the hours or days following a heavy workout.
Compression socks are designed to improve circulation and blood flow which in turn delivers the appropriate levels of oxygen and other essential nutrients to your legs and feet.
Prevent Blood Clots
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or blood clots, can be a very serious medical condition. Early signs of blood clots include leg swelling, cramping, and warmth. Fortunately, compression socks prevent the pooling of blood in your legs, thereby greatly reducing your risk of blood clots.
Who Can Benefit From Using Compression Socks?
Many people can benefit from the use of compression stockings. They aren’t exclusively used to treat health conditions. But who can benefit the most from wearing compression socks?
Prevent Blood Clots
If you’re currently pregnant, compression socks can help. During pregnancy, blood volume is increased, putting pregnant women at risk for impaired circulation, swelling, and varicose veins. We recommend wearing compression socks to reduce the risk of blood pooling and ease discomfort.
People With Medical Conditions
Anyone with a medical condition that increases their risk of blood clots or deep vein thrombosis should invest in a pair of compression socks. Even if you’re not currently at risk, family history, genetic disorders, injury, surgery, or certain medications can all increase your risk of blood clots. One reason being that extended bed rest can lead to blood pooling. Beyond treatment, compression socks are especially great for the symptom relief of many medical conditions.
If you’re an athlete looking to improve your performance, compression socks may be right for you. As mentioned, they provide post-workout relief and aid in the recovery of your muscles. Using compression socks both during and after training can help you perform your best by increasing blood circulation. They are proven to increase your endurance levels so you can perform at your maximum with less fatigue or discomfort.
If you’re planning to fly for a business trip or vacation, we highly recommend wearing compression socks during the flight. When you’re seated for extended periods of time, your circulation can be compromised, increasing your risk of developing blood clots. Swelling, fatigue, and pain are all common symptoms of long flights with low activity. Research suggests that wearing compression socks during travel can reduce your risk. We also recommend standing up and walking regularly during the flight, when permitted.
People Who Work On Their Feet
If your occupation requires you to stand or move on your feet for long periods of time, compression socks can help you. Occupational roles such as nurses can greatly benefit from wearing compression socks. They reduce the risk of swelling, fatigue, and discomfort when worn throughout the day.
Types Of Compression Socks
Getting the right amount of pressure from your compression socks is essential to achieving the right amount of blood circulation. For some people 15-20 mmHg — the standard over-the-counter pressure — is enough. However, some medical class stockings can range anywhere from 20 to 50 mmHg. We recommend consulting with your doctor to ensure you get the compression level that is right for you.
Graduated Compression Socks
Compression socks are designed to gradually decrease in strength as they move up your leg. That means the strongest amount of pressure is applied at your ankle and feet. These are known as graduated compression stockings. This type of sock is perfect for mobility and comfort, while providing the strength levels you may need.
Typically, graduated compression socks require a professional fitting to ensure you get the right amount of compression where you need it. This is dependent on your medical condition (or lack thereof). For example, some stockings end just below the knee to limit peripheral edema (leg swelling) which is due to fluid buildup. Others extend high up to the waist or upper thigh to prevent orthostatic hypotension.
Anti-embolism stockings reduce the risk of blood clots or deep vein thrombosis. They are specifically designed for people who aren’t mobile. Similar to graduated compression socks, anti-embolism stockings provide gradient compression throughout. The level of compression will depend on the strength (mmHg) of your stockings.
Non-Medical Support Hosiery
If you’re getting compression socks for a reason other than medical, non-medical support hosiery may be right for you. They don’t typically require a prescription and use less pressure than prescription compression stockings. You can expect a strength of 15 to 20 mmHg. These are ideal for everyday relief from leg fatigue and pain.
Types Of Compression Socks
Compression socks can improve circulation and prevent leg fatigue, swelling, and pain. They are a safe and affordable way to treat several medical conditions such as varicose veins, venous ulcers, and deep vein thrombosis. Compression socks can be used by anyone to relieve pain and improve vein health.
Most over-the-counter compression stockings provide a range of 15 to 20 mmHg standardized strength. If you’re not sure what level of strength is right for you, we suggest consulting with your doctor.
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Invented by Galileo Ferraris, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Jonas Wenström and Nikola Tesla in the late 1880s, the three phase system is less popular as compared to the single phase but, is actually more economical. This is because it uses less conductor material to transmit electrical power. Let us learn more about the three-phase system and three-phase transformers.
What is three-phase?
In three-phase, as the name suggests, three conductors carry alternating current of same frequency and voltage amplitude relative to a common reference but, with a phase difference of one-third the period. This common reference is connected to the ground and a current carrying conductor known as the ‘neutral’. The phase difference results in the voltage of a conductor reaching its peak at 1/3rd of a cycle after another conductor and 1/3rd of a cycle before the third conductor. The delay brings in constant transfer of power, which produces a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor.
How do single phase and three phase differ?
In single phase circuits, there is only one phase, meaning that the current will flow through only one wire and there will be only one return path to complete the circuit. Thus, minimum amount of power can be transported in single phase. This has been a very old system used since ages. However, with the invention of three-phase where more than one phase can be used for generating and transmitting current, things have changed. In the polyphase system, three phases are sent together from the generator to the load, where each phase has a difference of 120° angle electrically. This is how three phases are equally divided to cover a complete 360°.
A single-phase AC power supply uses two conductors – a phase and a neutral. When this is compared with a three-phase supply with no neutral and the same phase-to-ground voltage and current, the three-phase will be able to transmit three times as much power as single-phase while using only 1.5 times as many wires (3 wires instead of 2). A three-phase system may also use a fourth wire in low-voltage distribution known as the neutral. This neutral allows three separate single-phase supplies to be provided at constant voltage.
What makes three phase systems more desired?
Three-phase supplies have certain properties that make them advantageous and desired in power distribution systems.
- Power transfer is constant, which helps in reducing generator and motor vibrations.
- A rotating magnetic field is produced in a specific direction and with constant magnitude which simplifies the design of electric motors.
- The phase currents tend to cancel one another, summing to zero, making it possible to reduce the size of the neutral as it carries little or no current.
- The conductor needed in a three phase is 75% that of conductor required in single phase. Moreover, the instantaneous power in single phase falls to zero, while in three-phase, the net power from all phases provides continuous power to the load.
You may have now understood that three phase transformers have higher efficiency and minimum losses as compared to single phase. If you are looking to buy these transformers, you can get in touch with Miracle Electronics who provides efficient and fault-free transformers set at high standards in accordance with international standards for power generation, transmission and distribution.
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Starting an essay on henrik ibsen's a doll's house organize your thoughts and more at our handy-dandy shmoop writing lab. A doll’s house play a doll’s house essay format: single-space your header, including only name, course title, and date 
 double-space your assignment 
. A doll's house homework help questions what is the structure of henrik ibsen's a doll's house ibsen's play, a doll house, is structured somewhat differently than dramas based upon the form of . Joan templeton composed an essay titled the doll house backlash: criticism, feminism, and ibsen easily understood by the title, the essay focuses on the biggest controversy, feminism nora, who is constantly performing acts of selflessness to her husband, torvald, is mistreated throughout the play because she is not seen as equal.
- a doll’s house by henrik ibsen in the play, a doll’s house, by henrik ibsen, you will find numerous incidents, comprised of numerous beats inside each and every beat you will find exponential amounts of subtext, exposition, and character development. A dolls house feminism essaysis feminism really a theme in ibsen's, a doll's house in ibsen's a doll's house someone reading the book might say that feminism is a large theme in the story. A dolls house this is meant to be a thoughtful essay so please write in paragraph form as a preamble, name which chapter you will emphasize (later you can justify your choice), then give an overview about the period of time in which the play was written, the playwright’s circumstances in writing the play and the social environment that .
Free essay: henrik ibsen, author of one of the greatest drama plays a doll house, is said this piece of work is a feminist play feminism is defined as a. A critical analysis of a doll house by henrik ibsen henrik ibsen's background provided him the insight to write the play a doll house in britannica biographies, ibsen's father lost his business and the family's financial stability when ibsen was a young child. Reaction paper on a doll’s house there has never been a shortage of literature with gender roles as a main topic, and a doll’s house by henrik ibsen is one of the premier works on the subject known for being startlingly ahead of its time, this play holds a firm spot in literary history and . Essay ===== in the play a doll's house, henrik ibsen makes it obvious that nora loves torvald because of the things she does for him for instance, the contract that .
Essay a doll’s house: nora - when the door slams at the end of “a doll’s house” by henry ibsen, no one would not believe the woman walking out of her house is the same one who appeared at the beginning of the play. A doll’s house analysis in this scene, how does the dramatist effectively expose characters, relationships and issues so as to make the audience keen to see the rest of the play. Nora in a doll's house essays: over 180,000 nora in a doll's house essays, nora in a doll's house term papers, nora in a doll's house research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access.
reflective statement – a doll’s house essay sample in the play, “a doll’s house” written by henrik ibsen, there is a strong statement of existentialism throughout. A doll's house is a story about family, people who have lived together for many years, but never managed to be happy after reading ibsen’s play, the main heroes can be divided into positive and negative. This play, a doll house, extensively demonstrates the nature of emotional struggle that occurs between two people in a relationship throughout the marriage between nora and torvald, the three main requirements and qualities that are necessary for a successful marriage are not in implementation. Ibsen a dolls house the play “a doll’s house” by henrik isben brings to light the realities of middle class society and its values a woman’s place in 1800’s society was very different than it is today.
Free essay on a doll house essay available totally free at echeatcom, the largest free essay community this essay asserts that ibsen's play a doll's house . The play, a doll house, written by henrik ibsen in 1879, is considered a landmark in drama for its portrayal of realistic people, places, and situations ibsen. In the play a doll's house by henrik ibsen, animal imagery is used in the development of the main character nora it is also later found that the animal imagery is a critical part in understanding who nora is and how other characters perceive her. A doll house essays: over 180,000 a doll house essays, a doll house term papers, a doll house research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access.
Free essay: a doll house a feminist approach to the play by henrik ibsen the feminist movement is an ongoing reaction against the male definition of woman. A doll's house henrik ibsen a doll's house essays are academic essays for citation these papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of henrik ibsen's play a doll's house. “a doll’s house” is one of the major realistic problem plays of henrik ibsen in “a doll’s house”, nora helmer is the main character she is the wife of torvald helmer, who is a bank manager the story happens when christmas is coming to keep the job in torvald’s bank, krostad, who is .
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Biotechnology sub - topic B problems with profit and waste Part 1 SEWAGE
The effect of untreated sewage on rivers Rivers contain bacteria. These bacteria useoxygen during aerobic respiration. Untreated raw sewage contains organic material ( faeces ,food fragments, soap etc) Bacteriafeed on this organic waste, breaking it down to release energy. Theyuse this extra energy to multiply. The larger numbers of bacteria use up more oxygen Oxygen supply is depleted (reduced) Animals like fish die due to oxygen starvation
The breakdown of sewage by bacteria releasesNitrates and Phosphates Nitrates and phosphates are used by green algae to grow fast and cover the surface of the river/lake (algal bloom) The algae stop lightgetting to lower aquatic plants, which then die -- the oxygenthey provide during photosynthesis is no longer available Organic waste on river bed broken down by bacteria to release foul smelling gases and rotting materials.
Algal bloom 4 Raw sewage Fish die due to lack of oxygen 1 Nitrates and phosphates 6 3 Water has little oxygen 5 Bacteria feed on raw sewage Smelly gas 2 8 Anaerobic bacteria digest sewage to form methane gas 7
Water borne diseases Untreated sewage can contain micro- organisms causing ;- Dysentery, typhoid and cholera. In Britain sewage is treated in a Sewage treatment works to make it safe. Natural disasters ;- earthquakes can fracture underground pipes and cause raw sewage to mix with drinking water.
Treatment of Raw Sewage This is done at a Sewage Treatment works Material entering the sewage works is firstly screened to remove large objects eg. Rags and grit.
Primary Settlement Once screened, the sewage is passed to a primary settlement tank where it stays for 6 hours to separate solid from liquid waste.
Secondary treatment Aerobic breakdown of sewage Breakdown of sewage by anaerobic bacteria will always leave some sewage material untreated (unsafe). Aerobic bacteria, however will give complete breakdown, leaving only carbon dioxide and water (safe). Sewage + oxygen carbon dioxide + water aerobicbacteria Sewage contains a range of materials requiring particular micro-organisms for their breakdown, therefore a range of micro-organisms are needed to break it down fully.
Oxygen can be provided in two ways; • Biological filtration The sewage is trickled through filter beds and is broken down by bacteriacoating the stones. Air spaces between the stones provide the oxygen. B. Activated sludge process The sewage is mixed with activated sludge(sewage with sewage – eating bacteriaadded to it).Oxygen is then supplied by bubbling compressed air through the mixture. Primary settlement sludge
The treated sewage is then passed to finalsettlement tanks. Here, activated sludge present in the mixture from either process is allowed to settle out. The sludge collected is reused in the activated sludge process. The purified effluent is released into the river.
Anaerobic breakdown of sewage Sludge from primary settlement and activated sludge from the final settlement tank are combined and kept under anaerobic conditions, where bacteria break them down to produce methane gas(fuel). Waste from this process is either dumped at sea or treated to kill pathogens, and then offered to farmers for spraying on fields as fertiliser.
Sewage Treatment -- Summary Sewage + oxygen carbon dioxide + water A range of micro-organisms are needed to break down sewage because It contains a range of materials which cannot be broken down by only one type of micro organism
Airborne microbes Fungal spores and bacteria can travel in the air and land on surfaces. Floors in hospitals ,schools etc are washed regularly to minimise the spread of any harmful microbes Culturing Microbes We can grow colonies of microbes using a nutrient gel or Agar in a petri-dish.
Working with Microbes • We already know how microbes can help in the manufacture of food and drink. • Also that some microbes cause disease if they enter the bodies of living things. • It is obviously important when working with microbes in the lab to adopt “safe practice”. • This avoids unwanted growth of microbes and disease.
Unwanted Microbes • Contamination is the presence of unwanted, possible harmful microbes. • To prevent contamination all equipment must be clean and sterilised. • This is done in an autoclave, where equipment is heated to very high temperatures by steam (boiling is not enough).
Safe Practice • The bench is thoroughly cleaned with disinfectant and hands are washed. • Sterile (very clean) equipment is collected: • Petri dishes with agar food jelly • Plating loop • Culture of bacteria • Bunsen burner
Working close to the hot bunsen flame the loop is heated till red hot then allowed to cool. • This kills organisms on the loop
A sample of bacteria is collected from the culture bottle. The culture bottle is carefully opened and closed next to the flame.
Working close tothe flame the loop is now gently rubbed over the surface of the agarjelly in the dish.
The loop is again heated till red hot and allowed to cool. • The dish is sealed, then labelled and placed in an incubator. Lid Joe Bloggs microbeX 25/02/10 Label placed on bottom of dish Tape
Precautions taken during Manufacturing Processes CREDIT In most industrial processes involving microbes, the biggest danger is foreign bacteria or fungi getting into the process,rather than the cultured microbe escaping. Some bacteria and fungi make resistant spores when faced with adverse conditionse.g. extreme drought, heat, pH etc. The thick coat they produce only disintegrates when conditions become favourable again.
CREDIT • If these get into the manufacturing process • they may cause; • A health hazard – they may be pathogenic. • Financial loss if a whole batch of product is contaminated. • To prevent this, all equipment (fermenters, pipework etc. is frequently steam-cleaned. • The high temperature of the steam can kill the spores.
CREDIT Decay Bacteriaandfungican breakdown organic matter This process is calledDecomposition. Decomposition is anatural process. The bacteria or fungusobtain energy from breaking down the organic material
Recycling CREDIT Decomposers breakdown dead bodies and waste materials to organic compounds. The organic compounds containMineral salts that are released into the soil. Plants use theseMineral saltsto grow Apart fromMineral saltsthe elementsCarbonandNitrogenalso have to berecycled
Nitrogen Cycle Denitrifying bacteria Atmosphericnitrogen Nitrogen is used by animals and plants to make protein Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (in root nodules) Lightning storms absorbed through roots Soil nitrates Plant protein eaten Animal protein Nitrifying bacteria death death Nitrites Faeces + dead remains Nitrifying bacteria Ammonium compounds Decomposers (bacteria+fungi)
CREDIT Root nodules Plants like clover, peas andbeans have root nodules containing nitrogen fixingbacteria on the roots. These bacteria take nitrogen gas from the air and change it into nitrates in the roots. the clover uses the nitrates to make proteins. Farmers like clover to grow in a field to replace the supply of natural nitrates in the soil
Carbon Cycle CREDIT There are three main processes; Photosynthesis - usescarbon dioxide Respiration–releasescarbon dioxide Combustion – releasescarbon dioxide
CREDIT Carbon Cycle Atmospheric carbon dioxide respiration respiration respirationby decomposers photosynthesis eaten Carbon compounds in animals Carbon compounds in plants death death combustion Carbon compounds in dead organic matter (humus) Carbon in fuels e.g. coal
Food and Fuel from Waste Many manufacturing processes produce waste products. These waste products can be upgraded -- fed tomicrobes which convert them to products which are useful to people and other animals. Advantages of upgrading waste; Unwanted waste products can be converted into products with a high energy content(fuels), or a high protein value (foods). CREDIT Savings on waste disposal and environmental pollution.
Fuels from Microbes • Fermentation is an energy releasing process. • This is carried out by some microbes in the absence of oxygen. • Alcohol and methane gas are products of fermentation, they are fermentation fuels. Fossil fuels are NON RENEWABLE Fermentation fuels are RENEWABLE
1. Fermentation of Manure by bacteria To produce methane gas When microbes feed on fresh manure, they produce methane gas ( BIOGAS )
Glucose YEAST Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy 2. Fermentation of sugar into alcohol by Yeast. The Alcohol can be separated from the water by distillation. Alcohol burns so it can be used as a fuel
Brazil has lots of sunshine and land for growing crops. It can therefore grow lots of sugar cane. It does not have rich supplies of fossil fuels (COAL,GAS AND OIL ). These are expensive to import. Instead, sugar cane is fermented into alcohol which is then mixed with petrol to make GASOHOL . This is used instead of petrol in many vehicles.
There are advantages in using fermentation fuels rather than fossil fuels;
Protein from Microbes • Most micro-organisms reproduce themselves much faster than the cells of plants and animals. • Given food, water and heat, one bacterium can reproduce asexually to produce many thousands of bacteria within a few hours.
Most of a bacterial cell is composed of protein. Industry is able to use fast growing bacteria to manufacture protein-rich foods. The bacteria are grown, harvested and dried to form a protein-rich powder called single-celled protein which is used as animal feed. Some fungi produce a protein called mycoprotein, which can be processed to produce meat substitutes for cooking.
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2Sedimentary RockFor thousands, even millions of years, little pieces of our earth have been eroded--broken down and worn away by wind and water. These little bits of our earth are washed downstream where they settle to the bottom of the rivers, lakes, and oceans. Layer after layer of eroded earth is deposited on top of each. These layers are pressed down more and more through time, until the bottom layers slowly turn into rock.
3Sedimentary Rock - Sandstone Sandstone rocks are sedimentary rocks made from small grains of the minerals quartz and feldspar. They often form in layers as seen in this picture. They are often used as building stones.
4Sedimentary Rock - Limestone Limestone rocks are sedimentary rocks that are made from the mineral calcite which came from the beds of evaporated seas and lakes and from sea animal shells. This rock is used in concrete and is an excellent building stone for humid regions.
5Sedimentary Rock - Shale Shale rock is a type of sedimentary rock formed from clay that is compacted together by pressure. They are used to make bricks and other material that is fired in a kiln.
6Sedimentary Rock - Conglomerate Conglomerate rocks are sedimentary rocks. They are made up of large sediments like sand and pebbles. The sediment is so large that pressure alone cannot hold the rock together; it is also cemented together with dissolved minerals.
7Sedimentary Rock - Gypsum Gypsum rocks are sedimentary rocks made up of sulfate mineral and formed as the result of evaporating sea water in massive prehistoric basins. It is very soft and is used to make Plaster of Paris, casts, molds, and wallboards.
8Igneous RocksIgneous rocks are called fire rocks and are formed either underground or above ground. Underground, they are formed when the melted rock, called magma, deep within the earth becomes trapped in small pockets. As these pockets of magma cool slowly underground, the magma becomes igneous rocks.
9Igneous rocks are also formed when volcanoes erupt, causing the magma to rise above the earth's surface. When magma appears above the earth, it is called lava. Igneous rocks are formed as the lava cools above ground.
10Igneous Rock - GraniteGranite rocks are igneous rocks which were formed by slowly cooling pockets of magma that were trapped beneath the earth's surface. Granite is used for long lasting monuments and for trim and decoration on buildings.
11Igneous Rock - ScoriaScoria rocks are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. You can see where little pockets of air had been. Scoria is actually a kind of glass and not a mixture of minerals.
14Igneous Rock - Obsidian Obsidian rocks are igneous rocks that form when lava cools quickly above ground. Obsidian is actually glass and not a mixture of minerals. The edges of this rock are very sharp.
15Metamorphic RockMetamorphic rocks are rocks that have "morphed" into another kind of rock. These rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks. How do sedimentary and igneous rocks change? The rocks are under tons and tons of pressure, which fosters heat build up, and this causes them to change. If you exam metamorphic rock samples closely, you'll discover how flattened some of the grains in the rock are.
16Metamorphic Rock - Schist Schist rocks are metamorphic. These rocks can be formed from basalt, an igneous rock; shale, a sedimentary rock; or slate, a metamorphic rock. Through tremendous heat and pressure, these rocks were transformed into this new kind of rock.
17Metamorphic Rock - Gneiss Gneiss rocks are metamorphic. These rocks may have been granite, which is an igneous rock, but heat and pressure changed it. You can see how the mineral grains in the rock were flattened through tremendous heat and pressure and are arranged in alternating patterns.
201 Igneous rock is broken down into sediment by weathering and erosion. This sedimentis washed into rivers by rain and it settles atthe bottom of the rivers. Over time, morelayers of sediment are added. The weightof all the layers presses them together andthey eventually harden forming sedimentaryrock.
212 The sedimentary rock is pushed deeper into the earth. This adds to the pressure fromthe weight from above. It also moves closerto the heat of the magma stored in the deeperlayers of the earth. This pressure and heatcombined forces the sedimentary rock tocompletely change and it becomesmetamorphic rock.
223 If the metamorphic rock reaches the hotter magma, it will completely melt and becomepart of the magma. The magma travels alongunderground pathways which will eventuallyfind its way out to the surface throughvolcanoes. When the magma hits the surface,it becomes lava and begins to cool. Thecooled lava forms what is known as igneousrock.
25A sedimentary rock B igneous rock C metamorphic rock I am made up of bits and pieces of manydifferent types of rocks. I started forming inthe bottom of a river, but I was eventuallypushed underground where I hardened intorock. I contain fossils, which gives people apeek at what life was like millions of years ago.A sedimentary rockB igneous rockC metamorphic rock
27A sedimentary rock B igneous rock C metamorphic rock I was formed from hardened sediment thathad been pushed down deep into the earth.Pressure and heat have caused a completechange to create me.A sedimentary rockB igneous rockC metamorphic rock
29A sedimentary rock B igneous rock C metamorphic rock I started off as liquid magma formedfrom melted metamorphic rock. I reachedthe surface of the earth through a volcanowhere I cooled and hardened.A sedimentary rockB igneous rockC metamorphic rock
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Here are two recent reports related to climate change effects on water in or near Virginia.
1) In November 2014, a Smithsonian Institute research study was published indicating that “dead zones” in many parts of the world, including the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, are expected to be warmer by 2099, potentially increasing the size of the zones. Dead zones are areas in aquatic systems where the levels of dissolved oxygen are too low to support most life. A primary cause of such zones is excessive algae growth caused by excessive nutrients. Higher water temperatures can enhance algae growth and the bacterial composition of dead algae (which uses oxygen); moreover; higher temperatures reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen that a given volume of water can hold. Sources: Climate change expected to expand majority of ocean dead zones, Smithsonian Science, 11/10/14; and Larger ‘dead zones,’ oxygen-depleted water, likely because of climate change, Washington Post, 11/10/14.
2) In September 2014, the non-profit organization Climate Central (headquartered in Princeton, N.J.; see http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/history) released “Washington, D.C. and The Surging Sea: A Vulnerability Assessment with Projections for Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flood Risk.” The report examines in detail the areas and structures of the city that would be subject to more frequent flooding under predicted ranges of sea-level rise by 2100. The report is available online at http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/ssrf/dc; that site also has an interactive tool to show predicted flood exposure for specific zip codes. Additional source: Flooding from storm surge would threaten D.C. infrastructure, report says, Washington Post, 9/16/14.
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Substance Materials The centre of the handkerchief is a lightweight cream/white coloured habutai-like silk. It has slight slubbing. One direction of the weave is more pronounced than the other. Microscopic examination: Silk reference. Handkerchief fabric. The threads of the knitted/crocheted lace edge are shiny and cream coloured. Each thread is made of many individual fibres. … More Exercise 1.2 Substance and Story: Handkerchief
Exercise 1.1 Identify an archive and select three textile pieces to observe. As we are still in COVID-19 lockdown, I decided to use items from an old trunk that came from my husband’s paternal grandmother. The trunk was full of textiles, and many of the items were wrapped in newspaper dating from 1929, 1936 an … More Exercise 1.1 The Archive
Substance Materials There is no maker’s label on the article. The body of the collar is either a cotton or linen voile, with a very fine, open weave that renders it semi-transparent. Close up of voile. Microscopic examination of the fibre shows that piece is made of cotton. The fibres show the characteristic twist of … More Exercise 1.2 Substance and Story: Collar
Substance Materials There is no maker’s label on the article. The bed jacket is cream cotton voile, with a very fine, open weave that renders it semi-transparent. Microscopic examination of the fibre shows that piece is made of cotton. The fibres show the characteristic twist of cotton. Cotton reference. Jacket fibre. The threads of the … More Exercise 1.2 Substance and Story: Bed Jacket
Definitions A definition of textiles in the broadest sense: A textile is a material made of fibres. Micro-structure: fibres The first pre-requisite of my definition requires that a textile be made of fibres. Fibres is meant to encompass small threads or elongated pieces of any material. This can range from the traditional sources of fibre: … More What are textiles?
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Climate change is partly to blame for a startling increase in the size of the Sahara Desert over the past one hundred years. According to a new study, the worlds largest desert has expanded by 10 percent since 1920.
Researchers from the University of Maryland studied rainfall data to measure boundary changes of the desert and found that higher summer temperatures coupled with dry winters are increasing the overall aridity of the land. The expansion of the desert also spells trouble for humans and ecosystems in the Sahel, the transition zone between the desert and the lush green lands of the Savannah to the south.
"The trends in Africa of hot summers getting hotter and rainy seasons drying out are linked with factors that include increasing greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere," said Ming Cai, program director at the National Science Foundation, the group that funded the study. "These trends have a devastating effect on the lives of African people.”
In the study, published in the Journal of Climate, researchers found that the Sahara underwent its most significant expansion during summer, enlarging by an astonishing 16 percent before contracting during the winter months. Scientists believe the responsibility for this is split between factors related to climate change and natural climate cycles, with the latter thought to account for more than 65 percent of the overall expansion since 1920.
"Many previous studies have documented trends in rainfall in the Sahara and Sahel, but our study is unique in that we use these trends to infer changes in the desert expanse on a century timescale," said the studys lead author Natalie Thomas.
Concerns for the human and wildlife populations in the Sahel are growing in light of the findings. Reduced rainfall in the region is seen most prominently at Lake Chad, the body of water at the center of the transition zone, which is currently drying out.
The team hopes the research can be used to study other deserts around the world. "We've already started looking at seasonal temperature trends over North America, for example,” Thomas said. “Here, winters are getting warmer but summers are about the same. In Africa, it's the opposite – winters are holding steady but summers are getting warmer.”
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Beijing can probably be said to be one of the oldest still existing places of organised human habitation in the world with fossils dating 230,000 to 250,000 years back. The first walled settlement in its place was the city state Ji that existed from the 11th to 7th century BC.
In the early days of the Chinese Empire the region around Beijing was of regional importance and became a military centre. However, it was not until the Ming Dynasty (in the 14th century) that Beijing received capital status due to political difficulties in the southern capital of Nanjing. The Forbidden City and many other present day sights were built in the early 15th century and the general layout of the city has not been significantly changed ever since. Modern Chinese history is inevitably tied to its capital city, be it the Republican era, the Cultural Revolution of the 60s and 70s, the Tiananmen Square Massacre or the 2008 Olympics.
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This Christmas, along with merriment add some learning to the mix with math worksheets for kids. Christmas multiplication worksheets are the best way to get kids to learn multiplication over the holidays. Worksheets are a creative and innovative way to help kids learn how to multiply. Christmas-themed multiplication coloring worksheets makes learning more fun and engaging over the holidays. We’ve compiled a list of some fun Christmas multiplication worksheets for kids.
Printable Christmas-themed Multiplication Worksheets for Kids
These printable Christmas-themed multiplication worksheets make learning how to multiply easy and enjoyable for kids. Each Christmas multiplication worksheet has easy-to-follow instructions that can help little ones practice multiplication-related problems effectively. What can be more interesting than teaching multiplication on Christmas themes? You can download different kinds of free printable Christmas multiplication worksheets for kids given below.
List of Christmas-themed Multiplication Worksheets
- Christmas Multiplication Coloring Worksheets: Gingerbread Man
- Christmas Multiplication Worksheet for Grade 2
- Christmas Multiplication Worksheet for Grade 3
- Christmas Multiplication Worksheets for Grade 4
- Christmas Single-Digit Multiplication Worksheets
- Christmas Double-Digit Multiplication Worksheets
- Christmas Three-Digit Multiplication Worksheets
Christmas Multiplication Coloring Worksheets: Gingerbread Man
Solve the problem and color the image according to the color codes. In this worksheet, kids must solve the multiplication problem and color the image using the codes mentioned below. For example, 8 x 5 = 40, 2 x 10 = 20, 4 x 5 = 20, etc. This worksheet will help kids learn multiplication and enhance their coloring skills at the same time.
