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The analysis of 135 endophytes - fungal and bacterial microorganisms living within the inner tissue of plants - by members of the Rain Forest Expedition and Laboratory course at Yale will be published Monday in the journal PLoS ONE.
The endophytes were collected during a 2007 trip to Peru organized by Scott Strobel, chair of the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale, with a grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
The ability of 15 untrained students to find and culture such a novel collection of organisms, many of which are biologically active, illustrates the vast scientific potential of tropical areas, Strobel said.
"The sheer amount of diversity the students discovered surprised everybody,'' Strobel said. "We have only just begun to tap the potential of these microorganisms. Our undergraduates have given us a peek at the treasure these habitats hold and we need to move quickly to preserve them."
The students collected the specimens in March of 2007 and spent much of the next six months isolating and culturing the organisms, sequencing their DNA, and screening them for biological activity. Nearly half of the organisms analyzed showed evidence of bioactivity.
Endophytes remain relatively unstudied by scientists, however their potential value was illustrated more than a decade ago when the blockbuster cancer drug taxol was isolated from a fungal endophyte collected from a Pacific Yew tree.
Already, the Yale undergraduates have found at least two endophytes with some therapeutic potential. Undergraduate Cong "Carl" Ma, working in collaboration with recent graduate Puyao Li, found one fungal endophtye with anti-oxidant properties.
Yale undergraduate Sun Jin Lee discovered that an extract from a second fungal endophtye reduces inflammation in human tissue. A subsequent analysis of the molecule revealed it to be an inhibitor of apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
In addition, the endophyte studied by Lee was one of 10 that varied by 15 to 30 percent from any sequence of DNA stored in GenBank, the virtual repository of genetic sequences of organisms. Such a difference is sufficient to classify the micro-organism in an entirely novel genus.
"The diversity we found blew everyone away,'' Lee said.
Strobel said that a second Yale expedition conducted last March in Ecuador has yielded just as diverse a collection of bioactive endophytes as the 2007 effort.
"Clearly the inner tissues of plants are a biological niche for microbial life that warrants further exploration," Strobel said. "It is a niche that can be readily explored by undergraduate students. The potential to explore something so completely unknown gets the students very excited about science."
Bill Hathaway | EurekAlert!
Loss of habitat causes double damage to species richness
02.04.2019 | Deutsches Zentrum für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig
Deep decarbonization of industry is possible with innovations
25.03.2019 | Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung (ISI)
For the first time, physicists at the University of Basel have succeeded in measuring the magnetic properties of atomically thin van der Waals materials on the nanoscale. They used diamond quantum sensors to determine the strength of the magnetization of individual atomic layers of the material chromium triiodide. In addition, they found a long-sought explanation for the unusual magnetic properties of the material. The journal Science has published the findings.
The use of atomically thin, two-dimensional van der Waals materials promises innovations in numerous fields in science and technology. Scientists around the...
Flexible, organic and printed electronics conquer everyday life. The forecasts for growth promise increasing markets and opportunities for the industry. In Europe, top institutions and companies are engaged in research and further development of these technologies for tomorrow's markets and applications. However, access by SMEs is difficult. The European project SmartEEs - Smart Emerging Electronics Servicing works on the establishment of a European innovation network, which supports both the access to competences as well as the support of the enterprises with the assumption of innovations and the progress up to the commercialization.
It surrounds us and almost unconsciously accompanies us through everyday life - printed electronics. It starts with smart labels or RFID tags in clothing, we...
The human eye is particularly sensitive to green, but less sensitive to blue and red. Chemists led by Hubert Huppertz at the University of Innsbruck have now developed a new red phosphor whose light is well perceived by the eye. This increases the light yield of white LEDs by around one sixth, which can significantly improve the energy efficiency of lighting systems.
Light emitting diodes or LEDs are only able to produce light of a certain colour. However, white light can be created using different colour mixing processes.
Researchers led by Francesca Ferlaino from the University of Innsbruck and the Austrian Academy of Sciences report in Physical Review X on the observation of supersolid behavior in dipolar quantum gases of erbium and dysprosium. In the dysprosium gas these properties are unprecedentedly long-lived. This sets the stage for future investigations into the nature of this exotic phase of matter.
Supersolidity is a paradoxical state where the matter is both crystallized and superfluid. Predicted 50 years ago, such a counter-intuitive phase, featuring...
A stellar flare 10 times more powerful than anything seen on our sun has burst from an ultracool star almost the same size as Jupiter
17.04.2019 | Event News
15.04.2019 | Event News
09.04.2019 | Event News
26.04.2019 | Physics and Astronomy
26.04.2019 | Life Sciences
26.04.2019 | Physics and Astronomy
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Yuri Gagarin lifted off into space on April 12, 1961, becoming the first human ever to leave the relative safety of the Earth. Since that time, several stories have been told about the first person in space.
The Soviet cosmonaut is honored by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly which declared April 12 as the International Day of Human Space Flight in honor of the day Gagarin opened up space for future space travelers.
"[The day was marked] to celebrate each year at the international level the beginning of the space era for mankind, reaffirming the important contribution of space science and technology in achieving sustainable development goals and increasing the well-being of States and peoples, as well as ensuring the realization of their aspiration to maintain outer space for peaceful purposes," the United Nations stated on their website.
In the 55 years since Gagarin took his historic flight, several misconceptions about the mission have been popularized among amateur space enthusiasts.
After his flight, Gagarin spent much of his time traveling from one place to another, recalling his time as the first human to escape the bounds of Earth's atmosphere. For five years following his historic mission, Yuri (as he is popularly known) was brought around the world, meeting world leaders as well as ordinary people. The cosmonaut was only a social drinker, but his schedule frequently required him to lead toasts, a task which started to wear on the world's first space traveler.
Even the death of Gagarin is still shrouded in a degree of mystery, decades after his demise. On March 27, 1968, Yuri is said to have died in an ordinary plane crash. However, Soviet officials kept silent about the loss for two days, a delay which resulted in numerous conspiracy stories. Tales of the cause of the crash ranged from the actions of aliens who had been watching him for seven years to stories of a drunken Yuri shooting at a deer from the cockpit of his aircraft.
The most popular story of his death was that a Su-15, flying just 65 feet from Yuri's aircraft, broke the sound barrier, and the sonic boom sent the space pioneer into a tailspin from which he was unable to recover.
Gagarin did not have much to do during his flight, as nearly everything was automated. But, Yuri had the personality and demeanor to handle the public scrutiny which came with the flight. That quality, above all else, may have been the best reason for the Soviet space program to have chosen him for the flight.
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Treatment is offered to individuals with a selection of medical conditions. These services must meet certain eligibility requirements, including their suitability, safety and security, as well as performance. They additionally need to follow the participant’s medical problem as well as the provider’s requirements of medical method. The solutions need to attain their desired end results within a reasonable period. If they do not satisfy these needs, they might be considered speculative or otherwise medically essential. As an example, a medical professional might choose to offer no treatment for a problem rather than treatment that requires surgical treatment or various other intrusive treatments.
There are several specializeds within medical technique, including anatomies, pediatric medicines, physiology, biochemistry and biology, and also pharmacology. Makeup manages the physical structure of the body, while biochemistry focuses on the communication in between living organisms and also chemical substances. Biomechanics concentrates on the technicians of organic systems, like muscles as well as bones. Along with these, there are subspecialties within medicine, such as pharmacology, which takes care of pharmaceutical medicines. Radiology entails scanning and X-ray tools to detect conditions and injuries. Lastly, the area of toxicology involves studying the results of drugs and also other poisonous substances.
A typical clinical term is axillary temperature level, which may be one level lower than the patient’s oral temperature. In babies and kids, axillary temperature level is used to find kidney insufficiency, which can be caused by congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and persistent looseness of the bowels. Vomiting also damages kidney function. Furthermore, heart disease and also diabetic issues can reduce the blood circulation to the kidneys, bring about persistent diarrhea.
Medicine has actually been exercised given that prehistoric times. In the past, medicine was mainly an art, and frequently had close ties to religions. For instance, some old philosophers applied bloodletting according to their theories of humorism. In the contemporary world, medicine is a mix of art and scientific research. While a professional in stitches is a competent artist, the scientific research behind the practice of medication is the foundation for contemporary medication.
Along with standard clinical sciences, there are interdisciplinary fields that incorporate fields such as biophysics and also genes. Makeup is the study of physical structures of microorganisms, while histology concentrates on the research study of cells. Furthermore, biochemistry and biology investigates the chemistry that occurs inside living organisms, and also biomechanics studies the structure as well as function of biological systems. In addition, neurology research studies diseases of the nerves as well as brain. Psychophysics and also computational modeling are additionally part of neurology.
The growth of modern-day biotechnology has actually likewise influenced the area of medicine. This modern technology allows physicians to establish medications that target certain physiological processes, as well as make them compatible with the body. Knowledge about human genes, advancement, as well as genomics has likewise had a considerable influence on medical techniques and decisions. Modern biotechnology has made medical treatments easier as well as more secure for individuals, yet it does not necessarily replace traditional clinical practices.
Whether an individual is insured or not, healthcare services are offered by numerous entities, consisting of medical insurance companies, drug stores, and also pharmaceutical companies. In addition, medical solutions are supplied by health centers, health insurance plan, and also team purchasing companies. Apart from these, many various other entities are associated with the shipment of health care. If you have an insurance policy, it is essential to understand the conditions of medical insurance coverage.
The process of medical billing as well as coding can take anywhere from a few days to a few months, depending on the intricacy of services and how many denials are refined. However, if it is done properly, medical payment can offer a smooth earnings cycle for medical care organizations. Throughout the pre-registration procedure, administrative staff ensures that all info is accurate and that the individual is monetarily accountable. The front end of the clinical payment procedure additionally entails informing people concerning their expenses and gathering their co-payments. As soon as this is complete, medical programmers get the patient’s medical records and also begin turning it into billable codes.
Medical necessity indicates that the treatment or solution is necessary to enhance the wellness of the individual. Generally, medically required services are those that improve a patient’s health, reduce the results of a disease or injury, and also restore health and wellness. Along with meeting these needs, they have to be the least pricey method to meet the individual’s requirements.
A case history consists of an individual’s past case history as well as existing health conditions. The medical history also includes an individual’s family history and also way of life. The medical history also includes a person’s existing tasks, medicines, as well as any type of allergic reactions.
The medical field is huge as well as diverse. There are many different specializeds within it, including pharmacology, gynecology, as well as radiation biology. Every one has its own specialties and also locations of emphasis. There are also a selection of subfields as well as sub-specialties that fall under a solitary specialty.
Historically, medication has actually been a combination of art as well as science. It is commonly connected to faiths. For instance, old philosophers frequently used bloodletting based on humorism concepts. Science has actually played an essential role in modern medication. For example, the strategy used to stitch a stitch is an art, while the knowledge concerning the cellular as well as molecular structures of cells as well as organs is stemmed from science.
Making use of a medical terms thesaurus is an excellent method to review terms and learn more regarding the field. The word building reference will certainly enhance your knowledge by showing how typical clinical terms are made using typical origin words, prefixes, as well as suffixes. You can also utilize this to assist you comprehend the terminology made use of by doctors. Click here for more
Modern biotechnology allows scientists to establish brand-new medications that target certain physical processes. They can additionally design medications that work with the body. Knowledge of human genetics and development has additionally substantially influenced the area of medicine. Scientists have actually had the ability to identify the causative genetics for many monogenic genetic disorders. Molecular biology is additionally playing a significant function in contemporary medicine.
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Tooth Enamel is the thin outer covering of the tooth. Enamel covers the crown of the tooth, which is the part that is visible outside the gums, and is the hardest tissue in the human body.
The color of your tooth is actually the color of the dentin, the main portion of your tooth, while the enamel is translucent. When your teeth are stained by coffee, wine, smoking or other substances, it is the enamel that is stained. A regular visit to your dentist and your teeth can be cleaned and polished to remove these stains.
So Why is the Enamel Important?
Tooth enamel literally protects your teeth from the day-to-day grind. All puns aside, every day you bite, chew, crunch and grind food and snacks, and the enamel protects your teeth from the damage. But enamel can still be damaged by chipping or cracking, and because it has no living cells, it cannot heal on its own, so the damage is forever without the assistance of a dentist. Enamel also protects your teeth from extreme temperatures and chemicals.
Causes of Enamel Erosion
When enamel is worn down, the tooth will begin to erode. Many things can cause the loss of enamel, but acid of some type is the most common cause.
- Acidic Fruits and fruit juices
- Excessive amounts of soft drinks
- Eating ice or biting hard onto seeds or popcorn kernels
- Diets high in sugar and starches
- Acid reflux disease or gastrointestinal problems
- Medications, including aspirin or dry mouth (which can be caused by certain medications)
- Grinding teeth or chewing on ink pens
According to researchers at Queen Mary University of London, scientist believe they may have developed a way to grow mineralized materials which could possibly regenerate hard tissues such as dental enamel and bone in the future.
Of course, while this is great news in the advancement of science, it does not replace the importance of good dental hygiene and regular visits to your dentist.
Prevention of Enamel Loss
To prevent enamel loss from the beginning, eliminate highly acidic foods and drinks from your diet and reduce the amount of sugar and starches. Drink plenty of water and enjoy sugar-free gum between meals, and make sure to use a fluoride toothpaste to strengthen your teeth. If you still have concerns, meet with your dentist to ask for recommendations.
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Learn more about specific causes in Italy that you can get involved in.
EnvironmentAir pollution is a large problem for Italy. In the past few decades, carbon monoxide emissions have increased, particularly in urban areas. There have been higher incidences of bronchitis and respiratory conditions compared to previous years when the levels of particulate matter in the air were lower. The surface water sources, such as lakes and rivers, have been contaminated by agricultural and industrial contaminants. The increase of acid rain has also degraded water quality. The island city of Venice is uniquely vulnerable to flooding, pollution, erosion, and sinkage.1
Human RightsThe dominant human rights concern in Italy is the large number of refugees and illegal immigrants traveling to the country by boat. In 2017, over 114,000 migrants and asylum seekers had landed on Italy’s shores. Italy’s immigration detention system was heavily criticized for maintaining substandard conditions and for denying detainees adequate access to justice. Italy was also encouraged by the international community to engage in age determination procedures to ensure that children were treated fairly. The country reduced the appeals against denied requests in an effort to create a more efficient system.1
EducationThe education system and standards in Italy are all controlled by the state, regardless of whether they are private or public. The schools must comply with the curriculum and methods established by the Ministry of Public Education. Academic autonomy and freedom are guaranteed rights for students and professors and are protected under Italian law. There are currently around 1.25 million students in Italy who can attend 42 state universities, 6 private universities, 3 technical universities, or 12 special status universities.1 99% of the country is literate.2 The primary school enrollment is nearly 100%.3
PovertyAfter enduring two years of intense financial crisis, Italy reached its highest level of poverty recorded. There have been significant cuts in funding for social welfare institutions in order to reduce the amount of public debt. One out of ten of Italy’s youth are classified as poor. Violent street protests have broken out in response to the government’s austerity measures.1
ReligionThe majority religion of Italy is Roman Catholicism. 80% of the population is Christian, while the rest of the population is either Muslim, atheist, or agnostic. Vatican City, the seat of the Catholic Church, is located within Rome’s city limits. The Constitution of Italy guarantees the freedom of religion, belief, and worship. Italy has been a secular state since 1984, but the government grants support to religious communities through accords.1
Clean WaterItaly enjoys universal access to improved water sources in both urban and rural areas.1 Despite this, unofficial reports indicate that, when asked about satisfaction with water quality, only 71% of Italians stated they were satisfied.2 In Ravenna, a region close to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, the government is constructing the largest drinking water purification plant in Europe. The plant was necessary due to the region’s high volume of tourists and water shortages.3
EconomyItaly is Europe’s third largest economy and has a highly diverse export economy. There is a deep economic divide between the northern and southern regions. In the North, industries are more developed and there is a proliferation of privately owned companies. In the South, unemployment is higher and the economy is more based on agriculture. The public debt was 131% of GDP in 2017.1 Reform attempts and short-term legislation have not been implemented appropriately or effectively. Furthermore, political interference, corruption, and exorbitant taxes plague economic growth. Corruption and Italy’s culture of lawlessness that fosters tax evasion are serious challenges that the Italian government must confront to promote improvement.2 Italy’s unemployment rate is at 11.4%, and 30% of the population is below the poverty line.3
HealthItalians are facing several health issues attributed to sedentary lifestyles, increased smoking, and drinking. Poor diet and lack of exercise reportedly contribute to the prevalence of hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes.1 There are currently around 130,000 Italians living with HIV/AIDS in the country. The maternal mortality rate is 4 deaths per 100,000 live births, while the infant mortality rate is 3 deaths per 1,000 live births. 20% of the adult population is overweight.2
ChildrenThe two most pervasive issues that face children in Italy are childhood obesity and child poverty. Italians are now eating record amounts of prepackaged and processed foods. Italy has a high rate of childhood obesity and has also witnessed an alarming increase in type 2 diabetes diagnoses. There are statistics that suggest that obese children often become obese adults who pass their poor eating habits to the next generation.1 Contrastingly, close to 2 million children live in poverty in Italy. The country is ranked first in Europe for child poverty rates out of 25 of the most economically similar nations. In Italy, only 4.4% of its social services spending goes towards children. The country is also experiencing extreme inequality between Northern Italy, which is Read More wealthier, and the South, where it is significantly poorer.2 Show Less
FamilyItaly passed legislation in 2016 allowing same sex couples to have civil unions. This ruling was historic for the country.1 Italy’s cultural acceptance of machismo has perpetuated the occurrence of domestic violence to the point that government officials have declared it the most prevalent form of violence in Italy. 30% of Italian women will experience intimate partner violence during their lifetime and the 90%of those victims do not seek assistance from the police.2
GovernmentThe Italian Republic is a parliamentary republic. The prime minister is the head of government and the president is the chief of state. The Mafia is also pervasive in Italian culture. There are scandals involving political leaders and judges that can be attributed to Mafia ties. Furthermore, the judicial system prefers to operate as an inquisitorial body.1 Corruption among political leaders and political processes has long been endemic within Italy. In the Corruption Perception Index, Italy is ranked 54th out of 180 countries. The public scores their government 50 out of a possible 100.2
AnimalsThe Sicilian mountain region has nearly 20% endemism. The Sicilian shrew is the only mammal that is endemic to the area, but the region is also home to the Italian roe deer, wild cat, crested porcupine, as well as the Silo and Pollino wolf populations. Threats to these species include deforestation and wildfires. People who protest legally protected forests have been proven to have started some of the wildfires.1
Check out the latest news and articles about Italy.
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This past fall, the federal government announced its pan-Canadian approach to fighting climate change by implementing a price on carbon pollution. Essentially, this mandates that each province and territory will have until 2018 to either institute a cap-and-trade system, or set a carbon tax.
In a cap-and-trade system, the government sets a limit on the level of allowable emissions from industry. It then issues permits to companies, specifying exactly how much carbon that company can burn. If a company wants to burn more than its share of carbon it must buy – through an auction – extra permits from other companies that have burned less. Québec instituted cap-and-trade in 2013, and Ontario’s cap-and-trade system officially came into effect in January 2017.
Alternately, with a carbon tax, the government sets a price per tonne on carbon, and then translates it into a tax on electricity, natural gas or oil. British Columbia implemented this system in 2008, and Alberta began in January 2017.
Cap-and-Trade in Ontario: An Overview
In April 2015, Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne signed a historic agreement linking Ontario with Québec in a cap-and-trade system. Highlights of the announcement included:
- A hard ceiling on the pollution allowed in each sector of the economy;
- Proceeds from the carbon market will be reinvested in projects that reduce emissions;
- A process to reward companies that work to reduce greenhouse gas emission; and
- A long-term plan to join the largest cap-and-trade market, the Western Climate Initiative, which includes Québec and California. This means that Ontario, Québec and California would be able to set up a shared system that would allow companies to trade their emissions among all three jurisdictions.
Increased Costs for Ontarians
Unfortunately, cap-and-trade is expected to increase certain costs for Ontarians. According to CBC, the government projects these costs will amount to $156 per year for the average Ontario household. This includes increased costs for:
- Homeowners who heat with natural gas or furnace oil. They will see a cost increase of $5 per month on their heating bill;
- Businesses that emit 25,000 tonnes or more of GHG per year. They will be required by law to participate in the program, and will be required to buy their own emission allowances; and
- Motorists, who can be expected to pay 3 cents a litre more for gasoline in 2017.
Ontario’s First Carbon Auction
On March 22, 2017, Ontario held its first-ever cap-and-trade auction. According to CBC, the auction was a huge success, bringing in $472 million and selling out all current allowances.
The auction summary results report can be viewed here.
While both carbon pricing systems have similar objectives – generating revenue, imposing a compliance obligation, and encouraging a shift to a lower carbon economy and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions – not everyone in the province is in favour of cap-and-trade.
PC Leader Patrick Brown has said if he were in charge, he would “dismantle” cap-and-trade, claiming that the system makes Ontario less competitive, and doesn’t have the environment’s best interests at heart.
The province’s next cap-and-trade auction will be held on June 6, 2017.
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Question: make a simple sketch of the complete static system label...
make a simple sketch of the complete, static system. Label buildings and structures by name. Label elevations of each building or structure in terms of water column or to ground level at the base of the tower.
Use continuity equation (Q = V * A). A pipe with 4.026 inch ID is carrying 100gpm. Calculate the velocity (fps) of the water in the pipe.
A farmer replaces the 4-inch pipe in the listed problem with a 1.610 inch ID pipe. What is the velocity given that Q = 100gpm?
Use the equation Q = V * A. What diameter of pipe is required if the velocity (V) has to be maintained at 7fps and the Q = 25gpm?
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Argumentative Paper Format ExamplesThe argumentative paper format is an important part of effective writing. A good essay or paper can be won by using this format, and it can help you to think about different points and to organize your thoughts in a more efficient way. It can also give you the confidence that you will be able to get your point across to your reader without having to keep coming back to revise your ideas.
The argumentative paper format can be used when you are writing a research paper, a report, or even a report about literature. If you are not sure what form this format should take, you can use some examples to see if you can get the best effect from the structure.
One argumentative paper format to consider is the 'Thesis Statement.' This is where you outline the main points of the essay or the research paper. You should then list the major sections of the thesis statement, such as Subject, Scope, Basic Premise, Descriptive Summary, and Conclusion. This will allow you to compare and contrast your ideas with the others, and you will be able to organize them in a logical manner.
An example essay for argumentative paper format topics would include a composition using the essay format. The main subject will be the 'Thesis Statement' topic, but you can mix in other subjects as well.
In this example, you will be using a general topic to outline the main points of the thesis statement. To do this, you will have to describe the main point of the document, and you will also need to have a summary of the information that you have gathered, and you will need to give a title to this document.
Another argumentative paper format to consider is the 'Considered Papers.' This is another example, and here you will summarize the various documents you have read, and you will be able to compare your writings to those of others.
In this example, you will be writing your paper to summarise your various researched ideas from your written work, and you will be able to find the similarities between your work and others as well. This allows you to present your ideas clearly to your readers.
Remember that the topic and the format used for your research paper will depend on your audience. There are many topics to choose from, and your topic and format will make a difference to how well your paper will be received.
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The Federal Judicial Center: All You Need to Know
The Federal Judicial Center is a federal agency in the US. It is responsible for research and education for the US federal courts, including conducting continuing education and training for federal judges, court clerks, and other court staff. The center also develops recommendations concerning operation and study of federal courts and conducts research about court operations, history, and federal judicial procedures.
The Center Structure
The Federal Judicial Center has different divisions that are responsible for different functions. There is an Education Division, which provides educational programs, services, and resources for judges and other court personnel. The center also has a Research Division, which accepts research requests from various parties within the federal judicial system and then executes them. These might include research about:
- Federal judicial processes
- Court management
- Sentencing precedents
The Federal Judicial History Office is another division of the Federal Judicial Center. It is tasked with developing programs pertaining to the history of the judicial branch and assisting courts in the development and maintenance of their own judicial history programs. It collects and produces resources about the history of Federal courts, such as:
- Judicial biographies
- Caseload data
- Teaching materials
- Structure and jurisdiction of Federal courts
The last division is the Inter-judicial Affairs Office, which provides information about Federal courts to foreign judicial systems and compiles information about foreign judicial systems.
Federal Judicial Center History
The Federal Judicial Center originated from the need for relevant research. From the 1950s to the early 1960s, the Judicial Conference and the Administrative Office commissioned research to examine problems of judicial administration and organized education programs for judges. These efforts were helpful in helping to manage complicated caseloads, which were also growing in number. The efforts proved to be very useful, these programs had no permanent staff or funding at the time. It was clear that an established, organized program of judicial research and education was needed on a more reliable basis. It was then that the Federal Judicial Center was established by Congress in 1967. This was done due to a recommendation of the Judicial Conference of the United States, led at the time by Chief Justice Earl Warren. Warren, along with other members of the judiciary, believed that providing regular programs of research and education could greatly improve the operations and efficiency of Federal courts. This move was meant to also help relieve the backlog of cases in the lower courts.
In 1988, Congress added a provision to the Center's statute authorizing it to conduct, coordinate, and encourage programs relating to the history of the judicial branch of the U.S. government. Today, the Federal Judicial History Office engages in history projects and accepts inquiries from court staff, students, and the general public concerning the history of the judicial branch. The History Office also looks for collaborations with relevant organizations, such as the American Society for Legal History, the Society for History in the Federal Government, the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the American Political Science Association.
Federal Judicial Center Board and Center Governance
Like many public entities, The Federal Judicial Center is governed by a board of officials. The board includes the Chief Justice of the United States, as well as the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. The board also has seven judges, and they are elected by the Judicial Conference. The Board appoints the Center’s Director and Deputy Director. The Center’s other staff is appointed by the Director. The Director’s Office is tasked with the management of the Center, and with optimizing its relations with other organizations. The Center’s Systems Innovation & Development Office is in charge of providing technical support for education and research program. The Communications Policy and Design division creates and produces all print and electronic publications used by the Center, runs the Federal Judicial Television Network, and hosts a specialized library collection of materials on judicial administration, together with the Information Services Office
Federal Courts and The Federal Judicial Center
The Federal Judicial Center is the education and research agency for the federal courts. This means that the Center is a reliable resource for Federal courts, whether they are seeking to research certain information pertaining to the cases it hears, or to seek education programs for its staff, so they may be better equipped to meet the specific challenges that arise.
The Center has detailed training documents that are accessible through its website. Court employees do not need to provide login and authentication to access many of the training documents. Training for judges is especially key, as many newly appointed judges have not spent any time on the bench. Judge education sessions are most often delivered in person, to better facilitate discussion. Every year the Center delivers a series of national or regional workshops for district, bankruptcy, and magistrate judges, respectively. National programs for appellate judges occur every three years. These training series cover a broad range of legal topics and skills, including:
- New legal developments and case management techniques
- Ethics updates
- Judicial history
- Legal developments related to science and technology
The Center also delivers annual programs for chief district judges that focus on management and leadership. There are also smaller seminars offered, and topics include intellectual property, employment law, environmental law, and a mediation training program.
The Center also serves Federal courts with publications, television broadcasts, video and audio recordings, and web-based materials. It also publishes manuals and other materials in hard copy.
Federal Prisons and the Federal Judicial Center
The Federal Judicial Center’s work can have an impact on federal prisons. Because it produces research and education that can influence sentencing, the Center has an indirect impact on prison populations. It also works with Federal prisons to facilitate informational visits for new court judges and other staff as part of their education. Finally, the Center’s work can contribute to the development and maintenance of Federal Alternative-to-Incarceration programs, managed by the US Sentencing Commission.
The Federal Judicial Center Foundation
The Federal Judicial Center efforts are supported by the Federal Judicial Center Foundation. This is a private, non-profit corporation. Its mission is to raise funds and receive gifts to support the work of the Center. Funds raised by the foundation help the Center do more than it would with Federal funding alone. The Foundation was created by Congress in 1988. All donations to the Foundation are treated for tax purposes as gifts to the United States government. Donations come from charitable institutions, judges, lawyers, and other entities.
International Judicial Relations
The Federal Judicial Center helps to improve international judicial relations by providing information to help improve the administration of justice in foreign countries. The Center further supports this effort by delivering briefings and short programs for visiting foreign judges and foreign court officials. It serves as a resource for U.S. judges working with judges from other countries, supports judicial projects abroad, and makes available informational materials about the federal judicial system to international entities. Finally, the Center gathers information from outside the country that may inform the administration of justice in the United States.
In summary, it is evident that the Federal Judicial Center is a key agency that supports the US Federal justice system. While it is a smaller agency, employing roughly 130 people, it delivers very important research and education resources that are actively sought and utilized by Federal courts. The Center also has an impact on Federal prisons and the relationship with foreign courts and judges. Due to the challenges the Federal courts regularly face, such as high volumes of cases that result in long waiting periods, they do not have the time to develop training programs and conduct research. By supporting the courts with these functions, and by being available to all Federal jurisdictions, the Center is a powerful player in the US justice system.
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Why do spiders make their webs near the ceiling and near light sources ? Is their an advantage for spiders in doing that? For example do they catch more insects when their web is near a light source because prey insects are drawn to it, hence giving those spiders with a well-lit web a better chance of survival?
Because many insects (their food) are attracted to light. This attraction is called phototaxis.
Hypotheses for why insects are attracted to light
The leading hypothesis for why so many insects are attracted to light is that before artificial existed, insects were using the light from the moon in order to navigate. They would keep themselves at a given angle relative to the light source in order to navigate straight.
Another hypothesis is the presence of light indicates that the pathway is clear.
A third hypothesis is that some insects may confuse artificial light source with the other sex. This appeared to be true for moths for example
These three hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
How do spiders chose their habitats
For more information about the abilities of spiders to find a good habitat, have a look at this very interesting answer.
Why do orb-weaving spiders (Cyclosa ginnaga) decorate their webs with silk spirals and plant detritus?
To improve foraging success or to enhance survival, animals may give out false signals to mislead prey or predators. Web decorations are purported to be structures that some orb-weaving spiders build to transmit deceptive signals to their advantage. Cyclosa ginnaga incorporates a variety of silk (silk decorations) and plant materials (plant detritus decorations) into its webs as decorations. It has been hypothesized that web decorations are deceptive signals that either attract prey, provide protection through camouflage or act as a warning signal. Nevertheless, despite numerous studies on web decorations, their function has remained elusive because of conflicting results. Using a combination of field video recording and the quantification of colour contrasts in the visual systems of hymenopteran prey and passerine bird predators, we tested two functional hypotheses (prey attraction and predator defence) of two forms of web decorations (silk spiral and plant detritus) built by C. ginnaga. Silk-decorated, and to a lesser extent plant-decorated, webs intercepted more prey than undecorated webs, thus improving foraging success. This supports the prey attraction hypothesis however, we could not rule out the predator defence hypothesis because there was no predation on spiders observed for any web with or without decorations.
If You Must Kill That Spider, The Best Way Is To Freeze It
If we were all humane, nature-loving people, we would see a spider in our homes and simply smile, say hello, and let it go on its merry way. But we’re not. Many of us kill the spider. It’s okay you don’t have to admit to it right now. But the next time you come across an eight-legged visitor that you’d rather not be visit with, here’s the best way to kill it.
There probably is an infinite number of ways to kill a spider. The most common—but certainly not the best—is the “Hulk smash!” method. Find a blunt object, and bring it down upon that poor, unsuspecting arachnid, crushing it to death. The problem with this method, as anyone who’s tried it can attest, is that sometimes the spider doesn’t die. Maybe you miss. Maybe the spider is incredibly strong. Or maybe it scuttled out of the way before you could hit it. Plus, smashing is dangerous for your furniture and your paint job.
Some suggest killing the spider with fire. This is how Smarter Every Day dealt with an unwelcome Brown Recluse spider:
He explains the logic this way:
Burning a very small spider with an exoskeleton increases the pressure inside, and makes it explode… killing it instantly. It’s the quickest way to dispatch it that I could think of. I had the same thoughts…. which is why I burned it with fire.
The downside to the fire trick is that it’s messy. Plus, it could set your house on fire.
What about drowning the spider? That’s pretty cruel: it can take spiders over an hour to drown.
No, the best way to kill a spider, says Real Clear Science, is not with fire or water, but with ice. Dr. Jerome Rovner, a professor at Ohio State and a member of the American Arachnological Society, told RCS’s Newton blog:
Catch in an empty pill vial of appropriate size (or a baby-food-size jar), snap the cap on, and put it in the refrigerator freezer overnight. Getting cold is a normal experience of all spiders during winter, so it doesn’t seem cruel to knock them out by lowering their body temperature. The next day, pour enough rubbing alcohol in the container to submerge the frozen spider to insure that it will not recover from being frozen. The now dead spider and alcohol can then be poured into the toilet and flushed away.
So if you have to kill the spider, do it kindly and gently—in the freezer.
About Rose Eveleth
Rose Eveleth is a writer for Smart News and a producer/designer/ science writer/ animator based in Brooklyn. Her work has appeared in the New York Times, Scientific American, Story Collider, TED-Ed and OnEarth.
Cobweb spiders (Family: Theridiidae) make cobwebs
Literally, cobwebs are only old spiderwebs, but one family of spiders got the top title &ndash Theridiidae or &ldquocobwebs-spiders.&rdquo These home-abandoning spiders&mdashforming one of largest spider families, with over 3000 species&mdashget their name from their distinctly disorganized webs. Their tangled web formations don&rsquot have any discernible pattern. The different species have different disorganized patterns of web-building, but there are some overall commonalities.
A spider from the family Theridiidae weaving a cobweb (Photo Credit : Deepugn/Wikimedia commons)
Most are skilled hunters. They anchor their nets to support structures such as beams and wall corners, creating a three-dimensional noose. This noose then becomes a common nuisance in the home as soon as it serves its real purpose for the spider.
The ends of these nets, when active, have sticky droplets that stick unsuspecting insects like flies to the net. The same sticky property of the net also attracts dust and pollen, agents that tend to damage the net.
Identifying a Spider Egg Sac
Spider sacs or clutches are fairly easy to spot once you know what to look for. Unlike individual eggs which are usually too small to see, an egg sac is small but visible.
They can vary from a disk-like shape to fully round, although teardrop shapes are common. Coloration also varies by species, with light to dark shades of brown, grey, or a creamy white.
The clutch is actually a thick netting of spider silk designed to insulate and protect the eggs while they incubate.
Where do Spiders Lay Their Clutches?
This depends largely upon the type of spider. In the yard, they’re often located under fallen leaves and branches, in wood piles, tucked into burrows, or under the eaves.
Some spiders will also lay their eggs on tree branches away from ground predators. Hunting spiders will often lay the clutch near a potential food source. Some, like the wolf spider, actually carry their egg sacs wherever they go.
Indoors, you’ll most likely find the eggs in a relatively unused place, such as your attic or basement. Some spiders will lay their clutch under furniture, especially if you don’t regularly clean under the couch.
In most cases, you’ll find the sac tied into a corner where it has the most protection. Thus the underside of a cabinet where there’s edging is a good place to spot them.
Cars follow a similar rule to homes. The sacs will likely be in the engine compartment or trunk where it’s more insulated and away from human eyes. An RV or camper will have more places for the spider to hide her young, but even a motorcycle that hasn’t been used in a while can become an unwitting babysitter.
Depending upon the species you’re dealing with, spider eggs will be clutched either in spider webs, suspended from a surface, or webbed directly into a corner.
They’re more likely to produce a clutch in an area where an edible insect (flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, etc.) population exists but less likely to be where predatory insects such as wasps or centipedes are found.
Just How Many Eggs Does a Spider Lay?
Spiderlings are very fragile and most don’t make it far from the sac upon hatching. As a result, a female spider has the ability to produce several hundred eggs at once.
A black widow will typically lay 300 eggs. Meanwhile, the brown widow lays 120 to 150 eggs per sac and is capable of leaving up to 20 sacs during its short lifetime. A hobo spider on the other hand produces up to four egg cases with each case holding 50-100 eggs.
What Happens When the Eggs Hatch?
Spider egg sacs are designed to protect throughout the incubation period, which may last only a few weeks or an entire winter, depending upon the species.Upon hatching, the clutch of spiderlings break through the sac. At this point, they’re tiny and pale to almost translucent. They also move with incredible speed.
In most cases, the spiderlings will disperse by ballooning. They migrate to a high point and create a little silk parachute, then jump into the wind. If you remember the ending to Charlotte’s Web, this was what Charlotte’s children were doing at the end.
It takes about a year and several moltings for the spiderlings to fully mature, during which time most will be killed or eaten. However, any spiders still in your home when they mature will mate and further increase the infestation.
How to Get Rid of Spider Webs
Windows are one of spiders’ favorite ways to get into your home. After getting rid of your corner cobwebs, check out your windows. There’s a good chance you’ll find webs with and without spiders. Use your vacuum’s crevice tool to suck up whatever webs you can. Then grab a spray bottle of water or a hose.
Spiders often make webs in the corners of windows, between screens and windows and in other common hiding places. Spray down the window and screen from the inside with your water bottle. If you’re using a water hose, use the spray nozzle and soak the window and screen from the outside.
By spraying your windows, you get rid of more spider webs and send any spiders still hiding out on their way. Clean the window and wipe down screens with a cloth to remove any remaining residue from the spider webs.
Some spiders from different families, such as Linyphiidae (sheet-weaver spiders), Araneidae (orb-weaving spiders), Lycosidae (wolf spiders), and Thomisidae (crab spiders), can disperse aerially with the help of their silks, which is usually called ballooning behavior [1–6]. There are 2 representative takeoff methods in ballooning flight: “tiptoe” and “rafting” [7–10]. If spiders perceive appropriate weather conditions for ballooning, they climb up to the highest position of a blade of grass or a branch of a tree and raise their abdomen as if standing on their tiptoes, in order to position the abdomen at the highest level, before spinning the ballooning lines. They release a single or a number of silks in the wind current and wait until a sufficient updraft draws their body up in the air. This is known as a “tiptoe” takeoff [9,10] (see S1 and S2 Figs). Another takeoff method is called “rafting,” in which spiders release the ballooning lines from a hanging position, relying on their drag line [7,8,10] (see S3 Fig). In these ways, some spiders can travel passively hundreds of kilometers and can reach as high as 4.5 km above sea level [11,12]. For example, one of the first immigrant species on new-born volcanic islands are known to be spiders [13–15]. Aerial dispersal of spiders is an influential factor on agricultural economy and ecology because spiders are highly ranked predators in arthropods and impact on a prey’s population . Due to the spider’s incredible aerial dispersal ability, the physical mechanism of a spider’s flight has been questioned for a long time, not only in public media but also in scientific research [16–23].
Ballooning dispersal is efficiently used by spiderlings (young spiders, just a few days after eclosion from their eggs) to avoid cannibalism at their birth sites, which are densely populated by hundreds of young spiders, and to reduce competition for resources [23,24]. Some adult female spiders balloon to find a place for a new colony [4,25,26], and others balloon to search for food and mates [4,27]. Most of the ballooning spiders were spiderlings and spiders under 3 mm in length and 0.2–2 mg in mass [1–5,28,29]. Nevertheless, there are only a few reports on the ballooning of large spiders (over 3 mm in length, over 5 mg in mass) [4,5,25,26].
Spiders balloon most frequently during late spring and autumn seasons [2,4,30]. The influences of microclimates on ballooning—such as temperature, humidity, and wind conditions—have been extensively studied: (i) Many studies agree on a positive correlation of temperature [1,3,31] or a rapid increase in temperature [31–34] (ii) low humidity is favorable for spiders to balloon [1,32,34] (iii) for small spiders, 0.2–2 mm in length, the favorable mean wind speed is limited to 3 m s −1 at a level of 2 m [30,31,35]. The local favorable wind speeds were 0.35–1.7 m s −1 in experiments and 0.55–0.75 m s −1 in nature [1,3]. These values, however, differ for spiders of different sizes (between 0.78–1.21 mm) [1,36]. Recently, Lee and colleagues showed that not only the mean wind speed at a level of 2 m but also the local wind speed can be limited by a wind speed of 3 m s −1 for spiderlings . Instability of atmosphere was pointed out as an influential factor [30,31,35]. Suter and Reynolds suggested a possible relation of spiders’ ballooning behavior with atmospheric turbulent flow [16,20].
