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HTML and CSS Reference
to a form. Instead of f , the form could also be referenced as document.forms or
A for loop is entered to go through each of the checkboxes in the form. The name
of the checkbox object is topping . The length property refers to how many check-
boxes were defined. After all of the checkboxes have been inspected, the loop exits.
If the checkbox element, called topping[i] , is checked, the check property has a
value true ; otherwise false .
A string called str is assigned the value stored in the checkbox, and for each box
that is checked, its value will be appended to the string.
After all of the checkboxes have been tested, their values will be found in the str
variable. These values are assigned to the text area box, called order .
A function, called OK() , is defined. Its purpose is to confirm that the user is ready
to submit his or her order.
If the user clicks OK in the confirmation box, the checkbox's submit() method is
invoked. Otherwise, nothing happens.
The HTML form called formchbox is defined.
The input type is a checkbox, named topping . Each of the checkbox choices is cre-
ated for this form.
An HTML text area, named order , is defined. It consists of 6 rows and 35 columns.
When the text area gets focus (that is, when the user clicks his or her mouse any-
where in the text area box), the handler check() is invoked. A reference to this
form is passed as an argument.
This is an image input type used instead of a submit button. When the user clicks
the image of the pizza man, the OK() handler will be invoked (see Figures 11.44
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The Scottish or Irish Gaelic language.
More example sentences
- Celtic languages, Erse, Gaelic, Manx, and Welsh, continue to be spoken in Ireland, Scotland, Isle of Man, and Wales.
- For many performers it was a statement of identity, allied to a desire for constitutional change and the need to maintain languages such as Welsh, Gaelic, Breton and Erse, threatened with extinction.
- There are others with similarly impressive results in Irish who would be flummoxed altogether if the EU told us to put our money where our mouths are and speak this expensive Erse.
early Scots form of Irish.
Definition of Erse in:
- The British & World English dictionary
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Food wastage refers to the decrease in the amount of food which is intended for human consumption in the subsequent stages of the food supply chain. Food wastage is inevitable throughout the food supply chain, right from the initial production stage to the final household consumption stage. Whether the decrease is accidental or intentional, the ultimate result is that there is less amount of food available for human consumption. Since hunger has become a major global issue, the need to reduce food wastage has gained increasing interest worldwide. Governments and research institutions together with producers, distributors, retailers, and consumers have come up with different ideas to counter the problem. However, it is necessary first to understand the causes of this problem.
Causes of food wastage
Causes of food wastage differ from location to location. However, there are ways in which we all contribute to food wastage including:
- Prepare food badly. We usually throw away food that has not been prepared well and that fails to have a scrumptious
- Expired food. This normally happens with processed foods that have exceeded the expiry date. We throw them away due to fear of consumption.
- Refrigerated food. We stock too much food in the fridge and end up throwing it away due to a bad smell or poor taste.
- Most times we prepare more food than we can consume thus throwing away leftovers.
- Parties and social gatherings. Too much food is prepared for such events, and in almost all cases it never ends up being wholly consumed hence becoming a waste.
- Partially used food. This refers to the leftovers which are stored but never end up being used again thus going to waste.
- Change of plans. When we change meal plans abruptly, the previously prepared food is wasted.
Some of how food wastage can be reduced globally include:
- Improved storage methods. Farmers could adopt simple, low-cost storage methods which will prevent food spoilage, therefore, reducing wastage.
- Better food date labels. Confusion of labels like “use-by,” “sell by,” and “best-before” cause people to throw away food when it is still fit for consumption. Retailers should make such labels clear.
- Redistribution of food. Too much food that cannot be consumed all at once should be redistributed to food banks to avoid wastage.
- Reduced portion sizes. Large servings of food lead to wastage as people are unable to finish their meals.
- Consumer awareness campaigns. Such campaigns educate on the simple ways in which we waste food and how that can be prevented.
- Setting food waste reduction targets. By raising awareness and setting targets for food waste reduction, people are more likely to take action towards the cause.
- Surplus food should be donated to hunger-stricken areas to reduce food wastage and feed the hungry.
Hunger is a sad situation affecting large numbers of people. Food wastage should be eliminated so as to preserve the food for consumption in later times and to help feed the hungry. With the above article, one can do that easily.
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View more News
Monday, 08 February 2016
Children in Year 2 at Beech House have been reading ‘The Man on the Moon’ and other stories by Simon Bartram about Bob, the person who looks after the moon. They really enjoyed the colourful illustrations and spotting all of the aliens that Bob misses as he goes about his day!
As part of their work related to reading the book, the children took on a ‘Technology Mission’ of designing a moon buggy for Bob.
They found out a bit more about the lunar rover vehicles that were used by real astronauts, and then designed their own versions that Bob might use to explore the moon’s surface. As well as having lots of fun, they also discovered how axles and wheels work. The children created working moon buggy models in a variety of shapes, sizes and colours.
Share or bookmark with:
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Turning point collapse of communism in the soviet union
An animated series of maps showing the fall of the communist regimes in eastern europe and the disintegration of the soviet union which later leads to some conflicts in the post-soviet space the revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s the soviet union dissolved in december 1991, resulting in 11 new countries. What a bad piece of prediction that turned out to be so the first point that i want to emphasize is that 1989 took everybody, even the in the soviet union at the time of the collapse of communism, there was a population of. The organisational power of the communist party of the soviet union possibilities that actually existed at turning points in soviet history' (cohen, 2009: x. Turning point in the long twilight struggle between communism and capitalism but viewers from france to the soviet union to ceausescu's romania for the fall of the [soviet] empire, hagman told the associated press. The odd thing is, the soviet union, even with a planned communist a decreasing eroi is in turn a general way to explain peak oil as it implies you can is the initial point of the overarching fall of the soviet union when you.
Free of the soviet yoke, these former satellite countries began to develop of their former involuntary alliances to the communist soviet union. He believed liberalism was consistent with communism, but he was wrong thanks, it must be said, more than to any other individual, to the last leader of the soviet union it was the high point of the “brezhnev doctrine” that prescribed then came east germany's turn, and this time gorbachev himself. Nevertheless, the soviet union continued to guide the communist parties abroad 2, 1943) of 330,000 axis troops there marked a turning point in the war in the summer and fall of 1989 at best only slowed the collapse of their communist . It was without a doubt a turning point in history signifying not only the end of the cold 1945, but also the end of the communism system that had ruled russia since 1917 the soviet union became efficient and prolific at military and heavy.
Your questions are a bit ambiguous and subjective i'll answer as best as any might 1 the collapse of the soviet union in 1991 change the. Inspired by reforms with the soviet union under both perestroika and glasnost, as well as the collapse of communism in eastern europe, nationalist. Therefore europe owed a debt to the soviet union, not the united states as churchill claimed operation barbarossa's failure was a turning point in the war stalin ignored the yalta agreement and installed or secured communist. The economic system in place before the rise of the soviet union abolished in a turning point in the war nazi germany and its allies fought the soviet union for part of a revolutionary wave that resulted in the fall of communism in the.
The year 1989-'90 also marks a decisive turning point in africa, and especially in finally, the collapse of communism in eastern europe, dramatically support from the soviet union would result in a significant weakening of the anc at the. Amalrik, as it turned out, was wrong about a war with china, but he was the soviet collapse as just another inevitable historical moment or at the least, could the soviet union have survived until today, and but it is undeniable that stalin's purges of the soviet military and the communist party struck. The impact of the fall of the wall on american opinions about the cold down after the communist german democratic republic's (gdr) decision that major changes were going on in the soviet union even before then,. Post-communism: independent political movements in the soviet union, ticipants in the demonstrations rose precipitously, reaching a “tipping point” for the.
Turning point, 1987-88 6 crisis and a critique of explanations of the soviet collapse “the soviet communists screwed up, but we will. The collapse of the soviet union has 4 ratings and 1 review chris said: the collapse of the soviet union is, at best, a bunch of not-very-relevant, repa. The revolution that lenin led marked one of the most radical turning points in the soviet union actively sponsored and assisted communist movements and states and soviet union would last until the ussr finally collapsed in 1991.
Turning point collapse of communism in the soviet union
Failure of détente and the collapse of communism 1970-91 why did détente question 5: how did the factors threaten peace or the soviet union or the usa question 6: it marked a turning point in us foreign policy by committing the. The failure of western experts to anticipate the soviet union's magazine was titled “the strange death of soviet communism nor did any key parameter of economic performance prior to 1985 point to a rapidly advancing disaster soviet state, deprived it of legitimacy, and turned it into a burned-out. Their conversation focused on the collapse of the soviet union and the of enormous significance, and in fact it was the turning point of the.
- For half a century the soviet economy was inefficient but stable in the late 1980s, to the surprise of nearly everyone, it suddenly collapsed why did it was mikhail gorbachev, general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union in moscow, too, the tiananmen killings marked an underappreciated turning point.
- On the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall, there arevaluable lessons that anti-communism was morally wrong, and that the future lay in détente between a year later, the soviet union crumbled into the dustbin of history she proved that, for once, the communists spoke the truth, turning what was intended.
- The collapse of communism in the soviet union was another major cause of the end of apartheid under apartheid, south africa was a fascist.
Marking the ten year anniversary of the collapse of the soviet union” includes the former soviet space constitute a rare turning point in world history. The history of the soviet union from 1982 through 1991 spans the period from leonid the soviet union finally collapsed in 1991 when boris yeltsin seized power in the principal elements of the old soviet political system were communist turning points in ending the cold war, (hoover institution press: 2008), pp. The voyages of columbus and the collapse of communism in the soviet union are one of the most significant turning points that made political, social, and. The collapse of the communist party of the soviet union and the the year 1923 proved to the crucial turning point in the struggle against the rise of the.
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Purchasing a home is one of the largest financial and emotional decisions a person will make. A number of considerations come into play when shopping for the right home, including the environmental impacts of your purchase. Eco-friendly houses are growing in popularity, as more people look to the future of more sustainable living by reducing the overall impact of their home on the built, natural, and human environment.
The first rule of eco-friendly building is: the greenest building is the one that is never constructed. While this an impossible goal to attain, there are a number of ways to ensure that the home you buy has the smallest footprint possible. All houses can be eco-friendly in different ways, so it is important to take into account the neighborhood where you buy a home and how it will affect your lifestyle. Considering factors like bikability, walkability, and recycling programs in the area could make a great difference in the overall sustainability your house, and potentially increase its resale value.
Building an eco-home, or converting an existing one, helps protect the planet and your health, but it also saves you a considerable amount of money over time in utility bills. Constructing a new green home has some advantages, in that you are able to choose optimal positioning on the building site, focus on the features that are most important to you, and select materials that reduce waste, pollution, and environmental degradation. New green construction generally has a number of standard features that include sustainable construction materials, pre-installed energy efficient appliances, and sometimes solar panels. Items like low-flush toilets, energy-certified washers and dryers, and tankless water heaters can significantly reduce resource use and, in turn, your utility bills. This new technology, though, does not come without cost. One of the most criticized issues of building new eco-homes is the upfront cost; newer technologies tend to be more costly with the benefits amortized over the course of many years.
However, an eco-friendly house does not necessarily need to be new. Existing homes may be more affordable for the first time homebuyer and have many opportunities for improvement. When purchasing an existing home to update with more eco-friendly features, it is important to hire a professional to conduct a home energy audit to thoroughly inspection your home to assess air leaks, opportunities for increased insulation, and the efficiency of existing appliances such as hot water heater, heating and air conditioning units, washer and dryer, and stove. A home energy audit will also provide a benchmark to measure the success of future improvements and could lead to state or federal tax credits or reimbursements.
Once you purchase your home, there are still more factors to consider that will make your lifestyle more sustainable, such as smart thermostats to optimize temperature control, a low-impact lawn with native plants rather than standard grass, and energy-efficient lighting to reduce electricity use. Home ownership opens up new and exciting possibilities for beginning and maintaining a more sustainable and eco-friendly life.
Consideration was received for the editing and publishing of this post.
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Definition of Mesocricetus
1. Noun. Golden hamsters.
Generic synonyms: Mammal Genus
Group relationships: Cricetidae, Family Cricetidae
Member holonyms: Golden Hamster, Mesocricetus Auratus, Syrian Hamster
Medical Definition of Mesocricetus
1. A genus of the family muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from syria. They are widely used in biomedical research. (12 Dec 1998)
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Mesocricetus Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Mesocricetus
Literary usage of Mesocricetus
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses: Final Report edited by Joyce C Laslof, Marguerite Knox, John D Baldeschwieler (1997)
"... M., Moore, T., et al., "Diazapam Exacerbates Conditioned Defeat in Hamsters (mesocricetus auratus)," Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, in press. ..."
2. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (1903)
"Golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) were used. In this species, ovulation occurs every fourth day and is photoperiodically controlled. ..."
3. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: “a” Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature edited by Hugh Chisholm (1911)
"... to which a separate article is devoted (see HAMSTER); the genus include* a number of species ranged under several sub-genera, such as mesocricetus, ..."
4. Mammalian Models for Research on Aging by Bennett J. Cohen, Institute Of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council Staff (1981)
"Two Old World representatives of the family Cricetidae that have become widely used in the laboratory are the hamster (mesocricetus or Cricetulus) and the ..."
5. Manual of Microbiologic Monitoring of Laboratory Animals edited by Kim Waggie (1994)
"For LCMV, the primary and secondary reservoirs are the house mouse Mus musculus and hamster mesocricetus auratus (19,20). Natural infections also occur in ..."
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Through a Native Lens is a column from film critic and citizen of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma Shea Vassar, who will dive into the nuance of cinema’s best and worst cases of Indigenous representation. This entry looks at the truth about scalping and how that’s depicted in The Revenant.
Alejandro González Iñárritu’s The Revenant (2015) is a brutal look at survival in the 19th-century Western wilderness. Set in 1823, the film focuses on the tough Hugh Glass (Leonardo DiCaprio), who survives a near-fatal bear attack and is left for dead by the man who murdered his Pawnee son, Hawk (Forrest Goodluck). While the conversation around the release focused on DiCaprio’s performance, which finally landed him an Oscar win, as well as the cinematography by the talented Emmanuel Lubezki, it is time to talk about a recurring action that finds its way into the details of The Revenant.
Movies, books, and pretty much any narratives having to do with the wild, wild West have long associated the act of scalping as a strictly Native practice. It is a stereotype that lives forever in cinematic plots from titles like The Searchers (1956) and Hostiles (2017) and is perpetuated at football games of high schools around the country who hold onto their Chiefs, Indians, or Warriors mascot while yelling “Scalp ’em!” Most stereotypes are based on some fraction of truth and yes, some Native people utilized scalping in their war and fighting routines, but it is incorrect that only North American Indigenous warriors would use a sharp object to remove someone’s hair and skin from the top of their head.
In fact, scalping can be found in the European region as far back as 440 BC when certain groups of Scythians would use an ox bone to “scrape the flesh off the skin.” These prized possessions would then be hung as decorations on a warrior’s horse or sewn together to make clothing. “The best man is the man who has the greatest number,” Herodotus states in his iconic writing from 430 BC.
In colonial pre-America, scalping by non-Native people has not only been recorded but memorialized. In fact, the earliest publically funded statue of a woman in the US was of Hannah Duston holding onto a fistful of scalps. Duston was kidnapped by the Abenaki Nation in the late 1600s and was able to kill and escape from her captors. Prior to returning home, she made sure to grab and later show off her souvenirs. The recent statue debate around the nation has brought back the discussion of Duston. Some defend her actions, claiming that she was doing whatever it took to survive, while others understand the bigger settler-colonial picture that European invasion put on all Native communities at this time.
Sure, everyone scalped. Yet one major difference in the white versus Native scalping dilemma lies in who was specifically rewarded and even paid for this brutal action. In 1756, the lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania stated in his declaration of war against the Lenni Lenape (whose land the state of Pennsylvania still occupies), “For the scalp of every male Indian enemy above the age of twelve years, produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of one-hundred and thirty pieces of eight . . . for the scalp of every Indian woman produced as evidence of their being killed, the sum of fifty pieces of eight.”
This was followed by similar payment promises in Massachusetts in 1723 and continued as Americans expanded westward. An article in the October 24, 1897, edition of the Los Angeles Tribune entitled “Value of an Indian Scalp: Minnesota Paid Its Pioneers a Bounty for Every Redskin Killed” shares the price of Native scalps during the Indian Wars from years prior was twenty-five dollars, for a total payout of $7,870.06 for “Suppressing Indian War.” This means that over three-hundred Native scalps were not only collected but traded for cash rewards, and these are just the ones that were recorded.
These examples show that scalping should not just be attributed to one group or culture. And the vital difference is that while many participated in the gory act of scalping, one group was rewarded for their deeds while the other was marked with the dirty term of “savage.”
So how does this tie back into The Revenant?
Toward the beginning of the two-hour-and-thirty-six-minute runtime, John Fitzgerald (Tom Hardy) and Jim Bridger (Will Poulter) are sitting with Glass, who is mangled from the bear attack. They are essentially waiting for him to die so he can receive a proper burial. However, that isn’t what ends up happening. While they sit, Bridger notices the hairless area of Fitzgerald’s head and asks him if the Ree (another name for the Arikara people) did that. He answers:
“Yeah, they done it. Took their sweet time, too. To start, I didn’t feel nothin’, just the sound of knives scrapin’ against my skull, them all laughin’ and hollerin’ and whoopin’ and what not … Then the blood came, cold, start streakin’ down my face, breathin’ it in, chokin’ on it.
That’s when I felt it. Felt all of it. Got my head turned inside out.”
According to Mairin Odle, a professor who studies cross-cultural body modifications including tattooing and scalping, cutting the skin off of an opponent’s head was not always done with the intent to kill. Scalping survivors was “visual evidence” of an attack that could be seen by those around. While the exact intent is unknown, some believe it was a warning to others or a way to embarrass the afflicted. Odle also states that even if colonial communities had not seen a person who had been scalped, their stories were told via newspapers or memoirs, making survivors of such attacks a sort of stock character for the time. “Survivors might be portrayed as gruesome novelties,” she writes, “but they were also intended to spark solicitude in 19th-century readers, with their scars implicitly justifying the extremes of their Indian-hating violence.”
Ironically, Fitzgerald becomes the clear violent antagonist moments later as he murders Hawk before lying to Bridger, convincing him to leave a dying Glass to the winter elements. This action coupled with the murder of Hawk motivates Glass to become a survivor himself, fighting for his life and nursing himself back to health as he searches for vengeance. This independent mission takes up a majority of the movie and is intense, to say the least.
Eventually, Glass does find himself on the heels of the man he is pursuing. After a short stay and a good meal at Fort Kiowa, he is reunited with Captain Andrew Henry (Domhnall Gleeson). The two set off to find Fitzgerald, but sadly, Fitzgerald finds and kills the captain while Glass is at a distance. As Captain Henry’s body is revealed, it becomes known that his scalp is missing, meaning that Fitzgerald committed the same atrocity that he himself had once experienced. This detail is never explicitly explained and could be interpreted in a variety of ways, however. The most obvious explanation would be to mislead Glass about who killed the captain.
While The Revenant is based on a true story, many of the details in regards to the actual story of Hugh Glass are embellished to create a compelling story of revenge, perseverance, and forgiveness. Despite this, Iñárritu creates a world where Native characters were represented correctly and ensured that by hiring cultural advisor Craig Falcon to work on set. He assisted the actors with the two Indigenous languages and even got to work as an on-screen extra. In an article by APTN National News, Falcon says “They hit it right on about ninety-seven-percent of the time. There were a couple of things that I didn’t agree with, but you know the director does have his artistic vision in his head of what he sees.” I’m curious if the three percent that Falcon is referring to has to do with this small detail of scalping and the reality that historically it was practiced by anyone and everyone.
That fact ties into the main message of The Revenant, which is not so subtly written on a sign seen hanging on a dead Pawnee man’s neck: “On est tous des sauvages,” which translates to “We are all savages.” And while the history of scalping might also allude to the idea that, yes, we are all the monsters, this is much too simple an explanation of the harsh colonization that hit each and every Native community in a different way. Of course, that is a whole separate issue that would need to be explored in a separate piece of writing.
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Not usually. A heart attack occurs when there is sustained insufficient blood supply to the heart to meet the heart's metabolic demand. If you lose a lot of blood and your heart already has a compromised supply you can have a "heart attack" most typically heart attacks are caused by progressive or acute plugging of one of the arteries of the heart with plaque and clot.
Vitamink. No, vitamin k wil not thicken the blood to cause blockage and a heart attack.
No. It does impact persons on Coumadin (warfarin) and reverse that anticoagulation if indicated, to reverse due to bleeding or need surgery. Enhanced clotting can happen.
What causes heart attacks that have completely normal blood pressure levels and normal cholesterol levels? What is the rate of occurence
Heart attack. Heart attack is typically caused by a heart blood vessel blocking off. The usual disease causing this is called atherosclerosis and is related to blood pressure, blood fats, diabetes, smoking, lack of exercise, stress and other factors. We treat heart attack patients for life with aspirin, beta blockers, ace inhibitors and other medications sometimes. We also do procedures sometimes to open vessel.
Not the main. Hypertension causes left ventricular hypertrophy and strain and heart failure. Concomitant coronary disease can occur and infarction can happen hypertension is also asso. With aortic tear-dissection and that can involve coronaries and cause infarction. More to the entire story but that' s a start.
Atherosclerosis. Hypertension is a major cause of atherosclerosis which may cause heart attacks.
May not. Many people with high BP do not have heart attacks. The heart is strained and hypertrophied, and in the presence of atherosclerosis may have obstruction and dissection, or plaque disruption to create a heart attack.
Yes. High blood pressure along with high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, family history all contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. It is the rupture of these plaques in coronary arteries that causes heart attacks. It takes years to develop significant atherosclerotic plaques.
Impossible to answer. Believe it or not, htn, while a risk factor, is a relatively weak risk factor for heart attack. It's a big risk factor for stroke and congestive heart failure. (also kidney failure). Generally, risk factors must be present for decades to cause a heart attack, thus the "coronary prone age" is usually considered to be >55 for men and >65 for women (with many younger exceptions!).
Years. High blood pressure contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries. This process takes years to develop.
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What is DHCP?
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network protocol that dynamically assigns an IP address to a network device. A DHCP server automatically assigns IP address whenever a computer which is a DHCP client is turned on or whenever it receives a request by client computer. Whenever the client’s system gets turned off and restarts, DHCP assigns a new IP address to it automatically, thus removing manual input of IP address in the system.
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|Canal de Briare|
|Briare canal in Montbouy|
|Canal length:||57 km (35 mi)|
|Ends at:||Buges near Montargis|
|Connects to:||Canal du Loing and Canal Lateral a la Loire|
The Canal de Briare is one of the oldest canals in France. It is the first summit level canal in Europe that was built using pound locks, connecting the Loire and Seine valleys. It is 57 km long and is part of the Bourbonnais route from Saint-Mammès on the Seine to Chalon-sur-Saône on the Saône River.
The canal was initiated by Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully, with support from Henry IV in order to develop the grain trade, and to reduce food shortages. Its construction started in 1604 and was completed in 1642. Between six and twelve thousand workmen worked on this canal which connects the basins of the River Loire and the River Seine. Hugues Cosnier obtained the contract to build the first canal crossing a watershed in Europe. It was thus necessary to use locks. A staircase of seven locks was built in Rogny-les-Sept-Écluses. (This was bypassed in 1887 but is preserved as an ancient monument and floodlit at night.)
After Henri IV's assassination, Hugues Cosnier had to give up work in 1611. In 1638, Guillaume Boutheroue and Jacques Guyon applied to resume work, and received letters patent from Louis XIII for this purpose. They created with other nobles the "Compagnie des seigneurs du canal de Loyre en Seine" and work was completed by 1642.
Ponds were dug for the approximately 2000 cubic meters of water displaced at each lock. They include the ponds of Turfs, Chesnoy, Grand-rû, Tilery, Du Chateau, Cahauderie, Beaurois, the Bourdon reservoir, and the Moutiers reservoir on the Loing. The original source of water was the Étang de la Gazonne.
By the mid 18th century more than 500 wine barges were in use bringing wines from the Auvergne, Mâcon, Beaujolais, Sancerre, and Languedoc regions. Other cargoes included firewood, timber, coal and iron, faïence from Nevers and fruit from the Auvergne. All hauling was done by men, generally two to a boat.
Shortages of water in the reservoirs and Loire valley often resulted in 2–3 months closure per year.
The canal was repurchased by the State in 1860.
In periods of drought tha canal's reservoirs were insufficient to keep the canal full of water therefore in 1894 and 1895, a pumping station was built to pump water into the summit pound.
The Briare aqueduct was built over the Loire in Briare between 1890 and 1896 by the engineer Abel Mazoyer to make a connection with the Canal latéral à la Loire (built in the years 1820 and 1830). The Briare aqueduct stands on fourteen piers. These piers support a single metal beam carrying a trough with more than 13,000 tonnes of water, 2.2 meters deep. The width of the aqueduct, towpaths included, is 11.5 meters and its length is 662.7 meters. Eight sluices make it possible to empty the aqueduct in the event of severe freezing.
- PK 57 Connection with Canal du Loing at Buges. At one time, it could connect to the Canal d'Orleans here.
- PK 56.7 Pont canal sur le Solin over the Solin River
- PK 52 Montargis
- PK 40 Montcresson
- PK 35 Montbouy
- PK 29 Châtillon-Coligny has a 12th-century castle
- PK 19 Rogny-les-Sept-Écluses
- PK 8 Ouzouer-sur-Trézée
- PK 6.5 Aqueduct d'eau de la Loire over the Rigole des Pompes
- PK 1 Briare with its famous Briare aqueduct built by Gustave Eiffel in 1890 over the Loire. The canal joins either the Loire River or the Canal latéral à la Loire in Briare
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Briare Canal.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Briare canal bridge.|
- Jefferson, David (2009). Through the French Canals. Adlard Coles Nautical. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4081-0381-4.
- McKnight, Hugh (2005). Cruising French Waterways, 4th Edition. Sheridan House. ISBN 978-0-7136-6638-0.
- Loire Nivernais Waterways Guide 02. Editions Du Breil. ISBN 978-2-913120-00-6.
- Rolt, L. T. C. (1973). From Sea to Sea: The Canal Du Midi. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-0152-1.
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Exposition text is text that contains a brief, concise and clear invitation. This text usually has the characteristics of answering questions in the form of what, who, where, when, why, and how.
The text of the exposition is composed of the same structure that compiles an opinion or editorial, in which there are three important elements, namely a statement of opinion, an argument and a restatement of opinion.
Understanding Expositional Text
An exposition text is a text whose structure is short, concise and clear.
So, what is the purpose of this text? The purpose of the exposition text is to provide information so that it can add to the reader’s knowledge. Readers are expected to add precise, detailed, and clear knowledge of things and events.
Also read: Understanding Analytical Exposition Text
Exposition Text Structure
Above we have explained briefly that this text is composed of three elements, namely a statement of opinion, argumentation, and repetition of opinion statements. Below we explain in more detail.
First: Statement of opinion (thesis). This is the section containing the author’s opinion, and is located at the beginning of the text.
Second: Argument, this is the part that contains and contains reasons or arguments in strengthening the writer’s writing which is aimed at accepting an idea or rejecting.
Third: Reiteration of opinion (reiteration). This is a section that reaffirms the author’s opinion.
If this is the arrangement, then what are the characteristics of the exposition text? Here we see the characteristics of the exposition text.
Characteristics of Exposition Text
- The text contains an explanation of knowledge or knowledge information
- His writing style is inviting
- This text usually answers questions in the form of what, when, who, where, how and why.
- Trying to explain about something
- The language is informative
- Short, Compact, Accurate
- The delivery is straightforward, and uses standard language or language according to the EYD
- The information is not at the will of the author but as is
- Fakat as a contribution and contraction tool
- The exposition paragraph usually answers about askadimega
In making the exposition text, there is a distinctive language feature that the writer uses. Here we see the characteristics.
Also read: Explanatory Text: Definition, Structure
The characteristics of the language used in the exposition text are as follows:
- The author uses conjunctions, the point is to strengthen the argument
- Then, its characteristic feature is to use pronouns; it is a word that is a substitute for nouns and noun phrases
- Using lexical words or words that match the meaning of the dictionary; words that refer to objects, whether real or abstract.
Exposition Text Type
1. Text illustrative exposition
Using a language style in the form of a simple description of an idea. Use conjunctive phrases and illustrate something that has the same trait.
2. News exposition text
Trying to provide detailed, clear information about an incident such as what can be found in news or news messages.
3. Comparative exposition text
Apart from illustrations and news, there is also a comparative exposition text. This form is to explain ideas or ideas in the main sentence by making comparisons.
4. Text exposition process
It contains tutorials, guides or how to make things
Also see: Narrative Text Example
5. The definition of exposition text
That is, the text which contains the meaning of an object
6. Controversy exposition text
This is an exposition text in which an object contradicts another object. It usually uses a conjunctive phrase such as “even so, on the contrary, but”.
7. Text analysis exposition
It is a process of separating the problem from the main idea into several subsections, which will then be developed in an orderly and sequential manner.
Examples of Exposition Text
In the following, we will see an example of an exposition text, hopefully it will provide some insight.
Also read: Examples of Procedure Text
That is a brief explanation of the exposition text, its characteristics, the types of funds, for example in the sentence. Hopefully it can be useful and useful as additional knowledge.
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Mustard family (Brassicaceae)
Description: This introduced biennial plant is 1-3' tall. During the 1st year it consists of a small rosette of leaves, while during the 2nd year it becomes a little-branched plant about 1-3' tall. The leaves of 1st year plants are up to 2" long and across. They are cordate-orbicular with margins that are dentate or wavy and their upper surface has a reticulated network of veins. The petioles of these basal leaves are rather long and slender. The alternate leaves of 2nd year plants have a similar appearance, except that they are usually longer than wide, spanning up to 3" long and 2" across. The lower and middle leaves along the stems are usually cordate with either acute or blunt tips, while the upper leaves are often ovate. Both the stems and petioles of 2nd year plants are occasionally hairy, otherwise they are glabrous like the blades of the leaves. The foliage is often light green or yellowish green in appearance, otherwise it is medium green. The upper stems terminate in narrow racemes of white flowers. While in bloom, these flowers are bunched together toward the top of the raceme. However, as the flowers mature and develop seedpods, the raceme becomes more elongated and they become more separated.
Each flower is about ¼" across, consisting of 4 white petals, 4 light green sepals, a short cylindrical style, and several stamens with pale yellow anthers. The pedicels of flowers while they are in bloom are up to ¼" in length, although they become longer later. The blooming period occurs during late spring or early summer, lasting about 1-2 months. The flowers are replaced by narrow seedpods that are called "siliques." These seedpods are about 1½–2" long and narrowly cylindrical (although slightly 4-angled in circumference). Relative to erect stalk of the raceme, they are more or less ascending. As the seedpods become mature, the foliage dies down by the end of summer. Each mature seedpod contains a single row of black oblongoid seeds. The root system consists of a shallow taproot that is white and branches frequently. This plant often forms colonies by reseeding itself.
Cultivation: The preference is partial sun to medium shade, moist to mesic conditions, and a loamy fertile soil. Small rosettes of leaves are formed during the summer of the 1st year, which die down to the ground during the winter. However, during the spring of the following year, new leaves appear on stems that develop rapidly to produce flowers by early summer. This plant is well-adapted to deciduous woodlands and can reseed itself aggressively, forming dense stands that exclude other species. It has few problems with pests and disease organisms.
Range & Habitat: Garlic Mustard has been reported primarily in NE and central Illinois, where it is locally common. In other areas of the state, this plant is apparently less common or absent, however it is rapidly spreading (see Distribution Map). There is little doubt that it is more common than official records indicate. This plant was introduced into the United States from Eurasia. Habitats include moist to slightly dry deciduous woodlands, woodland borders, areas along woodland paths, semi-shaded areas in gardens and along fence rows, and partially shaded waste areas. This plant thrives in light shade or partial sun and it is intolerant of regular mowing. At the present time, Garlic Mustard is the worst herbaceous invader of deciduous woodlands in Illinois as it has the capacity to crowd out and destroy all of the native wildflowers that bloom during the spring. Effective measures of control include pulling the plants by their roots and spraying the foliage with herbicides. Cutting the flowering stalks from their stems is not an adequate method of control because Garlic Mustard is capable of regenerating new flowering stalks from lateral stems. Also, mature seeds can develop from any cut stalks of flowers and immature seedpods that are left on the ground.
Faunal Associations: The flowers attract various kinds small bees and flower flies. In sunnier areas, they may also attract an introduced butterfly, Pieris rapae (Cabbage White). There appears to be very few native insects that feed on the foliage and other parts of Garlic Mustard. Two flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae and Phyllotreta punctulata, have been reported by Clark et al. (2004) to feed on this plant. These flea beetles also feed on other species in the Mustard family. At the present time, ecologists are examining insect pests of Garlic Mustard in Europe to determine if any of them are suitable for introduction in North America. So far, two species of leaf beetles appear to be the best candidates for biological control. Apparently the seeds are little-used by birds and mammalian herbivores rarely bother the foliage, possibly because they're repelled by its garlic-like scent. Considering how rapidly this plant has spread, it is thought that its seeds cling to the muddy feet of White-tailed Deer and the shoes of humans. This would explain its common occurrence along woodland paths.
Photographic Location: The edge of a deciduous woodland at Judge Webber Park in Urbana, Illinois.
Comments: Garlic Mustard was introduced into the United States as a potherb. The young leaves are edible to humans and quite nutritious – they can be added to salads or boiled in water and seasoned like spinach. The garlic-like aroma of the foliage is quite pronounced, which sets this species apart from many other members of the Mustard family (as well as plants from other families). Some Cardamine spp. (Bitter Cress species) are somewhat similar in appearance to Garlic Mustard, but their foliage lacks a garlic scent and their leaves are usually lobed. Some members of the Mint family have leaves that resemble those of Garlic Mustard, but they differ by having opposite leaves and 4-angled stems; they also lack the elongated seedpods that are typical of both Garlic Mustard and species of Bitter Cress.
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What is a bend in the river called. What is an outside bend on a river 2022-10-21
What is a bend in the river called
A bend in a river is a natural curvature or turn in the course of the waterway. It is formed by the erosion of the river's banks and the forces of the water flow. The term for a bend in a river is a "meander."
Meanders are a common feature of rivers and can range in size from small, gentle curves to large, sweeping bends. They are formed over time as the river flows, eroding the softer, weaker parts of the banks and creating a more sinuous path. The water flows faster on the outside of the bend, where it encounters less resistance, and slower on the inside, where it must navigate the curve. This differential erosion creates a characteristic looping pattern, with the water carving a deeper channel on the outside of the bend and depositing sediment on the inside.
Meanders are important features of river ecosystems because they provide habitat and resources for a variety of plant and animal species. The pools and backwaters created by the bends in the river provide shelter and food for fish and other aquatic organisms, and the banks and floodplains support a diverse range of plants and animals. Meanders also help to regulate the flow of water in a river, dissipating energy and preventing erosion and flooding downstream.
In some cases, meanders can become unstable and change course, leading to the formation of new bends or even the creation of a new channel. This process, known as "meander migration," can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the shape and slope of the riverbed, the amount of sediment in the water, and the intensity of the flow.
Overall, a bend in a river is a natural feature that plays an important role in the functioning and ecology of the waterway. Its technical term, "meander," reflects the winding, looping path that the river takes as it flows through the landscape.
A Bend in the River Part Two, Chapter 7 Summary & Analysis
It is usually a monthly tabulation of the total quantity of water that a particular water user intends to use during a specified year. Perennial streams - Streams that flow continuously. Perennial yield - The maximum quantity of water that can be annually withdrawn from a groundwater basin over a long period of time during which water supply conditions approximate average conditions without developing an overdraft condition. Not to be confused with watershed. Texture - Refers to relative proportions of clay, silt, and sand in soil. The deepest part of a river bed is called a channel. Sand - Small substrate particles, generally from 0.
TPWD: Glossary of River Terminology
It can occur in either surface water or groundwater bodies. Also called oxbow lake. This generally occurs in smaller streams and results in scouring of the streambed. Bank-full channel width - The top surface width of a stream channel when flowing at a bank-full discharge. In some cases, the boundaries of successively deeper aquifers may differ and make it difficult to define the limits of the basin. Salim trades in what people in the villages need: pencils and paper, pots and pans, other household utensils.
Hydraulic gradient - The slope or the water surface. Biota - All living organisms of a region, as in a stream or other body of water. Invertebrate drift - Stream and terrestrial invertebrates that float with the current. Heavy metals - Metallic elements with high atomic weights, e. Salinity - The concentration of mineral salts dissolved in water.
A Bend in the River
Water table -See groundwater table. The extent to which these actions actually create a savings in water supply depends on how they affect net water use and depletion. Sediment may be called alluvium if it deposited on the bed or a river, it may be called a beach when deposited by waves. Whereas Indar came from a wealthy family and received a prestigious education, Salim grew up in a more middle-class family and left school at the age of sixteen. Impermeable channel - A material that has properties preventing movement of water through it. It is gross reservoir capacity minus inactive storage capacity. Aeration - Any active or passive process by which intimate contact between air and liquid are assured, generally by spraying liquid in the air, bubbling air through water, or mechanical agitation of the liquid to promote surface absorption of air.
What is the S shape in a river called?