Grade-wise Christmas Multiplication Worksheets for Kids
Multiplication is one of the basic arithmetic operations and it is a skill that all kids must master. But learning multiplication can be quite difficult for little kids. Worksheets for kids are one of the easiest ways to help kids learn and practice their multiplication skills. Here are some multiplication worksheets for kids based on their grade.
Christmas Multiplication Worksheet for Grade 2
Keeping kids occupied in learning multiplication is quite a challenging task. Little kids love coloring and when you combine coloring with multiplication, it makes learning easy and fun. Christmas-themed color by number multiplication worksheets are a great way to help kids learn multiplication. Here is a fun Christmas-themed multiplication worksheet for kids in grade 2.
Check out these multiplication worksheets for grade 2.
Christmas Multiplication Worksheet for Grade 3
Make learning how to multiply fun and engaging over the holidays for your 3rd grader with a Christmas-themed multiplication worksheet. Here is a multiplication worksheet for kids in grade 3, which helps them practice single digit and double digit multiplication.
Check out these multiplication worksheets grade 3.
Christmas Multiplication Worksheets for Grade 4
Kids in grade 4 are more comfortable solving multiplication problems. They can easily solve single digit multiplication problems and know some of the multiplication tables for kids. You can gradually increase the level of difficulty by teaching them how to multiply double digit numbers. Give kids Christmas-themed 2 digit multiplication worksheets to help them learn easily.
Christmas Single-Digit Multiplication Worksheets
Help your children learn and practice single-digit multiplication-related problems using the printable given below. For example, 4 x 1 = 4, 5 x 3 = 15, 2 x 7 = 14, etc. Once your children learn to solve single-digit multiplication problems, you can teach them bigger numbers effectively. For now, you can download the Christmas multiplication printable given below.
Christmas Double-Digit Multiplication Worksheets
Help your children learn and practice double-digit multiplication-related problems effectively. You can introduce double-digit multiplication problems once they get acquainted with single-digit numbers. You can help children expand their mathematical knowledge by practicing the multiplication worksheets given below.
Christmas Three-Digit Multiplication Worksheets
Teach your children three-digit multiplication problems using the worksheet given below. This worksheet will help them solve the multiplication problems and retain the concept in their memory for a longer time. You can download Christmas three-digit multiplication worksheets to enhance your children’s mathematical skills for better academic performance.
Different Types of Christmas Multiplication Worksheets for Kids
There are several kinds of Christmas-themed math worksheets for multiplication and division available online. Kids can practice multiplication problems using these worksheets. Here is a list of the different types of Christmas-themed multiplication worksheets:
- Christmas coloring multiplication worksheets.
- Christmas single digit multiplication worksheets.
- Christmas double digit multiplication worksheets.
- Christmas and winter multiplication worksheets.
- Christmas color by code multiplication worksheets.
Activities to Teach Christmas Multiplication Worksheets for Kids
A few activities to teach kids multiplication using the worksheets are given below.
- Practice matching worksheets: In this activity, kids match the answers with their corresponding multiplication problems. For example, 4 x 4 = 16, 3 x 3 = 9, 2 x 4 = 8, etc. With this printable, kids will learn to solve simple multiplication problems within a fraction of a second.
- Color multiplication worksheets: In this worksheet, kids must color the answers with their corresponding multiplication numbers. They will learn to do instant calculations in their minds and color the answers in a creative way. Most importantly, they will develop coloring skills and gain mathematical knowledge at the same time.
- Cut and paste multiplication worksheets: In this worksheet, you must cut the answers and paste them adjacent to their questions. Kids can choose the correct answer by solving the problem and pasting them in the space provided. This activity will help kids to do hands-on learning for better understanding.
- Write the missing number worksheet: In this activity, kids fill in the missing numbers to complete the multiplication equations. For example, 5 x __ = 15. The answer is 5 x 3 = 15. Similarly, they can fill in the missing numbers by solving multiplication problems correctly.
- Solve word problems: In this worksheet, kids must solve a series of word problems related to multiplication. They must read the problems carefully and solve them to get accurate answers. For example, Sam purchased four chocolate candies from the grocery store. The cost of each chocolate candy is 3 $. What is the total cost of four chocolate candies? The answer is 4 x 3 = 12. Therefore, the total cost of four chocolate candies is 12 $.
Benefits of Christmas Math Worksheets Multiplication for Kids
Learning is not something that’s on top of a child’s to-do list, especially during Christmas. But Christmas themed worksheets are very helpful in getting kids to learn math during the holidays. These Christmas- themed multiplication worksheets make learning fun and engaging. Here are some of the benefits of getting your kids to solve Christmas multiplication worksheets:
- Helps them understand the concept of multiplication easily
- Boosts their interest in the subject
- Keeps them engaged in multiplication learning during the holidays
- Develops critical thinking and problem solving skills
- Improves concentration and observational skills, and
- Makes learning fun and entertaining.
For more multiplication worksheets, games and activities to make learning fun, check our kids learning section.
Frequently Asked Questions on Christmas Multiplication Worksheets
What are the different types of Christmas Multiplication Worksheets?
The different types of Christmas Multiplication Worksheets are solve and color, solve the given multiplication problems, Christmas Multiplication Worksheet For Grade 3, and Christmas Multiplication Worksheets For Grade 4.
What are some of the Fun Christmas Multiplication worksheets?
Some of the Fun Christmas Multiplication worksheets are color by code multiplication worksheets, winter multiplication worksheets, single digit multiplication worksheets, double digit multiplication worksheets, etc.
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What we believe for our curriculum.
Mathematics is a creative and highly inter-connected discipline which plays a fundamental part in our day to day lives. Mathematics provides a way of viewing and making sense of the world. Mathematics allows us to analyse, to communicate, to predict, to test ideas and to tackle a range of tasks and real life problems. Mathematics is integral to science and technology and is relevant for most forms of employment. We understand that Mathematics is a crucial life skill and is ‘essential knowledge’ needed for children to enter society as well-rounded citizens.
It is our intention to provide a range of opportunities which will nurture pupil’s understanding and appreciation of pattern and develop a strong conceptual understanding of mathematics; both its structures and its relationships in order to cultivate pupils who are capable of thinking logically and mathematically, who can make connections between concepts, who can solve problems which often have real – life contexts integral to our topic areas- and who can reflect on their learning experience.
Through Maths we aim to support this philosophy by:
- challenging children to develop a positive attitude towards mathematics and to achieve
- asking pupils to recall and apply their knowledge confidently and efficiently to a range of tasks including real life problems
- asking children to think logically and independently and to explore problems using appropriate strategies
- asking children to conjecture and convince with their peers and adults, demonstrating their ‘maths reasoning’
- encouraging pupils to find connections between concepts
- asking children to demonstrate their application of mathematics across the curriculum linked to the topic areas
- using mental calculation and efficient strategies to tackle problems with increasing complexity
- providing multiple representations of the same concept; both physical and visual resources to allow pupils to manipulate, experience and see concepts for themselves
- working systematically, co-operatively and with perseverance
- fostering equality of opportunity regardless of race, gender or ability
- giving children regular opportunities to reflection on their learning.
At Holbrook we acknowledge that pupils optimise their learning when they are given opportunities to revisit concepts, practise and apply skills on a regular basis and in different contexts across our broad and balanced curriculum. Also that is imperative for children must to be given regular opportunities to reflect on their learning. (John Mason 2002)
How we put our aims into daily practice.
Holbrook’s mathematics curriculum is taken principally from the Primary Curriculum and is supported by incorporating ideas from ‘White Rose Maths’. However, teaching staff adopt unique and creative approaches to facilitate the teaching of maths. Skills and procedures in mathematics are often taught initially as stand-alone lessons but teaching staff create opportunities throughout the broader curriculum for children to apply the skills learnt especially in Science and in our topic areas. For example Year 6 scaled down the stopping distance of a spitfire to create a runway which they needed to light up in the Electricity unit in Science. Year 3/4 held a slave auction: children converted money into Roman coins and applied knowledge of addtion and subtraction.
Recall of number facts are taught and practised on a regular basis; this includes times tables up to 12 x 12 in Key Stage 2 and number bonds and addition and subtraction facts in Key Stage 1. In year 6 mental maths skills are taught on a daily basis. Reasoning tasks which demand mathematical thinking are carried out at least twice weekly in all classes across the school, these may be verbal tasks that require children to conjecture and convince and to explain their ideas, puzzles or problem solving tasks including those with real life contexts, some linked to topic. E.G. as in year 5 when children were given the job of a billeting officers and had to work out the logistics of housing a new batch of evacuees. New schema words are introduced each year and previous year’s vocabulary revisited.
We are successful because.
Short term assessments are an informal part of every lesson to check understanding and give immediate feedback either verbally or through evaluative marking against individual targets set. Teacher assessments, guided through the implementation of Pupil Band expectations, *Basic Skills Tracking Grids materials, ensuring that all staff are secure in knowing the National Curriculum level that each child is working at and the next steps a child should be working on. To guide pupil achievement assessment termly assessment materials from White Rose are used by staff of Y1, Y3, Y4 and Y5. Y2 and Y6 use the end of year national assessment frameworks. At the end of each school term, teacher assessment is used to monitor progress and identify areas for development from Year 1 to Year 6. 1-to-1 meetings with the Executive Head teacher or Head of School allow for interventions to be put in place for those pupils underachieving.
Use of the Foundation Stage Profile will continue to monitor children’s progress into Year 1.
A cross section of weekly planning is monitored termly, pupil perceptions are carried out and a sample of children’s work is scrutinised annually. Areas of outstanding/good practice and action points for development are then fed back to staff.
The school has its own progression of skills grids for each subject area.
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The Slave Trade
The lecture was held in the “English Classroom” of the Cathedral of Learning, a historic landmark on the university campus.
History professor Marcus Rediker lectured during a course on Colonial America at the University of Pittsburgh. He talked about the origins of the slave trade to the Americas between 1640 and the early 1800s.
The lecture was held in the “English Classroom” of the Cathedral of Learning, a historic landmark on the university campus. close
People in this video
- University of Pittsburgh | History DepartmentUniversity of Pittsburgh | History Department
The Slave Ship
Marcus Rediker talked about his book The Slave Ship: A Human History, published by Viking. In his book he documents the…
Interpreting Colonial Slave Life
Harold Caldwell talked about slave life in colonial America.
The Amistad Rebellion
Marcus Rediker, history professor at the University of Pittsburgh, talked about his book, The Amistad Rebellion: An…
Bicentennial of the Abolition of Transatlantic Slave Trade to the U.S.
The panel talked about the Transatlantic Slave Trade in relative and contemporary frameworks. They reviewed recent…
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6 Applications: Explore
6.1 Case study: Effective communication of exploratory results
Graphs can powerfully communicate ideas directly and quickly. We all know, after all, that “a picture is worth 1000 words.” Unfortunately, however, there are times when an image conveys a message which is inaccurate or misleading.
This chapter focuses on how graphs can best be utilized to present data accurately and effectively. Along with data modeling, creative visualization is somewhat of an art. However, even with an art, there are recommended guiding principles. We provide a few best practices for creating data visualizations.
6.1.1 Keep it simple
When creating a graphic, keep in mind what it is that you’d like your reader to see. Colors should be used to group items or differentiate levels in meaningful ways. Colors can be distracting when they are only used to brighten up the plot.
Consider a manufacturing company that has summarized their costs into five different categories. In the two graphics provided in Figure 6.1, notice that the magnitudes in the pie chart are difficult for the eye to compare. That is, can your eye tell how different “Buildings and administration” is from “Workplace materials” when looking at the slices of pie? Additionally, the colors in the pie chart do not mean anything and are therefore distracting. Lastly, the three-dimensional aspect of the image does not improve the reader’s ability to understand the data presented.
As an alternative, a bar plot has been provided. Notice how much easier it is to identify the magnitude of the differences across categories while not being distracted by other aspects of the image. Typically, a bar plot will be easier for the reader to digest than a pie chart, especially if the categorical data being plotted has more than just a few levels.
6.1.2 Use color to draw attention
There are many reasons why you might choose to add color to your plots. An important principle to keep in mind is to use color to draw attention. Of course, you should still think about how visually pleasing your visualization is, and if you’re adding color for making it visually pleasing without drawing attention to a particular feature, that might be fine. However, you should be critical of default coloring and explicitly decide whether to include color and how. Notice that in Plot B in Figure 6.2 the coloring is done in such a way to draw the reader’s attention to one particular piece of information. The default coloring in Plot A can be distracting and makes the reader question, for example, is there something similar about the red and purple bars? Also note that not everyone sees color the same way, often it’s useful to add color and one more feature (e.g., pattern) so that you can refer to the features you’re drawing attention to in multiple ways.
6.1.3 Tell a story
For many graphs, an important aspect is the inclusion of information which is not provided in the dataset that is being plotted. The external information serves to contextualize the data and helps communicate the narrative of the research. In Figure 6.3, the graph on the right is annotated with information about the start of the university’s fiscal year which contextualizes the information provided by the data. Sometimes the additional information may be a diagonal line given by \(y = x\), points above the line quickly show the reader which values have a \(y\) coordinate larger than the \(x\) coordinate; points below the line show the opposite.
6.1.4 Order matters
Most software programs have built in methods for some of the plot details. For example, the default option for the software program used in this text, R, is to order the bars in a bar plot alphabetically. As seen in Figure 6.4, the alphabetical ordering isn’t particularly meaningful for describing the data. Sometimes it makes sense to order the bars from tallest to shortest (or vice versa). But in this case, the best ordering is probably the one in which the questions were asked. An ordering which does not make sense in the context of the problem (e.g., alphabetically here), can mislead the reader who might take a quick glance at the axes and not read the bar labels carefully.
In September 2019, YouGov survey asked 1,639 Great Britain adults the following question71:
How well or badly do you think the government are doing at handling Britain’s exit from the European Union?
- Very well
- Fairly well
- Fairly badly
- Very badly
- Don’t know
6.1.5 Make the labels as easy to read as possible
The Brexit survey results were additionally broken down by region in Great Britain. The stacked bar plot allows for comparison of Brexit opinion across the five regions. In Figure 6.5 the bars are vertical in Plot A and horizontal in Plot B. While the quantitative information in the two graphics is identical, flipping the graph and creating horizontal bars provides more space for the axis labels. The easier the categories are to read, the more the reader will learn from the visualization. Remember, the goal is to convey as much information as possible in a succinct and clear manner.
6.1.6 Pick a purpose
Every graphical decision should be made with a purpose. As previously mentioned, sticking with default options is not always best for conveying the narrative of your data story. Stacked bar plots tell one part of a story. Depending on your research question, they may not tell the part of the story most important to the research. Figure 6.6 provides three different ways of representing the same information. If the most important comparison across regions is proportion, you might prefer Plot A. If the most important comparison across regions also considers the total number of individuals in the region, you might prefer Plot B. If a separate bar plot for each region makes the point you’d like, use Plot C, which has been faceted by region.
Plot C in Figure 6.6 also provides full titles and a succinct URL with the data source. Other deliberate decisions to consider include using informative labels and avoiding redundancy.
6.1.7 Select meaningful colors
One last consideration for building graphs is to consider color choices. Default or rainbow colors are not always the choice which will best distinguish the level of your variables. Much research has been done to find color combinations which are distinct and which are clear for differently sighted individuals. The cividis scale works well with ordinal data. (Nuñez, Anderton, and Renslow 2018) Figure 6.7 shows the same plot with two different colorings.
In this chapter different representations are contrasted to demonstrate best practices in creating graphs. The fundamental principle is that your graph should provide maximal information succinctly and clearly. Labels should be clear and oriented horizontally for the reader. Don’t forget titles and, if possible, include the source of the data.
6.2 Interactive R tutorials
Navigate the concepts you’ve learned in this chapter in R using the following self-paced tutorials. All you need is your browser to get started!
You can also access the full list of tutorials supporting this book here.
6.3 R labs
Further apply the concepts you’ve learned in this part in R with computational labs that walk you through a data analysis case study.
You can also access the full list of labs supporting this book here.
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ETHNONYMS: Aricours, Aukuyene, Karipúna-Palikúr, Paricura, Paricuri, Parucuria, Parikwenê
Identification. The name "Palikur" was initially recorded in 1507 by Vicente Yañez Pinzón, who stated that he had discovered la mar dulce (the Amazon) and the province of Paricura in 1500. Nowadays, the members of the group bearing that name call themselves Parikwenê, with the suffix wenê (or yun ê) translated as "nation" in French or "race" in Portuguese. The name can be considered generic for "people" because the Palikur extend it to other indigenous groups as well, placing it before the name of each one, for example "Parikwenê-Galibí," "ParikwenêKaripúna," "Parikwenê-Oyampik."
Location. In the sixteenth century the Palikur lived in the coastal region, north of the mouth of the Amazon River, in what is today the Brazilian state of Amapá, between 1o and 3° N and 50° and 51° W. In the first half of the eighteenth century they were living further west between the headwaters of the Calçoene and the Curipi rivers, on the upper Uaçá, and the Urucauá. Toward the end of the nineteenth century they were concentrated in the Urucauá region, where they had as their closest neighbors the Galibí-Marawone (upper Uaçá) and the Karipúna (Rio Curipi). In 1902, after the end of the Franco-Brazilian Dispute, they (with the exception of one family) migrated to French Guiana, although later the majority of the group's members returned to the Rio Urucauá, which they considered their homeland. Members of the Brazilian and French Guianan groups, however, who are linked by kinship, often visit each other. Families and individuals also frequently change their place of residence.
Linguistic Affiliation. The Palikur language is affiliated with the Arawak Language Family; 44 percent of its vocabulary is similar to the Mehinaku language (Upper Xingu) and 39 percent to that of the Moxo (Bolivia). Palikuran is also related to several Arawakan languages of the upper Río Negro; that is, Baniwan, Kuripakan, Tarianan, and so forth. In former times the Palikur language was divided into several dialects, of which the dialect of the now-extinct Kamuyenê clan prevailed as the group's language. Besides those dialects, there was a lingua franca, Kapt nka, that was used in interclan contacts and in ceremonies; some of the oldest men of the group still speak it. The men and some women also speak the patois of French Guiana, which is used in communicating with the GalibíMarawone and the Karipúna, who generally speak this language. In the village of Flechas (lower Urucauá), populated by Palikur, Galibí, and Black immigrants from the Rio Cunani, patois is also the usual means of communication.
Demography. By the middle of the seventeenth century, the indigenous population living between the Cassiporé and Maroni rivers (French Guiana) was estimated at 3,500 people, of which a total of around 1,200 were Palikur (including the Karipúna), with almost 400 bowmen. In 1730 it was estimated that there were 480 Palikur, distributed among 160 families or houses. In 1787 there were 484 Indians living on the lower Oiapoque (or Vicente Pinzón) and its environs, among them 141 Palikur. At the beginning of the twentieth century, when they migrated to French Guiana, the Palikur numbered between 200 and 300. In 1984 there were 572 Palikur on the Urucauá, occupying six villages, and a total of 405 Palikur were living in French Guiana.
History and Cultural Relations
The first explorations in the area of Guiana were made by the English, Dutch, and French, especially following the expedition by Lawrence de Keymes in 1596, who reported the presence of a dozen indigenous nations. The area to the north of the Oiapoque was then occupied by the Carib (Caribbana) Indians, and that to the south by the Arawak (Arowachi, Arowacas). In 1604 the Frenchmen Sieur de Ravardière and Guy de Mocquet made a reconnaissance of the Guianan littoral. They found that the Yayo and Karipúna-Palikur Indians had formed a confederation to attack the Galibí. In the 1680s the Palikur and the Galibí were still enemies, until a certain M. Ferolles made an attempt to reconcile them. He arranged a ceremony in which the chiefs of both groups had fistfights, embraced, and then said their good-byes. As of the beginning of the eighteenth century, there are no more recorded conflicts between the Palikur and the Galibí. D'Anville's map of 1729 shows the Palikur living between the Calçoene and Curipi rivers, with the notation that they were friends of the French. In 1783 a Jesuit priest, Father Fauque, established a short-lived mission among the Uaçá Palikur, but was not able to evangelize even the small group with whom he had strong ties. At the end of the eighteenth century, when Portugal and France were at war with each other, a Portuguese expedition occupied the contested territory, burned all Indian villages—including those of the Palikur—and carried off the inhabitants into the interior of Brazil. Because of this, the Palikur remained isolated during the nineteenth century, and there are few reports about them. As soon as the disputed territory was conceded definitively to Brazil in 1900, the Brazilian authorities began to oust the immigrants and merchants from French Guiana (Creoles, Malayans, etc.) who had settled in the Oiapoque-Uaçá area. As late as the 1920s the Urucauá Palikur still continued to sympathize more with the Creoles than with the Brazilians. This was because they had not forgotten the enslavement of their ancestors by the Portuguese, and because the majority of the Brazilians despised the Indians and faulted them for speaking patois and not Portuguese. Baptisms of the Palikur continued to take place in the city of Saint Georges (French Guiana), and the indigenous captain of Urucauá went on wearing a French-style uniform even though more than twenty years had passed since the end of the Dispute. In 1936 the War Ministry of Brazil sent an emissary, Major Tomaz Reis, to Uaçá to study the possibility of gathering the Indians in a single village and using them as border guards. The emissary did not think this possible, however, because of intertribal differences. In 1942 the Serviço de Proteçâo aos Índios (SPI, the Indian Protection Service) installed a Nationalization Service at the confluence of the Uaçá and Curipi rivers, intending to integrate the natives of the area into the larger Brazilian society. The plans that were put into practice did not fully reach their objectives, however, owing to the lack of good environmental and ethnological studies, especially on the Palikur. They were not given school instruction at that time because of the reaction of the Palikur elders, who believed school to be a form of slavery. But as of 1967, when they began adopting Pentecostalism, and when contacts with Brazilians improved, the Palikur became amenable to formal schooling and to the various programs the National Indian Foundation (Fundação Nacional do Índio, FUNAI), created in 1967, introduced in the region. Historically, the Palikur were divided into two regional groups of several villages, each of which was occupied by only one clan. Apart from family dwellings, they built larger houses away from the single-family units, spacious enough to accommodate between 30 and 40 people. Territorial separation no longer prevails, and clan groups are distributed indistinctly between several villages. On the Rio Urucauá, until 1970, population figures varied between 15 and 70 persons. In the village of Ukumenê, however, where a Pentecostal church was built in 1980, there were 350 people, that is to say, more than one-half the Palikur population on the Urucauá. The rectangular houses, usually occupied by only a nuclear family, are without walls and have two-sided straw roofs and eaves; the floors are of planks or paxiuba -palm stems, averaging 4 meters in length by 3 meters in width. Houses are built with no fixed plan, with the exception of the village of Ukumenê, where they line a street. The Palikur traditionally slept on woven cotton hammocks. In the twentieth century, however, they have begun sleeping on rush mats, which they learned to make from the Blacks of the Rio Cunani. As of 1942, when SPI's Nationalization Service was installed in the area, the Palikur began using mosquito nets.
Subsistence and Commercial Activities. As with numerous other tribes of Guiana, fishing has always been of prime importance to the Palikur. From 1942 on, horticulture, which had been neglected for many years, began once again to be practiced. Hunting and fishing are complementary subsistence activities. Fishing is done with bows and arrows, harpoons, and cotton fishing lines with hooks. Fishing with timbó poison is slowly falling into disuse. Shotguns are used for hunting, and in horticulture, iron tools are used.
Manioc is the principal cultivated plant, but sweet potatoes, sugarcane, peppers, gourds, and cotton are also grown. From the Europeans the Palikur have adopted papayas, mangoes, citrus trees, and coffee. Maize, a traditional cultivar, is rarely grown today. Rice was introduced by the SPI but its cultivation is also rare because of the abundance of rats in the area. Bitter manioc was traditionally used in the preparation of flat cakes and beer. The Palikur learned to make roasted manioc flour from the Creoles of French Guiana and the Blacks of the Rio Cunani. It is processed by using a wooden grater with metal chips, cylindrical cassava squeezers for the extraction of manioc juice, wooden troughs for stirring the mass, and clay ovens or imported iron ovens for roasting. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the main commercial surplus was roasted manioc flour. In the 1940s and 1950s the commercialization of alligator skins took first place, for example, among the Uaçá Galibí and the Karipúna. This trade diminished because of the near-extinction of these animals.
Industrial Arts. Palikur material culture includes basketry, pottery, and objects of wood, bone, feathers, and cotton seeds. The Palikur use plaiting and coiling techniques in the manufacture of large carrying and storage baskets, fans, and manioc squeezers. Pottery for daily and ceremonial use is simple and variously decorated. Wood is used in the manufacture of weapons, small dugouts, paddles, mortars, troughs, clubs, zoomorphic benches made of one piece, and musical instruments. From the time that hammocks became unfashionable, cotton thread has been used only for ornamentation.
Trade. Commercial relations between the Palikur and the Europeans began to intensify around the beginning of the eighteenth century, with an exchange of products from the forest and rivers for manufactured goods (e.g., tools, harpoons, glass beads, clothes). For many years after the French-Portuguese Dispute was over, the Palikur continued to prefer negotiating with the Creoles from French Guiana. Nowadays, they deal with both Creoles and Brazilians, including FUNAI agents.
Division of Labor. Men fish, hunt, and prepare the land for planting. They make wooden objects, baskets, and feather ornaments. Women make pottery, spin cotton, harvest the crops of the gardens, and prepare manioc flour and beer. Both sexes make reed mats. Formerly, only men paddled canoes, either with poles or paddles, an activity today also performed by women.
Land Tenure. The territory originally occupied by the Palikur, located in the lower and central portion of the area drained by the Araguari, Amapá, Cunani, Calçoene and Cassiporé rivers (which flow into the Atlantic Ocean), was subject to continual variation because of the sedimentation laid down by the current of the Amazon River. The Palikur therefore lived scattered in several areas occupied by their clan units. A similar situation still obtains on the Rio Urucauá, where the villages are removed from each other, on tongues of land in the interior of swampy areas. Each family's claim to its houses and planted fields is respected by the others. Between 1977 and 1981 FUNAI identified and demarcated the boundaries of a common area for the Palikur, Uaçá Galibí (Galibí-Marawone), and Karipúna, with an area of 434,660 hectares, including the major portion of the Uaçá-Curipi-Urucaua Basin. The lands recognized and used by the Palikur have the Rio Urucauá as their axis and extend midway between the Uaçá and Curipi rivers.
Kinship Groups and Descent. The Palikur are organized into patri-clans designated by composite names of animals, plants, and natural phenomena, and the suffix wenê (or yunê), people. In the remote past, there were around eighteen clans, possibly endogamous, with some of their members originating in other ethnic groups. Nowadays, there are six exogamous clans whose members, contrary to tradition, live among other people in the same villages. Marriage and funeral ceremonies are maintained as cooperative events of each clan, but clans do not function as distinct economic units, and no differences in traditional feasts are observable. Although only patrilineally related clan members are considered to be true Palikur, their recognition amounts to nothing more than a nominal distinction because even those who do not have a Palikur father can now be buried in a place reserved for the members of their Palikur mother's clan.
Kinship Terminology. The kinship terminology is bifurcate merging for the first ascending generation and of the Iroquois type in Ego's generation.
Marriage. As in ancient times, monogamy continues to be rigorously observed. Not only are marriages between members of the same clan forbidden, but also those between close relatives who belong to different clans. As is typical of most Guianan tribes, the acquisition of a bride was traditionally preceded by bride-service performed by the bridegroom-to-be for his future in-laws. Nowadays, this practice is no longer observed, and it is not unusual for a boy and girl to begin living together after a dance. Divorce used to be frequent but has diminished considerably owing to the influence of the Pentecostal church. The traditional rule of virilocal residence, which existed because of clan endogamy, lasted until at least the middle of the twentieth century but was limited to cases involving the marriages of the sons of chiefs. Nowadays, temporary uxorilocality is practiced.
Domestic Unit. Traditional domestic units composed of extended families have now been replaced by nuclear-family households.
Inheritance. Upon the death of his wife, the widower generally keeps all her possessions. A widow keeps the dwelling, garden and other planted areas, domestic utensils, and agricultural tools. The most important valuables (including purchased items) do not accompany the man to his grave but generally go to the firstborn son or, in his absence, to his oldest brother. If the couple was separated, the division of goods varies from case to case; the male interest usually prevails, especially when a woman does not have relatives to support her claim.
Socialization. When there were extended families, relations between husband and wife were generally satisfactory because of the rigorous obedience demanded of sons-in-law by their in-laws. After this type of family disappeared, however, husbands frequently began physically punishing their wives (although only very rarely their children). In the latter half of the twentieth century, men's behavior has undergone change owing to the incorporation of Western norms and the influence of religious institutions and agencies. Both children and adults have begun enthusiastically to attend school to receive instruction either in Portuguese or Palikur and to learn about the Bible.
Social stratification has always been lacking in Palikur society, not only within the clans but within society at large. The oldest men were and still are respected, however, and their advice is sought on special occasions. Members of other ethnic groups that incorporated into Palikur society participate fully in tribal life, except in those rituals that are restricted to clan units.
Political Organization. In the past, chieftainship was generally held by the oldest men, who were chosen on the basis of their capability and popularity rather than by heredity. A short spear (or scepter) was the only outer distinguishing mark of chiefs. Later, the French administration began to confer military privileges and uniforms, which are still used, on the chiefs on the Urucauá. The SPI continued conferring privileges on indigenous leaders, whose prestige, however, was always slight because real authority was exercised by the official administration. Nowadays, chieftainship is vested in the religious leaders of the Pentecostal church.