There have been a number of models that have tried to explain spiders’ high buoyant capability (aerial dispersal capability): a fluid-dynamic lollipop model , a flexible filament model in turbulence , and an electrostatic flight model . Recently, Zhao and colleagues implemented the 2-dimensional numerical simulation using an immersed boundary method, which can simulate the ballooning dynamics in more detail . The result shows that the atmospheric instability enables longer suspension of a ballooner in the air, which agrees with the result of Reynolds’s simulation and suggests that a spider may sense the vibration of vortex shedding on the spider silk through their silk [16,38], which is an interesting hypothesis.
In spite of the abovementioned models and studies, dynamics in spiders ballooning are still not well understood, because of a lack of serious scientific observation studies and specific experiments. Many of the ballooning spiders are very small, with weights of 0.2–2 mg, which are difficult to study [1,3,36,37]. Many described experiments were not focusing on the spider’s ballooning behavior itself but assumed that spiders use a certain length of the drag line [18,19,21]. The ballooning of large spiders is also a struggle because (i) the observed physical properties of ballooning silks and spider size (60–80 cm long and 3–4 silk threads, 85–150 mg body weight) of an adult of Stegodyphus mimosarum seemed to be unrealistic for ballooning , because the required vertical speed of wind was 9.2–21.6 m s −1 , according to Henschel’s calculation [18,39] (ii) Humphrey’s model cannot explain the ballooning flight of spiders with a weight of over 9 mg, because of the mechanical properties of a spider silk . The following questions are still to be answered: (i) How many and how long are the silk fibers needed for ballooning, especially in the case of large spiders with weights over 5 mg? (ii) Which silk fibers and glands are used for ballooning? (iii) How do ballooning silks shape during the flight? (iv) Do spiders control the buoyant capability by changing the length of silks or their pose during the flight? (v) Why do spiders usually balloon at a low wind speed (below 3 m s −1 )?
The aim of this paper is to offer behavioral clues and quantitative data in ballooning flight that may answer these questions. Therefore, we investigated the ballooning behavior of adult and subadult crab spiders (Xysticus spp., Thomisidae) that had a size of 3–6 mm and a weight of 6–25 mg. This observation of large spiders could provide a good basis for the physical characterization of ballooning. Additional experiments were performed in a wind tunnel for a precise documentation of ballooning silks and to analyze the details of ballooning behavior. Also, the aerodynamic environment on a flat grass field was measured to investigate the usable updraft for a ballooning flight.
SAMPLE SPIDER WEBS
Of course, there are some spiders that have distinct web styles. For others, including the &ldquoBig Three,&rdquo it&rsquos important to know what to look out for. With that in mind, we put together a few snapshots of some important and/or interesting spider webs worth knowing about. A large black-and-yellow arachnid, the yellow garden spider (Agriope aurantia, shown above) spins a web in open areas and creates the familiar spider web pattern, but adds its own twist to the classic design. A large black and yellow spider, you&rsquoll recognize its web by a unique zig-zag pattern found inside it. The purpose of this added touch is disputed &ndash some say it warns birds to avoid flying into the web, while others say it hides the spider from insects. These spiders are not aggressive and rarely bite. The black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans, shown above) weaves a tangled web to catch its prey, and once ensnared, the spider wraps it and bites it to inject its venom. After the venom takes effect, the spider carries its meal to a concealed area for consumption, so you may not see the black widow immediately. The black widow&rsquos silk is said to be exceptionally strong, a characteristic you may note when trying to brush it away with a broom. Black widow bites from mature females pose a serious threat to people, though deaths from their bites are exceptionally rare. Spinning a horizontal web, the venusta orchard spider (Leucauge venusta, shown above) is a long-legged arachnid with vibrant colors. It has green legs and a back that&rsquos dappled with whites, yellows, and blacks. Their webs hang in shrubs and trees and feature a widely-spaced spiral band. The spider will bite its prey and wrap it in silk. Mostly found in the western U.S. and Canada, the web of the hobo spider (Eratigena agrestis, shown above) is a funnel type and rarely found in human habitations. Instead, they prefer to set up their webs in fields. Generally not considered aggressive, it may become so if its eggs appear to be threatened. Scientists dispute just how toxic their venom is, so, just to be safe, steer clear of these spiders and their webs. Spiny-backed orb-weaver spiders (Gasteracantha cancriformis, shown above) can be found throughout the U.S., and they create spiral orb-style webs. Their most striking features are the crab-like spines protruding from its sides and their unique coloration patterns. Their bites are generally harmless to people. There are many kinds of grass spiders (Agelenopsis spp, shown above) and they weave a funnel web in bushes and grass. This web isn&rsquot sticky, but that doesn&rsquot matter to these fast-moving arachnids. As soon as they sense a vibration on their web, they scramble out of their funnel to make a kill. Their venom paralyzes insects and other arthropods but isn&rsquot known to harm humans.
When spiders moved from the water to the land in the Early Devonian period, they started making silk to protect their bodies and their eggs. Spiders gradually started using silk for hunting purposes, first as guide lines and signal lines, then as ground or bush webs, and eventually as the aerial webs that are familiar today.
Spiders produce silk from their spinneret glands located at the tip of their abdomen. Each gland produces a thread for a special purpose – for example a trailed safety line, sticky silk for trapping prey or fine silk for wrapping it. Spiders use different gland types to produce different silks, and some spiders are capable of producing up to eight different silks during their lifetime.
Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, each having its own function – there are also spiders with just one pair and others with as many as four pairs.
Webs allow a spider to catch prey without having to expend energy by running it down, making it an efficient method of gathering food. However these energy savings are somewhat offset by the fact that constructing the web is in itself energetically costly, due to the large amount of protein required in the form of silk. In addition, after a time the silk will lose its stickiness and thus become inefficient at capturing prey. It is common for spiders to eat their own web daily to recoup some of the energy used in spinning. Through ingestion and digestion, the silk proteins are thus recycled.
There are a few types of spider webs found in the wild, and many spiders are classified by the webs they weave. Different types of spider webs include:
- Spiral orb webs, associated primarily with the family Araneidae, as well as Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae
- Tangle webs or cobwebs, associated with the family Theridiidae
- Funnel webs, with associations divided into primitive and modern
- Tubular webs, which run up the bases of trees or along the ground
- Sheet webs
Several different types of silk may be used in web construction, including a "sticky" capture silk and "fluffy" capture silk, depending on the type of spider. Webs may be in a vertical plane (most orb webs), a horizontal plane (sheet webs), or at any angle in between. It is hypothesized that these types of aerial webs co-evolved with the evolution of winged insects. As insects are spiders' main prey, it is likely that they would impose strong selectional forces on the foraging behavior of spiders. Most commonly found in the sheet-web spider families, some webs will have loose, irregular tangles of silk above them. These tangled obstacle courses serve to disorient and knock down flying insects, making them more vulnerable to being trapped on the web below. They may also help to protect the spider from predators such as birds and wasps. It is reported that several Nephila pilipes individuals can collectively construct an aggregated web system to defend birds predation from all directions.
Orb web construction Edit
Most orb weavers construct webs in a vertical plane, although there are exceptions, such as Uloborus diversus, which builds a horizontal web. During the process of making an orb web, the spider will use its own body for measurements. There is variation in web construction among orb-weaving spiders, in particular, the species Zygiella x-notata is known for its characteristic missing sector web crossed by a single signal thread.
Many webs span gaps between objects which the spider could not cross by crawling. This is done by first producing a fine adhesive thread to drift on a faint breeze across a gap. When it sticks to a surface at the far end, the spider feels the change in the vibration. The spider reels in and tightens the first strand, then carefully walks along it and strengthens it with a second thread. This process is repeated until the thread is strong enough to support the rest of the web.
After strengthening the first thread, the spider continues to make a Y-shaped netting. The first three radials of the web are now constructed. More radials are added, making sure that the distance between each radial and the next is small enough to cross. This means that the number of radials in a web directly depends on the size of the spider plus the size of the web. It is common for a web to be about 20 times the size of the spider building it.
After the radials are complete, the spider fortifies the center of the web with about five circular threads. It makes a spiral of non-sticky, widely spaced threads to enable it to move easily around its own web during construction, working from the inside outward. Then, beginning from the outside and moving inward, the spider methodically replaces this spiral with a more closely spaced one made of adhesive threads. It uses the initial radiating lines as well as the non-sticky spirals as guide lines. The spaces between each spiral and the next are directly proportional to the distance from the tip of its back legs to its spinners. This is one way the spider uses its own body as a measuring/spacing device. While the sticky spirals are formed, the non-adhesive spirals are removed as there is no need for them any more.
After the spider has completed its web, it chews off the initial three center spiral threads then sits and waits. If the web is broken without any structural damage during the construction, the spider does not make any initial attempts to rectify the problem.
The spider, after spinning its web, then waits on or near the web for a prey animal to become trapped. The spider senses the impact and struggle of a prey animal by vibrations transmitted through the web. A spider positioned in the middle of the web makes for a highly visible prey for birds and other predators, even without web decorations many day-hunting orb-web spinners reduce this risk by hiding at the edge of the web with one foot on a signal line from the hub or by appearing to be inedible or unappetizing.
Spiders do not usually adhere to their own webs, because they are able to spin both sticky and non-sticky types of silk, and are careful to travel across only non-sticky portions of the web. However, they are not immune to their own glue. Some of the strands of the web are sticky, and others are not. For example, if a spider has chosen to wait along the outer edges of its web, it may spin a non-sticky prey or signal line to the web hub to monitor web movement. However, in the course of spinning sticky strands, spiders have to touch these sticky strands. They do this without sticking by using careful movements, dense hairs and nonstick coatings on their feet to prevent adhesion.
- The brown recluse spider will only bite when disturbed in their secluded spot. This could occur under furniture or beds.
- It would be wise to shake out your clothing and shoes before dressing.
- Inspect items before using. If the brown recluse infestation is heavy, seal clothing items and shoes in plastic bags.
- Don't garden, handle firewood, pine straw, etc, without gloves.
- Try to keep doors and windows screened and shut.
- Minimize light from the outside. Lights attract insects, and the insects attract the spiders.
- Don't go barefoot.
- Remove beds from walls and curtaints, keeping bedspreads and bed skirts from touching the floor.
- Lighten Up a room or let sun into the house.
- Keep children and pets off of the floor away from dark cluttered areas.
- Inspect bedding before getting into bed.
- Eliminate as much clutter as possible in storage areas and frequently dust and vacuum around windows, corners of rooms, and under furniture.
- Dust and vacuum thoroughly to remove dead insects, spiders, webs, and egg sacs.
- Since brown recluse spiders stay hidden during the daytime hours in boxes, in furniture and other stored items, they can be easily transported. Check these boxes.
- Brown recluse spider adults are soft-bodies, yellowish-tan to dark brown,uniform color.
- 6 eyes most spiders have 8 eyes
- Oval shaped abdomen
- The adult body varies from 1/3-to 1/2 inch in length. With the legs it can be an overall size of 1 inch diameter or greater(Body not more than 1/2").
- No spines on legs with long thin legs that are uniformly colored.
- If the body is a different color than the legs, or if the legs have different colors, it is not a Brown Recluse spider. If there are more than one color on the abdomen, it is not a Brown Recluse
- Brown Recluse spiders have only fine hairs if they have thick spines on their legs, they are not recluses.
- The brown recluse spider has a distinctive darker brown violin-shaped mark, with the neck of the violin pointing towards the abdomen
- Tail end has no markings.
Brown Recluse Spider Bites
People commonly get brown recluse spider bites in areas that the spiders had been hidiing in shoes, stored towels, the old work shirt in the shed, etc.
It is very common to get a brown recluse spider bite when you are changing clothes, putting your hands into a pocket, or putting on shoes. The brown recluse spider had crawled in there at some time to take shelter. The Brown Recluse commonly bites when it is disturbed by being squeezed.
The initial pain with the brown recluse spider bites is not intense, unless there is a severe reaction. Within 8 to 12 hours the pain from the brown recluse spider bite becomes intense. Within 24 to 36 hours, the victim may have a fever,chills, nausea, joint pain or be restless. The area of the brown recluse spider bite enlarges, becomes inflamed and the tissue is hard to touch.
The venom of this spider has an enzyme that destroys cell membranes in the wounded area. The affected tissue sloughs away, exposing underlying tissues. and over a period of a few days a large ulcerous sore forms.
An open wound from the brown recluse spider bite may range form the size of an adult's thumbnail to the span of a hand. The sore heals very slowly (6-8 weeks) and often leaves a large, disfiguring scar.
If bitten, collect the spider if possible for identification get medical attention immediately.
Apply ice packs to relieve the swelling in the brown recluse spider bite area.
National Hotline Poison Center : 1-800-222-1222
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Although school is out, reading is important for children to do throughout the summer months so they continue developing a strong foundation for success in school and life.
Early learning experiences like reading are a large part of children’s intellectual development. Children who don’t practice reading in the summer risk falling behind by the time school begins again.
In fact, more than half of the reading gaps of ninth-graders can be explained by summer learning loss during early school years.
“During the summer there is that learning loss that can happen, and especially in some of the schools we work in where parents don’t have quite as many resources,” said Tori Kendrick, senior manager with Tutor Charlotte, a joint initiative of United Way, Read Charlotte, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools and others to provide high-quality reading and math tutoring for children.
Here, Kendrick shares four tips for good reading habits that help prevent the summer slide:
- Engage in active reading with children
Active reading refers to reading a book with a child instead of reading a book to a child. This approach positively impacts a child’s language skills as well as the ability to understand what he or she reads.
The focus of active reading is the three ABC’s – asking questions, building vocabulary and connecting to the child’s world. This encourages a conversation so the child can develop an interest of reading and a love of reading, Kendrick said.
- Choose books suitable to a child’s age
Kendrick said picture books are the best choice for children in kindergarten, first and second grades. These books are high-interest but also have some strong vocabulary words, she said.
An activity that adults can do with these books is picture walking. This exercise involves the child looking at the book’s pictures and predicting the story based on those images.
- Check out programs at Charlotte Mecklenburg Public Library
Summer Break is the library’s 2018 summer learn program that combines the recommended 20 minutes of reading per day with other learning activities. Educational yet fun programs like this one allow children to develop a love for reading and learning, even in the summer.
Kendrick also suggests adults attend one of the library’s active reading trainings that are held throughout the year.
- Visit Read Charlotte’s website for more resources
Read Charlotte, a Tutor Charlotte partner organization, provides additional tips like summer reading lists, fun reading graphics and ways families can sign up for free books and reading advice.
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Counts (e.g., number of leaves, fruits, seeds, or plants) are a common type of data gathered in horticultural research. In many instances, using ImageJ can increase the ease and accuracy of gathering count data. When image processing can easily separate objects of interest from the background, automatic counting with ImageJ can eliminate tedious manual counting processes. Furthermore, additional plant growth data, such as leaf area, plant width, and canopy area, can be collected from the same image. The image processing and analysis techniques introduced in this article are easily accessible and simple to use and thus can be adopted not only by researchers, but also by Extension agents and students. This new 10-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department is part of a series introducing various image-based measurements with ImageJ for horticultural research. Written by Lillian Pride and Shinsuke Agehara.
This new 6-page article, part of a series introducing various image-based measurements for horticultural research, introduces a simple, inexpensive, and portable image-based technique for nondestructive leaf area measurements. It uses an imaging apparatus made with ordinary office supplies to obtain leaf images in greenhouse or field environments. Leaf images are then processed and analyzed to measure leaf area using ImageJ, an open-source image processing program. Because both image capture and analysis are performed nondestructively, leaf area can be measured on the same leaf repeatedly, enabling the monitoring of leaf growth over time, as well as photosynthesis and transpiration. This technique is particularly useful to researchers and students studying leaf growth and physiology in greenhouse or field environments. Written by Shinsuke Agehara, Lillian Pride, Mariel Gallardo, and Jose Hernandez-Monterroza, and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department.
Florida es el segundo productor de fresa más grade de los Estados Unidos, con un valor estimado de $337 millones. La siembra inicia entre finales de septiembre y mediados de octubre, en momentos donde las altas temperaturas representan un reto significativo para la sobrevivencia de los trasplantes, y por tanto también para el rendimiento y la calidad. El propósito principal de esta publicación es proporcionar recomendaciones basadas en resultados de investigación sobre métodos de establecimientos de trasplantes para productores de fresas en la Florida.
This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department is the Spanish translation of HS1376, Methods for Strawberry Transplant Establishment in Florida. Written by Emmanuel Torres-Quezada, Lincoln Zotarelli, Vance M. Whitaker, and Shinsuke Agehara.
Florida is the second largest strawberry producer in the United States, with an annual farm gate value of about $300 million. Planting occurs from late September through late October, and high air temperatures pose significant challenges for transplant establishment and thus yield and fruit quality. The primary purpose of this new 4-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department is to provide research-based recommendations on transplant establishment methods for strawberry growers in Florida. The techniques presented are overhead irrigation application methods and practices, strawberry plugs and bare-root transplants, crop protectants, and reflective mulching. Written by Emmanuel Torres-Quezada, Lincoln Zotarelli, Vance M. Whitaker, and Shinsuke Agehara.
This new 13-page article introduces simple image processing and analysis techniques to quantify leaf disease damage using ImageJ, an open-source image processing program. These techniques are not meant to replace crop scouting or disease diagnosis by a plant diagnostic laboratory, but rather to provide a supplemental tool for making quantitative measurements of leaf disease damage. Similar techniques are also available for plant growth assessment, including plant height, plant width, and canopy cover area. The image processing and analysis techniques introduced in this article are fairly simple to use and thus can be adopted not only by researchers, but also by producers, crop consultants, Extension agents, and students. Written by Lillian Pride, Gary Vallad, and Shinsuke Agehara, and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department.
Hops (Humulus lupulus L.), an essential ingredient in beer, have potential to develop as a viable alternative crop in Florida. In our surveys, many breweries have expressed strong interest in using locally grown hops. However, hop production is plagued by many diseases, most of which were inadvertently introduced through the movement of contaminated planting material. The primary purposes of this new 7-page article are to prevent the introduction of these diseases into the state and to provide recommendations for selecting and preparing planting material for successful hop production in Florida. This publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department is part of a larger series that will review the challenges of hop production, based on research experience at the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (UF/IFAS GCREC) in Balm, FL.
Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are an emerging crop in Florida. Florida’s craft beer industry has experienced significant growth over the last 10 years, with 285 breweries producing 42.6 million gallons of beer and generating an economic impact of $3.6 billion in 2018. To respond to their strong demand for locally grown hops, an interdisciplinary hops research team is currently studying optimum crop management practices at the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (UF/IFAS GCREC). In Florida, the major yield-limiting factor is premature flowering induced by inadequate day length. This new 4-page article, written by Shinsuke Agehara and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, provides guidelines for supplemental lighting to control flowering of hops in Florida.
Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are an essential ingredient in brewing, adding bitterness and flavor to beer. Driven by the recent craft beer movement, hop production is expanding into nontraditional hop-producing states. In Florida, while commercial hop production is almost nonexistent, the number of craft breweries in Florida increased from 45 in 2011 to 285 in 2018, and the economic impact of Florida’s craft beer industry exceeds $3 billion. This new 7-page article, written by Shinsuke Agehara, Aleyda Acosta-Rangel, Zhanao Deng, Jack Rechcigl, and Simon Bollin and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, provides guidelines and considerations for building a hop yard in Florida, using the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center’s research hop yard as a model.
Quantification of plant phenotypic traits, such as height, width, stem diameter, and leaf area, is often performed manually in the field; however, these measurements can be performed more quickly and precisely through simple imaging techniques using an image processing program. This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, written by Shinsuke Agehara, describes simple imaging techniques for plant growth assessment using the public domain program ImageJ.
Blackberry (Rubus spp.) is a deciduous berry crop and the fourth most economically important berry crop in the United States. Driven by the growing demand for blackberries, production recently expanded to the southeastern United States. In Florida, however, commercial blackberry production is limited primarily to small commercial U-pick operations. The main challenges include insufficient chill hours and poor fruit quality associated with the subtropical climate. This new 6-page article, a publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, will discuss important cultivar selection criteria and recommended blackberry cultivars in subtropical Florida. Written by Shinsuke Agehara, Syuan-You Lin, and Zhanao Deng.
Many Florida growers are interested in the potential of pomegranate as an alternative fruit crop. The first flush of flowers produces the best quality fruit, and climatic conditions have a great impact on the timing of flowering. Proper fertilization is critical to promote healthy canopy development, minimize nutrient disorders, and maximize fruit yield and quality. This new 5-page article, written by Shinsuke Agehara, Weining Wang, and Ali Sarkhosh and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, provides guidelines for pomegranate nutrient management in Florida.
‘Florida Brilliance’ is a new short-day strawberry cultivar released by the University of Florida and commercialized in 2018. This 4-page document describes important attributes of this cultivar and makes management recommendations for growers. Written by Vance Whitaker, Natalia A. Peres, and Shinsuke Agehara and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, October 2018.
‘Florida Beauty’ is a new strawberry cultivar released by the University of Florida and commercialized in 2017. This 4-page document describes the characteristics, performance, growth, and management of this cultivar. Written by Vance M. Whitaker, Natalia A. Peres, and Shinsuke Agehara and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, November 2017.
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L.) belongs to a genus of thistle-like plants in the sunflower (Asteracae) family and is cultivated for its flower buds. This four-page fact sheet discusses production guidelines for artichoke in Florida. Written by Shinsuke Agehara and published by the Horticultural Sciences Department.
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which two vegetables were the most important in central Europe during the Hapsburg dynasty?
(a) Lettuce and carrots.
(b) Kim-chi and spinach.
(c) Coleslaw and baked beans.
(d) Pickles and sauerkraut.
2. What is the title of Chapter 15?
(a) The Dean of Salt.
(b) Preseving Independence.
(c) The Creation of a New World.
(d) Popping to the Mine.
3. What famous drilling technique became the most advance drilling technique for seven or eight centuries?
(a) Percussion drilling.
(b) Capo drilling.
(c) Hotrod drilling.
(d) Depth drilling.
4. Which culture was known to have a God of Salt?
(a) The Chinese.
(b) The Romans.
(c) The Greeks.
(d) The native Americans.
5. What did the Egyptians mix with Brine to make Oxalme?
(b) Olive oil.
6. For which Italian city did the Barcelonans buy imported salt?
7. What do Parma locals combine milk curds with to make their cheese?
8. What other country developed a sauce similar to Garum?
9. How do the Chinese refer to the system of harvesting the square crystals on the surface of the water?
(a) Dragging and gathering.
(b) Filing and combing.
(c) Chipping and licking.
(d) Carving and holing.
10. Which emperor lead the Romans to victory against the Celts?
11. What the area of Bohemia now called?
(a) Czech Republic.
12. What do the French age their cheese in?
(c) Coffee jars.
13. What did Veleia have that helped in the production of salt?
(a) A salt lake.
(b) A salt montain.
(c) A salt mine.
(d) An underground salt spring.
14. What mammal did the Basque like to hunt?
15. Which of the following did the Chinese not invent?
(a) The radio.
(b) The compass.
Short Answer Questions
1. What fish did the Basque find was more valuable than whale meat?
2. In what way is Garum similar to soy sauce?
3. Why were dead bodies so important to the Egyptians?
4. What famous explorer does the author mention in this section?
5. What meat is Parma famous for producing?
This section contains 387 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
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ABC and DEF are two isosceles triangles on bases BC and EF respectively. If AB : BC = DE : EF (proportion), prove that the two triangles are similar.
Please write a two-column proof. Also, there should be ONLY given.
*If you could*, please choose some of these statements and use some of these reasons to prove the statements true. (Those below are the ideas for you to use if you want to.)
Definition of ~ triangles
Definition of median
Definition of midpoint
If 4 quantities are in proportion, then like powers are in proportion.
If 2 angles have their sides perpendicular, right side to right side and left side to left side, the angles are equal.
In a series of equal ratios, the sum of the antecedents is to the sum of the consequents as any antecedent is to its consequent.
Angles inscribed in the same segment or equal segments are equal.
If a line is drawn parallel to the base of a triangle, it cuts off a triangle similar to the given triangle.
Two isosceles triangles are similar if any angle of one equals the corresponding angle of the other.
C.A.S.T.E. - corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal
C.S.S.T.P. - corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional
Theorem 57- If two triangles have the three angles of one equal respectively to the three angles of the other, then the triangles are similar
Corollary 57-1 If two angles of one triangle are equal respectively to two angles of another, then the triangles are similar. (a.a.)
Corollary 57-2 Two right triangles are similar if an acute angle of one is equal to an acute angle of the other.
Theorem 58-If two triangles have two pairs of sides proportional and the included angles equal respectively, then the two triangles are similar. (s.a.s.)
Corollary 58-1 If the legs of one right triangle are proportional to the legs of another, the triangles are similar. (l.l.)
Theorem 59- If two triangles have their sides respectively proportional, then the triangles are similar. (s.s.s.)
Theorem 60- If two parallels are cut by three or more transversals passing through a common point, then the corresponding segments of the parallels are proportional.
Theorem 61-If in a right triangle the perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse.
Theorem 62-The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs.
Corollary 62-1 The difference of the square of the hypotenuse and the square of one leg equals the square of the other leg.
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posted by Catherine .
Consider the production function Q= 20K^(1/2)L^(1/2). The firm operates in the short run with 16 units of capital.
a. The firm's short-run production function is Q=?
b. The average product of labor function is AP=?
c. The marginal product of labor function is MP=?
d. Show that marginal product diminishes for all levels of labor usage.
For the short-run production function in exercise 1, let the wage be $20.
a. Derive AVC(Q).
b. When 160 units are produced, ______ units of labor are employed, and the average product is ____. Average variable cost is $______.
c. Derive SMC(Q).
d. Using the marginal product (MP) function derived in part c, the marginal product is _____ when 160 units are produced. SMC is $_______. Verify that SMC (Q) evaluated at Q=4 is identical to calculating SMC by using the ratio w/MP.
Please explain fully because I am really lost.
Minimum AVC occurs when MP=AP.
This occurs at 80 units of labor and 20000 units of output (AP x L = 20000). From this AVC = w / AP = 2 / 250 = .008
For part 4, at 100 units of labor, AP = 225 so Q = 22500 (225 x 100). You can calculate TVC = $2 x 100 units = 200, then calculate AVC = TVC / Q = 200 / 22500 = .0088
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National Pediatric Hematology/oncology Nurses Day
National Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nurses Day, September 8th, honors the hardworking and dedicated nurses who provide patient care every day.
The observance takes place during Childhood Cancer Awareness Month to honor nurses caring for pediatric hematology and oncology patients. These dedicated professionals provide quality nursing care to children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer and blood disorders. In addition,, they provide the highest quality of physical and emotional assistance to these most valuable patients and their families.
Cancer is frightening enough. Pediatric care, especially infants, requires special skills and education. Not only do children respond to pain differently, but their growing bodies require special care. These nurses provide families with valuable care and support. These nurses are able to provide families with compassionate care and support.
These pediatric specialists provide untiring assistance from the first diagnosis to each therapy. The nurses answer questions, monitor, and monitor progress on a daily basis, as well as night. Their knowledge of each patient's needs provides vital information to the entire team.
Pediatric hematology/oncology nurses day history is a celebration in the United States
Recognize pediatric hematology/oncology nurses you may have encountered. They help every child be healthier and cancer-free. There are other ways to celebrate, too!
- Are you interested in a nursing career? Are you interested in a nursing career? As an option, try this field of medicine
- Participate in a work fair. Describe your experiences in your field. You may be able to inspire a future nurse
- Ask your nurses questions. They are experts and will be able to provide you with a slew of useful details
On social media, use the hashtag #PediatricHematologyOncologyNursesDay to post.
The day's history of pediatric hematology/oncology nurses in the United States has a storied tradition
Pediatric and hematology/oncology nurses throughout the country are recognized for establishing this National Day dedicated to pediatric and hematology/oncology nurses (APHON).
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This language lesson is a cursive handwriting lesson designed for 6 to 12-year-old children to guide them on how to write the English alphabets r and w in cursive.
In our blog, “Importance of learning cursive writing for children in the age of tablets” we have already discussed cursive writing, its benefits and how it is introduced in the Montessori curriculum. In this video lesson, we will learn how to write lowercase letters r and w in cursive.
Cursive Letters and Sequence
Cursive letters are written using many strokes and curves. Unlike the traditional way of teaching letters, cursive writing is taught in distinct order. With incremental movements, the child can write cursive letters more easily. Furthermore, it strengthens finger muscles and develops fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination.
Cursive letters are introduced in the following sequence:
Sequence #1: Letter c, a, o, d, g, q
Sequence #2: Letter i, u, w, t, r, s, j, p
Sequence #3: e, l, b, f, h, k
Sequence #4: n, m, v, y, x, z
The letter order is based on a combination of research-based strategies that consider movement patterns and the way letters connect to form words.
In Montessori, cursive letter writing is further introduced using loop families to help children learn the direction in which the curves are formed.
How to Write the Letters r and w in Cursive?
In this video lesson, we will learn to write cursive r and cursive w. These letters belong to the up-and-down stroke family as it likes to make backflips. In this video, the letters r and w are introduced as Robby and Wanda to help the child understand better.
Letters ‘r’ and ‘w’ are mid-zone letters which means they lie between the baseline and the headline.
- To write cursive r: The first stroke starts with an under the curve from the baseline and goes till the midline. Now make a small loop from the left followed by making a small reaching till the midline. From here make a slight curve that reaches the baseline and at the end leave the curve in the middle of the midline and baseline, finishing letter r at the connector.
- To write cursive w: The first stroke starts from the baseline with a slight curve that ends at the midline. Now come to the baseline again whilst making a slight curve and go back to the midline doing the same. From here, go again for the baseline through a slight curve, make a half circle, and reach the midline. In the end, just make a slight curve at the midline, finishing the letter w in cursive.
This cursive writing r and w helps in improving the child’s reading and writing ability.
Watch the video to learn more about how to write cursive letters r and cursive w using up and down strokes. Repeat this activity by asking the child to practice them, as shown in the video.
Related Video Resources:
To watch more language video resources, click here.
Video Created by: Jodi Qualters (Montessori in the Park, Goodyear, Arizona)
- cursive writing
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Prinz Wilhelm, after whom the first railroad was named, accepted the titles of Saxony, Finland, and Poland, after the heirs died. He was crowned, and promptly did away them all. No longer were Prussia, Warsaw, Finland, or Saxony separate entities. Instead, Wilhelm merged them all and created the Nordreich, or Northern Empire, becoming Kaiser Wilhelm I. All the areas within the Nordreich were granted a level of autonomy and rights, and Kaiser Wilhelm hoped to bring Prussia streaming into an industrial future, wealthy beyond imagination.
Napoleon II was very swift in reacting to these events, as he saw the creation of a "Northern Empire" as a direct threat to his own Empire. His first telegrams with Wilhelm concerned the French peacekeepers present in Finland. Wilhelm calmed him and told him they could stay, as "Prussia never dishonors treaties." They did agree to negotiate on an eventual withdraw, though it wouldn't happen till decades later. Napoleon II grudgingly accepted Wilhelm's rule and formally recognized his legitimacy.
The Prussians and the French got involved in the "Great Game" in which each side vied for colonial possessions worldwide. In the Race for Africa, Prussia acquired the vast Congo regions. Later in the 1900s, the Prussians also founded the Central Powers, a military alliance between the Britannic Union, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands. They were the primary combatant in the Great War.
During the Versailles Peace Treaty, Prussia received most of Northern Germany from the former First Rheinbund. After much instability plaguing the country, the Prussian Empire collapsed and the Germanic Civil War began. By the 1920s, the Prussian Empire was abolished and was succeeded by other countries. Hohenzollern royal family members fled to Prussian African possessions and declared the "Mittelafrikan Reich".
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2 Objectives State Newton’s third law of motion Identify action and reaction forcesExplain how forces come in pairs
3 Watch the movie carefully and answer the below questions: What do we call the force that pulls the ball downward?In what direction the object accelerates ? Explain your answer.What happens when the ball reaches the ground?What causes the ball to bounce when it reaches the ground?4. Why does the green box stay at rest?Conclude
4 Now Look at the figure below and answer the questions: When the balloon is emptied from air, in which direction the balloon pushes the air?2. In what direction, the air pushes the balloon? How do you know?3. Conclude.
5 ConclusionWhen an object exerts an action- force on a second object, the second object reacts by exerting a reaction –force on the first object which is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the action force.In other words, for every action there will be a reaction and forces act in pairs.This is Newton’s Third Law of motion.
6 The figure below shows Apollo 11 roaring toward the moon in 1969: Answer the questions below:Apollo 11What is the action force exerted on Apollo 11?2. In what direction should be the reaction of engine to accelerate Apollo 11 upward?3. If Apollo ‘s mass is 200,000 kg, find the magnitude of the action force exerted on Apollo 11?4. Estimate the reaction force of the engine
7 The figure below shows a rocket launched in the space: Answer the following questions:Rocket mailThe gases produced are expelled by the engine from the back of the rocket. What is the action force exerted on the rocket?2. What will be the reaction force exerted on the rocket? In what direction?
8 For each of the following figures, identify the action force and the reaction force, show the direction of the forces
9 Identify the action and reaction forces in the figures below, show the direction of the forces
10 Can you explain how a bird flies? Answer:The bird when he moves his wings , he pushes the air downward ( action) , the air exerts a force upward ( reaction ) lifting the bird .
11 DO NOT FORGET:Forces work in pairs: for every action there will be a reaction which will have the same magnitude as the action force but in opposite direction.This statement represents Newton’s third law.
12 For Next timeSolve chapter review + standardized practice test textbook p: 94-96Download PowerPoint presentation and worksheet from wikispaces.Quiz on Thursday : Newton’s first and second law.
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Pink and Dude Chefs: A nutrition and culinary intervention for middle school students
Tianna R Sheehan
Pink and Dude Chefs: a nutrition and culinary intervention for middle school students Tianna Sheehan The prevalence of obesity in US adolescents has more than tripled in the past 35 years, and the greatest impact has been among low-income and minority racial/ethnic populations. Adolescents report inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, an overconsumption of sweetened beverages, and a high reliance on fast food locations for meals or snacks; increasing the risk of adolescent obesity. Building
... ledge and skills through culinary interventions may empower middle school students to create and also choose healthful foods. Pink and Dude Chefs, a six-week nutrition and culinary intervention, aims to improve healthy eating behaviors by increasing nutrition knowledge and culinary ability. Trained research assistants from California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) led middle school boys and girls in lessons ranging on topics including macronutrients, real-world application of USDA MyPlate guidelines, and meal planning and budgeting. Cal Poly research assistants supported middle school participants in cooking recipes that were specifically chosen to highlight themes covered in the nutrition lesson and to progress in difficulty throughout the program. The program consisted of 12 lessons that were each divided into 1 hour of classroom nutrition instruction and 1 hour of hands-on cooking practicum. The program took place in two locations, at Mesa Middle School in Arroyo Grande, California and Carpinteria Middle School in Carpinteria, California with 15-20 middle school volunteer participants who enrolled in each program. Questionnaires were used to measure fruit and vegetable preferences, dietary behavior, and barriers to healthy eating, culinary skill, culinary confidence, and basic nutrition knowledge pre-and post-intervention. Participants' responses indicated an improved dietary profile as indicated by fruit and vegetable preferences, and fruit and vegetable intake. Responses also indicated increased culinary confidence and improved nutrition knowledge. More research is needed to test the long-term impact of participation in nutrition and culinary interventions.
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The Remarkable Norias of Hama – Ancient Water Wheels of Syria’s Cultural Heritage: The Norias of Hama are a remarkable historical and cultural feature located in the city of Hama, Syria. The Norias, also known as water wheels, are large wooden structures that have been used for centuries to lift water from the Orontes River and distribute it to the city’s fields and gardens.
These water wheels, constructed of wood and powered by the flowing river, are an ingenious engineering marvel. They consist of a series of buckets or containers attached to a rotating wheel. As the wheel turns, the containers collect water from the river and then pour it into an aqueduct system, allowing for irrigation and water supply to the surrounding areas.
The Norias of Hama have become an iconic symbol of the city and are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They not only serve a practical purpose in providing water for agriculture but also hold great cultural and historical significance. They are a testament to the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the people of Hama throughout the centuries.
Visitors to Hama can witness the Norias in action, as some of them are still operational today. It is a captivating sight to see these ancient water wheels turning and hear the rhythmic sound of water flowing. The Norias of Hama offer a glimpse into the rich history and heritage of the region and are a must-visit attraction for anyone exploring Syria.
Exploring the Norias of Hama is a must for anyone interested in Syrian history and culture. It provides a deep appreciation for the ancient engineering techniques employed by the people of Hama and their harmonious relationship with the natural environment. The Norias stand as a living testament to human innovation and are a truly awe-inspiring attraction that should not be missed.
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New research has found that a star ripped apart by the powerful gravity of a black hole can reinvent itself in the form of huge gas balls catapulting across the Milky Way in a game of ‘cosmic spitball.’
Researchers at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics found that gas fragments from the shredded star gathers in planet-sized ball shapes before being forced across the galaxy at speeds of 20 million miles per hour.
The team, led by Eden Girma, developed a computer code to find out where these cosmic balls end up and how close they come to Earth. Their findings were presented Friday at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Texas.
— AAS Press Office (@AAS_Press) 6 January 2017
These so-called ‘cosmic spitballs’ weigh somewhere between Neptune and several Jupiter’s combined, and could come within a few hundred light-years of Earth, according to Girma.
The far-flung space oddities escaped detection previously as – although emitting a glow from their heat – it was not bright enough to be picked up by telescope. Scientists expect this to change, though, with the launch of more advanced surveys like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope.
The majority of these shooting balls will actually travel right out of our galaxy due to their high speeds, said Girma.
It’s likely the same process takes place in most other galaxies which have giant black holes. “Other galaxies like Andromeda are shooting these ‘spitballs’ at us all the time,” says co-author James Guillochon.
While these objects look like planets, their formation is much quicker than the millions of years needed to form a planet. It takes only one day for the black hole to shred the star and only about a year for the fragments to combine to create this reincarnated phenomenon.
It’s journey to Earth, however, is not as speedy – scientists estimate a travel time of a million years.
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LO 6.1 Compare one’s own emotional and cognitive reactions to two case studies.
LO 6.2 Compare three theoretical perspectives on culture (materialist, mentalist, and practice orientation).
LO 6.3 Apply a number of major concepts in the study of culture to a case study.
LO 6.4 Analyze how the approaches of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism would benefit or be harmful to social work practice.
LO 6.5 Give examples of how culture and power intersect in the social categorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and disability.
LO 6.6 Summarize contemporary thinking about the interactions of genes and culture.
LO 6.7 Identify the major mechanisms of cultural change.
LO 6.8 Summarize four categories of theories about the relationship between the physical environment and human behavior (stimulation, control, behavior settings, and ecocritical).
LO 6.9 Give examples of the benefits and costs of time spent in the natural environment.
LO 6.10 Give examples of the impact of the built environment on human behavior.
LO 6.11 Demonstrate an ability to evaluate specific built environments for their accessibility for people with disabilities.
LO 6.12 Apply knowledge of culture and the relationship between the physical environment and human behavior to recommend guidelines for social work assessment, engagement, intervention, and evaluation.
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In this intriguing book, E.H. Gombrich, who was one of the world's foremost art historians, traces how cast shadows have been depicted in Western art through the centuries. Gombrich discusses the way shadows were represented-or ignored-by artists from the Renaissance to the 17th century and then describes how Romantic, Impressionist, and Surrealist artists exploited the device of the cast shadow to enhance the illusion of realism or drama in their representations. First published to accompany an exhibition at the National Gallery, London, in 1995, it is reissued here with additional color illustrations and a new introduction by esteemed scholar Nicholas Penny. It is also now available as an enhanced eBook, with zoomable images and accompanying film footage.
E.H. Gombrich (1909-2001) was director of the Warburg Institute, London, from 1959 until his retirement in 1976. Author of the international bestsellers The Story of Art and A Little History of the World, he received a knighthood in 1972 and the Order of Merit in 1988. Nicholas Penny is director of the National Gallery, London.