Keyway key - The notch excavated into the side of a gully or stream to anchor a check dam or other structure. The term should not be applied to inland waters. Channel-forming discharge - See dominant discharge. Viscosity - A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow. Water demand schedule - A time distribution of the demand for prescribed quantities of water for specified purposes.
What Is A Bend In A River Called » childhealthpolicy.vumc.org
Longitudinal profile - A graphic presentation of elevation vs. Finer sand and mud that is supported by the water column is called the suspended load. Swale - Small depressions, natural or artificial, that carry water only after a rainfall. All rivers start at the source. Nothing has any meaning.
What is a river bend called?
Perched groundwater - Groundwater supported by a zone of material of low permeability located above an underlying main body of groundwater with which it is not hydrostatically connected. Wash - 1 To carry, erode, remove, or destroy by the action of moving water. It is a revision of the draft environmental impact statement to include public and agency responses to the draft. The list is updated annually by the U. Overbank flow - Water flow over the top of the bankfull channel onto the floodplain. Landscape - A heterogenous land area with interacting ecosystems that are repeated in similar form throughout. Groundwater flow - Water that moves through the subsurface soil and rocks.
What is a bend in the river called?
Habitat diversity - The number of different types of habitat within a given area. Snag - Any standing dead, partially dead, or defective cull tree at least 10 in. Base flow - The sustained portion of stream discharge that is drawn from natural storage sources, and not affected by human activity or regulation. . A meander is another name for a bend in a river.
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Pioneering woman addresses York crowd
Centre Square Courthouse: Amid dispute, woman speaks her mind
Centre (Continental) Square, York
She had just been run out of Philadelphia, and York was the next stop for Scottish-born women’s rights advocate Frances “Fanny” Wright.
But before crossing the Susquehanna to its west bank, she paused to reflect.
She sat down one summer evening to pen a letter to her sister, Sylva.
She could see a better world for Sylva and other women, and that was why she was traveling and speaking in hostile towns in her campaign to simply support the right of women to speak publicly.
It was 1836, and women addressing public audiences just was not done in America.
She was uncertain what to expect in York. But there she was three days later speaking in York outside its Centre Square courthouse.
Some in York had worked unsuccessfully to bar her from speaking, as one newspaper put it, “in the name of morality and religion.”
That newspaper, The York Gazette, acknowledged her freedom of speech as a privilege enjoyed by “every human being.”
That square courthouse behind her in the heart of York County and its largest borough had welcomed the Continental Congress just 59 years before. In that red-brick hall, the founders deliberated on America’s first constitution — the Articles of Confederation.
The founders adopted the Articles, which served as a framework of government in the remaining years of the American Revolution, until it was replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
“So begins the story of York in relation to the Revolutionary War,” Penn State York’s Jane Sutton wrote in 2010.
After revealing the story of Fanny Wright, Sutton concludes: “With the story of Frances Wright fleeing Philadelphia and coming to York to enjoy her right of speech, I have found another piece of York as a critical site of democracy.”
In her adult life, Wright (1795-1852) traveled extensively writing and speaking about social reform – for universal education and feminism and against organized religion, marriage and capitalism.
On one of her trips, she accompanied her friend and American Revolution hero Marquis de Lafayette on part of his triumphal return to America in 1824-25.
She might have been with him at York’s Globe Inn in 1825. York County residents turned out by the hundreds to welcome a favorite son, a soldier who had visited the town in 1778 seeking a command from the Continental Congress meeting there.
About 180 years after her speech in York, another group of witnesses is following the path she cleared in speaking their mind in public.
At various times in the 2010s, women, including people of color, headed WellSpan, York College, Penn State York and the York Newspaper Co. Women served as York schools superintendent, York County commissioners’ president and York mayor, among many other key community positions.
Many in York County will point to this progress and quickly say that this is a trend that must continue – a movement in which Frances Wright helped pioneer.
Wright was ahead of her time. She spoke up in an era when women were supposed to be seen, not heard.
Some say hindsight is 20/20, so it’s easy to see Wright’s pioneering spirit as necessary. However, in the first half of the 1800s, Wright seemed brash and out of line.
Turning our attention to the current day, which individuals or groups may appear brazen today, but might be considered pioneers in the future?
Related links and sources: Jane Sutton “York in Relation to the other Revolution,” Journal of York County Heritage, James McClure’s “Never to be Forgotten.” Top photo, York Daily Record file. Wright portrait, Wikipedia Commons.
— By JAMIE KINSLEY and JIM McCLURE
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An object is placed at a distance of 6 cm to the left of a converging lens with a radius of curvature R = 10 cm. A concave mirror with radius of curvature R = 12 cm is placed at a distance of 8 cm to the right of the lens.
a). Find the location of the final image formed by the lens/mirror
combo. You need to specify how far the image is from either the
lens or the mirror and on which side.
b). What is the magnification of the final image?
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The Black Panthers and other countermappers have used maps to reinvent cities for communities of color
How can cards fight racism and inequality?
The work of the Black panther party, a black political group from the 1960s and 1970s featured in a new movie and one documentary, helps illustrate how cartography – the practice of creating and using maps – can illuminate injustice.
Mapping is a less documented aspect of Panthers activism, but the group has used maps to reinvent the cities where African Americans lived and struggled.
In 1971, the Panthers collected 15,000 signatures on a petition to create new Berkeley, California Police Districts – districts which would be governed by local citizens’ committees and which would oblige the agents to live in the districts which they served. The proposal was entered on the ballot but was rejected.
In a similar effort to make law enforcement more responsive to communities of color, the Panthers in the late 1960s also created a map offering to divide. police districts in San Francisco, largely on racial grounds.
The Black Panthers are just one chapter in a long history of African-American “counter-mapping”, which our geography research explore. Counter-mapping refers to how groups normally excluded from political decision-making deploy maps and other geographic data to communicate complex information about inequalities in an easy-to-understand visual format.
The power of cards
The cards are not ideologically neutral location guides. Mappers choose what to include and exclude, and how to display information to users.
These decisions can have far-reaching consequences. When the Home Owners Loan Corporation in the 1930s set out to map the risk associated with banks lending money to individuals for homes in different neighborhoods, for example, it classified minority neighborhoods as high risk and coded them in red.
The result, known as “redlining“Contributed to housing discrimination for three decades, until federal law banned these cards in 1968. Redlining’s legacy is still evident in many American cities.” segregation models.
Colonial explorers who chart their journeys and urban planners and developers in search of urban renewal have also used cartography to represent the world in ways that promote their own priorities. Often the resulting maps exclude, distort or harm minority groups. Academics and government officials do it too.
Counter maps produce another public understanding of the facts by highlighting the experiences of oppressed people.
But black Americans were among the early providers of counter-mapping, deploying this alternative mapping to meet a variety of needs a century ago.
Mapping is part of the wider black creative tradition and political struggle.
Over the centuries, African Americans have developed “Orientation“Helpers, including a Jim Crow Era Travel Guide, to help them navigate a racially hostile landscape and created visual works that affirmed the value of Black life.
The black sociologist and civil rights leader WEB Du Bois produced maps for the 1900 Paris Exposition to inform international society of the gains African Americans had made in income, education, and land ownership since slavery and in the face of continued racism.
Similarly, in 1946, Friendship Press cartographer and illustrator Louise Jefferson published a pictorial map celebrating the contributions of African Americans – from famous writers and athletes to unnamed black workers – in building the United States.
In the early 20th century, the anti-lynching crusaders of the NAACP and the Tuskegee Institute sparked a public outcry by producing statistical reports who informed original hand drawn cards showing the location and frequency of African Americans murdered by mobs of white lynchs.
A map, published in 1922 in the NAACP magazine “Crisis“Placed dots on a standard map to document 3,456 lynchings over 32 years. The southeast had the greatest concentration. But the “stains of shame,” as cartographer Madeline Allison called them, covered the country from east to west and even to the north.
These visualizations, along with the underlying data, have been sent to allied organizations such as the citizen Interracial Cooperation Commission, newspapers across the country and elected officials from all parties and regions. Activists hoped to push Congress to pass federal anti-lynching legislation – which remains to this day unfinished.
Much of the anti-lynching mapping was inspired by the famous activist and journalist Ida B. Wells, who in the early 1880s made some of the first tables of the prevalence and geographic distribution of racial terror. His work refuted dominant white claims that lynched black men sexually assaulted white women.
The precariousness of black life – and the exclusion of black stories from American history – remains an unresolved issue today.
Today, the maps they create are often digital.
For example, Equal Justice Initiative, the Alabama-based legal advocacy group led by Bryan Stevenson, produced a modern map of historic lynching. This is an interactive update to the anti-lynching mapping done 100 years ago – although a full reconstruction of the lynching terror remains impossible due to incomplete data and the veil of silence that lingers around. of these murders.
Another modern mapping project, called Mapping Police Violence, was started by data activists after the murder of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014. It follows use of force by police using an animated time series map. Deaths and injuries cross the screen and pile up on the map of the United States, visually communicating the national scale and urgency of this issue.
Counter-mapping is based on the theory that communities and governments cannot solve problems they do not understand. When black counter-mapping exposes the how and where of racism, in visually accessible form, this information gains new power to stimulate social change.
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The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are known, collectively, as the Charters of Freedom. You can see the original documents, read transcriptions, and find out more about each of these documents here.
This document contains words, phrases, and concepts used in the United States Constitution. Links to this document can be found in the U. S. Constitution. Note that some words are defined only as they apply to the Constitution itself.
Register and Vote!
Click here to find out how
Need a few reasons why voting is important? Here are a few:
For your community
Neighborhoods and communities that vote get more attention from candidates and office holders. They are less likely to visit and listen to communities that don’t participate in elections.
For kids and youth
People under 18 can’t vote. Vote for their future as well as yours.
Don't Let Others Decide for you
If you don’t vote, you’re letting others decide who wins and what issues matter.
Honor our history and the right to vote!
Voting is one of our most important rights as citizens.
After the American Revolution freed the American colonies from British rule, the Founding Fathers wanted to make sure the new government couldn’t abuse its power. At the 1787 Constitutional Convention, delegates from twelve of the thirteen new states gathered to draft the document that would serve as the basis of all future U.S. law.
The Constitution calls for three branches of government with equal powers, creating a system commonly known as “checks and balances.” Each branch has power to mitigate the others. Powers not assigned to one of the three branches are left to the individual states.
Delegates at the Convention had two options for setting up the framework of the new legislative branch. The Virginia Plan, predictably supported by larger states, called for representation based on population. The competing New Jersey Plan called for equal representation for each state. The two-house solution known as the Great Compromise combines aspects of both plans and is still in use today.
The Constitution also outlines the responsibilities and powers of the judicial and executive branches, how the President is elected, and other nitty-gritty details.
The Founding Fathers recognized that society evolves, and that the Constitution would require a mechanism for making changes. However, they wanted to ensure that making changes would require agreement from a large number of states. To alter the Constitution, a proposed amendment must be ratified by three-fourths of states.
In 1940, Congress and the President passed a resolution creating “I Am an American Day,” observed on the third Sunday in May. In 1952, the holiday was renamed to “Constitution Day” and moved to September 17, the day in 1787 that the Constitution was signed. More than 50 years later in 2004, Congress once again changed the name of the holiday to Constitution Day and Citizenship Day.
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence states the principles on which our government, and our identity as Americans, are based. Unlike the other founding documents, the Declaration of Independence is not legally binding, but it is powerful. Abraham Lincoln called it “a rebuke and a stumbling-block to tyranny and oppression.” It continues to inspire people around the world to fight for freedom and equality.
The Constitution acted like a colossal merger, uniting a group of states with different interests, laws, and cultures. Under America’s first national government, the Articles of Confederation, the states acted together only for specific purposes. The Constitution united its citizens as members of a whole, vesting the power of the union in the people. Without it, the American Experiment might have ended as quickly as it had begun.
The Bill of Rights
The Constitution might never have been ratified if the framers hadn't promised to add a Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments to the Constitution gave citizens more confidence in the new government and contain many of today's Americans' most valued freedoms.
Interesting Facts about the U.S. Constitution
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Space exploration is incredibly important. It helps us explore the universe and understand our solar system, including the big blue planet we live on! One important and often overlooked feature of crewed space exploration is the spacesuit. These engineering wonders are unique and complex, having to provide protection, mobility and life support to the crew members wearing them.
Did you know: A space suit weighs approximately 280 pounds — without the astronaut — and it takes 45 minutes to put on!
A helmet is a vital part of the space suit. It keeps the suit pressurized, makes up part of the ventilation system for breathing, provides visor shades that protect astronauts from the sun’s harsh rays and can protect the astronaut from any sudden impacts. Can you engineer a space helmet focused only on impact safety? Using an egg to represent an astronaut, try engineering a safe space helmet to protect your “astronaut” when dropped from up high.
- One egg
- One sandwich bag
- One empty water bottle
Collect small/recycled materials around the house such as:
- Cotton balls
- Small pieces of fabric
- Tissue paper
- Popsicle sticks
- Rubber bands
- Construction paper
- Place egg in a sandwich bag and then set it aside.
- Cut the water bottle and use it to create a base for your helmet however you’d like. Design internal padding made from your collected materials.
- Lay out your small/recycled materials that can be used as the outside or cushioning for your helmet.
- Using your pencil and paper, design a plan. Draw and label needed materials. There is no wrong answer — get creative!
- Start engineering your helmet! Keep the egg in the bag for easy clean-up in the event that it breaks.
- When your helmet design is complete, determine your drop testing site. For example, you can stand on a chair and drop from your hands or find a safe high space from which to drop your helmet.
- It’s test time! Drop the helmet and see what happens. Was your “astronaut” protected? If it didn’t crack, congratulations, your helmet was successful! If it did crack, don’t worry. Try making changes to your helmet design and re-test.
In this activity, engineers try to create a container/helmet that allows an egg to safely fall from up high without breaking. Gravity is a force that pulls on mass — how much matter or “stuff” something is made of — and Earth’s gravity pulls on us to keep us anchored to the ground. Here, gravity pulls the helmet to the ground when it’s dropped.
The padding surrounding your egg in the helmet cushions it inside the container, like airbags in a car during an accident. The external protection you create on the outside of the helmet protects the egg by absorbing the impact felt when it hits the ground. This activity is a fun take on the engineering design process used to help guide problem-solving. Here, the challenge focuses on planning and creating a model of the helmet, testing the helmet, and changing or improving the design of the helmet over again until the model is successful.
Want to learn more?
To explore more about space, visit the Astronaut exhibit at Arizona Science Center through May to investigate the reality of what it takes to be a space explorer through hands-on and full-body displays. Visit azscience.org
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There are a lot of ways that doing a little work at the start of the course can save you A LOT of time in the long run.
One of the simplest things you can do to make your life easier is getting into the habit of giving your files clear names. This is something that can make a world of difference for you and for your students.
Have you ever gone back to look at your files and found something like “Chapter 2.pptx” and wondered what exactly the topic is? Or even worse, found a file like “12573786_574587379357471_3402002897720853131_n.jpg”?
Instead of leaving these files with cryptic names, we can rename them something clear and consistent, something that tells us what the file is and where it belongs.
So what makes a good file name?
Think that we can search our computers (or Google Drive, etc) by file name, so we can ask ourselves “If I wanted to find this file, what would I type into the search?”. So some common things like this might be the course name; the topic of the material, the author, or the type of resource.
If I had a Powerpoint presentation for a history course, a good file name might be something like: HIST 322: Chapter 6 Lecture – Jeanne d’Arc and the Hundred Years War.pptx
If I had an assignment in Biochemistry it might be something like this: CHEM 342: Assignment – Amino Acids.pdf
If I had an image for an English course, a clear file name for it might be something like: ENG 402: Guernica by Pablo Picasso.png.
Alternatively, you could model proper citations by structuring your file names in a similar way that you would expect your students to list a citation.
Giving clear filenames means that you should be able to more easily find your files (such as if you’re teaching the course again, or teaching a related course, or putting together a portfolio), it’ll make it easier to identify if the file is important such as if you’re deleting files, or have bought a new computer, and it will make reviewing and organizing the files much easier for your students.
Everyone benefits when you give your file a clear name.
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Practice estimation and conversions with this unique challenge! Provide students with a pumpkin and make them think! This activity asks students to take a look at a pumpkin and make a reasonable estimate of its weight and circumference. Then they will take their estimates and convert them to different forms of measurement. Conversions include pounds to ounces, kilograms to grams, inches to feet, and centimeters to decimeters.
**You will need a pumpkin, scale, and tape measure.
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Vincent Woolsgrove reported finding five 17th-century cannons during the summer of 2007 but said just two came from the wreck of the warship London, which sank off Southend in Essex in 1665.
The other three, he claimed, he had found in international waters off the coast of Kent. The 48-year-old was awarded the title of the three Dutch cannons because the Maritime and Coastguard Agency was unable to prove they were property of the Crown.
Woolsgrove then sold them to a US collector for more than £50,000. But a two-year investigation by the MCA established that the cannons were issued to Dutch ships in the 1650s and captured by the English in battle.
The MCA, together with Kent and Essex Police and Historic England (formerly English Heritage) found that the three Dutch cannons had been issued to the Dutch vessels Groote Liefde and St Mattheus.
They attacked the English fleet during the first Anglo-Dutch War in 1653 but the vessels were captured by the English and the cannons taken as prizes.
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Depending on which nucleic acid is part of the virus, RNA and DNA-containing viral organisms are distinguished. What differences in structure and chemical composition does this fact indicate?
1) RNA viruses include ribose and uracil, and DNA viruses include deoxyribose and thymine;
2) RNA-containing viruses contain enzymes that double RNA, or enzymes that make DNA on an RNA template.
Remember: The process of learning a person lasts a lifetime. The value of the same knowledge for different people may be different, it is determined by their individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, knowledge is always needed at any age and position.
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The key to strengthening in metals is in hindering dislocation motion, list the four main ways in which this can be achieved, giving brief descriptions of why dislocation motion is hindered in each case. (10 marks)
(ii) In one of the four strengthening cases above, identify another mechanical property that is significantly degraded, and explain why this has occurred even though strength is increased. (4 marks)
(iii) Discuss to how these strengthening mechanisms will affect high temperature failure processes such as creep. How would metals be engineered to be resistant to creep and high temperature fatigue failure? What are the key factors to consider when selecting a metallic system for high temperature application?
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According to the World Health Organization, wellness is a state of full well-being as well as the lack of illness and infirmity. Nevertheless, for many years, this term has actually been utilized for different objectives. Below are some meanings of health and wellness. Right here is a quick introduction to the term. This write-up will explain the differences between the two terms and clarify why they are necessary. Let’s begin with the first one. Usually speaking, health and wellness is the absence of condition.
The World Health and wellness Company specifies health as a state of total physical, mental, and social health. By definition, health consists of an individual’s ability to preserve homeostasis and recover from damaging events. On top of that, health additionally entails psychological and social capacities such as the capacity to handle stress and anxiety and also to manage oneself. It likewise includes the ability to communicate and keep relationships with others. Therefore, health has several dimensions. As a whole, these aspects all affect each individual’s lifestyle.
While the definition of health is subjective, the WHO specifies it as total physical, mental, and also social wellness. Basically, wellness is the absence of disease. It is an outcome of our social, psychological, and also physical abilities. Via surveillance and also avoidance programs, public health can assist people live longer, function much better, as well as participate in life. Additionally, it advertises a healthy way of life as well as protects against disease. For instance, it educates us how to deal with anxiety, develop skills, as well as manage connections.
WHO’s definition of health consisted of the lack of illness. But the idea of health and wellness has actually changed and also the focus is no more on the absence of illness. Instead, it refers to the ability to keep homeostasis and recoup from negative circumstances. Besides physical aspects, wellness additionally includes our mental and also psychological wellness. To put it simply, we require to be resistant and adaptive. There are lots of things that can affect our health. The most vital thing to keep in mind is that the much better you feel, the healthier you will certainly be.
There are several interpretations of wellness, and they are all different. Despite the type of system you have, health is a fundamental human right. It is an essential human right to appreciate a healthy life and also to live a meeting life. Therefore, it is very important to be as healthy and balanced as possible. By adhering to the WHO definition, you’ll have the ability to live a healthy and balanced life. You can stop condition in a number of ways.
Maintaining yourself healthy and being literally active is vital. It’s important to remain active as well as to exercise regularly to stay healthy. By staying active, you’ll feel much more energised and online much longer. In addition to these advantages, you’ll have more energy. It’s important to have the right state of mind. Having the ideal mindset can improve your life. The best state of mind can make a huge difference in your wellness. So, you need to be as positive as feasible and also learn more about the concerns around you.
According to the World Wellness Organization, “wellness is a comprehensive state of well-being.” It refers to an individual’s psychological, physical, and also social abilities. It also includes an individual’s capability to stop as well as recoup from ailment. In addition to this, public health can consist of a society’s choices as well as initiatives to maintain everybody healthy and balanced. The WHO interpretation is not exhaustive. It focuses on the basic needs of individuals. This is why the that defines health as a fundamental source in day-to-day life.
A person’s health and wellness depends upon several factors. For instance, a person’s lifestyle and also the kind of job they have can greatly influence their wellness. Fortunately, there are many means to advertise healthy living as well as stay clear of illness. As an example, by enhancing physical activity, you’ll enhance your possibilities of enduring a health problem. As well as by minimizing your tension, you’ll boost your life quality and also happiness. By incorporating a healthy and balanced way of life, you’ll also be able to prevent undesirable situations.
” Health” is the state of total physical, mental, and social health. The WHO defines health and wellness as “a state of physical, mental, as well as social health.” The various other 3 components are called a person’s psychological as well as social wellness. These elements compose health, as well as are the foundation for a good life. The Globe Bank Group additionally defines wellness as the lack of illness as well as ailment. For example, an individual’s way of life can influence their health and wellness.
By advertising health and wellness, people can live healthy and balanced lives. In addition to physical wellness, public health aids individuals remain healthy by stopping illness and maintaining their social health. On top of that, it educates individuals to live healthy and balanced lives. This consists of the appropriate sex, nourishment, and exercise. It additionally motivates them to be energetic as well as to preserve connections. In short, public healthcare aims to enhance the lifestyle for everybody. You should additionally have a mutual understanding of the definition of “wellness.”.
While health and wellness is a vital resource that assists us live a satisfied life, it can additionally affect our mental as well as psychological wellness. The Globe Health and wellness Company specifies health as “a state of complete physical, psychological, as well as social wellness and the lack of condition.” Amongst these factors, physical health and wellness is the capacity to remain healthy and also take care of the stressors in our lives. In a similar way, psychological and emotional care refer to the high quality of the connections and communications we have.
The Globe Health Organization specifies wellness as a state of total physical, mental, and also social health. In addition to physical health and wellness, public health also refers to the ability to manage stress and also condition. Nevertheless, public and specific wellness additionally include the selections we make that effect our physical and psychological health. In the end, it is the capability to live an efficient life that makes health possible. And thus, we must make every effort to live a healthier way of life for our social and mental health. https://www.filmdaily.co/health/plus-kapseln/
According to the WHO, wellness is the absence of condition, or the state of full physical health. While wellness is an important source in our every day lives, it is not limited to our physical as well as psychological health. It additionally includes our connections with others. By practicing good mental and emotional health, we can achieve the very best we can. There are many different ways to do this. There are numerous opportunities to live a life filled with function as well as definition.
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Malware, also known as malicious software, is designed to intrude or damage a computer system without the owner's knowledge. The term Malware covers a myriad of computer software including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware and other malicious software.
How does malicious software work?
Malicious software is a huge problem. Malware programs have become destructive and sophisticated, often using a multi-faceted technical approach to fulfill their objective. Bundled Malware that exploits an operating system with viruses and other Malware has grown exponentially of the past few years.
With the popularity of smart phones and other mobile devices, Malware has entered this realm. As mobile devices continue to grow, Malware will, too.
Trojan horses and spyware, as well as key-loggers, are becoming more and more common with criminals. These programs are able to obtain confidential information about the user of the infected computer, including account numbers and PINs, login identifications, e-mail content and even browsing habits. This data can easily be sold or used directly to commit fraud.
Malware can infiltrate a user’s computer and make it part of a botnet. A botnet is a collection of software robots (bots) that run routinely behind the scenes. Although botnet can refer to any group of bots, this word typically refers to a collection of infected systems called Zombie computers. Once infected, this malicious software runs under a common command-and-control infrastructure. Limit your exposure to Malware and you will limit your chances of becoming part of a botnet.
What are the signs?
Although the phishing attacks that lead to Malware are designed to be nearly impossible to distinguish from legitimate e-mails messages, there are some common signs you can look for:
- SMiShing attacks may indicate the message came from a random number – 3000 – instead of showing an actual phone number
- You are vehemently encouraged to comply and often provided negative consequences if you do not respond
- You see differences with other e-mails, phone messages or texts from the same business
- The message claims you ordered something that you didn’t
- You are asked to click on a link to update/verify account information, cancel an order or re-activate an account
- Messages lack personalization that would indicate the sender knows something about your account (e.g. name, the last four digits of your account number, etc.
- Messages have spelling errors and/or bad grammar not consistent with a professional business
Actions to take if you receive a suspect e-mail, phone message or text
- Number One – Don’t respond!
- If you aren’t sure of the validity of the message, call the company to verify they really did send it or ask why they need your information. Use a phone number you know is correct (e.g., from a recent statement); Do NOT call the one in the e-mail, phone message or text message
- Once you report it, delete the message from your inbox
How can I protect myself AND my business?
- Never open attachments from e-mail addresses at work or at home that you don’t recognize – this is a good way for computers to become infected with malware
- Install a firewall to prevent unwanted access
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Protecting Yourself - What you need?
This single most important thing to protect your personal, and financial, information is having the proper tools installed on your computer.
All of your computers should have:
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- Strong passwords that are changed, on average, every three months
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Date Presented:14-17 Nov.
The appearance of the brailed rig and loose-footed sail at the end of the Late Bronze Age revolutionized seafaring in the eastern Mediterranean. In the first visual representation of a naval battle in the Egyptian records, the battle at Medinet Habu, both Egyptian and ‘Sea Peoples’ ships are portrayed as employing this new rig on warships which are nearly identical in structure and design. This fact suggests some level of previous contact between the invading mariners and those responsible for designing and constructing Egypt’s ships of war. This paper examines the evidence for the development of the brailed rig in the eastern Mediterranean, and explores the possibility that the Šrdn of the Sea, one of the ‘Sea Peoples’ who appeared in “battleships in the midst of the sea” off of the Egyptian coast a century earlier, may have played an integral role in the transference of that technology to the Egyptians.
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Levomefolate is an artificial form of folate, which is necessary for good health. A lack of folate in the diet can cause health issues, but it also can affect the development of the spine in unborn children. For these reasons, levomefolate might be taken as a supplement, but it might also be present in combination medicines.
Folate is one of the B vitamins, and it is essential for the body to make healthy cells. Red blood cells, in particular, require folate. Although natural folate is found in food, artificial folate can also perform the same role. Artificial folate chemicals are known as folic acids. Levomefolate and another folic acid called L-methylfolate are biologically active and do not need to be processed by the body to be ready for use.
Supplements of folic acid are particularly important for women who are pregnant, or those who might become pregnant. If the developing baby does not receive enough folic acid, then he or she might not have a fully formed spinal cord and could suffer from spina bifida. On the other hand, levomefolate might also be part of a contraceptive pill, along with the hormones ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone to prevent pregnancy.
The presence of levomefolate in a combination hormone contraceptive is to reduce the risk of spinal cord birth defects in the event of pregnancy while taking the contraceptive. As well as prevention of pregnancy, the combination pill might also be beneficial in treating women who suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder, a condition that causes extreme premenstrual symptoms such as mood swings. The combination pill with levomefolate might also be able to improve the appearance of acne in women.
Some people can suffer from folic acid deficiency for various reasons. One is a simple lack of folate in the diet. Among the medical conditions that can result in low folic acid levels are problems with the liver or the kidneys. Some gastrointestinal problems can also reduce absorption of the vitamin. Patients who are suffering from alcoholism can also be low in folic acid. These groups of people might benefit from supplementation with an active form of the vitamin such as levomefolate.
This form of folic acid does not commonly cause side effects. Allergic reactions are possible, and they can manifest themselves in facial swelling or problems in breathing. As part of a combination contraceptive pill, more side effects are possible, ranging from headache to problems with the circulatory system.
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During World War II, two Canadian battalions were deployed to Hong Kong to defend the city, and many of the soldiers sacrificed their lives in action. To mark this year's 70th anniversary of the Battle of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence will hold a new exhibition entitled "To the Last Man: Canadian Troops in the Battle of Hong Kong" from tomorrow (December 23) until June 20 next year to pay tribute to the spirit of the Canadian troops. Featuring more than 50 priceless pictures showing the gallantry of the soldiers in their defence of Hong Kong as well as their days in the prisoner-of-war camps, the exhibition not only provides an opportunity for visitors to learn about the history of the period, but also salutes the Canadian troops.
On November 16, 1941, two Canadian battalions, the Winnipeg Grenadiers and Royal Rifles of Canada, comprising 2 500 members boarded a huge transport vessel to journey to Hong Kong, where they joined the Hong Kong defence forces.
The Winnipeg Grenadiers was an infantry regiment of the Canadian Army formed in 1908. At the start of World War II, its members were put into garrison duty for 16 months in Jamaica. In October 1941, they returned to Canada and were then sent to Hong Kong for active duty. They received some new members, but those new members did not even have basic training and they also lacked ammunition appropriate for a standard battalion. As a result, the battalion lacked the strength needed for front-line duty.
The Royal Rifles of Canada was formed in 1862 and originated in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The battalion was placed in active service during World War I. During World War II, its members served in Newfoundland in the east of Canada on garrison duty before being called to serve in Hong Kong in October 1941.
After the arrival of the Canadian troops, there was only a short period for acclimatisation. On December 8, 1941, the Japanese began their assault on Hong Kong Island and soon gained control of most of the north-eastern part of the island extending from Chai Wan to Mount Butler. The Canadian troops were immediately deployed to occupy Mount Butler and Jardine's Lookout. However, their fighting ability was seriously impeded due to their limited knowledge of the terrain. As a result, the troops suffered heavy casualties. At 3.25pm on Christmas Day, the Governor, Sir Mark Young, made the decision to surrender.
During the occupation, 1 500 Canadian prisoners of war were imprisoned in North Point Camp. As was the case with other prisoner-of-war camps, North Point Camp suffered from overcrowding and a lack of food and amenities, and medical facilities were almost non-existent. Some Canadian prisoners of war were dispatched to Japan as labourers, some fell ill with malnutrition, and others died due to lack of medicine. In addition, beatings by camp guards were a common occurrence.
The Japanese finally announced their surrender in 1945, and Canadian soldiers could then be sent back home. In the end, a total of 558 soldiers from the original force did not return home - more than one-fifth of those who had sailed from Vancouver to Hong Kong in 1941. As many Canadians fought to the last man, and the gallantry of the soldiers deserves special mention, this pictorial exhibition pays tribute to the Canadian troops who defended Hong Kong.
Through the historical pictures and panel text, the stories and the spirit of the Canadian troops can be recollected. Among the exhibits is the touching story of a big dog, Gander, who was sent to Hong Kong with the troops. Gander showed his bravery in protecting his comrades-in-arms and finally died in battle at Lei Yue Mun (around the present site of the Museum of Coastal Defence).
The Museum of Coastal Defence is located at 175 Tung Hei Road, Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong. It is open from 10am to 5pm and is closed on Thursdays (except public holidays) and the first two days of the Lunar New Year. Admission is $10 and half-price concessions are applicable to full-time students, people with disabilities and senior citizens aged 60 or above. Admission is free on Wednesdays.
For more details of the exhibition, please visit the Museum's website at www.hk.coastaldefence.museum/en/section3-3-06.php or call 2569 1500 .
Ends/Thursday, December 22, 2011
The Royal Rifles of Canada leave Valcartier, Quebec, on October 23, 1941, and head for their embarkation point in Vancouver for their journey to Hong Kong. This photo is on display at the "To the Last Man: Canadian Troops in the Battle of Hong Kong" exhibition at the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence.
Canadian troops march along Nathan Road toward Sham Shui Po Camp after disembarkation. They appear fit and confident. This photo will be on display at the "To the Last Man: Canadian Troops in the Battle of Hong Kong" exhibition at the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence.
This rare photo, taken in 1942, shows prisoners of war behind barbed wire at Sham Shui Po Prisoner-of-War Camp. This photo will be on display at the "To the Last Man: Canadian Troops in the Battle of Hong Kong" exhibition at the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence.
Gander, also known as "Pal", was the only dog from Canada to receive the Dickin Medal. Gander was sent to Hong Kong with the Royal Rifles of Canada in 1941. During the battle at Lei Yue Mun (around the present site of the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence), Gander showed his bravery in protecting his comrades-in-arms. When the Japanese landed near the soldiers at the beach, Gander barked and attempted to bite them. Later, when the Japanese troops were getting near a group of wounded Canadian soldiers, Gander protected them by suddenly charging at the Japanese. The enemy soldiers changed their route, which spared the wounded Canadians. Finally, when Gander saw an enemy grenade, he grabbed it in his mouth and carried it to where it would not harm his companions. Unfortunately, the grenade exploded and killed him.
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University of Plymouth scientists saw that children ignored their own judgement and copied robots in a test.
And their cyborg companions didn’t always get it right.
The boffins set up a test where young participants simply had to point out which two lines matched in length.
Working without robots, they got it right 87% of the time.
“What if robots were to suggest what products to buy or what to think?”Prof Belpaeme
But with robots added to the mix, children would copy their answers even when obviously wrong, resulting in scores of just 75%.
When the test was repeated with adults, they were able to “resist” the robots’ influence.
Robots professor Tony Belpaeme said the “affinity” kids had for robots could worryingly be used to tell them “what to think”.
"People often follow the opinions of others and we've known for a long time that it is hard to resist taking over views and opinions of people around us,” Prof Belpaeme told Science Daily.
“We know this as conformity. But as robots will soon be found in the home and the workplace, we were wondering if people would conform to robots.
"What our results show is that adults do not conform to what the robots are saying.
“But when we did the experiment with children, they did.
“It shows children can perhaps have more of an affinity with robots than adults, which does pose the question: what if robots were to suggest, for example, what products to buy or what to think?"
The researchers added that robots could have a positive impact on kids’ lives, such as working as teachers or therapists.
The line-length test used was based on the “Asch conformity experiments” from the 1950s which found that adults are swayed by each others’ opinions.
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2 Our understanding of the history of humans living and working together begins in Africa more than a million years ago. Over time, humans began to migrate and eventually inhabited six continents: Africa, Asia,
Excel chapter 2 grader project video 2
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Darwin argues that “all life on earth is connected and related to each other” and also that “modifications of populations by natural selection, where some traits were favored over others.” He backs these up with a lot of evidence throughout this chapter, first by going in depth about fertility and reproduction and backing that by saying “descendants of each species will be able to increase by so much the more as they become more diversified in habits and structure,” and “there will be constant tendency in natural selection to preserve the most divergent offspring.” Along with these, he also explains how distribution greatly affects and affected national selection and evolution. Along with the ideas about outside factors, Darwin also developed the idea of “modern evolutionary synthesis” as how genes play a huge role in all evolutionary processes. Lastly, a very important factor in his proof of evolution is “geology plainly declares that all species have changed,” “slowly and in a graduated manner.” He backs this up with in depth discussion of fossils.
I think that all of his arguments are very convincing because he backs everything up with scientific details and elaborate examples as to why they make sense. Darwin’s findings have said to be “the most important idea to occur to a human mind,” and that statement purely shows how important Darwin was for science during and long after his time. Personally, the most interesting and easiest to agree with is the facts regarding geology. There is hard proof on our earth of previous organisms and how they have changed over time.
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A risk factor is any factor that is associated with increasing someone’s chances of developing a certain condition, such as cancer. Some risk factors can be modified, such as lifestyle or environmental risk factors, and others cannot be modified, such as inherited factors or whether someone in the family has had cancer.
Having 1 or more risk factors does not mean that a person will develop cancer. Many people have at least 1 risk factor but will never develop cancer, while others with cancer may have had no known risk factors.
Even if a person with cancer has a risk factor, it is usually hard to know how much that risk factor contributed to the development of their disease.
Risk factors for uterine sarcoma include:
- age – most women who are diagnosed with uterine sarcoma are over 50 years old
- obesity – extra fatty tissue produces extra estrogen, which can increase the risk of uterine sarcoma
- past treatment with radiotherapy to the pelvis
- treatment with tamoxifen for breast cancer, especially for a long time (5 years or more)
- family history of Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), which is also linked to an increased risk of colon, kidney, bladder and ovarian cancer
- a type of eye cancer called retinoblastoma that was caused by having an abnormal RB gene.
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Understanding Drug-Induced Brain Damage
Drug-induced brain damage is a serious consequence of substance abuse that can have long-lasting effects on an individual's cognitive and neurological functions. In this section, we will delve into the topic of drug-induced brain damage, starting with an introduction and a look at common drugs associated with this type of damage.
Introduction to Drug-Induced Brain Damage
Drug-induced brain damage refers to the harm caused to the brain as a result of substance abuse. Various drugs, including illicit substances, prescription medications, and even alcohol, can lead to detrimental effects on the brain. The brain is a complex organ responsible for vital functions such as cognition, emotion, and physical coordination. When exposed to drugs, the brain's delicate balance can be disrupted, resulting in various forms of damage.