Social Control. Supernatural powers always directed the fate of the Palikur, be it in situations of danger, in social happenings, or in economic activities. The influence of the Catholic church was only evident in baptism, marriage, and compadrazgo. Nowadays, however, Pentecostal pastors who belong to the individual local groups exercise strong control over the behavior of their members, including their smoking and drinking habits.
Conflict. There were conflicts caused by mutual distrust of individuals and families and by malevolent shamans and sorcerers. Past wars between the Palikur and the Galibí have had no lasting negative effect on present-day intertribal relations. Open hostility, to which the Portuguese had subjected the Palikur and which had reflected on their relationship with Brazilians, no longer exists thanks to the acceptance by the Palikur of religious ideas promulgated by the Pentecostal church.
Religion and Expressive Culture
Religious Beliefs. The name "Ohogri" is applied to the Christian God, and Jesus Christ is called "Ohogri Kamkaen" (God-son). The devil is called "Wapetpiyé." Mentioned among the various tiers of heaven are Nikene, Ena, and Inoliku, the last being the lowest level and the dwelling place of Ohogri. The Palikur also refer to the existence of a small but special heaven called "Yonoklin" where the Yumawalí (mythical shamans) live. Among them, Karumayará stands out for having lived for some time on earth and for having performed there great deeds before returning to Yonoklin upon death. The Palikur posit the existence of several hells, among them Minila and Wimpi, and the universal myth of the flood is present in their mythology. Caused by Ohogri, the deluge left vestiges of its occurrence on Mount Karupina, between the Urucauá and the Curipi, where the people took refuge.
According to tradition, numerous spirits are said to frequent the air, rivers, lakes, forests, and mountains. They can turn into animals and trees and temporarily remain in the shaman's paraphernalia and in the places where these are kept. Many of these spirits are thought to live on Mount Karupina. They are also referred to as demons, but without attributing to them characteristics typical of demons in Christian mythology. Despite the assimilation of elements of Catholic doctrine, traditional beliefs continued to prevail until they were supplanted by the Pentecostal religion.
Religious Practitioners . There are shamans and sorcerers (better known as blowers) who, especially the former, have been exercising considerable influence over Palikur society since time immemorial. Among the Urucauá Indians, however, this influence began to diminish after the introduction of Pentecostalism. The native agents of the supernatural renounced their ancient beliefs and the majority joined the Pentecostal church.
Ceremonies. The most important ceremony is called Aramteme (Feast of the Turé), the aim of which is to pay homage to the benevolent spirits. The ceremony is also performed by the Uaçá Galibí and the Karipúna, generally at full moon. Of great importance to the Palikur is the Kisepa ceremony, which is performed to pay last respects to a deceased person, generally about a year after his or her death. Two other ceremonies are the Wasapina (dance of the rattle) and the Mayapina (dance of the clubs). After joining the Pentecostal church, most Palikur have discontinued performing these ceremonies.
Arts. Numerous songs and dances that were known and performed during traditional ceremonies have been replaced by Christian hymns.
Medicine. Although the Palikur make use of numerous native remedies, illness was basically said to be caused by supernatural agents. In the treatment of such illness, shamans act under the influence of these forces, and each shaman's capacity varies according to the power of his tutelary spirits. The sorcerer (blower) no longer depends in his practice on the power of the spirits but on his own power, which he transmits to the sick person through his own breath or the blowing of tobacco smoke. Since the establishment in 1942 of an SPI agency among them, the Palikur have accepted Western treatment and medication.
Death and Afterlife. Formerly, there were both primary and secondary burials, the latter taking place in ceramic urns. According to Palikur tradition, people were buried facing east, with the exception of shamans, who were buried facing in the opposite direction to stop them from doing harm. A dead person's spirit was said to go to the upper world irrespective of his or her conduct on earth. Initially, however, the spirit remains in a kind of purgatory for the same amount of time as the person had spent on earth. After that it is free to enter into heaven. These, like the other beliefs previously mentioned, are being abandoned by the Palikur under the influence of Christian ideology.
Arnaud, Expedito (1984). Os indios palikúr —tradição tribal e protestantismo. Belém: Publicações Avulsas do Museu Goeldi.
Brasil, Tratados (1899). Frontières entre le Brésil e la Guiana Française. Seconde mémoire. 6 vols. Bern: Staempfli.
Grenand, Pierre, and Françoise Grenand (n.d.). "A costa amapaense da foz do Amazonas à baía do Oiapoque através da tradição oral palikúr." Manaus: INPA. Typescript.
Nimuendajú, Curt (1926). Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn. Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskapsoch Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar. Ijärde Följden 31 (2); 1-144. Gothenburg.
EXPEDITO ARNAUD (Translated by Ruth Gubler)
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Like a sound wave, the waves produced by drums are longitudinal. The vibration produced when a drum is hit creates pressure waves in the air. These pressure waves describe the sound. The more the drum head bends, the volume of sound increases, a higher frequency is created and the amplitude if affected. Pitches of drums range from low frequency basses to high frequency pitches. Like a speaker which amplifies sound through the air, noise from the drums travel to our ears because of the sound vibrations and type of waves. When the vibrating drum vibrates the air molecules around it, it does so at the same frequency to produce a beautiful sound.
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Importance of Symbolism in Timothy Findley’s War.
Young people often do not know what to expect of the future. They do not know how to act when something unexpected comes along, and their actions are based on what they do know; usually limited, biased information. This idea is central to the short story, ‘War’ by Timothy Findley. The young boy, Neil Cable, narrates the day he found out his father had joined the army. He speaks of his actions, feelings, and confusion surrounding that day. At first glance, his actions are all too often misinterpreted as violence and hatred, but after careful consideration, one can see that they are merely his way of dealing with the troubling news.
He has not experienced enough in his lifetime to have a true understanding of war, and acts upon what he does know. In the short story, ‘War’, by Timothy Findley, the young boy’s image of war and actions throughout are explained through the use of symbolism. Many symbols in the story give the reader an idea of the war that Neil pictures in his mind. He sees the war to be incredibly violent, and full of blood and anger. This image is shown through the mention of trenches. The word is used repeatedly in the story, suggesting that Neil is very much aware of what happens at war.
When Neil is hiding from his father, he builds a trench out of hay in the barn, suggesting that subconsciously, he is trying to prepare his father for what is to come. He thinks that if he can show his father what it is like to be in the army, maybe he will back out. As a young boy, he knows only what he has seen or heard about, which focuses on the violence and danger of going to war. This idea sparks fear within Neil, resulting in anger and rebellion. Another important symbol that shows Neil’s image of war is the stones that he finds at Arthur Robinson’s summer cottage.
They are red stones, and he later uses them to throw at his father, trying to keep him away. The stones may symbolize bullets, making the confrontation between Neil and his father in the barn much more important. He throws them at his father, not necessarily trying to do harm, but trying to scare him so maybe he will change his mind about going to war. The colour of the stones is also significant; they are red, a colour which is known to symbolize anger, hurt, and passion.
These are all emotions that Neil knows will run through his father while he is away at war. Interestingly, they are also the feelings that rage inside of Neil while he creates a plan of attack against his father. The stones, along with Neil’s actions with them, suggest that Neil is trying to prepare his father for the extreme violence that lies ahead of him. When hiding away in the barn, Neil continuously acts like his father will while he is gone; ‘ I was just trying to figure out how I could get him before he saw me-and that was all’ (Dawe 133).
Neil does not realize the meaning of his actions, but as a reader one can see that something deep down inside of him is trying to create a scene of the war; this is his way of demonstrating his feelings and disapproval of his father going to war. Uncle Frank and the birch bark box show that all Neil knows about war is that people come back hurt. He does not want to accept the fact that his father has joined the army, because in his mind it means that he will never see his father again. The only story that Neil knows about being in the army is about his Uncle Frank, who did years after coming home due to war injuries.
Neil knows that his uncle never got his life back after getting hurt, and thinks that everyone who joins the war ends up the same way. After finding out his father has joined the army, and recalling the memory of his Uncle Frank, Neil states: ‘ …in the army you always went in a trench and got hurt or killed’ (Dawe 124). Neil has never heard an uplifting story about war, so in his mind anyone who joins the army is giving up their life. This idea is confirmed by the birch bark box that Neil gives to both his parents.
This box could symbolize a coffin, showing that Neil truly is afraid of losing his father. He wants to make sure that he gets the box before leaving for the army, so that he has it with him when he dies. The box is mentioned at the end of the story, when Neil says that the family picture taken before his father left still remins in the box, suggesting that Neil’s fears become a reality. These two symbols show Neil’s lack of knowledge about war, and explain why he acts the way he does; he thinks that his father signing up for the army means that he will never see him again.
Neil’s fear of ducks and the dark suggest that he is afraid of the future; he knows that anything could happen once his father leaves for war. His fear of the future is the reason he runs away and hides in the barn. He thinks that if he can keep things the way they are that the future would remain the way he imagined it would be. Neil says multiple times in the story that he is afraid of ducks. Ducks are migratory birds; they are constantly leaving and returning. Although they travel in bunches, it is common for not all of the ducks to return every year. This pattern is very much like the army.
They come and go, some staying for longer periods of time, and some never returning at all. Neil is afraid of this uncertainty with his father; he does not want to live in fear f his father never returning home, or of never knowing what will happen next. Neil also states that he is very much afraid of the dark. He does not like not knowing what it in front of him, and wants to always be able to see what is coming. This is very important when analysing Neil’s fears. The reader knows that he does not adjust well to change, and is very uncomfortable when dealing with the unknown.
He says: ‘ At least, if you sit still you know where you are- but if you move around, then you don’t know where you are’ (Dawe 12). This statement tells the reader that Neil is also worried about the change in his life. If things do not change, then he knows what is going to happen, but as soon as thigns are different, life becomes a guessing game. these fears are the reason that Neil acts the way he does; he does not know how to deal with the uncertainty of the future and thus portrays a very angry, confused young boy.
When Neil Cable receives the news that his father has joined the army, he lashes out at him and seems to be a very troubles young boy. After examining the story, one can see that this behaviour is the result of being young, naive, and unaware of the world around him. His knowledge about war is limited, and causes him to react with violence and aggression, but the reader soon realizes that this is the only way he knows how to deal with his fear.
By interpreting the many symbols in the short story, ‘War’ , one can see that Neil Cable’s image of war consists of violence, possible death, and an unknown future. The story is based upon the idea that young people are not experienced enough to deal with difficult situations; simply because they have not lived long enough. They pften react in very unexpected and sometimes troublesome ways. In order to understand their actions, one needs to see things from a child’s perspective: innocent, naive, and in the process of learning about the world around them.
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KEEPING KIDS SAFE
SPECIAL EDITION TIDBITS - FALL 2017
The Anchorage School District and FAMILY PARTNERSHIP CHARTER SCHOOL are working to provide our families and students with the information and skills needed to protect themselves and seek help for the potential physical, psychological and emotional harm that can occur from abusive situations.
Many states, including Alaska, have passed laws with the intent of increasing the awareness of child sexual abuse and dating violence. You may have heard of this legislation under the more common name, Alaska Safe Children’s Act or Erin's and Bree’s Law.
Family Partnership recognizes that sexual abuse and dating violence are sensitive topics and that speaking to your children about these topics can be challenging.
Below are websites, phone numbers and .pdf resources. Some share information (statistics) and some are also designed to help facilitate conversations with your children. While they provide a wealth of information, they are by no means an exhaustive list.
We highly suggest that you preview the resources to determine it's appropriateness before using them with your children.
ALASKA SAFE CHILDREN'S ACT
AS 14.30.355 (Erin’s Law) in honor of Erin Merryn, who has crossed the country advocating for laws that will increase awareness of this crime against children, requires that the governing body of each school district to adopt and implement a policy, establish a training program for employees and students, and provide parental notices relating to sexual abuse and sexual assault awareness and prevention for students enrolled in grades kindergarten through twelve.
WEBSITES and PHONE NUMBERS
The Council promotes the prevention of domestic violence and sexual assault and provides safety for Alaskans victimized or impacted by domestic violence and sexual assault through a statewide system of crisis intervention and support.
Being able to tell the difference between healthy, unhealthy and abusive relationships can be more difficult than you would think. No two relationships are the same, so what’s unhealthy in one relationship may be abusive in another.
youth.gov (formerly FindYouthInfo.gov) was created by the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs (IWGYP). The IWGYP promotes the goal of positive, healthy outcomes for youth
Teens often think some behaviors, like teasing and name-calling, are a “normal” part of a relationship. However, these behaviors can become abusive and develop into more serious forms of violence.
Dating violence is when one person purposely hurts or scares someone they are dating. Dating violence happens to people of all races, cultures, incomes, and education levels. It can happen on a first date, or when you are deeply in love.
Fight Child Abuse
The nonprofit Barbara Sinatra Children’s Center Foundation in conjunction with Wonder Media has developed a national campaign on a child abuse awareness and prevention.
The program’s main goal is to educate children about what to do when confronted with abusive behavior, safe and unsafe touches, going to a parent or another trusted adult if they are confronted in an unsafe situation, and that it is not their fault. An “Unsafe Touch” is defined as touching private parts of the body that are covered by a bathing suit. Stranger safety, Internet safety and other situations are also presented.
The program has been developed and scripted by child advocates, therapists, and national scholars and tested at various stages of development with students, teachers, school administrators, parents, and experts in the field of child abuse.
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What are Retained earnings?
Retained earnings (Definition)
Retained earnings are the portion of a company's profits that is retained for reinvestment rather than being distributed as dividends. They are recorded in the shareholder's equity section of the balance sheet at the end of each accounting period. Retained earnings can be used for a variety of purposes, including working capital and fixed asset purchases (capital expenditures), or they can also be used to pay off debt. The Statement of Retained Earnings is a summary report that details the changes in retained earnings throughout the course of a specific period, and at the end, a significant amount of retained earnings reflects a healthy business.
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Common Knowledge Open String Chords.
As I have already covered earlier in the course, and as you probably already know, there is a vocabulary of basic open string chords that are essential and indispensable in the study of the guitar. Playing in the open position has become a lost art. In this lesson we will delve more deeply into chords in the open position and try to gain a clear understanding of them. But start out with reviewing and reinterpreting the basic open string chords by making sure you know the name and location of the root note of every chord. If you know or are currently studying music theory you know that the root note is the most important note in any chord because it’s the chord that gives the know its name. Also modern music such as rock, jazz, pop, folk, and country are all the musical styles that relies on a strong sense of root motion, or the changing of bass notes or a specific bass line that suggests and outlines the chords of a particular song or musical passage.
Traditionally, there are 15 open string chords that are considered the starting point, or the beginner guitar chords in the study of the guitar. I am including one extra chord to this list of 15, that being F minor as this is a very useful and common chord in modern guitar playing. Study the diagrams below and memorize these chords, if you haven’t done so already, and also make a little mental note of the name and location of each bass note (shown in red) for every one of the chords.
Root 6, Root 5 And Root 4 Orginization
As this course becomes more and more advanced you will see the need for memorizing the names and locations of the root notes in each and every chord you play. In this system the most important chords notes to memorize and analyze are those that have their root notes on strings 6 and 5 as I have illustrated above. However, there are also open string foundational chords whose root notes appears on string 4. These chords can be called root for chords and are the common knowledge chords with a root node of either D or F. Studying the diagrams below to make sure you have analyzed and memorized all 16 of the basic open string chords presented in this course.
Developing A Vocabulary Of Open String Root 6 And Root 5 Chords
I often say that learning the guitar means learning chords. In your study of guitar chords you must know three things about each and every chord you play: the name of the chord, why it has that name and how to use the chord. In order to keep our focus and keep your hands on the instrument as you study this lesson will not deal with music theory, are why a particular chord has its name – as I have said before that can all be learned in the music theory course of GUITARU.COM. Here we will concentrate on learning lots of new and interesting chords in the open position and also some ways in which you may apply these courts to your guitar playing and songwriting. To repeat, the lost art of learning to play the guitar as learning to play in the open position, it has the perfect range and tambre for modern guitar playing. Virtually all accomplished guitarists can play and think in the open position extraordinarily well. Memorize the chords in this lesson and also played musical exercises that are accompanying these chords.
Additional Resources Of Open String Chords
Although this lesson may seem quite daunting and overwhelming it is here for some very good reasons. First, as I said before the lost art of guitar playing is learning to be proficient in the open position. Secondly, it is quite amazing and entertaining to see all the rich, deep and wondrous sounds that can be produced simply by memorizing chords and making slight alterations to the ones you already know. I am always captivated an extremely interested in the amount of music that can be produced in the first position – this is greatly facilitated by the use of open strings, strings you don’t have to play but can still use. Finally I would like you to view this lesson the same way you would look at a dictionary or thesaurus, you wouldn’t attempt to memorize either one of those books that you would certainly know how to use one. Use these chord voicings and variations in a similar way, refer back to them often when you need to learn a new chord or when you are looking for the perfect variation of accord for one of your compositions are original arrangements. I often ask my students, which box of crayons would you rather have the one with eight colors are the one with 128 colors? Of course, the answer is always the same: one with 128 colors because it will greatly enhance my creativity and productivity. This lesson is a resource of interesting and advanced chords in the open position intended to make your playing and writing sound better with added depth and color.
Expanded Vocabulary Of First Position Root 6 And Root 5 Chords
In this lesson you are learning to give each court e-mail and name based on the location and letter name of its root note. This may be somewhat of a new perspective on first position chord forms, but it is the right way to learn chords. And remember, for most people learning the guitar means learning chords. Here in this lesson I am classifying the open string chords based on the location of their root note. Below are chords with root notes of G, and the open position they are called root six chords, and with root notes of C, which are called root five chords in the open position.
Print And Save
This lesson is designed to your increase your knowledge of chord forms in the open position. In the beginning of the lesson the common knowledg open string chords were organized according to which string the root note of the chord appeared on, these are called ROOT 6, ROOT 5 or ROOT 4 chords. These three type of chords were then significantly built upon, varied and developed as far as in normally possible. Thes pages are here for practice, ear training but for reference and review.
I suggest that fior every course you decide to take here at GUITARU.COM you print the entire course out and neatly save and archive them in binders. this course and entire on line school is designed to be a free alternative (with free books) to entering a traditional guitar school. To gain the most from your studies here approach these courses from the standpoint of a serious and dedicated student.
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Published at Friday, December 20th 2019, 05:47:18 AM. Alphabet Worksheet. By Glenn Cook.
Another way to stimulate a child is to have the right tool or preschool worksheets in developing their mental ability. We shouldn't underestimate their small brain by thinking that it's not time for them to learn such things. Ages 3−6 are just perfect years for them to gain knowledge and education. Basic things such as shapes, colors, counting, letters and sounds are easily recognize even by toddlers. Not only that their memories are sharpened but they can easily imitate and recognize sounds that they hear.
Care should be taken to give children worksheets that they are capable of doing. This involves understanding and monitoring the child continually, since the level of attainment of different children would often be quite different. The worksheet should challenge the child but not overwhelm her. If the worksheet is too easy or too repetitive, it may bore the child and she would not be happy. If the activity is too difficult it would frustrate her and she would not like to take up more sheets.
Write the alphabet all over the ball, writing each letter randomly and not all in order. Now stand across from your kids and bounce the ball to them. As you bounce the ball, call out one of the spelling words. Not only do they catch the ball, they then search for the letter on the alphabet ball and call it out while showing you the letter. If they get the letter right, they bounce the ball back to you and you say the next letter in the word after you find the letter on the ball, taking turns until the word is complete.
The process of reading or decoding letters into communicable words is the very essence of education. Without reading and comprehending words, all other advanced learning is either non−existent or extremely difficult. Therefore, making sure your children learn this skill at a young age should be a top priority for parents. Parents who love to read and are seen by their children enjoying books and other reading materials are already setting a good stage for their children.
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Bottom line: The new Timelapse feature comes as part of Google’s biggest update to the Google Earth platform since 2017. It compiles satellite imagery from the past 37 years, allowing users on the web to travel back in time and unfold how the planet’s surface and environment have changed between 1984 and 2020. From rapid urbanization, melting glaciers, and changing forests to crop circles popping up in the middle of a desert, the tool is meant to educate and inspire action globally for dealing with the challenges of mankind’s growing footprint on Earth.
Google and Pennsylvania’s Carnegie Mellon University have worked together on Google Earth’s new Timelapse feature to unfold nearly four decades of planetary change. For what many of us likely used to get a satellite view of our house when it first came out, the tool’s biggest update since 2017 arguably makes it much more useful as it now gives a clearer picture of how environmental change has impacted Earth.
Google Earth’s Director, Rebecca Moore, notes that the creation of the planet-sized timelapse video required significant “pixel crunching” of Google’s Earth Engine, the company’s cloud platform for geospatial analysis. The data was gathered from over 24 million satellite images and then processed on thousands of machines in Google data centers, taking them over 2 million processing hours to compile 20 petabytes of imagery for creating a single 4.4 terapixel-sized video mosaic.
Although Timelapse can be used to observe environmental changes anywhere in the world, Google has organized some of its information across five themes for better understanding. These online guided tours cover Changing Forests, Fragile Beauty, Sources of Energy, Warming Planet, and Urban Expansion.
“Visual evidence can cut to the core of the debate in a way that words cannot and communicate complex issues to everyone,” notes Rebecca, adding that Google Earth will be updated annually with new Timelapse imagery throughout the next decade in the hope of educating, encouraging discovery and inspiring action for the pressing global issue of climate change.
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The University of Arizona will leverage traditional STEM education to partner with local indigenous tribes to find and implement culturally appropriate solutions to the challenges of climate change and other environmental risks.
The University of Arizona recently announced the creation of an Indigenous Resilience Center.
According to an article by Kyle Mittan, the Indigenous Resilience Center "will be a partnership between Native nations and the university's Arizona Institutes for Resilience, Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environment and Social Justice and multiple faculty members and academic programs that focus on supporting the resilience of Native and Indigenous communities." Karletta Chief, a professor of environmental science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, will serve as the center's director.
"The center's faculty members will lead research projects and design courses that blend traditional STEM education with topics such as Native and Indigenous knowledge, tribal consultation, research ethics, natural resource management, tribal environmental health and more," adds Mittan.
Preemption of Green Cities in Red States
State legislatures, frequently acting on behalf of corporate interests, are preempting local reforms and regulations necessary to limit the emissions that cause climate change.
Democratic Legislators Obstruct Funding for California High Speed Rail
Voters approved a $9.9 billion bond for the California High Speed Rail project in 2008. State legislators would like that money to be spent in other ways in 2021.
Why Tech-Utopian City Plans Fail
Like others before him, e-commerce billionaire Marc Lore wants to build the ideal city from scratch. Urban experts don't have much faith in his chances.
This six-course series explores essential urban design concepts using open source software and equips planners with the tools they need to participate fully in the urban design process.
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Sexual Health Education for Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities
Research has shown that individuals with intellectual disabilities have the desire to learn about sexual health issues and often have engaged in sexual activities. Adolescents with intellectual disabilities, like all individuals, have the right to sexual health education that provides them with the knowledge, skills, and ability to make decisions related to their own sexual health. This evidence summary highlights common myths and research evidence about providing sexual education to adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Recommendations for education programs and resources are also provided.
Healthy Steps for Teen Parents, 2nd Edition, Volume 3: Postpartum
This video presents information about postpartum care, newborns, and an array of teen parenting challenges and joys. New teen parents candidly share personal stories about the realities of healing physically after birth, breastfeeding, and choosing child care.
- Physical Recovery & Postpartum Emotions – healing process, signs of infection, nutrition, rest, exercise, baby blues, signs of postpartum depression
- Baby Care & Behaviours – well-baby visits, feeding, sleeping, crying, bathing, diapering, when to call the doctor, SIDS, second-hand smoke, abusive head trauma (shaken baby syndrome), newborn senses
- Relationships & Parenting – establishing paternity, co-parenting, birth control, positive relationships, living situations, friend and family support, finishing school, child care options
Youth Sexual Health
Information Card, 2017
This information card provides Saskatchewan-specific contacts for youth to access free, anonymous, and confidential sexual and reproductive health services via telephone and/or the Internet. These wallet-size cards are packaged in multiples of 90.SKU: 7-015
Messages for Parents: Five to Eight Years
Information Card, Revised 2019
This information card has been developed to support parents in their role as the primary sexual health educators of their children.
It is important that parents engage their children in sexual health discussion at an early age, beginning with teaching the proper terminology of body parts. Early introduction of the topic increases the confidence and comfort of both the parents and children to talk about sexual health at later years.SKU: 7-206
Healthy Steps for Teen Parents, 2nd Edition, Volume 2: Labor & Birth
This video empowers pregnant teens by exploring the choices they have for labor and birth. Through the real-life experiences of five pregnant teens, viewers learn about the anatomy of a pregnancy, different phases of labor, natural comfort techniques, and medical procedures.
- Anatomy & Birth – 3D anatomy of a pregnancy, labor signs, labor support, positions for labor, natural labor techniques
- Medical Procedures – induction, analgesics, epidural, cesarean
- Newborns – appearance, skin-to-skin contact, rooming-in, colostrum, lactation support
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People who suffer migraine headaches can access medications after consulting with specialized doctors. Although treatment has been existing for quite a while, there are migraine treatment options that are newer and more effective.
Migraine pain usually occurs on one side of the head. In this article, you will find different migraine medications that help relieve the pain. The medications used mostly do not eliminate the migraine but ease its symptoms.
What is a Migraine?
A migraine is a type of headache that can cause severe pain due to abnormal brain activity affecting nerves and blood vessels in the brain. Although the exact cause of a migraine headache is unknown, headache specialists point toward abnormal brain activity.
Common Migraine Symptoms
Several symptoms accompany severe headaches that one should look out for. The following are some of the most common migraine symptoms:
- Throbbing/pulsating pain on one side of the head
- Sensitivity to sound and/or light
- Visual disturbances
- Scalp tenderness
Diagnosis of a Migraine Headache
Because there is no specific migraine diagnosis, doctors collaborate with their patients to establish recurring patterns. While most general practitioners carry out the initial physical examinations, they might later refer a patient to a neurologist if the cases are not straightforward.
The doctor will rely on the symptoms of a patient to conclude whether the patient has a migraine or not. The patient will answer questions about whether they can carry out their daily activities, feel sick, or whether the migraine worsens with movement.
If a patient is referred to a specialist, the following tests can be conducted to check or diagnose neurological disorders.
- Computerized Test Scan
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
One crucial thing that a migraine sufferer can help their doctor with diagnosis is by keeping a migraine diary. It will include the time and date when migraines occur, triggers, symptoms of the migraine, and what medications you use for relief.
Recording everything that happens during a migraine attack eases the diagnosis process. Through the use of a diary, a doctor can make a diagnosis.
The Different Migraine Treatment Options
Many migraine medications treat the condition from different approaches. Most medications are administered orally, but other treatments are administered through injections or nasal sprays.
Medications for migraine fall under two main categories:
- Preventive medications. These are migraine medications taken to reduce the frequency and severity of migraines. They are usually taken daily.
- Pain relievers. Referred to as acute treatment of migraines that are administered during a migraine attack and functions by relieving migraine pain.
Migraine patients can choose migraine treatments depending on the following factors:
- Frequency of the migraine
- The severity of the migraine
- Combination symptoms
- Existing medical conditions
Medications for Relieving Pain
To deal with a migraine effectively, patients must take migraine medications at the first sign of headache pain. Also referred to as abortive medications, migraine medications relieve pain. The following are different types of medications, in detail, that patients can use to relieve headache pain.
Pain relievers can either be prescription drugs or sold over the counter without a prescription. They offer relief for acute migraine attacks. However, when used regularly in the long term, they can cause medication overuse headaches.
They include ibuprofen, aspirin, and Excedrin migraine, a combination of caffeine, acetaminophen, and aspirin. If taken too long, side effects will include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal tract bleeding, and medication-overuse headaches.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptors Antagonists
CGRP antagonists are new treatment options for migraines. They are very effective in relieving migraine symptoms such as sensitivity to light and sound. They include ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT). Common side effects of CGRP antagonists include excessive sleepiness, dry mouth, and nausea.
Classified as prescription medicines, triptans offer migraine relief by blocking pain pathways. They function like serotonin receptor agonists and constrict blood vessels, minimizing migraine pain.
Although triptans offer pain relief, they are unsuitable for people with coronary heart disease. They can be administered via injections, nasal sprays, and tablets. They include sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT).
Lasmiditan helps treat migraines with visual disturbances and falls under the same class as triptans. A common side effect of the drug is dizziness; hence, patients are advised not to operate machinery like driving for at least eight hours.
Patients who cannot find migraine relief from all other treatment options can use opioid medications. However, these medications are highly addictive and should only be used if there is no alternative.
The most sighted side effect is the worsening of vomiting and feeling nauseous. The drug is not recommended for people with high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, liver disease, or kidney disease.
While anti-nausea drugs do not treat migraines directly, they help with symptoms related to migraines, such as feeling nauseous and vomiting. Even though they are taken to relieve migraine symptoms, they should be accompanied by pain killers. They include metoclopramide (Reglan), prochlorperazine (Compro), and chlorpromazine.
In the case of severe and frequent migraines, doctors recommend migraine prevention. It is important to understand that preventive medications are not designed to treat migraines. Usually, they are medicines used to treat other conditions.
Side effects include nausea, weight changes, and dizziness, among others. Furthermore, the drugs are not recommended for pregnant women.
Blood Pressure Medications
Blood pressure medications like calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers are preventive medications. Although the two perform similar functions, they cannot be taken together.
Side effects of these medications include liver dysfunction, constipation, drowsiness, headache, and edema. Beta-blockers’ side effects include tiredness, cold hands, and feet, difficulties in sleeping, and feeling sick
Tricyclic antidepressants are a migraine preventive treatment that maintains healthy levels of the serotonin neurotransmitter. They are serotonin receptor agonists, including drugs like Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline. They are not recommended during pregnancy.