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The hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage the depth, the jewels of beauty nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter and house of the seven gables. The symbolic use of nature in the important scenes in the scarlet letter by nathaniel hawthorne the scarlet letter in nathaniel hawthorne's classic the scarlet letter. 'the scarlet letter' by nathaniel hawthorne for which our previous analysis of the contents of the egg had not prepared us the scarlet letter was the first. The hawthornes enjoyed a long 2 hawthorne's career as a novelist was boosted by the scarlet letter in the birth-mark hawthorne, nathaniel. Nathaniel hawthorne (born nathaniel the hawthornes enjoyed ^ publication info on books from editor's note to the scarlet letter by nathaniel hawthorne.
This article will be an in depth analysis of the novel called the scarlet letter. The scarlet letter and other writings has 2,418 nathaniel hawthorne’s the scarlet letter has impacted the view of the american public for many years now. This study guide and infographic for nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter offer summary and analysis on themes, symbols, and other literary devices found in the text. An in-depth analysis of nathaniel hawthorne's writing style in the novel the scarlet letter. Nathaniel hawthorne (july 4, 1804 the hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage the scarlet letter themes and analysis. Delve into the scarlet letter, nathaniel hawthorne's meditation on human alienation and its effect on the soul in this story set in seventeenth-century massachusetts.
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While it may be hard to fathom, modern fuel tankers that transport millions of gallons of oil across the Arctic are sometimes forced to rely on ocean depth measurements reported by the explorer and mapmaker Captain James Cook back in 1778!
According to NOAA Corps Commander James Crocker, commanding officer of the NOAA Ship Fairweather, “Much of Alaska’s coastal area has never had full-bottom bathymetric surveys to measure water depths.” Fortunately, the Fairweather will leave its home port of Ketchikan, Alaska, this week on a 30-day reconnaissance mission that will help NOAA prioritize its efforts to update navigational charts in the Arctic.
Crocker, who is also the chief scientist of this preliminary survey, explains that the Fairweather is setting out to check sparse soundings (a nautical term for depth measurements) along a busy maritime transit corridor from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, to the Canadian border. Commercial shippers, tankers, passenger vessels, and fishing fleets employ navigational charts produced by NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey to navigate the 1,500-nautical-mile route. Many of the charts, however, depict sporadic depth readings reported by private vessels in decades and, indeed, centuries past. Those vessels lacked precise positioning equipment and experts who knew how to take accurate measurements.
Plans, Priorities, and a Scientific Process
In June 2011, NOAA issued its Arctic Nautical Charting Plan, which outlines the agency’s efforts to update hydrographic data for the fairways, approaches, and ports along the Alaskan coast. With nearly 2,220 miles of low tidal shoreline in Alaska, the sheer size of the task demands a rigorous scientific process.
The Fairweather’s August voyage will help NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey set priorities for future full-coverage surveys. Tomorrow’s mariners, using modern charts created from precise data made possible with new technologies, will always celebrate Captain Cook for his daring explorations. But they’ll rely on NOAA’s new start in surveying and charts for their safety.
The NOAA Ship Fairweather is part of the fleet of ships and aircraft operated, managed, and maintained by NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, which includes both civilians and the commissioned officers of the NOAA Corps, one of the seven uniformed services of the United States.
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Greenwashing is a form of marketing where companies make unsubstantiated or misleading claims about their environmental benefits in order to attract customers.
Companies may use greenwashing to suggest that their products or services are more eco-friendly than they are or that their actions are more environmentally responsible than in reality. Companies from all industries have been known to engage in greenwashing, including food and beverage, cosmetics, apparel and footwear, and electronics. Companies may also seek to maximize their profits by cutting down on production costs associated with sustainability initiatives.
Examples of greenwashing activities include making false and misleading claims about a product’s environmental benefits, using deceptive labels such as “all-natural” or “eco-friendly”, and evading questions about the product’s sustainability credentials. Companies may also engage in greenwashing activities such as exaggerating the environmental benefits of a product, hiding negative impacts and misusing scientific language or jargon.
The best way to prevent greenwashing is for consumers to be informed and aware. Customers should research a company’s sustainability initiatives, such as its investments in renewable energy or its commitments to reducing emissions and waste. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can detect greenwashing by analyzing the content and context of written text and images to detect deceptive claims or behaviours. AI can also be used to verify the accuracy of green claims by fact-checking and verifying the sources of information.
Additionally, businesses should invest in third-party certification processes and develop standards across their organizations to evaluate the accuracy and legitimacy of green claims. Companies can use various green certifications to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability. Examples include certifications from Green Seal, which validates products and services that meet environmental standards, or Energy Star, which denotes energy-efficient products and appliances. Companies can also seek certification from the Forest Stewardship Council or the Sustainable Furniture Council, which certify products made with sustainable materials. Additionally, companies can pursue certifications such as ISO 14001, which outlines best practices for environmental management systems.
Greewashing can have a harmful impact on the environment. Companies may make false or misleading claims about their environmental benefits to attract customers, which can lead consumers to purchase products that are not eco-friendly. Additionally, greenwashing can lead to decreased investment in genuine sustainability initiatives and hinder progress towards real environmental solutions.
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This article provides an introduction to conditional probability look at the probability tree below let’s calculate but we multiply probabilities only if. Bayes' theorem is a formula that describes how to update the probabilities of hypotheses when given evidence it follows simply from the axioms of conditional probability, but can be used to. Click to learn how to use conditional probability magoosh data science blog everything you need to know about data science to compute their probabilities. View test prep - quiz 2 mat 540 from mat 540 at strayer question 1 2 out of 2 points probability trees are used only to compute conditional. Start studying chap 4-5 learn vocabulary the probability of a particular event a graphical method used to calculate joint and conditional probabilities. Venn diagrams and tree diagrams p8: calculate the probability of calculate and interpret conditional probabilities through only the more highly. • students often learn to calculate conditional probabilities we must consider only probabilities more on conditional probability use tree. Conditional, & marginal probabilities 1 to apply the deflnition of conditional probability and calculate the necessary this is reportedly the only known.
Conditional probability to calculate the probability of the intersection of more than two events, the conditional probabilities of all of the preceding events. The probability of having disease x in the general population is only calculating conditional and unconditional probabilities calculate the probability of. Be able to compute conditional probability be able to organize the computation of conditional probabilities using trees independence and bayes’ theorem. What's the difference between marginal distribution and conditional you'll use conditional probability distribution functions to calculate probabilities given. Is it true that probability trees are used only to compute conditional probabilities you can only upload files of type png.
Probability trees are used only to compute conditional probabilities answer true false you are not able to submit tutorial for. 75 conditional probability and independence trees and conditional probability it now remains to calculate the four conditional probabilities on the right. Section 74: conditional probability and tree diagrams sometimes our computation of the probability of an event is changed by the knowledge that a re. Probability tree diagrams for dependent events how to use a probability tree diagram to calculate probabilities of two events which are not independent.
Using tree diagrams to calculate probabilities use the tree diagram to calculate the probability of entering room a and the probability of entering room b. Use probability trees to compute conditional probabilities 4 it is important to remember that the special rule for computing conditional probability only works. Calculate the conditional probability of a let's look at another tool that is useful for understanding conditional probabilities - a tree only the top one. In this post, one of our exceptional economics tutors walks you through how to use probability trees to evaluate conditional probability.
Nbsp question 1 if two events are not mutually exclusive then p a or b 2 probability trees used to compute conditional probabilities 3 seventy percent of all observations. A conditional probability is the of a conditional probability and how to compute how to place probabilities on a tree diagram and use it to.
Week 2: conditional probability and bayes formula conditional probabilities most of these probabilities are easy to compute: the only one which requires some. Tree diagrams and probability understand and apply basic concepts of probability compute probabilities for simple conditional probability and probability of.
The and/or rule and conditional probabilities possible outcomes of an event and calculate their probability missing probabilities for the tree. It only takes a few minutes to set up and you can to calculate a conditional probability how to calculate simple conditional probabilities related study.
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The Central Valley (also known as the Great Valley) is one of the most developed farming communities in the United States, and possibly the world. It is over four hundred and thirty miles long, and an average of fifty miles wide (about the size of England). It is totally enclosed by mountains including the Sierra Nevada. It is about one of the worlds largest valleys stretching from Redding to Bakersfield. It has two main water supplies, which are the Sacramento (from the north) River, and the San Joaquin River from the South.
We, the members of the Central Valley Agricultural Coalition, each hold more than ten thousand acres of land in this farming paradise. We feed America. Without this Great Valley, America and parts of the world would have to look for other sources of food. One of our main goals and interests is to provide the United States with the food that they need, want, and still make a profit towards Californias economy. Agriculture is one of Californias top industries. In 1997, the Central Valley contributed 26. 8 billion dollars through direct sales, and we provide one in every 10 jobs.
The Central Valley’s farm production in one year exceeds all of the value of gold mined in California since 1848 when California became very popular throughout the United States and parts of the world. The reason that this particular case involves us is because the City of Los Angeles now wants to cut into the Central Valley Project (a series of pipelines that take mostly the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin water and diverts it to the fields).
They want to build a pipeline that would take water from this pipeline to L. A. for their water needs. L. A. is trying to get the water rights (which is like owning a quantity of water that you own and have a right to use) to do this and we are entirely against it. We require this water for our agricultural needs and do not think it should go to a city that is overpopulated and is wasteful to their natural resources. We need the water that L. A. is trying to take to irrigate our farms and grow our crops. One of the main problems with L. A. s demands for more water from us is that it takes away from the agricultural fields that exist in the Central Valley.
They have already taken water from so many other sources such as Owens Lake, Mono Lake, and even today, they are taking more than their share of the Colorado River. Before they should steal water for agricultural purposes like the Central Valley, maybe they should start conserving water instead of taking it. Members of The Central Valley Agricultural Coalition have come up with solutions that you will hear about next, that involve, them conserving water and us conserving water as a compromise, and how to get more water for L. A. from other resources than Central Valley. As you know, other groups will come up with solutions that are not as good as ours are, or could possibly the same. We have come up with one solution from each group.
The L. A. Chamber of Commerce is a group of large business representatives that pretty much want to do what is best for their own interests and companies. If L. A. declines in population, then the businesses do not get customers, which means no money. Therefore, the Chamber of Commerce wants the water to come to L. A. o that the population can spur, and the new citizens can spend money on their big businesses.
Of course, the L. A. Chamber of Commerce wants the water diverted from the Central Valley to their overcrowded city. The problem with that is that there will be no water left over for farming, which means that Californias economy will indeed plummet. The Mono Lake Committee is a group of small environmentalists that have studied Mono Lakes ecological system. They concluded that since L. A. was taking water from the lake, the ecosystem would be slowly destroyed.
Obviously, they convinced the Government of this, and L. A. was supposed to pump water back into the lake. One of their solutions though would be to take the water from somewhere else besides Mono Lake, such as the Central Valley. Again, this is not a good proposal because that means that agriculture will be reduced and Californias yearly income will go down. The Sierra Club is another deep-rooted environmental group. They also look at ecosystems and the effect that cities like L. A. have on them because of the lack of water.
One of their solutions would be again to instead of taking it from vastly populated places (with animals that is) take it from places where that would not happen. Central Valley was a beautiful animal spot, but now it is a farming community. Therefore, let us either take it from us (of course this is bad for the Central Valley) or do desalination (which is one of our solutions) desalination is of course a very good solution, and it is one of ours that we will explain a little later.
The L. A. Citizens Council is a group made up of middle class citizens of L. A. hat want their water of course. The citizens want clean water to wash their hands, water their lawns, and fill their swimming pools, and now they are running out of water because they do not conserve. Their solution will be to take water from another source (i. e. the Central Valley) so that the urban area can become very dense populated. L. A. is the central for western industrial economy. Water is much more important for them, right? Not exactly what we had in mind. Since the Central Valley is the farming central of the United States and we must have the water to grow our crops.
They might say, Remember the Midwest? That is not accurate because we grow just about as much food as the entire Midwest combined. As you can see, this major farming industry cannot go on without the use of water. The Central Valley farm workers are workers that are under us. Yes, they are poor, but they also want to provide for their families. They do not want the water transferred from the Central Valley because that means that we will stop farming and that leads to no jobs.
Their solution would be to bring the water from somewhere else to L. A. Anywhere else, such as to desalinize water or recycle. That is two of our solutions that we will talk about later, but we totally agree with the solutions concerning the Farm Workers. They have families to worry about we have our land. The Central Valley Agricultural Coalition has come up with four main solutions that we would like to present to the SRS Supreme Court. This paragraph is dedicated to explaining one solution that we have come up with. Our first solution is water treatment instead of dumping dirty and polluted water into the ocean like most of the world still does.
We propose that L. A. teat their wastewater in a Treatment Plant then it can be used in sprinklers and drip systems. We know this is not a new idea, but it is an idea that can be used more thoroughly. Now this water cannot be reused for consumption purposes, but it can be used to irrigate lawn as well as agricultural farms. In some studies, it has shown that specific wastewater that contains certain chemicals (such as phosphates and nitrates) that are in chemicals in fertilizers and can even help the crops and lawns grow.
Now, the water that was wasted on lawn sprinklers now is good drinking water that is obviously not wasted. Using this recycling method, the good drinking water that is used on lawns can now be used for drinking, and the treated water can be used on the lawns and drip systems. The approximate cost of this would have to depend on many things. First, each house has to pay for his share of the factory and the pipes. The off site transmission (or the big pipe that brings the water from the factory to the house) plus the cost of the factory would be about $5,000 (in L. A) per house.
The cost of the neighborhood distribution (the little pipes that go from the big pipe, to the houses) would be about $6500-$9000 for a half an acre property, and $5000-$7500 for one quarter of an acre. This is just an estimate according to Tom Kelley, (see bibliography). Our second proposal involves desalinization. Desalinization is the process of making salt water into good drinking water. Renewing U. S. leadership on desalinization technology will yield untold benefits, a quote from Paul Simeon says that we are running out of water, but look, 80% of the world is covered with water, and we should be able to use it like fresh water.
That is exactly what a desalinization plant does. It allows the human race to use salt water by treating it, and extracting the salt from it, and using it for drinking, showers, and other freshwater purposes. Some say that desalinization wastes money and is not as cost effective as other solutions. When the United States was trying to research it, it was not cost effective at the time and was a waste of money when not necessary. Only Florida and Saudi Arabia (that I am aware of) uses desalinization plants. One of the main reasons for this is because Saudi Arabia is a very wealthy country.
They also do not have clean water mostly because of dryness, but also because of Saddam Hussein using oil pollution as a weapon of war. The United States started researching it in the 1970s but soon lost interest on the subject because of the great oil crisis. It is becoming more popular though because it uses less energy per unit of water treated, which equals less money. Four decades ago, desalinization took twenty-five energy units to produce one unit of drinking water. Using modern technology and techniques one hundred water units can be made from one unit of energy.
As you can see, it can be feasible because of new technology. The costs of this depend on many things and could be savior for L. A. The average cost is $6 per 1000 gallons of water a day that is pretty much delivered to your door (or bathroom). An average house uses 1000 gallons of water per day with a cost of $6 per day for desalinized water. The advantage of this compared to gray water (sewage water) is that it is potable (drinkable) and it can be put into the main drinking pipe, and a new pipe does not have to be built.
The interesting part about this is by the time L. A. transports water out of Central Valley (including the building of new pipes and cannels) it would cost about the same to put desalination project into L. A. , interesting. Our third proposal involves the Central Valley conserving more water. In this paragraph we are talking about crops other than high water consuming crops such as rice, the fourth largest water consuming crop. Rice needs to be grown in virtually a manmade lake becasue of how much water it takes up and how it is grown.
Now what some farmers still do is called flood irrigation. This is a total waste of water because it allows the crops to be sitting in at least an inch of water. The earth the crops are growing in absorbs some of this water, but the rest of the water is evaporated or taken off and is called tail water. Some would say that the water that is tail water that is not evaporated or soaked up by the ground could be re-used for other agricultural purposes. This is not accurate because of the chemicals that are used in fertilization.
These chemicals are mixed in with the water and this causes the tail water that is washed away from the fields to be poisonous for other agricultural purposes and not reusable. Therefore, instead of farmers irrigating their fields by flood irrigation, let us irrigate the farms with overhead or sprinkler irrigation. Using this system, we can monitor the amount of water that is used to water the plants and conserve that water for other uses besides irrigation like drinking water. The cost of this depends on how big your farm is.
A typical 160-acre farm takes $60,000 to put a sprinkler system in this farm. This increases the water efficiency (from flood irrigation) from 60% to 75% (meaning in flood irrigation, 60% of the water put on the crops soaks in, and in sprinkler, 75% of the water is used by the plants). Therefore, if farmers used flood irrigation on this farm, you would use 700 acre-feet to irrigate it, and if you used sprinkler, you would only have to use 595 acre-feet of water it (an acre-foot is how much water is in one acre of land one foot deep).
Our fourth proposal involves L. A. conserving water. Instead of having, big lawns with a lot of plants and flowers that take up a lot of water, L. A. should have desert landscaping to conserve water that can be used elsewhere. In that desert landscaping have cactuses, rocks, and plants that are adapted to the desert environment. The typical cost of a half an acre front yard would be between twenty and thirty thousand dollars. Now this cost would include a rock garden, fine dirt, and two different types of cactuses.
This might seem more expensive, but in the end the zero landscaping pays for itself, because you do not have extensive water bills and saves money. L. A. is a desert. Dont you remember that it was a little settlement that looked like New Mexico? Since Los Angeles was a desert (once) and, lawns in that area would need more water than in a wetter area like Florida anyway. Lawns take up so much water for irrigation, that it is a waste of water that can especially be used for drinking and other purposes.
Using this desert landscaping, less water can be wasted and you can still have a decent looking yard with the rocks, dirt, and cactuses and have a more natural looking landscape to that specific area anyway. As you can see, the Central Valley is a very important place not only for California, but also for the United States and the world. We provide California with one third of their yearly income just by growing crops. We think that L. A. should think things through before they even think about taking water from us. L. A. needs to conserve water before they can go looking for more. Thank you SRS Supreme Court for reviewing our case.
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Self-expression: What is it and why is it important for everyone?By TrendyNov 27, 2015
There are a multitude of ways to express what is authentic to you, whether through speech, drawing, singing, dancing or even the way you dress.
Cultural, societal and familial conditioning of what to say/not to say or do (e.g. “big boys don’t cry”) leads us to suppress our emotions and thoughts within us, which is unhealthy for our mental and emotional well-being. In some extreme cases, this suppression can even affect our physical health.
True self-expression is a reflection of how honest we are to ourselves and those around us.
It involves acting out your inner vision and desires without the fear of judgment, in spite of you knowing that there may be possible negative reactions from others. For instance, spontaneous singing out loud or dancing in public may be frowned upon – though busking would elicit a different reaction.
You don’t have to be a ‘creative’ or ‘artistic type’ to express what you stand for – how you act as a father, daughter, spouse or friend is a powerful form of expression in itself.
Think about how you react towards a friend who is upset (do you shy away or try to comfort them?), or how a mother interacts with her child when she imparts life skills (does she usually do it sternly, or with kindness and compassion?).
Being in touch with our full range of emotions expands your being, helping our body and mind to become more aligned with each other to create a deeper sense of fulfilment within ourselves.
3 simple steps to express yourself:
- Re-connect to a time when you last felt free…what were you doing then?
- Re-create this feeling. (A word of caution: this free, expressive state may be induced by tobacco, drugs or alcohol, but try not to depend too much on these substances.)
- Journal what you did and how you felt with that experience to help you replicate it in future.
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Open-File Report 2015–1083
The endangered West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), especially the Florida subspecies (T. m. latirostris), has been the focus of conservation efforts and extensive research since its listing under the Endangered Species Act. On the basis of the best information available as of December 2012, the threats facing the Florida manatee were determined to be less severe than previously thought, either because the conservation efforts have been successful, or because our knowledge of the demographic effects of those threats is increased, or both. Using the manatee Core Biological Model, we estimated the probability of the Florida manatee population on either the Atlantic or Gulf coast falling below 500 adults in the next 150 years to be 0.92 percent. The primary threats remain watercraft-related mortality and long-term loss of warm-water habitat. Since 2009, however, there have been a number of unusual events that have not yet been incorporated into this analysis, including several severely cold winters, a severe red-tide die off, and substantial loss of seagrass habitat in Brevard County, Fla. Further, the version of the Core Biological Model used in 2012 makes a number of assumptions that are under investigation. A revision of the Core Biological Model and an update of this quantitative threats analysis are underway as of 2015.
First posted May 20, 2015
For additional information, contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF). For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. PDF documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. More information about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found here.
Runge, M.C., Langtimm, C.A., Martin, Julien, and Fonnesbeck, C.J., 2015, Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1083, 23 p., at http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151083.
ISSN 2331-1258 (online)
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- having an idea of the desired outcome (a goal),
- translating the idea into a motor plan,
- translating the motor plan into a commands to the muscles to produce the movements required to achieve the goal.
The basic graphic skills a young child should acquire before learning to print letters
The ability to draw relatively smooth and straight lines of different lengths and in different directions
Ben (Gr R, second term) draws relatively straight and smooth horizontal lines. His drawing of a person, although it lacks detail, also has straight lines drawn with confidence.
Ability to draw smooth curved lines and circles of different sizes
Roan (Gr R, first term) has good control over her drawing of curved shapes. The lines are smooth and confident.
This Gr R learner has difficulty drawing curved and straight line shapes with a smooth action.
Ability to draw/copy squares and rectangles
Children with good graphic skills can draw/copy rectangles and squares of a of a particular size and position on the page.
Roan is able to copy a square and rectangles with attention to size and orientation. In this example her ability to copy a rectangle is better than her drawing of a square.
Here you see Will's (4y 6m) attempt to copy a square and a rectangle. He has good control over drawing vertical and horizontal lines, but is not able to pre-plan the length of the lines to match the example. His various attempts at drawing provide the practice he needs to translate the visual information about line length into a motor plan to reproduce the lines.
Ability to draw a rectangle with the eyes closed
Children with good graphic skills can draw rectangles with their eyes closed. To be able to do this the child needs to pre-plan the movements, and keep in mind the length of the first and second lines in order to complete the drawing accurately. Children who tend to rely on ongoing visual feedback to control their movements can often draw a rectangle with the eyes closed and will produce lines that are in fact straighter and more fluent when over-reliance on visual monitoring is prevented.
Will (4y 6m) also managed to draw a rectangle after two failed attempts
Ability to combine the basic lines and shapes
Learners with good graphic skills will combine shapes and lines to represent people, animals and objects. This involves careful planning of the size and position of the lines and shapes relative to one another.
Ability to use straight and curved lines to write letters and numbers
Roan has learned the write the letters of the alphabet using the correct sequence of strokes for most of the letters. Typically she has less control over the size of her letters, but does show fairly good control over letter spacing - which reflects her understanding of letter spaces and start position for each letter.
Ability to draw small shapes using effective finger movements
Children with good graphic skills will incorporate small shapes into their drawings.
Children acquire the basic graphic skills through dedicated practice
Young children with good graphic skills have usually spent quite a lot of time drawing over a number of years. This experience provides the child with the necessary practice to acquire the sensorimotor control needed for the basic graphic skills. Importantly children with good drawing skills have learned to use a do-check-do approach to improving their motor skills.
Learning to draw a circle - a case study in drawing development over several years
Children learn to draw closed curved shapes at a very early age. Circular marks are a very prominent feature of toddler drawings.
T (2 years) spiral drawings
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There is a great deal of interest these days in the environment and lessening human impact on the planet's resources. One area in which there is growing public acceptance of green practices is in the use of recycled paper.
A catalog printing service that uses recycled paper can have a huge impact on the health of forests. By helping to preserve forests, recycled paper can save 74% of the air pollution caused by creating paper from new wood. Trees also store excess carbon within their structures. Stored carbon does not contribute to climate change. It is estimated that the world's forests store 312 billion tons of carbon.
Water pollution is less with recycled paper. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates 35% less pollution is caused by recycled paper. Because recycled wood pulp can be bleached with sodium hydrosulfite or hydrogen peroxide rather than chlorine products, the whitening process is much less detrimental to water quality. Both chlorine and the byproducts created by its use in making paper are toxic. They can cause cancer, reproductive and other health issues.
Recycled paper used in cheap booklet printing or other printed products also uses much less energy than making paper from virgin wood. From 40-64% less energy is used to make new paper from recycled paper.
Currently paper makes up about 35% of the volume in landfills. By reducing the amount of paper entering the waste stream, landfills fill less quickly. Consumers also save money on ever-increasing landfill fees. When paper and other substances decompose in landfills, methane gas is created. Methane is a major contributor to climate change.
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You might be wondering what makes stormwater different from rainwater – after all, don’t both come from the sky when it rains? This article will explore what makes one different from the other, clarifying the differences between water harvested as “rainwater” versus “stormwater.”
What is Stormwater?
While it is true that stormwater is generated during a downpour, the technical difference between whether rain is classified as “rainwater” or “stormwater” is where the water hits or ends up.
Stormwater is a form of rainwater that runs over and drains off land during rainfall. This means rain hitting ground surface areas, flowing over yards, down roads and driveways, falling upon gardens, all this rainwater is now considered “stormwater.” This also includes rain falling on rooftops, flowing into gutters and down pipes which spills onto land or is directly fed into a stormwater drain.
In Australia, most properties are connected to a stormwater system consisting of a network of underground pipes. The stormwater system is kept separate from sewer, since unlike sewage which requires treatment, stormwater is generally left untreated when discharged into waterways or out to sea.
What is Rainwater?
While we may understand rainwater in the fuller sense of any water that rains down from the sky, it also has a second very particular understanding when harvesting such water.
Rainwater when harvesting refers only to the rain that falls on the roof, which is to be stored in a rainwater tank prior to contact with the ground. The quality of harvested rainwater is much higher, unlike stormwater which can contain sediments, organic matter, fertilisers, possibly chemicals oil residues from driveways, roads and the like.
Using of Stormwater and Rainwater
One reason for creating a distinction between “rainwater” and “stormwater” is possibly to due to the different applications each have.
Rainwater being a softer water that doesn’t contain sediment or other particles, is better for lathering up soaps, detergents and shampoos. This makes it good for washing clothes, dishes, showers or baths. Provided you have a properly maintained water tank, it can also be safely used in cooking or consumed.
Stormwater however is considered unsafe for human consumption unless treated. It is normally recommended that property owners capture stormwater and use untreated for low-risk purposes such as garden watering and toilet flushing.
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When training clients, we often focus on how they can build stamina or improve endurance. Many times, we use these two terms interchangeably. Yet, they are two different things in a personal training environment.
Defining Stamina and Endurance
Merriam-Webster defines stamina as “the bodily or mental capacity to sustain a prolonged stressful effort or activity.” It defines endurance as “the ability to withstand hardship or adversity; especially: the ability to sustain a prolonged stressful effort or activity.”
Admittedly, these two dictionary-based definitions are almost the same. But in the fitness world, each one has a very different meaning.
Stamina vs Endurance in Personal Training
In the context of personal training, stamina refers to the length of time a muscle or muscle group can perform at maximal capacity. Endurance is the maximum amount of time a muscle or muscle group can engage in a specific movement or action.
Let’s use running as an example. If a person is said to have running stamina, it means that they can run at maximum speed for a longer time. If they have running endurance, it means that they can run for long periods, but not necessarily at maximal speeds. An example of the former is a sprinter. An example of the latter is a marathon runner.
In the case of strength training, stamina refers to the ability to lift a maximum amount of weight multiple times. Endurance in strength training involves being able to do numerous reps at a lighter weight.
Stamina and Endurance in a Mental Context
Stamina and endurance are also sometimes used to refer to the amount of mental strength a client or athlete has.
They are said to have mental stamina if their brain supports engaging in high-intensity physical activity for sustained periods. They have mental endurance when they can push through lengthy, lower intensity training sessions.
Mental strength helps drive a client to continue when their body wants to give up. It pushes them to keep going despite feeling tired or pushed to the max.
How to Help Clients Build Physical Stamina
Because physical stamina involves using maximum effort, building it requires performing exercises that push the muscle or cardiovascular system to its limit.
Increasing stamina in the muscle involves performing multiple repetitions using the heaviest weight possible. The goal is to push the muscle to fatigue, to where it cannot do another rep without compromising strength or form.
The first step in this type of stamina training is to assess muscle strength. Determine the maximum amount of weight a client can push, pull, or lift. Next, develop a resistance training program focusing on the use of heavy weight.
The idea is to continuously push the muscle to exhaustion. Push the muscle fiber as far as it can go, increasing the weight as necessary. This will increase muscle mass. It also builds stamina.
Increasing physical stamina of the cardiovascular system requires going all-out for as long as possible while performing some type of aerobic exercise. An example of this training is doing sprints or doing some type of speed work.
Another option is to engage in cardio that is high in intensity. This increases your client’s stamina level. It also positively impacts the aerobic system. This system uses glycogen to help fuel the training workout.
Interval training can also improve stamina. The body is pushed to its limits repeatedly during this type of exercise session. Being able to withstand repeated bouts of maximum effort is critical to completing the workout.
It is important to note that, when building stamina, it is possible to push the body too far. This is referred to as muscle fatigue, which actually reduces muscular strength.
Research indicates that muscle fatigue can limit athletic performance. It can also increase one’s risk of developing a neurological disorder or a disorder in the muscle of the heart. Therefore, this type of training should be monitored and assessed regularly. Client safety is the top priority.
Ways to Improve Cardiovascular Endurance
Endurance training is less focused on using heavy weights. It also doesn’t require sustaining a maximum heart rate. Instead, the goal is to simply engage in a particular exercise for longer periods.
Increasing endurance generally involves slowly increasing the amount of time a client spends doing a particular activity. An endurance athlete often devotes several hours per week to their sport of choice.
For example, when training for a triathlon—which involves swimming, biking, and running—clients often begin slowly. They start doing each for shorter periods. The closer they get to the event, the more time they spend doing each sctivity. By race day, they can cover the distances required.
If your client is a runner, a tempo run can improve cardiovascular endurance. A tempo run involves running at a pace that pushes the body but doesn’t require maximal effort. These sessions can involve running at a steady pace throughout the exercise session. This is called a lactate threshold run.
Another variation is to increase speed gradually until you’re able to sustain the running pace. This is often referred to as a progression run and improves endurance performance.
Some clients may struggle with endurance training because workout sessions increase over time. If they don’t have a lot of free time, they may find it hard to devote the time necessary. Therefore, this type of training may be more appealing to an athlete. They often rely on endurance to get through lengthy training sessions or games. So, they’re more likely to welcome the time commitment that comes with endurance training.
Tips for Increasing Muscle Endurance
You can also help clients improve muscular endurance by creating a training program that requires sustained muscle exertion. Again, the focus is not on pushing the muscle to exhaustion. Instead, an endurance exercise involves lifting lighter weights for more repetitions.
What does a muscular endurance training program look like? One option is to have clients do three sets (12 reps each) of a particular exercise. The weight should stress the muscle but doesn’t require it to max out. This is different than a stamina training program which would involve doing fewer reps of a heavier weight.
Increasing muscular endurance takes time. It requires multiple training sessions to increase the muscle’s strength. That’s why it is helpful if clients commit to working with you for months, if not years. Engaging in repeated workouts will help improve their endurance.
Building Mental Endurance
Sometimes it isn’t the body that gives out during a training program or race. It is the mind. So, it’s important to work with clients to build their mental endurance too.
Encourage them during your training sessions. Remind them to “keep going” or to do “just one more.” Tell them “you got this” or “look at you go!”
Give them mantras they can repeat when they start to feel fatigued. Help them find their internal motivation so they can keep moving, even when their body is saying it wants to give up.
Nutrition for Stamina and Endurance
Creating an effective stamina or endurance training program involves more than picking the right type of exercise, intensity, and weight. It also involves reinforcing the role that nutrition plays in enabling the body to progress.
While calories are important, so too is the consumption of enough carbohydrates to fuel the body and enough protein to fuel the muscle. Calculate how much they need of each to get through their workout program.
Inspired by working with athletes and seeking a profitable and rewarding career? Sign up for the ISSA’s Strength and Conditioning course to help all athletes reach their maximum performance.
About the Author
Christina DeBusk is an ISSA-certified Nutrition Specialist, DNA-Based Fitness Coach, and health writer focused on helping people achieve their best life possible. www.christinamdebusk.com
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Science - Key Stage 2 (7-11 year olds)
Earth and Space
A simulation of the Earth going round the Sun. Investigate the how far the Earth travels in a year in space. Make the Earth orbit exactly round the Sun by setting a number of months.The Earth and Beyond Flash
Super animations which help you to understand shadows, the phases of the moon, the order of the planets, day and night and the length of the day.Planets, Moons and their Dark Sides Flash
Three interactive activities where you can look at the positions of planets. It has animations for the phases of the moon and the Earth spinning on its axis demonstrating day and night.
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Silica Study - Wisconsin DNR - WisconsinAug 30, 2011 . Additionally, crystalline silica can be formed if plants containing . Sources of crystalline silica include mining and rock crushing operations, as well as .. containing alloys (TCEQ 2011a; Environment Canada 2011). Silica.canada silica rock crushing plant,Silicon Metal Smelter - Natural Resources - Government of .centrate and pellets (55% of Canadian production) for over 40 years. . ducive to supporting a state-of-the-art silicon smelter. The optimal scale for . sequence of sedimentary rocks, con- tains large and . largest underground hydro generating plants in the world and . Mining operations consist of a crushing and screening.Aggregate production: Fines generation during rock crushing - EGELrock masses and is followed by a series of crushing stages. Comminution in typical . Granite specimens in the area contain orthoclase, quartz, plagioclase and biotite ... Processing plant principles, In: Barksdale, R. (Ed.), The. Aggregate . Canadian. Geotechnical Journal 4 (1), 68–86. Lee, K.L., Seed, H.B., 1967. Drained.
Copyright © 2019 quality . All Rights Reserved
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Just because summer is ending, it doesn’t mean it’s time to let your guard down when it comes to pesky bugs, especially mosquitoes.
In fact, “Mosquitoes are the most dangerous creature on the planet and they transmit a number of different diseases,” says Joseph Conlon, Technical Advisor, American Mosquito Control Association
In the U.S., the most dangerous mosquito-borne illnesses include the Zika Virus, West Nile Virus and various forms of Encephalitis. “I don’t think before Zika that people really realized, in the United States, how dangerous it could be,” says Dan Kline, Ph.D., a Research Entomologist with the USDA specializing in mosquito and fly research.
While we know to protect ourselves from bugs outside, now there are devices aimed at giving you an extra line of defense if any of the bugs find their way inside. Some devices, like Zevo, claim to attract bugs with UV or other forms of light. Others, like Dynatrap, lure with carbon dioxide, and still others with ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves.
Are mosquitoes likely to bite? “Well, it’s like if you walk down a smorgasbord table. You’re offering with most of these devices, one or two items and they’re looking for more,” says Dr. Kline.
Both experts believe that the bugs are likely to choose people over the current technology, but Conlon says a plug-in might work if no one is in a room. He says, “I think they’ve got some promise, no question about that. But the state of the technology right now isn’t such that they’re going to solve your problems.”
Devices vary with some stating it can take weeks for max results. But we plugged in several for a single day just to see what would happen. One in particular, the Dynatrap, nabbed several mosquitoes. Conlon says indoor traps may be an extra step, but are not a first line of defense.
“The downside is that if you put too much faith in these things, you might not do other things that are even more important” to protect you outside and keep bugs from getting in.
He calls it the Three D’s:
- Drain any standing water outside
- Dress appropriately while outside, which can also prevent bugs from hitching a ride inside
- Defend with an EPA-registered repellent, including one for indoors
As for research on how to attract, repel and kill mosquitoes? Conlon says, “We’re merely scratching the surface.”
We reached out to some device companies. Dynatrap responded telling us that traps should be left on 24-7, and that maximum results could be expected after a six to eight-week time period.
As for competing with humans, a representative tells us that: “Dynatrap uses both UV light and carbon dioxide to catch insects so we don't need to produce the same C02 levels that a human would emit. “
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PHOTOGRAPHS COURTESY OF THE PALMERSTON NORTH CITY LIBRARY/MANAWATU HERITAGE COLLECTION
When driving north on SH56, over the low-lying flood plains flanking the Manawatu River, you cannot but help notice an old suspension bridge and a tall chimney sprouting from what is now farmland. Richard Silcock explains.
Today, the Opiki suspension bridge is no more than skeletal remains. The steel suspension cables blow in the wind and the wooden decking is in a sad state of disrepair with most of it now removed or fallen into the river.
The two concrete twin piers on either-side of the river remain intact and stand like sentinels to days long past.
Once, harakeke (flax) grew naturally in abundance around the region, in what local Maori called ‘the great swamp’. They harvested the flax to weave and make clothing, baskets and rope and it is known they traded the flax.
Between the mid-1860s and the 1920s, the 5900-hectare Makerua Swamp became the centre for a thriving flax industry.1
At the height of production some 30-odd flax mills were drying, stripping and processing the flax before transporting it to the railway station at Rongiotu, or to the port at Foxton from where it was shipped.2 / 3
To transport the flax over the river to the railway or port required using a flying-fox suspended cage or, when the river level was sufficiently low, a cable-drawn punt.
These methods were slow and hindered production, so the Tane Hemp and Makerua Flax companies4, which had the largest flax stripping mills in the area, commissioned the bridge in 1916 and, following two years of construction, it opened in January 1918 at a cost of £2821.
It was designed and constructed by Joseph Dawson, who, during his time as a civil engineer was responsible for constructing 15 similar suspension bridges around the country. He specialised in suspension bridges and patented a number of construction techniques and design features.
Dawson had moved from Tasmania where he had gained experience constructing bridges. In the 1870s he moved to the Wairarapa, having purchased a farm but continued practising as a self-taught bridge engineer.5
He was responsible for constructing a number of bridges over the Hutt River in the Wellington region and in the Manawatu, Wairarapa and Rangitikie where he designed and supervised construction of the Mokai Bridge over the Rangitikie River – all of which no longer exist. He earned a reputation for ‘economy and very sound construction work, as well as speed of erection.’
When the 154.4 metre long, 3.3 metre-wide, Opiki suspension bridge was completed it heralded single-span bridge design in NZ with its impressive twin-tower structures and wire cable catenaries.
The cables stretched over and between the towers and anchored in concrete blocks buried 5.2 metres in the ground several metres back. The deck was built of beech timber and allowed loadings of up to three tonnes.
In order to cut cost, it is understood the labour to construct the bridge was provided by the mill workers. The suspension rods were fabricated by the mill’s blacksmith and the 16 suspension cables were recycled from former gold-mining operations in Waihi.
At the time it was the longest, single span road bridge in New Zealand (and possibly Australasia) and one of the first to use reinforced concrete.
The use of reinforced concrete for the 14.6 metre-high, tapered twin-towers, that stand on three-metre deep concrete abutments are a testament to the use of new technology which was being embraced by engineers at the time.
The remaining 20 metre-high reinforced concrete chimney, marks the location of the former Tane mill. Most of the flax processing machinery was powered by a wood-fired steam engine and the tall chimney dispelled the smoke.
When a devastating ‘yellow-leaf’ disease struck the plantations, followed by a post-war slump in demand for flax, many of the mills closed resulting in the swampland being drained between1925 and 1930 and turned into farmland. An advertisement in a local paper trumpeted it as ‘one of the most beautiful tracts of grassland one could see’.
One of the former Tane mill owners, Hugh Akers, took ownership of the bridge, built a bridge-keeper’s house and charged a toll to users of the bridge. This infuriated locals and when the Minister for Public Works, Bob Semple was asked to pay a toll by the toll-keeper it is reported he shouted:
“This structure from a comic opera must go – we will build a new bridge – we will not have toll bridges in this country!”
The bridge became known as the Tane swing bridge and gained distinction for being the only privately owned toll bridge in the country’s road network.6
It was not until 1969 that a new, 138 metre-long, two-lane concrete road bridge was built by the Ministry of Works, making the Opiki suspension bridge redundant.
While long decommissioned, the old chimney did see some action during WW2, acting as a Home Guard observation post.
Over time, weather, river currents, floods and vegetation have taken their toll on the bridge and chimney, which are now just monuments to a past era and a curious vertical landmark to those passing by. The unsealed road to the bridge can just be discerned, albeit over-grown.
Due to its design and the technology at the time of its construction in this country the Opiki suspension bridge is registered as a Category-1 historic place and an information cairn and plaque can be found at the side of SH56.