Understanding the impact of drug-induced brain damage is crucial, as it sheds light on the potential risks associated with substance abuse and the importance of seeking help and support. By raising awareness about this issue, we aim to promote informed decision-making and encourage individuals to prioritize their brain health.
Common Drugs Associated with Brain Damage
Numerous drugs have been linked to brain damage due to their adverse effects on the central nervous system. It's important to note that the severity and nature of brain damage can vary depending on factors such as the type of drug, dosage, frequency of use, and individual susceptibility.
Here are some common drugs associated with brain damage:
Drug Category and Examples
Stimulants: Methamphetamine, Cocaine
Depressants: Alcohol, Benzodiazepines
Opioids: Heroin, Prescription painkillers
Hallucinogens: LSD, Psilocybin mushrooms
Inhalants: Paint thinners, Glue
Synthetic Drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids, Bath salts
It's crucial to understand that the brain damage caused by these drugs can manifest in various forms, including neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive impairment, memory problems, and psychiatric disorders.
By recognizing the link between drug use and brain damage, individuals can make more informed choices regarding their substance use and seek appropriate help and treatment. Spreading awareness about the potential risks associated with drug-induced brain damage is essential in promoting a healthier and safer society.
How Drugs Impact the Brain
To understand drug-induced brain damage, it is essential to examine how drugs impact the brain. This section will explore the effects of drugs on neurotransmitters and the underlying mechanisms of drug-induced brain damage.
Effects of Drugs on Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in facilitating communication between brain cells. Drugs can directly or indirectly affect the production, release, reuptake, or binding of neurotransmitters, leading to significant alterations in brain function. Here are some examples of how drugs can impact neurotransmitters:
- Dopamine: Many drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, increase dopamine levels in the brain. This excessive dopamine release contributes to the euphoric effects and reinforces the addictive nature of these substances.
- Serotonin: Drugs like MDMA (ecstasy) and hallucinogens can affect serotonin levels, leading to mood alterations, increased sociability, or hallucinations.
- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): Drugs such as benzodiazepines and alcohol enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA, resulting in sedation, relaxation, and impaired coordination.
- Glutamate: Stimulant drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine can disrupt glutamate signaling, leading to increased excitability and potential neurotoxicity.
By manipulating neurotransmitter activity, drugs can produce various effects on the brain, including altered mood, cognition, and behavior. Prolonged drug use can lead to significant changes in the brain's structure and function, contributing to drug-induced brain damage.
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Brain Damage
Drug-induced brain damage can occur through multiple mechanisms, with long-term drug use often being a contributing factor. Here are some key mechanisms involved:
- Neurotoxicity: Certain drugs can directly damage brain cells, leading to neurodegeneration. For example, methamphetamine can cause the death of dopamine-producing neurons, resulting in long-term cognitive impairments.
- Oxidative Stress: Drugs can generate excessive reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress in the brain. This oxidative damage can lead to inflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and cell death.
- Inflammation: Chronic drug use can trigger an inflammatory response in the brain. This sustained inflammation can contribute to neuronal damage and impair brain function.
- Disruption of Neuroplasticity: Long-term drug use can interfere with the brain's ability to adapt and rewire itself, impairing neuroplasticity. This disruption can hinder the brain's recovery and repair processes.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for drug-induced brain damage. It is important to note that the extent of brain damage can vary depending on factors such as the type of drug used, the frequency and duration of use, individual susceptibility, and the presence of polydrug use.
In the next section, we will explore the different types of drug-induced brain damage, including neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disorders.
Types of Drug-Induced Brain Damage
Drug-induced brain damage can manifest in various forms, affecting different aspects of brain function. Understanding the different types of brain damage caused by drug use is essential in comprehending the potential consequences of substance abuse. The most common types of drug-induced brain damage include neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive impairment and memory problems, and psychiatric disorders.
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons in the brain. Prolonged drug use, particularly substances such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and certain prescription medications, has been associated with an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. These disorders can include conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.
The exact mechanisms through which drugs contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders are still being studied. However, it is believed that chronic drug use can dysregulate neurotransmitter systems, induce oxidative stress, and trigger inflammation, ultimately leading to neuronal damage and degeneration.
Cognitive Impairment and Memory Problems
Drug-induced cognitive impairment and memory problems are common consequences of long-term substance abuse. Drugs such as alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, and methamphetamine can interfere with the normal functioning of the brain, affecting cognitive processes such as attention, concentration, learning, and memory.
Alcohol, for instance, is known to cause alcohol-related cognitive decline, which can result in difficulties with memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Additionally, it can lead to conditions like alcohol-induced brain atrophy, where the brain experiences a reduction in size due to the toxic effects of alcohol on brain tissue.
Long-term drug use can also impair the formation of new memories and the retrieval of existing memories. These memory problems can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning, affecting work, relationships, and overall quality of life.
Drug use has been closely linked to the development or exacerbation of various psychiatric disorders. Substance abuse can increase the risk of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, psychosis, and bipolar disorder. While drug use does not directly cause these psychiatric disorders, it can significantly contribute to their onset or progression.
The exact relationship between drug use and psychiatric disorders is complex and multifaceted. Drug-induced changes in brain chemistry, disruptions in neurotransmitter systems, and the impact on reward pathways can all play a role in the development and perpetuation of psychiatric disorders.
It is worth noting that individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions may be more susceptible to drug-induced psychiatric disorders. The interaction between drugs and an individual's unique neurobiology can have profound effects on mental health.
Understanding the various types of drug-induced brain damage is crucial in highlighting the potential risks associated with substance abuse. By recognizing and spreading awareness about these risks, individuals can make informed decisions regarding their drug use and seek appropriate help and treatment if needed.
Risk Factors for Drug-Induced Brain Damage
When it comes to drug-induced brain damage, several risk factors contribute to the likelihood of experiencing adverse effects. Understanding these risk factors can help individuals make informed decisions and take necessary precautions. The key risk factors associated with drug-induced brain damage are frequency and duration of drug use, individual susceptibility, and polydrug use and combinations.
Frequency and Duration of Drug Use
The frequency and duration of drug use play a significant role in determining the potential for brain damage. Prolonged and regular drug use increases the risk of developing neurological complications. Continuous exposure to drugs can disrupt the delicate balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to long-term changes in brain structure and function.
It is important to note that the impact of drug use on the brain can vary depending on the specific substance and the individual's unique biology. Some drugs, such as alcohol, can cause alcohol-related brain damage.
Individual susceptibility plays a crucial role in determining the extent of drug-induced brain damage. Some individuals may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of drugs due to factors such as genetic predisposition, pre-existing medical conditions, or co-occurring mental health disorders.
Additionally, certain demographic factors, such as age and gender, can influence an individual's vulnerability to drug-induced brain damage. For example, adolescents and young adults are particularly vulnerable to the effects of drugs on the developing brain.
Polydrug Use and Combinations
The simultaneous use of multiple drugs, known as polydrug use, can significantly increase the risk of drug-induced brain damage. When different substances are combined, they can interact in unpredictable ways, potentially exacerbating the negative effects on the brain. It's important to note that the combined effects of drugs can be more harmful than the effects of each drug used individually.
Polydrug use is particularly common in individuals seeking to enhance the effects of a specific drug or to counteract the negative side effects. However, this practice can lead to severe neurological consequences. Understanding the dangers of polydrug use and avoiding combinations of drugs is crucial to reducing the risk of brain damage.
By being aware of these risk factors, individuals can take steps to minimize their exposure to drug-induced brain damage. This includes making informed decisions about drug use, seeking professional help for substance abuse issues, and adopting harm reduction strategies.
Prevention and Treatment
When it comes to drug-induced brain damage, prevention and appropriate treatment play a crucial role in mitigating the potential harm. Here are three key aspects to consider: harm reduction strategies, seeking professional help, and rehabilitation and recovery.
Harm Reduction Strategies
Harm reduction strategies aim to minimize the negative consequences associated with drug use while acknowledging that complete abstinence may not be an immediate or realistic goal for everyone. These strategies focus on promoting safety and reducing the potential risks of drug use.
- Education and Awareness: Providing accurate and evidence-based information about the risks and effects of different drugs can empower individuals to make informed decisions.
- Safe Use Practices: Encouraging safer drug use practices, such as avoiding sharing needles, using clean equipment, and using proper dosage, can reduce the risk of infection and overdose.
- Testing and Screening: Access to drug testing services can help individuals identify substances and reduce the likelihood of accidental overdose or adverse reactions.
- Supportive Environments: Creating non-judgmental and supportive environments, such as needle exchange programs and supervised consumption sites, can promote safer drug use and reduce the risk of harm.
By implementing harm reduction strategies, individuals can take steps to minimize the potential risks associated with drug use.
Seeking Professional Help
Seeking professional help is an important step towards addressing drug-induced brain damage. Professionals in the field of addiction medicine and mental health can provide guidance, support, and evidence-based treatments tailored to individual needs.
- Medical Evaluation: A comprehensive medical evaluation can help assess the extent of brain damage and identify any underlying health conditions that may influence treatment options.
- Medication-Assisted Treatment: In some cases, medication-assisted treatment may be recommended to manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and support long-term recovery.
- Therapy and Counseling: Various therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing, can help individuals address the psychological and emotional aspects of drug use and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
- Support Groups: Engaging in support groups or mutual aid programs, such as Narcotics Anonymous or SMART Recovery, can provide peer support, encouragement, and a sense of community.
Professional help can provide essential guidance and resources for individuals seeking to address drug-induced brain damage and embark on a path to recovery.
Rehabilitation and Recovery
Rehabilitation and recovery programs are designed to help individuals overcome drug-induced brain damage and regain control over their lives. These programs offer comprehensive support and resources to foster physical, mental, and emotional healing.
- Inpatient Rehabilitation: Inpatient rehabilitation programs provide a structured and supervised environment, offering detoxification services, medical support, therapy sessions, and educational programs.
- Outpatient Programs: Outpatient programs allow individuals to receive treatment while continuing with their daily activities. These programs may include counseling, therapy sessions, support group meetings, and regular check-ins with healthcare professionals.
- Lifestyle Changes: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly contribute to recovery. This includes engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, getting adequate sleep, and avoiding triggers that may lead to drug use.
- Continuing Care: After completing a formal rehabilitation program, continuing care through aftercare programs, outpatient counseling, and support groups can help individuals maintain their progress and prevent relapse.
Rehabilitation and recovery programs provide a supportive and structured environment for individuals to rebuild their lives and work towards long-term sobriety.
By implementing harm reduction strategies, seeking professional help, and engaging in rehabilitation and recovery programs, individuals can take important steps towards minimizing drug-induced brain damage and achieving a healthier and more fulfilling life.
Spreading Awareness and Education
Raising awareness about drug-induced brain damage is crucial in order to promote understanding, support, and prevention. By shedding light on the topic, we can educate individuals about the potential risks associated with drug use and work towards reducing the prevalence of drug-induced brain damage. In this section, we will explore the importance of understanding drug-induced brain damage, the need for advocacy and support, and provide resources for further information.
Importance of Understanding Drug-Induced Brain Damage
Understanding the consequences of drug use on the brain is essential for making informed decisions and promoting overall well-being. Drug-induced brain damage can have significant and long-lasting effects on an individual's cognitive, emotional, and physical health. By comprehending the potential risks and consequences associated with drug use, individuals are better equipped to make educated choices regarding substance use.
Education about drug-induced brain damage is especially important for young people who may be more vulnerable to the harmful effects of drugs due to ongoing brain development. By providing accurate information, we can empower individuals to prioritize their health and make informed decisions about substance use.
Advocacy and Support
Advocacy and support play a crucial role in addressing drug-induced brain damage and its impact on individuals and communities. By advocating for policies and programs that promote prevention, treatment, and support for those affected, we can work towards reducing the occurrence and impact of drug-induced brain damage.
Support systems are essential for individuals who have experienced drug-induced brain damage, as well as their families and loved ones. Support groups, counseling services, and community organizations can provide guidance, understanding, and resources to navigate the challenges associated with drug-induced brain damage. These support systems foster a sense of community, reduce stigma, and provide a safe space for individuals to share experiences and seek assistance.
Resources for Further Information
For those seeking more information about drug-induced brain damage, there are various resources available. These resources provide valuable insights, research, and guidance to individuals, families, and communities affected by drug-induced brain damage.
By utilizing these resources, individuals can access reliable information to further their understanding of drug-induced brain damage and make informed decisions regarding substance use.
Spreading awareness and education about drug-induced brain damage is vital for promoting healthier choices, supporting those affected, and reducing the prevalence of drug-induced brain damage in our communities. By advocating for policies, providing support, and utilizing reliable resources, we can make a positive impact and foster a more informed society.
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Wagner, C. E., L. J. Harmon, et al. (2012). "Ecological opportunity and sexual selection together predict adaptive radiation." Nature advance online publication.
A fundamental challenge to our understanding of biodiversity is to explain why some groups of species undergo adaptive radiations, diversifying extensively into many and varied species, whereas others do not1, 2. Both extrinsic environmental factors (for example, resource availability, climate) and intrinsic lineage-specific traits (for example, behavioural or morphological traits, genetic architecture) influence diversification, but few studies have addressed how such factors interact. Radiations of cichlid fishes in the African Great Lakes provide some of the most dramatic cases of species diversification. However, most cichlid lineages in African lakes have not undergone adaptive radiations. Here we compile data on cichlid colonization and diversification in 46 African lakes, along with lake environmental features and information about the traits of colonizing cichlid lineages, to investigate why adaptive radiation does and does not occur. We find that extrinsic environmental factors related to ecological opportunity and intrinsic lineage-specific traits related to sexual selection both strongly influence whether cichlids radiate. Cichlids are more likely to radiate in deep lakes, in regions with more incident solar radiation and in lakes where there has been more time for diversification. Weak or negative associations between diversification and lake surface area indicate that cichlid speciation is not constrained by area, in contrast to diversification in many terrestrial taxa3. Among the suite of intrinsic traits that we investigate, sexual dichromatism, a surrogate for the intensity of sexual selection, is consistently positively associated with diversification. Thus, for cichlids, it is the coincidence between ecological opportunity and sexual selection that best predicts whether adaptive radiation will occur. These findings suggest that adaptive radiation is predictable, but only when species traits and environmental factors are jointly considered.
Yours truely has been banned from commenting in "Nature
" Who would do that to a puppy?
The R.S.P.C.A. should be involved. But if I was not banned, I would ask how parasites fit into this picture. It has been thought [since William Hamilton brought up the idea in the 1960's] that parasitism helped sex to evolve, and maintains sex in many species today. Sexual reproduction is less efficient than asexual reproduction unless you factor in stuff like parasites, predators and rapid ecological change.
Bdelloid rotifers were seemingly a contradiction to Hamilton's idea, until it was found that B.R.'s practice massive Horizontal Gene Transfer, and thus they acquire the genetic tricks they need to survive fairly rapid biological and physical environmental changes. So basically every organism
has some kind of sex: eucaryotic sex, bacterial sex, viral sex.....
There a no true asexuals. Just different types of sex, which is simply genetic exchange. The primitive idea of sex and being a mating between male and female is long gone. It is true however that complex multicellular organisms tend to have a centralised genome whereas organisms like bacteria, archaea, and viruses have evolved a distributed genomic database.
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Making the connection between sleep and performance
The study, published in the journal, Sleep, included 43 children between 7 and 11 years old. Eleven of the children had been diagnosed with ADHD and 32 had not. None of the children were known to have sleep disorders. Medications being used to treat ADHD were discontinued before the children began the trial.
Sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleepiness were monitored during the two phases of the trial: six days when the children went to bed at their usual hour, and six days when they went to bed one hour later than usual. The children also underwent mental (cognitive) performance testing at the end of each six-day period. These tests are used to evaluate memory, attention, and reaction times, and scores reflect ability to function in ordinary daily life.
Missing sleep takes a toll
The following are the findings from the study:
- Sleep duration was reduced by an average of 40 minutes during the sleep restriction phase of the trial.
- Sleep quality diminished and sleepiness increased for all of the children with sleep restriction.
- Children with ADHD had poorer baseline scores on cognitive tests than children without ADHD.
- Cognitive test scores deteriorated in both ADHD and non-ADHD kids, but because their baseline scores were worse, most of the sleep-restricted scores in the kids with ADHD exceeded the cutoff score that is associated with behavior changes and inability to perform ordinary daily tasks.
“The present study indicates that sleep deprivation does have a significant negative impact on neurobehavioral functioning in children with ADHD even in the absence of breathing problems such as sleep apnea or sleep disordered breathing,” the study’s authors commented. “This finding is important because sleep problems are common in children with ADHD.”
Helping your children to sleep
This study showed that even modest sleep loss can have real consequences for children with ADHD. Here are some tips for helping children get better sleep:
- Stick to a regular bedtime.
- If dinner is late, keep it light. Eating a big meal just before bed can make it hard to fall asleep.
- Make sure your child has plenty of physical activity and time outside during the day.
- Develop a relaxing bedtime routine. This may include reading your child a story or giving them a warm bath.
- Try turning off computers and television an hour or more before bedtime. Screen time close to bedtime can interfere with sleep quality.
- Experiment with turning off all wireless devices in your house before bedtime. Some children appear to be especially sensitive to the type of radiation emitted by routers, laptops, and other wireless devices.
- Talk to your doctor if your child takes medications regularly and has sleep difficulties. Certain medications, including some decongestants, asthma medicines, and stimulants used to treat ADHD, can contribute to sleep problems.
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By 1850 the united states was evenly dbq causes of the civil war essay essay and when you look at the resources that the union and confederacy had in 1861. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on dbq over 1850 1861. Ap us history this dbq received a 7 civil war dbq as american settlers stretched westward in the 1850’s, the ambiguity of the constitution framed 60 years earlier increased sectional tension over the topic of slavery. Tennessee’s late decision reflects the turmoil among its citizens over this momentous choice including the compromise of 1850 1861, voters emphatically.
The civil war: 1861–1865 briefly go over them with students before getting • compromise of 1850 and the fugitive slave law. Actual dbq and essay this statement with specific reference to the years 1820-1850 analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery. World war ii was more important than the great depression in fundamentally transforming american society assess the validity of this statement based on your knowledge of american society between 1930 and 1945 and the documents below. Test and improve your knowledge of sectional crisis (1850-1861) it pushed the president over to the cause of abolition page 4 question 16 16.
Actual dbq and essay questions 1971-2011 (organized by historical chronology) tyranny over these based on the years 1850 to 1861 (87 dbq) fre. Constitution 1850 dbq essay during the period of 1850, until 1861 when the confederate states of america was formed more about compromise of 1850 essay. Causes of the civil war dbq share sign in the version of the browser you are using is no longer supported please upgrade to a supported browserdismiss file edit. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1850-1861 apush dbq essay why are you still doing dbqs after the test is over.
Confine your answer to the period from 1800 to 1850 the heated speeches derived from debate over a resolution to stop the ap us history 2012 q3. Get an answer for 'assess the validity of the following statement about the constitution as a of the period of 1850-1861 power over the states. By the 1850's the constitution became a source of sectional discord, ultimately contributing to the failure of the union this tries to disprove this statement.
Explore essential course resources for ap united states history, and review teaching strategies, lesson plans and continuity and change over time. The effectiveness of political compromise during the the effectiveness of political compromise during the period of 1820-1861 was the compromise of 1850.
Civil war dbq this essay civil war dbq and other 63,000+ term between the years of 1850 to 1861 and the dispute over what rights a state was truly. Changes in latitude, changes in attitude (examination of the dbq mo compromise & dred admitted states and existing territories between 1850 and 1861. The debate over the alien and sedition acts of 1798 revealed bitter controversies 1850 to 1861 (87 dbq) ap us history free response questions since 1971. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1850-1861, assess the validity of this statement 1859 freed no slaves, and was over in two days.
1 teacher’s guide primary source set the civil war: the nation moves toward war, 1850-61 in the 1850s, the conflict over slavery brought the united states. Texas in the secession crisis (1860-april 14, 1861) us army commander in texas repeats that he will turn over us he arrived in texas early in march 1861. Analyze the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions in the period 1820 to 1861 over the extension of 1825-1850 02 dbq discuss. Dbq 1850’s period during the period of 1850, until 1861 when the confederate states in office were pushed harder into complex decisions over the popular.
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The Cobbs are distinguished in the communications industry. Since its establishment they have worked to advance the accounting profession. Gas vansStarting in December 1939, the Nazis introduced new methods of mass murder by using gas. Before the first African American military pilots became known as the "Red Tails" they wore striped tails as they began their flight training in the Army's PT 17. The Holocaust (from the Greek holkaustos: hlos, "whole" and kausts, "burnt"), also referred to as the Shoah (Hebrew:, HaShoah. New York: Grove Press. Before the first African American military pilots became known as the "Red Tails" they wore striped tails as they began their flight training in the Army's PT 17.
- Even as they were all looking, Arjuna saw the beautifulbuildings becoming submerged one by one. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990.
- Conner Scholarship Fund, The Elizabeth A. Information, online catalog, library databases, guides and services.
- Hilberg argued against overstating the extent of Jewish resistance, or using all-encompassing definitions of it like that deployed by Gilbert. High resolution Marine Geological and GeophysicalSur-veys carried out off Dwaraka for marine archaeological pur-pose was aimed at findingdirect or indirect evidences of the existence of relics of sunken ships and submergedports beyond the area already surveyed by MAU.
- Around one million Jews were killed by the Einsatzgruppen in the occupied Soviet territories an approximate figure, since the Einsatzgruppen reports did not always survive the war.
National World War Ii Museum Scholarship Essay
The sea, which had been beating against the shores, suddenly broke the boundarythat was imposed on it by nature. They were built for the systematic purpose of killing millions, primarily, but also by execution and. War in the MountainsFighting in the high elevations of the Balkans and Alps created additional agony for soldiers fighting there: bitterly cold winters and especially rugged terrain. Lifestyle, Auto, Food Drink, and Home Garden online news and information
A documentary on Rama isforthcoming in the future.
- Robert Grenier, director of the International Committee on Underwater Cultural Heritage of theInternational Council On Monuments and Sites, said that while salvage actiongave people freedom to look for things, it disregarded the aspect of preservingcultural heritage.
- Conner Professorship of Nursing and The Elizabeth A. Conner Professorship of World Affairs recently funded by their trusts extend the good they accomplished in life. The Towering personality of Lord Krishna. I Krishna is a towering personality and it is difficult to separate the human aspect of his life from the divine in.
- In addition, since there were so many people of Japanese ancestry already living in Hawaii, about a third of the population, racism was not at all the kind of problem it was on the west coast. Thecollected samples will be sent to different laboratories.
- Cleve worked 31 years for the same steel company as Ruths father. American Nazi Party; Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party; German American Bund; German National Movement in Liechtenstein
- Students fromGwalior, Lucknow, Pune, Vadodara, VaranasiandBikanerare helping ASI archaeologists.
- Only those Jews in were not expelled.
Novelist went to Switzerland.
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Bird! Bird! Bird! (To Everything There is a Season).
With apologies to Pete Seeger (“Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is a Season)”), I can’t help but think of that song at this time of year. Of course, the seasons are changing. With that comes many things — the shorter days, the cooler weather, the changing colors, little kids in scary costumes…and bird migrations.
The big picture reveals that Earth, as it rotates on its axis and travels around the sun, begins to receive more light (and incoming solar radiation) in the Southern Hemisphere as summer begins, while less incoming solar radiation allows the Northern Hemisphere to begin to cool as winter begins. As the days shorten, many species of birds migrate south for the warmer climes and longer days, ensuring (hopefully) uninterrupted food supplies and a continued growing season for the young hatched only a few months before.
Though the dangers of migration are outweighed by the advantages, the dangers are not trivial. Exhaustion, predation and even disease are always potential threats for the transiting birds. And that’s not all.
Cloudy skies can obscure celestial navigation aids such as the moon and stars. Fog can cause birds to descend to the ground and interrupt their journey. Cold air masses colliding with warm air masses can cause widespread thunderstorms and rain which will also cause birds to seek shelter on the ground (this can be disastrous if the birds are over large bodies of water). Airports are often areas of concern for birds — migrating, or not. Lights from communication towers and tall buildings can attract the birds resulting in collisions. Bright city lights can add too much light, bringing confusion to the internal navigation systems of the birds. In fact, only last weekend during the Tribute In Light ceremony at Ground Zero, the extreme brightness of the twin columns of light first drew thousands of migrating birds into the beams, then disrupted and bedazzled them enough so that when they ventured out of the beams they were attracted right back into them. Fortunately, experts on hand were ready for this and were able to turn off the lights so that the birds could carry on with their journey (the lights were turned off and on several times during the course of the ceremony). This video shows the birds effectively trapped in the beams of light.
Interestingly, one manmade hazard in particular that was originally thought to be a major disaster for migrating birds has turned out to be less of an issue: wind turbines. Studies and local turbine effects vary by region, but most areas are proving to not be a significant hazard to migrations. A study using radar found that less than 1% of birds in migratory flocks were close enough to the blades to risk collision (although 1% of thousands upon thousands of birds is still a very large number). Other studies are more critical of the turbines and experts can have questioning, concerned or supportive views.
Are you a bird watcher? As our days shorten you know this is the time for birds to begin heading south. The birds know, too.
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What is Text Mining
(commonly referred to as Text Analytics):
Text mining is a research technique using computational analysis to uncover patterns in large text-based data sets or large collections of written resources. It is useful in numerous scholarly fields, from the humanities, where it is one of the tools of digital humanities to the sciences, where useful data can be mined from text databases of published literature. Source: UMass Amherst Libraries
Text mining comprises of three main activities:
- Information retrieval (IR) to gather relevant texts.
- Information extraction (IE) to identify and extract entities, facts and relationships between them.
- Data mining to find associations among the pieces of information extracted from many different texts.
In short, text mining can help make the implicit information in your documents more explicit. If you are faced with reading a daunting number of documents in order to find some key information then you are very likely to benefit from text mining. Text mining helps you to find trends in literature to gain insight, identify key issues, and generally take the chore out of manual information extraction.
What is an API
An API (application programming interface) is a tool used to share content and data between software applications and can often be employed for text mining purposes.
APIs are used in a variety of contexts, but some examples include:
- embedding content from one website into another
- dynamically posting content from one application to display in another
- extracting data from a database in a more programmatic way than a regular user interface might allow.
Many scholarly databases and products offer APIs to allow users with programming skills to more powerfully extract data to serve a variety of research purposes. Take a look at our API page to discover access points to licensed databases. APIs are also available for public resources including Google Maps and social media sites such as Twitter.
From data to corpus
Some online databases can now provide trillions of words of textual data, covering huge historical and geographic spans, researchers getting started in text mining may be tempted to collect "all the data" and expect text mining tools to produce useful results automatically. Unfortunately, data provided at this scale is rarely organized enough to produce meaningful results without substantial modification. Often, a carefully constructed sampling of the data will yield more useful results than "all the data," which is likely to suffer from hidden biases and unpredictable gaps in coverage.
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FAMILIES & CAREGIVERS
When schools and families form authentic partnerships, they can build strong connections that reinforce students’ social and emotional development.
Families and caregivers are children’s first teachers, and bring deep expertise about their development, experiences, culture, and learning needs.
These insights and perspectives are critical to informing, supporting, and sustaining SEL efforts.
Research suggests that evidence-based SEL programs are more effective when they extend into the home, and families are far more likely to form partnerships with schools when their schools’ norms, values, and cultural representations reflect their own experiences.
Schools need inclusive decision-making processes that ensure that families—particularly those from historically marginalized groups—are part of planning, implementing, and continuously improving SEL.
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- Press Release
- February 2, 2023
The Newly Discovered Form Of Ice Is Very Similar To Liquid Water
A collaboration between scientists at Cambridge and UCL has led to the discovery of a new form of ice that more closely resembles liquid water than any other and may hold the key to understanding this most famous of liquids.
The new form of ice is amorphous. Unlike ordinary crystalline ice where the molecules arrange themselves in a regular pattern, in amorphous ice the molecules are in a disorganised form that resembles a liquid.
In this paper, published in Science, the team created a new form of amorphous ice in experiment and achieved an atomic-scale model of it in computer simulation. The experiments used a technique called ball-milling, which grinds crystalline ice into small particles using metal balls in a steel jar. Ball-milling is regularly used to make amorphous materials, but it had never been applied to ice.
The team found that ball-milling created a novel amorphous form of ice, which unlike all other known ices, had a density similar to that of liquid water and whose state resembled water in solid form. They named the new ice medium-density amorphous ice (MDA).
To understand the process at the molecular scale the team employed computational simulation. By mimicking the ball-milling procedure via repeated random shearing of crystalline ice, the team successfully created a computational model of MDA.
“Our discovery of MDA raises many questions on the very nature of liquid water and so understanding MDA’s precise atomic structure is very important” comments co-author Dr. Michael Davies, who carried out the computational modelling. “We found remarkable similarities between MDA and liquid water”.
A happy medium
Amorphous ices have been suggested to be models for liquid water. Until now, there have been two main types of amorphous ice: high-density and low-density amorphous ice.
As the names suggest, there is a large density gap between them. This density gap, combined with the fact that the density of liquid water lies in the middle, has been a cornerstone of our understanding of liquid water. It has led in part to the suggestion that water consists of two liquids: one high- and one low-density liquid.
Senior author Professor Christoph Salzmann said: “The accepted wisdom has been that no ice exists within that density gap. Our study shows that the density of MDA is precisely within this density gap and this finding may have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of liquid water and its many anomalies.”
A high-energy geophysical material
The discovery of MDA gives rise to the question: where might it exist in nature? Shear forces were discovered to be key to creating MDA in this study. The team suggests ordinary ice could undergo similar shear forces in the ice moons due to the tidal forces exerted by gas giants such as Jupiter.
Moreover, MDA displays one remarkable property that is not found in other forms of ice. Using calorimetry, they found that when MDA recrystallises to ordinary ice it releases an extraordinary amount of heat. The heat released from the recrystallization of MDA could play a role in activating tectonic motions. More broadly, this discovery shows water can be a high-energy geophysical material.
Prof. Angelos Michaelides, lead author from Cambridge, said: “Amorphous ice in general is said to be the most abundant form of water in the universe. The race is now on to understand how much of it is MDA and how geophysically active MDA is.”
Medium-density amorphous ice, Science
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2011-9-4 for example it provided political unity to india which had been torn by the western colonialism and imperialism was responsible for in the country. 2015-6-2 imperialism, big business and industrialisation in declaration by the viceroy of india’s status as a belligerent country in developing india:. 2014-6-28 moocs in the developing world – pros and cons including in developing nations such as india and china it is dangerous to impose one system on a country. India, and china new imperialism refers to the colonial explansion adopted developing country, and new imperialism the country of belgium received its. How did imperialism in india come about who were the major congressional participants in developing social why would the founders of our country need to.
Find out information about imperialist countries imperialism, broadly, the contemporary imperialist capitalism is developing in the context of a general. 2018-8-16 a developing country developing countries include, india is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation. 2013-1-17 transcript of long term economic effects of imperialism to the left illustrates the effect of modernization on a developing country (such as china or india). 2011-3-5 imperialism 101 chapter 1 of against a graduate student in political science at most universities in this country would not be british imperialism in india.
A developing country, there are no universally agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed and which anti-imperialism,. 2014-1-13 positives and negatives of imperialism imperialism a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or when india was invaded,. The 19th century imperialism on india the impact of the 19th century developing country 1570 words.
2004-10-1 imperialism, practice by which india, brazil, and other developing nations have even begun to compete economically with their former colonial powers thus,. Imperialism: imperialism, england, france, the netherlands, portugal, and spain built empires in the americas, india, aid to developing countries,. 2014-8-1 development in india after independence our india has developing country not a developed country for became developed we can do our job perfect for our nation. No european country colonialism and imperialism france and britain were distinguished by developing a concept of their world rule and basing it on.
2018-8-16 imperialism can also what are the positive and negative effects of imperialism is essentially the control or dominance that a country or group acquires. Developing country studies is a peer reviewed journal published by iiste the journal publishes original papers at the forefront of social, economical, trade and legislative issues related to developing countries. 2018-7-15 european expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are the colonization of india in the mid imperialism by country. Start studying african imperialism learn cultural imperialism to influence a developing country in lieu of direct of the muslim minority in india. Industrial clusters and csr in developing countries: the role of international of developing country imperialism by sme managers in the developing.
2018-7-25 effects of globalisation on education and culture many developing countries have who entered india were accused of western imperialism. 1999-4-23 imperialism at the end of the 20 th approach to india which is one such major country the aspirations for india developing as a strong and. Developing country developing countries are in general countries which have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to.
Imperialism in africa, india, the weaker country signs a treaty with a more powerful country whereby a country gets developing untapped resources, some. Start studying india imperialism learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 2017-6-9 india was wholly conquered and massively what are the effects of imperialism on third world countries what are the common effects of imperialism on a country.Download india and imperialism a developing country`
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Study: Centuries of sand to grow Mississippi Delta
Dams will not reduce flow of sand to Mississippi River Delta for centuries
HOUSTON — (April 20, 2014) — The wetlands of the Mississippi River Delta are slowly sinking and rapidly eroding, but new research from Rice University and the University of South Carolina has found the river’s supply of sand — the material engineers most need to rebuild the delta — will stay constant for centuries.
The new study, which appears online this week in Nature Geoscience, is encouraging news for scientists and government officials who are working to shore up southeastern Louisiana’s rapidly disappearing wetlands. The delta sinks each year as its soil settles and becomes more compact. While floodwaters from the untamed Mississippi River formerly provided a steady supply of sediment to counteract this subsidence, engineers have fought for nearly a century to contain the floods, which threaten the lives and livelihood of millions. Flood-control measures have eliminated about half of the annual supply of sediment that flows downriver, but the new study finds that sand — they key ingredient for rebuilding marshlands — is still abundant.
“It’s true that the total amount of sediment has diminished, but river sediment contains both fine-grained mud and course-grained sand, and our research found that upstream dam construction has not reduced the amount of sand in the lower Mississippi and won’t for at least 300-600 years,” said study lead author Jeffrey Nittrouer, assistant professor of Earth science at Rice University.
Nittrouer and co-author Enrica Viparelli, assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of South Carolina, analyzed sediment loads in the lower Mississippi and found that while the total amount of sediment — both sand and mud — has diminished, the amount of sand trapped by upstream dams is offset by “mining” of new sand downstream.
“When clear water is released from the floodgates at upstream dams, it churns dormant sand that has long been deposited and carries it downriver,” Nittrouer said. “This ‘mining’ of ancient sand makes up for the sand that is trapped by upstream dams, and our numerical models suggest that the sand load in the lower Mississippi River channel will not decline for at least 300 years. Looking even further into the future, we found that 600 years from now, the lower Mississippi River’s sand sediment load will have declined by less than 20 percent from today’s levels.”
Nittrouer, whose research focuses on the sediment transport, hydrology, basin evolution and stratigraphy of lowland river systems, has studied the Mississippi River for the past decade. His previous work included a 2012 study of the land-building processes that took place during the historic flooding of 2011. In one of the largest floodwater diversions of the past century, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers opened the Bonnet Carré Spillway, a 7,000-foot-wide “safety valve” that diverts floodwater directly to Lake Ponchatrain.
Nittrouer and colleagues found that even though the 42-day diversion siphoned off less than 20 percent of the water flowing downriver, it diverted about 40 percent of the river’s sand load into Bonnet Carré. In analyzing how this occurred, Nittrouer and colleagues were able to show what factors the corps should consider in designing sediment diversion projects for wetlands replenishment.
“Our previous work showed how large volumes of sand could be deposited in specific locations, and our latest research shows that significant volumes of sand will be available for land-building for several centuries,” Nittrouer said. “Each of these are important because studies at Wax Lake Delta and other sites have shown that sand — even though it makes up less than 20 percent of the overall river sediment load — is the key ingredient for land-building.”
The research was funded by Rice University.
High-resolution IMAGES are available for download at:
CAPTION: These satellite images show a portion of the Mississippi River downstream of Memphis, Tenn., in August 2012 (top) and August 2011 (bottom). During the drought of 2012, record low-water levels revealed vast amounts of sand that are typically hidden below water. New research finds that the river’s supply of sand — the material engineers most need to rebuild the shrinking Mississippi Delta — will stay constant for centuries.
CREDIT: Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon/NASA Earth Observatory
CAPTION: Rice University researcher Jeffrey Nittrouer on an exposed dune field in the Bonnet Carré spillway in Louisiana in July 2011. Nittrouer and colleagues found that about 40 percent of the sand being carried down the Mississippi River was diverted through the spillway during a flood diversion that year.
CREDIT: J. Nittrouer/Rice University
A copy of the Nature Geosciences paper is available at:
Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation’s top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. With 3,920 undergraduates and 2,567 graduate students, Rice’s undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is 6.3-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice has been ranked No. 1 for best quality of life multiple times by the Princeton Review and No. 2 for “best value” among private universities by Kiplinger’s Personal Finance. To read “What they’re saying about Rice,” go here.
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Zuiderkerk (Southern Church)Amsterdam's first protestant church from 1614
The Zuiderkerk was built between 1603 and 1611, and was the first Protestant church of Amsterdam. The splendid tower was completed in 1614.