Botox works by relaxing the muscles or tissues, and some patients prefer the shot to oral pills. Botox shots’ most common side effect is a reaction at the injection site.
Other Treatment Options
- Meditation and yoga
- Relaxation techniques
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Warnings and Precautions of Migraine Medications
Even though migraine drugs are crucial to the treatment of migraine, Migraine sufferers should take precautions. Patients should avoid long-term use of abortive medications, which can cause medication overuse headaches.
On the other hand, patients should not mix any preventive medications but stick to the prescriptions given by doctors. If a patient feels that the migraine drugs are ineffective, they should talk to a doctor to establish a different line of medications.
Pregnancy and Migraine Medications
During pregnancy, women might experience migraines and look for migraine drugs. Since pregnancy is delicate, some migraine medications might harm the mother and the unborn baby. As much as pregnant women seek relief from the pain, they should first visit a doctor.
Pregnant women can use the safest migraine drugs, including acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioid medications. Expecting women can use triptans only in severe cases of migraines.
How to Manage a Migraine Headache
Keeping tabs on your migraine attacks will help you choose the appropriate medication. While a GP will help with common prescription drugs, migraine sufferers need to see a neurologist in case of neurological disorders.
Migraine patients can visit Fort Worth Pharmacy, Texas, to get a prescription. Whether you are a new or existing client, you will talk to qualified and certified pharmacists to help with your prescriptions.
The friendly and effective service at Fort Worth Pharmacy will help you get a suitable over-the-counter migraine drug. Considering factors like pregnancy or existing medical conditions, you will receive migraine drugs that are effective and which do not interact with your condition.
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Did you know coal mines serve as vivid reminders of Noah’s Flood?
Inside a coal mine are the remains of buried leaves, trees, shells and sometimes fish. Going underground is like traveling into a long lost world. Coalminers frequently uncover carbonized branches and roots and in some places, the brush and trees are heaped up as if they were dumped near a flooding river. In other places, tree trunks have been found as long as 80 feet, some lying down and others extending upward through the seams of coal. The coal seams or layers are often sandwiched between layers of sandstone, which were laid down by flowing water.
When the machinery working coal seams is turned off, methane can often be heard hissing from the coal face. Methane gas is explosive and poisonous. For the methane to still be present suggests coal is not millions of years old; otherwise, the gas would have leaked out long ago.
Miners have to be continually aware of deadly stumps and tree roots called “kettle bottoms”, which are petrified in the sandstone seam. As miners are digging out the coal seam, the sandstone roof may contain these heavy, petrified tree roots. These heavy kettle bottoms sometimes fall out without warning and hurt the miners. Miners working deep in the Earth see evidence of a global flood in the coal, sandstone, methane gas, and fossils. The existence of widespread coal seams is a testimony to the catastrophic worldwide flood of the Bible.
(Source: Inspired Evidence – Julie Von Vett & Bruce Malone)
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A school provides organised instruction or training on a regular and continuing basis. The instruction is generally provided in class form.
It includes people assembling for regular study of some area of knowledge or activity that is not recreational in character.
A school must be an institution and have a real, separate, institutional existence (which may be within or part of another institution).
Factors that are relevant in deciding whether there is a school include:
- a set curriculum
- instruction or training by suitably qualified persons
- enrolment of students
- some form of assessment and correction
- the creation of a qualification or status that is recognised outside of the organisation.
If the primary function or essential purpose is not instruction or training, it is not a school. This will depend on the facts and circumstances of each case.
Bodies that have been accepted as schools include:
- adult religious education centres
- theological colleges
- Bible study centres
- pre-school kindergartens that are not primarily for child-minding
- film and television schools
- vocational schools for opera, ballet and drama.
Bodies that are not schools include:
- those where the primary function is recreational, for example, yoga schools, riding schools, woodturning centres, dressmaking, ceramics and cookery workshops
- child care centres.
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An archaeological site dedicated in Jerusalem this week consists of a section of an ancient wall built by King Solomon in the 10th century B.C.E., says the archaeologist who dug up the wall. Other archaeologists, however, disagree with the date and implications and object to what they call the political use of archaeology.
Dr. Eilat Mazar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, who dug up the site, hopes opening it to the public will be a turning point in the debate about whether David and Solomon's Kingdom of Israel existed or not.
The excavations near the Temple Mount's eastern wall in an area known as the Ophel continued on and off for decades. Mazar's grandfather, Prof. Benjamin Mazar, began the dig. Work on the site was completed with the addition of passages and handrails to give visitors access to the findings.
The wall consists of 70 meters of fortifications, a tower and gatehouse similar to structures from that period found in Meggido, Be'er Sheva and Ashdod.
Mazar dates the findings on the basis of shards found in the digs going back to the 10th century B.C.E. - the Kingdom of Israel under David and Solomon. Near the gate Mazar found a large structure that had been ravaged by fire. She suggests it was destroyed by the Babylonians during the destruction of the First Temple.
A number of shards are inscribed with words and parts of words. A small clay slate inscribed in Akkadian cuneiform is believed to be part of a letter from the king of Jerusalem to the ruler of Egypt, and was kept in an archive. The slate, bearing the most ancient writing ever found in Jerusalem, will be exhibited in the Davidson Archaeological Center near the Western Wall plaza.
However, dating the findings to the 10th century B.C.E. and the assumption that they come from a great, powerful kingdom, have raised a raging controversy.
Many archaeologists object to Mazar's conclusion that Jerusalem was a grand capital in the 10th century B.C.E. and say this is an invention of biblical scribes hundreds of years later.
"It was very easy to ignore the findings because the area was covered, and they could not be seen," says Mazar. "When we have a ceramic finding dating back to the 10th or 9th century - it doesn't fit the theories of those claiming all of Jerusalem's glory and grandeur were a seventh century invention," she says.
Mazar cites Kings 1, chapter 9 to show that the Ophel fortifications are mentioned in the Bible: "...to build the house of the Lord, and his own house, and Millo, and the wall of Jerusalem." (verse 15 )
But a large number of Israeli archaeologists say the link between the biblical text and political conclusions is forced. The main debate is on the dating of the findings.
Professor Israel Finkelstein of Tel Aviv University, one of the leading archaeologists who downplay the Bible's importance in understanding archaeology, says Mazar erred in dating the findings.
"As far as I understand, if indeed this is a fortification, the findings indicate it was built in a later stage of the kingdom - after Solomon's era," says Finkelstein.
Others doubt the structures' classification as royal.
Archaeologist Yoni Mizrachi of Emek Shaveh (Common Ground ) - a nonprofit opposing the political use of archaeology - blasts the project.
"The Ophel excavations revealed a site whose many layers represent almost every period. Regrettably, again the emphasis is placed on a certain period of biblical Jerusalem. It's a pity that instead of exhibiting a multilayered site that tells the story of the various cultures comprising the city's past and present, they are once again focusing on the Israeli angle," says Mizrachi.
Mazar says her discovery establishes that Jews possessed the city in the 10th century B.C.E., as described in the Bible.
However, other experts maintain that biblical references regarding the existence of an Israelite monarchy in Jerusalem in that period is largely romantic imagining.
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Excel 2021: A complete guide for you to understand the utility and functioning of MS Excel
- Length: 101 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publication Date: 2021-11-08
- ISBN-10: B09LD67QZ7
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Are you technologically smart and eager to master new computer programmes?
Do you want to understand how to use a spreadsheet to organise and store vast amounts of data and which Microsoft application to use?
Have you heard of Microsoft Excel and want to learn more about how to use it and how it works?
Have you started working with Microsoft Excel and are still having trouble with it?
You’re meant to operate with Microsoft Excel, but you’re unfamiliar with its features, formulae, functions, and tools?
Don’t be concerned. This book contains the answers to all of your questions.
MS Excel is a Microsoft spreadsheet programme that employs formulas and functions to organise statistics and records. Excel analysis is used by companies of various types all around the world to do financial research. It allows users to store, organise, calculate, and manipulate data using formulae on a spreadsheet system divided into rows and columns.
MS Excel has shown to be a valuable tool for financial and commercial analysis.
The capacity to organise enormous volumes of data into logical spreadsheets and charts in a logical and organised manner. It’s a lot easier to understand and digest data when it’s organised, especially when it’s utilised to produce graphs and other visual data representations.
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Speed Reading is the collection of reading techniques that helps to increase the reading rate without reducing the retention or comprehension. These include utilizing several psychological methods such as eliminating sub-vocalization and chunking. Everybody has perhaps monitored others who appear to scan over the pages hurriedly as they interpret. Typically, people read at diverse rates, but those individuals with speed interpreting skills interpret faster than other people. These skills can be accomplished by adopting certain speed reading strategies for quick reading through materials and understanding them.
To skim or turn pages in a prompt manner is not much of use if readers don’t comprehend or remember what they have interpreted. Individuals who would want to comprehend and read more quickly are suggested to enroll in some local speed comprehension classes for acquiring skills that will assist them to read quicker and better.
Speed comprehension courses occasionally offer the students with many strategies and methods to read and understand more speedily. Students enrolled in speed reading course are suggested to learn all of these strategies to enhance their reading skills. Once the students become skilled at these strategies, in due course of time, they acquire many benefits from it in future.
Benefits of Speed Reading:
Business people, students and others who utilize speed reading methods save time considerably, but they too comprehend the material which they wrap. Often, courses teach the people to utilize the methods which are different from the methods that they read in their elementary school. Initially, many people learn the procedure of speed reading in a linear way. Often, these courses educate the people to interpret the words in some other forms than the ones learnt in school. Typically, they teach the students to evade reading each single word.
Some good courses in this definitely change the habits of the people and offer them with advice that these courses assist them to become more effective readers. Speed reading is considered to be an incredibly valuable skill, permitting college students and higher-degree students to save lots of time and energy in a mood that brings about several interruptions and distractions.
Some Steps to Read Speed:
- Enhancing The Reading Speed: Note down the time of the today’s reading speed and likewise an individual can improve day-after-day.
- Avoid Distractions: Search lonely place to read as it reduces the level of distractions and it is advisable to turn off radio, television and mobile phone, since it distracts the mind towards other things.
Avoid Re-Reading: People are often habituated to re-read, but it can only waste their time and energy. Instead of re-reading, concentrate on those bolded or marked words, as they carry significance to the reading materials.
Originally posted 2012-03-01 14:39:01. Republished by Blog Post Promoter
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How to Become a Crime Scene Investigator
Crime scene investigators are forensic technicians and forensic scientists who collect data and evidence from scenes where a crime has taken place. They look for fingerprints and DNA samples and also take photographs of the crime scene. As part of their responsibilities, criminal investigators must write reports and record observations. Sometimes they may be required to draw or recreate scenes as well. Once they have gathered all the information that they need, crime scene investigators usually go on to work in a laboratory, where they analyze evidence and use results from their analyses to help narrow down suspects and criminal methods.
Crime scene investigators should be emotionally strong and prepared to gather evidence from a variety of criminal scenes, including areas where violent crimes have taken place. They should be highly organized with strong communication and writing skills. In addition, they should be comfortable working in laboratories with computers and different types of technology. The most qualified crime scene investigators will have excellent problem-solving skills as well.
Education & Training
Before candidates can qualify for crime scene investigation positions, they should consider earning a degree. The best degrees for crime scene investigation are bachelor’s degrees in forensic sciences or natural sciences. Class work should include mathematics, biology, and classes to develop critical thinking as well as laboratory skills. Students should learn how to write reports and record observations as well. Due to the fact that crime scene investigators work in teams, classes should also include group work and encourage the development of good communication skills. The best crime scene investigation programs will also provide classes in psychology.
However, earning a degree is not enough to qualify a crime scene investigator for independent responsibilities. All potential crime scene investigators need to be trained. Therefore, many law enforcement agencies have crime scene investigators start their careers as assistants to experienced investigators. While under such an apprenticeship, trainees will learn how to use laboratory equipment and analyze different aspects of a crime scene. In most cases, crime scene investigators will be given an exam before they can qualify for independent work.
As part of the hiring process, crime scene investigators will undergo interviews and background checks. Their skills with laboratory equipment may be assessed as well. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), crime scene investigators – also known as forensic science technicians – earn around $51,570 annually. The top 10% earns approximately $82,990 yearly, while the bottom 10% earns around $32,900 yearly. Exact salary figures will vary based on experience, education, location, and the employer. The BLS also reports that the field is projected to grow by 19% by 2020.
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While such behaviour continued in the wild, in the cities—in Athensat any rate—the cult of Dionysus was tamed before bce. However, these associations changed over time, and they did not mean that the god associated with a place had originated there.
The task of the king as the protagonist of human society was to retain the benevolence of the gods in maintaining order against disorder. He was also the father of Tutankhamun, who changed his name from Tutankhaten after pressure from priests.
An example of this might be the New Kingdom. The Greeks knew what angered their mortal aristocracy and extrapolated from there. The temples were not like modern places of worship, for ordinary people to pray in. Then he may insist on displaying his excellence, as do Achilles and Agamemnonwhose values coincide with those of Zeus in such matters.
The exclusion of all but one god from worship was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition and some see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry rather than monotheism, as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods; he simply refrained from worshipping any but the Aten.
The Yashts are collections of verses dedicated to the various deities. After killing him, Seth tore the body of Osiris into pieces. Six centuries of Roman rule followed, during which Christianity became the official religion of Rome and its provinces including Egypt.
Closely related to shamanism, the most popular god for the Olmec people was a jaguar god of rain and fertility although some theories say there was no main god, but eight separate, equally important gods. This is sometimes explained by saying that Jesus was originally a syncretism based mainly on Horuswith Isis and her worship becoming Mary.
Nut had one child on each of these days: The pantheon, similar to those of other Indo-European-speaking peoples, embraced a large number of deities, both female and, predominantly, male.
Some festivals of Athens were performed on behalf of the polis and all its members. His black skin was symbolic of the color of mummified flesh and the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection. But the doctrines of the Orphics influenced the lyric poet Pindarthe philosopher Empedoclesand, above all, Plato.
When artists turned to bronze and marble, they depicted the anthropomorphic deities as idealized human beings.
Mainly agrarian in origin, they were seasonal in character, held often at full moon and on the 7th of the month in the case of Apollo and always with a sacrifice in view. It formed a powerful legitimation of king and elite in their task of preserving order.
Like the Romansthe Greeks believed that different gods were responsible for different things. Hero shrines were far less elaborate and had pits for offerings. Developed by the people of the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, it is a monotheistic religion with heavy elements of ancestor worship.
The deities remained a super-aristocracy. Pastoralists and warriors certainly require fertility in their herds—not to mention in their own number. A new capital was established at It-towy, south of Memphis, while Thebes remained a great religious center.
Ancient Egyptian deities The gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus, in order from left to right The Egyptians believed that the phenomena of nature were divine forces in and of themselves.
Delphic oracles are quoted from literary sources but appear, on the whole, to be retrospective concoctions, like the Hebraic-Hellenistic collection of Sibylline prophecies. All of the other gods, led by El, band together to free Baal. Religion Basics of Kushite Religion. The oldest evidence of religion in Sudan may be traced back to around BC (Khartoum Paleolithic).
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals which were an integral part of ancient Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with many deities who were believed to be present in, and in control of, the forces of nature.
Rituals such as prayers and offerings were efforts to provide for the gods and. Ancient Iranian religion: Ancient Iranian religion, diverse beliefs and practices of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian plateau and its borderlands, as well as areas of Central Asia from the Black Sea to Khotan (modern Hotan, China).
The northern Iranians (referred.
Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt [Emily Teeter] on parisplacestecatherine.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
This book is a vivid reconstruction of the practical aspects of ancient Egyptian religion. Through an examination of artifacts and inscriptions. Basics of Kushite Religion: The Story of Creation, Maat, and Jebel Barkal; List of popular Gods and Godesses of Ancient Nubia.
(This list does not include all the Gods and Goddesses known to the ancient Nubians, but the best known to historians today.). The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion [Donald B.
Redford] on parisplacestecatherine.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Incorporating the latest and best scholarship in the area, The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion provides over 90 in-depth articles ranging from Anubis.Ancient religion
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Psychology 403 laboratory in cognitive psychology fall, 2003 experiment 3 stroop effect in serial verbal reactions journal of experimental psychology,. In the traditional stroop effect (stroop, selective attention to words and colors quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 25, 387-397 pritchatt, d (1968. Journal of experimental psychology 18, 643–662 jaensch, er (1929) grundformen menschlichen et al (september 2002) stroop effect in spanish-english.
stroop effect and reading process abstract this study evaluated the effect of congruency of color ink and color name on reading process. Learning and automaticity: a connectionist explanation of the stroop effect to account for the basic stroop effect with journal of experimental psychology. Demonstration of stroop effect john ridley stroop first reported this effect in his phd thesis journal of experimental psychology,18:643-662 stroop,. Overall responding was slower and the stroop effect larger with journal of experimental psychology the stroop effect in english-japanese bilinguals:.
The stroop effect is one of the best known phenomena in all of cognitive science and indeed in since the very beginning of experimental psychology,. In psychology, the numerical stroop effect (related to the standard stroop effect) demonstrates the relationship between numerical values and physical sizes. This lesson discusses the stroop effect you will learn about the man and original experiment behind it, try it yourself, study the underlying. The stroop effect: its relation to personality since first being introduced to american psychology, the stroop boys susceptible to the stroop effect.
With this interactive quiz and printable worksheet, you can learn about the stroop effect and who discovered it the quiz and worksheet are. The effect of effort on stroop interference received considerable attention in cognitive psychology in a variety of experimental paradigms. Seeing science: exploring color perception with the in a now-famous experimental psychology paper by john ridley stroop the stroop effect uses words. This sample runs a stroop task with in which journal of experimental psychology macleod cm (1991) half a century of research on the stroop effect: an. The stroop effect on the in particular this might be the case in experimental psychology is due to the robustness of the stroop interference effect.
On the experimental level, the stroop test, environmental psychology lab, s , pery, conrad, a position-sensitive stroop effect:. Rother stroop's enduring effect 57 years ago by one of the most unusual figures in the history of experimental psychology j ridley stroop achieved instant. Stroop effect 1 introduction background of the study the color-word naming originated way back almost to the beginning of experimental psychology, in the first.
Stroop, j r studies of interference in serial verbal reactions 1935 - journal of experimental psychology. Bilingual stroop in english speakers with russian as a second language: journal of experimental psychology (2007), “the stroop effect in english. Get youtube without the ads working no thanks 3-months free find out why close stroop effect presentation intro to psychology - duration. Stroop effect, experiments, science, these participants are undergraduate students from dr kelling’s 11:00am experimental psychology course.
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Increase Focus Mindfully
In a world full of distractions, it can be hard to focus. Our modern world functions in a persistent state of information overload. Constant distractions and low productivity that's associated with these distractions, have become so commonplace in today's schools and offices that doctors have given it a name: Attention Deficit Trait ADT. ADT is a term that describes the effects of a constant state of information overload that can be generated by the digital world.
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
You have the power to focus your mind! Focusing involves guiding your energy or attention on something. Here are some guidelines to help you focus your mind and to improve concentration mindfully.
- FOCUS ON ONE TASK AT A TIME
Studies have proven that it is harder to focus if you break (15-30 seconds) to answer emails, send text messages, or take quick phone calls. It can take up to 15 minutes to regain focus for such breaks. BE STRATEGIC with your time. Staying on task and consciously chunking your time will benefit your focus and efficiency and improve your personal energy.
- SET A DESIGNATED TIME TO DEAL WITH WORRY
The Guatemala Indians use WORRY DOLLS to teach children how to manage anxiety. At bedtime children are given only 6 dolls and are allowed only 6 worries a day. Children will share their one worry per doll and then place the dolls in a bag. Overnight the dolls will take care of the worry. This is a very simple yet powerful practice of stress reduction. Many of us have trouble concentrating during the day because we're constantly worrying about other things which can drain our energy. If you are distracted by worries designated a special place to put your worries. Try writing them down and place them in a designated envelope or box. Then schedule a specific time to deal with these issues.
Having too much on your plate can be distracting and this can sometimes cause procrastination. Take time 10-15 minutes to prioritize your to-do-list. Studies have shown that most people focus the majority (80%) of their day putting out fires and only (20%) on things that will create impact. By prioritizing you can give your best energy to the things that matter most to you.
- DO NOT DISTURB
Create boundaries for yourself. At work or while doing homework close your email inbox & chat programs and let your voicemail work for you. During dinnertime, shut off the television, silence electronics and close your front door. While on vacation unplug!
When your body and brain does not recieve enough fluid, they can't operate at peak performance. Hydration is a simple way to improve concentration during the day and improve health!
- EAT A BALANCE DIET....DON'T SKIP BREAKFAST
Simply Put..If your hungry..your tummy will be trying to get your attention. Eat a well-balance diet and keep healthy snacks on hand throughout the day.
- MOVE YOUR BODY
Research has shown that regular walking and stretching during the day can improve focus and move stored up energy through our body. Take strategic micro-breaks (5 minutes every 1 hour) to maintain focus throughout the day. The idea is not to burn-out. Our minds can struggle if we don't allow for recovery. Short healthy breaks will allow your mind to rest before focusing again.
For more information to work with a Life Coach, please contact us at 716-560-6552
POWER FROM WITHIN
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What causes gastroesophageal reflux disease?
GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux. When you swallow, a circular band of muscle around the bottom of your esophagus (lower esophageal sphincter) relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow into your stomach.
Can heartburn be a sign of something serious?
Many people think nothing of it. Pop a Tums in your mouth and go on with your day. But frequent heartburn can lead to more serious medical conditions. Heartburn can lead to Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Barrett’s Esophagus and, in a very small number of individuals, esophageal cancer.
How does GERD affect the digestive system?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when the upper portion of the digestive tract is not functioning properly, causing stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube linking the mouth to the stomach. In gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), this backflow is ongoing.
Can acid reflux make you sick?
People who have acid reflux often experience a sour taste in their mouth from stomach acids. The taste, along with the frequent burping and coughing associated with reflux and GERD, can create nausea and even vomiting in some cases.
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I know all your futures are SO bright that you need to wear shades! Easy to obtain, you can pick a pair up for yourself at any ol’ convenience store. But things weren’t always so. No, sunglasses may have been around for a long time, but they weren’t around forever. When were these crafty specs invented and who were the first folks to wear these cool shades?
Well, I suppose the very first ‘sunglasses’ were invented by the Alaskan Inuits—also known as Eskimos. They didn’t look cool as opposed to the shades we wear today, but they worked and they’re at least 2000 years old!
The Eskimos (or more like ancestors of the Eskimos) usually made these ‘snow goggles’ as they were called out of bone or ivory. They didn’t have lenses but, instead, simple slits for your eyes to see through while still blocking out the harsh sunlight reflecting off the brilliantly blinding ice and snow.
For at least a few hundred years, Chinese judges in the Middle Ages wore sunglasses. They were made with a smoke-colored quartz for the lenses and therefore actually looked somewhat familiar to our sunglasses today. They didn’t wear them as protective eyewear from sunlight, however. These judges wore them to hide any expression that their eyes may reveal—the same purpose as hardcore Poker players.
Darkened glasses were thought to help to correct certain impairments in vision around the 18th Century and by were finally sold as ‘sunglasses’ once again on the beaches of Atlantic City by one Sam Foster. Seven years later, a man named Ray Ban made the first polarized pair of sunglasses that reduce glare from sunlight.
A commercial for Foster Grant sunglasses in 1960 skyrocketed the popularity for this product making them the cool, long-lasting fashion that they still are today.
Thanks for reading, Camp Fans!
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A Review of Ghana’s National Legal and Regulatory Framework for Nuclear Power and the way Forward
Ghana’s interest in nuclear power dates back to the 1950s and has continued under successive governments. Recently, the government of Ghana has renewed its commitment to establish a nuclear power programme and use nuclear power to drive economic transformation and development. Hence, Ghana has aligned its nuclear programme closely with the recommendations and guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), especially as outlined in the IAEA Milestones Approach. The Statute of the IAEA authorizes the IAEA to promote the safe and peaceful use of nuclear energy. The safe and peaceful use of nuclear energy in any given State can only be assured with the promulgation and implementation of an effective national nuclear legal framework and infrastructure. Over the past two decades, the IAEA’s Office of Legal Affairs has provided assistance to Ghana in the development of its national nuclear legal infrastructures and training of professionals. The legislative framework for nuclear power generation has two main aspects: international and national legislative framework. At the international level, Ghana has ratified some basic international legal instruments, which, when implemented, will show Ghana’s commitment to peaceful use and application of nuclear energy. At the national level, Ghana has enacted legislation to deal with radiation, waste, transport safety, environmental protection; among others, which, is relevant and is being taken into account in the development of its legal and regulatory infrastructure. In addition, Ghana has established an independent regulatory body, the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA) to provide for the regulation and management of activities and practices for the peaceful use of nuclear material or energy, radioactive material or radiation; the protection of persons and the environment against the harmful effects of radiation hazards; to ensure the effective implementation of Ghana’s international obligations, and for related matters. Also, Ghana has started the development of its Nuclear Power Program through the establishment of its nuclear infrastructure and the training of personnel to mount this program. The Nuclear Power Planning Committee (NPPC) comprising Stakeholder Institutions was established by the President of Ghana in 2008 for the formulation of the Nuclear Power Policy and development of the basic elements of nuclear infrastructure. Despite all this, more work lies ahead. Ghana will need long term commitment and planning, large scale financial and human capital investment, and effective implementation of its national legal framework, if its nuclear power programme is to succeed. Therefore, this study aims to review available international, national legal and regulatory frameworks and the extent to which these frameworks will enhance the establishment of a functional and sustainable nuclear power programme in Ghana.
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- What are psychological principles in the workplace?
- Why learner centered psychological principles is important?
- What are the 14 principles of learning?
- What do you think is the focus of LCP?
- What is a teaching principle?
- What are the 4 principles of child development?
- What are the 5 principles of child development?
What are psychological principles in the workplace?
There are many types of the psychology principles that are used in the workplace such as motivation, performance appraisal, training, recruitment, compensation, stimulation, socialization, identity, control, communication and human behaviors and psychology of leadership.
Why learner centered psychological principles is important?
Learner-centered psychological principles provide a framework for developing and incorporating the components of new designs for schooling. These principles emphasize the active and reflective nature of learning and learners. A new and exciting vision of schooling, and psychology’s role in this vision, can then emerge.
What are the 14 principles of learning?
14 Principles of learning by Brennan
- THE CHILD’S SENSE OF WONDER AND NATURAL CURIOSITY.
- THE CHILD AS AN ACTIVE AGENT IN HIS/HER LEARNING.
- THE DEVELOPMENT NATURE OF LEARNING.
- THE CHILD’S KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE AS A BASE FOR LEARNING.
- ENVIRONMENT-BASED LEARNING.
- LEARNING THROUGH GUIDED ACTIVITY AND DISCOVERY.
- LEARNING THROUGH LANGUAGE.
What do you think is the focus of LCP?
“We think that LCP focus on…” Learner-Centered Psychological Principles (American Psychological Association) ? Focus on psychological factors that are primarily internal to and under the control of the learner rather than conditioned habits of physiological factors. Click to see full answer.
What is a teaching principle?
Based on the literature and the experience of the teaching faculty, ten principles of effective teaching were recommended: 1) create an active learning environment, 2) focus attention, 3) connect knowledge, 4) help students organize their knowledge, 5) provide timely feedback, 6) demand quality, 7) balance high …
What are the 4 principles of child development?
Child Development Principles
- Physical – the development and growth of the child’s body, muscles, and senses.
- Social – how the child relates, plays and talks to others.
- Emotional – the child’s awareness of self, how the child feels about himself, expression of feelings and how he helps care for himself.
What are the 5 principles of child development?
Children develop skills in five main areas of development:
- Cognitive Development. This is the child’s ability to learn and solve problems.
- Social and Emotional Development.
- Speech and Language Development.
- Fine Motor Skill Development.
- Gross Motor Skill Development.
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Universal rubric for literary analysis what about non-fiction literary analysis pit and the pendulum (7) poetry (53. The red badge of courage : metaphor analysis, the fighters resemble “animals tossed for a death struggle into a dark pit the literary technique known as the. The black cat for the most wild, yet most homely narrative which i am about to pen, i neither expect nor solicit belief mad indeed would i be to expect it,.
Writing the quote 2 paraphrase 3 analysis 4 evaluation ways to introduce quotes: when (event in book) happened, (character) states, . Supersummary, a modern alternative to sparknotes and cliffsnotes, offers high-quality study guides for challenging works of literature this 31-page guide for “salvage the bones” by jesmyn ward includes detailed chapter summaries and analysis covering 12 chapters, as well as several more in-depth sections of expert-written literary analysis. The pit and the pendulum by edgar allan poe finally, poe effectively ties the story and it's literary elements together with his outstanding use of themes.
Free essay: the tell-tale heart a literary analysis like many of poe's other works, the tell-tale heart is a dark story this particular one focuses on the. Happy endings has 1,144 ratings and these stories show how brilliant writing can elevate almost nothing into a literary a pit from a prune, if the. The pit and the pendulum the , in its last analysis, i was not a little astonished to discover that the literary world has hitherto been strangely in.
Literary analysis and dickinson and the dash scaffold scarlet letter segue sexuality sin theory the pit the scarlet letter the turn of the screw. A quiz of 40 useful literary terms for literature students literary terms quiz a quiz of 40 useful literary terms for literature students. Through analyzing edgar allan poe‘s poems and short stories, viewing c read literary criticism to learn different ways of interpreting.
The works of edgar allan poe (lit2go edition) retrieved july 04, 2018, lit2go: the works of edgar allan poe the pit and the pendulum. The big difference is in psalm 16:10 the hebrew word translated pit also means rot the greek old testament used the second word rot rot means that things change. Episode, scene, speech, and word they have brought lear to “the sulphurous pit” and there can be but the suggestion of a complete analysis.