• The author acknowledges information for this article was gained from a report by historian Karen Ashwood (NZ Historic Places Trust) and from articles published in the Manawatu Standard and Horowhenua Chronicle.
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Unformatted text preview: oldhomewk 25 YOO, HEE Due: Apr 1 2008, 4:00 am 1 Question 1, chap 13, sect 1. part 1 of 1 10 points A rod can pivot at one end and is free to rotate without friction about a vertical axis, as shown. A force vector F is applied at the other end, at an angle to the rod. L m F If vector F were to be applied perpendicular to the rod, at what distance d from the axis of rotation should it be applied in order to produce the same torque vector ? 1. d = L sin correct 2. d = L 3. d = 2 L 4. d = L tan 5. d = L cos Explanation: The torque the force generates is = F L sin . Thus the distance in question should be L sin . Question 2, chap 13, sect 1. part 1 of 4 10 points A 2700 kg block is lifted at a constant speed of 5 cm / s by a steel cable that passes over a massless pulley to a motor-driven winch. The radius of the winch drum is 20 cm and the winch drum has a mass of 1500 kg. The acceleration due to gravity is 9 . 81 m / s 2 . 2700 kg 2 c m 5cm / s 1500 kg What force must be exerted by the cable? Correct answer: 26 . 487 kN (tolerance 1 %). Explanation: Let : m = 2700 kg , v = 5 cm / s = 0 . 05 m / s , and r = 20 cm = 0 . 2 m . Note: There is no acceleration in this sys- tem and the mass of the winch drum is not required. Because the block is lifted at constant speed, the cable tension is T = mg = (2700 kg) (9 . 81 m / s 2 ) kN N = 26 . 487 kN . Question 3, chap 13, sect 1. part 2 of 4 10 points What torque does the cable exert on the winch drum? Correct answer: 5 . 2974 kN m (tolerance 1 %). Explanation: The torque is = T r = (26 . 487 kN) (0 . 2 m) = 5 . 2974 kN m ....
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Cyberspace is an exceptional, human-made domain that was created for the facilitation of communication and can be characterised as a worldwide interconnected infrastructure. It has enabled free interchange of data via a networked system for more than half of the world’s population. Emerging threats in cyberspace currently pose new hazards and challenges to societies around the world. These threats have the potential to undermine the safety of citizens and disrupt political, social and economic life.
To intellectualise cyberspace security, we need to understand the difference between two risk magnitudes: risk to cyberspace and risk through cyberspace. The risk of cyberspace can be considered as a threat to the physical infrastructure of communication technologies. The threat through cyberspace, on the other hand, is a danger posed by cyberspace itself and is enabled by the usage of its technologies.
The risk to cyberspace
Even though the internet was developed to become a mainly strong network, its growth and change of status from a small web of interconnected devices to the global hub of social and economic life introduced a wide range of security vulnerabilities to its physical structure. After being targeted many times with a malicious intent to bring disruption, many states have acknowledged cyberspace as a ‘key national asset’ and have planned to establish special organizations that will protect critical infrastructure, thereby reducing risks to the normal functioning of the network.
It is important to remember that cyberspace is a prerequisite for the existence of universal capitalism in its current form. Therefore, emerging risks to cyberspace threaten to undermine international capital marketplaces and disturb prevailing economic order. Consequently, the security needs of cyberspace infrastructure and flow of information coincide with some of the national security essentials and have to be sheltered by government actors. To this end, the Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC) and the National Security Agency (NSA) have established national encryption standards and protection protocols.
Furthermore, the task of safeguarding critical…
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Perhaps one of the most common mistakes drivers make is not understanding what is a crosswalk, and who, pedestrian or vehicle, has the right of way. Most people think that a crosswalk is only that area on a street marked with parallel white lines. Unfortunately, those people are incorrect.
The B.C. Motor Vehicle Act defines a crosswalk as either:
One: the portion of the roadway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by signs or by lines or other markings on the surface,
Two: the portion of a highway at an intersection that is included within the extension of the lateral lines of the sidewalk, curb or edge of the roadway (whether it is marked or not).
This means a crosswalk is the area within imaginary lines drawn across the street from the edge of the sidewalk, curb or pavement edge, on one side of the street, to the similar edge on the other side of the street. Put another way, there are really three types of crosswalks.
This begs the question, however, if intersections have unmarked crosswalks, what is an intersection?
Again the B.C. Motor Vehicle Act comes into play. It defines an intersection (and the words get a bit fancy) as:
“the area within the prolongation of the curbs or boundary lines of two roadways that join one another at or approximately at right angles, “
“if the roadways do not join each other at close to right angles, the area within which vehicles travelling on different highways may come in conflict;”
What this means is that where roadways cross (even at a T-intersection), the crosswalk exists in the area where the direction of each roadway’s edges intersect, whether it is controlled by a stop sign or a stop light, and whether or not there are distinct pedestrian markings.
This definition of crosswalk is important when it comes to who has the right of way.
The B.C. Motor Vehicle Act states the following about the right of way between a vehicle and a pedestrian at a crosswalk:
“the driver of a vehicle must yield the right of way to a pedestrian where traffic control signals are not in place or not in operation, when the pedestrian is crossing the highway in a marked or unmarked crosswalk”
“the pedestrian is on the half of the highway on which the vehicle is travelling,”
“is approaching so closely from the other half of the highway that he or she is in danger.”
That said, the motor vehicle act requires that a pedestrian not leave a curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle that is so close it is impracticable for the driver to yield the right of way.
What does all this mean? It is simple.
While a pedestrian may not step off a curb at an unmarked crosswalk when it is dangerous to do so, the pedestrian does have the right of way over a vehicle at an unmarked crosswalk when they are crossing from the same side of the road as the passing vehicle, or so closely from the other side of the road that they would be in danger if the vehicle did not stop. Unfortunately, many pedestrians are injured, or at least very frustrated, because motorists do not understand the rights of pedestrians.
Many motorists become frustrated because people treat marked crosswalks with a sense of entitlement, or as if it will envelope them in a magical force field, and step off the curb blindly into traffic. On the other hand, many motorist become frustrated with pedestrians who step off the curb at intersections when those pedestrians clearly have the right of way.
Regardless of what the law says, however, at the end of the day, if we are all courteous and careful, we will all be better off.
We hope you have learned something from this week’s blog. Please feel free to like us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter and subscribe to our YouTube channel to receive notice of our future weekly video blogs on the law. League and Williams is a Victoria, BC based law firm with expertise in injury law, estate disputes and marine law and may be reached via email at [email protected] or phone at 250-888-0002. If you are injured and would like a free consult, give us a call for a free consult. We are here to help injured parties get the fair compensation that they are entitled to.
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How to kill Japanese Beetles
By DoMyOwn staff
Japanese beetles destroy flowers, trees, shrubs and other vegetation. These beetles can be found throughout most states east of the Mississippi River. Partial infestations also occur west of the Mississippi River in Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri and Oklahoma. Both the grub stage and the adult stage of the beetle cause damage to your landscaping from the roots up.
The adult Japanese beetle (often referred to as a "jitterbug") is about 1.5 cm long and 1 cm wide, with shiny copper-colored outer wings and a shiny green thorax and head. This beetle has six tiny tufts of white hair along the sides and back of its body under the edges of its wings. The males usually are a bit smaller than the females. You are most likely to see the adults in late spring or early summer. During winter, Japanese Beetles overwinter int he soil as larvae (grubs) .
Adults feed on nearly 300 different host plants. Some of the more common ornamental plants include: roses, flowering cherry, flowering crabapple, zinnias, Virginia creeper, Boston ivy, linden, birch, canna, elm, and marigolds. Adults feed during the day, favoring hot weather and plants growing with full exposure to the sun. Adults also consume flowers and foliage of many other host plants. Japanese beetles usually feed in groups, starting at the top of a plant and working downward. While a single beetle doesn't eat much; group feeding by many causes severe damage.
The Japanese beetle life cycle takes about one year from egg to the end stage of life. After mating females live 30 to 45 days, they lay anywhre 40 to 60 eggs in the soil. Larvae hatch from the eggs in 10 to 12 days. They feed on grass roots until late September when cool soil temperatures cause larvae to move downward into the soil to overwinter. Development is completed the following spring. One generation occurs each year.
Japanese Beetle Control
Japanese Beetle Traps: Many homeowners who try to use Japanese beetle traps are not very successful because: 1) Traps are placed in close proximity to vulnerable plants; 2) Too few traps are used in a given community; 3) Japanese beetles are attracted from neighboring homes to the powerful lure used in the trap, resulting in much more damage than the homeowner originally had.
Effective Insecticides for Japanese Beetles:
Talstar is very effective in controlling Japanese beetles. Talstar can be sprayed on most plants without the worry of causing damage or burns. Make applications every 3-4 weeks duing peak beetle seasons to maintain control.
Demon, Cynoff and Suspend SC are also effective. Using Demon or Cynoff may cause damage or burning of fragile or delicate plants so caution should be used when applying these products.
View our entire line of Lawn and Garden Pest Control Products
14 of 16 people found this article informative and helpful.
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"Old money" and "new money" are terms that describe two different classes of people who have money and--equally--the money that they possess. Old money usually refers to people who are part of long-established upper-class families and who have wealth that has been inherited over several generations. New money is that which has been made recently--often by business people, media or sports celebrities, or entrepreneurs.
Old money is inherited and may be in the form of property, trusts or other investments. As such it may be at greater risk of loss or dissipation due to the current holders' lack of financial acumen. New money has been acquired directly and recently by those who hold it who, depending upon their attitude and personality, may choose to spend or hoard it. Those who have made new money are often alluded to, somewhat disparagingly, by the term "nouveau riche."
Old money tends to be invested in grand, historically significant properties, antiques, art collections and classic cars and couture. Often those who have old money may be asset rich but cash poor, so they may buy few, if any, new possessions. Much of their available money may have to be spent on property maintenance and keeping up appearances. New money, by contrast, tends to be spent on the latest, luxury goods including lavish mansions, holiday properties, designer clothes, extravagant and showy jewelery, automobiles, boats and even personal planes.
Today, celebrities from the worlds of film, TV, music and fashion are some of the greatest examples of new money, together with those who have made large amounts from sport or international trade. These people may have high social standing and be in great demand due to their celebrity status. Old money has a much lower public profile, although individuals may be courted for their status and influence, and the network of connections they bring.
People who have old money are regarded as discreet, restrained and possessing impeccable taste. Their focus tends to be on education, elegance and etiquette. Those with new money are generally more ostentatious and often may be seen in the media throwing or attending lavish parties. Stereotypically, their behaviour is extravagant, showy and self-indulgent. F. Scott Fitzgerald's book "The Great Gatsby" is a well-known social commentary on the divide between new and old money in the ostensibly carefree days of the 1920s.
Throughout many societies in the world, the concept of new money and old money is closely linked to historical status. Those with old money may be able to trace royal or aristocratic connections that go back many generations. Even in countries such as the U.S. or France, which have no aristocratic class, this aspect still seems to be highly prized and respected.
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kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:images videos games
Computer graphics are very useful. Computer-generated imagery is used for movie making, video game and computer program development, scientific modeling, and design for catalogs and other commercial art. Some people even make computer graphics as art.
Subsets of computer graphics
2D computer graphics are usually split into two categories: vector graphics and raster graphics.
Vector graphics use lines, shapes, and text to create a more complex image. If a vector graphic image is made very big on the monitor, it will still be as good as its regular size. This is one of the reasons vector graphics are liked so much. Vector graphics are made with programs like Adobe Illustrator and Inkscape, and were used for some older computer games. Today, they are often used for when computer graphics have to be printed out.
- Examples of vector graphics
Raster graphics use pixels to make up a larger image. This does not mean the artist has to change a single pixel at a time - raster programs often have tools like paintbrushes, paint buckets, and erasers to make a picture. Programs used to make these include Adobe Photoshop and Corel Paint Shop Pro. These are often used as part of what the user sees when she uses a computer program.
Sometimes people do use only pixels to make an image. This is called pixel art and it has a very unique style.
- Examples of raster graphics
3D graphics are graphics that look like objects because they are three-dimensional. This means the computer thinks it has a height, a length, and a depth, and displays them as this. Some programs used to make 3D graphics are Bryce, 3D Studio Max, Maya and Blender, and 3D graphics are used many times in movies and TV shows and video games.
- Examples of 3D graphics
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Understanding the Brown Color Palette
Brown is an integral color in every artist’s palette. The richness and depth that brown provides in a painting is unmatched.
It is a color that is warm, earthy, and comforting. In this article, we will delve into the nuances of the color brown, its importance in painting, and the three aspects of color.
Importance of Brown in Painting
In painting, brown is a crucial color because it is a neutral or earth tone. It is not a primary color or a secondary color; rather, it is a color that combines other colors to create a beautiful hue.
Brown helps to mute other harsh colors in a painting and creates a sense of depth and richness. It is also used to create a sense of warmth and comfort in a painting.
Different Nuances and Shades of Brown
Brown may seem like a straightforward color, but it is anything but that. There are a plethora of shades and nuances of brown, ranging from light to dark.
Lighter shades of brown tend to look more earthy and muted, while darker shades create a more dramatic and intense effect. Brown can also be mixed with other colors to create even more nuanced shades.
Three Aspects of Color: Hue, Intensity/Saturation, Color Value
Hue refers to the actual color of a pigment, such as red or blue. Saturation or intensity refers to how bright or dull a color is.
For instance, a bright red has high saturation, while a muted red has low saturation. Color value refers to the brightness or darkness of a color.
Light colors have high values, while darker colors have lower values. Understanding these three aspects of color is essential when working with brown, as it will allow an artist to create nuanced and dynamic paintings.
What Colors Make Brown? Creating the perfect brown hue is an art in itself.
Brown can be mixed using primary colors such as red, yellow, and blue. However, getting the perfect brown hue can be challenging since the color has to be neither too red nor too yellow.
Mixing brown with secondary colors such as orange or green can add variations, depth, and warmth to the brown. Lastly, mixing complementary colors, such as blue and orange or green and red, can create diverse and exciting shades of brown that are unique and appealing.
Complexity of Creating Brown Paint
Creating brown paint is not as simple as mixing a few colors together. It requires a thorough understanding of color theory and paint chemistry.
An artist has to be familiar with the different pigments that create brown and how they interact with one another to achieve the desired shade. Moreover, each brand of paint has its own unique recipe for making brown paint, which can further complicate the process.
Mixing Primary Colors to Create Brown
To create brown using primary colors, equal parts of red, yellow, and blue must be mixed. The trick is to ensure that no single color is overpowering the other two, which is no easy feat.
A more straightforward approach is to mix yellow and blue in equal parts and then add small amounts of red until the desired brown hue is achieved.
Mixing Secondary Colors to Add Variations
The process of mixing secondary colors to add variations is relatively straightforward. An artist can use green or orange and mix them with brown to create unique, dynamic shades.
Mixing different variations of brown paint can create a multi-dimensional and complex color scheme that adds depth to any painting.
Mixing Complementary Colors to Create Diverse Shades of Brown
Mixing complementary colors is another way to create diverse and exciting shades of brown. When blue and orange are mixed, they create a brownish hue that is unique and eye-catching.
The same is true when green and red are mixed. Experimenting with different complementary colors can create a unique and personalized shade of brown that an artist can use in their painting.
In conclusion, understanding the nuances and shades of brown is essential when working with it as a color in paintings. Brown can create depth, warmth, and richness in paintings, making it an important color in every artist’s palette.
Mixing the right combinations of primary colors, secondary colors, and complementary colors is essential for creating the perfect shade of brown. Whether you are a seasoned artist or just starting, experimenting with shades of brown in your painting can add an extra layer of depth and dimensionality to your artwork.
What Two Colors Make Brown? The curious nature of artists has led them to explore unique ways to make brown.
Two colors that make brown when mixed together are orange and blue. When equal parts of orange and blue are mixed, it creates a shade of brown that has a subtle red undertone.
Mixing secondary colors is a quick and easy way to create a rich and dense brown hue.
Another way to create brown is by mixing secondary colors with their complements.
Two complementary colors are those that are located opposite each other on the color wheel. For instance, the complement of blue is orange, and the complement of red is green.
When complementary colors are mixed, it creates an earthy and warm-toned brown. Mixing green and red creates a brown color that is more muted, while mixing blue and orange creates a more intense shade of brown.
Making a Dark or Light Brown Color
Artists frequently use light and dark variations of brown in their paintings. The intensity or lightness of brown paint can be adjusted depending on the desired effect.
Darkening Brown with Black or Using More of the Darker Color
To make a darker brown, a small amount of black paint can be added to the brown paint. Black tends to mute the other hues present and can create a nearly black brown that is rich and intense.
However, adding too much black can cause the brown color to lose its warmth and richness. Alternatively, a darker color can be mixed into the brown paint, such as red, blue, or green.
This process creates a toned-down, darker brown that still retains its inherent warmth.
Lightening Brown with White
Lightening brown paint can be done easily by adding white paint to the color. The addition of white tends to mute the brown color and create a light, neutral brown.
The amount of white added will depend on the desired shade of brown. With the addition of more white paint, the brown color will become more muted, and the warmth will reduce.
Adding too much white can cause the once warm brown to appear ashy or gray.
In conclusion, brown is a versatile and essential color in every artist’s palette.
Mixing different colors to create various shades of brown can help artists to add depth and warmth to their paintings. Mixing complementary colors and secondary colors can create unique and eye-catching shades of brown.
Darkening or lightening brown paint is made easy by adding black or white paint respectively. Adding darker colors to brown paint can create a much richer, darker color that also retains its inherent warmth.
Every artist has their personal technique for creating the perfect shade of brown in their painting. With practice and experimentation, the perfect brown hue can be achieved, and it can change the entire look and feel of a painting.
How to Add Warmth to Brown
Brown is a warm and earthy color, but it can occasionally appear dull or lifeless. Adding warmth to brown can give it new life and depth, making it an essential aspect of any painting.
Warm colors such as red, yellow, and orange can be used to bring out the warmth of brown. These colors are typically associated with energy, heat, and brightness, and when combined with brown, they create a rich, energetic shade that can bring warmth to any painting.
The addition of warm colors can also help to create a sense of depth and complexity in brown.
Using Cool Colors to Create a Cooler, Dark Brown
While warm colors can add warmth to brown, cool colors such as blue and green can create a cooler, darker brown.
These colors are typically associated with calmness and serenity and add a certain weight and balance to brown. By adding blue or green to brown, you can create a color that is more muted, less vibrant, and more refined.
This can be useful when trying to create nuanced shades of brown, such as for creating shadows and depth in paintings.
How to Make Brown Paint with Acrylics
Acrylics are a popular medium among artists, and creating brown paint using this medium is relatively straightforward. To make brown paint with acrylics, start by mixing the primary colors of blue and yellow in equal parts.
This process will create a green hue. From there, carefully add small amounts of red until you achieve the desired shade of brown.
Another approach is to mix equal parts of red and green to create a darker, more intense brown. For lighter shades of brown, mix equal parts of yellow, red, and white.
The amount of each pigment used will vary depending on the desired color. It’s best to add the colors slowly, making adjustments along the way.
Experimenting and Trying Different Combinations for Various Shades
The technique for creating brown paint with acrylics may vary depending on paint quality, individual color preferences, and the artist’s desired outcome. Adding small amounts of one color to another can create unique and surprising shades of brown.
It’s best to experiment and try different combinations to achieve the perfect shade of brown. Brown shades can range from deep, rich hues to light, airy ones, and adding other colors to the mix can create even more unique variations.
The more an artist experiments with mixing various colors, the more they’ll gain a deeper appreciation for the nuances and shades of brown. In conclusion, adding warmth or coolness to brown can help to create a more nuanced and detailed color scheme in paintings.
Warm colors, such as red, yellow, or orange, can bring out the warmth in brown and create an energetic shade that adds richness and depth to a painting. Cool colors like blue and green can create a cooler, darker brown that adds a serene and calming influence.
Creating brown paint with acrylics is a straightforward process that requires mixing the primary colors in specific ratios for the desired color. Experimentation is key to creating unique and personalized shades of brown that can take your artwork to the next level.
How to Make Brown Paint with Watercolors
Watercolors offer a unique and versatile medium for creating art, and making brown paint with watercolors is no exception. There are a few different methods artists can use to achieve brown hues when working with watercolors.
One common method is mixing the watercolors on a plate or tray. Start by selecting the primary colors of red, yellow, and blue.
Squeeze a small amount of each color onto the plate or tray, leaving space between them. Using a clean brush, pick up a little bit of red and yellow and mix them together.
This will create an orange color. Next, pick up a small amount of blue and mix it with the orange.
Gradually adjust the ratios until you achieve the desired shade of brown. This method allows artists to have better control over the color mixing, making it easier to fine-tune the brown hue.
For more experienced artists, another technique for creating brown paint with watercolors is to mix colors directly on the paper. This method requires a level of skill and familiarity with watercolor behavior.
Start by wetting the area with clean water where you want the brown hue to appear. Then, apply a layer of one color, such as yellow or red.
While the paint is still wet, introduce the second color, such as blue, by working it into the existing paint. The colors will blend and mix directly on the paper, creating a variegated and nuanced brown.
This method can lead to spontaneous and unpredictable results, making it ideal for artists who enjoy improvisation and working with the fluid nature of watercolors. Using different shades and tones is another effective approach in creating various versions of brown with watercolors.
By carefully adjusting the amount of water added to the paint, artists can achieve different shades and tones of brown. A deep, rich brown can be created by using a concentrated mix of paint.
Lighter shades of brown can be achieved by adding more water to dilute the color. Experimenting with different ratios of water and paint on a palette or directly on the paper will allow artists to create a wide range of brown hues to suit their artistic vision.
Why is Mixing a Brown Color Palette Important? Mixing a brown color palette is an essential skill for any artist.
There are several advantages to proper color mixing in painting. One advantage is that creating a brown color palette allows for a wider range of colors with a smaller set of paints.
By having a good understanding of color theory and how different colors interact, artists can mix various shades of brown that can be used as a base for mixing other colors. Brown serves as a versatile foundation and can be used to create a multitude of other colors by mixing it with different hues.
This ability to mix and create a range of colors with a limited palette is especially beneficial for artists who travel or have limited space. Another advantage of mastering color mixing is the cost-saving aspect.
By being able to mix the desired hue instead of purchasing every color individually, artists can save money on buying paint tubes. Additionally, color mixing reduces waste as artists only mix the amount of paint needed for a particular project.
This leads to less leftover paint and minimizes material waste. Furthermore, mixing a brown color palette is instrumental in creating realistic paintings.
Brown is a common color found in nature, and having a diverse range of brown shades allows artists to capture the subtleties and intricacies of their subject matter. From earth tones to skin tones, the ability to mix various shades of brown enhances the depth and realism of a painting.
In conclusion, the art of mixing brown with watercolors is a valuable skill for artists. Whether mixing colors on a plate or tray or directly on the paper, watercolors offer a range of possibilities for achieving different shades of brown.
Proper color mixing expands an artist’s color palette, saves on paint costs, and helps in creating realistic and impactful paintings. With practice and experimentation, artists can master the art of color mixing and unlock a whole new world of artistic possibilities.
In conclusion, understanding the nuances of the brown color palette and knowing how to create brown paint with various mediums such as acrylics and watercolors are important skills for artists. Mixing warm colors like red, yellow, and orange can add depth and richness to brown, while cool colors like blue and green can create a cooler, darker shade.
Proper color mixing expands an artist’s range of colors, saving money and minimizing waste. It also allows for the creation of realistic paintings with a strong knowledge of color mixing.
So, whether you’re mixing on a plate or tray or directly on the paper, the art of mixing brown opens up a world of possibilities for creating captivating artwork. Embrace the versatility of brown in your artistic practice and watch your paintings come to life with warmth and depth.
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Mass protests against Haiti’s US-backed president Jovenel Moise have rocked the Caribbean country in recent weeks. They are part of a long and bloody history of imperial plunder—and of ordinary people’s resistance to it.
Moise’s government is the latest iteration of a system of exploitation that has blighted people’s lives in Haiti—and its roots stretch back hundreds of years.
French colonists grabbed the western half of the island of Hispaniola from Spain in the 1620s.
Under their control Haiti—then known as Saint-Domingue—grew into one of the world’s most profitable and brutal slave colonies.
By 1780 Saint-Domingue’s slaves produced 60 percent of coffee and 40 percent of sugar imported into Europe. Alongside the plantation’s produce, vast wealth flowed back to France and financed the beginnings of capitalist industry.
This was all built on barbaric conditions.
The colonial regime saw around 40,000 white colonists ruling over more than 450,000 slaves.
From 1685 a racist “Negro Code” had been used to justify the oppression. One French governor summed up colonists’ attitude, saying, “I have reached the stage of believing firmly that one must treat the Negroes as one treats beasts.”
The colonists got a rude awakening when slaves rose up in the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804. The world’s most profitable slave colony made history as the world’s first black republic.
Led by black revolutionaries Toussaint L’Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines, the uprising ended slavery on the island and drove back invading French and British armies determined to restore colonial power.
Haiti defeated its enemies but its struggles were far from over. European powers feared slave revolts would spread to other colonies.
So they punished Haiti with trade sanctions until the new republic agreed to pay reparations to French slave owners for their loss of earnings.
Haiti was ordered to pay the equivalent of £12 million—which took until 1947 to pay off.
This injustice led to a crippling foreign debt and domination that still shapes the country today.
The island was forced to borrow from US banks—and the US invaded in 1915, in order to ensure that their money would be repaid.
They justified their occupation saying they wanted to restore order after Haitian dictator Vilbrun Guillaume Sam was assassinated. He was killed in response to the murder of some 167 political prisoners.
The US occupied Haiti until 1934, when the country was left under the military rule.
The Haitian army used its power to repress all resistance and gave support to US-backed dictatorships in the region.
A tiny minority grew spectacularly rich through their alliance with US imperialism, but the rest of society was kept down.
In 1957 the military helped Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier became dictator.
Before the election Duvalier used radical ideas to win over the new black middle classes, who wanted to see the country’s economy develop.
He claimed to support trade unions and working class demands.
Once in power Duvalier formed the Tonton Macoute, a militia that repressed and murdered his opposition.
Despite Duvalier’s initial rhetoric, life for Haitians continued to be bleak with more of the same old poverty and foreign plunder.
And declining soil fertility meant that Haitian peasants were running out of food fast.
In 1959 US marines invaded to keep Duvalier in power. Two years later Duvalier held on to power in an election that saw him win 1,320,748 votes to zero. It was one most fraudulent elections in history.
In April 1964, Duvalier’s power was so absolute that he proclaimed himself “president for life”.
He ruled until his death in 1971, when power was handed over to his son Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier.
It seemed that Baby Doc would continue his father’s reign of terror unopposed. But growing economic problems in Haiti meant that his grip was far more tenuous.
The infertility of Haitian countryside led to mass immigration to the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince.
The population of the city grew by some 550,000 over 20 years. In order to cope with the crisis, more US aid was required.
In return the US demanded control of how aid was used—and for Haiti to open up its economy more to foreign investment.
Baby Doc began losing allies in the ruling group and the middle class base that his father had cultivated.
The crisis opened up the possibility of revolt from below.
The forced move to the cities had also seen the working class grow.
In 1985 riots and demonstrations at food distribution centres spread across Haiti. The growing unrest led the US to back Baby Doc’s removal.
He was overthrown in February 1986. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) loaned more money to Haiti, stipulating that it must agree to “structural adjustment programmes” of austerity and free market reforms.
Reforms favoured US goods over the needs of Haitian farmers. This led to Haiti importing 75 percent of its food.
Before 1950, Haiti had grown 80 percent of its own produce.
Reliance on imported goods meant that food prices soared. And the poorest in society were forced to live in horrific conditions in urban slums.
In 1990 left winger Jean-Bertrand Astride was elected. He opposed the rule of the US and the IMF and the old military and elites that had benefited under the Duvaliers. But hopes of overcoming poverty were crushed when he was overthrown by a violent military coup in 1991.
When it looked like the military wouldn’t uphold US interests, Democrat president Bill Clinton ordered an invasion.
Meanwhile, Astride went into exile before returning to office in 2000, when he won the presidential elections in 2000 by a landslide.
And his social democratic party Fanmi Lavalas won 90 percent of the seats in parliament.
The ruling classes responded by launching another US-backed coup in 2004, and suspending all international aid to Haiti.
Astride was replaced by US stooge Gerard Latortue.
The United Nations was sent in to replace US troops, and make the coup more palatable. Its effects were still felt harshly by Haitians.
Even before the devastating earthquake that struck in 2010, hunger forced many to eat cakes made out of clay. And the World Health Organisation estimated that some 2.4 million Haitians couldn’t afford food.
The amount of money being sent to people by relations living abroad was greater than the gross domestic product of the whole country. But even this additional income was not enough to provide the means necessary for survival.
The earthquake made the situation significantly worse. The US invaded again. And Haiti’s debt to the IMF meant that any aid given in the aftermath was unable to undo the damage.
The economic devastation wrought by the earthquake cleared the way for Jovenel Moise to come to power. He gained support by promising education and healthcare reforms, and promoting environmentally?friendly agriculture as a means to kick start the Haitian economy.
But exit polls in the 2016 election suggested the Moise won only 6 percent of the vote. The official result awarded him 55 percent of the vote.
Despite obvious fraud and demonstrations leading to a second election, Moise became president in 2017.
Moise pocketed Venezuelan aid money under the PetroCaribe programme, leading to mass protests calling for his resignation. He responded by repressing the demonstrations and using police to kill protesters.
This has not stopped the movement.
Armed protesters continue to take to the streets demanding an end to the reign of Moise, and attacking US president Donald Trump for propping him up.
The removal of Moise and the US from Haiti could be a new beginning.
Protesters can draw inspiration from the country’s long history of struggle against imperialism to rise up and create a mass movement which demands real change.
Two inspiring strikes show the way forward
We shouldn’t let them hide from the truth
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Malaysia Day is around the corner. To celebrate the upcoming national holiday, here are 16 fun facts you may want to know that are related to the Malaysian banking sector:
- The first and oldest bank in the country is Standard Chartered
Standard Chartered is the first bank ever to be established in Malaysia back in 1875. The first branch was located at Beach Street, Penang.
- Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) was established in 1959
Established on 26 January 1959, BNM’s main purpose is to issue currency, act as banker and adviser to the Malaysian Government and regulate the country’s financial institutions, credit system and monetary policy.
- The first Malaysian BNM Governor was Tun Ismail Mohamed Ali
The late Tun Ismail Mohamed Ali was the first Malaysian BNM Governor (and the second BNM Governor), whose stint dated from July 1962 to July 1980. Tun Ismail was also the person responsible in the creation of BNM’s logo.
- The earliest coins of the Malay Sultanate were the inspiration behind BNM’s logo
The BNM logo features a Kijang motif inspired by the deer seen on the gold coins of the State of Kelantan, which was among the earliest coins of the Malay Sultanate.
- The Malaysian Ringgit was formerly called the Malayan Dollar
Before 1967, the country’s official currency was Dollar Malaya, which was also the currency used in Singapore and Brunei under the Interchangeability Agreement.
- We used a few different currencies before settling on the Malaysian Ringgit
When Malaysia was under colonial rule, she adopted the Spanish Dollar starting in the 16th century. The country then replaced the Spanish Dollar with Indian Rupee in 1837, before switching back to Spanish Dollar in 1867. The country’s official currency was then changed to the Straits Dollar in 1903.
- The word “Ringgit” is an obsolete Malay term which means “jagged”
In 1975, the names “ringgit” and “sen” were finally adopted, and they’ve been our official currency ever since. “Ringgit” is an obsolete Malay term, meaning “jagged”.
- There used to be a bank note worth $1000
Nowadays, the denominations used are RM1, RM5, RM10, RM50, and RM100 for the bank notes. But back in 1968, there were $1000 denominations being issued.
- Additional hologram strip was introduced in 1996
To increase security and combat counterfeiting, an additional hologram strip was introduced to the RM50 and RM100 notes in 1996.
- Islamic banking in Malaysia began in 1963
When Perbadanan Wang Simpanan Bakal-Bakal Haji (PWSBH) was established in 1963, the Malaysian Islamic banking sector was born. The institution was set up to allow Muslims to save money for hajj.
- The first Islamic bank in Malaysia was established in 1983
It wasn’t until 20 years later that the first Islamic bank in the country, Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd, was established in 1983.
- Islamic banking products and services started being offered in 1993
Under the Islamic Banking Scheme (IBS), commercial banks, merchant banks and finance companies could offer Islamic banking products and services starting in 1993.
- There are currently 16 Islamic banks in Malaysia
At the moment, there are 16 Islamic banks in Malaysia, with five of them being foreign-owned.
- There’s a university which was established solely to produce skilled and certified personnel for Islamic Finance in Malaysia
The International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF) was established by BNM, and it’s the only university in the world that is wholly dedicated to offering postgraduate study in Islamic Finance.
- The Islamic Malaysia Index was launched in 2005
RHB Securities, together with Dow Jones & Co, teamed up to launch the Islamic Malaysia Index in 2005. The index features 45 stocks representing Malaysian companies that are Sharia-compliant.
- As at December 2019, Malaysia’s Islamic banking assets reached RM835.19 billion
According to BNM’s data, total Islamic banking assets stood at RM835.19 billion (as at December 2019), an 8.2% increase from RM771.81 billion recorded in December 2018.
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Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome is a serious complication that is sometimes experienced by diabetic patients, most commonly those with type 2 diabetes. It occurs when the body consistently produces dangerously high blood sugar levels. As a result, the body attempts to flush out the excess blood sugar through increased urination. If it is not treated, it can become life threatening or even fatal.
While the condition often develops in response to an infection or illness, it can also be caused by certain medications – including corticosteroids, diuretics, and anti-seizure drugs – and failure to follow an adequate diabetic treatment plan. Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome can also appear as a result of undiagnosed diabetes. Patients are more likely to experience it if they are over age 65 with a chronic health condition in addition to diabetes.
Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome develops over a period of several days or even weeks.
Additionally, the condition can lead to serious complications such as shock, stroke, blood clots, brain swelling, heart attack, and seizures.
Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome is caused by a number of factors. An individual with extremely high blood sugar levels, maintained over an extended period of time, will very likely contract this condition. Just as susceptible is someone who isn’t drinking enough water, as extreme dehydration can produce the same health hazards as a condition of very high glucose levels. In cases where the individual loses consciousness, they may also develop diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome.
While diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome most often occurs in people who have type 2 diabetes and have poorly managed their condition, diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome can also develop in people who have not been affected by diabetes. In those cases, the condition can be instigated by infection, illness (such as a stroke or a heart attack), medications or conditions that result in fluid loss, or by medicines that decrease the effectiveness of insulin on the body.
Prompt medical care is essential to preventing diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome from becoming a threat to the patient’s life. At the beginning, the focus will be on treating the loss of water. By simply doing this, blood pressure will improve, as will circulation and urination habits. It will also help blood sugar levels return to normal. To do so, potassium, insulin, and fluids are given intravenously. The condition can usually be corrected within a few hours.
Afterwards, any underlying medical conditions and infections that are determined to have contributed to the onset of diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome will be treated as well to prevent recurring episodes.
Preventing the onset of diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome can be achieved by taking proper care of oneself, especially where the individual has already been diagnosed with diabetes. The primary course of action is to keep a close eye on one’s blood sugar level and recognize the symptoms of an increase of sugar. Additionally, be aware of exposure to illness or injuries, because those situations can also increase the risk of diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome.
During illness, be sure to drink plenty of fluids, though make sure to drink the types of fluids that will be beneficial in keeping the body hydrated. Non-alcoholic, caffeine-free beverages are recommended, but water is the best option in these circumstances. Also, sticking to a pre-arranged diabetic management plan is essential to maintaining a good state of health. This may require adjustments to one’s diet, physical activity, and stress management.
Finally, ensure family, friends, and colleagues know the early warning signs of high blood sugar, so they can call for emergency assistance in the event of a fainting spell. The individual should also wear a medical I.D. bracelet, so one’s condition will be known to first responders.
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Sociologists have developed theories. Theory, from a sociological perspective, is a way to explain different aspects of social interactions (OpenStax, 2020). In chapter 3, Massey outlines two theories which he refers to as narratives. What are these two narratives or theories?
What is the goal of social change and what is an argument against this goal of social change?
Beginning on page 321, Massey discusses three contrasting visions for social change. What are these visions
Who is Filippo Marinetti and what was his vision for of social change?
Conflict theory (see chapter 3 in Massey) emerged out of a disillusionment with the modernist understanding of social change. One conflict theorist is Immanuel Wallerstein who presented, World Systems Theory. Using your Lesson 3 discuss the main points of this theory.
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Introduction to the Heat Treatment Process of Forging Flange
Forging Flange is also called flange disc or flange. Flange is the part that makes the interconnection between shaft and shaft.Forging flange is the part that makes the tube and pipe interconnected, connected at the end of the tube. The flange has an eyelet and the bolt makes the two flanges tightly connected. The flange is sealed with a gasket. Flange is divided into threaded connection (silk connection) flange and welding flange.
Flange is a kind of welded pipe fittings. Such fittings are used to match with pipes. There are machined and unmachined ones. Some castings are made by casting the flange all together. Welded ones, on the other hand, are processed later. They can be processed at the factory or at the construction site. The material is also a variety of carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, etc.
Carbon steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WPB, WPC
Alloy: ASTM/ASME A234 WP 1-WP 12-WP 11-WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP911, 15Mo3 15CrMoV, 35CrMoV
Stainless Steel:ASTM/ASME A403 WP 304-304L-304H-304LN-304N
ASTM/ASME A403 WP 316-316L-316H-316LN-316N-316Ti
ASTM/ASME A403 WP 321-321H ASTM/ASME A403 WP 347-347H
Low temperature steel:ASTM/ASME A402 WPL3-WPL 6
High performance steel: ASTM/ASME A860 WPHY 42-46-52-60-65-70
Flange in the production of heating, insulation, cooling three processes in these processes, the performance of the flange will have different changes, the same flange in the heating of the product performance will be different, such as stainless steel flange forgings superior performance is obtained through the heating and cooling of the flange, while the stainless steel flange heating process is one of the important parameters of the heat treatment process.
In addition, the heating temperature of the flange forgings is one of the important process parameters of the heat treatment process, the selection and control of heating temperature, is to ensure the quality of heat treatment is the main issue.
Heating temperature varies with the treated metal materials and heat treatment purposes, but generally are heated to above the phase change temperature, in order to obtain high temperature organization. Heating is one of the important processes of heat treatment. There are many heating methods for heat treatment of flanged metals, the earliest being using charcoal and coal as heat sources, and then applying liquid and gas fuels. Now there are many manufacturers are using electric applications, which are easy to control and no environmental pollution. Using these heat sources can be directly heated, but also molten salt or metal, floating particles for indirect heating. At the same time the performance of the flange varies depending on the cooling method and the main control of the cooling rate.
Hunan Jetvision Industrial Co.Ltd is a professional supplier which provide kinds of flanges with high quality and low factory price, such as slip on flange, weld neck flanges, socket weld flange, blind flange, lap joint flange, Thread/Screwed Flange, etc.
Hunan Jetvision Industrial Co.,Ltd main provide alloy, stainless steel and copper nickel alloy material, such as incoloy 800, hastelloy c276, monel 400, inconel 625, 15CrMo alloy, copper c71500, s32205 duplex stainless steel, 15-5PH stainless steel 904L stainless steel, etc. On the basis of this, we provide kinds of products, including forged flanges, forgings rings, forged shaft, forgings flanges, forged bars, forging block, forged cylinder, etc. With low factory price and top quality.
Keywords: Forging flange supplier, forged flange price list, forged flange manufacturer, stainless steel flange made in China, wholesales alloy steel flange, forging flange manufacturer and supplier, stainless steel flanges forging price list, slip on flange supplier, weld neck flanges manufacturer, buy cheap socket weld flange, China blind flange supplier, Cheap price lap joint flange, Thread Screwed Flange supplier and manufacturer
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|MARK’S CORNER – AUTO REPAIR HELP|
|Ignition Control Module
by Mark Davidson
Diagnosing and troubleshooting engine starting problems typically involves inspecting the ignition control module. The ignition control module is used to switch primary current flow for the ignition coil. The control module switches these transistors on and off based on information from a magnetic pulse generator in the distributor. Some conventional electronic ignition systems and all distributorless ignition systems, use a crankshaft position sensor in place of a distributor mounted pulse generator. Crankshaft position sensors and magnetic pulse generators both output an AC voltage signal that corresponds with crankshaft position and engine speed. This signal is also known as an analog signal. Since logic circuits used in ignition modules and engine control modules cannot process analog signals, the signal is changed into a digital signal, by a signal converter inside the ignition control module. A digital signal is basically read as an on/off signal by the control module.