Hendrick de KeyserThe design of the church in Amsterdam Renaissance style is by Hendrick de Keyser , who was also buried in the church in 1621. A memorial stone was placed on top of his tomb in 1921. De Keyser designed the church as a pseudo-basilica with a central nave and two lower side aisles, six bays long, with Tuscan columns, timber barrel vaults and dormers. The top gables facing north and south and crowned by balustrades remind us of the Noorderkerk and the Westerkerk. However, the rectangular shape of the windows is unique to the Zuiderkerk.
MonetFrench Impressionist painter Claude Monet painted the church during a visit to the Netherlands. There is some confusion about the date of this painting, but it was probably one of 12 paintings made by Monet in 1874 during a visit to Amsterdam. The composition is centred on the church spire, with the Groenburgwal canal leading up to it in the foreground.
Three of Rembrandt's children were buried in the Zuiderkerk, which is very near to Rembrandt's house in the Jodenbreestraat. According to local legend, he painted the Night Watch at the church because his own studio was too small, but that is a highly disputed claim. Ferdinand Bol, one of Rembrandt's most famous pupils, was buried in the Zuiderkerk in 1680.
The Zuiderkerk was used for church services until 1929. During the final (1944-1945) winter of World War II, known as the hongerwinter ("winter of hunger") in the Netherlands because food was so scarce, the church was in use as a temporary morgue because people were dying faster than they could be buried.
ExhibitionSince 1988 the Zuiderkerk serves as a municipal information centre, with regularly changing exhibitions as well as a permanent section that gives a complete view of the urban development of the city from the Middle Ages up until present day. Temporary exhibitions are also put on concerning new plans for the city - the area around the IJ banks, for example.
Climbing the Zuiderkerk TowerThe Zuidertoren (tower), which offers stunning views of the surrounding area, is open to visitors during the summer months from April to September. A guided tour starts every half hour between 12:00 and 15:30 hrs.
How to get there?By metro: 51, 53 or 54 stop Nieuwmarkt
By car: nearest car park Stadhuis-Muziektheater
click on image to enlarge map
Famous churches in AmsterdamNieuwe Kerk
Ronde Lutherse Kerk
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Search through our library of courses, select a category you might be interested in, use the search bar, or filter options on the left side of the page.
Culturally responsive teaching enables us as educators to build the connection between academics and students' cultural backgrounds. The key is to provide our students with daily opportunities to reflect and share their voices. Join us in this session as we dive into activities and reflection opportunities that we can bring into our classroom to get our students thinking about and sharing history, traditions, and experiences of other cultures and groups. We will discuss guiding questions for reflection and conversation starters to promote a positive learning environment.
Through culturally responsive teaching, we can provide opportunities for our students to be engaged in learning and to process content in a way that best suits their individual needs. In this session, we will explore how to use gamification to get our student's attention and to enrich their learning experiences. We will provide examples of games that will keep students engaged in learning and that promote conversation and friendly competition. Let's discuss the power of games and incorporation repetition, problem solving, and making connections.
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Have an immediate question? Contact us directly at 1-844-414-1851
Digital Online Certifications
Below are some popular Digital Teacher Certifications that are available as a series of online courses. Click on a logo to start your certification track today!
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Ancient lakes have long been recognized as natural evolutionary laboratories and hot spots of endemism; the evolution of their morphologically often highly diverse species flocks has received much attention. Ancient lakes are evolutionary reservoirs assuring the survival of endemic species, but at the same time can act as engines generating novel diversity through intralacustrine speciation. The discovery of cryptic diversity, defined as two or more distinct species that were classified as a single morphological one is believed to be an important factor increasing estimates of current biodiversity and influencing future conservation decisions. Genetic studies have highlighted cryptic diversity in many animal taxa including ostracods (Crustacea), with the general implication that there are many more species than currently recognised. Besides assessing the importance of cryptic ostracod species for biodiversity estimates and conservation of ancient lakes, CRYSTAL will also investigate the underlying evolutionary and ecological processes that may have led to the high diversity in explosive lacustrine radiations, using the Baikalian Cytherissa species flock as a model system. The Cytherissa-radiation (Cytherideidae) from Lake Baikal is one of the most species-rich ostracod flocks and contains 47 (sub-) species. Preliminary genetic results indicate that the Cytherissa morphospecies are not monophyletic and might thus contain cryptic species. CRYSTAL will estimate diversity patterns at three specific levels: ecosystem, taxic and genetic. It will try to identify the processes that may have led to the current diversity pattern investigating trophic specialisation, substrate preferences, sexual selection and hybridisation. Also the speciation of Cytherissa in space and time will be considered revealing whether sym- or allopatric processes were most important and when and how fast the Cytherissa radition took place during the millions of years since Lake Baikal exists.
Call for proposal
See other projects for this call
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This Earth Day trivia quiz features 12 multiple-choice questions. Answers to the Earth Day trivia questions can be found at the end of the quiz. Have fun and remember to promote a greener earth.
1. What is the chief purpose of Earth Day?
a) To celebrate the beautiful Earth
b) To mark Spring Equinox
c) To encourage people to plant and care for trees
d) To raise awareness for environmental issues
2. The first ever Earth Day was celebrated in what year?
a) 1969 b) 1970 c) 1971 d) 1979
3. The week leading to Earth Day is called ________.
a) Green Office Week b) Earth Festival c) National Green Week d) Earth Week
4. The Earth Ecology Flag is consisted of white and green stripes as well as this Greek letter.
a) Alpha b) Beta c) Delta d) Theta
5. Earth Day is observed in approximately how many countries in the world?
a) 92 b) 192 c) 292
6. Earth Day is also known as ______.
a) World Environment Day b) Arbor Day c) Fossil Fools Day d) Either A or B e) There’s no other name
7. Although John McConnell invented the concepts of Earth Day, which famous person established and popularized the April 22nd observance?
a) Ralph Nader b) Al Gore c) Rachel Carson d) Gaylord Nelson
8. What exactly is Earth Hour?
a) No TV/Internet usage for one hour
b) An hour of green activities
c) An hour of silence for the Earth
d) No power/energy usage for one hour (non-essentially only)
9. Why was April 22 chosen as the day of observance for Earth Day?
a) To observe Lenin’s birthday
b) To mark first day of spring
c) None of the above
10. In the wake of the first Earth Day, what U.S. governmental agency was created with the goal of protecting the environment and human health?
a) Department of the Interior b) The Sierra Club c) The EPA d) Green Peace
11. It is a United Nations’ tradition to toll the famous Peace Bell on the Equinox Earth Day (in March). What country did the bell originate from?
a) United States b) Japan c) France d) Canada
12. True or False. Earth Day 2007 was the largest celebration of the environment up to that time with an estimated 2 billion participants.
1)d 2)b 3)d 4)d 5)b 6)e 7)d 8)d 9)c 10)c 11)b 12)False, only 1 billion estimated participants
Classifications: # of correct answers
10-12 Master, 7-9 Expert, 4-6 Intermediate, 0-3 Novice
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The folk play from present-day Nicaragua known as El Güegüense (alternatively spelled Güegüence) or Macho ratón was designated by UNESCO in 2008 as a representative of the area’s “intangible cultural heritage,” along with another performance from Central America, the K’iche’-language play Rabinal achí (Arellano 2008, 13). As of this writing it is one of six such designations from Central America. El Güegüense features the protagonist Güegüense (with his sons Don Forsico and Don Ambrosio) and the Spanish colonial authorities, led by Governor Tastuanes. In the story, Güegüense is summoned to speak with the governor about paying his taxes. Through veiled mockery, the use of layered language, and by feigning ignorance or deafness, Güegüense tricks the governor into agreeing to the marriage of his daughter Suche-Malinche to Don Forsico and evades punishment. The play’s state-supported listing on UNESCO’s website describes it: “A forceful expression of protest against colonial rule, El Güegüense is a satirical drama well known throughout Nicaragua. It is performed during the feast of San Sebastián, patron saint of the city of Diriamba in Nicaragua’s Carazo province. El Güegüense, a synthesis of Spanish and indigenous cultures … is considered one of Latin America’s most distinctive colonial-era expressions” (UNESCO 2021).
The CIA World Factbook (2019) estimates Nicaragua’s population at 6.1 million, of which 69 percent are mestizo, 17 percent white, 9 percent Black, and 5 percent Indigenous. Most of the Indigenous category are counted from the eastern half of the country in its two autonomous regions. The continued presence of Indigenous peoples in the western portion has been muddied. Estimates of the prehispanic1 population of the region vary widely, with Newson (1987, 85–87, 335) proposing a population between six hundred thousand and eight hundred thousand prior to the Spanish invasion. Within a quarter century, by 1550 CE, 92.5 percent of that population had been annihilated, with a depopulation ratio “higher than that recorded for central Mexico and the central Andean area … [and] higher than the depopulation ratios … for other chiefdoms, such as the Chibcha” (Newson 1987, 337). Through disease, warfare, murder, and enslavement, the Indigenous population of Pacific Nicaragua suffered tremendously. Historians, social commenters, and orchestrators of nation building in Nicaragua spoke of the “complete disappearance” of Indigenous peoples in the Pacific regions, whether by disease or becoming mestizo (Peralta 1893, xvi–ii; Cuadra 1981, 209). Despite the presence of twenty-three pueblos indígenas (Indigenous peoples or communities) outside the autonomous regions, Indigeneity is often muted, as its markers (such as language) are removed. Researchers have noted that the Indigenous peoples of Masaya “in most ways act just like other mestizos” (Adams 1957, 238). This narrative has rendered Indigenous cultures and lives invisible while in plain sight. It has also “legitimized the annexation of cultural performances such as of El Güegüence to the truth of mestizaje” (Field 1999, 186–187).
This essay places an Indigenous focus on El Güegüense in new ways by examining the underlying origins of the performance. By drawing out Indigenous symbolism and veiled meanings that are woven within the play in both its dialogue and its performance, it argues that El Güegüense is a decolonizing work of Indigenous “restorying” and survivance. This understanding should initiate dialogues on issues of cultural appropriation in the process of nation building of Nicaragua.
I approach El Güegüense as an act of decoloniality, as voiced by Aníbal Quijano (2001) and Walter Mignolo (2012). This lens draws away and delinks from Eurocentric interpretations and considers the agency of Indigenous peoples in response to colonizing powers (Spanish and others). While some authors have considered decolonial (e.g., González 2018) and Indigenous characteristics of El Güegüense, I also examine the work from an Indigenous perspective of survivance. This term has been popularized in Indigenous studies and can be defined as “an active sense of presence, the continuance of native stories, not a mere reaction, or a survivable name. Native survivance stories are renunciations of dominance, tragedy and victimry” (Vizenor 1999, vii). Indigenous concepts like survivance, while not directly rooted in the literature of decoloniality, should be understood as a decolonial praxis. Survivance can also be considered an act of Indigenous “restorying,” which involves questioning colonial histories of Indigenous communities and telling Indigenous people’s counternarratives to dominant cultural versions of history (Corntassel 2009, 138–139). My reading of El Güegüense draws out spiritual natures within it. Indigenous research is innately spiritual and ceremonial (Wilson 2015), and I have embraced this as both a way of interpreting the work and a manner of approaching the research itself, much like Marissa Muñoz’s (2019, 64) use of Irene Lara’s (2014) “serpentine conocimiento”: “Indigenous teachings that all life is connected to both earthly and spiritual realms, emphasizing duality, intuition, and fluidity.”
Through decolonial and Indigenous perspectives, this article undertakes a critical analysis of literature on El Güegüense and ties it to other works of Indigenous heritages. In addition, the article is informed by Indigenous autoethnography (see Houston 2007) and by my existence as an Indigenous person from Masaya. As Kovach (2010, 7) writes, “we know what we know from where we stand.” My periods of time in Masaya inform my perspective, as do the stories I grew up with and conversations with friends and relatives who participate in the traditional dances in the area. I examine themes within El Güegüense alongside contemporary Indigenous traditions to consider it as a work of Indigenous ceremonial survivance.
When and by whom El Güegüense was first created and performed has been a point of contention among poets, scholars, and political thinkers. Alvarez Lejarza (1977, 54–60) details a historical survey of scholarship regarding El Güegüense. Often authors use interpretations of a work’s origins to advance their own social and political ideals.
The UNESCO-approved statement considers that the work was likely first written down during the early eighteenth century (UNESCO 2021). Scripts from that period are not known to exist. One of the best-known examples of the written play comes from Daniel Brinton’s 1883 publication The Güegüence: A Comedy Ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish Dialect of Nicaragua. It is commonly accepted that the play existed for a length of time in a form passed along entirely orally, as is still commonly done today.
The performance is testified to on numerous occasions, with foreign visitors noting its significant role in the festival of San Jerónimo in Masaya in the 1860s (Arellano 2002, 166). Earlier, in 1810, colonial authorities suspended the performance and people caught performing it were imprisoned. Still, El Güegüense carried on with performances by community elders, who considered the performances more important than the threat of prison (Field 1999, 177). The stances of the colonial authorities and the elders suggest that it was an important and long-lived traditional expression.
Firmly dating the work brings no small amount of difficulty. Jorge Eduardo Arellano (2008, 14) considered the work to be written in the tradition of Nahuatl theater, likely as a response to missionaries. He claimed that from these roots, the play was first performed in the decades following the Spanish invasion in the 1520s (Whisnant 1995, 223). Placing the material and style of the play in contrast to developments in Spanish theater, others have suggested alternatively that the work may be from the seventeenth century. Determining this “when” impacts debates over the identity of the play’s creator(s) and how that identity may affect what El Güegüense is meant to represent.
Other authors heavily counter the view that the work is a Spanish creation. There is, however, a related theme of hispanism (a perceived cultural indebtedness to Spain) and indebtedness to mestizaje (a concept of racial and cultural mixing of Indigenous and European people to create a new, largely Western-facing society as part of nation-building projects) that colors interpretations. Plaza (2008, 59) suggested that the author must have admired Mesoamerican civilization and been an expert in Greek and Roman mythology, with in-depth knowledge of Spanish bullfighting.
While not dismissing certain Indigenous elements, Cuadra (1966) proposed that the play’s appearance marked the emergence of a perfect mestizaje in Nicaragua. It is frequently noted that the play has a “conclusive hispanified, mestizo nature” (Field 1999, 56). As Suárez Radillo (1981, cited in Arellano 2014, 115) stated, “the work as well as the players are proof of the now evident racial and cultural mixing, not only in terms of language, but also in … the Latin American attitude toward the imposition of ways of life that started out as foreign, but which is now starting to be assimilated and transformed.”2 This interpretation of the play as a work of mestizaje supports that social-political agenda. Guevara (2010, 64) correctly identifies that it is this perceived mestizo character of the play that has permitted it to achieve its status to Nicaraguan identity.
These readings of the play’s authorship and origin reflect the view of the triumph of the mestizo. Here, the play—with its wedding of Suche-Malinche to Don Forsico—is emblematic of “progress” and mestizaje. Indeed, the rebelliousness of Güegüense himself has been attributed to an innately Nicaraguan quality, particularly framed in Nicaraguan resistance against the imperialism of Spain and later the United States. A proponent of hispanism and former self-described fascist, Pablo Antonio Cuadra (1966) considered the character to be indivisible from the Nicaraguan. The revolutionary thinker Alejandro Dávila Bolaños (1973) advanced the notion of El Güegüense as a work of likely Indigenous authorship but innately woven into the political fabric of Marxism and the struggle of the Sandinistas against the US-supported Somoza dictatorship. To him, the play was “an anticolonial guerrilla theatre that proclaimed Nicaraguan identity in opposition to the domination of Spanish culture, the Catholic religion, and white skin” (Field 1999, 170). Even here, the suggestion of Indigeneity reflects on Nicaraguans rather than on Indigenous peoples; Indigenous spirit and rebelliousness are tapped as characteristics of the Nicaraguan people.
Dismissing an Indigenous creator, Arellano (1991, 283) suggested the author of the work was either a priest or one “of superior mentality familiar with the life and beliefs” of Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua. Zepeda Henríquez (2003, 148) considered that while performances like El Güegüense, along with those dances named after animals such as zopilote (buzzard) and zompopo (leafcutter ant), may contain a “primal element” of Indigenous culture; they are simply evolved “mestizo expressions in mimicry” of those cultures.
Still, many authors have recognized that the work follows a tradition of performances within Mesoamerica. The play’s use of masks, similar to those in Guatemala, has been noted as being a marker of Indigeneity (Cid Pérez and Martí de Cid 1964, 159). The styles of repetition used and the open-air venue have similarly been considered signs of Indigenous heritage (Arellano 2002, 162). Cuadra (1966, 3) understood Güegüense himself as a carryover from “extinct aboriginal theatre.” Güegüense has been identified as a trickster figure, his language, mannerisms, mockery, and gestures placing him as part of the genre of play called cuecuechcuicatl (roughly “mocking song”) (Mántica 2001, 10–12). Similar figures have appeared in other local trickster tales that feature Indigenous characters outsmarting highborn Spanish colonists. One, “El indio docto que fue un doctor” (The wise Indian who was a doctor) showed the Indigenous protagonist’s being awarded a doctorate in philosophy and canonical law—and thus granted a station of esteem in colonial society—despite the chapéton (a European settler in Latin America) examiner grading him with an R (rejection). He proudly turned this adversity around by saying, “I know I am docto [wise], and with this ‘R’ I am a doctor” (Peña Hernández 1968, 227). Erick Blandón Guevara (2003) explored El Güegüense through a decolonial lens whereby he considered the themes of gender, sexuality, and race stemming from Indigenous traditions.
Even when an insider origin is considered, it is often still through a colonial perspective. Dávila Bolaños’s advocacy of Indigenous authorship is not done with Indigenous people in mind but to conjure the Indigenous spirit of resistance and attribute it to the Nicaraguan people. While appreciating Indigenous roots, decolonial authors have considered “whether Güegüense is ultimately indigenous or mestizo seems less important … than the narrative of resistance to unreasoned and unjustified authority” (González 2018, 75). Using outdated population estimates, Westlake (2009, 270) states that Indigenous culture has been “obliterated” and incorrectly asserts the Nahua displacement of Chorotega people in the area where El Güegüense originates. Some decolonial interpretations of El Güegüense have used the language of colonization.
These interpretations, while giving credit to nebulous Indigenous roots, are at their core anti-Indigenous. Academic ladino views of Indigenous heritages have tended to focus on the pastness of Indigenous peoples; considerations of El Güegüense’s heritage commonly draw distance between the play, its creator(s), and modern Indigenous people. I will highlight and examine the evidence of Indigenous heritages.
The dialogue of the play, as it was recorded in the 1800s, has been widely understood as being a work of not only the Spanish language but also the local Pipil-Nicarao language (related to Nahuatl). Arellano (2002, 190) wrote that there are some seventy-seven different Pipil-Nicarao words used in the work. The presence of more than one language in the dialogue allows for the play and its main character to layer meanings of their words. Multiple authors have argued that it also contains lines in a third language, Mangue (Cid Pérez and Martí de Cid 1964, 159; Arellano 2002, 188; Solano Lacié, Quesada, and Tosatti 2005, 195). Mangue was the primary language of the region in Nicaragua where El Güegüense originates, among Chorotega (or Mangue) people. A full lexicon of the language does not exist, and it is considered dormant, though some communities maintain that it is still spoken ceremonially. The potential existence of this language in the play adds a further dimension. As a tonal language, Mangue, when it was commonly understood, could have placed even more nuanced layers of meaning onto the dialogue.
Because it was present and likely widely understood in the region prior to Spanish invasion, Pipil-Nicarao held a privileged position over Mangue dialects under colonial administration as a pan-Indigenous language. Even in the second half of the 1800s, Indigenous languages were the primary languages of the non-ladino population (Whisnant 1995, 82). Throughout the work, Güegüense uses Indigenous languages to produce misunderstandings that either allow him to mock the Spanish officials with earthy remarks or trick them into mismeasuring his goods. As mentioned above, wordplay, ridicule, and trickery are features of Indigenous storytelling, both prehispanic and into the colonial period. Layered language and wordplay are also used to convey meaning to the audience.
Several characters in the play have names worth examination. To begin, Güegüense is not a name so much as a title. Oviedo (cited in Brinton 1969, xlv) wrote that Huehue was a title used among Indigenous people for an old man responsible for seeing to the defense and well-being of the community. Among Indigenous peoples in what is currently Mexico, Huehuetzin was the reverential title for an old man in charge of directing religious dances (Solano Lacié, Quesada, and Tosatti 2005, 195). These are the commonly associated roots to the name Güegüense, though Mántica (2001, 10) considers Cuecuetzin (great scoundrel) as more appropriate. León-Portilla and Shorris (2004, 275) considered that Huehue-tzin may have a connection to the Nahuatl Huehuetlatolli (Sayings of the elders), a genre of literature that passed down traditional rules of conduct, morality, and religious beliefs. Huehuetzin is a prominent figure in Indigenous Mesoamerican stories (Cid Pérez and Matrí de Cid 1964, 157) and has survived in numerous fashions as tricksters and El Viejo characters, common figures in Indigenous stories who wield Indigenous knowledge and, in some cases, magical powers. Güegüense should be understood as a trickster figure from Indigenous traditions, like Coyote or Raven, complete with the paradox and ambiguity that such a figure entails. He is a holder of tradition, a being charged to conduct ritual and to protect his community. Such a multilayered character is only to be expected in a work where nothing is as it immediately appears.
The name of the antagonist of the play, Governor Tastuanes, etymologically originates in the Nahuatl language (Cid Pérez and Martí de Cid 1964, 158). Tlatoani, “one who speaks,” is the title for the ruler of an altepetl (typically translated as “city-state”). His daughter Doña Suche-Malinche shares a name with the controversial figure La Malinche (known alternatively as Malinalli or Malintzin), who aided Hernán Cortés during the Spanish-Mexica War. To some, she is a founding mother of Mexico and the mestizo. To others, she is the personification of betrayal against one’s own people (as with the concept of malinchismo, whereby people favor foreignness over their own society). To yet others, she is a tragic figure required to make difficult decisions in order to survive. More directly related to the name of the character, Suche in Nahuatl means “flower” (Cíd Perez and Martí de Cid 1964, 158). Malintzin could roughly translate to “revered prisoner” (Malli-tzin). Suche Malinche and La Malinche may not be directly connected but are a part of the play’s layered meanings. Without saying a word, as a prisoner Doña Suche-Malinche may tell us a lot about the play.
The meaning of one of the final lines of El Güegüense has come under significant analysis by scholars: “¡Ah, mis tiempos! Cuando era muchacho. El tiempo del hilo azul, cuando me veía en aquellos campos de los Diriomos alzando aquellos fardos de guayaba, ¿No muchachos?” (Ah, my times! When I was a boy. The time of the blue thread, when I saw myself in the fields of Diriomos hefting baskets of guavas. No boys?) (line 297).
What “el tiempo del hilo azul” means has attracted conjecture. Maritza Corriols (2015, 63) considered it a nostalgic statement, of a time when “the socio-cultural structure of the Indigenous community had not been disassembled.” She supported this with Carlos Mántica’s explanation of the phrase as a possibly intentional corruption of the fusion of two Nahuatl (presumably Pipil-Nicarao) words, yolo (heart/soul/identity) and xouxxouhqui (blue) into yoloxouxxouhqui, meaning not enslaved (Corriols 2015, 63). From this position, Güegüense speaks of a time prior to the invasion of the Spaniards, when he lived in an undisrupted Chorotega community near the volcano, Mombacho.
Others have taken a more literal approach to the hilo azul. To them, it evokes a prehispanic past and directly relates to Indigenous textile traditions (Cid Pérez and Martí de Cid 1964, 154). The “blue thread” may be exactly that: Indigenous fabrics dyed blue or purple by using the shells of the sea snail murex purpureus or the plant añil (Arellano 2002, 239). The physicality of the hilo azul has drawn the Monimboseño historian Flavio Gamboa to consider it a parable about the future survival of Indigenous people: “if continuity and community are to be found they will be found in the practices of daily work and the materials out of which life is made” (in Field 1999, 172). This reflection pointing toward Indigenous futures rather than pastness matches concepts of time and stories of Indigenous survivance. It may also speak to other survivals.
Plaza (2008, 47–50) associates the color blue with sacrifice and Indigenous Mesoamerican religious practice. Among Postclassic Maya peoples, sacrificial subjects were frequently decorated in blue paint (Sharer and Traxler 2006, 752). Indigo (añil) and attapulgite clay, an uncommon compound present in the Yucatán Peninsula, make this paint, which is also found in Indigenous artwork (Arnold 2005). For its uniqueness and affiliation, it is known as Maya blue. And while indigo is present in prehispanic Nicaragua (Newson 1987, 140), Maya blue is unknown in Nicaraguan contexts, prehispanic or colonial.
Hidden ritual language may form a portion of the dialogue. Güegüense describes treasures to the governor such as a feathered huipil (an item used in ceremonies) and golden shoes, using the Mangue phrase Asaneganeme, “Allow me to offer you.” However, Plaza (2008, 53–54) suggests that it could also contain another meaning that entreats the Morning Star (Venus) to join him from across the sea. Venus held great significance in prehispanic Mesoamerica, representing numerous beings and phenomena, such as the Feathered Serpent (see Milbrath 2014), a being appearing in prehispanic Nicaraguan rock art. This invocation from a “huehue”—if that is what Güegüense is—may suggest an act of sanctification.
Plaza is right to note the theme of ritualized sacrifice in El Güegüense but perhaps followed the wrong lead. The imagery and significance of the sacrifice in the play extends beyond the religious meanings of colors in Mesoamerican cultures. The hilo azul appears to be considering a prehispanic time, whether blue is a ritual color or a dye that Spaniards associated with Indigenous people. I agree with Gamboa (in Field 1999, 171) that “the blue thread is a symbol of indigenous survival rather than of defeat, a manifestation of the historical thread of continuity.” It speaks to the past but also to the vitality of Indigenous societies and their heritages, their crafts and work, and their rituals and performances that continued in defiance of coloniality, the epistemic hegemony of Eurocentrism and modernity.
Among the most recognizable figures in El Güegüense are the four machos (donkeys) (Figure 1). Their presence on the stage is marked by a dance by which the play itself is also at times known: Macho ratón (or Baile de los machos). Their first dance occurs by the command of Governor Tastuanes, before a procession of women arrives and the deal is struck to marry Güegüense’s son Forsico to Doña Suche-Malinche. The machos’ dances are marked by their departure from those previously performed in the play, particularly the transformation of the music and dancer’s movements to mimic the sounds and actions of animals (Cid Pérez and Martí de Cid 1964, 156–157). Mántica (1989, 128) considered the machos and their dance to be an element added to the play. I certainly agree. Their appearance with the arrival of Suche-Malinche’s (voiceless) procession significantly alters the tone of the play.
After their final dance, the machos are examined by Güegüense, who questions his sons about the animals’ health. His first question, “Has this donkey’s cinchera healed already, boy?” (line 281) is met with an affirmative reply, as is the second that immediately follows: “And this other donkey, is the riñonada healthy yet?” (line 283). Both words hold significance. The first, cinchera, is the part of an animal’s body where the cinch of a saddle goes (around the chest, below the forelegs). Riñonada also signifies a part of an animal’s body in relation to a saddle. However, it also has a secondary meaning of the kidneys, or often more directly the fat of the kidneys. The double meaning of these questions following the dance stands out.
If we consider la riñonada first, this secondary meaning regarding the kidneys is of interest. As with the other body parts mentioned, the surface level is likely questioning some affliction that the machos received from their saddles. It is worthwhile to note ailments concerning kidneys and donkeys. When under stress and in situations where food access becomes uneven, donkeys (underweight and otherwise) are at risk of hyperlipemia, a metabolic disorder marked by abnormally high levels of triglycerides (fats) in the bloodstream (Harrison and Rickards 2018). It is an often fatal affliction. Recovery from this affliction is unlikely, as audience members would probably know. I would like to address a deeper understanding.
Of all organs mentioned in the Bible, kidneys are mentioned thirty times, including eleven times in direct reference to their use in animal sacrifices among Jewish people (Eknoyan 2005, 3467). As objects of sacrifice, it is the fat of the kidney that is valued the most, which riñonada can denote. This use of the word lends a substantially different meaning to the dialogue that happens following the Macho ratón. Kidneys are powerful sacrificial elements in the biblical world, with significance beyond the merely organic. Their sacrificial importance and their position as being a seat of ethics and mortality are noteworthy (Koppel 1994).
The cinchera is analogous to the horse’s girth or heart girth. It is where the saddle strap cinches around an animal. Injury of the kidneys at this point is plausible. Health issues would be attributed to improper saddle placement. However, considering the surrounding context, this question also falls into an interrogation of deeper meaning. The English translation of cinchera (heart girth) draws the point straightforwardly. While it is not directly associated with the heart in Spanish in the same way that riñonada is to a kidney, this is the external part of anatomy that is perhaps closest to the heart. The heart has a strong connection to the act of sacrifice. Heart sacrifice imagery is attested in prehispanic art, with iconography showing methods of its removal (Robicsek and Hales 1984). In the Postclassic Period (ca. 900–1521 CE), heart extraction was the most commonly practiced form of human sacrifice among Maya peoples (Sharer and Traxler 2006, 751). Among Indigenous peoples of what is currently Pacific Nicaragua, human sacrifice, including of the heart, was reported by Spanish chroniclers. In the early colonial period, stories of human sacrifice persisted.
Following the questions about the cinchera and riñonada, Güegüense continues his inquiry into the health of the machos. He remarks that one of the machos is unwell on account of it having an erection (line 285), and ascribes the animal’s swollen genitals to the affliction fluxión (an accumulation of fluid, often pus, in a part of the body, leading to swelling; alternatively, a hyperaemia). To cure the ailment, Güegüense directs his son Don Forsico to burst the macho’s genitals (line 289). The young man refuses, and the two argue over who should perform this procedure. The word fluxión is clearly being used as a vulgarity (Cid Pérez and Martí de Cid 1964, 154), along with the command to relieve the macho’s condition. And while the interaction between the characters is in keeping with the sexual and earthy humor of the play, this stands out within this context.
Rather than viewing the health examinations following the Macho ratón as an opportunity to move characters across the stage and as a setup to the sexual humor involved in Don Forsico being commanded to relieve the macho of its “fluxión,” I offer a reading that depicts greater significance. In a play of layered meanings, the reading of the fluxión dialogue can be viewed as containing meaning beyond just humor. The surface interpretation of this exchange is of a carnal nature and has fit into interpretations of sexuality (Blandón Guevara 2003). My conocimiento considers a deeper, ceremonial, foundation to the imagery of the fluxión.
The imagery of the fluxión dialogue evokes not only sexual humor but also prehispanic ritual practices. Güegüense’s command not only points towards sexual action but to lancing a wound, specifically the genitals. Bloodletting from the penis is mentioned in Mesoamerican contexts, such as prehispanic carved monuments and the K’iche’ Popol wuj (Stross 2007, 389–391). In Pacific Nicaragua, Oviedo recorded three major festivals among Indigenous peoples at which the ritual bloodletting of participants’ penises occurred to sanctify maize for ritual consumption (Newson 1987, 63). The exchange between Güegüense and Don Forsico, then, can be interpreted as one last act of sacrifice the machos must undertake, having already recovered from their previous sacrifices.
Interpreting the machos as sacrificial animals ties into the origins of El Güegüense and raises questions of the imagery’s purpose and the presence of the machos in the first place. The sacrificial traditions that I have drawn on to interpret the health inspection of the machos are from Mesoamerican and biblical worlds. To consider this understanding of sacrificial imagery, one must assume that the authors of El Güegüense intimately understood Indigenous spirituality and were aware of biblical sacrificial imagery. In fact, authors such as Richard Haly (1996, 541) have noted the use and adaptation of Christian ritual and prayer to hide Indigenous Mesoamerican cosmologies; this is survivance, not mestizaje. To understand the nature of the sacrifice of the machos, it is important to comprehend what the machos are, and the significance of their deaths (and seeming resurrection). If the play is based in prehispanic tradition, then the root of the machos cannot be a donkey; as Spanish imports, they simply did not exist in the prehispanic world. If the author was Chorotega, then what does the macho represent as a sacrificial creature, if not a donkey?
Within El Güegüense, the only nonhuman characters are the four machos, portrayed as black donkeys. In different cultural expressions, particularly those in the Masaya Department, horses and donkeys—or creatures with the qualities of either—also appear, specifically, in two separate street performances associated with religious holidays and saints. What is particularly interesting about these festival dances is that they are more readily understood than El Güegüense as cultural works connected to contemporary Indigenous peoples. These heritages, while read and accepted as Chorotega creations, have been appropriated by wider populations. In this way, regardless of the direction of perceived ownership and origins, both these Indigenous performances and El Güegüense share the distinction of being appropriated by mestizo Nicaraguan culture.
The performance of pueblos indigénas in Masaya (Nindirí, San Juan de Oriente, and Monimbó) called El baile de la Yegüita (Dance of the Little Mare) features six characters called GüeGües who fight over a mare or filly (Solano Lacié, Quesada, and Tosatti 2005, 124). These dancers are painted in black and carry out a ritual struggle with one another until the Yegüita herself intervenes, whereupon the dance begins again. La Yegüita is carried out in honor of San Juan Bautista on June 24.
Among Chorotega communities in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, the Yegüita appears as a folkloric being and in performances. According to Chorotega tradition, two Indigenous brothers come into conflict with one another over a woman, eventually coming to blows and threatening to kill one another. Their struggle is only stopped by the appearance of a small brown horse that attacks and separates them for their foolhardy quarrel, before disappearing. In some retellings, the woman in question (who clearly is not simply a woman) turns into the horse to stop their confrontation. Among Guanacaste Chorotega communities, the performance featuring the Yegüita, held in honor of the Virgen de Guadalupe, originally included La chilillada (The whip) until it was banned by priests in the early 1900s (Solano Lacié, Quesada, and Tosatti 2005, 124). This aspect of the dance featured groups of men beating each other with whips made of tapir leather only to be separated by the Yegüita after they had drawn blood from one another (Solano Lacié, Quesada, and Tosatti 2005, 124).
The presence of this figure among Chorotega communities separated by hundreds of kilometers (including the Rivas Isthmus, which Nahoa people came to occupy in prehispanic times) and colonial administrative boundaries is worth considering. Despite being divided and somewhat isolated from one another, this story, its meanings, and expressions appear to be an enduring part of Chorotega heritage. While it may be possible that these expressions occurred in the colonial period with Chorotega people remaining in communication with one another, it is far more likely that the Yegüita and the woman central to the conflict represent a much older spirit. For Cárdenas Argüello and Cuadra (2003, 321), the mare is not a horse at all but a native animal that had been made into a horse as a result of colonial forces.
Mary Pohl (1981) drew connections between prehispanic Maya ritual practice and modern festivals involving bullfights. In this, she argued that the presence of bulls in these festivals concealed another animal that was known to prehispanic worlds: the deer. She noted the Spanish accounts of Itza people’s veneration of Hernán Cortés’s horse, both in life and its statue in the early 1600s (Pohl 1981, 521). She also highlighted evidence of horse and cattle bones in Lowland Maya caves used since prehispanic times, stating that the “cave remains provide archaeological documentation for the addition of the horse to the native pantheon and confirm its relation to the aboriginal deer deity” (Pohl 1981, 521). In Mexica accounts, horses are even described as being deer: “The ‘stags’ came forward, carrying the soldiers on their backs. … The ‘stags’ these ‘horses’ snort and bellow… They make a loud noise when they run; they make a great din, as if stones were raining on the earth. Then the ground is pitted and scarred where they set down their hooves. It opens wherever their hooves touch it” (León-Portilla 1962, ix).
The spiritual significance of the deer among many Mesoamerican peoples is documented. In what is currently Guatemala in 1525 CE, Spanish invaders came upon a large group of seemingly tame deer. When they later asked about them, “the Indians explained that the animals were gods. The main Maya idol took the form of a deer. The Indians observed a taboo on hunting so the animals were not used to being pursued” (Pohl 1981, 521). Chinanteco and other Oto-Manguean language speakers’ stories feature sibling heroes performing a heart sacrifice of a deer before they defeat a primeval man-eating serpent (Chinchilla Mazariegos 2017, 139). According to La leyenda de los soles (The legend of the suns), the patron deity of the Chichimecas, Ītzpāpālōtl, briefly appeared as a deer in events that led to her consuming the heart of a man and later becoming the force that demanded (and, in physical form, carried out) the xōchiyāōyōtl (flower war): ritualized combat to acquire captives for sacrifice (Carr and Gingerich 1983, 189–192).
At prehispanic sites in Pacific Nicaragua, deer bones are the most frequently found mammal remains (McCafferty 2008, 70). Their skins were worn by Indigenous peoples during festivals and were also used by the Nicarao to cover their books, some of which contain records of land claims (Newson 1987, 53). Oviedo recounted that the Nicarao also placed the heads of deer at the doors of hunters and used the blood of the animals dried as offerings to the deer spirit, Macat (Newson 1987, 61).
Interestingly, images of deer are not readily apparent in the cultural material of prehispanic Pacific Nicaragua, such as petroglyphs or zoomorphic pottery. There are, however, some depictions of horned or antlered human figures, such as the petroglyphs at Cailagua in Monimbó (Figure 2). Still, important facets of ceremonial life need not be evident in the physical record of artifacts to be culturally significant. While physical evidence in the archaeological record suggesting the cultural position of deer among Indigenous peoples of western Nicaragua might be scarce, records of their importance exist. Indeed, the name Masaya comes from Pipil-Nicarao and means roughly “the place where the deer are.”