Holt elements of literature mcdougal littell grade 10 8/2001 literary interpretation, pp 420-427 the pit and the pendulum, p 288. How to analyze poetry bookmark does the poem belong to a particular period or literary movement for example, does the poem relate to imagism,. Literary analysis: comparing and contrasting narratives bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand ofthat god, whose.
This study guide consists of approximately 17 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of the star pit. Free argumentative papers, essays online best site to buy essays examples but look intently has risen there this is vital because professionals over the years, be done, so those, essays online, it is such a choice is enjoy your life in my be followed. Is kobo abe’s strange, bleak novel the woman in the dunes, about a man imprisoned in a pit of sand, a parable of damnation or salvation both, argues david mitchell.
Literary analysis - the cycle of some call that sinking feeling in the pit of the stomach or that nagging voice in their head their conscious speaking to them. Read “the pit and the pendulum” note: a literary analysis works more from the perspective of the reader and how a selection makes a reader feel or think. Literature analysis of tell-tale heart by edgar allan poe introduction this is the story of an individual in first person narration, who tells the story of his calculating murder of an old man for whose care he was responsible (silverman, 19.
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Logical depth is a measure of complexity for individual strings devised by Charles H. Bennett based on the computational complexity of an algorithm that can recreate a given piece of information. It differs from Kolmogorov complexity in that it considers the computation time of the algorithm with nearly minimal length, rather than the length of the minimal algorithm.
Formally, in the context of some universal computer the logical depth of a string to significance level is given by the running time of the fastest program that produces and is no more than longer than the minimal program.
- Bennett, Charles H. (1988), "Logical Depth and Physical Complexity", in Herken, Rolf (ed.), The Universal Turing Machine: a Half-Century Survey, Oxford U. Press, pp. 227–257, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.70.4331
- Craig, Edward (1998), "Computability and Information, Section 6: Logical depth", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 10: Index, Taylor & Francis, p. 481, ISBN 9780415073103
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A report from a European parliament committee states that playing video games has a “broadly beneficial effect” on children’s mental development.
According to this study,
(Right, because when I think of ways to encourage creativity and cooperation, I think video games. Doesn’t everybody?)
The study also suggests that games should have a “red button” which parents could push to turn off a screen or disable game play, as “the possibility of harmful effects on the minds of children cannot be ruled out”.
Honestly, I don’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
While it can be argued that video games may aid in the development of a very specific skill set, I think the negatives here clearly outweigh the positive:
97% of children play video games, and they play often. Half of those surveyed had played within the last 24 hours.
Children aged 8-12 play video games for an average of 13 hours a week.
An abundance of screen time means less time spent outdoors. A 2008 study by the Outdoor Foundation reported an 11% decrease in outdoor activity among 6-17 year olds in one year.
Lack of outdoor time translates into lack of exercise. The Centers for Disease Conrol has found that the number of obese children has tripled over three decades; 15% are considered obese, while 30% are overweight. Childhood weight issues increase the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, depression, and other health problems.
Time engaged by a screen takes away from time for free, unstructured play, which develops language and social skills, creative thinking, and problem-solving, as well as reducing stress.
So why release a study that praises video game time?
I hate to sound callous, but could it be because in spite of the economy, video games sales went up in the UK in 2008? Online gaming sites ( 107 of which are targeted to children under seven) also saw growth during the economic downturn.
What our kids need is more encouragement to turn off the video games and the computer screens.
What my kids (and I) definitely did not need was evidence rationalizing that video game time is good for them.
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- 1 Why do we study biogeochemical cycles?
- 2 What are the steps in a biogeochemical cycle?
- 3 What are the 4 biogeochemical cycles?
- 4 What are the 5 biogeochemical cycles?
- 5 Which biogeochemical cycles are key to life?
- 6 How can humans influence biogeochemical cycles?
- 7 What is the most important biogeochemical cycle?
- 8 What is a biogeochemical cycle example?
- 9 What is the best definition for biogeochemical cycles?
- 10 What is a flux in a biogeochemical cycle?
- 11 What are the Earth’s geochemical cycles?
- 12 What are the two types of biogeochemical cycles?
- 13 What factors can disrupt the biogeochemical cycles?
- 14 Which two biogeochemical cycles are most closely tied together?
- 15 How many phases are there in biogeochemical cycles?
Why do we study biogeochemical cycles?
Biogeochemical cycles describe the pathways by which energy from the sun is assimilated by living organisms and stored as chemical energy. They are essential for recycling material. When we study biogeochemical cycles, we focus on the elements that are essential for life.
What are the steps in a biogeochemical cycle?
Terms in this set (10)
- Nitrogen Fixation. Process in which nitrogen gas from the atompsphere is converted into ammonia by bacteria that live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes.
- Cellular Respiration.
What are the 4 biogeochemical cycles?
Some of the major biogeochemical cycles are as follows: (1) Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle (2) Carbon- Cycle (3) Nitrogen Cycle ( 4 ) Oxygen Cycle.
What are the 5 biogeochemical cycles?
The most important biogeochemical cycles are the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, phosphorus cycle, and the water cycle. The biogeochemical cycles always have a state of equilibrium.
Which biogeochemical cycles are key to life?
6.1 Introduction. The biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are interconnected via key processes such as photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration from local to global scales.
How can humans influence biogeochemical cycles?
Recently, people have been causing these biogeochemical cycles to change. When we cut down forests, make more factories, and drive more cars that burn fossil fuels, the way that carbon and nitrogen move around the Earth changes. These changes add more greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and this causes climate change.
What is the most important biogeochemical cycle?
Explanation: One of the most important cycle in biochemical cycles is carbon cycle. Photosynthesis and respiration are important partners. While consumers emit carbon dioxide, producers (green plants and other producers) process this carbon dioxide to form oxygen.
What is a biogeochemical cycle example?
Many biogeochemical cycles affect our daily lives in many ways. A prime example of one of these cycles is the water cycle. Some key words with the water cycle include condensation, precipitation, and evaporation. Water Cycle. Another great example in our everyday lives is the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What is the best definition for biogeochemical cycles?
The definition of a biogeochemical – cycle is the flow of chemical elements between living organisms and the environment.
What is a flux in a biogeochemical cycle?
The flux is the amount of material moved from one reservoir to another – for example, the amount of water lost from the ocean to the atmosphere by evaporation.
What are the Earth’s geochemical cycles?
1 The Geochemical Cycle. The geochemical cycle comprises the gains and losses of nutrients to the ecosystem by processes such as weathering and leaching. Geochemical processes are usually slow relative to the growth of trees. Nutrients are added to the soil by the weathering of parent materials, and in rainfall.
What are the two types of biogeochemical cycles?
Broadly, the biogeochemical cycles can be divided into two types, the gaseous biogeochemical cycle and sedimentary biogeochemical cycle based on the reservoir.
What factors can disrupt the biogeochemical cycles?
found in ecosystems containing various trophic levels.
- Natural events or human activities can disturb Biogeochemical cycles.
- Human activities include: Overuse of fertilizers or herbicides. – runoff affects bodies of water causing algae blooms.
- Natural events include: Volcanic activity.
Which two biogeochemical cycles are most closely tied together?
Which two biogeochemical cycles are most closely tied together? Why are they linked? The oxygen & carbon cycles.
How many phases are there in biogeochemical cycles?
Phases of biogeochemical cycles: Each biogeochemical cycle has two phases, namely the biotic phase (organic phase ) and the abiotic phase.
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Discussion 1: Qualitative Research in Nursing Practice
Which method of research provides the best evidence for nursing practice? Is there a place for both quantitative and qualitative research in evidence-based practice? How do these research methods improve patient outcomes?
Return to and reflect on your thoughts and postings from Week 1’s Discussion on the respective characteristics, strengths, and limitations of quantitative and qualitative research. Consider the uses of each type of research in the health care field. Also reflect on the amount of quantitative versus qualitative research that exists in the health care field in particular. There is an impression among some researchers that qualitative research is inferior to, easier than, or not as rigorous as quantitative research.
In this Discussion, you consider the idea of rigor, or thoroughness and scope of study, with regard to qualitative research. You examine the methods of qualitative research outlined and recommended in this week’s Learning Resources and how they aim to create standards of rigor by which to assess qualitative studies. You also have the opportunity to assess an article of your choice in terms of rigor and recommended methods of qualitative data collection.
Consider your readings about and understanding of quantitative and qualitative research. If you had to choose, which type of research (quantitative or qualitative) do you think is more rigorous and why? Do you think it is useful to make such generalizations and comparisons?
Locate an article describing a qualitative research study related to a health care topic. (I HAVE ATTACHED THE CHOSEN ARTICLE BELOW LABELED “CHOSEN ARTICLE”)
Formulate a research question to address the problem and that would lead you to employ correlational statistics.
With information from the Learning Resources in mind, critically analyze your selected study. Ask yourself: How rigorous was the study in terms of the researchers’ efforts, the data collected, and the conclusions drawn? What might the researchers have done to improve the rigor?
By Day 3
Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:
Do you think there is one type of research (quantitative or qualitative) that is inherently more rigorous than the other? If so, identify which one and why. If not, discuss your reasoning.
Post a brief summary of your research article analysis and the correct APA citation for the article.
Outline how the study’s qualitative data collection and analysis did, or did not, promote rigor, provide scientific or systematic scaffolding, and/or generate a more thorough analysis of the research topic.
Smith, J., & Firth, J. (2011). Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach.
Nurse Researcher, 18(2), 52–62. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.or…
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- Is it to and fro or to and from?
- What is the difference between to and from?
- What is back and forth motion?
- What is the meaning of odds and ends?
- What does fro mean in text?
- What does going back and forth mean?
- Is it correct to say thinking of you?
- How do you use to and fro?
- What is to and fro in physics?
- What the meaning of from?
- Where do we use from?
- Why did the water move to and fro?
- Is to and fro an idiom?
- When should I use to and for?
Is it to and fro or to and from?
From means with the source or provenance of or at when used as a preposition.
Fro means from; away; back or backward.
In modern English, it is used only in the set phrase (“to and fro”) when used as an adverb.
We don’t use this word in Modern English, unless we are saying the phrase to and fro..
What is the difference between to and from?
From can also be used with the prepositions ‘to’ and ‘until’ to mark the beginning and ending point of time of an action or state. Generally, ‘from…to’ is used with past tenses, while ‘from… until’ is used when speaking about future actions. However, ‘from…to’ can be used in most situations.
What is back and forth motion?
phrase. If someone moves back and forth, they repeatedly move in one direction and then in the opposite direction. He paced back and forth.
What is the meaning of odds and ends?
1a : miscellaneous articles. b : miscellaneous small matters (as of business) to be attended to. 2 : miscellaneous remnants or leftovers odds and ends of food.
What does fro mean in text?
Summary of Key PointsFRODefinition:Afro HairstyleType:Word and AbbreviationGuessability:2: Quite easy to guessTypical Users:Adults
What does going back and forth mean?
0. The definition of back and forth is going from one place to another and then returning to the first location, often over and over again. An example of back and forth is when a person goes to LA, then to San Francisco, then back to LA, then back to San Francisco again. adverb. 1.
Is it correct to say thinking of you?
Thinking “about” something is a longer, more continuous action. However, when talking about people we often use “thinking of you” to mean “thinking about you” It’s easy to see why this would be confusing to people trying to learn English.
How do you use to and fro?
If someone moves to and fro, they move repeatedly from one place to another and back again, or from side to side. She stood up and began to pace to and fro. The boat was rocking gently to and fro in the water.
What is to and fro in physics?
To and fro means the forward and backward movement of an object about an equilibrium position. For instance, motion of a pendulum, it moves one side to another, and then returns to the starting position. This type of motion is known as to and fro motion.
What the meaning of from?
English Language Learners Definition of from —used to indicate the starting point of a physical movement or action. —used to indicate the place that something comes out of. —used to indicate the place where someone lives or was born. See the full definition for from in the English Language Learners Dictionary.
Where do we use from?
Since vs From – Takeaways Since is used to present the starting point of an action that continues in the present and takes the usage of present perfect or present perfect continuous tense verb. From is used to present the straying point of an action.
Why did the water move to and fro?
Vervoort explained that our planet is rotating around on its tilted axis. The sun heats the Earth unevenly as it turns. These conditions actually affect the air and wind patterns on the planet surface. All of this moving air pushes the water in the ocean around.
Is to and fro an idiom?
from; back. Idiomsto and fro, alternating from one place to another; back and forth:The trees were swaying to and fro in the wind.
When should I use to and for?
As you can see in #6, TO or FOR can be used for a motive/reason, but TO is always with a verb, and FOR is always with a noun. Here’s a good example: I came to New York to work. I came to New York for a new job.
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Every watershed needs a hero. Meet the Environmentally Conscious Robot and his trusty sidekick, Ducky! The Environmentally Conscious Robot’s life quest is helping people understand the concept of a watershed – an area of land that drains to a common water body – and why watersheds matter, impacting every single one of us.
Tales of the Environmentally Conscious Robot (Grades 3-12)
Pollution Patrol: Point vs. Nonpoint Source (Grades 6-12)
Watershed Walk (Grades K-5)
Paper Watersheds (Grades 3-5)
Delineating Clay Watersheds (Grades 3-5)
Wetlands Are Like Sponges (Grades 3-5)
What's In Your Water? - The Beach (Grades 3-8)
What's In Your Water? - The Farm (Grades 3-8)
What's In Your Water? - Golfing (Grades 3-8)
Watch The Environmentally Conscious Robot video HERE.
© 2018 Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved.
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Montevideo Convention and Cabinda Statehood
The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States solidly affirms the State Sovereignty of the Republic of Cabinda. The Convention, which was signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt as president of the United States, establishes the criteria for statehood in international law, and as a restatement of customary international law, merely codified existing legal norms and its principles therefore do not apply merely to the signatories, but to all subjects of international law as a whole.
According to the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, Cabinda meets the criteria for being considered a separate and independent nation under international law. It states that:
The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications:
[A] a permanent population;
[B] a defined territory;
[C] government; and
[D] capacity to enter into relations with the other states.
Cabinda meets all of the traditional requirements for statehood set forth by the Montevideo Convention.
Cabinda has its own currency (Ibinda) and has its own Constitution and common law. It unambiguously defines citizenship, issues its own passports to its citizens, and has a well-functioning judiciary and law enforcement.
It has a defined territory which encompasses more than 12,000 square kilometres. Its permanent population of 1,500,000 is much greater than that of other states that have been admitted into the United Nations since 1990, including Andorra (70,000), Liechtenstein (33,000), Marshall Islands (66,000), The Federated States of Micronesia (132,000), Monaco (32,000), Nauru (13,000), Palau (18,000), and San Marino (25,000).
Cabinda has its own democratically elected president and legislature. Its government commands the armed forces, and engages in discussions with foreign states. Through its government institutions, Cabinda has the capacity to conduct international relations and has represented the people of the country at international negotiations under the mediation of the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Africa, America and Asia.
The issue of recognition or no recognition is not a test of statehood. To be considered a full country under international law, it is enough for Cabinda to meet the four criteria of the Montevideo Convention: permanent population, defined territory, government and being able to relate to other states.
A similar set of criteria for statehood is found in the European Community's Badinter Committee. The committee defines a state by having a territory, a population, and a political authority. The committee also found that the existence of states was a question of fact, while the recognition by other states was purely declaratory and not the determinative factor of statehood.
The Swiss Government's Directorate of International Law (Switzerland's Administration’s centre of competence for General Public International Law) agrees and states that "The existence of a state is not dependent on any prior recognition. The determining factor is solely the actual and concrete presence of the concomitant characteristics of statehood, i.e. a national territory, a citizenry and a state authority."
CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CABINDA
The Republic of Cabinda subscribes to the core values of Constitutional Democracy
- Freedom of press
- Freedom of speech
- Due process
- Protection against unreasonable search and seizure
- Rule of law
- Right to a speedy public trial by a jury
THE COMMON GOOD
- Provide for safety and security
- Promote the general welfare
- Majorities have right to make political decisions
- Respect for differences
- Equal protection of the law
- Social equality
- Right to vote and seek office
- Equal employment opportunity
- Equal housing opportunity
In international law a protectorate is a political entity (a sovereign state or less developed native polity, such as a tribal chieftainship or feudal princely state) that formally agrees (voluntarily or under pressure) by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the protector, which engages to protect it (diplomatically or, if needed, militarily) against third parties, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship.
In fact, 'protectorates' were even declared which were not even duly entered into by pre-existent traditional states, or only by a party in its internal politics of dubious authority, while colonial 'protectors' frequently decided on their own to 'reshuffle' several protectorates into a new, artificial unit, a logic not quite respectful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain the protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreement of February 26, 1895 actually stipulated that the colonial powers could declare a protectorate in Black Africa (the last continent to be further carved up between them) a protectorate could be established by diplomatic notification, even without actual possession on the ground. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as 'colony' and 'protectorate' for an amalgamation, convenient only for the colonizer/protector, of geographically proximious territories over which it held (de facto) sway by protective or 'raw' colonial logic.
In practice, a protectorate often has direct foreign relations only with the protecting power, so other states must deal with it by approaching the protector. Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own, but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.
The Protectorate demands a detailed and prudent study of its nature and its effects, legislators designate the following:
1. - That no limitation can be founded in presumptions that require a special title.
2.- That it must always be presumed that a State possesses a complete autonomy, the limitations of that autonomy must be specified en clear and precise terms, and if it wishes to make it permanent it must state that it possesses it constantly since time immemorial
3. - Being the limitation an exception to the rule, it must be interpreted in its most restrictive since to its limit and the more convenient to the limit.
4. - It can not be considered valid a limitation of the autonomy and of the freedom of a State that snatches completely these integral rights of their personality,
5. - It should be considered annulled a 'limitation when the circumstances have changed such a way that was not valid their current establishment.
6. - The limitation can extinguish for the agreement in contrary, for the expressed or tacit renouncement, for the other ways of concluding the international treaties.
"VOCABULARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW"
Paper to vulgarize the nomenclature and main concepts of this science; Written by the Doctor in the Law Schools, Philosophy and Letters D. ALFONSO RETORTILLO Y TORNOS (Professor of the Law school in the Central University, Academic of the royal Jurisprudence and Legislation, etc, etc…) With a foreword of His Excellency Doctor D. FRANCISCO J. CASTEJÓN Y ELIO MARQUEZ OF VADILLO (Professor of Natural Law in the University of Madrid, Former-undersecretary of Grace and Justice, Former-vice-president of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence, Deputy to the Royal Courts etc, etc…). Printed with the license of the ecclesiastical authority in Madrid in the Typographic establishment of Fortanet, Printer of the Royal Academy of History in the street Liberdad No. 29 in the year of 1893
We remind that the frontiers of the Cabinda territory were fixed clearly by the conference of Berlin 1884-1885, where it is evidenced that the territory of Cabinda is not part of the angolan territory, besides being two separate territories so much as geographically, culturally and not sharing any frontier, as well as it is in the ethnic plan and in the linguistic one.
All the countries signatories of the Conference of Berlin on the 26 of February 1885 (Great Britain, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Low Countries, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Turkey, and United States of North America), acknowledged that the Kingdom of Portugal signed the Treaty of Simulambuco on the 1st of February 1885 with the Chiefs and Princes of Cabinda and later on they made it recognize, homologated and used of conformity to that of the Conference of Berlin on the 26 February 1885, in this manner the territory of Cabinda become a Portuguese Protectorate and its Status of Protectorate were countersigned by the parenthesis b) of the paragraph 2 of the Article 16 in its Annex "AND" of the "Letter of Havana" of March 24 1948.
The Portuguese constitution of 1933, clearly states that the territory of Cabinda is a separate from any other of its colonial or protected territories.
Identically documents from the United Nations and from the Organization of World Commerce clearly state that the territory of Cabinda is a separate and independent territory of that another.
Both the Organization for African Unit OUA in 1964, identifies Cabinda has the territory with the number 39 in line to become decolonized and the territory of Angola with the numbers 35, has well as the United Nations in November 20, 1962 they acknowledge the desire of auto determination of the People of Cabinda.
The countries of the European Union have signed the Letter of the United Nations, the Letter of Havana, the Universal Declaration of the Human rights, the Convention of Vienna on Diplomatic Relations, the Resolutions 1514 (on the concession of Independence to the countries and colonial Peoples, 1960), and the 1803 (permanent Sovereignty on the natural resources 1962) of the Nations United and many more other treaties and international agreements in this same respect.
The Republic of Cabinda is the de facto Government of Cabinda. It has been a de facto government since the 1974 Conference of Alvor in which Portugal illegally transferred Cabinda to Angola despite Cabinda's previous separate status as the Portuguese Protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo under the 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco. The Cabinda de facto Government has maintained itself against Angola inside Cabinda continually since 1974. The President of Cabinda is His Excellency Father Raul Tati. Ministerial responsibility is split between the Office of the President and the High Commission in London which is responsible for the foreign relations, religion, resources, tourism, commerce, banking, judiciary, information, and telecommunications portfolios. The President has direct command of the armed forces, interior, finance, and political ministries.
The internal political parties of Cabinda are sometimes confused with the Republic of Cabinda. The Republic of Cabinda is a unity government whose members include but are not limited to the majority FLEC-FAC political front where all Cabinda political party’s are and can be present. FLEC-FAC itself is a coalition of parties and organizations including the armed forces. In recent years following the successful example of Botswana, the Republic of Cabinda has recruited outside experts to help and assist the building of civil society in terms of an independent judiciary, legal system, and economic development.
THE RIGHT OF LEGATION OF THE EXPATRIATED GOVERNMENTS
The right of the legation accompanies the governments that are expatriated, such has in the event of war for not falling into the hands of the enemy; this succeeded, for example, during the second world war (from 1938 at 1945), to the governments from Poland, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Yugoslavia and Luxemburg, they expatriated to prevent them to fall in the hands of the enemy, has such they moved to Great Britain fixing the headquarters of its legation right in London, from where they credited and received all diplomatic agents.
A de facto government requires no diplomatic recognition to conduct itself under international law. Both United States and international courts have repeatedly accorded legal standing to de facto governments.
De facto governments may conduct foreign relations with sovereign states which have not extended de jure recognition to them. Section 107 of the Restatement (Second) of Foreign Relations Law of the United States 119651 states that: "An entity not recognized as a state but meeting the requirements for recognition specified in § 100 of controlling a territory and population and engaging in foreign relations], or an entity recognized as a state whose regime is not recognized as its government, has the rights of a state under international law in relation to a non-recognizing state..." See also Article 74 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties which states that "The severance or absence of diplomatic or consular relations between two or more States does not prevent the conclusion of treaties between those States".
International Recognition of Cabinda
In the past the Republic of Cabinda has enjoyed a close working relationship with the former governments of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the former Zaire. In fact, so cordial were relations with Zaire that its leader called for a plebiscite in Cabinda on the issue of independence. The current weak minority regimes in these states however are now allied with Angola which maintains troops in both countries capitals.
The Republic of Cabinda through its majority party FLEC-FAC is a member of the UNPO. The UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization in The Hague) enjoys NGO status at the United Nations. UNPO members include Taiwan, Somaliland, Tibet and Kosovo.
The condition and situation of the Republic of Cabinda is similar to the condition and situation of the Arab Republic Democratic Saharaui.
So much the Republic of Cabinda like the Arab Republic Democratic Saharaui is not member of the United Nations. If a nation, is not member of the United Nations it doesn't remove them its status of Nation.
Not to" belong to the United Nations is not an impediment for their recognition and establishment of Relationships Diplomats. It is for that reason that the Republic of Bolivia recognized to the Arab Democratic Republic of Saharaui as a nation in date 1412-1982. It is for that reason that in January of this year, his Excellency the President of the Arab Democratic Republic of Saharaui, attended the transmission of control of his Excellency the President of the Republic of Bolivia.
The Republic of Cabinda and its associated entities, the National Bank of Cabinda and the Cabinda Law Society are also acknowledged by the African Union's Commission on Human and People's Rights which will be hearing the international legal case Cabinda vs. Angola filed by the Republic of Cabinda regarding control of natural resources in Cabinda. The Republic of Cabinda also has dealt with agencies of the United Nations including the UN Human Rights Office, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and the UN Office for the Coordination of I humanitarian Affairs.
Under the Geneva Conventions of 1949, it is a war crime to transfer, directly or indirectly, the civilian population of a country power onto land under that country's military occupation. The reasoning for this crime is to emphasise that it is a violation of International Law to annex territory through military force.
The Republic of Cabinda maintains a Permanent Mission in Paris and a High Commission in London. Diplomatic representatives for Italy, England, Madeira, the Vatican, San Marino, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia have been named. Ongoing negotiations regarding bilateral relations are being conducted with Bolivia, Oromonia, Somaliland, Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Southern Cameroon and Caprivi. FLEC-FAC maintains liaison offices in the Congos, the Hague, and Paris.
The National Bank of Cabinda has recently issued postage stamps and established Cabinda's first currency, the Cabinda. Escudo, which is on par with the Central
African Franc. Cabinda National Petroleum has been in negotiation with several oil companies pending the outcome of the African Commission case.
Angola's current government, the MPLA, is an increasingly unpopular Dictatorship regime which has been accused of looting Angola's resources and committing genocide. Elections called for the by the United Nations have yet to take place. Free and fair elections would result in regime change and a change in Cabinda's status. The main opposition party in Angola, UNITA, has called for participation of FLEC-PM in any future political outcome for Cabinda.
The Republic of Cabinda expects to become the de jure government of Cabinda within the near future. Current civil society initiatives are in place to avoid economic disruption and smooth a political transition. Cabinda supports all human rights regimes including the Geneva Convention and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Da Sucessão de Estados Quanto aos Tratados O Caso do Estado de Cabinda
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The Independence of Cabinda a legal document for a Court of International Law.
BLOOD FOR OIL: SECESSION, SELF-DETERMINATION, AND SUPERPOWER SILENCE IN CABINDA
UNPO Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation
Is an international organisation created by nations and peoples around the world, who are not represented as such in the world's principal international organisations, such as the United Nations.
UN Declaration on the Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources
UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
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Table of Contents :
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Back in 2009, a father and his two kids, still wet from the beach, walked into the office of the Molokai/Maui Invasive Species Committee. The kids were covered in welts. Dad carried a bucket containing a flat brownish thing. “This is stinging my kids,” he said.
He had captured an upside-down jellyfish, a relatively new creature in Hawaiʻi. The species anchors itself to the ocean floor upside-down, tentacles waving in the shallow water. “They look like big pancakes,” says Lori Buchanan, manager of the Molokai/Maui Invasive Species Committee (MoMISC).
For the jellyfish, this wrong-side-up strategy works: they use their bell as a foot to anchor themselves in place then, like coral, they partner with symbiotic algae that feed the jelly through photosynthesis. But these gelatinous blobs can pose problems for people in their midst: like many of their upright relatives, these jellyfish sting shooting harpoon-like nematocysts into the water when touched. When a single upside-down jelly stings, it can trigger the same reaction in his neighbors, leaving a stinging nematocyst floating in the water—a nightmare for snorkelers and swimmers.
The jellyfish delivered to Buchanan’s MoMISC office came from Kaunakakai Harbor–specifically, the roped-off swimming area that teemed with kids that summer. This was an urgent problem and Buchanan and her crew sprang into action to solve it.
With nets and buckets, the crew went to work, scooping jellies from the wharf. That first year, MoMISC crews removed 200 stinging jellies. They’ve kept at it, sometimes partnering with the crews from the Department of Natural Resources’ Division of Aquatic Resources. Visiting two to four times per year keeps the population down. Since their initial trip, they’ve removed 400 more of the squishy stingers.
These invasive jellyfish probably hitched a ride to Kaunakakai on the bottom of a boat – but that was not the first time they were seen in Hawaiʻi. First reported from Pearl Harbor in 1914, then in Kāneʻohe Bay, they likely arrived on the hull of a visiting ship, or as larvae in ballast water. They’ve invaded several places throughout the state, favoring shallow lagoons and fishponds where the water is calm.
Scientists believe the various populations resulted from at least two different introductions from far-flung places. Looking at the genetics of the different colonies, they traced one to Papua New Guinea and another to the Atlantic.
These spineless invaders are sometimes called mangrove jellyfish, for good reason. The two species are often found together. Here in Hawaiʻi, mangrove trees are invasive, and their presence can influence the population of upside-down jellyfish. As mangrove leaves break down in the water, they release chemicals that trigger larval jellyfish to settle down. The alien invertebrates then flip themselves over and rest in the shallow, clear water around mangroves. During MoMISC’s drive to remove the upside-down jellyfish, the crew noticed mangroves lining the wharf and removed them as well.
Without natural predators, these aquatic aliens can quickly cover an area. Buchanan says a fishpond on Molokai’s east end is so infested you can’t see its bottom.
Upside-down jellyfish have migrated from Pearl Harbor to Coconut Island in Hilo. So while Buchanan’s team won’t be able to remove them completely, it’s worth the effort to keep them suppressed in swimming areas. “The wharf is the most popular place on Molokai,” says Buchanan. “Especially in the summer, it’s like the mall.”
Aquatic invaders are no fun. You can help prevent them from spreading by keeping your boat free of hitchhikers. If you are interested in the role of hull-fouling and ballast water contamination in the spread of invasive species, check out this web page: http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ais/ballastwaterbiofouling/ballastwaterdetails/
Lissa Strohecker is the public relations and education specialist for the Maui Invasive Species Committee. She holds a biological sciences degree from Montana State University. Kia’i Moku, “Guarding the Island,” is prepared by the Maui Invasive Species Committee to provide information on protecting the island from invasive plants and animals that can threaten the island’s environment, economy, and quality of life.
This article was originally published in the Maui News on September 10th, 2017, as part of the Kia‘i Moku Column from the Maui Invasive Species Committee.
Read more Kiaʻi Moku articles.