There are two types of timing control used in automotive electronic ignition systems, module timing and computed timing. Module timing is a condition in which ignition timing is controlled solely by the ignition control module. Computed timing is ignition timing that is managed by the engine control module based on inputs from engine information sensors.
When an engine is first started, the ignition system is operated using module timing. When certain operating criteria has been met, the engine control module signals the ignition control module to switch to computed timing. The signal is usually in the form of a voltage output from the engine control module, that trips an internal switch inside the ignition control module. When this switch is thrown, the primary circuit transistor operates on signals from the engine control module. The engine control module calculates ignition timing based on engine information sensors, such as coolant temperature, engine load and engine speed. Troubleshooting, diagnosing, and auto repair jobs involving ignition issues are all aided by an appropriate OBD scanner.
The ignition control module can be found mounted on the engine, placed in or on the distributor or mounted to the underhood sheet metal. Since the control module contains heat sensitive electrical components, steps are taken to insulate the module from engine heat. Modules that are mounted on the underhood sheet metal or on the engine, usually contain a thick film of insulating material around the internal circuitry. In addition, engine mounted control modules may also use heat shields between the module and the engine. Distributor mounted modules are insulated using a silicone paste between the module and the mounting surface. When replacing a distributor mounted control module, the silicone paste should always be applied to the mounting surface of the module.
(Mark gave up on sports when the Browns left Cleveland and now spends his Sundays working under a shade tree in the back yard tuning his son’s soap box derby car.)
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This picture was taken hours before the shark died. Its body is made for deep sea depths and conditions, and thus it could not survive near the surface.
This fish utilizes bioluminescence to attract its prey.
Long Nosed Chimera
Rosy Lipped Batfish
This is not a deep sea dweller, but hey, it's pretty weird. Scientists are inconclusive as to defining the purpose of the bright red pigmentation around the fish's mouth. It's theorized that it is epigmatic (sex) coloration.
This fish was thought to have been extinct for over 50 million years before one was caught in 1938 by fishermen off the coast of South Africa.
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A bachelor’s degree in engineering is the minimum educational requirement for becoming an engineer. However, many engineers also hold a master’s degree or higher.
Checkout this video:
Education requirements for engineers vary by type of engineering, but in general, a four-year engineering degree is the minimum requirement to sit for the professional engineer (PE) exam. A bachelor’s degree in engineering technology also is sufficient to take the PE exam in some states.
Graduates of non-accredited engineering programs generally cannot take the PE exam and, as a result, cannot be licensed as professional engineers. However, many states have established procedures for evaluating the equivalency of non-accredited degrees. These procedures typically require that candidates have several years of professional experience and pass an oral examination administered by a board of licensure.
What Education Is Needed to Become an Engineer?
Engineers need at least a four-year bachelor’s degree to work in this profession. There are many different types of engineering degrees. The most common types are mechanical, civil, electrical, and industrial engineering. Chemical, biomedical, and computer engineering are also popular choices.
A career in engineering often begins with a strong interest in mathematics and science. Those who want to become an engineer should enroll in advanced math and science courses while they are still in high school. Once they have completed high school, they can attend a college or university that offers an accredited engineering program.
There are engineering programs at many colleges and universities around the world, and each has their own admissions requirements. In general, you’ll need to have completed high school (or the equivalent) with good grades in math and science courses. Specific requirements vary from school to school, but most engineering programs will require you to take Introductory Courses in Calculus, Physics, and Chemistry.
Some schools also require you to take English Composition and Liberal Arts courses, while others have specific engineering course requirements. Be sure to check with the schools you’re interested in to find out their specific admissions requirements. Once you’re enrolled in an engineering program, you can expect to study a variety of topics including mathematics, physics, chemistry, computer science, and material science.
Most engineering programs are bachelor’s degree programs that take four years to complete, although some accelerated programs allow students to complete their studies in three years. In addition, many engineering programs offer cooperative education experiences, which provide students with opportunities to gain paid work experience in their field of interest while completing their studies.
After completing a bachelor’s degree program, some engineers choose to pursue a master’s degree in engineering. These programs typically take two years to complete and allow students to specialize in a particular area of engineering. For example, aerospace engineers may choose to pursue a master’s degree in aerospace engineering, while electrical engineers may choose to pursue a master’s degree in electrical engineering. In addition, some universities offer online master’s degree programs in engineering that allow students to complete their studies from home.
Doctoral degrees in engineering are also available for those who wish to pursue careers in research or academia. These programs typically take four or more years to complete and include coursework and research components. Students who earn a doctoral degree in engineering often go on to work as professors at universities or research scientists for government agencies or private companies.
In conclusion, there is no one specific path to become an engineer. However, most engineers have at least a bachelor’s degree in engineering from an accredited institution. Additionally, many engineers also have experience working in the field, which can be gained through internships or co-ops.
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QUOTE FROM AUGUSTINE’S CITY OF GOD (354-430)
For, of course, no one would dare to believe or declare that it was beyond God’s power to prevent the fall of either angel or man. But, in fact, God preferred not to use His own power, but to leave success or failure to the creature’s choice. In this way, God could show how both the immense evil that flows from the creature’s pride and also the even greater good that comes from His grace. (p.321)
St. Augustine lived from 354 to 430 A.D. Other than the City of God, he is known for his Confessions. Augustine is the key transitional figure between the end of antiquity and the beginnings of the Middle Ages. Too, he is considered the founding father of what became the papacy, as the Vicar of God on earth. He wrote the City of God in response to the widespread belief that Christianity, with its morality of the weak, brought down the Roman Empire by subverting martial virtues. Augustine was of the opinion that it made no difference what form of government a people endured, for it was just punishment for original sin. Too, what was life when measured against eternal time? Augustine justified slavocracy as just punishment for his animal existence and human values, though he did prefer governments that improved the religious character of their citizens. He also argued for the defense of property, even if stolen, as right because it was most important to keep order in civil society through the laws. Justice is the love of God, not earthly goods. Rome fell not because of Christianity but because of its worship of false gods and hence its impious, pagan virtues that pivoted on ambition and hubris. He acknowledged that indeed Rome produced a great civilization by earthly standards, but measured against the City of God there could be no real comparison. He believed that people should be forced to be free, that is converted to Christianity. In this evangelical militancy lay the seed of future intolerance when the communion of true believers emerged as a bureaucratic Church with hierarchy, engendering the quest for wealth, the imposing of dogma, and the inspiring of ambition to be a worldly secular power that then set out on campaigns for military glory and self-enrichment. Note: This will be a theme in Machiavelli. Augustine believed that the earthly city and the divine city could be reconciled only if the former deferred to the latter. That set of views still constitutes the world view of Roman Catholicism.
I wish that we be concerned how this quotation affects the manner in which we live on the earthly city, namely in a political society. Ethics concerns good conduct. Given the fall from Adam, expelled from the Garden of Eden, is it possible to be a good man and a good citizen, with free choice and liberty, in a fallen state of grace? Are we all damned if we do not give ourselves completely to God, since the pursuit of earthly virtues, entailing the quest for glory and power, results in sin? Let us use what we know about free will and freedom to construct a society where God and man can coexist in this temporal world until the Day of Judgment. What would this political society look like? Remember the Earthly City was founded by Cain; the City of God by God’s sacrifice to mankind in Jesus the Christ. Augustine considered the earthly city merely a pilgrimage of man through a vale of tears for a few seconds compared to eternal time that is forever in perpetuity. Thus, the function of the political is to shape man into a better creature to prepare him for the Day of Judgment. He could never achieve salvation through the political but only risk damnation by pursuing glory, money, and praise on this earth. That is why Rome fell because of these pagan virtues, which to a true Christian is anathema. But the true Christian is not meek. He might have to fight a just war to preserve the earthly city because it prepared men on a lower level to meet his Maker.
Americans live in a republic where the three branches of government check power with power to limit it. Can we have a great republic, with our worship of domination and the almighty dollar, which is compatible with God’s grace? If so, what we citizens have to do to be free of sin? If you reject Augustine’s Roman Catholicism, are we all beyond redemption? Are there grounds for a revolt against an “unjust” government that reflects the majority’s will but defies God’s sovereignty? Augustine did not believe in man’s rationality, as did Enlightenment thinkers. He had a dark view of human nature in which evil collided with the good. You could never triumph on earth. Hence, you needed the grace of God to attain the City of God. Hence, Augustine was relatively indifferent to forms of government; rather he concerned himself with your human nature and how you fought against your inner demons.
The key idea is that of grace. It is not so much a matter of doctrines per se, but rather if in our pursuit of life’s everyday goods, we still honor God. The goods for which we quest can be a means to purify ourselves for eternal time. For instance, St. Augustine uses the example of education to demonstrate that a person can be made more ethical. Is that why we pursue higher education? Though of a lesser magnitude, Augustine would allow man to pursue earthly goods, so long as the intent was worthy. The rule of the people on earth can be a preparation, a purgatory, for the City of God, where in a commonwealth of like-minded people, who have been saved, they necessarily live in a state of beatitude.
Let us say you live in an outright tyranny such a Hitler’s Germany, which was manifestly evil in its state policies. Must you submit your will to the National Socialist Party or to Him? If to Him, then have you grounds for tyrannicide?
In the Kingdom of God, there is perpetual peace and a hierarchy of beings, which climax in the lordship of Him. This vision can be hardly said to be democratic. Might it be used to justify a strong man in a multicultural state whereby there is a hierarchy of beings to those who submit to the authority of an all knowing person, who very well might be the Anti-Christ?
Augustine greatly influenced Hannah Arendt in the twentieth century because of his investigations and disquisitions on the nature of free will and good and evil.
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The phrase ‘no one can dispute’ may sound pretty simple, but it has become a staple of Australian society and is often used to describe discrimination.
In this video, the ABC’s Ben Guthrie interviews a leading sociologist who thinks people can’t possibly deny discrimination exists.
It’s also used by some in the business world to dismiss concerns about discrimination.
But do people really think that they can deny discrimination?
Professor Mark Potok, a University of Melbourne social psychology expert, has published a new study into the idea that people can actually be prejudiced against others.
He argues that if you believe people are more prejudiced if you are racist, homophobic, sexist or transphobic, then you are actually less likely to have empathy.
It doesn’t take much to be racist, sexist, homophobic or transgendered Professor Mark Potter is an Australian sociologist.
He has written a book about the concept of prejudice called Inequality for the 21st Century.
He believes prejudice is often expressed in a variety of ways, but in a way that is so entrenched that you simply cannot challenge it.
He says we all have a tendency to see the world in terms of others, and he believes that the prejudice that we see can be a symptom of a larger problem.
Professor Potok says it is possible to be prejudicial towards others and still believe that others should be treated fairly.
He wants to understand how this occurs and what causes it.
Professor Potter says people can be prejudged against for many different reasons, but they all have one thing in common: they are prejudiced towards others.
They think that other people’s lives are better, they think that their choices are better or they think their preferences are more important than others.
Professor Mark is a professor of sociology and psychology at the University of Western Australia and he says people often believe that their prejudices are justified.
He calls this ‘the social construct of prejudice’.
He says the reason why prejudice persists is because we are social creatures and we need to constantly be trying to convince others of the things that we believe are right.
So to do this we need a set of beliefs that help us to see ourselves as being right.
We need to be able to say ‘that is right’.
So he argues that the way people think about the world, their values and their values about the universe are shaped by their prejudices.
So how do we actually think about discrimination?
To begin with, Professor Potter argues that we all tend to think in terms that are about other people.
And so when we hear that someone is prejudiced we tend to feel the need to prove that it is not the case.
So we tend not to think about whether that person actually does or does not experience prejudice.
Professor Matthew Lippard is a sociologist at the Australian National University.
He’s also an expert in social psychology and the human mind.
He describes his work as ‘research of prejudice’ and says there are a number of different ways we can think about prejudice.
He tells us that prejudice is not a bad thing, but a part of life.
It helps us to think clearly and we can act on it.
We can change our beliefs, we can change how we think about people, we are more likely to act towards others who are similar to us.
Professor Lippart says we need more research into the subject, but he says there’s enough evidence to suggest that people often think in a very narrow way about how others should act.
And it is often those beliefs that are the source of prejudice.
But there are also other ways that people might behave towards others, Professor Lett says.
He talks about the way that we might have a problem with someone we have an emotional attachment to.
And we may say ‘I don’t like that person’, and then we don’t want them to be around.
But we also have other beliefs about the nature of other people that might be relevant.
So for example, we might think that ‘some people are bad, that other bad people should be excluded from society’.
We might think of the social construct that is prejudice as a whole.
Professor John Daley is a psychologist at the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management at the Sloan School.
He is also a leading expert on the concept.
Professor Daley says it’s very important that we talk about the phenomenon of prejudice, not just as a group, but about individuals.
We all have prejudices.
And that can lead to some very harmful things.
Professor Anthony Painter is a lecturer in social policy at the Queensland University of Technology.
He studies how racism impacts on the lives of people and the impact of racism on people’s careers.
He also studies discrimination.
So he is interested in how people think and behave, and how racism affects the lives and the careers of those who are disadvantaged.
Professor Painter says racism is about prejudice not necessarily the prejudice itself, but prejudice in relation to others.
So it is about how people perceive others and how those perceptions can shape the way
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We welcome you to explore in greater depth aspects of the National Mall, its history, and challenges to any coherent planning for the future:
- The unique American significance of the design of the Nation’s Capital
- The 1791 L’Enfant Plan, including L’Enfant’s annotations explaining his design ideas, and the 1901-1902 McMillan Commission Plan
- The 1902 McMillan Commission report to Congress on “The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia,” which set out a new plan for the Mall and the capital and is the basis of the majestic Mall we know today
- National Mall Coalition research into serious problems that still need to be addressed — including confusion over how we define the Mall, flood threats, and unresolved design elements such as the unfinished Washington Monument grounds — so that we can protect the historic L’Enfant and McMillan legacy and ensure Mall resilience in the 21st century.
- National Mall Coalition reports and exhibitions on Mall history, needs, and opportunities for advancing the legacy of the Mall in the 21st century
- Photo galleries illustrating crucial themes such as historical flooding and public use of the open space.
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Two regular pentagons and a regular decagon, all with the same side length, can completely surround a point, as shown.
A square, a regular pentagon, and a regular n-gon, all with the same side length, also completely surround a point. Find n
The formula for each corner angle of a regular polygon is (n - 2)(180o) / n
There are 360o around a point.
Each corner angle of a square has 90o.
Each corner angle of a regular pentagon has (5 - 2)(180o) / 5 = 108o.
Subtracting: 360o - 90o - 108o = 162o.
Since each corner angle of this regular polygon has 108o, we can find the number of sides:
(n - 2)(180o)/n = 162o
(n - 2)(180o) = 162o · n
180o·n - 360o = 162o·n
180o·n - 162o·n = 360o
18o·n = 360o
n = 20 sides
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A recent study by Cornell University has disclosed that artificial intelligence (AI) can “listen” to users’ keystrokes, enabling it to predict their passwords with up to 95% accuracy. The AI system was trained on audio recordings of people typing on keyboards, as it learned to identify the distinct sounds generated by each key.
What About My Privacy?
This groundbreaking discovery raises concerns about the potential security risks of AI being utilized in cyber-attacks and highlights the importance of strengthening safeguards in place.
It also emphasizes the need for individuals to adopt strong and unique password strategies and use multi-factor authentications to minimize risks associated with password-related breaches.
Testing the AI System
The researchers evaluated the AI system using a phone’s built-in microphone positioned 17 centimeters from a 2021 MacBook Pro and during Zoom and Skype calls. With these methods, the system attained password identification accuracy rates of 95%, 93%, and 91.7%, respectively.
The high success rate of the AI system emphasizes the potential vulnerability of using passwords during online communications. Users are advised to remain conscious of their surroundings and consider alternative security measures when entering sensitive information during such calls.
Common Oversights in Your Privacy
The research highlights that people frequently hide their screens when inputting passwords but seldom attempt to conceal the sounds produced by their keystrokes. Developments in microphone technology and deep learning have rendered acoustic attacks on keyboards more viable.
Many individuals remain unaware of the potential risks associated with insufficient attention to the audible aspects of typing. It is crucial to promote public awareness about these threats while also encouraging the implementation of more secure technological solutions to prevent acoustic attacks.
Keystroke Analysis Breakthrough
In the study, researchers hit 36 laptop keys 25 times each, modifying the pressure and fingers employed, while the AI assessed the waveform, intensity, and timing of the keystrokes.
The AI could accurately identify the specific keys being pressed with remarkable precision. This breakthrough in keystroke analysis could potentially have a wide range of applications, from improving typing software to enhancing security and authentication systems.
Acoustic-Based Side-Channel Attacks
This kind of cyberattack, referred to as an “acoustic-based side-channel attack,” has existed for decades and involves obtaining sensitive data through unintended sound emissions or vibrations.
Typically, these attacks exploit fluctuations in electronic components such as capacitors, which emit subtle noises called “coil whine.” As technology advances, attackers continue to refine their techniques and develop new methods to infiltrate systems, making it crucial for hardware and software developers to stay vigilant and enhance security measures.
Safeguarding Devices and Personal Data
The growing dependence on smartphones and laptops heightens the risk of such attacks. In real-world situations, malware present on a nearby device with a microphone could acquire users’ keystroke information.
As a result, it has become increasingly important for individuals to take necessary precautions to safeguard their devices and personal data. By regularly updating software, utilizing strong antivirus programs, and being cautious about sharing sensitive information, users can mitigate potential risks related to malware and cyberattacks.
Strengthening Password Combinations
To protect against these attacks, the study recommends changing typing habits and using password combinations that include uppercase and lowercase letters. Incorporating numbers and special characters can also increase the strength and complexity of passwords, making them more difficult for attackers to decipher.
Additionally, utilizing tools like password managers can aid in securely storing unique passwords for various platforms, reducing the likelihood of unauthorized access due to predictable or identical passwords being used across different accounts.
Additionally, researchers are investigating “silent alternatives” to conventional keyboards as a possible solution for improved cybersecurity. These alternatives are focused on providing a more discreet and secure method of inputting information, effectively minimizing the risks associated with eavesdropping and hacking attempts.
Some promising technologies being explored include virtual keyboards, thought-controlled systems, and biometric authentication methods, all of which have the potential to significantly enhance user privacy.
What did the Cornell University study discover?
The study found that AI can predict passwords up to 95% accuracy by “listening” to users’ keystrokes. The AI system was trained on audio recordings of people typing on keyboards, learning to identify the distinct sounds generated by each key.
How was the AI system tested?
The researchers evaluated the AI using a phone’s built-in microphone placed 17 centimeters from a 2021 MacBook Pro and during Zoom and Skype calls. The system accurately identified passwords with rates of 95%, 93%, and 91.7%, respectively.
Why don’t people pay attention to the audible aspects of typing?
Many individuals remain unaware of the potential risks associated with insufficient attention to the audible aspects of typing, as they usually focus on hiding their screens when inputting passwords. More public awareness is needed to address this issue.
What are acoustic-based side-channel attacks?
Acoustic-based side-channel attacks involve obtaining sensitive data through electronic components’ unintended sound emissions or vibrations. They have existed for decades, and attackers continue to refine their techniques as technology advances.
How can users protect themselves from these attacks?
Users can safeguard their devices and personal data by updating software regularly, utilizing strong antivirus programs, being cautious about sharing sensitive information, and adopting strong, unique passwords for their different accounts.
What are some password best practices?
Using password combinations that include both uppercase and lowercase letters, incorporating numbers and special characters, and utilizing tools like password managers can increase password strength and help protect against unauthorized access.
What are some silent alternatives for improved cybersecurity?
Researchers are investigating options such as virtual keyboards, thought-controlled systems, and biometric authentication methods to provide more discreet and secure ways of inputting information, reducing the risks associated with eavesdropping and hacking attempts.
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Backup impedance Protection Working Principle (21G)
The Backup Impedance Protection is used to protect the generator from supplying the over loaded or faulty system and it is a definite time graded protection, for a short circuit phase fault in Generator, Generator Transformer, Bus duct or as back up of uncleaned external network fault. It is backup protection of the generator over current protection. In measures ratio of the voltage from the potential transformer and current from current transformer supplied by the generator and initiates trip signal when the measured impedance is less than the present value.
Backup impedance Protection consist of Two stage operations such as
Stage I initiates the grid circuit breaker tripping
Stage II initiates the Generator circuit breaker tripping
Relays acted :
- 21 G Flag operation at Protection panel.
- Acting of Master relay for grid at stage I and if the fault is uncontrolled, then the generator breaker trips on stage II
- Indication at Annunciation Panel.
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On this day in 1934, Everglades National Park became a national park, according to the U.S. Department of the Interior. The beautiful park has 1.5 million acres of wetlands which are preserved on the southern tip of Florida.
>>Related: Top 10 public parks in Palm Beach County
Many rare and endangered species such as manatees, crocodiles and Florida panthers inhabit Everglades National Park. And today, as the park turns 70 years old, we celebrate this unique part of Florida.
Perhaps a little known fact about the park is it is also home to an abandoned missile site.
A Section Barn at the Nike Missile Site, HM-69, inside Everglades National Park, with an old photo showing the rails the missiles were launched on, November 20, 2013. Crewmen pushed the missiles onto the launchpad, where they were raised to 87 degrees for launch. (Lannis Waters / The Palm Beach Post)Palm Beach Post
A quiet section in Everglades National Park was once very busy during the height of the Cold War with the activity of 140 or so soldiers, who manned Nike Missile Site HM-69, one of four anti-aircraft missile bases in South Florida.
Read more about the missile site and the area they call ‘the hole in the doughnut: "An abandoned missile site in the Everglades - Cold War history, close to home."
font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif !important;
margin:1em 0 .5em 0 !important;
Enjoy more photos of Everglades National Park:
Limestone was mined from pits like this one to construct the main park road through Everglades National Park. (Palm Beach Daily News staff photo)Jeff Langlois
A North American Crocodile suns itself in the Everglades National Park.Tim Chapman
Everglades National Park. (Photo: by Jeff Schrum)
Everglades National Park. (Photo by Peter W. Cross)
#OTD in 1934, President Roosevelt signed legislation to create @EvergladesNPS. RT to help the park celebrate! #Florida pic.twitter.com/vJLyKCybxU— US Dept of Interior (@Interior) May 30, 2017
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Renewable energy is energy which is obtained from natural sources that are replenished as fast as they are used. Generating renewable electricity relies on the utilisation of natural resources - these resources exist in high enough quantity and quality in particular locations across New Zealand.
Back in 2015, New Zealand sourced 40% of its primary energy from renewable sources and 80% of electricity from renewable energy. With an aim to reach 90% renewable electricity generation by the year 2025, New Zealand is well on its way to having one of the largest shares of renewable electricity generation in the world.
Let’s dive deeper into how New Zealand is leading the way in renewable energy:
New Zealand is rich in renewable energy; it already meets much of our energy needs by harnessing the power of power stored in rivers, geothermal fields, lake and woody plants. Throughout the country, we are able to generate clean sources of renewable energy through:
Efficiency of these renewable energy sources is calculated by the cost of fuel, the cost of production and the cost of dealing with environmental damages. Compared to non-renewable energy, this makes renewable energy sources extremely efficient.
While there are still some non-renewable sources used for our energy supply - including fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power - New Zealand is on track to using 100% renewable energy sources by 2025. Overall, this will reduce our carbon footprint and help to further improve the reputation of our country.
Geothermal energy is heat that is generated and then stored in the ground. Here in New Zealand, we have an abundant supply of geothermal energy as we’re located on the boundary between two tectonic plants. This is because the Earth’s crust is thinner and the hot mantle below is much closer to the surface.
Geothermal energy is produced at geothermal power plants by tapping into steam or hot water reservoirs underground; the heat is then used to drive an electrical generator.
Geothermal energy dates back centuries; long before we were turning geothermal energy into electricity, Māori were washing, cooking and warming themselves with the heat directly from the earth’s core!
As this type of energy source is not dependent on weather conditions, geothermal energy supply is consistent and reliable; however, it does require careful monitoring and management to control both water and pressure levels and prevent land depletion and subsidence.
Bioenergy is fuel that is made from renewable organic material, as it now being referred to as “the way of the future”. Bioenergy comes from crops and trees grown for their energy content, and also from by-products such as manure, sewage, straw, vegetable and animal fat and rubbish.
They energy sources are called “biomass feedstocks”. Biomass material captures energy from the sun during photosynthesis and stores the energy as the plant grows. It can be used to produce heat, electricity as well as transport fuel.
Currently, more than 10% of New Zealand’s energy supply comes from bioenergy. By the year 2040, it is estimated that bioenergy could supply as much as 25% of the country’s energy needs! Bioenergy has the potential to increase revenue of $6 billion per year to New Zealand’s economy.
Investing in bioenergy will mean a cleaner environment, more employment and a stronger economy for New Zealand.
New Zealand’s windswept landscape provides us with one of the best wind energy resources in the world. Wind energy is used to turn the blades of a turbine, which spins a shaft, which then connects to a generator to make electricity. The faster the wind blows, the faster the blades will turn and the more electricity is generated.
Wind turbines don’t produce any greenhouse gas emissions as they make electricity, and are easy to remove - this makes wind energy one of the most environmentally friendly energy sources available.
With over 17 wind farms operating across New Zealand, they supply around 6% of the country’s annual electricity generation - which is around the same as powering 300,000 Kiwi homes a year. New Zealand’s wind farms are primarily located in the Lower North Island.
You can actually visit some of these wind farms where you can either walk to lookouts to see the wind turbines on hills or where you can get up and close and personal to a wind turbine. Check out the Best Wellington wind turbine walks here.
Solar energy has been around for over 150 years, and has fast gained popularity across the globe over the past decade. Solar energy is produced through solar electric systems, which use solar cells to convert the sun’s energy into electricity.
Today, there are over 20,000 homes across New Zealand that are using solar energy to power their homes. While this number is small, and only accounts for less than 1% of the country’s total energy generation, the rate is continuously increasing. 10 years across, there were less than 20 households using solar power.
As well as being a clean, green, renewable energy source, solar energy can help you to see drastic savings on your next power bill. Aside from the initial installation costs, solar energy costs very little to obtain free electricity from. Solar energy systems require little maintenance also, and should last for approximately 25 years before requiring replacement.
Although New Zealand produces 80% of its electricity from renewable resources, there are still some other energy resources than our country relies on. These are known as “non-renewable sources” and include fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, oil and uranium.
Back in 2013, fossil fuels - including coal, oil, petroleum and natural gas products - accounted for 25% of all the electricity generated that year. As producing and using fossil fuels can have harmful effects on the environment, New Zealand is looking to eliminate this type of energy source completely.
Nuclear energy is a clean and efficient way of boiling water to make steam, which is used to then turn turbines and produce electricity. While New Zealand remains one of the few nuclear-free countries left in the world, it is currently being considered as another energy source option.
Looking for a no deposit and no credit check Power plan? Here are some NZ power providers available now that don't require a de...
New Zealand ranks among the top 20 countries in the world for fastest broadband, while Australia ranks among the top 55. See th...
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Geothermal heat may be competitive for district heating where a resource with sufficiently high temperatures is available and an adaptable district heating system is in place. Geothermal heat may also be competitive in applications where there is a high, continuous, heat demand and where there is no need for a large distribution system, e.g. in greenhouses. Although geothermal electricity and heat can be competitive under certain conditions, it will be necessary to reduce the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of less conventional geothermal technology.
Geothermal electricity development costs vary considerably as they depend on a wide range of conditions, including resource temperature and pressure, reservoir depth and permeability, fluid chemistry, location, drilling market, size of development, number and type of plants (dry steam, flash, binary or hybrid), and whether the project is a green field site or expansion of an existing plant.
Initial construction costs for geothermal power plants are high because geothermal wells and power plants must be constructed at the same time but the cost of producing electricity over time is lower because geothermal power plants are excellent sources of baseload power.
Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs in geothermal electricity plants are limited, as geothermal plants require no fuel. Typical O&M costs depend on location and size of the facility, type and number of plants, and use of remote control.
Global investment in 2015 was US$2 billion, a 23% setback from 2014. During the period 2010-2014, around US$20 billion were invested in geothermal energy by 49 countries for both direct use and electric power. Figure 1 illustrates the trajectory of yearly new investment in geothermal energy from 2004 to 2015.
5.1.2 Comparative Cost Economics
A number of international energy consultancies (Bloomberg, Lazard) and agencies (IEA, EIA) have assessed the levelised cost of geothermal generation plant compared with its rivals.
While in detail these costs differ depending on the present value of the currency used, capacity factors assumed, and the countries of origin, the relative ranking remains consistent.
In a paper published on 2016, EIA, the U.S. Energy Information Administration, shared its findings of a research on average values of levelized costs (LCOE) for generating technologies entering in service 2018, 2022 and 2040. The report highlights the competitiveness of geothermal energy in the U.S. energy market.
For the capacity weighted average LCOE based on 2015 $/ MWh for plants entering into service in 2022, sees geothermal as very competitive.
Geothermal energy remains a very attractive source of electricity, based on recent data published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Geothermal represents the lowest levelized cost of electricity in comparison to other sources of energy. The report provides also different scenarios, but all see geothermal as highly competitive on a LCOE basis. The above chart therefore provides only an overview for one scenario.
Power plants have greater environmental impacts than geothermal energy direct uses (ex.district heating system), which in turn have greater impacts than geothermal heat pumps. The impacts of geothermal power plants include changes to landscape; emissions into the atmosphere, surface and subsurface waters; noise; land subsidence, seismicity; and solid waste. The impact is generally proportional to the rate of fluid extraction.
Geothermal fluids contain dissolved gasses, commonly carbon dioxide and nitrogen with trace amounts of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. In Table 1 it is presented the typical composition of geothermal gas. When two-phase geothermal fluid is separated into steam and water, or cooled in a heat exchanger, these gases emerge from the solution and are commonly vented to the atmosphere without adverse effects. However, hydrogen sulphide is a hazardous substance and many countries now regulate the management of H2S discharges. The USA and Italy have both mandated the installation of scrubbers to remove hydrogen sulphide from air discharges. Other countries place strict limits on H2S levels in air emissions.
The level of potential adverse environmental effects varies with the intensity of gas emissions. Low and moderate temperature fluids have significantly lower concentrations of dissolved gases than the high temperature, resources. Some of the district heating systems using low grade fluids from sedimentary basins are able to extract and inject geothermal fluids without any venting of gases.
However, “Geothermal power provides significant environmental advantages over fossil fuel power sources in terms of air emissions because geothermal energy production releases no nitrogen oxides (NOx), no sulfur dioxide (SO2), and much less carbon CO2 than fossil-fueled power”.
Air pollution can be virtually eliminated by the use of binary power plant design. That produce very low emission of CO2. For dry steam and flash plants emission of CO2 are 0.02 pounds per kilowatt-hour (lb/kWh), compared to 1.32 lb/kWh from natural gas, 1.97 lb/kWh from oil, and 2.09 lb/kWh from coal.
Water use is an issue with conventional power plants. Even though geothermal plants use water and steam as fuel they use less water than coal, oil or nuclear plants. For geothermal generation, dry steam and flash plants use about 20 liters of freshwater per megawatt-hour of electricity (MWhe) produced, while binary air-cooled plants use no fresh water.
This is an extremely low amount compared to coal plants which use 1,370 liters per MWh e, oil plants which use about 1160 liters per MWhe or nuclear plants which use about 1700 liters per MWhe (Lund 2006, 50).
In the case of direct-use application, the discharge of effluent is a potential source of pollution. Low and moderate temperature geothermal fluids, usually used in direct-use applications, typically contain low levels of chemicals and the discharge of effluent is rarely a major problem (Dickson and Fanelli 2004, 55).
Thermal pollution is a concern, particularly for aquatic environments, and a 2 to 3 °C increase in the temperature of a body of water as a result of discharging effluent could damage an ecosystem.
Although binary geothermal power plants emit very low emissions they create significant waste heat. Cogeneration in which the waste heat is utilized for producing power or heating, and the implementation of cascading uses is recommended to reduce the amount of waste heat. Cascading uses is the use of geothermal wastewater for multiple applications at decreasing temperatures. For example, wastewater from power generation is still hot enough to be used for space heating, followed by agricultural use, balneology, and finally fish farming.
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Yellow wallpaper essay questions
The yellow wallpaper study guide contains a biography of charlotte perkins gilman, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and. The yellow wallpaper is the most famous work by charlotte perkins gilman here are a few questions for study and discussion. This list of important quotations from “the yellow wallpaper” will help you work with the essay topics and thesis statements above by allowing you to support your. Cate graman 5/28/09 english 111 bleck “the yellow wallpaper” by charlotte perkins gillman deals with the oppression of women during the 19th century. Visit our blog to read the yellow wallpaper essay prepared to help our students to succeed better in their studies. The yellow wallpaper essay the yellow wallpaper essay one has to question whether the woman is a reliable source in the story or if she has become. “the yellow wallpaper” written by charlotte perkins gilman is gothic psychological short story written in journal-style with first-person narrative other. More information: the narrator of “the yellow wallpaper” declares, “congenial work would do me good but what is one to do (par 14-15.
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Yellow wallpaper essay questions
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|blast (blst)|n. 1.
a. A very strong gust of wind or air.
b. The effect of such a gust.
2. A forcible stream of air, gas, or steam from an opening, especially one in a blast furnace to aid combustion.
a. A sudden loud sound, especially one produced by a stream of forced air: a piercing blast from the steam whistle.
b. The act of producing such a sound: gave a blast on his trumpet.
a. A violent explosion, as of dynamite or a bomb.
b. The violent effect of such an explosion, consisting of a wave of increased atmospheric pressure followed immediately by a wave of decreased pressure.
c. An explosive charge.
5. Botany Any of several plant diseases of diverse causes, resulting in sudden death of buds, flowers, foliage, or young fruits.
6. A destructive or damaging influence.
7. A powerful hit, blow, or shot.
8. A violent verbal assault or outburst: The candidate leveled a blast at her opponent.
9. Slang A highly exciting or pleasurable experience or event, such as a big party.
v. blast·ed, blast·ing, blasts
1. To knock down or shatter by or as if by explosion; smash.
2. To play or sound loudly: The referees blasted their whistles.
a. To hit with great force: The batter blasted the ball to right field.
b. To kill or destroy by hitting or shooting.
4. To have a harmful or destructive effect on.
5. To cause to shrivel, wither, or mature imperfectly by or as if by blast or blight: crops that were blasted by frost.
6. To make or open by or as if by explosion: blast a tunnel through the mountains.
7. To criticize or attack vigorously.
1. To use or detonate explosives.
2. To emit a loud, intense sound; blare: speakers blasting at full volume.
3. To wither or shrivel or mature imperfectly.
4. To criticize or attack with vigor.
5. To shoot.
6. Electronics To distort sound recording or transmission by overloading a microphone or loudspeaker.
To take off, as a rocket.
At full speed, volume, or capacity: turned the radio up full blast.
[Middle English, from Old English blst
; see bhl-
in Indo-European roots.]
Synonyms: blast, blight, dash1, nip1, wreck
These verbs mean to have a pernicious, destructive, or ruinous effect on something: actions that blasted the chance for peace; hopes blighted by ill wishes; ambitions dashed by lack of funds; plans nipped in the bud; a life wrecked by depression.
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A context clue is a form of information (such as a definition, synonym, antonym, or example) that appears near a word or phrase and offers direct or indirect suggestions about its meaning in reading and listening.
Context clues are far more commonly discovered in nonfiction texts compared to fiction, although they are often present in kids’ literary works, usually using the aim to build readers’ vocabulary. Terms may have numerous definitions, so to https://datingmentor.org/escort/pomona/ be able to infer the best meaning from context is really a valuable reading comprehension ability.
Kinds of Context Clues
One method to learn brand new words is through the context associated with terms around them. We infer this is of those expressed terms from what’s happening or exactly what was already created in the written text.
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Divided loyalties led to state’s founding and continue to this day
By Michael M. Barrick
On June 20, 1863, West Virginia became the nation’s 35th state. It was the only state born out of the Civil War. That legacy of birth in our nation’s greatest internal conflict has dominated the state’s history and continues to this day.
In short, West Virginia was – and is – a state of divided loyalties. While a state comprised of intensely proud and independent-minded people, its progress has been largely hindered by these ongoing conflicts of loyalty. Indeed, this history calls into question the state’s motto – Montani Semper Liberi (Latin for “Mountaineers are always Free”).
An honest exploration of the state’s history is a study in outside forces raiding the state’s natural resources, even as those who labored to harvest those resources were left in and remain in poverty. From the removal of virtually all of the state’s virgin forests in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the proud but mixed history of coal mining, to the current debate over the benefits and harm of natural gas fracturing (fracking) are all causes for the divided loyalties.
However, this conflict of cultures began even before the state’s founding. A brief look at the role played by prominent citizens of Harrison County during the Civil War illustrates just how nuanced the history of the 55-county state – and the only state situated entirely in Appalachia – is.
Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson, one of the most revered generals of the Confederacy, was born in Clarksburg, the seat of Harrison County. Born on Main Street in 1824, Jackson graduated from West Point, served in the Mexican-American War and then began a career as a teacher at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington Va. It was there that he was working and living when the Civil War started in 1861. He immediately sided with the South and was famous in short order for his brilliant and determined military strategy. His legacy as a hero was forever cemented upon his death from friendly fire in May 1863.
Just one month later, the region he left behind was formed as a Union-friendly state. Ironically, it was also Harrison County residents that were among those most responsible for the establishment of West Virginia. John S. Carlisle and other Harrison County leaders were among those who led the Wheeling Conventions (May and June 1861), which ultimately repealed the Ordinance of Secession passed by Virginia.
Two years later, West Virginia was a state, established by proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln. The history of divided loyalties had begun.
It has been most evident in recent years because of the practice and impact of coal mining known as Mountain Top Removal (MTR). Today, one cannot travel the highways of West Virginia without passing countless cars with competing bumper stickers regarding the issue. Those in favor of MTR and generally supportive of the coal mining industry sport bumper stickers that read “Friends of Coal.” Those opposed to MTR and generally concerned about the human and environmental degradation that is synonymous with the industry, display bumper stickers that assert, “I heart (heart symbol) mountains.”
Even more recently, the introduction of fracking, especially in the northern regions of the state, has created significant divisions. There is no disputing that the gas industry is providing the region with many decent-paying jobs. For an area that has been economically depressed for more than 40 years, these jobs are welcomed. Yet, fracking is not without consequences. The neighboring state of Ohio, for example, is presently studying the process as a man-made cause of earthquakes. In addition, questions remain as to whether ground water is impacted by the process. Furthermore, the weight of the tanker trucks and other heavy equipment required for the process are ruining roads throughout the region. It also makes for dangerous driving on narrow roads. Finally, the question of mineral rights is causing conflict, as fracking companies are benefitting from laws that allow them to extract gas from land despite landowner’s objections.
Sandwiched in between the Civil War and the current “War on Coal” (as described by coal interests) are numerous examples of conflicted loyalties.
Perhaps the most famous is the West Virginia Coal Wars of the early 1920s. Coal miners, upset with conditions in the coal mines and company-owned towns and stores, broke into open revolt, leading to The Battle of Blair Mountain. Ironically, a modern-day Battle of Blair Mountain continues over MTR.
Another mining disaster in the winter of 1972 along Buffalo Creek in southern West Virginia left at least 125 people dead, another 1,100 injured and at least 4,000 homeless. Additionally, the state has a long history of mine disasters, the most recent being at Upper Big Branch in Raleigh County.
This history of conflict – in particular over the benefits and harms of coal mining – was captured beautifully by West Virginia native Kathy Mattea on her CD, “Coal.” Anyone who has been blessed to hear Ms. Mattea perform from this work understands just how conflicted the people of the state are. The jobs are welcomed – and needed. The thousands of deaths in the coalfields and the environmental destruction are not.
So, today, all throughout the Mountain State, people will celebrate its birthday. I will too, in my hometown of Clarksburg. I will do so, however, with a conflicted heart. I am sure I am not the only one.