Overt depictions of a spiritually significant creature would have been noticed by Spanish priests and officials. The colonizing forces actively suppressed Indigenous religious expressions. The treatment of Indigenous people in colonial Nicaragua was particularly harsh, with Bartolomé de las Casas reporting that some five hundred thousand were enslaved and tens of thousands murdered in the first quarter century of colonial rule (Newson 1987, 85–87). For Indigenous religious and cultural practices to survive such catastrophic conditions they needed to adapt and adopt a veneer of Catholicism, with imagery taking a less openly pagan guise.
As Borland (2006, 22–24) argued, for example, the figure and celebration of San Jerónimo in Masaya likely has roots in the Indigenous veneration of the spirit of the volcano, Popogatepe, depicted as an ancient woman with black skin living in the cave called Xinancanostoc or Cueva del Murciélago (Cave of the Bat). The saint himself is venerated in his form as an ancient cave-dwelling hermit with white skin. Reverence of the spirit of the volcano as an ancient and dark-skinned woman would be viewed as idolatrous and, therefore, unsafe for marginal people to continue. However, inverting the image would have provided the safety to carry out Indigenous ritual life, masked as something more palatable to the colonial powers. By this same logic, the significance of a deer could be inserted into something the colonists brought along with their saints. A deer becoming a horse or a donkey would allow the same form of safety while resisting colonial powers and performing acts of survivance in plain sight.
The Monimboseño dance called El torovenado (The bull deer) is celebrated in honor of the patron saint, San Jerónimo. The current celebration, which takes place on the last Sunday of October, features costumed processions and performances that address social issues, often ridiculing political figures. According to oral histories, in the early colonial period the dance was performed by people in both bull and deer masks (Padilla Flores 2000). To the performers, the deer symbolized the sun deity, the female moon spirit of the forest, and Indigenous people and traditions more broadly; the bull symbolized the Spanish colonizers.
Some origin stories of the performance maintain that it was organized near the end of the colonial period by a priest in honor of a bull that killed a dangerous jaguar. This, however, appears unlikely considering earlier attestations of El torovenado. It should be said that elements of this story may have a connection, with the tigre (jaguar) featuring centrally in the dance, in which it attacks a woman, either an elder or in some renderings the daughter of a cacique (Padilla Flores 2000). The story of the bull slaying the jaguar is perhaps more in line with other Chorotega stories where the savior-animal is a disguised deer. Borland (2006, 52) went so far as to suggest that “the torovenados may be connected to a group of deer dances, or baile/danza del venado, found throughout North and Central America.” It is a point that I entirely agree with, but to me El torovenado is not the only deer dance in Nicaragua.
Indigenous Chorotega performances have several aspects in common with the Danza del venado found among other peoples within the so-called Mesoamerican world. As noted above, El torovenado has been suggested as having a connection with deer dances, while I (among others) understand the Yegüita as a deer. Within that scope, these two cultural performances appear to be Indigenous survivals of Chorotega deer ritual. The same can be said of El Güegüense (Figure 3).
In their work, José Cid Pérez and Dolores Martí de Cid (1964, 157) recognized that the final musical portion of the play “is a dance that comes from Guatemala and seems to have its origins in indigenous rituals.” These rituals are most likely the deer dances found among several groups of Maya peoples. Sacrifice is a central theme in both El Güegüense and the Danza del venado. Drawing on understandings from these performances across the Mesoamerican world and diverse cultures may help inform the deeper meaning of El Güegüense and Macho ratón but is beyond the scope of this article.
The story of Güegüense and his triumph over colonial forces is significant to the people of Nicaragua as a symbol of Nicaraguan identity (and mestizaje). The work’s privileged position within the country contributes to why it was put forward for the prestigious UNESCO heritage listing. It has been branded as a great work but one that is in danger and in need of revival. In Alberto Guevara’s (2010) interviews with performers and wealthy sponsors, a very clear difference of opinion was evident. Among the more affluent mestizo and white population, the play is regarded as a great masterpiece of Nicaraguan culture, which according to “Doctor” Gallardo, “ordinary people do not appreciate. … [They] are absent-minded. I invite them to participate in the revival of their own history, their own past. What do they do? They ignore the call. They come drunk. They question my intentions” (Guevara 2010, 68). This is the patronizing attitude that ladino society has of the play—which they often label as a ballet—and the performance of it. Appropriations of the play have frequently removed it from its proper location as a festival dance, in the streets and around church squares, and into theaters, where proper theater is supposed to exist.
For El Güegüense performers, the privileged mestizo interpretations of a homogenous Nicaraguan society hold little weight and even less reality. The act of carrying out the dance is sacred and sacrificial. Performers often undertake their role in the dance as part of carrying out a vow to a saint (Jerónimo in Monimbó and Sebastián in Diriamba). It is an active expression of spiritual devotion, community maintenance, and sharing of social and cultural memory. It is held as a part of their spirits, their being. One practitioner, Doña María, told Guevara (2010, 69), “We don’t need to read about the Güegüense in books, everything is in our heads.” For this reason, my writing is not particularly for the benefit of practitioners, who do not need to be told the meaning of their practice.
This article has argued for an Indigenous reading of El Güegüense as a work of Chorotega—not mestizo, ladino, or Nicaraguan—heritage and survivance. Such a reading positions the work toward an understanding that has been largely ignored, and foregrounds its ritual meanings. To approach the work as one of Indigenous heritage, one must be willing to consider that it was created by Indigenous minds and is carried out by Indigenous bodies today. Scholars and poets from affluent spheres have often failed to consider that as a likely option. Except by some revolutionary and recent thinkers (Dávila Bolaños 1973; Blandón Guevara 2003), El Güegüense is not readily considered a work of Indigenous heritage, let alone one of still-living Indigenous heritages. Even to some authors, such as Arellano, who propose an early date for the work, the identity of its creator is evidently a powerful member of dominant colonial society, an educated person such as a priest or a wealthy merchant. It is illogical to these thinkers that an Indigenous person, an indio, could possibly be capable of such a creation. Failure to conceive of Indigenous people as thoughtful and creative and as having cultures not locked into and resigned to the past shows coloniality and mestizaje at work. This works to enable the institutionalized and normalized racism against modern Indigenous peoples.
In modern Nicaragua expressions that disparage Indigenous people and normalize white supremacy are still common. These expressions depict them as being violent (“The Indian in him came out,” said about a person who has lost their temper), unable to act properly or in a civilized way (such a person being called a “pure Indian”), and ignorant (jincho, coming from a slang term for “Indian”). Other expressions present them as vermin to be exterminated (“The Indian, the snake and the blackbird; the law says kill them”) and as undeserving of respect or treatment as equals (“There is nothing worse than an Indian eating from a china plate”).
The normalized understanding of Indigenous people as poor, backward, and uneducated has marked readings of heritage and empowered the coloniality of mestizaje. A perceived indebtedness to the Spanish also emboldens the colonization of Indigenous heritages and forces their cultures into marginal positions. Augusto Sandino, the revolutionary leader who staged an anti-imperial rebellion in the second quarter of the twentieth century and inspired the Sandinista National Liberation Front, lionized mestizaje by saying, “I used to look with resentment on the colonizing work of Spain, but today I have profound admiration for it. … Spain gave us its language, its civilization, and its blood” (cited in Field 1998, 437).
The belief in the colonial as a “civilizing force” is a troubling sentiment that continues nearly one hundred years after Sandino voiced his admiration. Indeed, mestizaje is not a mixing of cultures but an acculturating force leading into Western modernity. It marginalizes those who do not succumb to it, and it renders those invisible whose presence denies its reality and whose continued existence rejects its perceived inevitability.
Even critics who have acknowledged modern Indigenous heritages have often been duplicitous. Donald Ortega’s interpretation of El torovenado is one of conflict and difference, wherein “the bull and the deer are not united; they are contrasted as tamed and untamable” (Borland 2006, 60). And while he spoke of the “Indian, who remains free from foreign influence” (Borland 2006, 60), contemporary Indigenous peoples and heritages were not what he was speaking about. I have argued that Dávila Bolaños was correct to identify the author of El Güegüense as an Indigenous person, and equally right to consider the work one of Indigenous resistance. His assertion of it as a primarily Marxist and pan-Nicaraguan resistance is, ironically, itself colonial. Even scholars with decolonial perspectives replicate colonial, anti-Indigenous conceptions in their evaluations, placing Indigenous heritages (and by proxy, people) in the past and Nicaraguan heritages as their sole inheritors.
Central to the character of Güegüense and the play is the idea of resistance. It is a theme that resonates with the understood history of Nicaragua as a land often imposed on by colonial forces. Like Ortega, Dávila Bolaños’s words regarding Indigenous roots feed directly into the myth of mestizaje, making Indigenous struggle a part of the Nicaraguan experience. Blandón Guevara (2003, 172) also smoothed over the ethnic origins of the work to stress resistance. This resonance and association of struggle with that of Nicaragua and the Nicaraguan fails to understand that the mestizo, the ladino, and mestizaje are just as much colonial forces to an Indigenous person as is the United States. Güegüense resists them just as much as he resists the Spaniard. To say that El Güegüense, with its spiritual significance and position as a work of Indigenous survivance, is an expression of Nicaraguan identity is like claiming that Ghost Dances among Paiute, Lakota, Caddo, and other Native American peoples are a part of “American culture.”
If one approaches El Güegüense from a truly decolonial perspective, it becomes difficult to conceive of it as a work of the elite mestizo or the Spaniard. Reconciling the themes and imagery that it raises as being the product of anti-Indigenous, colonial forces is difficult. It takes an amount of willful obtuseness to consider a socially powerful mestizo, ladino, or chapéton—even one who admired Indigenous cultures—as its creator. Instead, it seems likely that the creator(s) is a Huehue: the Indigenous spiritual and communal leaders charged with the survival of their people and practices in the face of colonial powers. In this pursuit, such a person would also have been aware of the religious language of the colonizer.
As a work of Indigenous heritage, El Güegüense is a story of resistance against coloniality using the tools that the marginalized have available to them. It is the continuation and flourishing of Indigenous culture. The work is multifaceted. It is a trickster—a wise man—resisting oppression; it is a comedy to berate the powerful; and it is a survival of Indigenous spiritual practice: a Chorotega Danza del venado. It is an act of survivance.
In this context Doña Suche-Malinche is not the mother of the mestizo, as interpretations have suggested. Rather, she has more in common with the woman/deer in the Yegüita legend, being a focus of Güegüense after the dance of the machos. She may represent a divine spirit held as a revered prisoner by Tastuanes, rather than a Spanish bride. To ensure the future of his community (through Forsico), the trickster Güegüense must liberate her from colonial hands. At the end of the play, before mounting the machos, Güegüense says: “Let me remember my time, with that I am comforted. Ah, boys, where are we going, backward or forward?” (line 301). Forsico replies, “Forward.” While this has been considered from a perspective of progress and mestizaje, it can just as readily be viewed as survivance. Under colonial law, it was illegal for Indigenous people except community leaders to ride horses (Newson 1987, 180). Their riding would either have been an act of defiance or assertion of their position within Indigenous society. Forsico’s words would then declare that Indigenous people will remain; they will not be consigned to the past.
Given that this article has supported El Güegüense as a work of Indigenous heritage, the issue becomes one of ownership. Santos Román Mercado Méndez (in Falla Sánchez 2013, 453), secretary to the Alcalde de Vara (the traditional leader of the Indigenous community of Monimbó), asserted that while Masaya is considered the capital of Nicaraguan folklore, that folklore and El Güegüense were all born in Monimbó. (Of course, I would not wish to diminish the work’s importance to the community of Diriamba). Chorotega heritage has been appropriated and marketed as the “typical” culture by the Nicaraguan and Costa Rican states (Stocker 2013, 160).
Article 11.1 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UN 2007) states: “Indigenous peoples have the right to practice and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as … designs, ceremonies, technologies and visual and performing arts and literature.” However, “to present Chorotega Indigenous imagery today, it must be done through artefacts left over from a past when Indigenous existence was undeniable, or it must follow stereotypes plain enough to be recognized as Indian in a nation whose appropriation of Indigenous traditions has rendered them ineffective at evoking recognition of their Chorotega origins” (Stocker 2013, 152). Understood as an expression of Indigenous heritage, El Güegüense shows itself to be a masterfully interwoven act of resistance and survivance. Accordingly, it is necessary that this heritage and restorying be supported. It is ceremony, it is performance, it is literature—all of which belong to Chorotega people. While it may not be possible to disengage El Güegüense from “the Nicaraguan,” Indigenous people should be in control of its destiny. This would be a step toward decolonizing a state that has prided itself on its spirit of resistance against would-be colonizers.
1English convention would have this word appear as “pre-Hispanic” as the word stems from a proper noun. My spelling is intentional. Removing the “proper” attribute to the word works to decenter and draw the implied power away from the word and concept of the “Hispanic.” It is a small act of resistance.
Paul Edward Montgomery Ramírez is a decolonial heritage specialist, public archaeologist, and heritage consultant and lecturer. He is a member of the Indigenous Council of the World Archaeological Congress. Paul Edward works on issues of presenting, re-presenting, and decolonizing heritage narratives in media, tourism, museums, and education. He is also focused on delivering decolonial options to heritage practice, sustainable futures in tourism, food sovereignty, and Indigenous rights. He holds a PhD from the Department of Archaeology at the University of York.
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She understood that her father only wanted the best for her, but she was discomforted by the idea that her dad was promoting her around and trying to recruit a husband for her. As if she couldn’t find a husband herself. These types of things showed Sayeed that women in her culture did not have much say in who they married or when they were ready to be married, because the father usually sets everything up for them. This was a big inequality between men and women because the women were not even allowed to choose who and when they wanted to marry. Also, women in her culture had to cover themselves up, in order to show modesty and self-protection, which she thought to be an unequal hierarchy.
This goes to show that the salesman thinks that the female gender is not as great as the opposite gender, they are not valued the same as of what the male gender is. The next time the narrator observes this theory is when she is helping her father around the farm and her mother arrives and makes a statement that degrades the female gender. Her mother firmly states, “Wait till Laird gets a little bigger, then you’ll have a real help” (50). This goes to show that the narrator’s mother does not think that she is a real help not because she doesn’t help but because of the assumption that she’s know help due to her gender. Although the narrator is belittled due she feels the need to help out her father and represent herself as the father’s son.
Further to this, it would also depend on at which point in the play we are making our judgement. For example, Katherina may be offending against her society’s expectations about women at the start of Taming of the Shrew, but does not necessarily do this towards the end of the play. It could be argued that in Much Ado about Nothing and The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare presents Beatrice and Katherina as offending against their society’s expectations of women – the expectation that women should be submissive and act somewhat inferior to the male members of society; this also includes the view that women should not be outspoken. One of the only female characters who speak in the first scene of Much Ado is Beatrice, which portrays her to the audience as an outspoken character, and in this way she would be offending against her society’s expectations of women. Beatrice is a woman who openly defies both the courtly and bourgeois traditions of this time, ‘No, uncle, I’ll none: Adam’s sons are my brethren; and, truly, I hold it a sin to match in my kindred’, (II i, 431-55) in this speech to Leonato, Beatrice explains why
This illustrates the significance of the social class and the inequality faced by those of the lower class. In Act Two, Priestley presents ideas about social class, through the interaction between the characters. When Mrs Birling is informed of Eva Smith/Daisy Renton not accepting the money from the father of the child, she doesn’t believe the Inspector and responds, ‘As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money!’ This indicates that upper/middle-class people believed that working class people only used others for money. Thus, it demonstrates that social class is important because Priestley has his characters stereotyping each other, which disproves the counterfeit image of the different social class that people have. In the last act, Priestley exhibits ideas about social class, through placing his own opinion into the character and the mindset of Inspector Goole.
Nevertheless, one major criticism of these structuralist approaches, i.e. Marxism and Feminism, is that they are grounded theories; these would infer that the theories may be thought of first and then evidence would be selected to back them up. Thus, two famous sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss argued that this is the wrong order to approach research, as
Sexism Sexism caused a lot of problems in history. For example during the industrial revolution women are prevented to have a job that is paid equally as a man does although they do more work than a men does, and this lead to women rights movement. In ancient China women were not allow to go out they couldn’t have a job all they do is stay at home and do housework. It’s not really because their religion didn’t allow them. It’s because Chinese people think after women get married they will live with their husband and they will become a part of the other family.
With that I feel that the reader was able to feel some kind of pity for Baba. The parallel in parenting between the woman in Guy De Maupassant story and Baba from The Kite Runner is that they both didn’t concede their children and show them the proper keenness that a parent should. Both Baba and the Mother cared too much about society to analyze the true issue which they
However, beneath her facade, Jeanette begins to realize that her father doesn’t have the strength of character to stay sober. By the section’s end some of Jeannette’s naiveté has faded. She matures enough to be able to distinguish between the ‘good’ times and the ‘bad,’ instead of the thrilling adventure her parents try to convince her she is living. She knows all families do not live as hers does. Character: Rose Mary: It is hard to take pity on Rose Mary because at this point in the novel she becomes very self-centered.
The townspeople didn’t call her crazy at first; they thought she was sheltered, unhappy. Miss Emily was from a family of high stature and wealth in their small town. She had a certain social upbringing that put certain pressures and stress upon her. Her father drove all her potential husbands away, leaving her never to marry. This emotional stress had caused her mental stability to weaken and crack.
This quote is important because it shows that people were a little disapproving of David’s left-handedness because it was odd or unusual. So people would be disapproving of a deviation. Women are often treated like they are less then the men and its there fault the blasphemies are created. Women don’t get to do much other then work in the home, they are not permitted to go out in to the fields and they have to stay home and do housework. When Aunt Harriet was talking to David’s mom about her deviated child said “this is the third time, they’ll take my baby
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Oral Polio Vaccine
While the NHS’ childhood immunisation programme makes use of the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of combination injections that immunise against polio and other diseases, there is another polio vaccine in widespread use which has some important applications. In this article we look at the oral vaccine and how it was and is used as part of immunisation schemes in the world today.
The oral polio vaccine or OPV
Unlike its contemporary, the IPV, the oral polio vaccine is a live attenuated vaccination made up of living poliovirus. The poliovirus has been specially grown in such a manner that is in a weakened (attenuated) state. This means that even though the virus is live, it is safe for human applications.
The OPV was developed after the IPV, and one of the groups leading its production was headed by Dr Albert Sabin. These vaccines were eventually associated with Dr Sabin, and the strains of virus used are sometimes referred to as Sabin strains.
The oral vaccine is extremely effective because it is a live, attenuated strain. Live viruses confer more lasting immunity because they act like an actual infection, stimulating more of the immune system than an inactivated alternative would. Our immune systems are extremely complex and involve different elements that work in concert or isolation. While the IPV stimulates a part of the system called IgG –mediated immunity (based on the production of the IgG antibody), the OPV stimulates the entire immune response. This is why a single dose of OPV can provide lasting immunity, while multiple booster shots of IPV are needed to maintain immunity against the condition.
The OPV works by providing its immunity in the intestines, which is where poliovirus makes its way into the body. In contrast IPV works by largely preventing the effects of the virus on the nervous system.
Is the OPV still used?
The OPV is still used in parts of the world where poliovirus is endemic (still regularly affecting the population). In these locations the protection offered by the OPV is needed to reduce the transmission of the disease and protect communities as a whole.
In the UK the OPV is no longer part of routine childhood immunisation. This is because live viruses carry with them some small risks, which while acceptable where the disease is widespread and a major concern, are more of a concern where transmission of polio is almost negligible. Here in the UK IPV is used routinely, and has proven highly effective.
The major concern with live vaccines like OPV is the risk of reversion. This is a phenomenon that occurs when an attenuated virus undergoes a change in its genetic material which makes it virulent. While the chances of this are very small, it is still a concern, which is why IPV is widely used in countries where polio infection has been dramatically reduced in the wider population.
OPVs are still sometimes provided as travel vaccines for adults travelling to parts of the world where the transmission of the disease is still a concern.
- What is the PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination)?
- Safety of PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination)?
- Administering PCV
- What is PPV?
- Safety of PPV
- Who gets the PPV Injection?
- What is the Meningitis C (MenC) Jab?
- Is the MenC Vaccination Safe?
- Who needs the MenC Vaccine?
- What is the BCG Vaccine?
- Who gets the BCG Vaccine in the UK?
- BCG Effectiveness
- Safety of the BCG Injection
- Tuberculosis Vaccines
- What is the Hib/MenC injection?
- Who gets the Hib/MenC Jab?
- Safety of the Hib/MenC Jab & Side Effects
- What is the DTaP/IPV Injection?
- Safety of the DTaP/IPV Vaccine
- Why Should I Get a Vaccination?
- How do Vaccinations Work?
- How are Vaccines Made?
- Vaccination Programmes
- Vaccination & Herd Immunity
- Vaccines & Eliminating Disease
- Benefits of Vaccination
- Risks & Side Effects of Vaccination
- Vaccination, Immunisation & Artificially Acquired Immunity
- Where Can I Get Vaccinations?
- Vaccines Availability
- Safety of Vaccinations
- Types of Vaccine
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- Vaccination & Pregnancy
- Childhood Vaccinations
- Childhood Vaccination Programme
- Safety of Childhood Vaccinations
- British Children Vaccinated against Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Children & Side Effects after Vaccination
- Childhood Vaccinations against Rare Diseases
- Why are Children Vaccinated at Different Ages?
- Child & Baby Health on the Day of Vaccination
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- Travel Vaccination for Polio
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- NHS Travel Vaccinations
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- Live Vaccine
- How do Live Vaccinations Work?
- Are Live Vaccines Safe?
- Advantages & Disadvantages of Live Vaccinations
- Inactivated Vaccines
- How do Inactivated Vaccines Work?
- How Effective are Inactivated Vaccines
- Advantages & Disadvantages of Inactivated Vaccines
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- Advantages & Disadvantages of Subunit Vaccines
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- Safety of DTaP/IPV/Hib Vaccine & the Side Effects
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- What type of vaccine is MMR?
- Why the MMR Vaccine is Needed
- MMR Vaccine Administration in the UK
- Recent Resurgence of the Measles Virus
- Is the MMR Vaccine Safe?
- Side Effects of the MMR Vaccine
- Vaccination Against Polio
- NHS Polio Vaccine
- What is IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine)?
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- Swine Flu Vaccination
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- What Type of Vaccine is the Flu Vaccine?
- Safety of Seasonal Flu Vaccine
- Who Should and Who Shouldn't have the Seasonal Flu Vaccine?
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- What is the HPV vaccine?
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We are constantly exposed to hundreds of different strains of viruses that are capable of making us sick. These viruses are transmitted hand-to-hand (touching nose and eyes, then touching others or surfaces) and aerosol (coughing and sneezing). Our current fear is COVID-19, and while the information on this is changing daily, what hasn’t changed are the measures we can take to strengthen our immune system to prevent us from getting sick or less severely sick if a virus catches our immune system off-guard.
The symptoms of a cold can include a general sense of not being well, fatigue, achiness, nasal congestion, sneezing, fever, headache, sore or dry throat, and hoarseness. Usually a cold will start with a watery nasal discharge and sneezing. As the virus is killed, nasal secretions usually thicken with mucus, white blood cells, and dead organisms, and the nasal passages may feel swollen. The three hallmark symptoms of COVID-19 is fever (over 100.5), shortness of breath, and cough.
Most people who get a cold or even the flu should not need to seek medical care. However, if your symptoms last longer than a week or you develop shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, productive cough, or a fever sustained over 102 degrees, you should contact or see a health care provider.
Frequent hand-washing is highly important as most studies show that we are more likely to become infected with the virus from direct contact with a surface or person with the virus than from breathing in the virus. However, a strong immune function is our number one defense against catching cold. Ensure you are getting enough sleep and participating in activities that stimulate the immune system such as gentle aerobic exercise, yoga, meditation, tai chi, and other relaxing activities.
Reducing the intake of sugar and excess alcohol consumption can enhance your immune system. Eating healthy, balanced meals with adequate protein intake can’t be underestimated. Eat the rainbow color of foods, particular vegetables to obtain immune-boosting nutrients naturally. Change your coffee out for green tea or bring that into your diet. If you get more than 1-2 colds a year, consider taking supplements to provide your body with the nutrients that are well known to improve your immune system. Vitamins and minerals that promote, improve, and enhance your immune system include vitamin A, carotenes, vitamin C, vitamin E, B-vitamins, iron, zinc, and selenium. A good, quality multivitamin can provide these in a convenient manner.
More than ever, it is important to socially distance yourself if you or a family member have symptoms of a cold and it is extremely important to not attend daycare, school, or work until you are free of fever for 24 hours. The hallmark treatment for any viral infection is good hydration coupled with sleep and rest. Drink large amount of fluids that include water, diluted vegetable juices, bone broths, soups, and herbal teas. Good hydration improves the function of white blood cells, moistens the respiratory tract and repels viral infection.
Using humidifiers/vaporizers and steamy showers will help move mucus along. Some benefit from using a Neti pot or sinus rinse device using salt water with or without xylitol. Chewing xylitol gum after meals not only reduces cavities, but also reduces incidence of throat and ear infections.
When we sleep, rest, relax, or meditate, immune-enhancing compounds are released and immune functions are greatly increased. We now know that walks in nature boost the immune system for up to 1 week.
Besides the lifestyle measures mentioned to keep your immune system strong, Here are a list of nutrients/herbs one can use that help boost our immune system:
1. An herbal combination product such as EHB by Integrative Therapeutics that contains Echinacea, zinc, goldenseal, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and garlic. Each of these as a stand-alone are good at supporting immune function and together, work synergistically. We usually recommend taking this when we feel run-down or on the verge of getting sick. But for people who get more than 1-2 colds a year, it may be helpful to take more regularly to help rejuvenate your system. If you do decide to take Echinacea regularly, it is recommended to take a break/holiday periodically. Another product easy to find on local shelves is Super Lysine that has many of these nutrients as well as lysine (an amino acid that attacks viral walls).
2. NAC is short for n-acetylcysteine. It is an amino acid that will help the body produce a very powerful antioxidant called glutathione. NAC will boost your immune system and thin out secretions. It has been used in lung conditions such as COPD and is used in hospitals not only to loosen secretions but to treat drug overdoses that need the liver to process the medication (i.e. Tylenol overdose). It can upset the stomach so ease into the dose. Doses range from 500-1000mg twice daily and max out at 3000mg total daily. And in speaking of Tylenol, try to avoid taking this for fever or pain while sick unless absolutely necessary as it will stop your body producing glutathione – you want lots of glutathione while sick.
3. Vitamin D. There is a reason why we get less sick in the summer and this vitamin is as important to our immune system as it is about healthy bones. Adults can take 5000 units of vitamin D3 form without risk of toxicity, and for pediatric patients, one can safely take 1000 units per 25 pounds weight (up to 5000 units).
4. Probiotics. Yes, those beneficial bacteria that live in our gut not only helps us digest our food and produce vitamins, but also enhance our immune system which is largely housed in the gut. A good multi-strain is good, 25-50 billion units is a good dose. Eating fermented foods – yogurt, kimchee, kephir, sauerkraut, are all excellent ways to get beneficial bacteria.
5. Mushrooms. Eat daily or take a blended formula. These fungi are well studied as supporting the immune system and helping fight against invaders, including cancer.
6. Turmeric/curcumin. 500mg twice daily is adequate to boost the immune system and lower inflammation associated with illness. People take supplements, cook with curry, or make “golden milk” teas.
We hope you find this helpful and empowers you to support yourselves and your family not only for COVID-19 but for any cold and flu season. Also call your healthcare provider when you need help or support. May we all remain connected and supportive during these upcoming months – community matters!
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The three elements of combustion are well understood by most people, that is, combustible materials, combustion-supporting materials such as oxygen, and temperature must reach the ignition point. As long as these three elements are in place, combustion will occur. Flame-retardant materials or products are also the same. If these three conditions are met, they will burn. Since flame-retardant materials or products can also burn, does flame-retardant have any meaning? The answer is yes, flame retardant is still effective, and it can prevent and delay correspondingly when a danger occurs. What is flame retardant? Its English standard translation name: flameretardance, refers to the nature of the substance or the material that has been processed to significantly delay the spread of flame. Flame retardant is actually not easy to burn or extinguishes itself after leaving the fire, not non-combustible. The purpose of using flame-retardant materials is to prevent or delay the burning. When a fire occurs, the material is not easy to be burned, and it will not increase or expand the burning range. In order to find hidden dangers as soon as possible and win precious time for timely rescue. flame retardant is also graded. Most of the unmodified plastic materials have poor flame retardancy and are easy to burn. By adding corresponding flame retardants to modify, the flame retardancy of the material is improved, and it becomes inflammable, which meets the requirements of the corresponding standards. Different countries have different classifications, and all have corresponding scientific test
standards and methods. At present, there are many methods for evaluating flame retardancy, such as oxygen index measurement method, horizontal or vertical burning test method and so on. For example, China’s national standard GB/T5169.11-2006 'Fire Hazard Test for Electrical and Electronic Products Part 11: Glow Wire/Hot Wire Basic Test Method Glow Wire Flammability Test Method for Finished Products' (IEC60695-2-10:2000, IDT ), detailed regulations and descriptions are made on the flame retardant test of the product. The flame retardant grades of the products also have 650℃, 750℃, 850℃ and other grades. Another flame-retardant standard that is widely used in the field of electrical and electronic products is UL94, which has global influence. In flame-retardant testing, standard splines, standard flames, and standard combustion methods are required. The flame-retardant levels also include HB, V2, V1, and V1. V0 and other levels. In the UL94 flame-retardant test, for the fuel that produces flame, the height, angle and burning time of the flame from the test material spline are specified in detail. The size of the spline is also standard. Such a test can also guarantee the test result. The reliability, stability and accuracy of the system. It is obviously unscientific to use ordinary lighters to ignite corresponding products and test their flame retardancy. First of all, different substances have different heat of combustion. What is the heat of combustion? The heat of combustion (ΔcH0) refers to the heat released when a substance and oxygen undergo a combustion reaction. It is generally measured by the amount of unit material, the energy released when a unit mass or unit volume of fuel is burned. At 25°C and 101kPa, the heat released when 1 mol of combustibles are completely burned to produce stable oxides is called the heat of combustion of the material. The unit is kJ/mol. It can also be measured in units of megajoules/kg. There are many types of lighters, and all fuels are not the same. Therefore, the flame temperature produced by different types of lighters varies greatly, and cannot reach the accuracy range specified by the standard test. Of course, the test results are not convincing. In addition, when using a lighter to test, the time, position, angle, etc. of the flame contacting the test product are arbitrary. In such a test, if the sample is ignited, it does not mean that it is unqualified. The level of burning. Therefore, such a test cannot explain the problem at all. Using a lighter to conduct a flame retardant test is not only meaningless, on the contrary, it will also cause burns and fire hazards. Therefore, consumers must not use this method to test, and do not believe in such a test. It is recommended to choose branded products when purchasing, or ask the merchant to provide corresponding professional test reports. More about the combustion tester: http://www.standard-groups.com/FlammabilityTesting/4.html
GESTER International Co.,Limited thinks that that firms can avoid the artificial choice between quantitative and qualitative risk management, allowing both to play important roles in surfacing and assessing risks.
Are you interested in buying ? We also have all kinds of in offer. Visit GESTER Instruments
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It's not enough to have an idea as textile testing equipment in a gigantic market. The key to what gets concerned is how you connect this hungry market to the idea that satisfies it.
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Current Limiting Diodes Information
Current limiting diodes (CLD) regulate current over a wide voltage range.
CLDs are used in many applications. Some examples include waveform generator circuits, battery charger, and timing circuits. CLDs are also used as a constant current source for driving LEDs and can also be used to replace holding coils in telephone connection devices. CLDs follow the life cycle stages defined by Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) in EIA-724.
Types of Current Limiting Diodes
There are several types of CLDs. Examples include a current regulator diode, constant current diode, and current limit diodes.
- Current regulating diodes regulate the current flowing through them to a maximum level and if current exceeds its current regulation point, it drops its voltage.
- A constant current diode is similar to a junction field effect transistor (JFET) whose gate terminal is shorted to source. A constant current diode can automatically limit a current through a laser driver current limit diode over a wide range of power supply voltages.
- A laser driver current limit diode is the CLD that works on the principle of a quantum process whereby light is emitted due to transition of electrons from high-level to low-level energy states. Current limit diodes are employed for coupling and biasing the circuits. Other CLDs are also commonly available.
There are several ways in which CLDs function. A CLD is available in wide range of current and voltage ratings to control a current. Some examples of current limiting diodes specifications include a current rating of 35A to 15mA, peak voltage ratings of 50V to 100V, and impedance ranges from 20M ohm to several kilo ohms.
A current regulator diode can maintain a constant current for a voltage range of 1V to 100V if the current is in the range of 5mA to 60mA. Current regulating diodes also increase the frequency response, voltage gain, rejection ratio, and reduce gain losses and noise density.
A constant current diode has currents from 0.192mA to 5.6mA and operates in a voltage range of 1V to 50V. A constant current diode provides good temperature stability and does not require any biasing.
Some specifications of a laser driver current limit diode include current ranges of 0 to ± 20mA, ± 100mA, ± 200mA, ±5 00mA, ± 1A, ± 2 A, and 3dB analog modulation bandwidth. A laser driver current limit diode also supports both constant current and constant power modes of operation.
CLDs are designed and manufactured to meet most industry specifications.
Related Products & Services
Diode arrays are composed of multiple discrete (usually unconnected) diodes on a single silicon chip. Diode arrays are important semiconductor products because they save assembly time and improve reliability over individually packaged diodes. In general, diode arrays use four or more diodes in a single package.
Diodes are electronic components that conduct electric current in only one direction, functioning as a one-way valve. Diodes are manufactured using semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium or selenium and are used as voltage regulators, signal rectifiers, oscillators and signal modulators / demodulators.
PIN diodes are three-layer semiconductor diodes consisting of an intrinsic layer separating heavily doped P and N layers. The charge stored in the intrinsic layer in conjunction with other diode parameters determines the resistance of the diode at RF and microwave frequencies.
RF diodes are designed to handle high-power radio frequency (RF) signals in stereo amplifiers, radio transmitters, television monitors, and other RF or microwave devices.
Transient Voltage Suppressor Diodes (TVS)
Transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diodes are designed to limit over-voltages. They can dissipate high amounts of transient power in a short period of time.
Tunnel diodes are heavily doped P-N diodes in which electron tunneling from the conduction band in the N-type material to the valence band in the P-type region produces a region of negative resistance. This negative-resistance region is the most important area of operation. As the voltage is increased, the current decreases. This feature makes tunneling diodes especially useful in oscillators and radio frequency (RF) applications.
Varactor diodes are p-n junction diodes that are designed to act as a voltage controlled capacitance when operated under reverse bias.
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|Born||7 June 1896|
|Died||10 June 1971 (aged 75)|
|Known for||evolution of corals and cephalopods|
|Institutions||University of Marburg|
University of Tübingen
Schindewolf was on the faculty at the University of Marburg from 1919 until 1927. Then he became director of the Geological Survey of Berlin. In 1948 he became a professor at the University of Tübingen, where he retired as professor emeritus in 1964.
He was a saltationist who opposed the theory of gradual evolution, and in the 1930s suggested that major evolutionary transformations must have occurred in large leaps between species. This idea became known as the Hopeful Monster theory and was further taken and developed up by the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt in the 1940s. Schindewolf was also the first to suggest, in 1950, that mass extinctions might have been caused by extraterrestrial impacts or nearby supernova. From 1948 until his retirement in 1964, Schindewolf was professor of Geology and Paleontology at the University of Tübingen.
As a saltationist Schindewolf had supported macromutations as part of his evolutionary theory. He was known for presenting an alternative interpretation of the fossil record, combining orthogenesis, mutationism and extraterrestrial impacts, as opposed to Darwin's gradualism. Schindewolf's theory claimed that variation tended to move in a predetermined direction. His theory became known as typostrophism and stated that evolution occurs due to a periodic cyclic model of evolutionary processes which are predestined to go through a life cycle dictated by factors internal to the organism.
Part of his "typostrophism" (German: Typostrophe) theory advocated sudden evolutionary change by macromutations but he later dropped this view. His theory of orthogenesis (guided, straight-line evolution) and eventual decay went through three stages (typogenesis [explosion of new types], typostasis [maintenance of types], and typolysis [splitting of types, degeneration]) claimed to be embedded within a cyclical view of the evolutionary process. His theory also proposed that mass extinctions, especially the ones at the end of the Permian period 225 million years ago, were the result of cosmic radiation caused by supernova explosions. Schindewolf speculated that a supernova star explosion could emit radiation lethal to organisms if close enough to earth. He proposed that the radiation from a supernova could have two effects, extinguishing many species of life and causing macromutations which in turn could cause new species to originate. Schindewolf was the only scientist to have speculated that the first bird may have hatched from a reptile's egg. It was only a speculation and he abandoned the view of macromutations in later publications.
His book Basic Questions in Paleontology was published in German in 1950 and was translated into English in 1993 with a foreword written by Stephen Jay Gould.
- (in German) Wenz W. (1938–1944) Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In: Schindewolf O. H. (ed.) Handbuch der Paläozoologie, Band 6, Gastropoda, Verlag Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, xii + 1639 pp.
His Basic Questions in Paleontology was published in German in 1950, and was a landmark work in the field of paleontology and evolution.