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African American history is indeed a dynamic discipline that can be used as a framework to understand the present lives of African Americans as well as the broader American society. As a university professor who values social media as a useful tool in the traditional classroom, I am most interested in using it in my introductory African American history course to make history relevant to my students, especially since a social media post accompanied with a popular hash tag has the ability go viral and reach a wider audience than a traditional academic paper. Many instructors are looking for opportunities to engage students in social and intellectual discourse about history. This article will deconstruct social media posts associated with the hash tag Colin Kaepernick or the like as a teaching strategy to help students enrolled in an introductory African American history course. The idea is to put their learning into practice by encouraging them to actively engage with others on topics relevant to the course content. This article will demonstrate that although the discourse surrounding Kaepernick is polarizing, it is an excellent pedagogical strategy to help students put their learning into practice and engage with a wider audience on topics discussed in an introductory African American history course.
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Digital transformation—and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI)—have paved the way for many solutions to some of the world’s most complex problems. In fact, Statista reports that digitally-transformed organizations will contribute more than half of the world’s GDP by 2023.
But before novel technologies can find real-life applications, AI researchers use games to improve their efficacy. AI has been a feature of games for many years, with top titles such as the cultural phenomenon Grand Theft Auto obvious examples. In that game, the actions of NPCs, non-player characters, are controlled by AI to give the user a challenging experience. If you play sports video games, often you’ll pit your wits against the AI. If you lose, it’s not a surprise, but what if you were in real life? What if you played a real game, a physical sport or hobby, and were beaten by AI?
Here are some games where emerging tech is beating humans—and what we can learn from them.
Because of how random the questions are each night, the best Jeopardy! contestants are those who have a broad knowledge of a variety of topics. This is how prodigy Ken Jennings, one of the show’s most memorable contestants, won a streak of 74 Jeopardy! games.
In 2009, IBM partnered with him to develop a supercomputer, the IBM Watson, which learned by playing against the world’s top Jeopardy! players. In 2011, Watson beat Jennings and 20-time Jeopardy! winner Brad Rutter in a three-day contest. This success exhibited the power of artificial intelligence to surpass even the best of human capacities. Following Watson’s win, other tech giants have begun to jump in on deep learning and AI research.
AI has shown that it can turn to methods alternative to the ones humans commonly use to win. This is most evident in AI winning against humans in poker games. Such a feat is notable considering that playing Texas Hold’em requires focusing on other players and having a deep understanding of human psychology to determine their patterns and risk-taking qualities.
AI program Pluribus beat some of the world’s best poker players in a six-player round of Texas Hold’em. Usually, an AI wins a game by generating decision trees throughout the game. But AI learns through reinforcement learning, which involves evaluating previous games and assessing success based on the circumstances it’s presented with. Before playing with humans, Pluribus played trillions of hands on its own. This helped it learn how to narrow down its decision trees to only a few moves ahead, as more opportunities for change are present in a game with six players.
AlphaZero is an AI program that stunned scientists worldwide when it was able to beat the world’s leading chess program, Stockfish, after just four hours of playing on its own. Its triumph has given rise to its incorporation into quantum computing.
Quantum mechanics has come a long way since the discovery of the Planck equation, which broadened our knowledge of calculating a quantum system’s temporal evolution of energy. Now, these principles are used in quantum computing technology. Where supercomputers fail, quantum computers create multidimensional spaces where patterns that link individual data points emerge.
When a research group from Aarhus University recognized the broad applicability of AlphaZero following its chess triumph, they reviewed the program’s data and learned that it had harnessed data from an underlying symmetry problem they had not originally considered. Realizing that AlphaZero worked best when combined with a specialized quantum optimization algorithm, they made their code open-source to speed up progress in the field.
In each of the above instances, computers solved problems by approaching them in ways humans can’t. But it’s integral to note that although emerging technology can be applied to provide solutions to some of the world’s most critical issues like cybersecurity and fraud detection, humans still have to be present to improve them. As the Aarhus research group gleaned, emerging technology’s next goal will be to develop hybrid intelligence interfaces that leverage and combine the strengths of humans and computers alike.
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School Crossing: Student Transportation Safety on the Bus and Beyond
In 1969, more than half of students walked or biked to school, a little more than a third rode on a school bus, and relatively few rode to school in a car. Today, approximately a third of students still rely on a yellow bus, but only one out of 10 walk or bike, and more than half ride in a car. Students also live farther away from school, on average, than they used to, making school transportation logistics more complex.
A school transportation system’s first responsibility must be student safety. And while the vast majority of students get to and from school safely each day, the kinds of risks and means to address them vary greatly based on how students get to school. Improving student transportation safety must recognize and address the diverse and changing picture of how students get to school. It will require a holistic approach, making the route to and from school safe for students on school buses, riding in cars, pedaling bikes, walking, or using public transit.
Schools and communities should consider questions about transportation safety beyond what they typically track. For example, how do students and families define a safe street? What are the pros and cons of increased traffic violation enforcement around schools? What role does school location play in encouraging safe school transportation?
In our new report, “School Crossing: Student Transportation Safety on the Bus and Beyond,” we examine historical changes in how students get to school and the safety concerns of each mode of student transportation. We present a menu of recommendations for how individual communities, whether rural or urban, can improve student transportation safety. Many of these actions require leadership from and collaboration among different parts of a school community, including families, school and district leaders, local governments, and state policymakers.
Download the full report here or read it in the viewer below.
This is part of a new series of policy briefs on school transportation. The other two are:
- Intersection Ahead: School Transportation, School Integration, and School Choice
- From Yellow to Green: Reducing School Transportation’s Impact on the Environment
These policy briefs build on our 2019 slide deck “The Challenges and Opportunities in School Transportation Today” and our 2017 report “Miles to Go: Bringing School Transportation into the 21st Century,” and our 2017 video "Better Buses: Three Ways to Improve School Transportation, in Under 3 Minutes."
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Stage 2: Class 3 to Class 5 | Theme 1: Foods Around Us
Factors Influencing Food Consumption
6) Customs, taboos, and trends which affect our food choices
7) Health benefits – Whole foods vs refined foods, Raw foods vs cooked foods
8) Tradition – Traditional foods prepared during festivals and celebrations.
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Markdown is a simple text-to-HTML converter that
turns common text idioms into HTML. The full syntax
is available from the author's site, but here's a short summary:
- Paragraphs: Start a new paragraph by skipping a line.
- Italics: Put text in italics by enclosing it in either * or _:
*italics* turns into italics.
- Bold: Put text in bold by enclosing it in two *s:
**bold** turns into bold.
- Pre-formatted text: Enclosing a short block of text in backquotes (`) displays it in a monospaced font
and converts HTML metacharacters so they display correctly. Example: `
<img src="foo"/>` displays as
Also, any paragraph indented 4 or more spaces is treated as pre-formatted text.
- Block quotes: Any paragraph (or line) that starts with a
> is treated as a blockquote.
- Hyperlinks: You can create links like this:
[amazon's web site](http://www.amazon.com). That produces
"amazon's web site".
- Lists: You can create numbered or bulleted lists by ending a paragraph with a colon (:), skipping a line, and then using
asterisks (*, for bullets) or numbers (for numbered lists). See the
Markdown syntax page for examples.
- Raw HTML: Markdown will pass raw HTML through unchanged, so you can use HTML's syntax whenever Markdown doesn't provide
a reasonable alternative.
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The guiding principle for the mapping component is that organising and displaying information on maps is useful for planning and implementing water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, particularly in engaging different stakeholders. Maps are an excellent way of making complex and diverse information easily accessible. Making maps that combine different datasets, such as rainfall, geology, water points and population density can be a good starting point for discussions between stakeholders about improving WASH services. Mapping as an approach is not dependent on access to technology: maps can be developed at a range of levels from grass-root levels such as a community creating maps by hand, to a specialised level using sophisticated GIS.
RiPPLE’s mapping component cuts across all of our research and supports activities under the Growth and Access themes. Mapping under RiPPLE also functions as a capacity building activity for researchers, practitioners and policy entrepreneurs to improve the design, implementation and monitoring of WASH.
The mapping team has worked in Benishangul-Gumuz region to develop a map of groundwater availability during drought years. This is then overlain by a map of population density, to indicate levels of water supply and demand.
Our groundwater availability map shows a wide variation in groundwater availability, and could be a useful resource for planners in the water sector. For example, it indicates areas where deeper drilled wells may be more appropriate than hand dug wells, or where alternative solutions such as sand dams or rainwater harvesting may be necessary to augment supply. It could also help to identify areas which might support the development of community-scale irrigation schemes.
This Fluoride mapping poster has been prepared showing concentrations of fluoride in water sources across Ethiopia. Fluoride is a naturally occurring element but at high concentrations it can cause health problems and over ten million people in Ethiopia could be at risk. The map indicates that high fluoride concentrations occur mainly in the Rift Valley, but that wells or springs only a short distance apart may have very different fluoride concentrations. It could help the siting of new wells and support further analysis of the socio-economic and nutrition factors which may also contribute to the development of fluorosis and health impacts.
The mapping team has prepared a mapping toolkit based on their experience in Benishangul-Gumuz region. The toolkit highlights the value of mapping in supporting WASH, and suggests ways to develop mapping approaches to improve WASH services.
Also developed by RiPPLE MSc students, are three guides produced to illustrate how, based on the same information, different types of maps can target different types of users. There is a guide for planners, another for GIS developers and for groundwater specialists.
Page last updated 28 Aug 2009
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Grapevine responses to red blotch disease – a structural-functional perspective of symptomatology development and fruit quality
Context and purpose of the study – Red Blotch disease caused by Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV) is a severe concern to grape growers and winemakers in major grape-growing regions worldwide. One key aspect of all viruses, including Red Blotch, is their intimate association with cell components and anomalous structures following infection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze symptomatology, vine function, fruit quality and ultrastructure of various tissues and document the relationship of ultrastructural cytopathology with the GRBaV infection in Pinot Noir and Merlot employing various microscopy techniques. Such knowledge is fundamental to understanding the progression and the mechanisms by which the virus causes the infection, and designing strategies to control its spread in vineyards.
Material and methods – During the growing season, vine samples were collected from vineyards with a history of Red Blotch (Pinot Noir and Merlot) located in the states of Washington and Oregon. Starting at flowering, shoots (leaf and stem tissues) were sampled for microscopy analysis. These samples were used to determine the structure and functionality of the vascular strands (xylem and phloem) using callose-specific dye, aniline blue, and various microscopy techniques. At harvest, fruits were sampled to compare primary and secondary metabolites between healthy and infected vines.
Results – The infected vines exhibited typical red blotches in leaves with pinkish-red-colored veins without rolling off the margins at the onset of ripening. The infected vines developed clusters of hens and chickens and altered seed morphology. Conversely, the healthy seeds were pyriform with a distinct beak. The infection significantly altered the primary and secondary metabolites desired for making wine. Since post-veraison berry development and ripening rely on phloem influx, the altered metabolism was indicative of a disruption of the phloem pathway either in the source leaf or in the berries. While the infected vines maintained the primary leaf anatomical organization, the chloroplast underwent significant ultrastructural changes ranging from the complete dismantling of the chloroplasts to massive accumulation of starch and plastoglobuli development in addition to tannins in the cytoplasm. The study demonstrated that structural integrity is a key to maintaining the normal metabolism of the grapevine, providing new insights into implementing innovative approaches for Red Blotch disease management.
Issue: GiESCO 2023
1Washington State University, Wine Science Center, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
2Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
3University of Maryland Eastern Shore Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
4Oregon State University, Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Central Point, OR 97502, USA
5Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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The Colt Model 1900 was a short-recoil operated self-loading, or semi-automatic.38 caliber handgun introduced by Colts Manufacturing Company at the turn of the 20th century. It marked the introduction of.38 ACP, the round for which it is chambered and it was developed from John M. Brownings earlier prototypes in the late 1890s. The United States military tested the design against other semiautomatic pistols by European makers, the M1900 and variants were offered commercially. Variants included the Model 1902 Sporting, Model 1902 Military, Model 1903 Pocket, and the Model 1905, the designs of 1909 and did away with the front barrel link, replaced with a simple bushing, and would become the related, and famed, M1911 pistol. In the Browning design, the slide fitted into rails in the frame, the barrel rode in locking grooves machined into the interior of the slide, but attached to swinging links secured to the frame, one at the front and one at the rear. When the slide is forward, the length of the holds the barrel up.
The barrel stops moving, while the slide continues rearwards and ejecting the fired case and returns forward. The barrel is caught, and moved forward with the slide, the M1911, and most other pistols since, found that it was only necessary to use a single rear link and locking grooves in the rear. This approach was found to work well, and saved in complexity, cost of manufacture. The new design featured a new cartridge, the.38 Automatic Colt Pistol. This was a larger caliber bullet than used by other contemporary designs, the.38 ACP was a much faster cartridge than the.38 Long Colt revolver cartridge in service at the time, which fired a 130 grain bullet at 770 ft/s. Colt was experimenting with a.41 caliber cartridge for use in the Model 1900, like the.41 Long Colt, this probably used a.400 inch bullet. The prototype.41 caliber Colt automatic cartridge was never produced in production quantity, Colt did produce a few Model 1903.41 cal. pistols, conversions of Model 1902 Military Models, for the cartridge before the development of the cartridge ended.
When pushed down the safety blocked the firing pin, when pushed up it performed as the rear sight and this gave an immediate visual indicator of whether the safety was on or off when one went to aim the pistol, without resorting to feeling for the safety lever. The first 1900s were equipped with rear milled slide grooves but when it was found that this could interfere with the safety the milled slide grooves were moved to the front. This safety was used in about the first 3,000 production pistols, Colt installed a conventional rear sight and eliminated the sight safety although the cut in the slide remained but was plugged. The grooves, remained in the front of the slide, there are earlier sight safety M1900s that were factory retrofitted with the new fixed sight. Although Colt considered a new firing pin safety mounted on the side of the slide with one prototype
The Pistole Parabellum 1908—or Parabellum-Pistole —is a toggle-locked recoil-operated semi-automatic pistol. The design was patented by Georg J, the first Parabellum pistol was adopted by the Swiss army in May 1900. In German Army service, it was succeeded and partly replaced by the Walther P38 in caliber 9×19mm Parabellum, the Luger is well known from its use by Germans during World War I and World War II, along with the interwar Weimar Republic and the postwar East German Volkspolizei. Although the P.08 was introduced in 7. 65mm Parabellum, because of its association with Nazi Germany, the pistol has been used in fictional works by many villainous characters over the past several decades. After a round is fired, the barrel and toggle assembly travel rearward due to recoil, after moving roughly 13 mm rearward, the toggle strikes a cam built into the frame, causing the knee joint to hinge and the toggle and breech assembly to unlock. At this point the barrel impacts the frame and stops its rearward movement, the toggle and breech assembly subsequently travel forward under spring tension and the next round from the magazine is loaded into the chamber.
The entire sequence occurs in a fraction of a second and this results in either the breech block not clearing the top cartridge of the magazine, or becoming jammed open on the cartridges base. In World War I, as guns were found to be effective in trench warfare. The Luger pistol was manufactured to exacting standards and had a service life. Bill Ruger praised the Lugers 145° grip angle and duplicated it in his.22 LR pistol, the Swiss Army evaluated the Luger pistol in 7. 65×21 mm Parabellum and adopted it in 1900 as its standard side arm, designated Pistole 1900, in 1901. This model uses a 120 mm barrel, the Luger pistol was accepted by the Imperial German Navy in 1904. The Navy model had a 150 mm barrel and a rear sight. This version is known as Pistole 04, in 1908, the German Army adopted the Luger to replace the Reichsrevolver in front-line service. The Pistole 08 had a 100 mm barrel and was chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum, the P.08 was the usual side arm for German Army personnel in both world wars, though it was being replaced by the Walther P38 starting in 1938.
In 1930, Mauser took over manufacture of the P.08. 65×53mm, only the first batch wore crests and the Legend Ejercito Boliviano stamped in the receiver. The Lange Pistole 08 or Artillery Luger was a carbine for use by German Army artillerymen as a sort of early Personal Defense Weapon. It had a 200 mm barrel, an 8-position tangent rear sight, when set for long range use the rear sight element visibly moves to the left to compensate for spin drift. It was sometimes used with a 32-round drum magazine, early issue LP08s had micrometer adjustable front and rear sights which required a 2-pin tool for adjustment
The.38 ACP known as the.38 Auto was introduced at the turn of the 20th century for the John Browning-designed Colt M1900. It was first used in Colts Model 1897 prototype, which he did not produce, the metric designation for the round is 9×23mmSR. Initial loadings of this cartridge were quite powerful, reported ballistics for the first commercial loads were a 130-grain bullet at 1,260 ft/s, and some experimental loads ran as high as 1,350 ft/s. However, these proved too violent for the Colt Model 1900 pistol. Subsequent commercial loadings varied considerably in power, U. S. commercial loads in this caliber had factory standard ballistics of a 130-grain bullet at 1,040 ft/s from the 4. 5-inch barrel of the Colt 1903 Pocket Model. With Army Ordnance favoring a return to a.45 caliber sidearm by the time the Colt autos in.38 ACP were introduced, the caliber never gained much popularity. However, they did see small but steady sales up until the introduction of the more powerful.38 Super, sales of.38 ACP was semi-rimmed and slightly shorter than the rimless 9 mm Largo.
Some Astra 400 pistols were stamped 9M/M&38 on the barrel, denoting that the barrel was designed to chamber both 9mm Largo and.38 ACP. Europe would eventually favor the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge, the Luger was ballistically similar to the.38 ACP but utilized a smaller case and higher pressures. Browning himself was not done with 9mm cartridges and would introduce the 9mm Browning Long in 1903. Even though.38 ACP and.38 Super are the size, it is dangerous to use the more powerful.38 Super ammunition in a firearm intended for.38 ACP. In the interest of safety, American ammunition companies always loaded.38 ACP loads in brass cases, while.38 Super ammunition was loaded in nickeled cases
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Looking for a lesson teaching Situational, Dramatic, and Verbal Irony? Look no further than this quick six page PowerPoint Presentation. The three types of irony are defined, examples given, and a quick review quiz is set at the end.
IRONY HANDOUT from JOHN421969 on TeachersNotebook.com - (3 pages) - A handout that explains the three kinds of irony - Situational Irony, Verbal Irony, Dramatic Irony - with an example each. It also includes irony images and rubrics.
Learning Literary Terms With Cartoons: Dramatic Irony
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When a process must act on a file, it passes its file
pathname to some VFS system call, such as
rename( ) , or
. In this section, we illustrate how the VFS performs a
pathname lookup , that is, how it derives an inode from the corresponding
The standard procedure for performing this task consists of analyzing the pathname and breaking it into a sequence of filenames . All filenames except the last must identify directories.
If the first character of the pathname is /, the pathname is absolute, and the search
starts from the directory identified by
current->fs->root (the process root
directory). Otherwise, the pathname is relative, and the search starts
from the directory identified by
current->fs->pwd (the process-current
Having in hand the dentry, and thus the inode, of the initial directory, the code examines the entry matching the first name to derive the corresponding inode. Then the directory file that has that inode is read from disk and the entry matching the second name is examined to derive the corresponding inode. This procedure is repeated for each name included in the path.
The dentry cache considerably speeds up the procedure, because it keeps the most recently used dentry objects in memory. As we saw before, each such object associates a filename in a specific directory to its corresponding inode. In many cases, therefore, the analysis of the pathname can avoid reading the intermediate ...
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Teeth whitening is a procedure in which the teeth are bleached using chemical agents. The potency of the agent determines the extent of bleaching. Several reasons may lead to discoloration of the teeth. Moreover, before getting a teeth whitening treatment, one must be well aware of the cause of their teeth discoloration.
To understand the cause of teeth whitening, one may consider contacting a professional Ankeny dentist. Their experience can help patients understand which of their habits lead to discoloration of their teeth. Moreover, once the cause has been determined, a patient must quit that habit to sustain the results after teeth whitening.
Causes of teeth discoloration.
Different patients have different causes of teeth discoloration. A smoker may have severely discolored teeth, while a coffee consumer may have minor discoloration. Moreover, genetics also plays an important role when it comes to discoloration. The common causes of teeth discoloration include as follows:
- Dark drinks.
- Coffee and tea.
- Cigarette smoking.
- Dental injuries or traumas.
Who is eligible for teeth whitening, and how does it work?
Teeth whiteners contain hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. Both of these work to break down the stain into small pieces. This reduces their concentration and, in turn, makes teeth appear much brighter than before.
If a patient has brown teeth or dental implants like veneers, aligners, etc., or is sensitive to teeth whitening agents, they may not be a good candidate for teeth whitening.
DIY methods of teeth whitening.
Minor cases of tooth discoloration using bleaching agents available over the counter may help. However, these agents are not potent, and results may not last for a long period, and patients may not be delighted with the results. At-home teeth whitening using whitening toothpaste Or gels may take a very long time to give results.
At home, teeth whitening takes time and does not provide 100% results, but it is a cost-effective product available in the market used for teeth whitening that may cost 50$ or less.
Professional teeth whitening.
Professional teeth whitening uses potent bleaching agents containing peroxides. The procedure may last for one hour. The results achieved are immediate or visible in a few days. Moreover, the results are long-lasting and highly effective. Still, it is a little expensive compared to other at-home teeth whitening methods as professional teeth whitening procedures cost 300$ and more.
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Exposure to common agricultural pesticides before birth and in the first year of life is associated with a small to moderately increased risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), compared with infants of women without such exposure, finds a study published in The BMJ on Mac 20, 2019.
The researchers say their findings support efforts to prevent exposure to pesticides during pregnancy to protect a child’s developing brain.
Experimental studies have suggested that common pesticides can affect normal brain development, and environmental exposure during early brain development is suspected to increase risk for ASD in children.
But studies examining pesticide exposure in the real world and risk of ASD are rare.
So researchers at the University of California in the United States used registry records to identify 2,961 patients with a diagnosis of ASD – including 445 with accompanying intellectual disability – and 35,370 healthy (control) patients of the same birth year and sex.
Participants were born between 1998 and 2010 in California’s Central Valley, a heavily agricultural region, and 80% of cases were male.
Data from the California state-mandated Pesticide Use Registry were then integrated into a geographic information system tool to assess prenatal (before birth) and infant exposures to 11 commonly used pesticides (measured as pounds of pesticides applied per acre/month within 2km of their mother’s residence during pregnancy and exposure during developmental periods defined as ‘yes’ vs ‘no’).
These pesticides were selected because of their high use and evidence indicating toxic effects on brain development.
After adjusting for potentially influential factors, the researchers found modest increases in ASD risk among offspring exposed to several pesticides (including glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, permethrin, bifenthrin and methyl-bromide) before birth and during the first year of life, compared with controls.
Associations were strongest in those with ASD and intellectual disability, which represents the more severe end of the autism spectrum.
This is an observational study, and as such, can’t establish cause, and the researchers point to some limitations, such as relying on patient records for details about diagnoses, and being unable to examine clinical outcomes.
Nevertheless, they say their study is by far the largest investigating pesticides and ASD to date and their findings back up earlier work in this field.
“Our findings suggest that ASD risk may increase with prenatal and infant exposure to several common ambient pesticides that impacted neurodevelopment in experimental studies,” they write.
They call for further research to explore underlying mechanisms in the development of autism.
However, from a public health and preventive medicine perspective, they say their findings “support the need to avoid prenatal and infant exposure to pesticides to protect the developing child’s brain”.
In a linked editorial, Amanda Bakian and James VanDerslice at the University of Utah, US, agree that reducing exposure to pesticides during pregnancy “is sensible public health policy”, but they point out that this “might be close to impossible for some populations”.
Future research exploring underlying biological mechanisms and individual susceptibilities in other regions of the world “may help to translate these study findings into more refined public health actions for pregnant women residing in areas of high pesticide use”, they conclude. – The BMJ
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- Tectonic framework
- Tectonic evolution
- Precambrian time
- Plant and animal life
- Forest communities
- The European heritage
Continents have collided and broken apart repeatedly over geologic time. When they separate, new ocean basins develop between the diverging pieces through the process of seafloor spreading. Spreading, which originates at oceanic ridges, is compensated (to conserve surface area on the planet) by subduction—the process whereby the seafloor flexes and sinks along inclined trajectories into the Earth’s interior—at deep-sea trenches. Closure of ocean basins by subduction of the seafloor results in continental collisions.
The material moved laterally from spreading ridges to subduction zones includes plates of rock up to 60 miles (100 km) thick. This rigid outer shell of the Earth is called the lithosphere, as distinct from the underlying hotter and more fluid asthenosphere. The portions of lithospheric plates descending into the asthenosphere at subduction zones are called slabs. The many lithospheric plates that make up the present surface of the Earth are bounded by an interlinking system of oceanic ridges, subduction zones, and laterally moving fractures known as transform faults. Over geologic time the system of plate boundaries has continually evolved as new plates have formed, expanded, contracted, and disappeared.
The outermost layer of the lithosphere is called the crust. It is composed of low-density material crystallized from molten rock (magma) produced by partial melting of the lithosphere or asthenosphere. The average thickness of the oceanic crust is about 4 miles (6.4 km). Oceanic plateaus and seamounts are localized areas of abnormally thick oceanic crust that have resulted from submarine volcanism promoted by hot jets of magma, or plumes, rising from deep within the Earth’s interior (i.e., from the mantle). Oceanic crust is transient, being formed at the oceanic ridges and destroyed at the trenches. It has a mean age of about 60 million years.
Continental crust is thicker, 22 miles (35 km) on average and less dense than oceanic crust, which accounts for its mean surface elevation of about 3 miles (4.8 km) above that of the ocean floor (Archimedes’ principle). Continental crust is more complex than oceanic crust in its structure and origin and is formed primarily at subduction zones. Lateral growth occurs by the addition of rock scraped off the top of oceanic plates as they are subducted beneath continental margins. Such margins are marked by lines of volcanoes, often in volcanic arcs, that form additions to the crust—the result of partial melting of the wedge of the asthenosphere situated above the descending slab and below the continental plate (melting is promoted by the release of water from the slab, which lowers the melting point in the wedge). Subduction zones located within ocean basins (where one oceanic plate descends beneath another) also generate volcanic arcs; these are called island arcs. Island arcs consist of materials that tend to be transitional between oceanic and continental crust in both thickness and composition. The first continents appear to have formed by accretion of various island arcs.
Continental crust resists subduction. Consequently, the mean age of the continents is almost two billion years, more than 30 times the average age of the oceanic crust. Thus, continents are the prime repositories of information concerning Earth’s geologic evolution, but understanding their formation requires knowledge of processes in the ocean basins from which they evolved.
North America is somewhat unusual among the continents in having stable interior lowlands of great antiquity that are almost completely enclosed by younger orogenic belts (belts of former or actual mountain ranges resulting from crustal deformation related to subduction or continental collision). These lowlands include the Canadian (Laurentian) Shield and an interior platform of crystalline rock that is covered by a veneer of virtually flat-lying sedimentary rock.
The continent’s peripheral orogenic belts originated at plate boundaries. They are of Paleozoic age (542 to 251 million years ago) in the east and Mesozoic to Cenozoic age (252.2 million years ago to the present day) in the west. These belts are partly covered, and locally breached, by coastal plain sediments of the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Gulf of Mexico in the south, and relatively young volcanic fields in the west. A gap in the Paleozoic orogenic belts between the Appalachian Mountains of Newfoundland and the East Greenland Caledonides is a consequence of seafloor spreading along a failed arm of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which later stepped eastward to separate the Appalachians and the Greenland Caledonides from the European Caledonides.
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by Chris Mah, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
November 7, 2018
The swimming sea cucumber, Enypniastes eximia, sometimes referred to as the “headless chicken monster,” is a widespread species present in the abyss. It is encountered widely around the world with records from the Gulf of Mexico, Tropical Atlantic, East Atlantic, New Zealand, and the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). The scientific name Enypniastes was assigned to this animal in 1882 and means “dreamer;” it was taken from Genesis 37:19 of the Septuagint: "... Behold, that dreamer comes.”
These sea cucumbers are different from their more worm-like, shallow-water relatives in that they have a wing-like flange as well as a much more gelatinous body which allows them to take off and swim for short periods of time.
If you observe this species when they have landed, you will notice their oral tentacles voraciously shoveling sediment into their mouths. Enypniastes will digest all of the recently fallen marine snow, organic material which has fallen from the upper water column. Once the animal has become satisfied, or the food source is exhausted, it then proceeds to take off.
But before they do take off, they will “vent” the processed sediment behind them, leaving a cleaned sediment casting similar to what you might see from an earthworm. This is an important ecological process, as it clears and aerates the sediment, thereby making it available for other animals to work through. The transparent bodies of these sea cucumbers clearly reveal their sediment-filled intestines before and after they swim into the deep.
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Perched up high above on a hilltop, the fort of Chittorgarh is an epitome of Rajputi strength and valor. Echoing off the Rajputi gallant and luxury of the bygone era, the fort is also associated with the infamous Jauhar of Rani Padmini. But apart from this, there are several other fascinating facts that might ignite up the curious traveler in you.
• The Largest Fort In India In Terms Of Area
Comprising of 65 historic built structures including 4 palaces, 19 significant temples, 4 memorials and several water bodies, the fort of Chittorgarh is the largest fort in India area wise. Located on top of a rock-strewn plateau, it has 305 hectares of a component site, with a buffer zone of 427 hectares. This grand citadel of glory is approximately 2km in length and is 155 m wide.
• Constructed By A Mauryan Ruler
Built in the 7th century AD by the Mauryans, the fort gets its name from the Mauryan ruler, Chitrangda Mori.
• Shaped Like A Fish
When seen from a bird’s eye view, the fort appears to be in the shape of a fish circumscribed on a hilltop.
• Bedecked With Numerous Water Bodies
The prudent framework of the fort consists of 84 water bodies out of which only 22 remain. Fed by the natural rainwater and catchments, the total water storage capacity of the water bodies comprising of ponds, wells, and step-wells is of 4 billion liters, sufficient for an army of 50,000.