© Michael Barrick / Appalachian Chronicle, 2014.
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Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela. Check out the full taxonomy and distribution of Yellow-rumped Cacique on HBW Alive. HBW Alive contains information on. Yellow-rumped Cacique · Cacicus cela · (Linnaeus, ) foreground recordings and background recordings of Cacicus cela. Total recording. Yellow-rumped caciques (Cacicus cela) are widespread across northern South America. They can be found east of the Andes Mountains throughout the.
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Robinson, ; Trainer, ; Webster, Competing males use songs to establish dominance.
Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela cela. Nestlings fledge when their weight reaches approximately 50 to 88 g, at about 25 days after hatching. As ceal males, size plays in important role in female dominance.
Males also have a short black crest, lacking in the female. Colonies share 5 to 7 song dialects that differ from other colonies and are changed throughout the breeding season. Songs are acquired through two phases: They also hunt in caiccus canopies for caterpillers and other invertebrates.
Yellow-rumped Cacique (Cacicus cela) – BirdLife species factsheet
Only subscribers are able to see the bibliography. They can be found east of the Andes Mountains throughout the Amazon Basin.
Total recording duration 4: This page was last edited on 19 Octoberat Females compete for the best sites near the protection of the wasp nest. Lowther, ; Ridgely and Tudor, Biogeographic Regions neotropical native Habitat Yellow-rumped caciques typically do not live deep inside forests. The bird’s appearance is thought to augur good news.
Yellow-rumped caciques are also subject to many nest predators. Neotropical living in the southern part of the New World. Other than ccicus with females and protecting their territories, males play no part in parental care.
Females build the nests, incubate the eggs, and feed the young. Iranduba, Amazonas Ilha da Marchantaria.
Males mate with many females, but are limited by their ability to obtain and protect the females. Stelopolybia fuscipennis is a species of wasp that has been seen to drive away monkeys.
Canaday, ; Trainer and Parsons, After about 25 days, young birds are able to fly on their own. Status and conservation Not globally threatened Least Concern.
Female mass fluctuates between 60 and cfla g throughout the process. Offspring mature in about two years, after having memorized most of the songs they will need in communication. Females also compete with one another within a colony. Eggs hatch about 15 days later and a single 2 to 3 g bird emerges. Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacius cela. Other birds are “mobbed” by the colony when they posed a threat to nests.
Meyer De Schauensee, R. This article includes a list of ccicusbut its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.
Robinson, ; Trainer and Parsons, ; Trainer, Primary Diet omnivore Animal Foods insects terrestrial non-insect arthropods terrestrial worms Plant Foods fruit nectar Predation Yellow-rumped caciques are vulnerable to predators while searching for food in the understory. Robinson, ; Trainer accicus Parsons, ; Trainer, In driving away other bird species, colony size is important.
Re-nesting occurs at least once during the cacicue season. The breeding season for yellow-rumped caciques lasts eight months, from July to February. Male dominance is measured by size and counter-singing. It is curious that the bird has no problem for having its offspring in the middle of the town, where caciccus should be subject of stress, because of the human activity and the noisy music. Yellow-rumped Cacique is very social, breeding in colonies that can range from nests.
Yellow-rumped caciques do not appear to provide direct economic benefit to humans. Thanks very much caccicus pointing out this ugly error! Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Yellow-rumped caciques typically do not live deep inside forests. Behavior Yellow-rumped caciques are social birds.
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“Right now, your body is being stretched and squeezed.” So Harry Ward from the University of Glasgow tells me as I try to get my head round the head-scratching concept of gravitational waves. “Typical gravitational waves that are passing through you at the moment are probably stretching your feet and head apart maybe a billion trillionth of a metre,” he says.
Gravity, according to Ward, is the master of the Universe. “It’s what controls the Universe on the grandest scales. Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time.”
These ripples permeate out from violent events like colliding black holes or exploding stars. These waves were predicted almost 100 years ago by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, but physicists deem gravity to be a weak force, and the predicted effects of gravitational waves from distant events are almost unimaginably small. So small, that no one has yet detected them in experiments. That is what Ward’s team, and its international partners, is trying to do. The trouble is that it may take some time.
In his narrow, windowless lab crammed with equipment, Ward points at what he hopes will help reveal one of the universe’s biggest secrets. Pride of place among shelves stacked with computers and oscilloscopes, and a bench strewn with electronic components, is a laptop-sized square of smoked glass covered in rectangular glass mirrors, standing upright like dominoes.
“This,” exclaims Ward proudly, “is an interferometer – an assembly of mirrors used to direct laser beams.” It is the prototype for an instrument that will use lasers to measure – to a thousandth of one millionth of a millimetre – the position of two free-floating 46mm gold-platinum cubes inside a spacecraft. The real instrument has just been shipped off to Germany to be integrated into Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (Lisa) Pathfinder, the first stage of a Europe-led effort to measure gravitational waves.
However, this ambition is so challenging that the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Lisa Pathfinder mission will not be attempting to measure gravitational waves, but instead proving the technology works for a spacecraft that might. This brings to mind the Deep Thought computer in the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which produces the answer to life, the universe and everything, but has to design another computer to calculate what the question actually is.
What all the physicists around the world working on Lisa Pathfinder really want to build is a mission, known as eLisa, consisting of three spacecraft, flying in space some million or so kilometres apart. Each would contain a free-floating cube, or test mass, the theory being that any relative movement between these masses would be caused by gravitational waves.
For that to work, the masses have to be completely isolated from all other external forces. This includes movement of the spacecraft, stray electrical forces and locally fluctuating gravitational forces – caused by planets and the like. They cannot be allowed to expand or contract through heat or cold and have to survive the traumas of launch and separation – going from our atmosphere to the vacuum of space. These masses need to be completely free floating, with the spacecraft built around them.
“But,” confesses Ward, “it’s been difficult to convince people we’re so clever!”
So, Lisa Pathfinder is a “stepping stone” mission to prove the technology for this ambitious gravitational wave experiment actually works. The Lisa Pathfinder payload – now being put together in Germany – will contain two of these test masses, only 40cm apart. They will be held in special chambers and the spacecraft’s position controlled with new “micro-thrusters” to within a thousandth of one millionth of a metre. When the payload is fully assembled it will come to the UK to be fitted into the main spacecraft, which is ready and waiting.
Soundtrack of the universe
While no-one doubts that gravitational waves exist, several efforts to detect them from Earth have so far failed. Ward hopes that searching for them in space – where they are not swamped by Earth’s gravity – is the right approach, and that the technology developed in Lisa Pathfinder will be good enough to finally catch them. “You can take this as a building block, make a copy of it to put into eLisa and we’re confident it will work,” says Ward.
The Pathfinder mission is due for launch in 2015 but eLisa has yet to get its chance to fly. Despite receiving overwhelming backing from a peer review board of European scientists, that mission was shelved in favour of the Juice mission to Jupiter’s icy moons. Right now, eLISA is re-entering the competition for ESA’s next big launch slot. If successful, it could be heading into space by 2030.
Proving Einstein right would, in itself, be something of a big deal. But if we could measure these gravitational waves and trace them back to their origins, the possibilities for astronomy could be enormous.
“Everything we know to date has come through observations of the electromagnetic spectrum,” explains Ward. “But that’s a very narrow window – gravitational wave astronomy offers a completely new way of probing the Universe.” Gravitational waves relate more to acoustic waves, and so will allow us for the first time to “hear” the universe – enabling astronomers to probe some of the most extreme and violent events that have shaped and continue to shape its evolution, like the formation and growth of massive black holes.
If this mission (before a mission) is successful, and eLisa is built, a whole new Universe would be opened up before us. The invisible cosmos will begin to come into focus, and we might finally begin to catch up with the brilliance of Einstein’s mind.
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While hearing aids can be helpful for most people with hearing loss, there are some for whom hearing aids either do not help or help insufficiently. In such cases, cochlear implants can be helpful and are being used by more people with severe and profound hearing loss who no longer benefit from hearing aids. A cochlear implant consists of an internal and external component. The internal component is surgically inserted under the skin behind the ear, and a narrow wire is threaded into the inner ear. The external component, which looks somewhat like a behind-the-ear hearing aid, is connected to the internal one through the skin via an external magnetic disk.
Incoming sounds are converted to electrical currents and directed to a number of contact points on the internal wire. This operation creates an electrical field which directly stimulates the auditory nerve, thus bypassing the defective inner ear. Unlike hearing aids, cochlear implants convert sound waves to electrical impulses and transmit them to the inner ear, providing people with the ability to hear sounds and potentially better understand speech without reading lips.
The cochlear implant has become widely recognized as an established treatment for profound hearing loss.
According to Steven Marcrum, Otolaryngology, Pediatrics, Speech and Language Pathology University Hospital Regensburg It is very tempting and common for parents of young, hard of hearing children to want to wait for the next big break-through in gene therapy, cochlear implant technology, etc. The fact remains, however, that for children with thresholds beyond around 70 dBHL (perhaps even slightly less), results with cochlear implants are generally superior to results with hearing aids. Structurally, the internal components of cochlear implants should last a lifetime. However, with a future of implantable microphones, capabilities for maybe hundreds of electrodes using nano-technology, and a myriad of other advances, it is questionable whether someone implanted today might not consider re-implantation with a more modern device 40 years down the road.
However, we also know that time is of the essence, with results decreasing significantly beyond around the 4 year of life. Therefore, given the outstanding results obtained with modern CIs, it is advisable to implant now to allow for brain development and to consider advances as they arrive. If you miss the critical period, I do not think it will really matter what technologies are available. The brain simply will not catch up. The external components can, of course, be swapped out as newer technologies develop.
While the future will eventually bring new treatments (and hopefully a cure) for deafness, cochlear implants are the best, long term solution for those who are beyond the reach of hearing aids. I certainly do not see anything coming in the next 20 years that would give me pause in implanting a patient today.
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The Cossacks are an amorphous culture with old origins, descendants of escaped serfs and outcasts who formed societies on the fringes of medieval Russia in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were free-spirited and excellent warriors, prizing their independence and democratic rule. Good horsemen, Cossacks were often employed in the services of the Muscovy, and later Russia, as scouts, police, and cavalrymen. They upheld the autocratic rule of the Tsars, often brutally.
Over 350,000 Cossacks fought in the Russian Army during World War One. They terrified their enemies and enchanted their allies with their ferocious and exotic appearance. On the Eastern Front their prowess was demonstrated in reconnaissance and countless cavalry skirmishes, and when called upon to fight as infantry in the trenches they preferred to die fighting rather than surrender. In battle they used sabres and lances, their carbines slung over the shoulder.
When the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917, Cossacks were to be found on both sides of the burgeoning civil war. However, the vast majority fought on the side of the Whites against the Bolsheviks, for which they were punished by the victorious Reds after the end of the war in 1921. A harsh policy of “decossackization” wracked the Cossack community, and under Stalin the Cossacks were mercilessly purged. When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 during the Second World War, many Cossacks chose to fight alongside the invaders in hopes of ending communist rule and restoring their traditional privileges.
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Around a third of the world’s population is infected with the TB bacteria and approximately 9 million new cases of active TB are diagnosed around the world each year, according to World Health Organisation estimates. The majority of those infected live in the developing world.
The new ELISpot blood test is able to identify patients with a significant risk of developing the active form of TB, according to the study, carried out by researchers from Imperial College London working with international colleagues.
Patients with active TB experience the symptoms of the disease, which include fever, persistent cough, and loss of appetite, whereas patients with the dormant, ‘latent’ form of TB do not. Treatment can prevent many patients with latent TB from progressing to active TB.
The researchers believe that the ELISpot blood test can enable preventative treatment to be targeted in a more focused way than the tuberculin skin test. Unlike the blood test, the skin test commonly gives falsely positive results if a patient has previously been vaccinated against TB.
The blood test will allow doctors to identify and treat those who need preventative treatment whilst reducing the numbers treated unnecessarily, thus avoiding the attendant risks of drug side-effects, according to the researchers. This is especially important in the developing world where there are limited resources for both testing and treatment.
Today’s research looked at 908 children in Istanbul, Turkey, who had recently been exposed to TB in their household. Of these, 594 tested positive for latent TB using the ELISpot blood test, the skin test, or both.
Of 550 children who tested positive for TB with the skin test, 12 went on to develop active TB. Fewer children tested positive for TB with the blood test (381), but the test still picked up 11 of the 12 children who went on to develop active TB.
Children with a positive ELISpot blood test result had approximately a four-fold higher risk of developing TB disease than children with a negative result. A higher proportion of children with a positive ELISpot blood test result developed TB disease compared to children with a positive TB skin test.
As a precautionary measure, 76% of the children in the study had been given prophylactic treatment to prevent them from developing active TB. This meant that the researchers could not determine the proportion of children who would have gone on to develop active disease had they remained untreated. Nonetheless, the study identified a significant risk for children with a positive ELISpot blood test result of developing active TB, despite the majority having received treatment, and this risk is therefore an underestimate of the risk in untreated children.
Professor Ajit Lalvani, the lead author of the study and a Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Research Fellow at the Centre for Respiratory Infection at Imperial College London, said: “A lot of people in places like the UK think of TB as being an old disease that we no longer need to worry about, but even in this country the numbers of cases have been rising for almost 20 years. Outside the developed world, TB has reached pandemic proportions and still causes an immense amount of suffering and death.
“Our study shows that new tools like the blood test can help tackle the global pandemic. We now know that the blood test really helps to target treatment to those who most need it in order to prevent them from developing active TB. Building on this work, we are now validating a next generation of tests that have been developed by our TB Task Force at Imperial,” added Professor Lalvani.
The ELISpot test, which was created by Professor Lalvani and colleagues, works by detecting a protein signal, known as interferon-gamma, released by white blood cells of the immune system in response to TB infection. The test has been recommended for use alongside the skin test in around 20 countries worldwide, including the EU and North America.
Professor Lalvani leads a new, specially created TB Task Force at Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, who together have formed an Academic Health Science Centre (AHSC). The AHSC aims to bring the benefits of research to patients much more quickly than ever before. The TB Task Force carries out research to develop and deploy effective new weapons in the battle against TB.
This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust; the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases; and the Sir Halley Stewart Trust.
New study: How does Europe become a leading player for software and IT services?
03.04.2017 | Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung (ISI)
Reusable carbon nanotubes could be the water filter of the future, says RIT study
30.03.2017 | Rochester Institute of Technology
An international team of physicists has monitored the scattering behaviour of electrons in a non-conducting material in real-time. Their insights could be beneficial for radiotherapy.
We can refer to electrons in non-conducting materials as ‘sluggish’. Typically, they remain fixed in a location, deep inside an atomic composite. It is hence...
Two-dimensional magnetic structures are regarded as a promising material for new types of data storage, since the magnetic properties of individual molecular building blocks can be investigated and modified. For the first time, researchers have now produced a wafer-thin ferrimagnet, in which molecules with different magnetic centers arrange themselves on a gold surface to form a checkerboard pattern. Scientists at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute at the University of Basel and the Paul Scherrer Institute published their findings in the journal Nature Communications.
Ferrimagnets are composed of two centers which are magnetized at different strengths and point in opposing directions. Two-dimensional, quasi-flat ferrimagnets...
An Australian-Chinese research team has created the world's thinnest hologram, paving the way towards the integration of 3D holography into everyday...
In the race to produce a quantum computer, a number of projects are seeking a way to create quantum bits -- or qubits -- that are stable, meaning they are not much affected by changes in their environment. This normally needs highly nonlinear non-dissipative elements capable of functioning at very low temperatures.
In pursuit of this goal, researchers at EPFL's Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements LPQM (STI/SB), have investigated a nonlinear graphene-based...
Dental plaque and the viscous brown slime in drainpipes are two familiar examples of bacterial biofilms. Removing such bacterial depositions from surfaces is...
23.05.2017 | Event News
22.05.2017 | Event News
17.05.2017 | Event News
23.05.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
23.05.2017 | Life Sciences
23.05.2017 | Medical Engineering
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Sort # _______ Name _______________________ Date _____________ Instructor _______________
Chem 110: Quiz 11 (~25 Minutes)
Directions: Write answers in the spaces provided. Report all answers to the appropriate number of significant figures and with the correct units. SHOW ALL WORK!
Required Questions (practice pp. 236-240)
- How many joules of heat are required to raise the temperature of 10.1 grams H2O gas from 101°C to 213°C?
Achievement Questions (practice pp. 236-240)
- An unknown mass of aluminum at 85°C is added to 49.0 g of water at 17°C. What is the mass of the Al if the final temperature of the mixture is 31°C?
- A 2.50-gram sample of unknown material changes temperature from 16.4°C to 84.1°C when 22 calories of heat are added. What is the heat capacity of this unknown material?
- How many joules of heat are needed to vaporize 4.50 kg of liquid water at exactly 100°C?
- What is the density of gaseous C2H2 at 2.46 atm and 84°C?
- A 9.10-gram sample of O2 gas at −48°C gains 340. calories of heat. What is the final temperature of the gaseous oxygen?
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.” Aristotle
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Congenital Femoral Deficiency
Also known as: CFD, congenital short femur, proximal femoral focal deficiency.
What is congenital femoral deficiency?
The femur is the upper leg bone that connects the knee to the hip. In some children, a birth defect causes the femur to be shorter than it should be. This lead to other developmental issues, such as deformity and instability of the hip and knee. Congenital femoral deficiency typically impacts just one femur, though it can affect both.
What causes congenital femoral deficiency?
In many cases, the cause of congenital femoral deficiency is unknown. Contributing factors can include genetic abnormalities, exposure to drugs, chemical or viruses in utero and other medical conditions.
What are the symptoms of congenital femoral deficiency?
The short femur often leads to a knee or hip that is unstable, which leads to problems with walking and movement. The condition can present visible symptoms such as a shortened femur, or one that is flexed or rotated at an unusual angle. It is often accompanied by other issues, such as lower leg disorders, foot abnormalities, and joint instabilities.
What are congenital femoral deficiency care options?
Treatment for congenital femoral deficiency can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition. For minor cases, observation, exercises and physical therapy may be appropriate. In more severe instances where mobility is greatly impacted, the child may require a limb lengthening procedure that gradually stretches the limb over time to help it match the other limb. Other children may require prosthetic legs, joints or feet in order to move properly as they age. Additional procedures that are sometimes necessary include knee arthrodesis, hip stabilization, hip/pelvic osteotomy and others.
Reviewed by: Scott J Schoenleber, MD
This page was last updated on: 6/21/2019 2:26:02 AM
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Basically, uneven cash flows refer to a series of unequal payments made over a given period of time. For example, one may receive the following annual payments over a five year period: $500 US Dollars (USD), $300 USD, $400 USD, $250 USD and $750 USD. On the other hand, if the regular payments were fixed to a particular amount, then the cash flows would be equal. For instance, one may receive a $500 USD annual payment, which is also known as an annuity. Moreover, uneven cash flows may be associated with all sorts of financial situations including capital budgeting.
In finance, capital budgeting is basically the process of making decisions pertaining to long-term investments. During this process, managers may use various financial management tools to forecast and estimate the value of spotty cash flows associated with a particular investment. This will give them a basis with which to make the decision of either accepting or rejecting the project.
Both fixed and uneven cash flows are vital elements of valuing all types of investments. Financial managers use financial formulas to find the present value of a series of future cash flows. This process helps them calculate the fair value of the investment in question. For example, a financial manager may calculate that the present value of a series of uneven cash flows is $1,000 USD. If this stream of spotty cash flows was produced by a given asset, then he or she may decide that the maximum he or she is willing to pay for the asset is the present value, which is the $1,000 USD.
Another example of a series of uneven cash flows is the payments received from investing in what are known as non-conventional bonds. Unlike common bonds, also known as vanilla bonds, non-conventional bonds do not pay a regular fixed coupon or interest rate. These bonds include index-linked bonds, named so for being linked to an index, such as the consumer price index (CPI) that measures the inflation rate. With these bonds, the cash flows reflect the changes in the index to which they are linked.
To illustrate, consider a hypothetical index-linked bond with cash flows tied to the changes in CPI. Suppose that after its issuance, the bond pays a $100 USD in interest. In the following year, however, if the CPI rose by a given percentage rate, then the interest payment would rise accordingly. For example, it may rise to $105 USD. In a nutshell, it is rather difficult to estimate the cash flows associated with such a bond with certainty as the changes in CPI will spawn uneven cash flows.
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Astronomers analyzing early data from the powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have uncovered the oldest and most distant black hole ever observed, one that formed just 680 million years after the Big Bang at the dawn of the universe.
Massive Black Hole Defies Expectations About Early Universe
The black hole, named J0313-1806, is estimated to have a mass over 1 billion times that of our sun – making it a supermassive black hole. This unexpectedly large size so early in the universe’s history challenges assumptions about how quickly these behemoths could form after the Big Bang .
“The discovery of such a massive black hole when the universe was less than a billion years old raises serious questions about what we thought we knew about the early days of the universe,” said astronomer Priyamvada Natarajan of Yale University, part of the team making the discovery .
The findings were published January 16 in the journal Nature Astronomy after analysis of Webb images taken in July 2022 . Webb’s extreme sensitivity in infrared wavelengths was key to finding the ancient black hole.
Feasting Black Hole Was Hard To Detect Before Webb
While stars and dust obscure views of the black hole, enough radiation escapes as material falls into the black hole that Webb could detect its signature . The black hole sits at the center of a galaxy 800 million lightyears away, distorting and devouring surrounding material.
“This black hole is feasting very rapidly to have grown to over a billion solar masses so quickly after the Big Bang,” said another Yale astronomer, Niel Brandt. Astronomers plan to keep observing the black hole to learn more about its growth and behavior over time .
Prior to Webb, tracing black holes back so close to the beginning of the universe had not been possible. Even the Hubble Space Telescope lacked the sensitivity to peer so far into infrared wavelengths .
Implications Across Cosmology Still Unfolding
The unexpectedly massive size of this primordial black hole will require reworking theories about the early universe after the Big Bang. Current models of black hole and galaxy formation do not predict black holes growing this quickly, this large after the universe began .
“While we expected to find early black holes with Webb, the stunning size of this one so early in the universe posed a genuine surprise,” said MIT astrophysicist Amber Straughn, deputy project scientist for Webb . “Clearly, our understanding of black holes falls way short of reality. We have much to learn still about how the magnificent giants we see today were born.”
Some theories may need reworking to account for rapid early formations of massive black holes. Upcoming Webb observations promise to uncover more hidden black holes from the early cosmos.
“This is merely the first peek into the early universe and its abundant black holes with Webb,” said Yale astronomer Chris Carilli, also on the observation team. “As we analyze more data, we will learn even more about the monsters lurking in the distant, dark early universe.”
Key Details About Ancient Black Hole Discovery
|Formed 680 million years after Big Bang
|Over 1 billion solar masses
|800 million lightyears from Earth
|Infrared imaging via James Webb Space Telescope
Questions Remain About What Feeds First Black Holes
A related mystery is just how these early behemoth black holes had enough material to feed on to grow so massive so quickly. Current models of the early universe do not indicate large reservoirs of gas and dust that could fuel such rapid black hole evolution.
“The key question is what fed the beast to make it grow so undesirably quickly,” said Johns Hopkins University astronomer Elena Gallo. “We still don’t understand the full picture of the cosmic food sources, the environment, that bred such hungry, gluttonous infants in the young universe.”
Some theories suggest collisions of stars, gas, or black holes themselves during busy galaxy mergers could supply enough matter. Or early black holes may have had easier access to vast supplies of pristine matter before it coalesced into stars and galaxies.
Conclusion: Webb Poised To Uncover More Hidden Black Hole Histories
The unexpected discovery highlights how even our most advanced instruments and theories do not yet fully capture the wonders and mysteries lurking in our universe’s past. But the Webb telescope’s tremendous sensitivity, just 6 months into its mission of transforming astronomy, means more unexpected findings surely lie ahead.
“What else is out there in the early universe that we’ve been missing?” wonders Yale astronomer Ivelina Momcheva. “If this black hole exists at a time when we didn’t think it could exist, what else is there left to find? Webb has opened a portal into an uncharted territory in cosmology, the very earliest epochs of our universe.”
Upcoming years of Webb observations promise to rewrite assumptions, reveal more hidden black holes dotting the ancient universe, and continue unraveling the epic mysteries about the origins of massive giants that still perplex and astonish us.
To err is human, but AI does it too. Whilst factual data is used in the production of these articles, the content is written entirely by AI. Double check any facts you intend to rely on with another source.
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Football: The Autumn Sport
Cheers fill the air and school colors brighten the crowd when football brings fans together in the autumn. The sport of football got its start in our nation's colleges. Based on the English game of rugby, American football started in 1879 with rules established by Walter Camp, player and coach at Yale University.
A Rough Sport in the Past
Football is a rough and brutal sport today but it was rougher still in the past. There were few rules to protect the players' safety. Early players wore no protective equipment. There were no helmets. The teams wore "white painter's pants" turned up to the knees. Cotton cloths provided the knee and hip pads. Footwear consisted of old pairs of shoes with leather cleats nailed into the soles. Unfair play and dangerous tactics caused serious injury and even death. At first, some colleges decided not to include football in their athletic programs. Officials finally changed the rules to prevent so much brutality.
In the Midwest, football had become a part of college athletics by the 1890s. High schools also formed teams when they could get enough players together. Buena Vista College in Storm Lake for example, once included both high school and college students on the football team. At first, there was no regular schedule. Teams just challenged one another. By 1900 strong rivalries had developed between college teams and this rivalry quickly became part of the sport for both players and spectators.
Early Football in Iowa
Early football teams did not always complete on level playing fields. The artificial turf used on some fields today hadn’t yet been invented. In the early 1900s, the playing field at Buena Vista College for example, was not level at all. The 50-yard line was in a valley with a hill at either end. The team with the ball moved downhill toward the center of the field. To score a touchdown they ran the ball uphill. Field equipment included goal posts constructed from six two-by-fours and a sack of lime.
A White Sport
In addition to high school and college teams, there were professional football teams in cities around the country. Iowa had no professional football teams but any Iowa players black or white, could go out of state to play if they were good enough. But in 1933 this changed. In that year, black players were no longer hired for professional play. This continued until 1946, after the close of World War II.
But even before 1933, black players on Iowa's college teams faced discrimination and often felt that they had to play harder and better than their white teammates in order to justify their place on the team. In 1923, this happened to Jack Trice, an African-American Iowa State University football player. Because of discrimination, Trice believed he must be outstanding when he did get the chance to play in his first game. The young player wrote down his thoughts before a game against Minnesota:
My thoughts just before the first real college game of my life; the honor of my race, family and self is at stake. Everyone is expecting me to do big things. I will. My whole body and soul are to be thrown recklessly about the field. Every time the ball is snapped, I will be trying to do more than my part.
Jack Trice died as a result of injuries he received during that game. The Jack Trice Stadium at Iowa State University in Ames was later named in his honor.
After World War II, racial attitudes began to change but problems of discrimination and fairness continue to challenge athletic teams at all levels. Football remains a popular sport in Iowa as old rivalries are renewed each fall. High school football games bring communities together on Friday nights while college games draw thousands of Iowans to stadiums across the state each weekend.
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This article describes how to use Support Vector Machine in machine learning, along with SVM free online Guide in detail, so you can decide if this technique is right for your problem set.
Data analytics have become increasingly important to the world of business, and it’s easy to see why; if you can use the information at your disposal to make smarter, more informed decisions, you’re probably going to be better off in the long run.
That’s where support vector machine (SVMs) come in, as they are one of the best tools out there when it comes to analyzing data, especially in fields like medicine and finance that often deal with large amounts of data that needs to be analyzed quickly and accurately.
This beginner’s online guide to support vector machine will help you understand why they are used, what they are used for, how they work, and what the future holds for them in real-world applications.
What is Support Vector Machine?
SVM is a machine learning method that analyzes data and determines whether it should be classified as positive or negative.
There are two types of SVMs, linear and non-linear, but we’ll focus on linear for now. Linear SVMs examine data for an optimal line of separation (i.e., a margin) that categorizes positive from negative data most effectively.
In plain language, SVM identifies the line between good and bad so that you can tell what belongs to each category.
If you want your business to succeed, then you need to know how SVM works and how it can benefit your company.
You also need to know how it compares with other machine learning methods such as neural networks, logistic regression, and random forests.
Different Types of SVM
There are two types of SVM:
The first one is called a soft margin support vector machine (SMSVM).
Another type of SVM is called a hard margin support vector machine (HSMSVM).
In an SMSVM, each data point has an additional weight associated with it and contributes to how close that data point will be to its cluster.
An HSMSVM assigns only two categories, each of which has discrete weights. HSMSVM is more popular in practice than SMSVM because there is less inter-classification error when working with continuous variables, For example, say we have five different colors: green, red, blue, yellow, and purple. An SVM outputs a map of the sorted data with margins.
Similarly, There are two types of SVMs, maximal margin and non-maximal margin, which categorize data differently, which are similar like SMSVM, HSMSVM.
In the maximal margin, data is categorized based on maximizing how different each point is from its closest neighbor; as its name suggests, it does not matter if there are any points between these neighbors.
In the non-maximal margin, classifying data first requires determining potential middle points by looking for ones that have more neighbors closer to one class than another.
Points near these middle points (but not necessarily exactly on them) become part of whichever category has more neighboring middle points around them.
Related Article: What are the Types of Machine Learning? – in Detail
Hyperplane in SVM
The most important concept in SVM is a hyperplane which is a line passing through the origin.
Hyperplane can be used to partition data into two sets i.e. one side of hyperplane and another side of hyperplane, using it for classification or regression analysis.
We call one side of the hyperplane a positive and another side we call a negative set. In our example, we will see how to use these types of hyperplanes for classification purposes.
Assume that given training examples and their respective labels, as an output we need to build a classifier that predicts whether a new unseen sample belongs to class +1 or -1.
If we look at all points in an infinite-dimensional space then each point can be represented by its coordinates (x_i, y_i).
Training examples are plotted on a feature space as shown below where features are x-axis and y-axis coordinate values of training samples.
As defined above features are real-valued attributes whereas labels are binary values that indicate some category membership such as +1 or -1.
Support Vector Machines (SVM) In machine learning is a classification algorithm used for both supervised and unsupervised learning.
The SVM uses points that are closest to separating hyperplanes as support vectors in order to find non-linear boundaries.
The hyperplane is a special case of multiple linear regression with just one independent variable.
Because SVMs can deal with non-linear problems, they are widely used as kernel methods and have excellent empirical performance on many problems.
How does SVM works?
To classify something basically means to identify it as belonging to one or more categories.
And how do we determine whether something belongs to one category or another? We compare its features with those of other items.
For example, if we wanted to know whether someone was male or female, we might compare their height and weight against average measurements for men and women.
If they met our criteria for males, then that would be our classification but if not, then they would be classified as female instead.
This method might seem incredibly rudimentary but you can imagine how much more complicated things get when we start talking about whole sets of measurements including information like medical history which isn’t measurable at all!
A support vector machine is a supervised learning method that looks at data and sorts it into one of two categories.
An SVM outputs a map of sorted data with margins and classifications, The software works like a large number of math equations that solve for values that are neither too high nor too low, but just right.
When do you need a Support Vector Machine?
The first step in using SVM is to figure out when you need one, This is a somewhat complex problem, but there are two main factors to consider.
First, check this properly what type of data do you have? Second, what kind of results do you want? These questions will guide your decision on which algorithm to use.
The simplest method of classifying data is with a Bayesian classifier, The output can be used as a map that shows where certain classes exist in your training set.
If you’re looking for linear separability, though, then SVMs are often more useful.
They work by trying to find lines or planes (called ‘hyperplanes’) between points in feature space that separate groups of training examples as much as possible.
Related Article: What is Statistical Modeling? – Use, Types, Applications
Support Vector Machine Implementaion Steps
Step 1: In Python, SVM is implemented as a built-in library called sklearn, If you’re using Anaconda Python, run conda install scikit-learn from your terminal.
Step 2: SVM is a supervised learning method hence, it requires training data along with their labels (e.g., 1 for blue and 0 for red).
It can be used for classification or regression (or both). For example, let’s look at some vector data: Let X = [2 3 6 5 4] and Y = [4 5 3 6 2].
We have four sets of input here: x1, x2 , x3, and x4. Each represents an independent variable (which may also be called a feature set) that we feed into an algorithm.
X consists of four features, each having two possible values represented by 0 and 1. Similarly, y has two features (y1 and y2 ), which also possess two values each.
The objective of our analysis is to determine whether x1, x2, x3, and x4 cause any changes in y.
This will help us make better predictions about future instances. There are many different algorithms that support binary SVMs, but we’ll use linear SVM since there are fewer terms involved.
Step 3: we need to set up our environment first to import necessary libraries and function definitions, Then write a function to convert input data into arrays so that they can be stored in NumPy arrays.
Step 4: Now, let’s declare our variables and load test data for simplicity purposes, we will assume only two classes.
Now, let’s instantiate an object of class SVM from sklearn: As mentioned earlier, SVM can handle both regression problems (predicting continuous numbers) and classification problems (predicting discrete numbers). So select either one based on your problem type.
Step 5: The next step is to provide parameter types needed to construct an SVM model in Python.
Step 6: It’s pretty important to choose the appropriate kernel type and gamma value because too high a gamma value might result in underfitting while too low a value might result in overfitting resulting in bad generalization capability.
Here, we’ve chosen the Gaussian radial basis function (RBF) with the default RBFkernel (gamma=0.001 ).
Step 7: Once you have selected all other parameters for constructing the SVM model, simply call fit()
Step 8: Though now your model is trained, it still needs to be evaluated against validation data before finalizing.
Evaluation functions are provided by the SVM module of sklearn and you simply need to call predict() to evaluate performance.
To evaluate performance, we’ll separate our data into 80% for training and 20% for testing, However, if you want to see how good your model is against unseen data, try splitting them 50:50.
To evaluate your model against unseen data (i.e., the accuracy of your SVM model), simply pass a whole new array of data (of the same length) to predict.
Under such conditions, most models have around 95% accuracy, depending upon the size of the dataset.
Learn more about support vector machine online on the Kaggle platform in detail with the python examples.
Simple Implementation of SVM in R
This is a simple example of a support vector machine you can learn deeply about SVM implementation in R on the Kaggle online platform.
svm_fit <- svm(Species~., data=iris, kernel=radial)
table(predicted = svm_fit$decision.values, actual = iris$Species)
Predicted classified as follows and validate the model based on below points:
- 0 indicates Setosa, 1 indicates Versicolor, and 2 indicates Virginica.
- True Positives indicate instances where an instance was correctly predicted.
- False Positives indicate instances where an instance was incorrectly predicted.
- True Negatives indicate instances where an instance was correctly not predicted.
- False Negatives indicate instances where an instance was incorrectly not predicted.
How do SVMs learn?
An SVM uses a learning algorithm called a kernel function, which defines how points in input space will be mapped into an output space, A common way of doing that is to use polynomial or radial basis functions (RBFs).
An RBF has special properties that make it useful for feature mapping with SVMs: It maps vectors into high-dimensional spaces where they can be linearly separated from each other. Another important concept when using SVMs is the margin.
Margin refers to how far apart data points are from their nearest neighbors within a class and thus helps determine which category new data should belong to.
In order to classify something as one category versus another, you need enough separation between them.
Where can I use SVMs?
The first applications of SVMs were in fields such as medicine and biology, where researchers wanted to sort cells into healthy or cancerous.
Today, SVMs are used for a wide variety of machine learning applications, such as spam detection and computer vision.
Because they’re relatively straightforward to implement and can be incredibly accurate SVMs are one of today’s go-to data analysis techniques.
For example, we use them at Sortable to identify whether an email is a spam or not spam with extremely high accuracy (99%).
Future Trends in Support Vector Machines
Machine learning is one of those things that has really taken off as of late. We’re still just starting to scratch the surface of what we can do with machine learning, but it’s already shown us that there are plenty of ways for it to change our world for better or worse.
Support vector machines are a big part of all that and it’s predicted that support vector machines will drive a lot of future trends for data mining and machine learning.
It won’t be long before SVM becomes an absolutely essential tool for enterprises that want to stay competitive when it comes to predicting customer needs and wants.
SVM technology will grow increasingly important as customers become more demanding of companies they buy from both in terms of speed and quality.
With support vector machines being one of their best options for staying competitive, we can expect things like enterprise AI and machine learning with support vector machines are likely to really take off during 2017–2020.
As we move into 2020 there are several big trends that we’ll start seeing emerge, Data Science is becoming a lot more popular.
SVM makes it possible to analyze huge amounts of data in less time than other methods, but if you’re not careful, you can end up with a training set that’s skewed.
With SVM, it’s easy to get false positives and negatives when analyzing new data sets. Another problem is multicollinearity.
When two or more independent variables are highly correlated with each other, it leads to poor models that lack accuracy and precision.
Related Article: Boosting Machine Learning Algorithm – Complete Guide
DataScience Team is a group of Data Scientists working as IT professionals who add value to analayticslearn.com as an Author. This team is a group of good technical writers who writes on several types of data science tools and technology to build a more skillful community for learners.
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BASIC ELECTRONICS David Williams & Michael Shiloh
22 Apr 2018 BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Subject Code – REC 101 (ODD) / REC 201 (EVEN). SYLLABUS Unit – 1 : PN junction diode. Class Notes 1. 1 Basic Principles. In electromagnetism, voltage is a unit of either electrical potential or EMF. In electronics, including the text, the term “voltage” Download the Electronics PDF here to learn Electronics Engineering, Basic Electronics and Electronics Components. It is the field that deals with development Basic Electronics - NYU Tandon School of Engineering N-Type Silicon. • Pentavalent impurities such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth have 5 valence electrons. • When phosphorus impurity is added to Si, every phosphorus atom’s four valence electrons are locked up in covalent bond with valence electrons of four neighboring Si atoms.
Basic electronic components - marine tech electronics are often measured in microfarads and nanofarads. Some capacitors are polarized. Note the The goal was to give you a basic understanding of how some of the electronic components of a motor speed controller work. There are lots of tools to help you with the basics. 27 . An Introduction to Basic Electronics Debapratim Ghosh An Introduction to Basic Electronics 1/25. Device Physics The Diode The Transistor Signals Basic Circuits Basic Devices Energy Bands Charge Carriers Extrinsic Semiconductors Energy Levels BasicElectronicDevices There are three basic devices which shape up the working and design of all electronic circuits. They are: Resistor- A ELECTRONICS Basics notes (PDF 176P) | Download book / Electronics Engineering Books / Basic Electronics Books / ELECTRONICS Basics notes (PDF 176P) Currently this section contains no detailed description for the page, will update this page soon.
7 Jan 2016 PDF | On Jan 1, 2011, Sreeramana Aithal and others published Basic Electronics | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Lecture Notes on Basic Electronics for Students in Computer Science. John Kar- kin Zao and Wen-Hsiao Peng. Department of Computer Science, National Basic Electronics Tutorial in PDF - This wonderful tutorial and its PDF is available free of cost. However you can help us serve more readers by making a small Introduction to Electronics 6. Basic Amplifier Concepts. Signal. Source. Amplifier. Load vi (t) vo (t). +. +. -. -. Ground. Fig. 14. Block diagram of basic amplifier. vi. “Basic Electronics” Rajath publishers. 2. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103063/. 3. http://engineering.nyu.edu/gk12/amps-cbri/pdf/Basic%20Electronics.pdf. Resistors.pdf - Description of how resistors are manufactured and constructed. ➢ Cap.gif MySnap™ BASIC ELECTRONICS EE100 kit. • Computer System with
BASIC ELECTRONICS BASIC ELECTRONICS UNIT-1 (10 Hours) Integrated Electronics, Millman and Halkias, Mc.Graw Hill Publications. 2. Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory, R.L Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Pearson Education . MODULE-I INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS: Electronics is the branch of science and engineering dealing with the theoty and BASIC ELECTRONICS TEST STUDY GUIDE - CWA 3102 Basic Electronics 2 Nov '98 OVERVIEW This Study Guide is designed to familiarize you with the advanced electrical and fundamental electronics knowledge and skills required by BellSouth’s technical jobs and covered by the Basic Electronics Test. It will also familiarize you with the … Basic Electronics, Volumes 1-5 (1955) : Van Valkenburgh ... May 12, 2014 · Van Valkenburgh Basic Electronics Parts 1 through 5, First Edition (1955) BASIC ELECTRONICS David Williams & Michael Shiloh
Lecture Notes on Basic Electronics for Students in Computer Science. John Kar- kin Zao and Wen-Hsiao Peng. Department of Computer Science, National
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MATH 226 is the first semester of calculus for science, engineering and math majors. This is not a business calculus course. Students entering Calculus I should have a firm grasp of algebra and trigonometry. They should be able to graph elementary algebraic and transcendental functions and their inverses. Students should also be able to solve inequalities and equations involving exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions. The main objective of Calculus I is for students to learn the basics of the calculus of functions of one variable. They will study transcendental functions, limits, differentiation and an introduction to the Riemann integral, culminating with the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. They will also apply these ideas to a wide range of problems that include the equations of motion, related rates, curve sketching and optimization. The students should be able to interpret the concepts of Calculus algebraically, graphically and verbally. More generally, the students will improve their ability to think critically, to analyze a problem and solve it using a wide array of tools. These skills will be invaluable to them in whatever path they choose to follow, be it as a mathematics major or in pursuit of a career in one of the other sciences. Upon successful completion of the course, students should be able to:
- Evaluate a variety of limits, including limits at infinity, one-sided limits and limits of indeterminate forms. Students should also be able to identify discontinuities in functions presented algebraically or graphically.