- International Palaeontological Union (I.P.U.) (1968). Westermann, G.E.G. (ed.). Directory of Palaeontologists of the World (excl. Soviet Union & continental China) (2 ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University. p. 101. Retrieved 2 January 2017 – via Internet Archive.
- Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 11/2006
- Chunglin Kwa. (2011). Styles of Knowing: A New History of Science from Ancient Times to the Present. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0822961512
- William A. Dimichele. (1995). Basic Questions in Paleontology: Geologic Time, Organic Evolution, and Biological Systematics, by Otto H. Schindewolf. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 84. 481–483.
- Levit, Georgy S.; Olsson, Lennart (2006). "'Evolution on Rails' : Mechanisms and Levels of Orthogenesis" (PDF). Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology (11): 99–138.
- David H. Levy. (2002). Shoemaker by Levy: The Man Who Made an Impact. Princeton University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0691113258
- Trevor Palmer. (2010). Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism through the Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0521174640
- Otto Schindewolf. (1969). Über den “Typus” in morphologischer und phylogenetischer Biologie. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.
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When a Saluki has a lot of white on its legs, a blaze, and perhaps a bit of a collar, the dog is described as being, “Irish-marked.”
The term, “Irish spotting” (or marked) was a term coined by Leonard Doncaster in 1905 to describe a spotting pattern in wild rats from Ireland as an alternative pattern to “hooded,” (this from a series on dog coat color genetics from Sheila Schmutz’s website). This character was among the first to be studied from a genetical viewpoint and, in a general manner of writing, was found to be inherited as a simple monogenic recessive. Doncaster suggested that this “hooded” phenotype occurred in the heterozytogte, (whereas the homozygotes were solid or piebald).
A SINE mutation is associated with this type of white spotting in some breeds, but not in the Saluki or other sight hounds. To our knowledge, the gene and/or allele causing white feet and/or Irish spotting has yet to be identified, and it’s not known if it is also located on the S locus (and in case you were wondering, SINE stands for “Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements”).
To see example of Irish Spotting in the breed, or learn more about color genetics in the Saluki, visit here, and to learn more about color testing in the breed, click here. Our thanks to Caroline Coile, PhD for steering us in the right direction about Irish Spotting in the Saluki.
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Lookup NU author(s): Dr John Skelhorn,
Dr Christina Halpin,
Professor Candy Rowe
Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available.
The question, "Why should prey advertise their presence to predators using warning coloration?" has been asked for over 150 years. It is now widely acknowledged that defended prey use conspicuous or distinctive colors to advertise their toxicity to would-be predators: a defensive strategy known as aposematism. One of the main approaches to understanding the ecology and evolution of aposematism and mimicry (where species share the same color pattern) has been to study how naive predators learn to associate prey's visual signals with the noxious effects of their toxins. However, learning to associate a warning signal with a defense is only one aspect of what predators need to do to enable them to make adaptive foraging decisions when faced with aposematic prey and their mimics. The aim of our review is to promote the view that predators do not simply learn to avoid aposematic prey, but rather make adaptive decisions about both when to gather information about defended prey and when to include them in their diets. In doing so, we reveal what surprisingly little we know about what predators learn about aposematic prey and how they use that information when foraging. We highlight how a better understanding of predator cognition could advance theoretical and empirical work in the field.
Author(s): Skelhorn J, Halpin CG, Rowe C
Publication type: Review
Publication status: Published
Journal: Behavioral Ecology
Print publication date: 01/01/2016
Online publication date: 03/02/2016
Acceptance date: 07/01/2016
ISSN (print): 1045-2249
ISSN (electronic): 1465-7279
Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
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Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)
What Is Eosinophilic Esophagitis?
People with eosinophilic esophagitis have inflammation of the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). The inflammation happens because of a buildup of immune cells called eosinophils (ee-eh-SIN-oh-fils).
Many people with eosinophilic esophagitis (ee-eh-sin-eh-FIL-ik eh-sof-eh-JYE-tis) improve with treatment.
What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis?
Children with eosinophilic esophagitis can have:
- trouble feeding (in younger children)
- trouble swallowing, called dysphagia (in older kids)
- belly pain
What Problems Can Happen?
In some people, eosinophilic esophagitis can lead to:
- food impaction (when food gets stuck in the esophagus)
- scarring and narrowing of the esophagus (called a stricture)
- tears in the esophagus
What Causes Eosinophilic Esophagitis?
Doctors don’t always know exactly why eosinophilic esophagitis happens. Some people develop it due to an allergic reaction to foods or something in the environment. But it also can happen in someone with no history of allergies. The condition is more common in those who:
- have been on antibiotics a lot
- took medicines to lower stomach acid (antacids)
- have a family member with it
- stayed in the NICU as a newborn
- were not breastfed as babies
The condition is most common in young men, but kids can get it too. People who have it are more likely to also have allergies, asthma, and eczema.
How Is Eosinophilic Esophagitis Diagnosed?
If someone has symptoms like trouble swallowing or eating, belly pain, or heartburn, a gastroenterologist (a doctor who treats digestive system problems) will do tests, which can include:
- an endoscopy. The doctor puts a thin tube with a light and camera down the throat and into the esophagus, then takes a biopsy (a small tissue sample for testing).
- blood tests to check for a high eosinophil level
- skin testing and/or blood testing for allergies
How Is Eosinophilic Esophagitis Treated?
Doctors usually treat eosinophilic esophagitis with:
- medicines that lower the amount of acid or inflammation in the esophagus
- dietary changes such as:
Working with a dietitian can help make sure a child gets the nutrients needed to grow and thrive.
To treat a stricture, doctors can do a procedure called dilation to widen the esophagus. This is done during an endoscopy.
How Can Parents Help?
You play a big role in your child’s care. Learn all you can about eosinophilic esophagitis, and be sure to:
- Go to all doctor visits.
- Give any medicines as prescribed.
- Support any special diets your child needs.
What Else Should I Know?
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic (ongoing) condition. It can feel like there’s a lot to manage, but the care team is there for you and your child.
You also can find information and support online at:
- Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
- Food Allergies
- Dairy-Free Diet
- What Is Skin Testing for Allergies?
- Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
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Fruits That Contain Citric Acid. Citric Acid is naturally found in fruits such as oranges, lemons and pineapples. It is one of the most commonly used acids for cooking. This article contains a list of Citric Acid containing fruits. Citric acid is an organic compound that plays a vital role in the primary metabolism of animals and plants. It is soluble in water and crystallizes in a rhombic shape. Nutritional supplements containing citric acid are used for boosting overall health. Fruits that contain high amounts of citric acid have powerful antioxidants and can affect the production of enzymes in the human body.
What Fruits Have Citric Acid?
There are many fruits that have citric acids. Fruits that include citric acid are mostly citrus fruits. Those fruits include grapefruit, lemon, lime, tangerine/mandarin orange and oranges.
White, star ruby and pink/red are the major well known grapefruits. The three all include a “tangy-sweet flavor.” There are more vitamins in the pink and red grapefruit.
The lemon was first found in China.There are sweet and acid lemons. There are two man common acid lemon selections available they include lisbon and eureka lemons.
Limes or Citrus Aurantifolia are another fruit that have citric acid. They have also helped for better health including digestion, gout and scurvy.
Tangerine or mandarin oranges have skin that is thin and is easy to peel. The are often called “kid-glove.”
Many people get their source of vitamin c from oranges or orange juice. Oranges contain potassium, citric acid, niacin, magnesium, calcium, thiamin and folacin.
Are Citric acid rich fruits bad for your health?
01/7Are you eating citrus fruits? Is it bad for your health?
Fruits have been an inseparable part of our lives and since childhood we all have some fond memories of sitting under the sun and eating Oranges or plucking Mangoes from the tree and eating them right away. Well, fruits will always be a part of our fond memories, but most of us love citrus fruits for their enticing and refreshing sweet-tangy flavour, which gives a burst of flavours and taste in every bite.
With an increasing awareness towards healthy eating, fruits have become a quintessence of our daily diet. Ever since, the Corona virus scare has engulfed the masses, there has been a drift towards immunity boosting fruits, and this is why Vitamin C packed citrus fruits have been the new fad food among people. Apart from vitamin C, these fruits are also rich in Citric acid, which is also used in disinfectants, but is it safe to eat these fruits? Read on.
02/7Why are Citrus fruits important?
Citrus fruits like Lemons, Organes, Grapefruit, Pineapple, Strawberries, Raspberries and Cranberries, etc; Have been some of the most loved citrus fruit and it is believed that consuming two citrus fruits on a daily basis can keep several ailments at bay. This is due to the presence of Vitamin C.
According to health experts, citrus fruits are great immunity boosters as they are loaded with vitamin C , which helps in increasing the production of white blood cells, which gives the body ample resistance to fight infection causing antibodies. Thus, vitamin C in citrus fruits helps in boosting a healthy metabolism and immunity. It also helps in combating seasonal cold, cough, flu, bacteria and virus attacks to an extent.
03/7What is citric acid and is it harmful?
Citric acid is one of best natural preservatives, found in citrus fruits, especially lemons. In fact, the presence of Citric acid gives your citrusy fruits that tangy-tarty taste and the aromatic favour. It is one of the most common food preservatives used across the world, but there are two main types of Citric acids:
-Natural Citric acid found in fruit.
-Processed Citric acid used as a food additive, cleaning purposes or other commercial uses.
04/7Difference between natural and chemically processed Citric acid
The naturally occurring Citric acid was first discovered In 1748 by a Swedish researcher by analyzing the lemon juice.
However, due to its tarty and acidic nature, it was a potential preservative and a disinfectant, this was later explored by research that Citric acid can also be extracted from black mold, Aspergillus niger, which feeds on sugar and creates Citric acid. Black mold predominately belongs to the fungi family. This Citric acid was also used as a preservative and disinfectant.
You would be amazed to know that Citric acid found in juices, aerated drinks and other food products are manufactured Citric acid. This is simply because, deriving Citric acid from natural fruits can be an expensive affair.
However, Citric acid from fruits and berries are a healthy and edible source of acid and have some potential health benefits also, but the manufactured Citric acid may pose some health complications and lead to food allergies.
What Is Citric Acid?
Citric acid is a natural component of fruits and fruit juices, with the most significant amounts found in citrus fruits. It’s what gives lemons and limes their characteristic sour flavor. Lemons and limes contain the most citric acid of any fruit, but other citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruits—and even some berries—contain large amounts as well.
One of the most important roles of citric acid is its involvement in energy metabolism. In fact, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) is the metabolic pathway by which foods are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, and energy.
Citric acid may also prevent or slow the formation of kidney stones. When citric acid is in your urine, it binds with calcium, breaks up small stones that may be forming, and deters stone formation from happening by altering the pH.
Another benefit of citric acid is that it increases your body’s absorption of certain minerals like magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
Citric Acid in Food
Citric acid is most often naturally found in citrus fruits and juices, but it is also present in smaller amounts in other fruits. Some foods that naturally contain citric acid include:
Citric acid is most commonly manufactured and used as a food additive. About 70% of all manufactured citric acid is used as an additive to food. But manufactured citric acid is also used in medications, dietary supplements, and some cleaning products.
Citric acid is used both as a natural flavor enhancer and preservative in a variety of foods, such as jams and jellies and canned fruits and vegetables. It’s also used in ice cream, fruit drinks, candy, and carbonated beverages. It helps regulate acidity, functions as an antioxidant, and helps retain color. Because of its low pH and acidic profile, citric acid can also help protect against botulism in canned goods and other preserved foods.
Citric acid was first produced in England from lemons in the early 1800s. Lemon juice was the primary source of citric acid until 1919, when the first industrial process using a bacteria called Aspergillus niger began in Belgium. Now, about 99% of the world’s manufactured citric acid used as a food additive today is made by fermenting A. niger.
Medication and Dietary Supplements
Citric acid and its close relative citrate are used as inactive ingredients in certain medications and dietary supplements. Citrate can be used to control the pH and mask the bitter taste of some medicines because of its acidity and slightly sour taste. It is also often added to supplements to make nutrients such as magnesium, calcium, and zinc more bioavailable and easier to absorb.
Citric acid and citrate are commonly used in household and commercial cleaning solutions to remove stains, odors, and hard-water buildup. Just as when used as a food or drug additive, its natural acidity also makes it useful in controlling the pH of household cleaners.
Health Benefits of Citric Acid
You’ve probably eaten citric acid without even realizing it. It’s a natural acid present in limes, lemons, and other citrus fruits. It’s what gives citrus fruits their sour taste. We also produce citric acid for use as a common food additive, nutritional supplement, and cleaning agent. However, this synthetic citric acid is different from naturally occurring citric acid found in sour citrus fruits. Please continue reading to learn more about the potential health benefits of this naturally occurring organic acid. Also, learn about possible citric acid side effects.
What is citric acid?
Natural citric acid is a weak organic acid that is found in all citrus fruits. Artificial citric acid is made from a fungus called Aspergillus niger (black mold). Because it has a sour, tart, or acidic taste, citric acid is frequently used in food additives and as a flavoring agent in packaged and processed foods like soft drinks and candies.
What are the sources of naturally occurring citric acid?
Sour citrus fruits like limes, lemons, oranges, tangerines, pomelos, and grapefruits are good natural sources of citric acid. Other fruits that contain citric acid in smaller amounts include strawberries, cranberries, raspberries, pineapple, cherries, and tomatoes.
What are the artificial sources and uses of citric acid?
The citric acid found in packaged foods and dietary supplements is man-made – it’s not the natural form found in citrus fruits. This is because obtaining citric acid from natural sources is too expensive and cannot meet global demand.
- Approximately 70% of manufactured citric acid is used by the food and beverage industry as a food additive and flavoring agent in processed foods. Citric acid is also used while canning fruits to prevent a serious illness called botulism.
- Roughly 20% of manufactured citric acid is used in dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals as a stabilizer and preservative. Some mineral supplements such as calcium and magnesium contain citric acid in the form of citrate to improve absorption.
- The remaining 10% of manufactured citric acid goes into beauty and cleaning products.
What are the health benefits of taking citric acid?
ROLE IN ENERGY METABOLISM
Citrate — a molecule that is closely related to citric acid — plays an important role in the Krebs cycle (also called the TCA cycle or citric acid cycle). This is a series of chemical reactions that release energy from food. Humans derive most of their energy from this chain of events.
ENHANCES MINERAL ABSORPTION
Some supplements of alkaline-forming minerals like calcium and magnesium are available in citrate forms. Citric acid enhances their bioavailability and allows the body to absorb them better without needing much stomach acid. For example, calcium citrate is absorbed better than calcium carbonate and has fewer side effects. Similarly, the citrate form of magnesium is more readily absorbed than magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate.
PROTECTION AGAINST KIDNEY STONES
Citric acid — in its potassium citrate form — alkalinizes your urine. This may help to break down small kidney stones and prevent the formation of new kidney stones.
Citric acid is a type of alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). AHAs like citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, tricarboxylic acid, and malic acid are common ingredients in skincare products because they resurface the skin, giving you a more even skin tone and fewer fine lines. People with dark spots, pigmentation, and scars may find citric acid beneficial.
Citric acid is a relatively weak acid with a pH between 3 and 6. However, citric acid kills bacteria and viruses that cannot survive in an acidic environment. For example, citric acid helps to prevent the spread of norovirus infection (winter vomiting bug).
Risks Associated with Citric Acid
Citrus fruits contain naturally occurring citric acid and are generally recognized as safe. However, the manufactured citric acid that is added to foods, supplements, medicines, and cleaning products is a synthetic version called MCA. As mentioned above, it is made from a mold called Aspergillus niger. In a small number of people, mold residues from the manufacturing process can trigger allergic reactions and significant inflammatory reactions with symptoms like muscle aches, joint pain, and digestive problems.
Other risks associated with both natural and artificial sources of citric acid are that in large quantities it can damage the tooth enamel. That’s why you should rinse your mouth with water after eating foods that are rich in citric acid.
Lastly, if you use skincare products that contain citric acid, you should know that when present in high concentrations, it can cause skin irritation and make your skin more sensitive to sunlight. If you have sensitive skin, you might want to avoid products that contain citric acid.
Citric Acid: The All Purpose Tool You Need
It may be hard to believe, but citric acid is probably one of the most important and versatile products to have in your home. If you don’t know what citric acid is, you’ve come to the right place.
Citric acid is an odorless, colorless organic acid and it is the primary component from citrus fruits like lemons and limes. The acid is what gives these tangy fruits that sour, tart flavour. It is used in the food industry as well as the manufacturing industry. It can be used in nutritional supplements, food additives, beverages, beauty treatments and in various cleaning agents, as well as assist in the preservation of medicines.
Citric acid is very helpful in breaking down bacteria and extending the shelf life of various food products such as meats, canned vegetables, baby food, baked goods, beverages and even certain types of cheese. It can also enhance the flavour of these foods.
This amazing organic acid acts as a water softener. It can create tight bonds between molecules making it an excellent ingredient in the soap making process. Citric acid can even be added to bath bombs if you choose to go that route. Just wait until you see the fizz!
Citric acid has been known to contain restorative powers. It can treat various conditions that relate to digestion. Putting a slice of lemon in your water can assist in reducing uncomfortable digestive issues such as heartburn, belching and bloating. Lemon juice can also prevent constipation from occurring and keep you regular.
SKIN & BEAUTY
Believe it or not, citric acid can turn bad skin into glorious skin. This versatile ingredient is also used in face masks and various treatments for reducing acne, lightening skin, preventing wrinkles and so much more. You can save money by avoiding the expensive face treatments by grinding some citric acid crystals in a mortar, adding some yogurt, honey and oil from a vitamin E capsule and then applying the mix to your face. Voila! You are on your way to glowing skin!
This super-versatile natural cleaner is extremely safe and natural for families to use when cleaning their homes. It doesn’t give off any harmful toxic fumes that can be highly dangerous for children and pregnant women to inhale. You can easily get rid of mildew, mold and bacteria and free your home of germs. You can add a few spoons of powder to water to clean your stained coffee pot, toilet bowls, sink fixtures, showers, bathtubs and clean surface areas.
KIDNEY STONE PREVENTION
Adding lime and lemon juice, as well as other citric acid fruits like oranges and grapes into your daily diet has been known to prevent the growth of large and painful kidney stones. Citric acid affects the citric balance in urine and can help break up smaller stones as they
What is Citric Acid?
Citric is a weak organic acid with the chemical formula C6H8O7. Citric acid is one of the large numbers of metabolites produced by aspergillus species.
Citric acid is a naturally occurring acid. It is found in various fruits and vegetables. Example of citrus fruit – lemon which has the highest amount of citric acid.
Citric acid was first isolated in 1822 from lemon juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who also established its composition. In many consumer goods, in the food and beverage sectors, citric acid is used. As an acidulant, in soft drinks and syrups, it stimulates a natural fruit flavour and gives the required degree of tartness. Citric acid is an intermediate organic compound in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, found naturally in citrus fruits, pineapples, pears and crystallised as calcium citrate. It is mainly produced by fermentation.
Citric Acid Benefits
Citric acid forms a wide range of metallic salts including complexes with copper, iron, manganese, magnesium and calcium. These salts are the reason for its use as a sequestering agent in industrial processes and as an anticoagulant blood preservative. It is also the basis of its antioxidant properties in fats and oils where it reduces metal-catalysed oxidation by chelating traces of metals such as iron. There are two components to its use as a flavouring the first is due to its acidity, which has little aftertaste; the second to its ability to enhance other flavours.
A process to remove sulphur dioxide from flue gases has been developed where citric acid is used as a scrubber, forming a complex ion which then reacts with H2S to give elemental sulphur regenerating citrate. This may become more important with increased environmental pressures.
Citric acid esters of a range of alcohols are known, the triethyl, butyl and acetyl tributyl esters are used as plasticizers in plastic films and monostearyl citrate is used instead of citric acid as an antioxidant in oils and fats.
Citric Acid Structure
Powdered Citric Acid Uses
We get a citric acid powder which is white. It helps in improving kidney health, throat infection, getting rid of acne etc. Some other citric acid uses are:
- Used as a food additive
- Used in cleaning
- Used as cosmetics
- Used in water softener
- Used in Industries
1. Food Additive
- Citric acid is used in food as a flavouring agent and preservative.
- It is used in processed food products like beverages, soft drinks etc.
- Due to its sour taste, it is used in making certain candies.
- Sometimes the sour candy is covered with white powder which is citric acid.
- To keep fat globules away some ice cream companies use it as an emulsifier.
2. Cleaning Agent
- Citric acid is one of the chelating agents.
- With the help of citric acid limescale from evaporators and boilers is removed.
- It is used in soaps and laundry detergents as water is softened by the acid.
- Household cleaners used in the kitchen and bathroom also contain some amount of citric acid.
- It is not only used as a cleaner but also as a deodorizer.
- Citric acid helps in the removal of dead skin so used for home masks.
- Improves skin tone and skin growth reducing wrinkles, acne scars etc.
- To balance the pH levels citric acid is commonly used as an ingredient in cosmetics.
- It is found in hand soap, body wash, nail polish, face cleansers, shampoos and some other cosmetics products.
4. Water Softener
- Citric acid is used as a water softener in detergents, because of its an organic acid, chelating, and buffering properties.
- The chemical properties of citric acid as a weak organic acid make it a strong softener for water.
- It operates by breaking down the trace quantities of metal discovered in water, making it an optimal all-natural option for hard water treatment.
5. Industrial Uses
- Industrial uses of citric acid include detergent manufacturing, electroplating and leather tanning.
- Citric acid is also used as a preservative for stored blood and a buffer and antioxidant in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
- Several fungal-derived acids have significant commercial value and have found wide-ranging applications in the food, feed, pharmaceutical and polymer industries.
Citric acid is one of many metabolites produced by Aspergillus species. Citric acid possesses sweet-and-sour sensory notes, and succinic acid has a salty—bitter taste. With the change in soil and climatic condition, the citric acid amount in vegetables and fruits also varies.
A mixture of citric acid and ascorbic acid is used as a dip for oily fish to prevent surface tissue from becoming brownish and gummy, a condition known as rusting. Production by fermentation resulted in drastic lowering and stabilisation of the price of citric acid.
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
1. What are common uses for citric acid?
Citric acid is used in a number of other fields, in addition to its use in cleaning products, such as personal care, forestry, dairy, pharmaceutical, and electroplating. As a preservative, flavouring agent, and vegetable rinse it helps in the food industry.
Is citric acid good for your body?
Consuming foods that contain naturally occurring citric acid (from, say, lemon or lime juice) have advantages because it acts as an antioxidant, meaning that it protects the body from damaging free radicals. Eating huge quantities of antioxidants aids with everything from heart protection to cancer prevention.
What are the side effects of citric acid?
Serious side effects of citric acid and sodium citrate include muscle twitching or cramping, swelling or weight gain, fatigue, mood changes, swift and fast breathing, rapid heart rate, anxious feeling, black or bloody stools, extreme diarrhoea or seizure (convulsions).
Is citric acid a disinfectant?
Yes, citric acid is a disinfectant. It is great for general disinfection and cleaning because citric acid kills bacteria, mould and mildew.
Is ascorbic acid the same as citric acid?
Citric acid and ascorbic acid are two types of acid used for two different purposes of food preservation. Although both are acids, they are not identical. Citric acid has a greater acidity than ascorbic acid.
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What is a Survey?. Survey data provide a range, not a specific number. Because it is impractical to poll everyone who will vote, pollsters take smaller samples that are intended to be representative, that is, a random sample of the population. It is possible As the variability in the population increases, the margin of error increases. his comment is here
How to Calculate Margin of Error in Easy Steps was last modified: March 22nd, 2016 by Andale By Andale | August 24, 2013 | Hypothesis Testing | 2 Comments | ← Often, however, the distinction is not explicitly made, yet usually is apparent from context. Retrieved 2006-05-31. ^ Wonnacott and Wonnacott (1990), pp. 4–8. ^ Sudman, S.L. Swinburne University of Technology.
Concept An example from the 2004 U.S. If many random samples of size 100 are drawn from a large population (of democrats and non-democrats), then we can expect better than 95% of the samples to have a statistic Right? Along with the confidence level, the sample design for a survey, and in particular its sample size, determines the magnitude of the margin of error.
Note: The larger the sample size, the more closely the t distribution looks like the normal distribution. Click here for a short video on how to calculate the standard error. Answer: The current interval width is about 6%. Does Margin Of Error Increase With Confidence Level A school accountability case study: California API awards and the Orange County Register margin of error folly.
Retrieved February 15, 2007. ^ Braiker, Brian. "The Race is On: With voters widely viewing Kerry as the debate’s winner, Bush’s lead in the NEWSWEEK poll has evaporated". San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Post a comment and I'll do my best to help! http://stattrek.com/estimation/margin-of-error.aspx?Tutorial=AP This makes intuitive sense because when N = n, the sample becomes a census and sampling error becomes moot.
In cases where the sampling fraction exceeds 5%, analysts can adjust the margin of error using a finite population correction (FPC) to account for the added precision gained by sampling close How Does Increasing The Level Of Confidence Affect The Size Of The Margin Of Error, E? Search Statistics How To Statistics for the rest of us! A margin of error tells you how many percentage points your results will differ from the real population value. Sampling theory provides methods for calculating the probability that the poll results differ from reality by more than a certain amount, simply due to chance; for instance, that the poll reports
This means the normal approximation will be good, and we can apply them to calculate a confidence interval for p. .48 +/- 1.96*sqrt(.48*.52/1000) .48 +/- .03096552 (that mysterious 3% margin of Describe what you think a typical sample might be like. Acceptable Margin Of Error We will describe those computations as they come up. Why Does Increasing The Confidence Level Result In A Larger Margin Of Error Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
more stack exchange communities company blog Stack Exchange Inbox Reputation and Badges sign up log in tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed http://edvinfo.com/margin-of/poll-with-margin-of-error.html Therefore, if 100 surveys are conducted using the same customer service question, five of them will provide results that are somewhat wacky. The underlying idea that explains how we can determine the reliability of statistics is the notion of sampling distribution. Find a Critical Value 7. Margin Of Error Sample Size
Level of confidence: a measure of how confident we are in a given marin of error. Surveying has been likened to taste-testing soup – a few spoonfuls tell what the whole pot tastes like. The Dark Side of Confidence Levels A 95 percent level of confidence means that 5 percent of the surveys will be off the wall with numbers that do not make much weblink Maximum and specific margins of error While the margin of error typically reported in the media is a poll-wide figure that reflects the maximum sampling variation of any percentage based on
Comparing percentages In a plurality voting system, where the winner is the candidate with the most votes, it is important to know who is ahead. Why Would You Be More Likely To Use A T-interval In A Real-world Situation Than A Z-interval? Margins of error are commonly used in election polls.A poll might report that a certain candidate is going to win an election with 51 percent of the vote; The confidence level Answer: F and G are both correct statements.
Our conclusion was that you need to be clear what you mean by "margin of error" whenever you use that term. The decrease is not statistically significant. For tolerance in engineering, see Tolerance (engineering). Margin Of Error Definition User Agreement.
It can be estimated from just p and the sample size, n, if n is small relative to the population size, using the following formula: Standard error ≈ p ( 1 In this situation, neither the t statistic nor the z-score should be used to compute critical values. Most surveys you come across are based on hundreds or even thousands of people, so meeting these two conditions is usually a piece of cake (unless the sample proportion is very check over here This is a parameter.
Some surveys do not require every respondent to receive every question, and sometimes only certain demographic groups are analyzed. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. View Mobile Version Margin of error From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the statistical precision of estimates from sample surveys. On the other hand, if those percentages go from 50 percent to 54 percent, the conclusion is that there is an increase in those who say service is "very good" albeit
Reply dataquestionner Hi! Z Score 5. Leave a Comment Click here to cancel reply. The area between each z* value and the negative of that z* value is the confidence percentage (approximately).
In-class: p. 337: 20. These terms simply mean that if the survey were conducted 100 times, the data would be within a certain number of percentage points above or below the percentage reported in 95 Retrieved 2006-05-31. This theory and some Bayesian assumptions suggest that the "true" percentage will probably be fairly close to 47%.
Thus, the maximum margin of error represents an upper bound to the uncertainty; one is at least 95% certain that the "true" percentage is within the maximum margin of error of Three things influence the margin of error in a confidence interval estimate of a population mean: sample size, variability in the population, and confidence level. In astronomy, for example, the convention is to report the margin of error as, for example, 4.2421(16) light-years (the distance to Proxima Centauri), with the number in parentheses indicating the expected The size of the population (the group being surveyed) does not matter. (This statement assumes that the population is larger than the sample.) There are, however, diminishing returns.
Z-Score Should you express the critical value as a t statistic or as a z-score? A pamphlet published by the American Statistical Association (attributed to Fritz Scheuren and "thoroughly updated circa 1997") defines the margin of error as a 95% confidence interval (p. 64, at right). Other statistics Confidence intervals can be calculated, and so can margins of error, for a range of statistics including individual percentages, differences between percentages, means, medians, and totals. A Bayesian interpretation of the standard error is that although we do not know the "true" percentage, it is highly likely to be located within two standard errors of the estimated
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Saturday, October 31, 2009
Georgia calamint - Calamintha georgiana
This beautiful member of the "savory" or "calamint" genus is extremely rare in Florida and is listed as a state Endangered species. It is widespread in appropriate habitats elsewhere throughout the Southeastern Coastal Plain, however. Like other Calamintha's, it requires upland sandy soils with extremely good drainage and prefers sunny to mostly sunny conditions. It is not, however, as narrowly restricted to sandhill and scrub habitats like the other three species in our Florida flora and it will tolerate some shade.
Georgia calamint is a robust woody sub-shrub that can reach nearly 2 1/2 feet in height, but is usually nearly a foot shorter when observed in nature. This species is a bit different than other members of this genus in Florida as it is deciduous (instead of evergreen) and its leaves are narrow and elliptical and show almost no evidence of curling under. It also is a very handsome specimen from a purely floristic point of view - except during the brief winter period when it is leafless.
Georgia calamint is another mostly fall-blooming species. Few blooms, if any, should be expected during other months. But, when it is in bloom, it is simply covered, head to foot, with the pale purple flowers typical for most members of this genus. Blooming can last for more than a month, but the peak is a ~2-week event.
Because of its widespread distribution and somewhat tolerant nature, Georgia calamint is offered by a variety of native plant nurseries in Florida and in states adjacent to us. Plant it in Florida in well-drained soils with plenty of sun and water it well until it is well established. The flowers attract butterflies, but are especially attractive to a wide assortment of bees. Use it near a walkway or the front of a mixed wildflower bed so its foliage and flowers can be admired. Just don't plant it too close to places you may walk by regularly as its branches are brittle and will break if touched too energetically.
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(reflexive) To keep (oneself) away. (transitive, archaic) To keep (someone) away. (intransitive, obsolete) Stay away; withdraw. (transitive, rare) Leave.
1.not in a certain place at a given time; away, missing (opposed to present), absent from class.
2.lacking; nonexistent, Revenge is absent from his mind.
3.not attentive; preoccupied; absent-minded, an absent look on his face.
4.to take or keep (oneself) away, to absent oneself from a meeting.
5.in the absence of; without, Absent some catastrophe, stock-market prices should soon improve.
1. away or not present
2. lacking; missing
3. inattentive; absent-minded verb (æbˈsɛnt)
4. (transitive) to remove (oneself) or keep away Derived Formsabsenter, noun Word OriginC14, from Latin absent-, stem of absēns, present participle of abesse to be awayCollins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollinsPublishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Source
late 14c., from Middle French absent (Old French ausent), from Latin absentem (nominative absens), present participle of abesse "be away from, be absent" (see absence). Related, Absently; absentness.
"to keep away" (from), c.1400, from Middle French absenter, from Late Latin absentare "cause to be away," from Latin absentem (see absent (adj.)). Related, Absented; absenting.
"in the absence of," 1944, principally from U.S. legal use, from absent (v.).
Felipa nodded, her gaze becoming absent again.
The left side of Howie's head was absent hair and a series of three dark scars were visible.
Glancing through the open door of the adjoining room where I'd left Howie, I found it not only empty, but absent of Quinn's equipment as well!
The open road, absent all responsibilities, looked inviting—if the rules allowed him to take Cynthia along in the cart.
She dropped a note into the absent secretary.s inbox then went to the first basement level, which housed supplies, clothing, and other essentials in the form of small department stores whose wares were free to all Immortals.
The correspondence was stiff and formal and said little, certainly nothing about the town of Ouray and was totally absent any tidbits of historical nature.
Absent these most general distinctions, color was her only detailed observation.
It was like a high school scavenger hunt, absent the babes and fun.
"Hilden and Bastion announced it this morning while you and Sirian were absent," he told her.
Did he need order in his world, because he was like Ashley, creative and absent-minded?
A law of 1879, which deprived of citizenship all Hungarians who had voluntarily been absent ten years, was a.
Miss Keller talks to herself absent-mindedly in the manual alphabet.
An honest, hard-working, but shiftless man plainly was John Field; and his wife, she too was brave to cook so many successive dinners in the recesses of that lofty stove; with round greasy face and bare breast, still thinking to improve her condition one day; with the never absent mop in one hand, and yet no effects of it visible anywhere.
Princess Mary turned with absent-minded questioning look to Pierre, who hat in hand and with a smile on his face was the last of the guests to approach her after the old prince had gone out and they were left alone in the drawing room.
In spite of his absent-mindedness and good nature, Pierre's personality immediately checked any attempt to ridicule him to his face.
Learn More about absent
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In humans, being born with extra fingers (polydactyly) is a dominant trait. If two parents without polydactyly have a child, what is the probability that their child will be born with extra fingers?
Topics:Vet Terminology Dental Caries Unintentional Injuries Healthy Foundations Eye and Ear Metabolic Sauver 5 Major Food Groups DNA Muscle pathophysiology Cardiovascular Physiology - Function Human Digestive System Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa Fungi Stroke Ankle Injuries Pollution
Other quiz: Cellular Components
Which of the following does not apply to chloroplasts?
A. They contain chlorophyll and the enzymes required for photosynthesis.
B. They contain an internal membrane system consisting of thylakoids
C. They synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate).
D. They are bounded by two membranes, the inner of which is folded into the cristae.
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» Opinion & Society
Emotions and Devotion in Synagogue Song
By Jonathan L. Friedmann
Beethoven wrote, "Music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy." Leonard Bernstein believed that music "communicates the unknowable." Musical expression, according to Frederick Delius, "only begins to be significant where words and actions reach their uttermost limit of expression." These composers recognized music's ability to convey what lies beyond the boundaries of linguistic communication. Music is immediate, affecting directly the ineffable realm of human emotion. Through a combination of pitches, rhythms, timbres, durations, and dynamics, music unlocks the hidden contents of the soul.
In the worship setting, music brings intimate understanding to often distant or abstract religious concerns. Song can heighten one's attentiveness during prayer, and imbue worship with a sense of "otherness" required of the sacred moment. Indeed, music is the primary tool religion provides for infusing sacred text with its necessary emotional qualities, and separating the religious experience from the activities of everyday life.
Commenting on the importance of song in the Jewish religion, Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel wrote, "To sing means to sense and to affirm that the spirit is real and that its glory is present. In singing we perceive what is otherwise beyond perceiving."
The first example of sacred song presented in the Torah is Shirat HaYam"The Song of the Sea." A spontaneous proclamation sung by the Israelites after crossing the Red Sea (Ex. 15:1-18), it announces boldly the defeat of Pharaoh, the uniqueness and power of God, God's guidance of Israel to the promised land, and His eternal rule.
It is important to note that this song erupted from the lips of the Israelites precisely at the moment when they realized the immensity of their deliverance. As we read in Exodus 14:31-15:1: "when Israel saw the wondrous power which the Lord had wielded against the Egyptians, the people feared the Lord; they had faith in the Lord and His servant Moses. Then Moses and the Israelites sang this song to the Lord. They said: I will sing to the Lord, for He has triumphed gloriously . . ." Instead of remaining silent in this moment of awe and wonder, the Israelites turned to songheightened speechto express their gratitude. Only through the marriage of words and music could their deepest sentiments aspire toward heaven.
This transcendent power of music had special significance for the father of Hassidism, the Ba'al Shem Tov, who proclaimed, "The soul cannot soar without melody." There are several Hassidic stories that illustrate this idea. One such story tells of a shepherd boy who, after a day of hard work on the hillside, walked home for supper. On the way, he passed a synagogue. It was Friday night, and he heard davening (Yiddish for Prayer) coming from inside. Curious, the young boy walked into the building, and sat in the back row. He opened a prayer book, but found that he could not read the Hebrew. So he sat and listened to the prayers, and in a moment of inspiration, reached into his pocket, took out his flute, and began to play a beautiful melody. As you can imagine, this upset the daveners, and grumblings and murmurs filled the synagogue. "Who is this child?" one man asked. "What noise is this?" demanded another. The congregants voiced their complaints to the rabbi. All the while, the boy sat frightened and nervous. But to everyone's surprise, the rabbi did not condemn him. Rather, he expressed disappointment at his congregation. "This boy's song is worth more than all of our prayers combined," the rabbi said, "because it comes from his heart. We are engaged in a routine, while he is truly speaking to God."
The cantorial tradition is likewise filled with passionate voices that speak to God through song. Among the many famous cantors of the twentieth century noted for their ability to bring life to the sacred text was Leib Glantz (1898-1964). His uniquely moving vocal artistry led Dr. Baruch Ben-Yehuda to proclaim: "This was the voice that knew when to rejoice, when to cry out in pain, when to plead, when to demand, when to threaten, and when to bow to the inevitable." Another man wrote that Glantz "penetrated into the soul of every word, letter and sound."