• World Heritage Site
Chittorgarh Fort is now listed among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites under Hill Forts Of Rajasthan.
If you are looking for a Travel operator for your Udaipur to Chittorgarh Taxi Fare, Visit Here.
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who is Reed Hearon?
(a) Wilson's co-writer.
(b) The most famous chef in the United States.
(c) The owner of LuLu's restaurant.
(d) A math professor at Yale.
2. What is a polylith?
(a) An object made of joined units or subassemblies.
(b) An object made completely of fibers.
(c) A drawing that is three dimensional.
(d) A drawing with several layers.
3. To what is Franz Liszt compared?
(b) Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest.
(c) Mozart's ability to create music at a very early age.
4. How does Wilson learn that cooking is a specific skill using hands to produce an immediate sense of achievement?
(a) Working as a meal planner in a posh restaurant.
(b) Working as a sous chef.
(c) Talking with Reed.
(d) Eating at LuLu's restaurant
5. What does Wilson say laboring in the kitchen takes?
(a) The ability to distinguish among subtle flavors.
(b) Strong physical stamina.
(c) Strong emotional health.
(d) The ability to ignore heat.
6. What skills does Wilson say today's warriors learn?
(a) Hunting and gathering.
(b) Those needed to wield skillets, pots and pans after chopping and slicing in kitchens.
(c) Fishing and hunting.
7. What does right-handed knapping tend to do?
(a) Makes the left hand atrophy.
(b) Makes the knapper more proficient with both hands.
(c) Produce more flakes than left-handed knapping.
(d) Makes the knapper more create in how s/he makes the tool.
8. To what does Kathleen Gibson attribute human intelligence?
(a) The ability to interpret abstract ideas.
(b) Opposable thumbs.
(c) Dense brain tissue.
(d) An insatiable curiosity to discover something new.
9. What is aphasia?
(a) A motor impairment that affects the hand.
(b) A way of charting the areas of the brain.
(c) A language impairment.
(d) A disease that limits the function of the medulla.
10. With whom does the University of New Mexico perform a study about communicative movements?
(c) Gallaudet University.
(d) Stanford University.
11. What rule does Greenfield propose?
(a) A rule that a person uses to decide what skills to develop.
(b) A rule that illustrates how a child can sometimes change hand dominence.
(c) A rule that illustrates how an adult can sometimes change hand dominence.
(d) A hierarchical rule generator.
12. What can can restore feeling to one who has lost a sense of connection with their body and enable movement again?
(a) Regeneration of nerve cells.
(c) Small jolts of electricity to muscles.
(d) The awareness of the effect of the brain on controlling movement.
13. What do some scientists say practicing a skill using one hand more frequently than the other does?
(a) Makes them better at that skill with that hand.
(b) Creates a uneven situation that's difficult to correct.
(c) Causes a chemical inbalance.
(d) Creates an unbalance in the brain.
14. What is ChomTur?
(a) A term for specialized control mechanisms of thought.
(b) A rubric for studying speech patterns.
(c) A rubric for studying brain wave patterns.
(d) The term for specialized control mechanisms of language.
15. What do some people claim is not biologically relevant?
Short Answer Questions
1. According to Chomsky, how many brain tasks are required for speaking language?
2. What helps the high school teacher?
3. What provides visuomotor perception for a doctor?
4. What often dictates which hand is dominate?
5. What does the Israeli physicist desire to do rather than increasing muscle strength in a paralyzed person?
This section contains 607 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Aspartame has been approved as a safe natural artificial sweetener in more than 90 countries, but is it safe or a silent killer?
Aspartame is made of two amino acids, aspartic acid and phenylalanine, the building blocks of protein, and while these two amino acids make up 90% of the product, the amino acids are held together in a methyl ester bond. Methyl ester is a fatty acid produced by alkali-catalyzed reaction between the fats and methanol. Methyl ester is used in a wide array of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and industrial products.
The methanol is released from the aspartame within hours of consumption in the small intestine. Once the methyl ester bond is broken, it frees the methanol, commonly called wood alcohol. The methanol passes into your blood and is converted into formaldehyde which causes the damage.
Methanol is only toxic in humans. All other animals are able to detoxify it before it causes damage. Methanol destroys the myelin tissue in your body. Myelin tissue is the insulation around your nerves that allows nerve signals to travel properly. Once it is damage, you develop demyelinating symptoms commonly seen in diseases like MS. It also can cause migraines that include bizarre and inconsistent visual field disruptors.
Methanol breaks down into formic acid and formaldehyde in your body. Formaldehyde is a deadly neurotoxin and carcinogen. An EPA assessment of methanol says it “is considered a cumulative poison due to the low rate of excretion once absorbed. Formic acid isn’t much better. When breathed it can cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes. Intravenous doses cause central nervous depression, diuresis and causes convulsions and death. Formic acid is used in the rubber industry as a preservative of latex; in the leather processing as a deliming agent; in nickel plating and chrome dyeing; to strip wires and prepare wires for soldering and as a acidifying agent for oil wells.
Woodrow Monte, Ph.D, R.D. director of the Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory at Arizona State University said that “when diet sodas and soft drinks, sweetened with aspartame, are used to replace fluid loss during exercise and physical exertion in hot climates, the intake of methanol can exceed 250 mg/day or 32 times the EPA’s recommendation limit of 7.8 mg/day [for Methane] consumption for this cumulative toxin.” He also stated that animal tests do not accurately reflect the danger to humans since animals can detoxify methane and humans can’t.
Numerous studies have been conducted on the safety of Aspartame, mostly on rodents.
A study done in the 1990s raised concerns that a rise in brain cancer incidence in the U.S. was linked to Aspartame use.
The National Institute of Health in conjunction with AARP sent out questionnaires in the 1995 and 1996 to 340,045 men and 226,945 women ages 50 to 69. Based on the food survey NIH calculated how much Aspartame was consumed from sodas or from adding it directly to coffee and tea and they found no connection between Aspartame consumption and the type or number of tumors developed in later life.
The Aspartame industry conducted its own studies that disputed any risks or dangers with the use of Aspartame, concluding that its use doesn’t cause cancer, seizures, or neurological damage, learning disabilities or contribute to obesity. Would you expect any less?
In 2004 the Department of Pharmacology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C. concluded that chronic Aspartame consumption in rats could lead to altered T-maze performance and increased muscarinic cholinergia receptor densities in certain brain regions.
In 2005 the European Ramazzine Foundation published its research of a long term study on Aspartame in rats that concluded that it causes leukemia and lymphoma and its use should be re-evaluated. Of course this study was disputed by the European Food Safety Authorities that said the study was inconclusive.
In 2006 a study done by Italian scientists also showed that Aspartame might cause leukemia, lymphoma and breast cancer in rats.
A study in 2006 at the Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece implicated Aspartame with neurological problems, learning and memory loss due to the use of high or toxic concentrations of Aspartame.
The FDA, in 2006, took all these studies into consideration and agreed with the Aspartame industry studies that it was safe.
In 2007 another study on the use of Aspartame was conducted at the European Ramazzine Foundation that still indicated its dangers. This time they started with 8 week old rats who were fed Aspartame throughout their life span. This new study also concluded that the use of Aspartame included risks of lymphoma, leukemia, urinary tumors and tumors of certain nerves. Their results indicated that Aspartame is a carcinogenic agent even at a daily dose of 20 mg body weight which is far less than most humans consume in their daily lives.
You guessed it – the European Food Safety Authority once again disputed the study. The FDA also issued a statement on the study pretty much reflecting the European Authority’s findings. The FDA concluded that they were not presented with any scientific data to suggest they should change their initial conclusions on the use of Aspartame.
Dr. Morando Soffritti who led the Ramazzine Foundation study assailed the FDA’s decision that Aspartame was safe calling it an “example” of how some “researchers are ready to put themselves at the disposal of the industry.” In the initial FDA study, “residents were not asked to distinguish between Aspartame” or other artificial sweeteners and the “FDA did not measure lifetime use.” Dr. Soffritti suggests that animal studies are a more accurate way to do a study on as it is impossible to find a comparison group of people who don’t use the sweetener at all. “How do you do a study on humans when Aspartame is used in 6,000 products?”
A study released in September 2012 from the Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science at the University of Madras, India, found that there was a significant increase in lipid peroxidation levels, superoxide dismutase activity, GPx levels and CAT activity that proved that chronic exposure of Aspartame resulted in detectable methanol in the blood which may be responsible for the generation of oxidative stress and damage in the brain. You can down load the full study at the link above.
Oxidative stress can be defined as the state in which damaging free radicals outnumber antioxidant defenses which leads to accelerated tissue and organ damage.
In March of this year another study by the University of Madras investigated the effect of long term intake of Aspartame on the antioxidant defense status in rat brains and found it leads to oxidative stress. Male rats fed a high dose exhibited a lowered concentration of reduced glutathione, an increased oxidative stress induced damage in the body. The results indicate that “long-term consumption of Aspartame leads to an imbalance in the antioxidant/pro-oxidant status in the brain mainly through the mechanism involving the glutathione-dependent system.” Glutatione deficiency has been linked to age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and mild vascular congestion.
Adding to the problem, one of the amino acids in Aspartame, aspartic acid is capable of crossing your blood-brain barrier where it attacks brain cells, creating a form of cellular overstimulation called excitotoxicity which can lead to cell death.
Your blood-brain barrier which normally protects your brain from excess aspartate, as well as toxins is not able to adequately protect you against the effects of Aspartame consumption because it is not fully developed during childhood; doesn’t fully protect all areas of the brain; is damaged by numerous chronic and acute conditions and allows seepage of excess aspartate into the brain even when intact.
Excess aspartate begins to slowly destroy neurons and a large majority of the neural cells in a particular area of the brain are killed long before any clinical symptoms of a chronic illness are noticed. These chronic illnesses may include MS, ALS, hormonal problems, Alzheimer’s, dementia, hearing loss, Parkinson’s disease, brain lesions, memory loss, epilepsy, hypoglycemia and neuroendoctrine disorders. While Aspartame consumption may not associated directly with these illnesses, these chronic diseases may be made worse by long-term exposure to excitatory amino acid damage.
One last note: One major deception surrounding the use of Aspartame and other artificial sweeteners is that they will help you lose weight by avoiding natural sugars. This is a myth. Research has shown that artificial sweeteners can:
- stimulate your appetite;
- increase carbohydrate cravings;
- stimulate fat storage and weight gain; and
- diet sodas may actually double your risk of obesity.
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Authoritarian Parenting demands high expectations and discipline from kids but less is done to help the child to meet the goals. Parents are too strict without compromising. Other names of Authoritarian parenting include military parenting, tough love parenting and tiger parenting. They normally use harsh punishment and parents are controlling, allowing one way communication, seldom show warmth towards their children and less agreeable. It is commonly practiced in Africa.
The following are some of the effects of Authoritarian parenting
Highly compliant and obedient at home and around their parents.
Tend to be less happy
Less independent than other children.
Lack self regulation – become hostile and aggressive under pressure.
Have anger issues and show aggressive behavior problems outside the home, when the parents are not around
Some are overly shy or fearful around people.
Poor social skills.
Less likely to feel socially accepted by peers.
Less resilient and unable to bounce back after failure.
Less psychological flexibility and coping strategies
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms
.low emotional intelligence
Risk for drinking, smoking, substance abuse, or mental health problems such as anxiety or suicide attempts, and more likely to suffer from major depression
Join Parenting group on Telegram to receive more tips:
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History of Jujitsu
Meaning of Ju-jitsu
The term jūjutsu was not used until the 17th century, after which time it became a term used for a wide variety of grappling-related disciplines and techniques. Prior to that time, these skills had names such as "short sword grappling", "grappling", "body art", "softness", "art of harmony", "catching hand", and even the "way of softness".
"Ju" is translated to mean "gentle, supple, flexible, pliable, or yielding."
"Jutsu" or "Jitsu" is translated to mean "art" or "technique" and represents manipulating the opponent's force against himself rather than confronting it with your force. Striking against an armoured opponent is ineffective; practitioners (kai) learned that the most efficient ways for stopping/killing/neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws. These techniques were developed around the knowledge of using an attacker's energy against him, rather than directly opposing it.
Early mythical origins
The true origins of Ju-Jitsu (or Budo as it was called first) are impossible to trace! But elements of the art can be traced back over 2500 years. Mythical stories of Kajima and Kadori two legendary gods tell of how the inhabitants of an eastern providence were punished for their lawlessness by using Ju-Jitsu techniques.
Chikura Kurabe, a wrestling sport that appeared in Japan in 230BC had many techniques that were incorporated into Ju-Jitsu training. During the Heian Period (784 AD), Ju-Jitsu was incorporated into the Samurai Warrior's training so that the Samurai could defend himself against an armed attacker in the event he lost his sword on the battlefield.
Ryu (house or schools)
In 880 AD the first Ju-Jitsu Ryu was formed by Prince Teijun. One of the first Ryu (house or schools) that used Ju-Jitsu as a primary art was founded in 1532 by Takenouche Hisamori. Legend has it that while on a pilgrimage, Takenouche collapsed from exhaustion after training and meditating for several days. In his delirium he received a vision from a phantom warrior. The warrior taught him five techniques of immobilization, and the advantages of using short weapons over long ones.
Prior to the foundation of the Takenouche-Ryu, open-handed combat techniques existed solely as a secondary art to major weapons system. Most modern Ju-Jitsu Ryu can trace their lineage directly back to Takenouche. In the early 16th century, Hideyoshi Toyotomi introduced the Chinese Art of Ch-an Fa (punching and nerve striking) to Japan and it was adopted by Ju-Jitsu.
Ju-jitsu during peaceful times
During the Edo Period (1603-1868), under the Tokugawa military government, Japan became a more peaceful area. Weapon less styles began to replace and take over the armed forms of old. During the Edo Period, it is believed that more than 700 systems of Ju-Jitsu existed. During this new age weapons and armour became unused decorative items, so hand to hand combat flourished and became the norm as a form of self-defence and new techniques were created to adapt to the changing situation of un-armoured opponents. This included the development and Creation of various striking techniques in jujutsu which where limited, striking previously found in jujutsu which targeted vital areas above the shoulders such as the eyes, throat and back of the neck. Towards the 18th century the number of striking techniques was severely reduced or dropped altogether as they were considered less effective and exert too much energy. The primary use of striking became a way to distract your opponent or to unbalance them in lead up to a joint-lock, strangle or throw. During the same period a number of jujutsu schools would challenge each other to duels which became a popular pastime for warriors under a peaceful government, from these challenges randori was created to practice fighting without risk of breaking the law and the various styles of each school evolved from fighting each other without intention to kill.
Samurai only martial artists
During the Meiji Restoration (1868 – 1912), the power of Japan shifted from the Shogun back to the Emperor. Since the Samurai had supported the Shogun, an Imperial Edit was set forth, making it a crime to practice the martial arts of the Samurai. Many of the practitioners became bone-setters, as they were well practiced from the injuries sustained in the dojo. Unfortunately, many more used their skills to put on fake wrestling shows for public amusement, or became gangsters. Some masters took the art "underground" or practiced in another country until the ban was lifted in the mid-twentieth century.
There are many variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches. Jujutsu schools (ryu) may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree (e.g throwing, trapping, joint locks, holds, gouging, biting, disengagements, striking, and kicking). Some jujutsu schools teach the use of weapons.
Traditional and modern ju-jitsu
Jujutsu is now practiced in both traditional and modern sport forms, which include Judo which was developed by Jigaro Kano in 1882, Aikido which is based on Ju-Jitsu developed by Useshiba Morihei in the 1920s, Brazilian-jiu-jitsu witch stems from Kodokan judo witch was developed by Useshiba Morihei, Sambo witch is a Russian martial art and combat sport that has its roots in Japanese Judo and traditional Russian styles of folk wrestling. One of Sambo's founders, Vasili Oschepkov was one of the first foreigners to learn Judo in Japan and earned a second degree black belt awarded from Judo founder, Kano Jigoro. Modern sport Sambo is similar to sport Judo or sport Brazilian jiu-jutsu, with differences including use of a jacket and shorts rather than a full dogi or keikogi. Even Okinawan Karate has a strong mix of jujitsu and kung fu as both Japan and China visited and invaded the small island. Kempo is made up of half jujtisu and half karate, Ninjitsu has close ties with jujitsu as most ninjas where farmers who would not or could not give up there fighting arts, most ninjas where Samurai who would not give up their land as Tokugawa gave them a choice: keep their land or keep their katana.
Today, the systems of unarmed combat that were developed and practiced in the 1333-1573 (Muromachi) are called Japanese old-style jujutsu (Nihon koryū jūjutsu). At this part in Japanese history, the systems practiced were not styles of unarmed combat, but lightly armed warriors to fight a heavily armed and armoured enemy on the battlefield. In battle, it was often impossible for a Samurai to use his long sword, and would be forced to rely on his short sword, dagger, or bare hands. When fully armoured, the use of such "minor" weapons made it necessary to use grappling skills. The Samurai would then use the following in combat witch included striking (kicking and punching), throwing (body throws, joint-lock throws, unbalance throws), restraining (pinning, strangling, grappling, wrestling) and weaponry. To defend a Samurai would include blocking, evading, off-balancing, blending and escaping. Minor weapons like the tanto (knife), rypfundo kusari (weighted chain), kabuto wari (helmet smasher), and kakushi buki (secret or disguised weapons) were always used in Sengoku jujutsu.
Practitioners of Nihon jujutsu commonly used today. These are classed as Edo jūjutsu (founded in the Edo period) they are designed to deal with opponents without armour in a battlefield. Edo jujutsu include extensive use of atemi waza (vital-striking technique), which would be of little use against an armoured opponent on a battlefield. They would, be quite valuable in confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire ("suhada bujutsu"). Occasionally, hidden weapons such as tantos (daggers) or tessen (iron fans) were used with Edo jūjutsu.
Ju-jitsu in modern times
In more modern times, true Classical Ju-Jitsu is restricted to a very few. It is taught to police and special operation military forces (SAS, SBS, Comandos, Delta, Navy Seals), but there are few opportunities for the public to learn this ancient art of Feudal Japan as it was meant to be taught.
The first British person to achieve a black belt in the UK was a women. A man named E. W. Barton-Wright brought jujitsu into the UK and called it Bartitsu. There was even a suffragette who trained jujitsu.
Yet another seldom-seen historical side of techniques originally included in both Sengoku and Edo jujutsu styles. Referred to as hojo waza or hojojutsuit involves the use of a hojo cord, to restrain or strangle an attacker. These techniques have for the most part faded from use in modern times, but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue to carry a hojo cord in addition to handcuffs in today’s modern Japan. Jujitsu continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by law enforcement officials worldwide. Perhaps the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu (police art) Taiho jutsu (arresting art) system formulated and employed by the Tokyo Police Department.
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Rules of law in the constitution
Other core principles of the british constitution are often thought to include the rule of law, the separation of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and the existence of a unitary state, meaning ultimate power is held by ‘the centre’ – the sovereign westminster parliament. The rule of law requires that people should be governed by accepted rules, rather than by the arbitrary decisions of rulers these rules should be general and abstract, known and certain, and apply equally to all individuals. As explained by my book, absolute power in the 17th century was an attempt to rule outside the law, and, in response, constitutional law (both in england and america) was framed as a means of. Overview - rule of law more than 200 years ago, alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay published a series of essays promoting the ratification of the united states constitution now known as federalist papers. The court and constitutional interpretation the unique position of the supreme court stems, in large part, from the deep commitment of the american people to the rule of law and to constitutional government the united states has demonstrated an unprecedented determination to preserve and protect its written constitution, thereby providing.
Basically “the rule of law” means that laws should govern a people, as opposed to arbitrary decisions made by government officials while it is true that the united states constitution is the supreme law of the land, it does not decide every legal dispute that arises. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states, or in any department or officer thereof. The fight over the kavanaugh nomination is a fight between those who would replace the constitution versus those who defend it, and one side is ready to resort to violence.
His proposal to bar muslims from entry into the country tests the constitution’s guarantees of religious freedom, due process and equal protection and, in what was a tipping point for some, he. The rule of law is a term that is often used but difficult to define a frequently heard saying is that the rule of law means the government of law, not men but what is establish a written constitution of laws that would bind the government and guarantee particular rights to its people today, the rule of law is often linked to efforts to. The eighteenth amendment is the only amendment to ever have been repealed from the united states constitution--via the inclusion of the twenty-first amendment. Such clear lines of demarcation for the establishment of a sound rule of law indicate a comprehensive, radical change in thinking reminiscent of the code of hammurabi, the magna carta, and the constitution and bill of rights of the united states. A government which maintained law and order, defined property rights, served as a means whereby we could modify property to rights and other rules of the economic game, adjudicated disputes about the interpretation of the rules, enforced contracts, promoted competition, provided a monetary frame-work engaged in activities to counter technical.
Basic constitutional concepts: federalism, separation of powers, and the rule of law, section c the rule of law and the basic principles of the american constitution, pp 347-54 james mcclellan, liberty, order, and justice: an introduction to the constitutional principles of american government (2000. While the declaration of independence establishes our god given rights of ,”life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, ” the constitution by the rule of law insures that those rights are protected even from the federal government. The rule of law means that everyone in a state, including the government, is subject to the law one such law, the supreme law of the land – is the constitution in this section, we walk through the milestones in the development of the singapore constitution and the rule of law. A rule under which any evidence that is obtained in violation of the accused's rights under the fourth, fifth, and sixth amendments, as well as any evidence derived from illegally obtained evidence, will not be admissible in criminal court.
The rule of law in uk the rule of law is one of the fundamental principles of uk' s unwritten or uncodified constitution the key idea of the rule of law is that the law should apply equally to all ,rulers and ruled alike. Constitution: constitution, the body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state in some cases, such as the united states, the constitution is a specific written document in others, such as the united kingdom, it is a collection of documents, statutes, and. The rule of law embodied in article 14 is the “basic feature” of the indian constitution and hence it cannot be destroyed even by an amendment of the constitution under article 368 of the constitution. Chapter 1: rule of law study play 14th (fourteenth) amendment an amendment to the us constitution that defines citizenship, grants citizenship to former slaves and defines voters as males at least 21 years of age bill of rights the first ten amendments of the us constitution. The constitution was created because the us was a new country and it needed a plan for government (the laws and people that run a city, state, or country) elaborate: students will give examples of rules and laws in the classroom, community, and state.
Rules of law in the constitution
Outline of constitutional design recommendations real consent to due process laws binding all people including officials. The laws needed in 1789 when the constitution was born, and in 1890, 1950, or 1990, are different from the laws needed today the legislative branch of government must seek to update laws as needed, and the judicial branch has to interpret the laws so that they apply fairly to society at the time. Constitutional law is a major focus of legal studies and research for example, most law students in the united states are required to take a class in constitutional law during their first year, and several law journals are devoted to the discussion of constitutional issues.
- The constitution and the rule of law often you hear the left lament that conservatives are too stuck on a constitution that was written nearly two and half centuries ago what the left fails to understand is a society has to have underpinnings, something that gives it a foundation.
- The judicial branch is in charge of deciding the meaning of laws, how to apply them to real situations, and whether a law breaks the rules of the constitution the constitution is the highest law of our nation the us supreme court, the highest court in the united states,.
- The constitution had to be ratified by at least nine states in order to become the law of the land after two and a half years, all 13 states agreed to ratify the articles of the constitution.
The rule of law is based on key democratic principles, such as equality before the law, accountability to the law, separation of powers and participation in decision making like democracy, the rule of law is a principle of governance rule of law and constitution building: the role of regional organizations general law law, , ,. The rule of law is the authority and influence of law in society, especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior (hence) the rule of law or rather the constitution [is] in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges.
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[ mahy-kroh-spaw-ran-jee-uhm, -spoh- ]
/ ˌmaɪ kroʊ spɔˈræn dʒi əm, -spoʊ- /
Save This Word!
noun, plural mi·cro·spo·ran·gi·a [mahy-kroh-spaw-ran-jee-uh, -spoh-]. /ˌmaɪ kroʊ spɔˈræn dʒi ə, -spoʊ-/. Botany.
a sporangium containing microspores.
THINK YOU’VE GOT A HANDLE ON THIS US STATE NICKNAME QUIZ?
Did you ever collect all those state quarters? Put them to good use on this quiz about curious state monikers and the facts around them.
Question 1 of 8
Mississippi’s nickname comes from the magnificent trees that grow there. What is it?
Words nearby microsporangium
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2021
British Dictionary definitions for microsporangium
/ (ˌmaɪkrəʊspɔːˈrændʒɪəm) /
noun plural -gia (-dʒɪə)
the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the microspores are formed: corresponds to the pollen sac in seed plantsCompare megasporangium
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Scientific definitions for microsporangium
[ mī′krō-spə-răn′jē-əm ]
A plant structure in which microspores are formed. The pollen-producing male cones of a pine consist of many microsporangia, where the microspores of the pine develop into pollen grains to be dispersed.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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Inflammation and you
Published February 24, 2014
Signs of acute inflammation include pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function. It is defined as a protective response by the body to tissue injury or damage. Long term or chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation that causes the formation of new connective tissues.1 When tissues in the body are injured, for example by bacteria, trauma, toxins or heat, damaged cells release inflammatory chemicals such as histamine and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause fluids to leak into the tissues from blood vessels resulting in swelling. While this helps to keep foreign substances away from the tissues and prevents further damage. The inflammatory chemicals also attract white blood cells to the area, which destroy germs and help remove dead cells.2
Inflammation after an injury is a normal, protective response by the body. However, certain health conditions involve inflammation and can cause the immune system to attack the body’s own tissues. This is a problem because it may cause abnormal inflammation which causes pain, redness, swelling, stiffness and damage.3 Certain lifestyle and dietary factors can play a role in the inflammation associated with particular chronic conditions. Saturated and trans fatty acids, high glycaemic index foods, smoking, excessive alcohol intake and excessive exercise may all increase inflammation. In order to help reduce inflammation, consume a diet rich in omega‐3 fatty acids and low in cholesterol. Also include arginine‐rich foods such as fish and nuts, include plenty of fiber in your diet, exercise regularly and consume moderate amounts of alcohol.4 These steps may help you to manage the symptoms of inflammation.
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This American Indian Village project is designed as a five-day unit on American Indians for the Kindergartener. I originally developed it as part of a three-week Thanksgiving unit, in which the first week focused on American Indians. However, it is not tied to anything Thanksgiving if you opt to use it in an independent study on American Indians. The format I implemented covers a Monday-Friday week (Day One-Day Five) of three small projects, which are incorporated into the full Indian Village project assembled during a 30-45 minute “unit” time on Friday (Day Five).
Each day’s unit is approximately 15-20 minutes long and begins with a recommended book to get the unit going. After reading about American Indians, small projects are completed which are set aside until the final Indian Village is assembled on Day Five. Each day lists all the materials needed for that day’s reading and project. Pictures are included to help you visualize the day's goals and plan accordingly. A printable parent letter is included on last page if you choose to have your students help you collect materials.
If you do not have the time or resources (or patience) to conduct the daily projects as a week-long unit with the whole class, or you simply want to assemble the Indian Village as a one-day project, you can either provide ready-made materials or you can place projects in various centers for the week to be completed by students in small groups on their own.
This is great hands-on activity that keeps your students focused throughout the week on learning important characteristics and achievements of the first Americans, and keeps them anticipating the final project at the end of the week to celebrate them.
Jennifer L. Weaver
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Is Mental Illness Hereditary?
Mental illness is a serious health condition effecting millions of Americans. The most common types of mental illness include: personality disorders, social anxiety, compulsive obsessive disorder, and drug addiction.
The causes, prevention and treatment of mental illness are all highly contested hot topics in the scientific community. Much of the disorder remains a mystery, even today, and many recent studies have focused on whether or not the illness is hereditary.
Let’s break down some basics of mental illness along with hereditary implications where available:
Causes are tricky because there doesn’t seem to be one definitive answer. When dealing with mental disorders it is usually a combination of several factors. Below is a breakdown of the three most important and even they can sometimes crossover between categories.
• Biological – At a basic level, biological causes involve nerve pathways with abnormal functions connecting to different regions of the brain. These abnormal functions cause damage to chemical neurotransmitters.
o Genetic – Heredity deals in susceptibility to an illness through gene inheritance. Researchers have found that even though an individual might be susceptible, they may not develop the disorder based on outside environmental factors like stress or abuse that might have triggers the illness.
• Psychological – These are influences that cause a profound impact on the psyche. Some causes could include extreme trauma such as emotional, physical abuse suffered as a child, sociopathic tendencies with a poor ability to relate to others or even the loss of a parent at an early age.
• Environmental – These are outside stimuli that affect the development of a mental illness like stress or abuse. They can also include non-emotional causes like brain injuries, substance abuse, and infections.
Outlined in detail in a recent study by the World Health Organization, prevention’s main goal is early identification and treatment (see below) where necessary. The detection of early warning signs is of paramount interest. The availability of public research and ongoing education for drug abuse and susceptibility to development of an illness is also highly prioritized.
o Biological/Psychological – Medications for these types of mental illness involve drug related chemical changes to the neurotransmitters inside the brain to correct a disorder.
o Biological/Psychological – Therapy designed to literally re-wire the way the brain processes information. This is an alternative to psychotropic medication but can also be used in conjunction with medicine in severe cases.
Almost 450 million people worldwide are affected in some way by mental illness. Research shows that almost 1 in 4 people will experience an illness at one point in their life. While signs indicate that certain mental disorders may indeed be hereditary, no research currently supports assumptions that illness will definitely be passed from one generation to the next. Outside influences play a very important role in determining if an illness will be passed on from one generation to the next.
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Sustainable Materials ManagementTo help reduce waste and toxics, the state plan, focuses on sustainable material management. This means using and reusing materials in the most sustainable way across their entire life cycle, from design, manufacturing and use, to end-of-life when the material is either disposed or recycled. This is important because the adverse environmental impacts of extraction, production, and use can be far greater than those associated with disposal.