- Apply the definition of derivative to calculate and estimate derivatives from formulas, graphs, or data.
- Differentiate sums, products and quotients of composite polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.
- Discuss the conceptual relations among derivatives, rates of change, and tangent lines in the context of an applied example.
- Use asymptotes, first and second derivatives to graph functions.
- Solve applied problems using calculus and justify answers.
- Estimate a definite integral with a Riemann sum.
- Evaluate a simple definite integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Evaluation of Students
Students will be evaluated on their ability to devise, organize and present complete solutions to problems. While instructors may design their own methods of evaluating student performance these methods must include in-class examinations (exceptions may be made when the course is delivered on-line), frequent homework assignments and a final exam.
|Topics||Number of Weeks||Sections in Text|
|Limits and Continuity||3||2.1 - 2.6|
|Differentiation||4||3.1 - 3.10|
|Applications of Differentiation||4||3.11*, 4.5, 4.1 - 4.4, 4.6 - 4.7, 4.8*|
|Integration||3||4.9, 5.1 - 5.3|
The class is usually offered in the summer, as well. The summer covers the same content at a higher pace.
Textbooks & Software
Calculus Early Transcendentals Second Edition by Briggs, Cochran and Gillet
Date: August 2017
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As we celebrate Black History month, we shine a particular spotlight on some of the most renowned African American writers of the past century. Whether you’re a lifelong devotee or looking to diversify your reading, these extraordinary authors--winners of the Pulitzer Prize, National Book Award, and Nobel Prize--are sure to blow you away.
The esteemed Alice Walker was born in Georgia in 1944. Her mother put Alice’s education first, and she began writing when she was eight years old. A cruel action by her brother left her temporarily blind in one eye throughout most of her childhood, which she later said taught her to be observant and patient. Walker attended Spelman College and Sarah Lawrence College before pursuing her career as an editor and writer. Her third novel, The Color Purple, was awarded the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1982. She was and still is a vocal activist for women’s rights and an end to apartheid.
Baldwin was a writer of great influence, known not only for his voice as an African American, but also as a gay man. Born in 1924, Baldwin grew up in Harlem, New York. His early life was marked by difficulty, and at the age of 24, he moved to France and lived most of his life as an expatriate. Baldwin was a prolific essay writer, producing some that were book-length, and he made many famous friends who admired his work. In his writing, Baldwin asked difficult questions about race, sexuality, and class. Many civil rights activists praised his ability to capture the experience of African Americans in the South. He died in 1987 at his home in France.
The late Maya Angelou led a truly adventurous life – pursuing careers as a dancer, singer, and journalist all around the world – yet it is her writing for which she will be most remembered. Angelou, born in 1928, shared a similar experience of childhood trauma with Alice Walker that ultimately led to her depth as a writer. In her various creative pursuits, Angelou traveled the globe. It was James Baldwin who encouraged her to write her autobiography. The first installment, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, won her international acclaim and remains popular today. Angelou continued to write and speak as a political activist until her death in May 2014.
Though you may not know his name, you definitely know Alex Haley’s work. The brilliant journalistic mind (born in 1921) behind Roots: The Saga of an American Family and The Autobiography of Malcolm X began his writing career in the military, composing love letters for his fellow sailors to their girlfriends. In the 1960s, he began publishing in-depth interviews with celebrities in Playboy Magazine. Haley’s books were very successful (Roots received the Pulitzer Prize in 1977), although claims of plagiarism and falsification were leveled at Roots. Haley conceded that it was a work of fiction, not genealogy. His final book, Alex Haley’s Queen, was completed after his death in 1992.
Morrison was always a voracious reader. She quickly received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in literature, and then went on to teach and work as an editor. She began writing informally as a single working mother. The Bluest Eye was her first novel in 1970, followed by Sula in 1973 and Song of Solomon in 1977, which catapulted Morrison into international literary fame. Beloved, published in 1987, won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and the American Book Award. Six years later, she was presented with the Nobel Prize in Literature. Despite being a major figure in 20th century literature, Morrison has led a quiet, private life. She continues to write and receive wide recognition for her works.
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Both its legs and toes are a light reddish-orange color. (a) that the female bird was out of her senses after the death of the male bird. Breeding success, and proportions of pairs that raised two chicks each, was similar in each floodplain. They are a symbol of marital virtue and in parts of Gujarat/India, it is a custom to take a newly wed couple to see a pair of sarus cranes. The sarus crane is easily distinguished from other cranes in the region by its overall grey colour and the contrasting red head and upper neck. 108 BARABOO, WI â The International Crane Foundation will celebrate its annual Cranes of the World Festival Saturday, August 5, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., at its global headquarters in Baraboo, Wisconsin.. Come meet all 15 species of cranes from around the world. (a) the sun was unwilling to rise. A poet tells about the cold nature of a killer. In India, they are considered symbols of marital fidelity, believed to mate for life and pine the loss of their mates, even to the point of starving to death. Gopi Sundar . How was the majestic neck humbled by the hunter?. b. sunset (b) the dead body of the bird. They were also successfully bred in captivity early in the 17th century by Emperor Jehangir, who also noted that the eggs were laid with an interval of two days and that incubation period was 34 days. Young sarus cranes have brownish feathers that turn gray as the bird gets older. Young birds constituted 5.32% to 7.36% of the wintering population between 1997 and 2002. Please do not substitute this template. , The nests can be more than 2 m (6 ft) in diameter and nearly 1 m (3 ft) high. Crane movements are well known for their fluidity and grace. Finally, a wave that the female crane had never seen before comes and sweeps her away to death and closer to the dead male crane. and flung it into a course bag as if it were a piece of dirty linen and the bag a washing bag. It returns to the spot when the hunter goes away. Question 4. Increased agricultural intensity is often thought to have led to declines in sarus crane numbers, but they also benefit from wetland crops and the construction of canals and reservoirs. The attitude of farmers tends to be positive in spite of these damages, and this has helped in conserving the species within agricultural areas. As of 2019[update], attempts to reintroduce the birds to eastern Thailand have shown some promise. In the dry season, cranes flocking in Southeast Asian wetlands are in areas with an abundance of Eleocharis dulcis and E. spiralis, both of which produce tubers on which the cranes are known to feed. Among the four social structures, 80% of sarus cranes were classified as a pair and 7% were classified as a single bird . Having seen its mate shot dead by the hunters and being taken away, the female sarus is heartbroken. Breeding success in Australia has been estimated by counting the proportion of young-of-the-year in wintering flocks in the crop fields of Atherton Tablelands in north-eastern Queensland. , The common name sarus is from the Hindi name (sāras) for the species. The population in Australia (initially placed in A. a. sharpii (sometimes spelt sharpei, but amended to conform to the rules of Latin grammar) was separated and named as the race A. a. gilliae, sometimes spelt gillae or even gilli), prior to a genetic analysis. The crane was a bird of omen. Sarus cranes are rare in West Bengal and Assam, and are no longer found in the state of Bihar. They are uncommon in Kakadu National Park, where the species is often hard to find among the more numerous brolgas. The hunters were not touched by the beauty of the bird. This bird, which was taken out of the King's palace at Lucknow, was very fierce towards strangers and dogs, especially if they were afraid of him. The first is the "wintering population" of a small number of sarus cranes that use wetlands in the state of Punjab during winters. The Australian population shows the most recent divergence from the ancestral form with an estimated 3000 generations of breeding within Australia. From the Winter 2018 issue of Living Bird magazine. Janaki Lenin October 26, 2019 16:40 IST Updated: October 25, 2019 15:45 IST Carefully mapping of breeding areas of sarus cranes in Australia is needed to understand their distribution range. She was always very happy, and the death of the male bird pushed her towards sadness. The species is venerated in India and legend has it that the poet Valmiki cursed a hunter for killing a sarus crane and was then inspired to write the epic Ramayana. Photo by K. S. Gopi Sundar. The sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia and Australia.It is the tallest flying bird, and can grow to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tall. He was very noisy—the only bad habit he possessed, The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has declared the sarus crane as its official state bird. The clutch is one or two eggs (rarely three or four) which are incubated by both sexes for about 31 days (range 26–35 days). The adult sarus crane is very large, with grey wings and body, a bare red head and part of the upper neck; a greyish crown, and a long, greenish-grey, pointed bill. d. not clear Individually note down the points for each question and then develop the points into one-paragraph answers. Strong cultural ties to cranes and wetlands in South/Southeast Asia provide unique opportunities to engage people in the conservation of these intensely settled landscapes using the Sarus Crane as a flagship species, which in turn also benefits local communities and other species. Breeding pairs are territorial and prefer to forage in natural wetlands, though wetland crops such as rice and wheat are also frequented. The source of this population is unclear, but is very likely to be from the growing population in Himachal Pradesh. Part 2", "Notes on birds observed in Oudh and Kumaon", "After IAF, Indian Posts shows interest for NAL Saras", "The use of the anaesthetic "CT1341" in a Sarus crane", "Isolation of a sex-Linked DNA sequence in cranes", 10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[365:fsdahs]2.0.co;2, The Cranes Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Sarus Crane (, Sarus Crane (International Crane Foundation), International Crane Foundation (literature), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarus_crane&oldid=989048124, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 November 2020, at 19:29. Eggs are chalky white and weigh about 240 grams. No distinctive characteristic is known of this population. The role of rice paddies and associated irrigation structures may be particularly important for the birds' conservation, since natural wetlands are increasingly threatened by human activity. In Southeast Asia, cranes congregate in few remnant wetlands during the dry season. b. the dead body of the bird In captivity, birds breed only after their fifth year. [note 1] Premature adult mortality is often the result of human actions. Among the Gondi people, the tribes classified as "five-god worshippers" consider the sarus crane as sacred. hyacinth has spread in the pond. , Breeding success (percentage of eggs hatching and surviving to fledging stage) has been estimated to be about 20% in Gujarat and 51–58% in south-western Uttar Pradesh. They picked up the dead bird by its hands and jaws , Eggs are often destroyed at the nest by jungle (Corvus macrorhynchos) and house crows (C. splendens) in India. Among 77 observation points, 183 sarus cranes were recorded. The time of the day suggested in the poem is , The sarus crane is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. A 2005 genetic analysis suggested that these three populations are representatives of a formerly continuous population that varied clinally. The third record is a one-month study that provides details of 32 nests located within 10-km around Morr Morr cattle station in the Gilbert River floodplains. This sighting in itself is a case of research as the same pair arrives at the same agricultural field. Hunter shoots down a bird and picking it up, throws it into a washing bag. These include "dancing" movements that are performed both during and outside the breeding season and involve a short series of jumping and bowing movements made as one of the pair circles around the other. Answer: , Two distinct populations of sarus cranes occur in Southeast Asia, the northern population in China and Myanmar, and the southern population in Cambodia and Vietnam. The global range has shrunk and the largest occupied area, and the largest known population, is in India. The conversion of wetlands to farmland, and farmland to more urban uses are major causes for habitat loss and long-term population decline. This video will explain the poem in detail. , The young birds are easily reared by hand, and become very tame and attached to the person who feeds them, following him like a dog. , Although venerated and protected by Indians, these birds were hunted during the colonial period. The Australian population is greater than 5,000 birds and may be increasing, however, the Southeast Asian population has been decimated by war and habitat change (such as intensive agriculture, deforestation, and draining of wetlands), and by the mid-20th century, had disappeared from large parts of its range which once stretched north to southern China. It provides the analysis in detail. Native Australians, however, differentiated the sarus and the brolga and called the sarus "the crane that dips its head in blood". Removal of eggs by farmers (to reduce crop damage) or children (in play), or by migrant labourers for food or opportunistic egg collection during trips to collect forest resources are prominent causes of egg mortality. In Uttar Pradesh, less than a tenth of the breeding pairs maintain territories at wetlands while the rest of the pairs are scattered in smaller wetlands and agricultural fields. To a Pair of Sarus Cranes by Manmohan Singh About the Author: Manmohan Singh, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service, is a contemporary poet. One which I kept, when bread and milk was given to him, would take the bread out of the milk, and wash it in his pan of water before eating it. GA This article has been rated as GA-Class on the project's quality scale. They are considered sacred and the birds are traditionally left unharmed, and in many areas, they are unafraid of humans. c. urgency of the hunters. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In Australia they are found only in the north-east, and are partly migratory in some areas. They forage on marshes and shallow wetlands for roots, tubers, insects, crustaceans, and small vertebrate prey. The sarus crane breeds in some high elevation regions such as near the Pong Dam in Himachal Pradesh, where populations may be growing in response to increasing rice cultivation along the reservoir. The meat of the sarus was considered tabooin ancient Hindu scriptures. In South Asia, four distinct population-level behaviours have been noted. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, four species, including the sarus crane, were placed in the resurrected genus Antigone that had originally been erected by German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853. Pairs may indulge in spectacular displays of calling in unison and posturing. The female crane is distressed at the scene she witnesses, she gracefully flies around the scene in circles and croons over the disgraceful end of her partner. , Analysis of mitochondrial DNA, from a limited number of specimens, suggested that gene flow occurred within the continental Asian populations until the 20th-century reductions in range, and that Australia was colonized only in the Late Pleistocene, some 35,000 years ago. Farmers are also transitioning from field crops to perennial and tree crops that have higher returns. When disturbed from the nest, parents may sometimes attempt to conceal the eggs by attempting to cover them with material from the edge of the nest. The species no longer breeds in Punjab, though it winters regularly in the state. Non-breeding birds form flocks that vary from 1–430 birds. The effects of inbreeding in the Australian population, once thought to be a significant threat due to hybridization with brolgas producing hybrid birds called "sarolgas", is now confirmed to be minimal, suggesting that it is not a major threat. In areas with perennial wetlands on the landscape, such as in western Uttar Pradesh, numbers of nonbreeding sarus cranes in flocks can be relatively stable throughout the year. KSEEB SSLC Class 10 English Solutions An additional subspecies, A. a. luzonica, was suggested for the population once found, but now extinct, in the Philippines. It was shot when the bird had dipped its beak in the water. Many farmers in India believe that these cranes damage standing crops, particularly rice, although studies show that direct feeding on rice grains resulted in losses amounting to less than 1% and trampling could account for grain loss around 0.4–15 kilograms (0.88–33.07 lb). They roost in shallow water, where they may be safe from some ground predators. , Young birds were often captured and kept in menageries, both in India and in Europe in former times. More pairs are able to raise chicks in years with higher total rainfall, and when territory quality was undisturbed due to increased farming or development. Habitat and Range: Saris cranes are found in northern India and Indochina. The eggshells are removed by the parents after the chicks hatch either by carrying away the fragments or by swallowing them. Like all cranes, the sarus crane has very long, spindly legs. Adults have been known to fly into power lines and die of electrocution, this is responsible for killing about 1% of the local population each year. This suggests, A killer shot dead the male crane when it was least expected. In the first 4 lines, there is an exaggeration in the description. In Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah, and Kasganj districts, nonbreeding sarus cranes form up to 65% of the regional population. Nest success of protected nests was significantly higher than that of unprotected nests, and positive population-level impacts were apparent. She encircles the death scene making shrill cries over it. Finally, a wave that the female crane had never seen before comes and sweeps her away to death and closer to the dead male crane. The sarus crane (Antigone antigone) is a large nonmigratory crane found in parts of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Threats include habitat destruction and/or degradation, hunting and collecting, and environmental pollution, and possibly diseases or competing species. I am very happy i gt all the Q& A. The Hindi word is derived from the Sanskrit word sarasa for the "lake bird", (sometimes corrupted to sārhans). Answer: When alarmed, the parent cranes use a low korr-rr call that signals chicks to freeze and lie still. Breeding pairs in Australia similarly defend territories from neighbouring crane pairs, and nonbreeding birds are found in flocks frequently mixed with brolgas. The Sarus Crane is not only largest of the 15 species of crane, but it is also the largest flying bird in the world: it can reach a height of 1.8 metres.. Pick out any two figures of speech used in the poem and explain how they add to the effectiveness of the poem. The Sarus Crane is a resident of Southeast Asia and northern Australia. a. callousness of the hunters. A pair of sarus cranes performing to intimidate a trespassing crane. Permanent removal of pairs from the population due to developmental activities caused reduced population viability, and was a far more important factor impacting breeding success relative to total annual rainfall.. The first stanza of the poet contains a figure os speech – the hyperbole – which is used to highlight a particular point through exaggeration. The sarus cranes in India (referred to as A. a. antigone) are the largest, and in the east from Myanmar is replaced by a population that extends into Southeast Asia (referred to as A. a. sharpii). Cranes are very large birds, often considered the world's tallest flying birds. Answer: Photo: K.S. Sarus cranes are the largest of all the crane species and the tallest flying bird alive today. In Australia, the sarus can easily be mistaken for the more widespread brolga. In Australia, suspected predators of young birds include the dingo (Canis dingo) and fox (Vulpes vulpes), while brahminy kites (Haliastur indus) have been known to take eggs. After the killers had left the place, the female bird returned to the death scene and kept flying around whining for its companions« with short and long wails resembling the Morse Code. âPoetry is my earnest and natural expression, and this book, which is my second, the first being in Hindustani, has been written for my daughter, a constant source of inspiration and encouragement,â reflects Mitwa, at the release of the book (published by Unistar), at Punjab Kala Bhawan on Tuesday. , Until recently, little was known of sarus crane ecology from Australia. Adult birds do not moult their feathers annually, but feathers are replaced about once every two to three years. And the poet says that the female sarus crane went beyond Humeâs words and beyond the legends and fables of human love. Nest initiation in northern Queensland is also closely tied to rainfall patterns, with most nests being initiated immediately after the first major rains. It could be a wave of grief which the bird had never known as long as her partner was alive. A: There are 15 species in the crane family Gruidae. Chicks are also prone to predation (estimated at about 8%) and collection at the nest, but more than 30% die of unknown reasons. In this manner, the majestic neck has humbled the hunter. It means that The chicks are fed by the parents for the first few days, but are able to feed independently after that, and follow their parents for food. Young birds stay with their parents until the subsequent breeding season. d. the desperate act of the female bird to bring the male bird back to life. While Indians held the species in veneration, British soldiers in colonial India hunted the bird, calling it the serious or even cyrus. Flocks of over 100 birds are also reported from Gujarat in India and Australia. Question 8. The female bird flies around crying when male bird is shot. , In captivity, sarus cranes have been known to live for as long as 42 years. , The sarus crane was formerly placed in the genus Grus, but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus, as then defined, was polyphyletic. The neck of a Sarus crane is very long, graceful and beautiful. Unlike many other cranes that make long migrations, sarus cranes are largely nonmigratory and few populations make relative short-distance migrations. Territorial, breeding sarus crane pairs in northern Queensland along the Gulf of Carpentaria use a range of habitats, but preferentially use low, open woodland on quaternary alluvial plains in outer river deltas and levees with a vegetation of Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Eucalyptus microtheca, Corymbia confertiflora, Melaleuca spp., Excoecaria parvifolia, Atalaya hemiglauca, Grevillea striata, Eucalyptus leptophleba, C. polycarpa, C. confertiflora, and C. , The species has historically been widely distributed on the lowlands of India along the Gangetic plains, extending south to the Godavari River, west to coastal Gujarat, the Tharparkar District of Pakistan, and east to West Bengal and Assam. At a time when the bird was stretching its neck and trying to do something impossible like pulling the sun out of the rim of the horizon, the bird was shot in the neck. Pairs show high fidelity to the nest site, often refurbishing and reusing a nest for as many as five breeding seasons. A study conducted at the Rome zoo noted that these birds were resistant to anthrax. The Greek word for crane is ÎεÏÎ±Î½Î¿Ï (Geranos), which gives us the so called Cranesbill, or hardy geranium. The proud, dignified bird was killed and thrown into the washing bag like dirty linen. A Pair of Sarus Cranes. Question 5. Little is known about the diseases and parasites of the sarus crane, and their effects on wild bird populations. The bent neck of the bird and the eager movements of the bird are shown thus.
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How do economic, political and social systems influence the movement of people? Create or tell the story of an immigrant in narrative form. (written, audio, video, cartoon, etc. ) Your story needs to include the economic, political and social reasons for their immigration story. Your story can be either fiction or non-fiction. Use the research from personal interviews, The Library of Congress and the Scholastic website as models for stories on immigrants journeys.
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A shark has anywhere from 5 to 15 rows of teeth. These teeth do not have roots. The teeth usually fall out after a week and they are replaced with a row of new teeth within a day.
The skin of a shark is tough and covered by dermal denticles which are basically small plates covered with enamel that is found in teeth.
Sharks can detect the slightest movement in the water with the lateral line system that runs along their sides.
Shark liver is rich in oil. This makes the organ relatively buoyant and is one of the reason for sharks keeping their balance in the water.
Some species of sharks are oviparous which means they lay eggs, while others are viviparous and give birth to live young.
Large sharks may live from 100 up to 150 years while small shark live for about 20 – 30 years.
Sharks are not vicious man-eaters though they are predators and some species are considered dangerous to humans. Their sharp teeth can inflict serious wounds which are not fatal.
Sharks are not color blind as is commonly thought. They are in fact attracted to certain colors such as yellow.
The gestation period for a pregnant female shark ranges from 5 months to 2 years.
Sharks eyes are on the sides of their head and their sightline is capable of spanning nearly 360 degrees.
Are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that have skins that are covered with scales, a set of gills and two sets of paired fins.
Are snake-like fish from the order Anguilliformes that occupy both fresh water as well as saltwater habitats.
Are large aquatic reptiles commonly referred as the Spectacled Caiman as the ridges above their eyes appear as if they wear sunglasses.
Are long, legless ectothermic reptiles that belong to the sub-order of Serpentes.
Have been around for 2 million years but considered an endangered species with only about 4,000 surviving in the wild today.
Are large, powerful, living lizards with long flat heads, round snouts, scaly skin, bowed legs and huge muscular tails.
Are flat marine cartilaginous fishes in the phylum Chordate and composing the family Dasyatidae.
Are warm blooded intelligent mammals that have been known to help humans in many circumstances and loved by them.
Are voracious reptiles that are aquatic by nature and belong to the genus Crocodilus meaning “lizards.”
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Title: Breakthrough Research Identifies Chemical Compounds that Reverse Aging
Harvard and MIT researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery in the field of longevity, identifying six chemical compounds that have the potential to reverse signs of aging in cells. This exciting finding, published in the journal Nature, has sparked hopes of extending human lifespan and revolutionizing the way we approach aging.
The study found that when used in combinations, these chemical compounds restored youthful properties to cells in just four days of treatment. What makes this research even more remarkable is that the compounds act through epigenetics, controlling gene expression without altering DNA sequences. This novel approach opens up a world of possibilities for slowing down or even reversing the aging process.
While the study was conducted on cell cultures, promising results have also been observed in tests conducted on mice and monkeys. As preparations are underway for human clinical trials of what could potentially be called “age reversal gene therapy,” the scientific community remains cautiously optimistic.
Interestingly, this research has also attracted the attention of tech billionaires who see great potential in the field of longevity. Investments and startups focused on extending human lifespan have emerged, indicating a growing interest in the commercial implications of this breakthrough.
Although these findings may face some resistance, if successful, the implications could be enormous. The development of effective treatments to reverse aging could not only improve health in old age but also substantially reduce medical costs. This would have far-reaching effects on the healthcare industry, as a longer and healthier lifespan becomes a realistic possibility.
As we move forward, it is becoming increasingly apparent that aging may no longer be an inevitable part of life. With these exciting developments, a future where 100 could become the new 60 seems less far-fetched. The potential to add years of vibrant, productive life to our existence is within reach, thanks to the dedication and groundbreaking research of these Harvard and MIT scientists.
Stay tuned for updates on Poh Diaries as advancements and breakthroughs continue to redefine the boundaries of aging and unveil a world brimming with possibilities.
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“JD” Rockefeller (1839-1937) was an American business tycoon, philanthropist, and the richest person in modern history. He earned his wealth by founding Standard Oil, the largest oil refiner in the early 20th century. Although the company was ultimately broken up, its successor entities still dominate the oil industry.
An Auspicious Youth
Rockefeller began his career as a bookkeeper in Cleveland, Ohio at age 16. Four years later, he set out on his own and founded a merchant business that grossed $450,000 within a year. That same year—1959— an oil rush began in the neighboring state of Pennsylvania. Rockefeller avoided the speculative oil drilling business, and instead, established a refinery that processed raw oil to kerosene in 1963. At the time, kerosene was rapidly becoming an economic staple, used to illuminate homes.
The Rise of Standard
Through thrift and cost-cutting, Rockefeller led the refinery to rapid growth. In 1870, Standard Oil was incorporated. While Standard’s competitors processed only 60% of their oil into kerosene and dumped the waste into rivers, Rockefeller hired a team of chemists to increase the efficiency of the process and to discover uses for the byproducts of oil refinement. The firm manufactured benzine (used as a cleaning fluid), paraffin (used for making candles and preservative coatings), and naphtha (used as a fuel for motors). When affordable automobiles became available in the early 1900s, Standard Oil was ready to provide gasoline.
The company’s profitability allowed it to acquire refineries, pipelines, and railroads across the Northeastern US. By 1980, Standard refined over 90% of the United States’ oil production.
In 1896, Rockefeller retired to focus on philanthropy. He believed in the Baptist dictum “gain all you can, save all you can, and give all you can”, and from his first paycheck onwards, he donated a portion. Rockefeller’s net worth peaked at around $418 billion dollars in inflation-adjusted dollars. For comparison, that is around double Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos’ fortune, as of 2020. By the time of Rockefeller’s death, he had given away over half of his wealth to educational, scientific, and spiritual causes.
Despite Rockefeller’s donations, many Americans loathed the immense wealth he acquired from his monopolization of the oil industry. Rockefeller became a symbol of corporate greed, and public outcry led to the enactment of antitrust legislation. In 1911, the US Supreme Court found Standard Oil guilty of anticompetitive practices, and Standard was broken into 34 entities. Today, these successors are largely consolidated as ExxonMobile, Chevron, and BP.
Did You Know?
- At Rockefeller’s peak net worth (in 1913), his personal wealth amounted to almost 3% of US GDP.
- By age of 12, the young John had saved $50 by working for neighbors. He loaned these savings to a local farmer, and was paid back with 7% interest the following year. Rockefeller later said of the experience: “The impression was gaining ground with me that it was a good thing to let the money be my servant and not make myself a slave to the money”.
- A Day in the Life of John D. Rockefeller- a short film from 1924
- How the modern economy was shaped by four men (including JD Rockefeller)
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- What are some facts about light energy?
- What are 3 things that produce light energy?
- Where is light energy found?
- What are the 2 types of light?
- What is the main source of light and energy?
- What is darkness?
- What are some examples of light energy?
- What are 5 examples of light?
- How is light energy used in the body?
- Why is light energy important?
- How is light important?
- What can a light do?
What are some facts about light energy?
Light Energy FactsThe speed of light is generally rounded down to 186,000 miles per second.
It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun’s surface to the Earth.Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth.Every year lightning kills 1000 people.Red, green and blue are the primary colours of light.More items….
What are 3 things that produce light energy?
Natural sources of light include the sun, stars, fire, and electricity in storms. There are even some animals and plants that can create their own light, such as fireflies, jellyfish, and mushrooms. This is called bioluminescence.
Where is light energy found?
The main source of light on Earth is the Sun. Sunlight provides the energy that green plants use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of photosynthesis provides virtually all the energy used by living things.
What are the 2 types of light?
There are two basic types of light sources: Incandescence and Luminescence.
What is the main source of light and energy?
The SunThe Sun is the major source of light for the earth. The sun is a massive ball of fire, at the center of which nuclear fusion produces massive energy. This energy comes out as heat and light. The light from the sun is one of the major factors behind the sustainability of life on earth.
What is darkness?
Darkness, the polar opposite of brightness, is understood as a lack of illumination or an absence of visible light. … Referring to a time of day, complete darkness occurs when the Sun is more than 18° below the horizon, without the effects of twilight on the night sky.
What are some examples of light energy?
There are many example we see in our routine life carrying light energy like lightened candle, flash light, fire, Electric bulb, kerosene lamp, stars and other luminous bodies etc. Each act as a source of light. Even a burning candle is an example for light energy.
What are 5 examples of light?
Light energy comes in many different forms, including:Visible light.Infrared waves.X-rays.Ultraviolet light.Gamma rays.Radio waves.Microwaves.
How is light energy used in the body?
In fact, it’s coded in our DNA. The human body is capable of building specialized proteins that transform light energy into chemical energy. One of these proteins, known as melanopsin, uses light energy to set our biological clock and may be involved in embryonic development.
Why is light energy important?
Light energy affects water temperature, biological processes (such as the relationship between predators and prey) and plant photosynthesis and growth. Under natural conditions light is controlled by topography, cloudiness, vegetation cover, and seasonal patterns, like less daylight in the winter.
How is light important?
Light is responsible for all life, for the production of the air that we breathe, the cycles of our oceans, the magnetic fields around our planet, gravity, warmth and our weather. We omit the importance of the true nature of the projection of our sun at our peril.
What can a light do?
We use it to communicate, navigate, learn and explore. Light is far more than just what we can detect with our eyes. It takes the form of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
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Howhow1 (hou),USA pronunciation adv.
- in what way or manner;
by what means?: How did the accident happen?
- to what extent, degree, etc.?: How damaged is the car?
- in what state or condition?: How are you?
- for what reason;
why?: How can you talk such nonsense?
- to what effect;
with what meaning?: How is one to interpret his action?
- what?: How do you mean? If they don't have vanilla, how about chocolate?
- (used as an intensifier): How seldom I go there!
- by what title or name?: How does one address the president?
- at what price: How are the new cars going, cheaper than last year's models?
- by what amount or in what measure or quantity?: How do you sell these tomatoes?
- in what form or shape?: How does the demon appear in the first act of the opera? How does the medication come?
- and how! [Informal.]certainly! you bet!: Am I happy? And how!
- Here's how, [Informal.](used as a toast).
- how come? [Informal.]how is it that? why?: How come you never visit us anymore?
- how so? how does it happen to be so? why?: You haven't any desire to go? How so?
- the manner or way in which: He couldn't figure out how to solve the problem.
- about the manner, condition, or way in which: I don't care how you leave your desk when you go. Be careful how you act.
- in whatever manner or way;
however: You can travel how you please.
- that: He told us how he was honest and could be trusted.
- a question concerning the way or manner in which something is done, achieved, etc.: a child's unending whys and hows.
- a way or manner of doing something: to consider all the hows and wherefores.
- a word formerly used in communications to represent the letter H.
Toto (to̅o̅; unstressed tŏŏ, tə),USA pronunciation prep.
- (used for expressing motion or direction toward a point, person, place, or thing approached and reached, as opposed to from): They came to the house.
- (used for expressing direction or motion or direction toward something) in the direction of;
toward: from north to south.
- (used for expressing limit of movement or extension): He grew to six feet.
- (used for expressing contact or contiguity) on;
upon: a right uppercut to the jaw; Apply varnish to the surface.
- (used for expressing a point of limit in time) before;
until: to this day; It is ten minutes to six. We work from nine to five.
- (used for expressing aim, purpose, or intention): going to the rescue.
- (used for expressing destination or appointed end): sentenced to jail.
- (used for expressing agency, result, or consequence): to my dismay; The flowers opened to the sun.
- (used for expressing a resulting state or condition): He tore it to pieces.
- (used for expressing the object of inclination or desire): They drank to her health.
- (used for expressing the object of a right or claim): claimants to an estate.
- (used for expressing limit in degree, condition, or amount): wet to the skin; goods amounting to $1000; Tomorrow's high will be 75 to 80°.
- (used for expressing addition or accompaniment) with: He added insult to injury. They danced to the music. Where is the top to this box?
- (used for expressing attachment or adherence): She held to her opinion.
- (used for expressing comparison or opposition): inferior to last year's crop; The score is eight to seven.
- (used for expressing agreement or accordance) according to;
by: a position to one's liking; to the best of my knowledge.
- (used for expressing reference, reaction, or relation): What will he say to this?
- (used for expressing a relative position): parallel to the roof.
- (used for expressing a proportion of number or quantity) in;
making up: 12 to the dozen; 20 miles to the gallon.
- (used for indicating the indirect object of a verb, for connecting a verb with its complement, or for indicating or limiting the application of an adjective, noun, or pronoun): Give it to me. I refer to your work.
- (used as the ordinary sign or accompaniment of the infinitive, as in expressing motion, direction, or purpose, in ordinary uses with a substantive object.)
- raised to the power indicated: Three to the fourth is 81( 34 = 81).
- toward a point, person, place, or thing, implied or understood.
- toward a contact point or closed position: Pull the door to.
- toward a matter, action, or work: We turned to with a will.
- into a state of consciousness;
out of unconsciousness: after he came to.
- to and fro. See fro (def. 2).
Buildbuild (bild),USA pronunciation v., built or (Archaic) build•ed;
- to construct (esp. something complex) by assembling and joining parts or materials: to build a house.
- to establish, increase, or strengthen (often fol. by up): to build a business; to build up one's hopes.
- to mold, form, or create: to build boys into men.
- to base;
found: a relationship built on trust.
- to make (words) from letters.
- to assemble (cards) according to number, suit, etc., as in melding.
- to engage in the art, practice, or business of building.
- to form or construct a plan, system of thought, etc. (usually fol. by on or upon): He built on the philosophies of the past.
- to increase or develop toward a maximum, as of intensity, tempo, or magnitude (often fol. by up): The drama builds steadily toward a climax.
- build in or into, to build or incorporate as part of something else: to build in bookcases between the windows; an allowance for travel expenses built into the budget.
- build up:
- to develop or increase: to build up a bank account.
- to strengthen.
- to prepare in stages.
- to fill in with houses;
develop into an urban area.
- to praise or flatter.
- the physical structure, esp. of a person;
figure: He had a strong build.
- the manner or form of construction: The house was of modern build.
- a vertical joint.
- the vertical dimension of a stone laid on its bed.
Carcar1 (kär),USA pronunciation n.
- an automobile.
- a vehicle running on rails, as a streetcar or railroad car.
- the part of an elevator, balloon, modern airship, etc., that carries the passengers, freight, etc.
- any wheeled vehicle, as a farm cart or wagon.
- [Literary.]a chariot, as of war or triumph.
Shedshed1 (shed),USA pronunciation n.
- a slight or rude structure built for shelter, storage, etc.
- a large, strongly built structure, often open at the sides or end.
Rockrock1 (rok),USA pronunciation n.
- a large mass of stone forming a hill, cliff, promontory, or the like.
- mineral matter of variable composition, consolidated or unconsolidated, assembled in masses or considerable quantities in nature, as by the action of heat or water.
- a particular kind of such matter: igneous rock.
- stone in the mass: buildings that stand upon rock.
- a stone of any size.
- something resembling or suggesting a rock.
- a firm foundation or support: The Lord is my rock.
- [Chiefly Brit.]a kind of hard candy, variously flavored.
- See rock candy.
- Often, rocks.
- a piece of money.
- a dollar bill.
- a diamond.
- any gem.
- crack (def. 41).
- a pellet or lump of crack.
- between a rock and a hard place, between undesirable alternatives.
- on the rocks:
- [Informal.]in or into a state of disaster or ruin: Their marriage is on the rocks.
- [Informal.]without funds;
- (of a beverage, esp. liquor or a cocktail) with, or containing, ice cubes: Scotch on the rocks; a vodka martini on the rocks.
- get one's rocks off, Slang (vulgar). to have an orgasm.
Solidsol•id (sol′id),USA pronunciation adj.
- having three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness), as a geometrical body or figure.
- of or pertaining to bodies or figures of three dimensions.
- having the interior completely filled up, free from cavities, or not hollow: a solid piece of chocolate.
- without openings or breaks: a solid wall.
- firm, hard, or compact in substance: solid ground.
- having relative firmness, coherence of particles, or persistence of form, as matter that is not liquid or gaseous: solid particles suspended in a liquid.
- pertaining to such matter: Water in a solid state is ice.
- dense, thick, or heavy in nature or appearance: solid masses of cloud.
- not flimsy, slight, or light, as buildings, furniture, fabrics, or food;
- of a substantial character;
not superficial, trifling, or frivolous: a solid work of scientific scholarship.
- without separation or division;
continuous: a solid row of buildings.
- whole or entire: one solid hour.
- forming the whole;
consisting entirely of one substance or material: solid gold.
- uniform in tone or shades, as a color: a solid blue dress.
- real or genuine: solid comfort.
- sound or reliable, as reasons or arguments: solid facts.
fully reliable or sensible: a solid citizen.
- financially sound or strong: Our company is solid.
- cubic: A solid foot contains 1728 solid inches.
- written without a hyphen, as a compound word.
- having the lines not separated by leads, or having few open spaces, as type or printing.
- thorough, vigorous, great, big, etc. (with emphatic force, often after good): a good solid blow.
- firmly united or consolidated: a solid combination.
- united or unanimous in opinion, policy, etc.
- on a friendly, favorable, or advantageous footing (often prec. by in): He was in solid with her parents.
- excellent, esp. musically.
- a body or object having three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness).
- a solid substance or body;
a substance exhibiting rigidity.
Sheltershel•ter (shel′tər),USA pronunciation n.
- something beneath, behind, or within which a person, animal, or thing is protected from storms, missiles, adverse conditions, etc.;
- the protection or refuge afforded by such a thing: He took shelter in a nearby barn.
- protection from blame, incrimination, etc.
- a dwelling place or home considered as a refuge from the elements: Everyone's basic needs are food, clothing, and shelter.
- a building serving as a temporary refuge or residence for homeless persons, abandoned animals, etc.
- [Finance.]See tax shelter.
- to be a shelter for;
afford shelter to: The old barn sheltered him from the rain.
- to provide with a shelter;
place under cover.
- to protect, as by shelter;
take under one's protection: Parents should not try to shelter their children from normal childhood disappointments.
- [Finance.]to invest (money) in a tax shelter.
- to take shelter;
find a refuge: He sheltered in a barn.
- [Finance.]to invest money in a tax shelter.
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When was the crustacean period?
The Cretaceous Period was the last and longest segment of the Mesozoic Era. It lasted approximately 79 million years, from the minor extinction event that closed the Jurassic Period about 145.5 million years ago to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event dated at 65.5 million years ago.
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In today’s complex financial landscape, securities regulations play a vital role in safeguarding investors and ensuring the integrity of the securities markets. These regulations, enforced by government agencies, aim to create a transparent and fair environment for the issuance and trading of securities. This blog post explores the key aspects of securities regulation, its governing bodies, and the benefits it brings to the financial ecosystem.
What is securities regulation?
Securities regulation is a complex system of laws and regulations designed to protect investors and promote the integrity of the securities markets. These regulations help to ensure that investors have access to accurate and up-to-date information when making investment decisions, and that the markets operate in a fair and transparent manner. Securities regulations also provide a framework for the issuance and trading of securities, such as stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. This framework includes rules governing the disclosure of information, the responsibilities of the parties involved, and the enforcement of violations. Securities regulations also provide guidance on the proper handling of customer funds, as well as the prevention of insider trading and market manipulation. In addition, securities regulations help to ensure that investors are protected from fraud and misrepresentation. Overall, securities regulations are an important part of creating an efficient and secure securities market.