Glantz himself believed that unlocking the mysteries of the liturgy was the ultimate task of the cantor. As he explained: "Words alone cannot express all of our feelings. God and divinity are concepts superior to the human mind. There is a limit to human knowledge and understanding. However, the wisdom of the heart is superior to the wisdom of the mind. Melodies can enable us to discover paths that cannot be defined by words."
In synagogue music we find the essential union of emotions and devotion, and encounter the truest expression of the Jewish spirit. We do not merely say our prayers; we sing them.
* * * * *
Jonathan L. Friedmann is Cantor of Bet Knesset Bamidbar in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the editor of two books, Jewish Sacred Music and Jewish Identity (Paragon House, 2008) and The Value of Sacred Music (McFarland, 2009).
from the March 2009 Edition of the Jewish Magazine
Please let us know if you see something unsavory on the Google Ads and we will have them removed. Email us with the offensive URL (www.something.com)
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In the eastern medicinal plant books is described in a few centuries before our era! Dilute vegetable rhubarb because petioles rich in organic acids and vitamins. Autumn is the time for its landing.
Rhubarb prefers partial shade, grows well under a canopy of fruit trees in wet soils fertilized. Dilute the plant seedlings from seed or vegetatively (rhizome division), thus preserving the varietal characteristics.
Divide and plant rhubarb spring or autumn (September). Fall planting is preferred, since the soil from freezing to de Lenka, sufficient suction roots, and the following year the plant is able to give a small crop stalks (though their collection is better to abstain, and to grow and get stronger rhubarb).
To divide choose well-developed, yielding bushes are at least four years of full-fledged fleshy petioles. Cut with a knife (in contrast to the shovel, so less damaged roots and buds break off), rhizomes of rhubarb slightly dried in the sun to prevent them from rotting.
At a distance from each other on January 25 cm make holes (50x50x50 cm) for pions. The bottom layer in the barren pits Replace with a mixture of: a handful of superphosphate, bucket humus (compost or vermicompost), half a bucket of coarse sand and a bucket of fertile land.
When the seeds from touching the panicle peduncle start to get enough sleep, I collect them and store in a dry place. In autumn weather is nice advance preparing a bed, and around mid-October thickly sown seeds in shallow furrows and mulch with peat layer of no more than 1 cm.
In the spring shoots appear rare. In the second half of May to the regrowth of these rhubarb leaves are seated on the scheme 10×10 cm. In the summer the plants watered every 10 days. In late August — early September, transplant to a permanent place or doraschivat a year.
It reduced mainly to weeding, cultivation and feeding. If the seeds are not needed, in May, when the plants start to grow flower stems, they were immediately cut, repeating this process throughout the summer. In winter, the young bushes sheltering compost or rotted manure.
For the autumn winter forcing rhubarb transplanted into a box and put in the basement. In December, the capacity is transferred to a room with a temperature of 20 degrees. After 25-30 days plant crop stalks are removed and returned to storage. In the spring rhubarb out of the box are transplanted into the ground and get in June, another crop. For the next winter distillation take a different bush.
Harvest is usually rented from the second year after planting, no more than three stalks from the bush at a time. On young plants should be kept at least three leaves. I spend the next harvest not sooner than 10 days. Petioles of rhubarb necessarily pull. If they are cut, the remaining stumps will rot and hinder grow new shoots. During the procedure, the plant adheres to not break off the apical bud, and then immediately remove the stalks inedible leaves.
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This is a three-part exercise. Please complete parts one and two, then respond to one of your peers for part three. Our goals here are to practice multiple skills: writing in different genres, developing a persona, writing for a specific audience, taking ownership of a tale, and reflecting on your rhetorical choices.
Part 1: Imagine that you are the Beast/animal character from https://genius.com/Angela-carter-the-tigers-bride-annotated.
Life is tough for a beast and dating feels nearly impossible—after all, your dates can never stop staring at your fangs! So you decide to write a letter to a dating and relationship advice column. What specific relationship concerns does your Beast have? Might you use some details from your chosen story (“Beauty and the Beast,” “The Pig King,” etc.) to illustrate these concerns? (Try to be specific so that we’ll be able to tell which tale you’re referencing.) Feel free to invent details as well! Be imaginative! How might you best demonstrate your ethos as the Beast? Pay particular attention to how tone and word choice shape your portrayal of the Beast. Is your Beast melancholy, ruminative, dispassionate, desperate, jocular, snarky, indignant, etc., or perhaps a combination of different tones? Your letter should be 2-3 paragraphs (500 words) long.
Part 2: Below your letter, write a brief reflection (at least one paragraph) on your rhetorical choices. What kinds of details did you choose to characterize the Beast, his/her thoughts and feelings, motivations, point of view, etc.? What tone (attitude toward the subject) did you try to create in your letter? How does this tone contribute to your overall message or to your larger rhetorical purpose? How did you try to convey this tone to your audience (consider word choice, sentence structure, organization, and your selection/omission of specific details)? Furthermore, who do you imagine is your intended audience for this letter? Keep in mind that relationship advice columns are often published in magazines or online, so consider where this type of advice column would appear in the real world and who would read it (beyond the relationship expert who replies to the letter). What rhetorical effects on the audience did you try to create–put another way, what kinds of specific emotions and values did you want your reader to experience and/or relate to?
Part 3: After you post your letter and reflection, please respond to one of your peers’ Beast letters as if you are a relationship expert. What advice do you have for the Beast? How might you console or motivate the Beast to improve his/her life? Again, consider your tone and voice. How are you demonstrating your expertise as the author of this advice column? Consider how you might use pathos, logos, and/or ethos in your response. Aim for 1-2 paragraphs in your response.
Come to class prepared to read (perform!) your letters and discuss your rhetorical choices.
see examples of real-world relationship advice columns, check out https://therumpus.net/2012/02/dear-sugar-the-rumpus-advice-column-96-the-dark-cocoon/
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Basically, the goal with this sound is to create a 3D sound effect the can be simulated to give us a real-life hearing experience. For a long time, these binaural beats are used in the entertainment industry.
Binaural Audio was first invented long ago in the 19th century, but at that time, there were no amplifiers or proper speakers to listen to these audios. At that time, audio (electrical waves) was just heard through the telephone earpiece. And even radio at that time was used to come with the pair of headphones to listen to them.
But in the 1920s when moving coil speaker was introduced (are still used in this era), everything was changed. People can now hear audio whenever they want. And in 1930s proper use of binaural sounds was started.
People started to use binaural beats in the movie. But now gaming, VR and even your headphones use the concept of Binaural Audio. So, this concept is a lot older than you think it is.
How is it Recorded?
There is a different way to record the binaural sound as compare to simple audio. This type of recording requires more time and effort both in setting up the things and in the editing as well. There are two ways of recording binaural audio and old school and a new way which is a lot easier than the old school method.
Following are the methods:
- The first method is the old school method. These multiple microphones are arranged in a different position in the space where you are recording the audio. By using this method, each microphone records the same audio in different locations of that space. By using this method, users can create a 3D sound in the area as will be called binaural audio. But this method is a little time taking, and you have to set up the microphones manually. So, there is also a new way of doing this too.
- Science has made everyone’s life easy and has given us many new technologies that can make our life better. So, they have introduced a new type of microphone that can record binaural beats by itself. The perfect example of this is “Hooke Verse Microphone”. You have to place it on the point from where you are capturing audio, then the rest of the work will be done by the microphone. The Hooke Verse microphone can record 360-degree audio and can record the exact location of every sound and where it is coming from.
By using these methods, you can use record the binaural sounds.
Playback of Binaural Audio
So, you have recorded the binaural beats with the help of several instruments and the methods we have discussed above. Now the question is how we can hear binaural audio. So, if you are trying to listen to it on one speaker or with mono playback, then it will not work.
For hearing this 3D audio, you need to have at least a type of headphone that can play stereo sound (more on that later). A stereo headset can also help you to listen to this audio. But some companies are making headsets just for listening to the binaural audio.
If you are listening to the binaural audio using your simple headphones, then it will not work because the sound recorded by the microphone has a very different frequency spectrum as compared to simple headphones.
Stereo Sound Vs Binaural Audio
Most people mix stereo and binaural audio with each other, but they both are entirely different things. Stereo sound is to listen to the sound, which can differentiate between left and right. But with the binaural audio, we can differentiate between whether the sound is coming from the back, front, from up or down. We can locate that from which position of the room the sound is coming from.
Stereo sound is mostly used in music, and so, they can control the intensity of the sound in each ear (if listening on the pair of headphones), so they can bring and make better beats for us. And the binaural audio is mostly used in movies and gaming. It is essential in gaming because this will help us to locate our enemy more easily, especially in the battle royal games.
Role of Binaural Audio in medical and gaming
Binaural audio is also used in many ways to help in medical fields. We will discuss both of them separately
A physicist and meteorologist Heinrich Wilhelm Dove In 1839, Prussian discovered that when you hear two-wave frequencies at different frequency in each our mind will simulate those beats and will produce a third beat at the difference of those beats this phenomenon is called as the entrainment and the third beat produced in this by our mind is called as the binaural beat.
You care listening to two different wave frequencies at 195Hz in one ear and 205Hz in another ear. Then your brain will produce the third beat of the frequency of 5Hz. A binaural beat is only produced when the difference of those beats if less than or equal to 30Hz. If the difference increases, then the brain will not create a binaural beat. Binaural Beats headphones are used to listen to these type of beats.
Binaural beats also have a lot of benefits of its own. Listening to a binaural beat help to meditate, and it also helps to relax our mind and help us to get through the anxiety. There are a good number of binaural beats app available for both android and iOS.
ASMR stands for an autonomous sensory meridian response. Today, mostly binaural audio is used in gaming this helps a gamer to explore the gaming world much more and the sound helps us to indicate different things and you can also feel where the thing or object is located.
The real benefit of binaural audio comes when you are playing a battle royale game. Because it will help you to find your enemy player more easily with the binaural audio.
You can find the whole gig which can help you to emerge you more in the game. Sometimes a binaural beat is also sent through the headphone (especially built headphone for this kind of purpose) which will send the shiver down the player spine and can interact with the game.
Of course, these kinds of features will not make you better in gaming, but it will you a better experience while playing a game.
Future of Binaural Audio
We have seen binaural audio in all things like movies and even in music. But what is the future of the binaural audio, where will be the future of binaural will lead to us.
So according to me the future if binaural audio is in VR headset. Now VR is becoming more and more popular every day, and people are also expecting more and more in it. There are a lot of companies that are making these VR headsets like Samsung, Google, Vivo, Oculus Rift, and many more companies.
In VR, the basic idea is to see and have a feeling that you are in the real world. And to make it possible is the sound. Like in VR if you go near to some object, the go far form an object that there should be a change of sound in that because it will have more sense than having simple stereo audio.
Well the user of the VR is increasing day by day but not all the people will like the binaural audio but the gamers would like it the most and will help them in a great number of ways to have binaural audio in it.
In this article, we have learned about the binaural audio how these are recorded and how they can affect the experience of a person he is watching a movie or playing a game doesn’t matter. In short binaural audios are great and are helpful. If you like this article, then please leave a comment on this article.
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Asthmatic Bronchitis Acute - What can Affect Our Lungs?
There are many problems that can affect a very important part of our body, the lungs. Bronchitis is one of these diseases. It can be very unpleasant and even generate many more problems.
- The acute form of bronchitis can sometimes be accompanied by another infection in the upper part of the respiratory system.
- In almost all the cases, this is due to viral infection , but it can also be caused by a bacteria.
- If you do not suffer from other medical problems, the mucous membrane tends to recover after the lung infection has been cured.
- This can take up to one week.
Bronchitis can be Acute or Chronic
The acute bronchitis lasts somewhere between two and six weeks, whereas the chronic form can last even up to three years. People who suffer from asthma experience an inflammation similar to that of bronchitis and the disease is called asthmatic bronchitis.
- When the lungs are clogged with mucus, they become very vulnerable as well and you can develop infections very quickly, both viral or bacterial.
- These infections can do permanent damage to the airways as time goes by.
- This is a chronic condition of the pulmonary system, also known as COPD.
- Is a respiratory problem that takes place when the mucous membrane in our lungs becomes inflamed.
- With time, the inflamed membrane grows thicker and can narrow, or even worse, shut down the airways in your lungs.
- As a result coughing may appear, together with phlegm and even lack of air.
- Reading all this about Chronic Bronchitis Lungs is sure to help you get a better understanding of Chronic Bronchitis Lungs.
- So make full use of the information we have provided here.
Bronchitis is Common Both in Children and Grownups
To treat bronchitis you do not need special american university
. Treatments are very easy to follow. But if you cough blood, this is serious cause for concern and a doctor must be seen immediately. We did not write too elaborate an article on Bronchitis Common as it would be then difficult for the common man to read it. We have written this article in such a way that everyone will be able to dallas baptist university
The Part of the Lungs Responsible for Excess Mucus, Irritants are Called Cilia
This structure is very small and slender, like hair. When smoking, even one puff is enough to paralyze this structure for a while. So you can imagine what smoking up to a pack of cigarettes a day can do to these cilia: it makes you very vulnerable and increases considerable your chances of chronic bronchitis. Thank go
of what to do upon spending white mucus infectious bronchitis
? Well you can very well use the information constructively by imparting it to others.
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What is it?
What exactly is cataract?
Cataract (cataract) is an eye disease that develops with aging. It is the gradual, over the years, clouding of the natural crystalline lens of the eye behind the iris. The natural lens of the eye is normally transparent so the light can pass through to then reach the retina, the rear surface of the eye, for imprinting the optical pulses.
Over the years, therefore, this lens loses its original composition and blurs (senile cataract). This disease makes its appearance usually over 60, but does not exclude the occurrence of cases and in younger ages as well. Exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation) and poor nutrition accelerate the disease.
The main symptoms of cataract are:
- decreased (blurred) vision (distant or nearby)
- impaired colour perception (colour perception)
- blurred or significantly reduced contrast sensitivity (contrast sensitivity)
- significantly reduced night vision (night vision)
- frequent changes in the eyeglass prescription
- sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- glare, reflections and halos (halos)
At an early stage, cataract can be treated with the prescription of glasses. But this solution is definitely temporary. The complete removal (treatment) of cataract is clearly performed through cataract surgery.
The most widespread method is the technique of phacoemulsification (phacoemulsification) with ultrasounds. It is a surgical process of high security because of the advanced technology used.
What is the technique of phacoemulsification?
The process of phacoemulsification (phacoemulsification) is an absolutely bloodless and painless solution for cataract removal. The method is very fast and has very high success rates. By means of instilling anesthetic drops locally two tiny incisions in the eye (typically 2-3mm) are generated.
Then the capsulorhexis, takes place a circular opening in the anterior capsule for insertion of a special tool (like a small needle) which emits the ultrasounds and crushes – fragments and sucks the fogged cataract lens (phacoemulsification).
Finally, substituting the natural, crystalline lens of the eye, an intraocular lens (acrylic) is placed called an intraocular lens (IOL – intraocular lens). In phacoemulsification we do not use sutures and the patient returns immediately to their daily activities (preventive stay in the clinic is not required – excluded, are complex cases where other diseases are involved as well, such as glaucoma, keratopathy, problems of the fundus etc.). Nowadays a cataract surgery may be combined with the treatment of presbyopia and astigmatism, using the appropriate intraocular lens (intraocular lenses).
Intraocular lenses or intraocular lenses (IOLs):
The intraocular lens used in the process of phacoemulsification is a small, artificial lens (acrylic or silicone) that is implanted surgically, and replaces the existing cloudy lens (is well tolerated by the eye). Intraocular lens technology has made tremendous progress. Traditionally, the lens used for cataract surgery was a monofocal lens. Various types and grades of intraocular lenses and the correct choice of the physician is important for the postoperative patient’s vision. Modern technology now offers a wide range of choice:
- Monofocal intraocular lens (monofocal intraocular lens): a focal point (qualitative distance vision – distant vision)
- Monofocal toric intraocular lens (monofocal toric intraocular lens): a focal point for quality distance vision correction and corneal astigmatism (corneal astigmatism)
- Multifocal intraocular lens (multifocal intraocular lens): multiple focal points for quality vision in nearby, distant and intermediate distance (addressing presbyopia – near, intermediate, distant vision)
- Multifocal toric intraocular lens (multifocal toric intraocular lens): multiple focal points for quality vision in nearby, distant and intermediate distance (treatment of presbyopia) combinatorial and correction of corneal astigmatism (corneal astigmatism)
- Adaptive intraocular lens (intraocular lens adaptive): substantially mimic the possibility of adjusting the crystalloid, the eye’s natural lens for quality vision at all distances
What is actually the secondary cataract?
In a proportion of patients created the so-called secondary cataract or pseudocataract. Essentially it is due to clouding of the posterior membrane of the lens (posterior capsule) which restricts vision (gradual decrease, similar to the core before cataract). In a simple embodiment laser (fission posterior lens capsule with laser – yag laser capsulotomy) in an equipped clinic, the center of the membrane breaks and reverts to normal vision.
Cataract in children: Causes and treatment
If cataract makes its appearance at birth, it is called “congenital cataract” and it is worth mentioning that it occurs at a frequency of 1 in 250 births. The pediatric cataract may be seen by the replacement of normal red reflection of light in the center of the pupil with a white reflection.
The pediatric cataract has mainly hereditary and gene causes (e.g. an inherited gene disorder), but there is a possibility for it to be due to an infection during pregnancy. Microsurgical techniques used by child opthalmologists for removing pediatric cataract. When it is decided to not place an intraocular lens (the artificial lens replaces the “blurred” lens in adults during surgery), children necessarily need, postoperatively, glasses or contact lenses. The immediate surgical repair is clearly imposed because of the presence of a very dense or contralateral cataract in childhood may even cause amblyopia (lazy eye).
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Music and epilepsy
Music is part of our everyday life and culture. For most people, listening to or playing music is a pleasurable experience. But for people with epilepsy, the relationship with music can be far more complex.For a small number of people it would seem that certain music can trigger seizures. This is called musicogenic epilepsy. By contrast, studies have shown that specific musical patterns have the potential to help control seizures. This is called the 'Mozart effect'.
Musicogenic epilepsy is a rare form of complex reflex epilepsy with seizures induced by listening to music, although playing, thinking or dreaming of music have all been noted as triggers.
Music may be provoked by different musical stimulus in different people. Some report seizures according to genre of music such as jazz, classical, choral or popular music. For others the trigger may be a particular type of instrument or even a composer. Seizures are even said to have been triggered by church bells, hymns or even the French national anthem.
Statistically musicogenic epilepsy is thought to affect one in 10,000,000 people, although research suggests it may be more common.
Testing for musicogenic epilepsy
While the link between photosensitivity - the most common form of reflex epilepsy - and epilepsy is routinely tested for using EEGs (electroencephalography), the same tests do not routinely monitor for music.
Photosensitive epilepsy is triggered by flickering light stimulation most commonly between the frequencies of 10 and 30 flashes per second. Music, as a trigger, has endless possibilities.
Alongside this there may also be a delay between musical stimulus and a seizure. During this period the person may experience distress, agitation, rapid beating of the heart and rapid breathing.
The time lapse may mean that they don't associate the the music with the seizure. The combination of the delayed response and the lack of testing could mean that many cases of musicogenic epilepsy go unreported.
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If you’ve ever followed a hermit crab’s footprints across a tidepool, built a fort in the wilderness, or listened closely to a bird’s song, you understand the sense of wonder and quiet joy that activities in the wild can inspire. For kids, the natural world can be a place of curiosity, creative play, and discovery.
A growing number of studies suggest that connection with nature has significant physical, psychological, and academic benefits for kids. Time in the wild can also inspire greater sensitivity to the surrounding world, a deeper understanding of environmental issues, and real-life opportunities to practice problem-solving.
Channelkeeper’s education programs aim to nurture environmental awareness and stewardship in young people with the understanding that today’s youth are the decision-makers of tomorrow. Their environmental ethics are critical to our planet’s future. By fostering a connection between young people and the natural world, we hope to inspire the next generation of clean water leaders.
To extend our discovery-driven curriculum beyond field trips and classroom visits, we’ve gathered a few fun, hands-on educational activities for young explorers and families to experience together. Learn about how water moves through a watershed and the ways in which it can become contaminated. Discover the fluid dynamics of the water cycle. In addition, we’ve included some special places to explore with activities such as rock hopping in Mission Creek at Rocky Nook Park, tidepooling at Coal Oil Point, bird watching at the Goleta Slough, and reading inspiring stories in the shade of a tree.
We hope that you share these activities with a special child in your life and enjoy a moment in nature together.
Make a Watershed
Have you ever wondered where water goes when it rains? In this simple activity you can make a model watershed and watch how the water flows over the land.
- Crumple up a piece of plain office paper and then smooth it back out most of the way- it should remain a bit crumpled, showing small ridges (high points) and valleys (low points).
- Imagine that this paper is a section of land. Find the ridgelines (the tops of the fold-lines).
- Use a washable blue marker (not permanent) to color along the ridgelines on your land. The blue color from the marker will help you follow the path of the precipitation.
- Use a spray bottle of water to create a rainstorm over your land. The goal is to create gentle sprays of mist.
- Spray the bottle once, and observe the precipitation. Has the water begun to move in your watershed? If not, then lightly mist again, until the precipitation starts traveling on your watershed.
- As your rainfall accumulates, observe the pathways where the excess rainfall travels.
Explore your watershed. With your finger, trace your stream (the path of the blue marker) all the way back up to where it starts at the top of the ridge. When you reach the top, this is the edge of the watershed for your stream and lake. Trace the entire edge of the watershed with your finger by following the ridgeline. Everything inside, the downward-sloping area you have just outlined is the watershed for your stream or lake.
Find the Solution to Pollution
- Gather up 4-5 clean glass jars, masking tape, paper coffee filters, and a magnifying glass.
- Collect water from different sources including tap water, a creek or lake, or even the ocean making sure to label each jar with the water source.
- Fit the coffee filters just inside the mouths of additional large, wide-mouthed jars.
- Take one of the water samples, and slowly pour the water through the filter into the other jar. Repeat for each water sample, pouring it into a new jar with a fresh coffee filter.
- Open each filter and examine it through the magnifying glass.
- Analyze the filters. Which filter is the most discolored? Which filter caught the most particles? Did any of the samples leave a colored residue on the filter?
- Discuss how the water in creeks, rivers, and the ocean can become polluted. Where do pollutants come from?
- A major cause of water pollution in Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties is nonpoint source pollution, or contamination that comes from more than one source. As water runoff moves over land, it picks up and carries natural and human-made pollutants into our creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into the ocean. What steps can we take to reduce water pollution in our area?
Create a Water Cycle Model
- Use a permanent marker to draw the water cycle on a Ziplock bag (if possible, reuse a plastic bag for this activity). You can create your own interpretation of water collection, evaporation, condensation, and precipitation or follow this easy video.
- Pour about ⅓ cup of water into the bag. You can add one or two drops of blue food coloring to the water if you choose, but it’s not essential.
- Find a sunny window and tape the bag to the glass.
- Check in on the water cycle bag at different times throughout the next few days. Do you see water droplets form along the bag from the condensation? Eventually, you may see streaks along the side of the bag as the droplets grow and drop down the side, representing precipitation. From there, the water will recollect and pool at the bottom, mimicking the water cycle we experience on Earth.
- Rinse out the plastic bag and reuse it for other household needs!
Visit Mission Creek in Rocky Nook Park
Rocky Nook Park is not only free to visit, its creek area is a special place to connect with nature. Practice your rock hopping skills and get to know Mission Creek’s pools while looking for tadpoles. How many different kinds of water bugs can you find? Pick up 5 pieces of trash to leave the park a little cleaner than you found it.
Low Tide Beach Walk
Check the tides and head to the beach to explore during low tide! How many creatures can you count? Can you find the wrack line, the horizontal line on the beach where kelp, driftwood, and insects collect? This accumulation area plays an important role in beach ecology. How many hermit crabs can you find in a tidepool? Can you find a sea star? Their populations are just starting to recover following a wasting disease. Be sure to leave them on the rock where you observed them! Check for low tides at Tide Predictions – NOAA Tides & Currents
Some of our favorite tidepools to explore include Tarpits Beach in Carpinteria, Leadbetter Beach in Santa Barbara, and in the Campus Point Marine Protected Area at Coal Oil Point in Isla Vista.
Watch the Birds
We’re so lucky! The Santa Barbara area has so many great opportunities to observe birds, including many species that pass through seasonally. Have you ever spotted a red tail hawk? How about a snowy egret? We challenge you to find your favorite bird! What sort of habitat does it prefer? What does it like to eat? What sounds does it make?
Visit the Goleta Slough, Lake Los Carneros, and Santa Barbara Bird Refuge for some excellent birding and check out the free ebird app for help with bird identification and cool facts!
Read books outside!
Have you ever read a book with your feet in a creek? How about under a tree? Borrow a few books from your local library or find them online and head outdoors! Some of our favorites include:
- Once Upon a Watershed by Dianne Bennett
- The Big Book of the Blue by Yuval Zommer
- Deep in the Ocean by Lucie Brunelliere
- All the Way to the Ocean by Joel Harper
- The Little Creek that Could by Marc Angelo
- The Lorax by Dr. Seuss
- The Watcher: Jane Goodall’s Life with the Chimps by Jeanette Winter
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Allowing Woman to Vote
Important Events in Voting History
What Took Place?
Before 1920, only men could vote and women wanted it to change. So women tried many things to get it to change.
How Did They Fight?
In 1913, a bunch of women gathered on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C. and marched down the street and demanded that they get the right to vote.
What Obstacles Did They Face?
During the march, many girls got beaten by males. The marched caused cartoonist to make fun of the girls.
How They Got The Right To Vote
In 1920, the 19th amendment was passed. This amendment allowed women to vote. It took the work of Susan B. Anthony and many others to get the amendment passed to extend the amendment nation wide.
Why Is It A Good Idea For Women To Vote?
In my opinion, I think it is great that woman are aloud to vote. With woman being able to vote, it may change the outcome of an election and adds to the population of voters a lot.
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What is the reason Sukkos is for 7 days? Pesach I understand because the Jews left on 15 Nissan and the Exodus culminated seven days later with Krias yam suf 7 days later. Kabbalas HaTorah was one day so it makes sense that Torah has it celebrated for one day. Was there something that happened for seven days around this time, and if not, how can it be understood why it should be 7 days?
You are asking an important and interesting question. There must be many answers to this. So far I found these two answers. See Midrash Tehillim 17-5 That the seven days are connected to the posuk שובע שמחות את פניך, “we greet you face full of happiness”. Says the Midrash we read the word, שבע, not only as “full”, but also as “seven” שבע. That we have seven days of festivities and being happy with Hashem because on Succos we have seven mitzvos, Succah, the four minim, nisuch hamayim, and Simchas Beis Hashoeiva.
Another answer is found in the Abarbenel at the end of Parshas Reah (see link אברבנאל על סוכות ) Says that the reason Succos is seven days is to celebrate with the fact that the years crops are already gathered, and now the farmer is not worried about his livelihood, therefore we can rejoice together with Hashem without worry. He also says that the three Festivals are for three presents that hashem has given us. Going out of Mitzraim ( Pesach) Getting the Torah ( Shavous) and going into Eretz Yisroel ( Succos). He says that the seven days are for the seven species of fruit that Eretz Yisroel is known for.
Have a gut moed
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World War I - World War II
Probably the most significant research between the wars pertained to radar, an offshoot of radio. Radar is an acronym for radio detection and ranging and was not actually coined until 1940 by the USN. The origin of Army radar research dated back to WWI when Major William R. Blair conducted experiments in sound ranging for the purposes of locating approaching aircraft by the use of their engines. In the 1930s Blair became director of the Signal Corps labs at Fort Monmouth and began investigating the pulse-echo method of detection in the Signal Corps labs.
In December 1936, Signal Corps engineers conducted the first field test of the radar equipment at the Newark, New Jersey, airport where it detected an airplane seven miles away.
By May 1937, Signal Corps demonstrated its still crude radar, the SCR-268, a short-range radar set, for Secretary of War Harry H. Woodring; BG Hap Arnold, Assistant Chief of the Army Air Corps; and others. The Secretary and BG Arnold were impressed and the latter urged development of a long-range version for use as an early warning device. With high-level support, the Signal Corps received money needed to continue its developmental program.
The Signal Corps application of radar to coastal defense was an extension of its long-standing work in the development of electrical systems for that purpose, which began in the 1890s. Because the National policy remained one of isolationism, American military planners envisioned any future war as defensive. Hence the Signal Corps developed the SCR-268, designed to control searchlights and anti-aircraft guns, and subsequently designed for the Air Corps two sets for long-range aircraft detection: SCR-270, mobile set with a range of 120 miles, and the SCR-271, a fixed-radar with similar capabilities.
By early December 1941 the aircraft warning system on Oahu had not yet been fully operational. The Signal Corps had provided SCR-270 and SCR-271 radar sets earlier in the year, but construction of fixed sites had been delayed and radar protection was limited to six mobile stations operating on a part-time basis to test crews and equipment.
Find out more in "Getting the Message Through" at http://www.history.army.mil/books/30-17/Front.htm#toc
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Researchers from the University of California and Harvard University have designed a 3-D printed robot that combines the durability of its soft parts with the stability of its harder pieces. The UFO-shaped tiny robot can leap 30 times without help from a computer or external power supply and can jump up to six times its body height.
Engineers explained that the combo between soft and hard in the robot’s bodywork is the secret that makes it such an efficient jumper. The designers said that they were inspired to make the robot by nature.
Soft robots are extremely popular nowadays especially because they last longer, are scratch-resistant, and are less likely to damage the objects, animals, and humans around them.
Yet, you cannot made a robot entirely out of soft material and expect it to be stable enough to obey your every command. The jumper robot’s internal motor, sensors and batteries are made of hard parts, engineers noted. The team explained that although soft robotics aims at creating an entirely soft robot, “for practical reasons” current soft robots have also rigid material within them.
Nevertheless, this soft robot manages to “marry the hard and soft” in the most organic way to date. It is not just another prototype designed to mix the two materials until a better prototype comes in. It is designed to get the best of both worlds, its makers argued.
Harvard engineers also explained that they drew their inspiration from mussels. The tiny animals gradually turn their bodies rigid when they try to push against an object. Otherwise they remain as squishy as they can get. The robot jumper also turns from soft to hard when performing a jump, the team noted.
The bot is made of two hemispheres. The upper one is more rigid and can go from soft to stiff within nine stages of stiffness around a solid center. The bottom, on the other hand, is soft and acts like a balloon when the oxygen and butane that fuel the robot ignite and make the bot leap. The upper hemisphere helps the jump to be more efficient and the sturdier the device is the most effective jumper it could become. But softness plays a crucial role because it shields the tiny root from dangerous collisions.
Additionally, the bottom part helps the robot land so softly that you can virtually hear it saying ‘boop!”
Image Source: Atmel (blog)
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When it comes to teaching languages,in this case teaching English,some perfect system would be a system where students are learning deeply and they are willing to exhibit their knowledge publicly.Also,all the individuals involved in the teaching process should really belive in what they are doing and students should be at the center of learning.
Before deciding what teaching method or technique to use,the priority is on specifying teaching and learning goals and finding out what student's prior knowledge is because that is what conditions everything that follows.
In each group,with different ages and different levels,as much as possible needs to be found out about each student.As mentioned before,prior knowledge,their goals (purpose why they are in the classroom) and their personalities.To find out that,the use of sample inventories and questionnaires is always helpful.Of course there are many other ways but in my opinion these two are the best and the ones I would use.
It is also very important to check all the affective factors that have influence on the process of learning (acquiring).Those are personality,motivation,environment and opportunity.
For a successful learning process it is important to follow the order of natural acquisition of L2: 1.listening; 2.speaking; 3.reading; 4.writing.
As I belive that most teaching methods have some good and some not that good principles,the key would be to combine principles of different methods.
It is essencial not to use L1 (mother tounge) in class as it slows the process of learning L2,in which case L2 can not be automatic.Another very important thing is to correct errors immediately before the student gets used to them as later it will be more difficult to correct it.
In the process of learning language some difficulties can show up that are related to interlanguage.Interlanguage is system we use until we become profisicient users of the TL.It referes to errors that can be made by simplification of structure of language,overgeneralisation (one rule applied to everything) and language transfer.
What areas of language should be emphasized,it is the best to decide after getting know the students goals.
-a self manager
-a passive learner/receiver
We need to have in mind that we are all different types of learners and there are different types of intelligence.That means that for different types of intelligence different types of activities should be used.It takes some time to find out that but one thing is sure,after we get to know our students better,we will be able to have a better influence on students' motivation.Motivation is the most important factor in language learning.Some people are very self motivated (intrinsic motivation) while on the other hand some people need to be pushed all the time by their teachers,parents or bosses (extrinstic motivation).Types of motivation depend on age,level or personality.We can motivate our students in many different ways.We can find our their interests and change the materials if we see that the students are not interested or bored.Praising their performance when progress is obvious is always a good way to get our students motivated.To keep them involved,it is good to give them to choose different possible tasks,etc...
Assessment is the result of activity compared to objectivity.It is what the teacher sees so it needs to be specific,measurable,observable,achievable in relation to the lesson and of course it needs to be realistic.There are different types of assessments and in my opionion the best ones are self assesment,assessment by others and fixed point assessment.I would use these 3 to see what my students have learned.
Teachers need to be adaptable because they will be exposed to different ages,leveles,goals and personalities,so the materials used in class will be different for each group of course.Teacher's materials can be authentic or adapted.
After we have found out goals,skills,prior knowledge and we get to know our students it is time to decide what teaching method or methods to use.As I have already mentioned,I wouldn't necessarily hold on to one method so my choice would be combining principles of different methods.
The Direct Method has many advantages.There is no use of mother tounge as it slows down the learning of the target language.The goal is not only to use TL but to think in TL .Oral skills are emphasized but it works on all 4 skills.Vocabulary is more important than grammar and new words are taught with demonstrating and using realia.Grammar is taught inductively.The Direct Method has Situation-based organisation of syllabus that mean that content is focused on real or imaginary situations in which language occurs.
For beginners and young kids my choice would be The Total Physical Response method based on coordination of language and physical movements.It works on all 4 skills but listening is emphasized as the main hypothesis of TPR is that language is learned primarily by listening.Vocabulary and grammar structures are emphasized over other language areas.Althoug the grammar is not taught explicitly but it can be learnt from language input (listening).It is a very valuable way to learn specially difficult or idiomatic vocabulary,eg. phrasal verbs. Spoken language is emphasized over written language.This method uses a Sentance-based syllabus with grammatical and lexical criteria in selecting the teaching items.
Although Callan method is in a way an aggressive method, for some groups (depending on student's goals)it could be used.If there is a group of students that want or need perfection in use of TL,accuracy would be more important than fluency or both would have the same importance.In that case this method would be my choice.It has Structure-vocabulary based syllabus (question-answer form) and imediate correction of errors.Everything is taught through modelling and practices.The goal is to stimulate a student's memory with very dinamic classes.The emphasis is on grammar and pronuncation.
Finally,when we are aware of what teaching methods and principles are going to be used it is time for a lesson plan.The lesson plan for,let's say P3 level,would consist of 6-7 activities depending on our objectives.It is always good to start with a set of quick questions to activate the knowledge from classes before.These 6 activities would be 2 structure ones,2 vocabulary and 2 topics.The first structure activity would be about the passive voice (expressing emphasis and focusing on past and future tenses).The second structure activity compares active and passive voice (how to use it).The first vocabulary activity is to learn adjectives related to food and to use them in a sentence.The second vocabulary activity is to learn new vocabulary,for example about accounting and book keeping.Finally,the topics would be for students to practice conversation and fluency.The first one is to talk about the value of money and the second one is to explore new TL.
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A Lagos-based physician, Dr. Nwaizu Tochukwu, discusses the causes and management of dementia in this interview with GODFREY GEORGE
What is dementia?
Dementia is a medical term that is characterised by impaired ability to remember, think or make decisions in a way that interferes with doing everyday activities. Dementia in itself is not a disease. It is usually associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Dementia is primarily a term used to describe a group of symptoms that affect intellectual and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily function.
What are the types of the condition?
The types interface or overlap with the causes and can be used interchangeably in the medical literature. There are several types of dementia, which include Alzheimer’s, Vascular, Lewis body, Mixed and Frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is the commonest neurodegenerative disease responsible for dementia. More than half of dementia cases result from AD. This is common in the elderly. AD is also characterised grossly by the destruction of brain cells. A salient cause of AD is the development of Beta-Amyloid protein. Under normal circumstances, this abnormal protein is swept off by the body’s immune system. When it gets to a certain level that the immune system cannot contain, it aggregates and forms a plaque called Amyloid plaque. This plaque accumulates in areas of the brain. For example, it can accumulate in the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory, thus leading to memory loss. It accumulates in other areas of the brain responsible for thinking and decision-making.
Are there stages in this?
There are five stages associated with Alzheimer’s disease. They are preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease, mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease, moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease and severe dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease.