Sustainable materials management helps conserve resources, reduces waste, slows climate change, and minimizes the adverse impacts of the materials we use. This is essential to meeting both today's needs and those of future generations.
Why Use a Sustainable Materials Management Approach
Sustainable Materials Management Programs at EcologyBelow is a list of Ecology's work in the areas of materials management. These programs provide more sustainable options for Washington's future.
Design and Production
Use and Reuse
Copyright © Washington State Department of Ecology|
Privacy Notice | Site Info | Accessibility | Contact the web team |
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Taking a closer look at LHC
It´s measured in “barn” – 1 b = 10-24 cm2
The number of events per second ( Nev) for a specific result is got from:
Nevents/sec = Luminosity · Cross Section
Nevent/sec = L·σevent
It´s therefore easy to understand that luminosity is very important in order to consider the possibilities that an expected event can occur.
The total proton-proton cross section at 7 TeV is approximately 110 mbarns. This total can be broken down in contributions from:
• inelastic = 60 mbarn
• single diffractive = 12 mbarn
• elastic = 40 mbarn
The cross section from elastic scattering of the protons and diffractive events will not be seen by the detectors as it is only the inelastic scatterings that give rise to particles at sufficient high angles with respect to the beam axis.
Inelastic event rate at nominal luminosity is:
Nevent/sec = L·σ event
1034 x [(60x10-3)x10-24]= 600 million/second
With about 30 millions crosses/s:
600/30 ⇒ 20 inelastic events per crossing.
Let´s see an other example:
The cross section to get a 350 GeV Higgs Boson is 50 fb(femto-barn) via qq ⇒ Zh
So, σ = (50·10-15)·10-24cm2 ⇒ σ = 5·10-38 cm2
Nevents/sec = 5·10-4
Therefore there are 5·10-4 events per second in which this Higgs boson will be appearing(whether that kind of Higgs boson exists, obviously).
To understand this better we can calculate the inverse of that quantity,
t = 1/(5·10-4) = 2000 s ⇒ t = 33 minutes
So, every 33 minutes one Higgs particule should be appearing. Therefore, in ten hours-day work, 20 Higgs particules should be detected.
But thousands of billions of collisions will be produced in the detector in that time. The work of the computers is collosal.
The next figure shows de cross section Higgs production at LHC.
(Taken from Flip Tanedo, An Idiosyncratic Introduction to the Higgs)
Let’s study a third exemple.
LHCb is the experiment dedicated to quark b physics at the LHC. Its primary goal is to look for indirect evidence of new physics in CP violation and rare decays of hadrons which contains b and c quarks.
Compared to other existing accelerators that are in operation the LHC is by far the most copious source of B mesons, due to the high bƃ cross section (σ ~ 500 μb at 14 TeV) and high luminosity (2·1032 cm-2 s-1, on average).
So, let’s calculate the number of events (bƃ pairs):
Nevent/sec = σ x L ⇒ Nevent/sec = (500·10-6·10-24)x(2·1032)
Nevent/sec = 105 bƃ pairs/second
The canonical one year data taking correponds to ~280 hours (~107 s)
(105 bƃ pairs/s)x(107 s/yr) =1012 bƃ pairs/year
Xabier Cid Vidal, PhD in experimental Particle Physics for Santiago University (USC). Research Fellow in experimental Particle Physics at CERN from January 2013 to Decembre 2015. Currently, he is in USC Particle Physics Department ("Ramon y Cajal", Spanish Postdoctoral Senior Grants).
Ramon Cid Manzano, secondary school Physics Teacher at IES de SAR (Santiago - Spain), and part-time Lecturer (Profesor Asociado) in Faculty of Education at the University of Santiago (Spain). He has a Degree in Physics and in Chemistry, and is PhD for Santiago University (USC).
CERN and the Environment
For the bibliography used when writing this Section please go to the References Section
© Xabier Cid Vidal & Ramon Cid - [email protected] | SANTIAGO (SPAIN) |
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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is advising people to perform repeat, or serial, testing following a negative result on any at-home COVID-19 antigen test, to reduce the risk an infection may be missed (false negative result) and to help prevent people from unknowingly spreading the SARS-CoV-2 virus to others. The FDA recommends repeat testing following a negative result whether or not you have COVID-19 symptoms.
At-home COVID-19 antigen tests detect proteins, called antigens, from the SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. At-home COVID-19 antigen tests are less likely to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus than molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. This is especially true early in an infection or in people who do not have COVID-19 symptoms.
Currently, all at-home COVID-19 antigen tests are FDA-authorized for repeat, or serial use. This means people should use multiple tests over a certain time period, such as 2-3 days, especially when the people using the tests don’t have COVID-19 symptoms. Today, the FDA is highlighting the continued need for repeat, or serial testing when people get a negative result with an at-home COVID-19 antigen test, including recommending additional testing over a longer period of time.
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Date of birth unkown--born in Thrace.
Spartacus grew up working in the fields of Thrace, but somehow
ended up serving in the Roman Army. He deserted, and upon his
capture was demoted to slavery. He was semt to Capua to endergo
training to become a gladiator. He led an escape of several gladiators
in 73 B.C. and captured Mount Vesuvias. They were joined by a
large group of slaves from nearby regions who were motivated to
fight for their freedom.
led the runaways in the historic insurrection known as the Third
Servile War, or Gladiators' War. His army overtook much of Campania
and Lucania in southern Italy, defeating the minimal resistance
sent by Rome. Despite a growing army of 70,000 followers, Spartacus
knew that his army was no match for the well-equipped Roman army
would easily defeat his group if the Roman Senate ordered. He
suggested moving out of Italia, perhaps to the Alps. The Gauls
and Goths vetoed this suggestion, deciding to stay and plunder
Italian villages for money and goods. Being forced to remain in
Italy, Spartacus headed south to avoid unwanted attention.
a year, the Senate finally decided that Spartacus and his army
were a threat to internal security. Suprisingly, the consular
armies that the senate ordered to crush the rebellion were defeated
three times--both seperated and united. Spartacus pushed north
and defeated the proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul at Mutina. His plan
to escape into Gaul was again, thwarted by his men who refused
leave Italy. With such stubborn troops, Spartacus most likely
decided to head south and escape to Sicily.
with the incompetance of the consuls and proconsul, the Senate
placed Marcus Linius Crassus, the only proven general in Italy
at the time, in command of six legions to stop Spartacus. When
his initial attempt to failed, the senate considered summoning
Pompey the Great, who was returning from Spain. Finally, in 71
B.C., Crassus forced Spartacus and his army into the peninsula
of Rhegium (now known as Reggio di Calabria). They managed to
escape through Roman lines, but Crassus pursued Spartacus to Lucania,
where the rebels were defeated and Spartacus was killed in battle.
His death ended the insurrection, and 6000 captured rebels were
crucified along the Appian Way (the main road out of Rome). The
few who escaped to the north were killed by Pompey's army, most
likely due to chance more than any planning by Pompey.
Gladiators' War sent a message to the Roman people. There was
unrest and dissent among the slaves, and that was an ever present
threat to the empire's internal security. Although the use of
slaves continued long after the fall of Spartacus, it decreased
gradually and social attitudes changed after the war, with some
patricians becoming opposed to the usage of slaves.
In 1960, Kirk Douglas (Spartacus), Laurence Olivier (Crassus)
and Jean Simmons starred in what was at the time an epic movie
based on the life of Spartacus. The movie, directed by Stanley
Kubrick, was shot over 167 days, employing more than 10,000 people,
and costing over $12 million to make, at the time one of the most
expensive movies ever. However, the film was a great success,
winning 4 Acadamy Awards and the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture
and grossing over $13 million within the year.
2004, Spartacus was re-made into a TV Mini-series.
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Tucked into a narrow valley straddling the border of Virginia and West Virginia lie two bodies of water: reservoirs carved from the earth of the Allegheny Mountains. One lies uphill of the other and a stream of water flows between the two. But if you look closely, that water seems to be defying gravity. Instead of running downhill, it’s going up it; the lower reservoir is feeding the upper one.
These two lakes and the water flowing between them might just be a solution to a zero-carbon world. This is a story about how renewables work, what they offer for a fossil fuel-free future, and how two bodies of water nestled in the Alleghany Valley of Virginia could make that future a reality.
Our Changing Climate series
On April 21st, 2020, documentary filmmaker Jeff Gibs released his movie Planet of Humans onto YouTube. The premise of the film was simple: renewable energy wasn’t working and wouldn’t save us from climate change. Throughout the film, Gibbs details the failings of the renewable industry and comes to a conclusion that teeters on the edge of a dangerous precipice: if renewables won’t save us, then population growth must be curtailed: “If we get ourselves under control, all things are possible.”
This vein of environmentalist thinking has historically been used to excuse eugenicist and violent population-control measures. But that is a topic for a whole different article.
Many of the points in Planet of Humans have been refuted or are just simply outdated, but Gibbs’ arguments epitomise a worrying trend of “renewable bashing” – a trend that rejects these young wind and solar industries wholesale, without offering feasible solutions to replace them.
That being said, renewables like solar and wind definitely do have problems, but these technologies are not hopeless like Gibbs seems to think.
So let’s briefly look at the obstacles renewables face in order to understand how best to navigate a path towards 100% clean energy by 2050. 👇
Obstacles for 100% renewables by 2050
When it comes to wind turbines, a common takedown, especially among right-leaning politicians, is that they kill birds. Unfortunately, this is true. In North America, wind turbines kill between 140,000 to 500,000 birds a year – but if you zoom out to look at the whole picture, that number looks a little different.
Both a 2009 and a 2012 study revealed that fossil fuel plants caused 9.7 bird deaths per gigawatt-hour produced, while turbines caused only 0.27 deaths per gigawatt-hour produced.
Oh, and domestic cats kill roughly 10,000 times the amount of birds that turbines do. So, when contextualised, bird deaths caused by wind turbines are comparably small.
👉 The life-cycle impacts of both solar panels and wind turbines are yet another point of attack for those looking to discredit renewable.
These technologies require resources to assemble, install, and eventually dismantle, so some – including Jeff Gibbs – argue that renewables are not as clean as we think they are. But according to one 2017 paper that compared the emissions from the life-cycle of a variety of energy sources, solar and wind consistently produced some of the lowest impacts compared to coal or natural gas. This research reinforced an earlier, widely cited 2013 study that found similar results.
In short, despite the amount of concrete and raw materials required to construct wind and solar arrays, they can quickly pay off that initial carbon debt. And these technologies are comparably young, so as renewables continue to be honed, these installations will last longer and longer, making waste less of a problem.
👉 One of the largest problems facing renewables, however, is that they create too much energy. Or rather, they generate too much energy when we don’t need it. Wind and solar are variable in their outputs and produce energy when the sun shines the strongest or when the wind is blowing the hardest, which often doesn’t match up with the times we need it.
This mismatch means that when energy demand is low, but production is high, the grid must curtail or get rid of some of its excess energy supply or risk overtaxing the grid.
This curtailment is happening in real-time in California, which dramatically increased its solar capacity in the last decade, but has yet to build energy infrastructure to support it. As a result, the state had to curtail over 318,000 MWh worth of electricity production in April of this year, and as more solar and wind plants come online that number seems to only be growing.
In short, California shows us that to successfully scale-up renewables we must also have enough capacity to use the energy these technologies produce. Which brings us to storage.
Back in the Allegheny Mountains, water is still running uphill. Because, after all, this is a pumped-hydro storage plant – an age-old solution to a modern problem.
The Bath County pumped-hydro facility is one of the biggest batteries in the world, with the capacity to store 3,003 megawatts of energy. For comparison, the capacity of the largest lithium-ion battery storage facility in the US is currently 62.5 megawatts.
👉 The facility achieves this massive energy storage through a simple method. When there’s excess energy in the grid, instead of curtailing it, the facility uses the energy to pump water from the lower reservoir into the upper one, and then when there’s high electricity demand, they let the water run downhill through turbines into the lower basin like a conventional damn, fulfilling that demand.
A shockingly straightforward solution to the problem of energy storage. And if done right, it can stabilise the variability of renewables so that electricity is readily available whenever we need it.
There are some drawbacks, however: it requires a large amount of water for one, and it also requires mountainous terrain. But the concept of pumped hydro is being tinkered with to create alternative methods that don’t require open basins or mountains.
One proposal envisions a large cylindrical rock set in the earth that gets pushed up with excess water when energy production is high, and then, through the force of gravity, pushes that water back down through a turbine when electricity is needed.
But really, pumped-hydro storage is just one solution of many that needs to be expanded if we are to successfully achieve 100% renewable output by 2050. Interconnectors are yet another piece of a successful clean-energy puzzle.
👉 In simple terms, interconnectors combine separate grid systems, which allows states or even whole countries to trade-off excess energy. So, when storage is limited and demand is high, the local grid doesn’t need to curtail or waste electricity; it can instead transport that energy to a place where energy is needed or can be stored for later use.
These are the types of solutions we need if we are to quickly transform our electricity from fossil fuels to renewables: technologies that are already available, ready to deploy, and offer tangible solutions to the problems that renewables face.
A renewable future
The future of renewables will not be without hiccups, but according to the Stanford Solutions Project, a 100%-renewable energy system is feasible by 2050. So the biggest problem, then, is not some technological barrier but instead finding the political will to do the needed work. And the European Union is showing that initiative: they’ve begun to trailblaze a path towards net-zero carbon by 2050.
By 2030 they will reach an average of 33% of their energy sourced from renewables, with countries like Denmark, Finland, and Austria well ahead of that amount. And, crucially, the EU is expanding the interconnectedness of their grid, so when the sun is shining in the south of Spain, excess energy can be traded to Denmark when the wind isn’t blowing through their turbines.
But, at the end of the day, renewables can only get us so far. Recognising and transforming the way we in the West consume energy is also an essential part of mitigating climate change. If we continue with business as usual, we’ll need to transform a lot more.
The average US citizen consumes 10 times more energy per year than the average Indian citizen, four to five times that of someone from Brazil, and three times that of someone from China. On top of that, the wealthiest 10% of the world consume 20 times more than the poorest 10%.
So, if through policy and behaviour-change the amount of energy that countries in North America and Europe uses decreases, then the challenge of scaling renewables to meet energy demand will no longer be as daunting.
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Dietary guidelines are increasingly putting forward a forks-over-knives approach to eating. From Canada’s revamped food guide to the recently proposed EAT-Lancet planetary diet, an explicit emphasis on meat and dairy is out. In its place is a more inclusive category of proteins, which doesn’t prioritize animal-derived products over plants.
For reasons of health, environment, animal welfare, price or the inventive and effective marketing of plant-based products like Beyond Meat, the number of Canadians questioning the role of meat in their diets has never been higher. According to a survey conducted by Dalhousie University and the University of Guelph as part of a study examining awareness of Canada’s Food Guide, 6.5 million Canadians — nearly 20 per cent of the population (up from 6.4 million in October 2018) — are either limiting the amount of meat they eat (the so-called flexitarian diet) or cutting it out entirely.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
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What was revolutionary about music in the 1920s and 1930s? ? What forces outside of music influences musicians during this postwar era?
Consider popular music and the ways the music reflected and gave shape to ideas and trends of the World War I era.
Focus on a particular composer or composition--works the best.
What was different about classical music after the war?
How did one composition reflect the themes of this new age?
How did classical music of the time reflect the cultural impact of the war?
Consider composers like:
Check this out!
Music in the 20th Century by Hao Huang (Editor)
Call Number: REF 780.94 Mus
Publication Date: 1998
Contains over five hundred alphabetically arranged articles that provide information about some of the most significant musical developments and performers of the twentieth century, covering genres, forms, technical advances, national styles, and individuals; and includes a biographical digest of over one thousand entries.
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A backstory is a literary device authors use to give their characters a sense of history. It is the imagined past character’s lives and the world they possess and those events take place before the main narrative of the story. It’s the best tool you have to develop relatable, realistic, three-dimensional characters for your novel and it can be a collection of data, such as keystone events, names and dates. It also helps to explain your characters’ desires, fears and motivations.
Here are three things you should know about a backstory :
- It Reveals Motivation: The backstory should always motivate the character, either positively or negatively. The character either stands on what he knows and has experienced, or he’s running away from what he knows and has experienced. Either way, it can make a compelling plot for your novel.
- It Expresses Innermost Fears: A backstory would help you to define your main character’s fears which acts as the main background of the story. When you validate those fears, it helps to raise the stakes higher and gives you a better understanding of your main character and a better understanding of what exactly those fears are.
- It Increases The Reader’s Understanding: A backstory would gradually reveal a character’s sad past and would give the reader a context over the choices the character makes or the fears they carry with them which gives the reader a sense of judgement and keeps them in flow with the story.
A backstory helps to improve the quality of your writing and as you know your characters in and out, it will be more real to you and as a result, becomes more real and delightful to your readers.
If you find these article helpful, let us know in the comments section.
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Staying active does not necessarily mean taking up a new exercise or joining a gym, being active can be doing more of what you already do.
A symptom of Parkinson’s is that you may become stiffer. When you walk, parts of your body are constantly counter-rotating, which allows you to move smoothly. If your muscles become tighter it means there’s reduced ability to move the segments of your body independent to each other. Staying active is important to help you maximise the movement you have and enable you to do more.
Staying active is going out doing stuff and definitely doing some physical exercise. People are often surprised at how much better they feel from being active.
Here are some tips to help you keep active:
Find an activity you enjoy.
If you plan to start an exercise regime then enjoyment is the key. Think of what you will enjoy, or already enjoy. That way, it’s much less effort than adding another layer of things to do. It may be an activity that you used to do and don’t do so much now. Exercise can take many forms and doesn’t need to involve learning a new skill or investing in equipment.
Give the activity meaning.
If you decide to do more walking, beyond the physical act of walking, what could that actually mean? What could it allow you to do? What could you participate in or have access to? Is it working, is it leisure, friends, being out with the dogs? Giving the task meaning gives it more context than just focusing on a physical problem and remedy, it integrates exercise into your life.
Whatever you do, keep moving.
Movement is better than sitting even when at home. It’s fine to have rest periods, but make sure you keep moving. For example, pottering around your home is important.
Leisure activity can be as important as exercise, going out to lunch, going out to do something is vital to everyone’s wellbeing. Socialising can be as important to keeping mobile as exercise. Social activity is a really important part of being active. Keep going out, keep seeing friends.
Think about the logistics.
When planning your activity think about the logistics of the whole plan. For instance, if you are going to go swimming, factor in how you will actually get to the pool not just planning what exercises you will do once you get there.
It can help to focus on changing one symptom at a time.
Sometimes focusing on a particular symptom might be more positive than the whole spectrum of your Parkinson’s, because while it might not be possible to change the whole picture you might change some parts.
Think of the benefits of exercise as long term, don’t feel discouraged if you aren’t feeling a change in your symptoms straight away, keep at it and over time you’ll see the difference. Use the planner to track the change.
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n. The decrease in compassion felt for the unfortunate as their numbers increase.
Similarly, technology connects us to more and more of the world’s suffering, of which there’s an essentially infinite amount, until feeling steamrollered by it becomes structurally inevitable — not a sign that life’s getting worse. And the consequences go beyond glumness. They include "compassion fade", the well-studied effect whereby our urge to help the unfortunate declines as their numbers increase.
In studies published last year in the journal PLOS One, one of us, Paul Slovic, and colleagues demonstrated that "compassion fade" can occur when an incident involving a single person expands to as few as two people.
Moreover, the emergence of compassion fade…, which in this case means urban residents’ compassion shown to Tibetans decreases as the number of migrants in need of aid increases…, poses a significant challenge to personal and collective capacity to respond effectively to the many environmental problems.
In the third paper (Chapter IV: ‘Are pandas like people?’), I explore these limits within the context of environmental stewardship. Specifically, I extend past work on what I refer to as compassion fade — which refers to the finding that compassion towards victims tends to decrease as the number of individuals in need of aid increases.
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Definition of cofferdam in English:
A watertight enclosure pumped dry to permit construction work below the waterline, as when building bridges or repairing a ship.
- Its diversion tunnel is accompanied by upstream and downstream cofferdams that permit construction of the main dam.
- The construction scheme employed on the bridge consisted of cofferdams for the drilled shaft foundations, and climbing forms for the tower construction.
- The 1,050 mm diameter outfall on the west side of the airfield required a temporary cofferdam during its construction.
Definition of cofferdam in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.
Matrix note-taking is a way of organizing previously taken linear notes. For example, if you took notes in class using the Outline Method, you might then make more concise notes from these in a matrix format.
How it works:
As you read through your notes, pull out the major topics and categories, which become the headings at the top of your chart. Fill the chart in with common aspects or important pieces of each topic or category. You might also find it helpful to write down questions you have in the left hand column to help better organize and compare each category.
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Stem Cells are cells in our bodies as children and adults which are important for the growth and healing potential of our body. These cells are one generation from some of the youngest cells present when we are developing in the womb, as an embryo. These stem cells can be found in multiple area of the body as adults and are named based upon the location where they can be obtained.
Stem cells have the ability to perform four functions which are important for regenerative potential: the ability to reproduce (proliferatory potential), the ability to differentiate and mature into a different number of cell lines (multipotentiality), the ability to mobilize in situations of blood vessel formation, and the ability to activate and control cells within their environment (trophic functions). Although all four of these functions can be used to the advantage of regenerative medicine, most scientists have sought to utilize the ability of stem cells to mature into a cell needed for repair. Stem cells also have ability to release growth factors and signaling molecules at a region of healing. For orthopaedic purposes, the mesenchymal stem cell has garnered the most interest due to its direct path to change into cells important for orthopaedic purposes.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from the bone marrow, lining of a joint (synovial tissue), lining around bones (periosteum), and fat. Cells obtained from different sites are slightly different. The peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) is a cell that which is present within the blood stream and originates from the bone marrow. In laboratory studies, bone marrow derived, adipose derived, periosteum derived, and synovial derived MSCs as well as PBSCs have illustrated the ability to turn into bone cells, cartilage cells, and fat cells. Additionally, scientists have been able to turn bone marrow derived MSCs and PBSCs into brain cells, heart cells, and liver cells in laboratory study.
Progress with stem cells has been exciting in scientific laboratories and animal studies. However, some work is still required to apply what we have learned to patient care on a daily basis. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the use of stem cells to treat patients. They have set up mechanisms to ensure that treatments utilizing stem cells are safe and useful for patients. Treatments involving bone marrow aspirate are currently the only stem cell treatments which orthopaedic surgeons can offer patients outside of clinical trials.
Bone marrow aspirate contains platelets and a patient’s own stem cells, which have the ability to replicate themselves or differentiate into various tissue types. Bone marrow aspirate can assist in treating certain injuries. Sometimes when an injury occurs, the number of stem cells available for tissue regeneration is inadequate. By using bone marrow aspirate, additional stem cells and growth factors can be placed at a site of injury to improve the overall healing process.
Bone marrow aspirate is a complex mixture of platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, red blood precursor cells, and white blood precursor cells. Initially, the white blood precursor cells were thought to be cells that nurtured the growth of red blood cells alone. These cells were initially termed plastic-adherent cells due to this physical property of the cells. Later, these cells were found to have the ability to reproduce and change into cells of other types, thus acquiring the name mesenchymal stem cells. Initially isolated only on their ability to stick to tissue culture surfaces, when scientists studied these cells they found a broad mixture of cells which had the ability to turn into a number of different cell types. Since bone marrow aspirate and bone marrow aspirate concentrate contains platelets and mesenchymal stem cells, it is a combination growth factor therapy and cell therapy, utilizing the regenerative potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
Platelet-rich plasma a growth factor/cytokine therapy. It involves the isolation of platelets from a patient’s own blood and placing it at a given location. Platelets are found in our blood. They contain growth factors and other signaling molecules which are instrumental in the body’s normal healing response. Growth factors and cytokines are proteins which signal cells in our body. These molecules tell our body to grow or stimulate our body to heal in scenarios. When you have an injury, such as a cut on your skin, platelets are some of the first responders to arrive on the scene to stop the bleeding and stimulate other cells in your body to begin the healing process. Platelet-rich plasma is a tissue product that is made from a patient’s own blood; it is an autograft tissue.
Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These elements are suspended in a fluid called plasma. Platelet-rich plasma is made by first taking a small amount of blood from the blood stream. The blood is placed into a device that spins, also known as a centrifuge. The centrifuge separates the blood into layers through spinning. The layer including plasma and platelets is captured. This solution can then be placed at a site where healing or a response of the body is desired.
A complete evaluation of an injury or condition is necessary before Dr Anz can decide if PRP therapy is a consideration for treatment. If it is determined to be an option, the PRP therapy procedure will be scheduled, potentially on the day of evaluation or at a later date. PRP may not provide instant relief for the patient, as treatment with PRP seeks to improve the biology of healing or reduce inflammation related to a mechanical issue. During the procedure, Dr. Anz will inject the PRP solution into the injured area. In certain scenarios, PRP is used to augment a surgical procedure. Dr. Anz will discuss the benefits of using PRP in a given surgical procedure if it will improve the result after surgery.
For additional information, or if you would like to schedule an appointment with Dr. Adam W. Anz, orthopedic surgeon and sports medicine specialist, please contact his Gulf Breeze, FL office today.
Medical doctors often use the term biologics to refer to natural products that are harvested and used to augment a medical process. These products include tissues from a patient’s own body (often called autograft) and tissues from another patient’s body (often called allograft). These products can encompass a wide spectrum of tissues. For the purposes of orthopedics, therapies can be classified into three main categories:
- Growth Factory Therapies
- Cell Therapies
- Tissue Therapies
Growth factor therapies involve the harvest and delivery of growth factors to a site, such as in the setting of using platelet-rich plasma to augment healing after a partial tear of a tendon. Cell therapies involve the harvest and delivery of cells to a site, such as in the setting of cartilage repair with peripheral blood stem cells. Tissue therapies involve utilizing tissue to repair or augment a repair, such as in the setting of a meniscal allograft transplant. Many factors have effects on function, the potential for success, and the FDA regulatory concerns related to these treatments. There is a spectrum of treatments available within biologics. Similar to golf clubs in a golf bag, there are different therapies available for different patient problems.
Food and Drug Administration Regulation
It is important to understand the regulatory affairs concerning biologics in order to understand the potential for how they can be used to help patients. This is especially important for stem cell therapies, as cells are living biologic products. In 1997, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Part 1271, an approach to articles containing or consisting of all human cells, tissues, and cellular/tissue based products intended for implantation, transplantation, infusion, or transfer into a human recipient. These articles were abbreviated HCT/P’s, and the FDA employed a tiered approach to regulation of these articles, based on the FDA’s assessment of patient risk.
Low-risk biologics were set to be regulated by the Public Health Service Act 361 which required only that treatments be prepared involving techniques aimed to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases. These products do not require pre-market clinical studies or approval before they can be offered to patients. Higher risk products are regulated under Public Health Service Act 351, whereby they must also undergo animal and human clinical studies in order to prove that they are safe and worthwhile to be used in patient care. This hurdle prevents physicians from offering some stem cell treatments to patients such as cultured stem cell treatments, certain stem cell treatments from fat and blood, and stem cell treatments involving allograft stem cells.
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South Africa is experiencing the world’s worst outbreak of listeriosis. In March, the National Department of Health announced that their investigation into the source of the outbreak had led them to a processed-meat production facility in Polokwane. This is what you need to know about listeriosis, and how you can keep yourself and your family safe.
What is listeriosis?
Listeriosis is an infection caused by a germ called Listeria monocytogenes. The World Health Organisation describes it as a “foodborne infection in humans [that] occurs through the consumption of contaminated foods, particularly unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, vegetables and prepared meat products such as pâté.” Listeria is unlike many other germs as it can grow even in the cold temperature of the refrigerator.
Who can get it?
Anyone can get listeriosis, however those at high risk are newborns, the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women and their unborn babies, and those with underlying conditions such as HIV, diabetes, cancer, chronic liver or kidney disease, according to information from the Western Cape Government.
How do you get it?
Listeriosis is not contagious, except for pregnant women who can transfer the bacteria to their foetus. It is caused by eating foods contaminated with the bacterium.
What symptoms do you get?
The symptoms of listeriosis may include fever, stiff neck, muscle pain, confusion, restlessness, sometimes diarrhoea or nausea, and infection of the bloodstream and brain.
How is it treated?
In healthy people, it can cause a mild flu-like illness but this spontaneously clears in about a week. However, in high risk people it can cause severe disease that requires hospitalisation and immediate IV antibiotic treatment.
How do you protect yourself?
The National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) has told South Africans not to panic. They suggest everyone follow the World Health Organisation’s five keys to safer food. The steps include: 1. Keep clean: Just because something looks clean doesn’t mean it is. Wash hands before handling food and during food preparation. Sanitise all surface used for food preparation. 2. Separate raw and cooked: Keeping food separate prevents the transfer of microorganisms. Store food in different containers and use separate equipment and utensils. 3. Cook thoroughly: Proper cooking can kill almost all dangerous microorganisms. Cook meat and poultry until juices are clear, reheat and cook food thoroughly. 4. Keep food at safe temperatures: Refrigerate cooked food promptly, keep cooked food piping hot prior to serving and do not thaw frozen food at room temperature. 5. Use safe water and raw materials: Use safe water or treat it first, wash fruit and vegetables especially if being eaten raw and do not use food that has passed its expiry date. Major South African retailers have removed ready-to-eat meat products from their shelves and they are encouraging their customers to return any processed meats they suspect might be contaminated. If you are in any doubt about the safety of food, don’t eat it.
At bsmart we care about all our members and their families and we want you to live smart. Please take extra precaution when it comes to making food choices and practise good food hygiene. You can contact us if you have any questions.
Disclaimer: bsmart does not provide financial advice. The above article is for information purposes only to share current economic and financial topics and trends. Please consult a suitable and qualified financial services provider if you require financial advice.
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