Securities regulations and investor protection
One of the primary objectives of securities regulations is to protect investors from fraudulent activities and deceptive practices. By requiring companies to disclose accurate and timely information about their financial health and operations, securities regulations enable investors to make informed decisions. These regulations also provide a framework for combating insider trading, market manipulation, and other forms of securities fraud.
Furthermore, securities regulations promote fair treatment of investors by establishing rules that prevent discriminatory practices such as insider trading and market manipulation, as well as protect investors from fraudulent activities. These rules also ensure equal access to investment opportunities, regardless of an investor’s financial resources or level of experience. By leveling the playing field, these regulations foster investor confidence and encourage market participation, as investors can be assured that their investments are being treated fairly.
Governing bodies in securities regulation
Securities regulations are enforced by various entities at both the federal and state levels. The most prominent regulatory body in the United States is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC is responsible for overseeing the securities industry, enforcing securities laws, and protecting investors. It has the authority to establish rules and regulations governing the issuance, trading, and reporting of securities.
At the state level, individual state securities regulators are responsible for regulating securities within their jurisdictions. These state regulators work in cooperation with the SEC to ensure that both federal and state securities laws are followed. They are tasked with licensing investment professionals, conducting examinations and investigations, and providing essential investor education and assistance. These state securities regulators have the power to investigate any potential fraud or wrongdoing in the securities industry, as well as to take enforcement action against any individuals or entities that break securities laws. State securities regulators are responsible for educating investors about their rights and the risks associated with investing in securities, as well as providing resources to help investors make informed decisions.
Additionally, self-regulatory organizations (SROs) such as stock exchanges and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) play a significant role in securities regulation. SROs have the authority to regulate certain aspects of securities trading and market operations. They establish and enforce rules that govern the conduct of market participants, promote market transparency, and maintain fair and orderly markets.
The benefits of securities regulation
Securities regulation brings several benefits to investors and the overall financial ecosystem:
- Investor protection: By promoting transparency and requiring accurate disclosure of information, securities regulations help protect investors from fraud, ensuring they have access to reliable information when making investment decisions.
- Fair and orderly markets: Securities regulations establish rules and standards that foster fair competition and prevent market manipulation, ensuring that all investors operate on a level playing field. This helps maintain market integrity and reduces systemic risks.
- Investor confidence: A robust regulatory framework instills confidence in the securities markets. Investors are more likely to participate and allocate their capital when they have trust in the fairness and transparency of the market.
Securities regulations are constantly evolving to keep up with the changing financial landscape. As new technologies and products emerge, regulators must ensure that investors are adequately protected and that the markets remain fair and orderly. By staying up to date with the latest developments, regulators can ensure that the securities markets remain a safe and reliable place for investors to allocate their capital.
Securities regulation is an essential component of the financial system, playing a crucial role in protecting investors and maintaining market integrity. These regulations, enforced by bodies such as the SEC, state securities regulators, and SROs, ensure transparency, fair treatment, and accountability in the issuance and trading of securities. By fostering a level playing field and providing investor protection, securities regulations contribute to a thriving and trustworthy financial ecosystem.
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NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are a group of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecules, the expression of which is induced by cellular stresses such as infection, tumorigenesis, heat shock, tissue damage, and DNA damage. They act as a molecular danger signal alerting the immune system for infected or neoplastic cells. Mammals have two families of NKG2DL genes: the MHC-encoded MIC gene family and the ULBP gene family encoded outside the MHC region in most mammals. Rodents such as mice and rats lack the MIC family of ligands. Interestingly, some mammals have NKG2DL-like molecules named MILL that are phylogenetically related to MIC, but do not function as NKG2DLs. In this paper, we review our current knowledge of the MIC, ULBP, and MILL gene families in representative mammalian species and discuss the origin and evolution of the NKG2DL gene family.
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The Great Depression devastated Pennsylvania's bituminous and anthracite coal industries. Between 1926 and 1933, operators cut Pennsylvania anthracite production by one-third and laid off nearly 67,000 miners, almost 40 percent of the workforce. In northeastern Pennsylvania, unemployed miners worked illegal "bootleg" mines on company-owned land. By the mid-1930s, bootleg mining accounted for 10 percent of the total anthracite produced. In 1941, it still accounted for one out of four jobs in Schuylkill and Northumberland Counties
In 1936, George Earle became the first Democrat elected governor of Pennsylvania since 1891. In office, Earle and a new Democratic majority in the state legislature pushed through a wave of progressive legislation quickly dubbed Pennsylvania's "Little New Deal." In November 1937, Earle traveled to Coaldale to meet with miners conducting a sit down strike 1,300 feet underground in the Number 8 mine. There, the governor conducted a mine inspection and asked the miners to select a representative for an upcoming conference in Harrisburg.
During the early years of the Great Depression, runs on deposits forced the closure of hundreds of banks throughout Pennsylvania. Allentown lost six of its ten banks. In Philadelphia more than fifty banks, most of them small, also failed, taking with them all of their depositors" savings.
The Great Depression sped the abandonment of farms on marginal lands through foreclosures on mortgages. In June 1939, Farm Security Administration photographer Marion Post Wollcott took this picture of the public auction of a farm near York.
Left: Beaver FallsRight: Pine Grove Furnace, 1933
Parker Dam was one of ninety-eight dams constructed by the CCC in Pennsylvania.
Between 1933 and 1941, almost 200,000 men labored in 114 CCC camps in backwoods areas across Pennsylvania. In the Commonwealth, Roosevelt's "Tree Army" constructed 6,300 miles of roads and trails, 98 dams, and 86 fire towers, planted 50 million trees, and spent more than 65,000 man-days battling forest fires. They also built campgrounds, picnic areas, and recreation areas, many of which continue to benefit Pennsylvanians today.
Many young men came to the camps hungry and poorly clothed. They were issued uniforms and given three meals a day. Most young men gained about 40 pounds while in the CCC. The men earned $30 a month, most of which was sent home to their families.
Centre County<br />Within four years of the stock market crash of 1929, national unemployment reached 25%, but in Pennsylvania it was a staggering 37% pushing 1.4 million people into joblessness and poverty.<br />By the end of the Great Depression, Centre County lost a quarter of all its business establishments including four of its five laundries, it's only sporting goods store, and six ice cream parlors.<br />
WPA<br />From 1935 to 1943, Works Progress Administration workers built:<br />• 650,000 miles of roads<br />• 78,000 bridges<br />• 125,000 civilian and military buildings<br />• 800 airports (built, improved or enlarged)<br />• 700 miles of airport runway<br />Workers also were responsible for:<br />• 900 million hot lunches served to school children<br />• 1,500 nursery schools operated<br />• 225,000 musical concerts presented to 150 million people<br />• 475,000 art works 276 books and 701 pamphlets created<br />
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American artist John Singer Sargent’s watercolor painting titled “Carrara Workmen” is a genre painting created in 1911. It measures 40.4 x 53.4 cm and was purchased from the artist through M. Knoedler, New York on April 4, 1912. Sargent’s impressionist style is evident in this work, which depicts Italian quarry workmen against the backdrop of the white Carrara marble that they’re working on.
The use of scraping over graphite on ivory wove paper with touches of opaque watercolor adds depth and texture to the painting, making it seem almost three-dimensional. The dark hues contrast sharply against the whiteness of the marble and highlight the laborious work being done by the men depicted.
Sargent was famous for his realistic portraits as well as his Impressionistic landscapes and genre paintings. Some other notable works by him include “Head of a Capri Girl,” “El Jaleo,” “Charles Stuart Forbes,” and “Madame X.” A Giclee print of this piece is available at Art.com.
Overall, Sargent’s “Carrara Workmen” is an impressive representation of his unique artistic style that captures both realism and impressionism effectively while highlighting scenes from everyday life. Its technique combined with its overall atmosphere serves as a lasting legacy of his skillful artistry during that era.
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The diagrams illustrate the steps and tools used in the cement-making process and cement used to yield concrete for building purposes. The production of cement has 5 stages, it commence with the mixing of two raw materials and completing in the packaging a new cement.
show the block diagram in the process of manufaturing cement. show the block diagram in the process of manufaturing cement. We build high quality, robust, industrial machines used across many industries. Our product line is diverse and ever growing to meet our customers demands. cement manufacturing process with block diagrams ppt. Global Technology Roadmap for CCS in Industry. Aug 27, 2010 ...
A very precise manufacturing process A ready-mix concrete plant consists of silos that contain cement, sand, gravel and storage thanks of additives such as plasticizers, as well as a mixer to blend the components of concrete.
Oct 20, 2013 The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for A model answer for a diagram illustrating the process of making ... Flow Chart . Cement is the basic ingredient of construction and the most widely used construction ...
manufacturing process of ordinery portland cement with ... · flow chart with manufacturing process of cement plant in ppt … There is a wide variety of equipment designed to improve the Portland Cement production process . … line diagram for manufacture of ordinary portland cement .
block diagram of cement mill pdf customer case. block diagram of cement mill pdf customer case Find Best Cement Mixer Parts Block Diagram … Ball Mill Schematic Diagram Manual Pdf - coracent.co.in Ball Mill Stainless Balls Typ Customer Case; Ball Mill Schematic Diagram Manual Pdf.
Concrete block, sometimes called cement brick (or cement stock brick) are widely used as building material. Automatic or semi-automatic machines are available for making concrete block, but it is possible to make them in the free available space of your home.
We are the leading service provider and supplier in the field of mining equipment and solutions. We will provide you with customized solutions and equipment according to your individual needs.
The diagrams depict the process of cement production and its usage in making concrete. In cement production there are 4 stages involved. In the first stage limestone and clay are crushed to powder form.
Cement manufacturing process - components of a cement plant from quarry to kiln to cement mill.
Dry Process:-fig 6–1 shows the flow diagram of mixing of raw materials by dry process. Wet Process: -the flow diagram of mixing of raw materials by wet process is shown in fig 6–2; BURNING. Burning is carried out in the rotary kiln which is shown in fig 6– 3.It is having a length of 90 -120 meters and a diameter of 2.5–3 meters. It is arranged in a way that the kiln rotates 1–3 ...
Process Flow Diagram for Portland Cement Manufacturing | Concrete | Cement. Block diagram for portland cement production 2.Block diagram for the processing of cement 4 .LIST OF FIGURES 1 ... screen is also at underground level. the staff improved this unit by mounting the drive on the side. enters the mill. the next unit operation in ...
2009-10-14· This video shows the process of making concrete blocks using a DEMLER DML 130. More info, check out our website :
materials are produced in portland cement manufacturing plants. A diagram of the process, which A diagram of the process, which encompasses production of both portland and masonry cement, is shown in Figure 11.6-1.
2012-02-24· Brick and Block making machine ... Make pots at home beautiful - Construction design with sand and cement - How to make flower pots - Duration: 14:03.
Process Diagrams and Drawings, Mass Flow Diagram This is a simple block diagram which identifies the mass flow of "all" matter through the, Process Flow Diagram. manufacturing process for aggregate concrete block
Block diagram of manufacturing process · Diagram ... Figure: Manufacturing of Cement by Dry Process. Bin. Bin ... Comparison of dry process and wet process. Figure: Manufacturing of Cement by Dry Process.
diagram of a basic 2+1-reactor (converter). function flow diagram for cement manufacturing process manufacturing process in steel plant in ppt. download self compacted concrete ppt in pdf format, industry. schematic flow chart of a cement plant. cement basics, production flow chart.
The given diagrams depict the manufacturing process of cement and how it could be used to construct concrete for constructions. Overall, there are six steps in the cement making process and concrete production is comparatively easier as it involves combining the right proportion of different ingredients.
Cement manufacturing: components of a cement plant. This page and the linked pages below summarize the cement manufacturing process from the perspective of the individual components of a cement plant - the kiln, the cement mill etc..
Process Flow Diagram for Portland Cement Manufacturing - Scribd. Benefit of cement industry to the Nigerian economy… . Corporate social responsibility of cement industry… . Block diagram for the processing of cement 4 . CEMAT: The leading process control system for the cement industry. In the cement industry, reliable processes are crucial to success. To stay competitive, a . innovative ...
Compaction of concrete • Compaction of concrete is process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from the concrete • In the process of mixing, transporting and placing of concrete air is likely to get entrapped in the concrete . • It has been found from the experimental studies that 1% air in the concrete approximately reduces the strength by 6%. • If we don't expel this air, it ...
Cement is the basic ingredient of construction and the most widely used construction material. It is a very critical ingredient, because only cement has the ability of enhancing viscosity of concrete which in returns provides the better locking of sand and gravels together in a concrete mix.
The Process for Making Portland Cement Materials that contain appropriate amounts of calcium compounds, silica, alumina and iron oxide are crushed and screened and placed in a rotating cement kiln. Ingredients used in this process are typically materials such as limestone, sandstone, marl, shale, iron, clay, and fly ash.
diagram of the cement production line project. A production line is the traditional method which people associate with manufacturing. The production line is arranged so that the product is moved sequentially along the line and stops at work centers along the line where an operation is performed.
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Understanding the 20+ Lock FunctionsAuthor: Brian Rhodes, Published on Aug 26, 2013
Some suppose all locks are the same but standards existing defining a range of over 20 different lock functions. Understanding them is vital in ensuring the right unit is specified for a job, or else security vulnerabilities or dangers to life/safety can result. In this note we look at lock functions, the ANSI/BHMA Function codes, which types are most common, and the right functions to use when controlling access.
The 'function' or mechanical behavior of a lock, especially a mortise or cylindrical lever lock, should be specified for an opening. An easy example of different functions in everyday use can be seen when comparing 'restroom/bathroom/WC' locks and 'closet' locks.
Most bathroom locks include the provision to lock from the inside, preserving the privacy of occupants. However, this same feature is not common on closet doors, simply due to the potential of accidentally locking the door shut and preventing access from the outside.
These properties of locks are identified by codes, and there are over 20 different functions available. Codes are segregated according to lock type, meaning the a mortise and cylinder lock with the same function are coded differently. This simplifies specification writing and ordering, condensing complex interactions to a code.
Before codes were implemented, functions were defined via common labels like 'Passage Functions, or 'Privacy Locks'. However regional and manufacturer variations of those labels are common, and simply identifying these locks by common labels does not guarantee the exact function will be ordered. Because many of the 'old guard' still identifies locksets using these terms, they persist.
For accurate and precise descriptions, however, the ANSI/BHMA Function codes should be used:
These are 3 of the most common lock functions specified:
- Office Doors: Most office workers want to lock their doors after hours. The F82/F04 function lets an employee push a button on the back of the lock when they leave, pull the door shut to lock it, and ensure it can only be unlocked by key when unattended.
- Server Rooms: For higher security applications, the addition of a deadbolt is useful. The F88/F09 "Entrance" function allows for an additional deadbolt to be thrown by keyed locking from the outside of the door, when IT leaves a MDF/IDF. However, when personnel is inside the room, the lever functions like a "Privacy" lock allowing free egress.
- Break Room: The F75/F01 "Passage" function is ideal for areas using doors for environmental isolations (noise/HVAC) but do not necessarily want them lockable. Areas like Break Rooms are common access, and "Passage" locks assure they aren't inadvertently or maliciously locked from use.
Other applications certainly exist. For example, for a medical storage closet, F86 is a likely choice because the door is locked all the time and can only be opened by a key. The door automatically locks when the door is shut, which is ideal for securing a closet filled with valuable items. Code F86 also specifies a cylindrical lockset, although if the door was prepped for a mortise lockset, code F07 would provide the same features.
Also, look at Code F84/F05. This function is informally called 'Classroom Function', as they are designed to be installed in schools. These locks always allow occupants out of a classroom regardless if the door is locked or not. However, in order to lock the door, a key must be used on the outside of the room. This orientation has caused some concern in the wake of school shootings, because they potentially expose the teacher or class to danger in order to lock the door. This explains why some products marketed as 'classroom locks' do not specify F84/F05 code compliance, because they can be locked inside the class. While this potentially may be a safer function, it does not meet the formal 'Classroom Function' definition and it is not used.
Most commercial-grade hardware makes finding lock function easy - generally this is listed on cutsheets, and different product SKUs have different functions, even if the base hardware series is the same. Take this example from Yale:
Finding the right function is straightforward and many distributors will ask you for this information if you do not include it. Getting the right function ordered is important, because it is difficult or impossible to change this attribute in the field.
Most residential and light-grade commercial hardware does not specify any function code, and is simply sold as an 'office lock' or 'bathroom lock'. These products are configured in only the most common functions and may not be compliant with codes or specifications as a result.
Simply ordering a lockset because 'it uses a key' and fits within a door is not proper and may be illegal. Certain occupancies outlaw some functions - E2141/F16 "Double Keyed Deadbolt" cannot be used in most group occupancies, while others strictly define required use of others - F93/F15 only on Hotel/Motel doors.
Electronic Access Relevance
Failing to understand lock functions complicate electrified lock hardware selection. For example, if a lock includes a separate deadbolt, an accompanying electric strike may need to upsized to include more that one latch, or more than one strike may be required. Likewise, if a deadbolt is improperly included in a lock in an egress pathway, it could potentially kill or injure people trying to escape.
3 reports cite this report:
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In 2012, Japanese Central Education Council published the new report of special needs education (SNE) including the concept of inclusive education. In the report, the importance of the provision of SNE information to the parents and the community residents was pointed out. At the introductory stage, they frequently might acquire the information from the websites of the schools and the educational boards in their districts. We investigated the information of the websites of 432 elementary schools that have special classes and/or resource rooms, and 23 educational boards in X prefecture. Fewer than half the number of school websites provided the information of such educational facilities. Especially, only about thirteen percent of the sites were showing the acceptable kinds of disabilities. On the websites of the educational boards, only twenty-six percent included the information of the local schools that have SNE classes or staffs. In order to match the needs of the parents, it was suggested that the contents of SNE should be added more to the websites for the parents who especially have preschool child.
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"Cherishing Little Steps - A Haven for Baby and Family Journeys"
Are you feeling like you’re drowning in a sea of academic pressure? It’s time to take control and learn effective strategies for handling teen academic pressure.
As a teenager, you face a unique set of challenges when it comes to juggling schoolwork, extracurricular activities, and social life. The pressure to excel can feel overwhelming at times, but fear not! This guide will provide you with practical tips and techniques to navigate the stormy waters of academic expectations.
From recognizing the signs of pressure to fostering a positive learning environment, you’ll discover how to find balance, manage your time effectively, and take care of your mental well-being.
So, grab hold of the life raft and let’s sail through this together!
- Recognize the signs of academic pressure, such as increased stress and anxiety, mood swings, and difficulty sleeping.
- Encourage a healthy work-life balance by prioritizing leisure activities, setting specific times for studying and personal activities, and establishing boundaries between academic and personal life.
- Teach effective time management skills, including prioritizing tasks, breaking tasks into smaller chunks, and setting realistic goals with deadlines.
- Provide emotional support and encouragement, offering a listening ear without judgment, celebrating achievements, and creating a supportive and understanding environment.
Recognizing Signs of Academic Pressure
You can easily recognize signs of academic pressure in teens by observing their increased levels of stress and anxiety. When teenagers are under intense academic pressure, they often experience heightened levels of stress and anxiety. This can manifest in various ways, such as frequent mood swings, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. They may also exhibit physical symptoms like headaches, stomachaches, or even panic attacks. It’s important to pay attention to these warning signs and address them promptly.
One of the main contributors to academic pressure in teens is parental expectations. Many parents have high expectations for their children’s academic achievements, sometimes placing undue pressure on them to excel academically. These expectations can create a stressful environment that can negatively impact a teenager’s well-being. It’s crucial for parents to be aware of the effects their expectations may have on their children and find a balance that promotes a healthy approach to academics.
To address parental expectations, it’s essential to foster open and honest communication. Parents should have conversations with their teens about their goals and aspirations, emphasizing the importance of personal growth and well-being rather than solely focusing on academic success. Encourage your teen to express their concerns and fears, and actively listen without judgment. By creating a supportive and understanding environment, you can help alleviate some of the academic pressure they may be experiencing.
Setting Realistic Expectations
To mitigate teen academic pressure, it’s important to establish clear and attainable expectations. Setting realistic expectations can help alleviate the stress and anxiety that teens often experience in relation to their academic performance. Here are three key ways in which parents can set realistic expectations for their teenagers:
Communicate openly: Engage in open and honest conversations with your teen about their academic goals and aspirations. Discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and help them understand their own abilities and limitations. By having these conversations, you can set realistic expectations that align with their capabilities.
Encourage balance: Encourage your teen to maintain a healthy balance between academics and other aspects of their life, such as hobbies, socializing, and self-care. Help them understand that their worth isn’t solely determined by their academic achievements, but by their overall well-being.
Foster independence: Encourage your teen to take ownership of their academic journey. Teach them the importance of self-motivation and self-discipline. Provide guidance and support, but also allow them to make their own decisions and learn from their mistakes.
Encouraging a Healthy Work-Life Balance
Establishing a healthy work-life balance is crucial in mitigating teen academic pressure and fostering overall well-being. As a teenager, it’s important to find a way to integrate your academic responsibilities with your personal life. Work-life integration promotes a sense of harmony and reduces stress levels, allowing you to excel academically without sacrificing your well-being.
To encourage a healthy work-life balance, it’s essential to prioritize leisure activities. Engaging in hobbies and spending time with loved ones can help you relax and recharge, enabling you to approach your schoolwork with a fresh perspective. Research shows that taking breaks and engaging in leisure activities actually enhances productivity and improves academic performance.
One practical way to prioritize leisure is by setting aside dedicated time for activities you enjoy. Whether it’s reading a book, playing a sport, or spending time with friends, make sure to schedule these activities into your routine. By doing so, you create a sense of balance and ensure that your personal life receives the attention it deserves.
Additionally, it’s crucial to establish boundaries between your academic and personal life. This means setting specific times for studying and completing assignments, while also designating time for relaxation and leisure. By doing so, you can avoid the temptation to constantly be working and allow yourself to fully enjoy your personal time.
Teaching Effective Time Management Skills
How can you effectively teach time management skills to teens? Time management is a crucial skill for teens to develop, as it helps them stay organized, meet deadlines, and reduce stress. Here are three key strategies to effectively teach time management skills:
Prioritizing tasks: Help teens understand the importance of prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance. Encourage them to create a to-do list and rank tasks accordingly. Teach them to focus on completing high-priority tasks first to avoid feeling overwhelmed.
Avoiding procrastination: Procrastination can be a major hindrance to effective time management. Encourage teens to break tasks into smaller, manageable chunks and set specific deadlines for each part. Teaching them effective strategies, such as the Pomodoro Technique, can also help them stay focused and motivated.
Setting realistic goals: Help teens set realistic goals by teaching them how to break larger tasks into smaller, achievable steps. Guide them in creating a timeline with specific milestones to track progress. By setting realistic goals, teens can avoid feeling overwhelmed and stay motivated throughout the process.
Providing Emotional Support and Encouragement
One important aspect of handling teen academic pressure is providing them with emotional support and encouragement. Adolescence can be a challenging time, and teens often find themselves overwhelmed by the expectations placed upon them. Peer support and parental involvement play crucial roles in helping teens navigate these pressures.
Having a strong network of friends who understand the academic challenges can be immensely helpful for teens. Encouraging your teen to seek support from their peers can provide them with a sense of belonging and validation. This can be done through study groups, extracurricular activities, or even online forums where they can connect with others facing similar pressures.
Parental involvement is equally important in supporting teens academically. Regularly checking in with your teen to discuss their academic progress and challenges can help them feel supported and understood. Offering words of encouragement and reassurance can boost their confidence and motivate them to persevere. Additionally, providing a nurturing and non-judgmental environment at home can alleviate some of the pressure teens may feel.
Promoting Self-Care and Stress Management Techniques
To effectively promote self-care and manage stress as a teenager, it’s important for you to prioritize your well-being. Here are some self-care techniques and stress management tips that can help you navigate the pressures of academic life:
Practice mindfulness: Take a few minutes each day to focus on the present moment. Engage in activities like deep breathing or meditation to calm your mind and reduce stress.
Engage in physical activity: Exercise isn’t only beneficial for your physical health but also for your mental well-being. Find an activity that you enjoy, whether it’s dancing, running, or playing a sport, and make time for it regularly.
Build a support network: Surround yourself with friends and family who uplift and support you. Having people you can talk to and rely on can greatly reduce your stress levels.
Remember, self-care isn’t selfish. Taking care of yourself is essential for maintaining good mental health and overall well-being.
Seeking Professional Help When Needed
If you find that self-care techniques and stress management tips aren’t effectively reducing your academic pressure, it may be necessary to seek professional help. Sometimes, the weight of academic expectations and the pressure to excel can become overwhelming, and it’s important to remember that seeking professional guidance is a valid and valuable option.
There are various therapy options available to help you cope with academic pressure and develop healthy strategies to manage stress. One type of therapy that may be beneficial is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to stress and anxiety. It can help you develop healthier coping mechanisms and improve your overall well-being.
Another therapy option is talk therapy, where you can openly discuss your feelings and concerns with a trained therapist. This can provide you with a safe space to explore your emotions and gain insight into your academic pressures.
When seeking professional help, it’s important to find a therapist who specializes in working with teenagers and understands the unique challenges they face. You can ask for recommendations from trusted adults, such as teachers or school counselors, or search for therapists who specialize in adolescent mental health.
Fostering a Positive and Supportive Learning Environment
Create a Collaborative Classroom Atmosphere
To foster a positive and supportive learning environment, it’s crucial to create a collaborative classroom atmosphere. By doing so, you can encourage students to develop a growth mindset and build resilience.
Here are three ways to achieve this:
Promote teamwork: Encourage students to work together on projects and assignments. By collaborating, they can learn from one another, develop problem-solving skills, and build social connections. This promotes a sense of belonging and support within the classroom.
Provide constructive feedback: Offer feedback that focuses on growth and improvement rather than solely on grades. Help students understand that mistakes and setbacks are part of the learning process. Emphasize effort, progress, and the development of skills. This approach fosters a growth mindset and helps students build resilience in the face of challenges.
Cultivate a safe and inclusive environment: Create a space where all students feel valued and respected. Encourage open dialogue, active listening, and empathy. Celebrate diversity and encourage students to embrace their unique perspectives. By fostering inclusivity, you create a supportive environment where students feel comfortable taking risks and expressing themselves.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Can Parents Effectively Communicate With Their Teenager About Academic Pressure?
To effectively communicate with your teenager about academic pressure, start by listening attentively and empathetically. Show understanding and validate their feelings. Build trust through open and honest conversations, offering support and guidance when needed.
What Are Some Signs of Academic Pressure That May Go Unnoticed by Parents and Teachers?
You may not realize it, but there are warning signs of academic pressure that can affect your teen’s mental health. It’s important to be aware of these signs and take action to support them.
Are There Any Long-Term Consequences of Academic Pressure on Teenagers?
Academic pressure on teenagers can have long-term effects, such as impacting their mental health. It’s important to recognize the signs and provide support. Remember, you can make a difference by offering understanding and encouragement.
How Can Teachers Contribute to Reducing Academic Pressure in the Classroom?
Teachers can contribute to reducing academic pressure in the classroom by providing support to students, creating a positive and inclusive classroom environment, and promoting a healthy work-life balance. These actions can help alleviate stress and foster a love for learning.
What Are Some Effective Strategies for Teenagers to Cope With Academic Pressure During Exam Periods?
During exam periods, effective coping strategies can make a big difference. Take breaks, practice self-care, and seek mental health support if needed. Remember, you’re not alone in this, and there’s always help available. You got this!
In conclusion, handling teen academic pressure requires a proactive approach. By recognizing signs of stress, setting realistic expectations, and promoting a healthy work-life balance, parents and educators can help teens navigate their academic responsibilities.
Teaching effective time management skills, providing emotional support, and promoting self-care techniques are also crucial. Remember, creating a positive and supportive learning environment is key.
With these strategies in place, teens can flourish academically while maintaining their mental well-being. It’s like creating a safety net that allows them to soar to new heights.
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Finance is a key area for business procedures, whether for manufacturing of items or services or for growth jobs. This field includes all aspects of cash as well as the preparation as well as control of procedures. The main goal of finance is to increase the productivity of a service. This includes increasing funds, investing them intelligently, and also managing them properly.
Financing has strong scientific origins in mathematics and also data. The majority of modern-day concepts are based upon these techniques. However, the field additionally includes elements that are not totally scientific. The human aspect, such as anxiety and greed, often contributes on the planet of money. This is because individuals usually make decisions based on emotion as opposed to on sound business economics. queenofpeace.ca
Money has been around for a very long time. It has assisted people and also services conserve cash and increase funds, and also it has aided the government manage cash efficiently. Without the correct management of cashes, a company’s foundation can end up being unpredictable. For this reason, it is important for an organization to have actually a dedicated financing division.
Businesses need adequate money to contend as well as endure in today’s market. As an example, they need enough funds to purchase fixed properties and also implement innovative technologies. Additionally, they need funds to broaden their service to new markets. Schedule of money makes sure that these organizations can buy new modern technology and develop a base in new markets.
Financing encompasses all facets of money, including its source, its monitoring, and also its use. The major areas of study consist of banking, investment, and corporate money. The career also includes the research study of capital possessions and also take the chance of monitoring. Financing is an expanding industry with several job possibilities and also a high incomes possibility for people that are skilled at adjusting to change.
Money is the scientific research of finance. It covers all sorts of money, from specific savings to financial investments to organization and government financing. On top of that, it includes the production, administration, and administration of economic systems. Whether exclusive, corporate, or federal government, money is necessary for the functioning of economic climates. The goal is to generate income grow as well as operate. url
Finance is a crucial element of running an organization, particularly for small businesses. Without a strong understanding of financing, a company might potentially deal with personal bankruptcy or failure. Money helps companies comprehend exactly how money works as well as assign monetary resources to achieve long-lasting objectives. If the economic strategy as well as management are not seem, a company can’t survive.
Students who go after a money significant learn exactly how to evaluate financial details, choose on investment approaches, evaluate expenses, as well as interact the info that drives critical adjustment. They usually full group discussions or specific study, which boost their analytic abilities. Normal finance courses consist of math, business economics, and also accounting. These are the fundamentals of finance and the basis for lots of jobs.
Increasingly, a CFO needs to be able to evaluate information in manner ins which permit them to make more educated choices. This implies that monetary data must be linked together in even more information than ever. Moreover, it is crucial for CFOs to collaborate with IT, as this will certainly result in a much more effective and also effective money organization. The CFO needs to also take into consideration the integration of non-financial data.
Money describes the research of money and exactly how governments allocate resources to various fields of the economy. The government’s primary objective is social upliftment, so it elevates funds as if they will benefit as many people as feasible. This is officially called public money. This branch of the area likewise focuses on exhausting as well as spending, budgeting, as well as debt-issuance plans.
Finance is a required part of every department. It assists the organization in purchasing as well as utilizing assets, creating items and also services, and taking on development jobs. In a company, finance is required to get raw materials, tools, equipment, as well as expertise. Furthermore, it is utilized to control using funds, therefore raising the productivity of the company.
The demand for financing relies on an organization’s size as well as nature. No organization system is specifically the exact same, so the scale of financing it requires will certainly vary accordingly. Regardless, a service calls for funds to buy new modern technologies or develop a presence in brand-new markets. Moreover, the availability of enough finance is essential for several functions within a company, including capital budgeting.
Academic developments in finance have considerably improved the day-to-day procedures of the monetary market. However, this does not indicate that money is regulated by logical clinical regulations. Several economic markets have actually experienced disastrous durations that can not be explained by reasonable concepts. In many cases, concern and also feeling played a part in these occasions. As a matter of fact, history as well as study has shown that human emotion and perception played a major function in stock market crashes.
Finance is the art as well as scientific research of money management. It consists of the administration of capital sources, budget procedures, and tax systems. It additionally includes the study of monetary instruments and properties. It incorporates government, individual, and business money. It likewise includes the production and oversight of a monetary system. In other words, finance is the lifeblood of an organization.
Normally, a service should raise resources to meet its functioning funding requirements and also to buy fixed assets. This is called long-lasting money. Long-term resources of finance are generally provided by the issue of shares by a company. These shares can be either equity or preference shares. The latter type of shares offers capital for a company, while the previous supplies funds for its functioning capital requirements.
The finance feature likewise involves examination of the firm’s financial efficiency. This entails developing financial controls as well as figuring out the return on investment. The roi, or ROI, is a common step of an organization’s performance. Other strategies of examination as well as financial control include price control and financial control. Additionally, break-even factor analysis is another method used in economic evaluation. Along with financial coverage, finance likewise includes monetary analysis, dividend choice, as well as danger monitoring. site
Financing is a branch of economics with roots in science, specifically mathematics and also stats. Nonetheless, the area has non-scientific components too.
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It has long been entered into the modern American conscience that the end of the American Civil War proper was completed with the shaking of hands between the generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant in a tiny Virginian hamlet of Appomattox Courthouse. Numerous textbooks, novels, articles, movies, television programs all relegate this single event as the definitive end to the conflict. Yet, with closer examination, one can see that the Republican and Democratic factions were still looking to continue the conflict during the years of Reconstruction, to such an extent that men considered enemies of the state were depicted in the same light as historical figures of high prestige, simply by the virtue of whom they were fighting against.
The purpose of this paper is to exhibit that the war had not ended in the clean and orderly way in which we have imagined it to have been. In the hearts and minds of those who lost loved ones, who still suffered from the physical and mental scars of the war, the conflict was still as heatedly contested as it was prior to its official end. This can be demonstrated clearly during smaller conflict that began during the waning years of the war and continued well into the Reconstruction Period in North Carolina. This conflict is particularly important due to the political affiliation of the people involved with hunting down the outlaw Henry Berry Lowry, how either side of the political spectrum of Reconstruction America saw this outlaw and his gang, and finally, how the Henry Berry’s story was used to promote political attacks from one party onto the other. It is as if the outlaw became an instrument with which both political parties used to try and gain an upper hand in the direction with which they wanted to take the country. The portrayal of this particular struggle, known as the Lowry War, clearly shows that North and South were still eager to fight one another, though they had simply decided on a different set of methods in which to do so.
The man at the center of this storm, Henry Berry Lowry, is an interesting man to examine, to say the least. Born in conditions that would’ve destined him to remain hidden to history, it was not only the social and political climate of the war that first introduced him to the national stage, but also his own personal background that made him an charismatic figure to those of his generation, and for future generations to come. Lowry was a man who did not care for state’s right, the preservation of slavery, or to preserve the Union. During the war, Lowry took great efforts to avoid military service in either army, and even hid himself in the swamps of Robeson County in order to avoid impressed labor by the Home Guard of Ft. Fisher. So why would a man who had no desire to be a part of the war attain any notoriety from any news median?
The answer to this question is not one answered by Lowry himself, but by the society from which he came. Lowry was a Lumbee, a Native tribe in North Carolina that, who were able to retain their lands by helping the American colonists during the Revolution. However, this did not mean that the Lumbees were seen as equals to their white brethren, either socially or by legal definition. In 1835, with the adoption of an official state constitution, the Lumbees, as well other Indian tribes, were considered “free persons of color”, which effectively revoked the Lumbee’s right to vote, bear arms, and placed the Native American tribe into the same category as blacks and other non-whites. In perspective, this unique form of governmental bigotry can still be seen to this day, as the Lumbee tribe is still ineligible for federal recognition, nor have they been given the benefits that such recognition would give them.
In the county of Robeson, the Lumbees, including the Lowry family, were seen as a people beneath the white population. In an account that focused on the Lowry family, there is a great effort made to show how inhuman these Indians were in the eyes of their white peers. Mary Norment, who wrote a history of family denouncing Lowry and his associates and supporters, wrote this about the Lumbee Indians:
“The habits of the Indian are peculiar and eccentric, sometimes assuming a religious aspect as austere as the most rigid Pharisee could desire, at other times plunging headlong into immoral excesses degrading to human nature. Piltering chickens: steading pigs and killing sheep for mutton were of frequent occurance among the denizens of Scuffletown from time immemorial. A love for spirituous liquors characterized the who population with some few exceptions. The entire race are intemperate whenever they have the means of gratifying their taste for spirituous liquors, and when under the influence of liquor they are remarkably quarrelsome and fussy, often fighting and cutting and stabbing each other with knives, or shooting each other with guns or pistols. But notwithstanding these immoral evils, nearly all Indians, when they arrive at years of discretion, join either the Baptist or Methodist church in Scuffletown, which they claim as their church or churches, being supplied with ministers of the race, educated, licensed and ordained in their peculiar style. ”
What is amazing about the tale of Henry Berry Lowry, aside from his personal exploits during the 1860’s and 1870’s, is how his story, and even his very description was used to express the remaining tension between the Northern and Southern factions. This is an important element to consider since after the war, and more so during the process of Reconstruction was under way, the nation was theoretically speaking, one complete nation again. Being reunited, logic would dictate that an enemy of the Southern municipal governments would be the enemy of entire the United States government itself. However, even in congressional reports, members of the American military and people within the local populace would allow Lowry and his gang to escape after committing murder in their own presence.
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Listening skills can be practiced in fun ways in the home. Since kids learn through play, here are fun ways to teach your charges to listen better.
Play a story game with your child or with the whole family. The Babycenter website suggests that one person begins a story with the sentence of his choice, and the next person adds a sentence that continues that thought. You can set a limit ahead of time for how long the story should last -- for example, fine-minutes or 10 sentences. The game helps develop listening skills because your child concentrates on someone else's words so he can form a logical sequel.
Verbal Scavenger Hunt
DISNEY FAMILY FUN recommends engaging a child in a verbal scavenger hunt to help kids learn to have good listening skills. Have the child listen as you say a list of three or four items he has to find in a room. Never repeat the list. Send him to find the items. As he becomes a more successful listener increase the number of items on the list, suggests DISNEY FAMILY FUN.
Identify a Sound
Sharpen your child's listening skills by using familiar household items, recommends the SchoolFamily website. Blindfold your child, or ask her to close her eyes. Use a common item to make a noise--for instance, run the vacuum, chop carrots with a knife, or fill a bowl with water from the sink. See whether she can identify the sound; if she can't, offer some help such as, "What do I do when Fido is thirsty?"
Play Musical Follow-The-Leader!
Univeral Preschool recommends making two identical musical instruments out of recycled products -- one for you, and one for the child. Then, make one, simple noise with your instrument and ask your child to try to imitate it with their instrument. Then, make two noises, then three, and have your child attempt to repeat the patterns you create. Let your child make up a sound pattern so that you can repeat what your child does. Variation: Sing or hum a portion of a song or tune, and ask the child to repeat it.
When you read to your child, turn it into a listening game, suggests SchoolFamily. Before you start reading, tell him you're going to zip his lips so he can listen but not talk. When he wants to say something or ask a question, he can give you a signal to unzip his lips. When he reads aloud to you, reverse roles and let him zip your lips.
Reading and Repeating
Read aloud to the child and encourage active listening. Baby Center suggests pausing during the last few pages of a book and asking your child how she thinks the story will end. Discuss her theories and how they relate to what she's heard of the story so far. This will encourage your child to listen closely and reflect upon what she's heard. Another strategy is to take out an old, familiar storybook and change a few key elements of the story while reading it to your child. This is a fun way of testing how well your child is listening. Kids usually enjoy correcting "silly" adult errors.
Play games that include giving directions. Simon Says is a popular one in which kids have to listen to the direction--and to whether you precede it with the words "Simon Says." SchoolFamily recommends another listening game that starts with a two-direction command. You tell your child to walk to the couch and run back to her chair. When she masters two steps, add more. For example, tell her to pick up a pencil, write her name and draw a circle around it.
Develop a star chart to reinforce good listening skills. Reinforcing a child's listening skills will help increase their occurrence. Include specific listening skills on the chart. When she engages that skill, she will earn a star. Allow the child to add a star to the chart herself and always tell her what she did to earn the star. Provide a larger reward to the child once she obtains a specific amount of stars.
How Many Times Do I Need to Tell You?
My idea is simply to gather some index cards. Tell your charge you are going to play a game to see if he can listen and follow directions. Whenever you give him a direction, write down on the index card how many times it takes him to do the task. For example, if you ask him to: "Put your homework in your backpack," or, "brush your teeth and hair," record how many times it takes to remind him until he actually accomplishes the task.
How Do You Get Kids to Listen?
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