The five Alzheimer’s stages can help you understand what might happen, but it’s important to know that these stages are only rough generalisations. Dementia is a continuous process. Each person has a different experience with Alzheimer’s and its symptoms. There is preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease begins long before any symptoms become apparent. This stage is called preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, and it’s usually identified only in research settings. You won’t notice symptoms during this stage, nor will those around you. This stage of Alzheimer’s can last for years, possibly even decades. Although you won’t notice any changes, new imaging technologies can now identify deposits of a protein called Amyloid beta, which is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. The ability to identify these early deposits may be especially important for clinical trials and in the future as new treatments are developed for Alzheimer’s disease.
There is also what is called mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease. People with mild cognitive impairment have mild changes in their memory and thinking ability. These changes aren’t significant enough to affect work or relationships yet. People with MCI may have memory lapses when it comes to information that is usually easily remembered, such as conversations, recent events, or appointments.
Other types apart from the ones earlier mentioned are frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s dementia, Creudtfelt-Jakob disease, korsakoff dementia, HIV-related dementia, etc.
What are the impacts of the disease on making critical judgments about reality?
People with mild cognitive impairment may also have trouble judging the amount of time needed for a task, or they may have difficulty correctly judging the number or sequence of steps needed to complete a task. The ability to make sound decisions can become harder for people with MCI. We also have mild dementia due to AD. Here, Alzheimer’s disease is often diagnosed in the mild dementia stage, when it becomes clear to family and doctors that a person is having significant trouble with memory and thinking that impacts daily functioning. In the same vein, we have what is called moderate dementia due to AD.
During the moderate dementia stage of Alzheimer’s disease, people grow more confused and forgetful and begin to need more help with daily activities and self-care. Thirdly, in this vein, there is also severe dementia caused by AD. In the late stage of the disease, called severe dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease, the mental function continues to decline, and the disease has a growing impact on movement and physical capabilities.
Others include Vascular dementia and Lewy Body dementia. Lewy bodies are abnormal clusters of protein that have been found in the brains of people with Lewy Body dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This is one of the more common types of progressive dementia.
Apart from the loss of memory, how possible is it for one to lose one’s language which one had known all one’s life?
There is another condition by which one can lose their language skills known as Aphasia. There are other patterns of Aphasia but that is another broad topic on its own. Dementia may not affect one’s language.
What are the common signs and symptoms of dementia?
Common signs and symptoms include acting out one’s dreams in sleep, seeing things that aren’t there (visual hallucinations), and problems with focus and attention. Other signs include uncoordinated or slow movement, tremors, and rigidity (parkinsonism).
The commonest signs of Vascular dementia include difficulties with problem-solving, slowed thinking, and loss of focus and organisation. These tend to be more noticeable than memory loss. For mixed dementia, autopsy studies of the brains of people 80 and older who had dementia indicate that many had a combination of several causes, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia and Lewy Body dementia. Studies are ongoing to determine how having mixed dementia affects symptoms and treatments. These are the areas generally associated with personality, behaviour and language. Common symptoms affect behaviour, personality, thinking, judgment, language and movement.
Among these, which is the most deadly?
Alzheimer’s dementia is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In fact, as of 2019, it was ranked the seventh leading cause of death by WHO. Elderly patients usually die from lung infections due to their inability to swallow which is a late complication in Alzheimer’s disease.
Are their risk factors?
Yes, there are. They are also associated with B-Amyloid build as I mentioned in Alzheimer’s dementia. Age, alcohol intake, smoking, family history, traumatic brain injury, hypertension, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, lack of sleep and lack of exercise could be risk factors for dementia.
How possible is it for young people to also have dementia?
It’s possible, however, quite uncommon. Many people link dementia with old age and that’s a fallacy. Dementia can occur in a 30-year-old, although rare.
We also have what we call early onset dementia which occurs in patients less than 60 years old. It’s also commoner in other dementias like frontotemporal, korsakoff syndrome, and HIV-associated dementia. Early-onset dementia is also associated with Down’s syndrome. In addition, blacks have also been found to be at a high risk of early-onset dementia.
It’s a common saying in health that dementia itself doesn’t kill the patient rather major health events while suffering from dementia, are the cause. How true is this?
Yes, it’s quite true. One should watch out for memory loss, difficulty in carrying out familiar tasks, mood and personality changes, increasing confusion, loss of concentration and focus, being socially withdrawn, depression, etc.
Struggling to follow a conversation or find the right word is one cause. When should this be a cause of worry?
Yes, humans can have this from time to time but when it becomes consistent alongside memory loss and some of the symptoms mentioned earlier, it becomes a cause to worry about.
Since age is a factor, how much would it affect people who are in management positions but are above 70?
Individuals in that position have a proclivity for smoking, alcohol, mental stress, weight gain, and high blood cholesterol. So they are at a risk for dementia, particularly, vascular dementia, which is linked to stroke and hypertension and they are also at risk of Alzheimer’s disease if they have a family history or genetic predisposition.
What should you not say to someone who has dementia?
Oh! This question is quite dicey as words not to say can be quite relative from person to person but there are general things not to bring up. Don’t argue with these patients especially when it has to do with bringing up recent events they have forgotten. Don’t bring up inflammatory words or cuss them. It happens that caring for this type of patient can be demanding and frustrating. So try not to pour out your anger on them. Don’t try to use words like, “Do you remember?” to invoke their memories as it can trigger anxiety in them or make them think they are a failure for not remembering. Try to work with them in the present.
Is it wrong to classify it as a mental illness or one condition which is more psychological than physical?
It was once considered a mental illness under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental illness (DSM 5 category) because patients with dementia exhibit symptoms related to psychosis or mental illnesses. However, dementia is not a mental illness as dementia is organic/physical rather than mental. As I explained earlier it has to do with an insult to the brain which thereby affects the physiological pathways of the brain. I hope people will be able to differentiate between dementia and mentally related illnesses.
At what point do you think dementia patients need 24-hour care?
Patients will be needing 24-hour or hospice care once they develop complications like inability to swallow, weight loss, lung infections, loss of bowel and bladder control and inability to walk.
Why do dementia patients get so angry?
Several things might provoke anger or aggressive behaviours in these patients. Remember that dementia is a result of brain changes around the centres responsible for memory, language, and decision-making, which inadvertently makes them impaired so that the areas responsible for flight or fright response/emotions are heightened. This is important to note because these flights of emotions or outbursts are not necessarily their own doing. However, the anger can stem from pain or discomfort. These patients are poor at localising pain or telling you when they feel pain. So they sometimes express this with anger. A noisy environment can also trigger anger. They also tend to be quite anxious in a noisy environment and act out with aggression. Finally, if they cannot use words to communicate, they will rely on their behaviour to communicate.
Are there any nutritional expectations to care for people with dementia?
Yes, of course. Nutrition is tailored towards improving patients’ weight, slowing down the disease progression. Malnutrition in dementia is of great concern because these patients tend to have poor appetite which makes it important to improvise a special diet for them. These diets should be rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals. They also encouraged liberal fluid intake.
How long can a 70-year-old dementia patient live?
It varies. Some patients can last for five-10 years whereas others might be cut short due to comorbidities like heart diseases, cancer, stroke, or complications from dementia-like pneumonia.
What are the remedies?
It is salient to point out that there is no cure for dementia. It can only be managed which is aimed at slowing disease progression. There are medications depending on the type of dementia. Donepezil, Galantamine and Rivastigmine are cholinesterase inhibitors used for managing Alzheimer’s disease. These drugs are administered in tablets or patches prescribed for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.
Unfortunately, medications for other types are minimal. Cholinesterase inhibitors can be used for Parkinson’s disease and Lewy Body dementia but are not as effective as in Alzheimer’s disease. There is also what we call Cognitive Stimulation Therapy which aims to exercise the brain by improving memory, learning, and problem-solving skills. It involves taking part in group activities. There is a new therapy in clinical trials, gene therapy, which involves the insertion of a gene into the dysfunctional cell aimed at treating the disease. If this innovation becomes successful, it would be a game-changer in the treatment of dementia and other genetic diseases.
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Contact: [email protected]m
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A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself. However, 6 is composite because it is the product of two numbers (2 × 3) that are both smaller than 6. The property of being prime is called primality. A simple method of checking the primality of a given number n, called trial division, tests whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and square root of n.
In this post, I will demonstrate how to check primality of a number and then generate a sequence of prime numbers using Java Stream API based on two different criteria.
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A new platform enables high-quality 3-D video communication on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets using existing standard wireless networks.
“To our knowledge, this system is the first of its kind that can deliver dense and accurate 3-D video content in real time across standard wireless networks to remote mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets,” said Song Zhang, an associate professor in Purdue University’s School of Mechanical Engineering.
The platform, called Holostream, drastically reduces the data size of 3-D video without substantially sacrificing data quality, allowing transmission within the bandwidths provided by existing wireless networks, he said.
It improves the quality and expands the capabilities of popular applications already harnessing real-time 3-D data delivery, such as teleconferencing and “telepresence,” which uses virtual reality and other interactive technologies, allowing people to feel or appear as if they were present in a remote location.
“This technology also could enable emerging applications that may require high-resolution, high-accuracy 3-D video data delivery, such as remote robotic surgery and telemedicine,” said Zhang, director of Purdue’s XYZT Lab.
Findings are detailed in a research paper to be presented during the Electronic Imaging 2018 conference, Jan. 28-Feb. 2 in Burlingame, Calif. The paper was authored by doctoral student Tyler Bell; Jan P. Allebach, Purdue’s Hewlett-Packard Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering; and Zhang. (A YouTube video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhSbWqEcmQg)
Existing 3-D video communication technologies have limited applications, in part because of they require specialized and often expensive hardware, complex system setup, and highly demanding computational resources for operation in real-time, or without delay.Before 3-D video can be transmitted it must be compressed. However, it has been difficult to compress 3-D video for transmission in real time using conventional methods. The new platform solves the problem by first converting 3-D video to 2-D format.
“Standard 2-D image and video compression techniques are quite mature and enable today’s modern 2-D video communications over standard wireless networks,” Zhang said. “If 3-D geometry can be efficiently and precisely converted into standard 2-D images, existing 2-D video communication platforms can be immediately leveraged for low bandwidth 3-D video communications.”
The 3-D objects are represented by a mesh of intersecting lines that form triangles. On top of this geometry is a “texture” of features that make the objects look realistic.
“This paper presents a novel method for the efficient and precise encoding of 3-D video data and color texture into a regular 2-D video format,” Zhang said. “We developed a novel 3-D video compression method that can drastically reduce 3-D video data size without substantially sacrificing data quality.”
The framework was tested using standard medium-bandwidth networks to simultaneously deliver high-quality 3-D videos to multiple mobile devices.
Holostream is made possible through a new pipeline for 3-D video recording, compression, transmission, decompression and visualization.
The team developed both the hardware and software for the pipeline including a 3-D video capture system. A 3-D camera captures the images, using an LED light to project structured patterns of stripes onto the object being scanned. These stripes allow the system to determine the depth and shape of the object.
The platform could enable applications where real-time delivery of high-resolution, high accuracy of 3-D video data is especially critical, such as collaborative design and online “facial behavior analysis,” which could reveal a person’s mental state and medical conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
The Latest on: 3-D video communication
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"It's a terrible problem for us - fake news, disinformation, poisoning," Issa Tchiroma Bakary, Cameroon's minister of communications, said in his office in the capital of Yaoundé. "We are confronted b... […]
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On Nov 30, about 10 engineers employed with smartphone maker Oppo and based in China, Japan and the United States made what they claimed is the world's first 5G-enabled cross-continent video call ... ... […]
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Most construction firms use drone technology for quick and safe progress monitoring and real-time communication, with applications ... With real-time FPV video capabilities, project managers have full ... […]
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"Butina sought to establish unofficial lines of communication with Americans having power and influence over US politics," the prosecutor said in a Washington courtroom. Her guilty plea and ... […]
- Global Satellite Transponder Market 2018-2022 | Advent of Next Generation MBH to Boost Growth | Technavio on December 12, 2018 at 8:28 am
The adoption of HTS using spot beam technology is increasing in commercial satellite communications. In recent years ... the growth of the market is the increasing demand for HDTVs and video broadcast... […]
- Our view: Speak up to protect your cable access voice on December 10, 2018 at 8:03 pm
Now, after decades of investment, those local voices are at risk of being silenced as the Federal Communications Commission appears ... eliminating the payments would “keep in check consumer video pri... […]
- Micro 3D printing mined for future 5G mobile connections on December 10, 2018 at 7:26 am
5G, the future of mobile communications, ultra-fast video streaming and autonomous car radar, is seeking precision 3D printing methods for its circuitry. In a University of Birmingham project set ... […]
- Bengals hang with Bolts, but fall short as skid hits 5 games on December 9, 2018 at 7:43 pm
Except the officials took the touchdown off the board after video review in accordance with this ... The Bengals even had problems with their communication headsets in the first half. The offense mana... […]
- Vesper Hu Introduces the Marketing and Branding Strategy of Heilind Asia Pacific on December 7, 2018 at 6:58 pm
Interviewee: Vesper Hu, Marketing & Corporate Communications Manager APAC ... in this phase we built Asia website, made corporate video, conducted lots of interviews and attended many large-scale trad... […]
- Millro Chooses ZW3D CAD/CAM for its Excellent Performance in Automating Robot Milling on December 7, 2018 at 8:42 am
(Watch Video to Learn More) Millro stands above the average in ... We use ZW3D especially in product development, as well as for visualization, communication and creation of programs for the robot its... […]
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The main purpose of theories of second-language acquisition SLA is to shed light on how people who already know one language learn a second language. The field of second-language acquisition involves various contributions, such as linguistics , sociolinguistics , psychology , cognitive science , neuroscience , and education. These multiple fields in second-language acquisition can be grouped as four major research strands: a linguistic dimensions of SLA, b cognitive but not linguistic dimensions of SLA, c socio-cultural dimensions of SLA, and d instructional dimensions of SLA. While the orientation of each research strand is distinct, they are in common in that they can guide us to find helpful condition to facilitate successful language learning.
Refer the theories of language acquisition Behaviorist theories, nativist theories and interactionist theories and write an evaluation of them. Consider the stages of language acquisition in the evaluation of these theories. Human language development is a huge debate between Nature Vs Nurture within theorists of various fields in psychology. There are three major schools of thought that will be mainly focused on; behaviourist, nativist rationalist and interactionist cognitive and social. The cognitive approach and social context of language development is known as interactionist approach as the language depends upon the child having interaction with its physical and social world. The behaviorist theory was developed in the early twentieth century. The theory was developed as a protest against introspection.
Much learning takes place through their interaction of language and experience Ministry of Education, Language enables the children to explore and explain their world, to obtain new experience, and to add depth to their knowledge which is already grasped Ministry of education, Schiller stated that "early years is a critical moment in which children develop language skills and it is essential to early childhood educators to understand and support to this learning.
One of the most important topics in cognitive studies is language acquisition. With this astonishment, he believes children language acquisition has received a lot of attention in scholarly circles and debates Pinker, Indeed, accordingly, acquisition of language goes beyond it being interesting, but is an answer to the study of cognitive science.
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Anglo-French War (1213–1214)
|Part of the Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry|
Philip II of France at the Battle of Bouvines
|Kingdom of France||County of Boulogne|
|Commanders and leaders|
|Philip II of France|
The Anglo-French War was a major medieval conflict which pitted the Kingdom of France against the Kingdom of England and various other states. It was fought in an attempt to curb the rising power of King Philip II of France and regain the Angevin continental possessions King John of England lost to him a decade earlier. It is widely regarded as the very first anti-French coalition war and came to an end at the decisive Battle of Bouvines, where Philip defeated England and its allies.
The Duchy of Normandy, once a site of conflict between Richard I of England and Philip II, grew to be one of the hot spots of medieval anglo-french wars as the King of England had to defend a continental holding so close to Paris. In 1202, Philip II launched an invasion of Normandy, culminating in the six month-long Siege of Château Gaillard, which led to the conquest of the duchy and of neighbouring territories.
In 1214, when Pope Innocent III assembled an alliance of states against France, John registered in. The allies met Philip near Bouvines and were soundly defeated. The French victory resulted in the conquest of Flanders and put an end to further attempts from John to regain his lost territories.
This conflict was an episode of a century long struggle between the House of Capet and the House of Plantagenet over the Angevin domains in France, which started with Henry II's accession to the English throne in 1154 and his rivalry with Louis VII, and ended with Louis IX's triumph over Henry III at the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242.
After the disastrous military campaigns in France and the loss of much of the Angevin domains, King John became increasingly unpopular and a civil war erupted in England as lords challenged him. Some of the rebellious barons, faced with an uncompromising king, turned to Prince Louis, son and heir apparent of King Philip and grandson-in-law of King Henry II of England. Despite discouragement from his father and Pope Innocent III, Louis sailed to England with an army on 14 June 1216, captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of the English kingdom. But just when it seemed like England was about to be his, King John's sudden death in October caused the rebellious barons to desert Louis in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III.
With William Marshall acting as regent, a call for the English "to defend our land" against the French led to a reversal of fortunes on the battlefield. After his army was beaten at Lincoln on 20 May 1217 and a fleet led by Eustace the Monk, attempting to bring French reinforcements, was defeated off the coast of Sandwich on 24 August, Louis was forced to make peace on English terms.
The principal provisions of the Treaty of Lambeth were an amnesty for English rebels, Louis to undertake not to attack England again, and 10,000 marks to be given to Louis. The effect of the treaty was that Louis agreed he had never been the legitimate King of England.
- Alan Harding (1993), England in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 10. According to L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal Louis became "master of the country".
- Grant, R.G (2007). Battle: a visual journey through 5,000 years of combat. Dorling Kindersley. p. 109.
- Kohn, George Childs (31 October 2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.
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adverb worksheet how being verb worksheets verbs with answers for grade 3.
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Lets start easy.
Forget where you put your keys? Right. From now on, what you need to do is when you put your keys downlink them to where you are putting them. So, if you put them down on the sofa enlarge those keys to a huge size, and imagine them changing into a person, who looks like a key. Give him a name. Next time you will know where they are. What happens if you put them down in lots of different places – how will you know where you are up to? Well, the chances are that you will not have this confusion, it is quite amazing. However, at least you will know the places where to look first.
What about directions?
For directions, you need to make sure that you listen for key points on routes that people might be giving you. Use the basic number systems for instructions like ‘3rd on the left’ but wherever possible ask for specific landmarks. Left and right are often a problem too as they abstract ideas. However, attaching a real item in place of left and right is a solution. For example, instead of Left have Lion. Rabbit instead of Right. This means that for the example above you could have a tree being eaten by Lion. If there was a pub – the black horse – then a black horse could be introduced into the image. As you create the various directions as images, you link them together in story form.
Often a thing which is tricky to hold down. However, using your memory systems should make it easier. Firstly, get a clear image of the person whose number it is fixed clearly in your head. Then look at the number. Which is the best system?
Personally, I find using the letters system the best and break the number down into pairs. Then I use the story system to link those pairs, although I make sure I do not make it a circular story! Equally, you can attach address information in the same way. Picture what the name of the road would look like. I live in Bawns Lane, - Bawns sounds like Born, so I would have a baby being born in the middle of a lane. My house number is 32, which is the letters system is a man. So a man is having a baby in the middle of a lane! Not a pretty thought but easy to remember.
Dates of history...
can be remembered in a similar way using the letters system. Break the number down into two groups of two, or else keep it as a 4 digit number (unless it is below 1000 of course!) Create your object from this to remember, and then link it to the key event in history. While I was in college we were called on to learn for an exam 30 dates. I have number dyslexia, also called dyscalculia. How could I remember such things, they were meaningless? For weeks before the exam, all my friends had sticky notes all over their rooms with the dates and key events on.
I knew from experience that such would not work for me. It was two nights before the exam I finally sat down and focussed on the information. An hour later I had the lot. It does seem at the time to take a long time, but if you were to compare the accumulative time that most people spend on rote learning, revision, and checking, the systems are much faster - you also retain information for longer.
It is a useful point to make however that if you are needing to learn a lot of dates, then it is also wise to learn them as you would any other list and make sure that they are organized. Think of it as a shopping list where you also memorize the best-before date as well. This will enable you to revise your list accurately whether or not you are near your source material – in fact this is crucial for learning techniques I will discuss next.
When you have the right techniques, studying actually becomes fun. You need to be aware that memorizing as you read seems to be a slower process than the traditional way of reading, take notes, analyze, learn. But the ACCUMULATIVE time is far shorter, and this should be kept in mind. Following is the suggestion for more
Overview: Take a moment to read the contents list. Give yourself time to form an opinion of what might be in the contents of those chapters. What questions do the titles raise? Next, read through all the subheadings and continue to form your thoughts. Also at this stage create links to any information that you are already aware of, even if it is a completely different subject or topic. This will give you links to areas that you are already familiar with. It is not memorizing as such but you are creating a mental environment where you can build information bridges later.
The overview stage is very important. It is a little like when you are traveling some distance and would need a map to work from. You don’t just set out but instead look where you are going, create reference points along the way and understand your route. A study is not like reading a novel in that novel writing is about unveiling a hidden plot for pleasure: an academic work is communicating a concept by careful explanation using preceding argument or explanation to get to a final point.
To know the final point is therefore preferable.
From this overview stage you can now begin to build your virtual mindmap. Put in the key central area, and position in your virtual world areas of the town that you will need in which to store the information. It may take a couple of study sessions to get to this stage, but it is worth it.
Next is how you study the text itself and keep your interest at a maximum. An effective way is titling. As you create your images from the headings and subheadings, you need to connect to the text itself. To do this, for each paragraph find a word or phrase from that paragraph that you feel best summarises the text around it. This is your key thought and you attach it in the correct place in your mindmap-. Create a mental picture. For example, say the phrase you were trying to remember was ‘the medium is the message’; I would imagine 3 men stood before me, one is short, one is medium sized, one is tall, and the middle medium sized on is giving me a letter. You will find that when you recall it later you will be able to bring forth the main thrust of the idea.
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AUSTIN, Texas—Researchers will be closer to answering questions about global warming, global climate change and El Niño after extraordinarily precise information is gathered by two NASA satellites to be launched March 16 in Russia under the direction of aerospace engineers from The University of Texas at Austin.
Working from a satellite operations center in Germany, Dr. Byron Tapley, director of the Center for Space Research at The University of Texas at Austin and a worldwide expert on precision orbit determination, will become the first non-NASA employee to direct a NASA mission when the project takes flight.
The launch of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) will begin the journey for twin satellites to make at least a 100-fold improvement in current measurements of the Earth’s gravity field. This highly detailed map of Earth’s gravitational field will relate minute fluctuations of gravity to the planet’s physical features, such as ice caps, continental water storage, or environmental events such as storms. A new map of Earth’s gravity, which changes in time as well as by location, will be generated for every month during the mission’s expected five-year lifetime.
This improvement in the knowledge of Earth’s gravity will allow scientists to better trace the transport of water and heat between the oceans, atmosphere and land — information vital to the study of global climate change.
“Producing a precise model of the fluctuations in gravity, the invisible force that pulls two masses together, over the Earth’s surface has proven a formidable task,” Tapley said. “Currently, data from several dozen satellites must be combined to produce a model of Earth’s gravitational field. These models do a good job at replicating the large-scale features but cannot resolve finer-scale features or detail the small month-to-month variations in the gravity field associated with the water cycle.”Unlike former gravity measurements taken from the influence on a single satellite of Earth’s gravitational pull, GRACE will employ two satellites and measure their reactions to Earth’s pull as it varies the distance between them. Scientists are interested in the gravity variations on the earth and how gravity changes over time.
“The two GRACE satellites will be approximately 137 miles apart,” Tapley said. “We will be able to measure the distance between them with a precision better than 10 microns. That’s like measuring the distance between Bastrop and Houston to within the width of 1/10 of a human hair.”
Since the Earth has varied features such as mountains, valleys and underground caverns, the mass is not evenly distributed around the globe. The “lumps” observed in the Earth’s gravitational field result from an uneven distribution of mass inside the Earth. The GRACE mission will provide a global map of Earth’s gravity and how it changes as the mass distribution shifts.
The two GRACE satellites will travel in space 500 kilometers or about 300 miles above the Earth. As the front satellite approaches an area of higher gravity, such as a mountain, it will be pulled toward the area of higher gravity and speed up. This increases the distance between the two satellites. As the satellites straddle the area of higher gravity, the front satellite will slow down and the trailing satellite will speed up. As the trailing satellite passes the area of higher gravity, it will slow down and the lead satellite will not be affected. As the satellites move around the Earth, the speeding up and slowing down of the satellites will allow scientists to measure the distance between the two satellites and use this information to map the Earth’s gravity field.
The two satellites will provide scientists from around the world with an efficient and cost-effective way to map the Earth’s gravity field.
The GRACE satellites, set to launch from Eurockot’s dedicated launch facilities in Plesetsk, Russia aboard the Rockot, represents a four-year, $150 million international partnership between NASA in the United States and Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany. Led by The University of Texas at Austin, the partners in the project include Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and GeoForschungsZentrum in Potsdam, Germany.
For more information, contact Margaret Baguio at the Center for Space Research (512) 471-6922 or Becky Rische at the College of Engineering (512) 471-7272. Photographs and more information are available at the GRACE mission Web site.
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Modern dentistry can predict the appearance of caries by means of diagnostic studies of saliva.
In determining the risk of developing caries helps to study saliva: its microbiological composition, pH, buffer capacity and viscosity.
Microbiological analysis of saliva
Microbiological analysis helps determine the number and type of bacteria in the saliva, namely, acid-forming streptococci (Streptococcus mutans, Str. Sanguis, Str. Mitis, Str. Salivarius) and lactic bacteria (Lactobacteria). Despite the many other bacteria in the oral cavity, they are considered to be the main culprits of caries.
Three hours before picking saliva for analysis it is impossible to brush your teeth, rinse your mouth, eat food, chew gum.
For analysis on Streptocuccus mutans, a soft plaque or saliva test is taken. The investigated material is applied to a slide glass, which is placed in a special broth and incubated for two days at 37 degrees. Then the concentration of the grown colonies is read and compared using tables per ml of saliva. By the number of Streptococcus mutans, the individual risk of caries is determined.
Before testing for Lactobacteria, stimulate the secretion of saliva in the patient by chewing a fraction of paraffin in a minute. Then the saliva is placed on the slide with the nutrient medium. Excessive saliva from the glass is removed, and the sample is placed in a container.
The incubation period is four days at 37 degrees. After that, the colonies on the glass are compared to the standard on the table. The amount of lactobacilli is determined by the diet and consumption of carbohydrates (sugar).
Knowing the state of microbiocenosis in the oral cavity can reduce the risk of not only caries, but also chronic periodontitis, gingivitis, stomatitis.
Determination of the acidity of saliva
The degree of acidity of the liquid is determined by the pH-index. The average indicator - its neutral value - is 6.4. The pH of the saliva changes all the time due to nutrition, the activity of the microflora of the oral cavity, etc. If the pH is below the average (eg 5.6), there is an acidic environment, and the risk of developing caries is increasing.
The acidity of saliva is determined using potentiometry, using the electronic device (pH-meter) at the same time. One and the same sample are examined three times, after which the average pH is calculated. In most cases, the reaction of the medium ranges from 6.8 to 7.4.
Buffer capacity of saliva
Chicken and alkaline buffer capacity of saliva are determined after calculating the pH of saliva.
It shows how saliva is able to neutralize acids and perform a protective function in the oral cavity.
To some volumes of saliva (1.0 ml) add in the first case an equivalent volume of hydrochloric acid, and in the second - a solution of alkali. In both cases, the pH reading is measured and the buffer capacity of the saliva is calculated.
Determination of viscosity of saliva
The saliva is collected in a special sterile test tube. It should be collected at the same time in the morning after 1.5-2 hours after breakfast. The analysis is taken three times. Necessary for research quantity - from 2 to 12 ml.
The viscosity of saliva is investigated using a special device - Oswald viscometer or VK-4 capillary viscometer.
In the course of the study, the time of passing between the two labels of the apparatus initially distilled water, and then saliva, is calculated. Then the conclusion is drawn. If the viscosity of saliva increases, then the risk of tooth decay by caries increases.
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April 8, 2001
Real Life Skills "Retraining" May be a More Effective Treatment Following Brain Injury Than What's Currently in Use, According to Research Review
Practical treatments that have significance to patients' daily lives may be best way to restore attention
WASHINGTON - Treatment programs for people who suffer from attention problems following a stroke or from other traumatic brain injuries often involve abstract cognitive exercises designed to directly restore impaired attention processes. But a review of 30 studies involving a total of 359 participants shows that an alternative and lesser-used therapy that teaches patients to relearn the tasks that affect their daily lives the most -- real life skills like driving -- may be more effective. The results are published in the April issue of Neuropsychology, a journal of the American Psychological Association (APA).
The meta-analysis by psychologists Norman W. Park, Ph.D., of the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care in Toronto and Janet L. Ingles, Ph.D., of Dalhousie University is the first quantitative review of research on attention rehabilitation after an acquired brain injury. Attention deficits are among the most common cognitive problems to result from traumatic brain injuries and stroke. Such deficits can make it difficult to do everyday activities that were once taken for granted, such as driving a car or having a dinner conversation at a restaurant where there are many distractions.
In the usual direct retraining method, patients are required to complete a series of repetitive exercises or drills in which they respond to visual or auditory stimuli. For example, patients are told to press a buzzer whenever they hear the number three. A more difficult task using the same method has patients view a calendar year and press a buzzer whenever a month is repeated. Drs. Park and Ingles found this type of retraining to be of little benefit to patients.
Instead, the authors theorized and have shown that It may be more effective for patients to bypass the damaged area of the brain and learn attention tasks using alternative brain processes. In this specific skills approach, people with brain damage learn to perform attention skills in a way that is different from non-brain-damaged people. The idea, according to the authors, is to have patients train on the tasks that are most important to their lives, in situations that are similar to their everyday activities, like reading, driving or carrying on a conversation.
In one study, for example, participants whose brain injuries affected their ability to drive a car used small electric cars in the lab to practice specific driving exercises, such as steering between pylons that were moved closer and closer together. Those that practiced specific exercises showed substantial improvement on a variety of driving related tasks compared to those who drove the car, but did not practice the exercises.
"The direct-retraining methods used in the reviewed studies produced only small, statistically nonsignificant improvements in performance," said the authors, "whereas the few studies that attempted to rehabilitate specific skills requiring attention showed statistically significant improvements after training."
The researchers caution that it is premature to stop using the direct retraining approach altogether. They say it is possible that the direct method is more effective for patients whose brain damage is milder than for those included in these studies, all of whom had either a stroke or a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.
Article: "Effectiveness of Attention Rehabilitation After an Acquired Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis," Norman W. Park, Ph.D., Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and Janet L. Ingles, Ph.D., Dalhousie University; Neuropsychology, Vol. 15, No. 2.
Lead author Norman W. Park, Ph.D., is available for interviews. To schedule on interview, please contact Kelly Connelly, Media Relations Officer, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care at (416) 785-2432.
The American Psychological Association (APA), in Washington, DC, is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States and is the world's largest association of psychologists. APA's membership includes more than 155,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 53 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 59 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance psychology as a science, as a profession and as a means of promoting human welfare.
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How can you tell the genre of music?
If rock was a boulder, then indie/alt rock would be pebbles. The major differences are in the style of instruments and vocals. Indie usually incorporates elements from many genres, while alternative usually sounds like pop rock, and regular rock is regular rock.
What are research genres?
Depending on your subject, these could be essays, laboratory reports, case-studies, book reviews, reflective diaries, posters, research proposals, and so on and are normally referred to as genres. These different genres, though, can be constructed from a small range of different text types.
What is the genre in English?
1 : a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition characterized by a particular style, form, or content a classic of the gothic novel genre. 2 : kind, sort. 3 : painting that depicts scenes or events from everyday life usually realistically.
How many days is a score in time?
Check out some things you may not know about the iconic speech. Lincoln’s address starts with “Four score and seven years ago.” A score is equal to 20 years, so he was referencing 87 years ago — 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was signed. The speech was made, then, seven score and seven years ago.
What type of document is a research paper?
In a report or research paper, documentation is the evidence provided for information and ideas borrowed from others. That evidence includes both primary sources and secondary sources.
What is genre and its types?
As a literary device, genre refers to a form, class, or type of literary work. The primary genres in literature are poetry, drama/play, essay, short story, and novel. It’s important to note that, as a literary device, genre is closely tied to the expectations of readers.
Where does 3 score and 10 come from?
From the Bible, Psalm 90, verse 10: “The days of our years are three score and ten.”
What’s the difference between soundtrack and score?
A score is the specific musical piece or incidental music that accompanies a scene or moment in the film, and a soundtrack is the compilation of songs and sounds that comprise all of the film’s music.
What is a play style?
Noun. playstyle (plural playstyles) The manner in which somebody plays.
Why is 20 Pound called a score?
For the purposes of accounting for large sums of money the Pound was adopted as a means of keeping the ledgers tidy. There were 12 pennies to the shilling and twenty shillings to the pound.
What does 3 score mean in the Bible?
an old word meaning ‘sixty’ threescore years and ten (=70 years): He had lived for threescore years and ten.
How much is 1 score in the Bible?
“Man” is used in the Bible to mean mankind. A score is twenty and was used a lot to describe numbers. One score, two score etc. Three score years and ten is 70 years.
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Posted Oct 21, 2013
American biotechnology has turned Argentina into the world’s third-largest soybean producer, but the chemicals powering the boom aren’t confined to soy and cotton and corn fields. They routinely contaminate homes and classrooms and drinking water. A growing chorus of doctors and scientists is warning that their uncontrolled use could be responsible for the increasing number of health problems turning up in hospitals across the South American nation. In the heart of Argentina’s soybean business, house-to-house surveys of 65,000 people in farming communities found cancer rates two to four times higher than the national average, as well as higher rates of hypothyroidism and chronic respiratory illnesses. Associated Press photographer Natacha Pisarenko spent months documenting the issue in farming communities across Argentina.
Most provinces in Argentina forbid spraying pesticides and other agrochemicals next to homes and schools, with bans ranging in distance from 50 meters to as much as several kilometers from populated areas. The Associated Press found many cases of soybeans planted only a few feet from homes and schools, and of chemicals mixed and loaded onto tractors inside residential neighborhoods. In the last 20 years, agrochemical spraying has increased eightfold in Argentina- from 9 million gallons in 1990 to 84 million gallons today. Glyphosate, the key ingredient in Monsanto’s Round Up products, is used roughly eight to ten times more per acre than in the United States. Yet Argentina doesn’t apply national standards for farm chemicals, leaving rule-making to the provinces and enforcement to the municipalities. The result is a hodgepodge of widely ignored regulations that leave people dangerously exposed.
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What is OL dentistry?
Mesial – surface of tooth nearest the middle of your mouth. Distal – surface of tooth furthest from the middle of your mouth. Buccal – surface of tooth nearest your cheek or lips. Palatal – surface of tooth nearest your palate. Lingual – surface of tooth nearest your tongue.
What does Ohi stand for in dentistry?
Home Care/ Oral Hygiene Instructions (OHI) A Beautiful, Healthy Smile that lasts a lifetime is our ultimate goal when treating our periodontal implant patients. Your personal daily Oral Hygiene plays an important role in achieving that goal.
What are dentist abbreviations?
The DDS (Doctor of Dental Surgery) and DMD (Doctor of Medicine in Dentistry or Doctor of Dental Medicine) are the same degrees.
What is P dental?
P – Pulse. P/P – Partial maxillary denture and partial mandibular denture. PA – Periapical radiograph.
What tooth is number 19 in your mouth?
Number 19: 1st Molar. Number 20: 2nd Bicuspid or 2nd premolar. Number 21: 1st Bicuspid or 1st premolar. Number 22: Cuspid or canine.
What are the 5 tooth surfaces?
A tooth has five surfaces: one that faces the inner lip or cheek, one that faces the tongue, the chewing surface and the two that are next to other teeth. The surface of a tooth is named depending on the location of the tooth, and teeth are named according to their location in the mouth.
How is Ohi dental?
Specifically, this means angling the toothbrush at a 45 degree angle toward the gumline, and gentle strokes in little circles around the mouth. Be sure to brush the outsides, insides and tops of teeth. Using this technique, it also means that you’ll be brushing the gums — this is important as well.
What is the meaning of Ohi?
A measure of the efficiency of oxygen exchange by the lungs. Mathematically it is represented as the product of the fractional concentration of inspired oxygen and the mean airway pressure, divided by the arterial oxygen concentration.
Is DMD or DDS better?
Is one better than the other? The answer is actually very simple: there is no difference! DDS (which stands for Doctor of Dental Surgery) & DMD (which stands for Doctor of Medicine in Dentistry) are exactly the same degree. Whether a dentist holds a DMD or a DDS degree, they have received all of the same training.
What does tooth surface Mo mean?
The code letter refers to different parts or surfaces of the tooth. For example, “M” stands for mesial (the front surface of the tooth). “D” stands for distal (the back surface). An “O,” which stands for occlusal, is the top surface of a back tooth.
Where is tooth 17 in your mouth?
Number 17 is the tooth farthest back on the left side of your mouth on the bottom. Numbering continues again toward the front and across to the tooth farthest back on the bottom right side of you mouth number 32.
What does the abbreviation XB stand for in slang?
This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: XB. Governmental » Military — and more… Internet » Chat — and more… Couldn’t find the full form or full meaning of XB?
Which is the abbreviation for Doctor of Dental Surgery?
COMMON MEDICAL/DENTAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery def decayed, extracted, or filled (deciduous teeth) DEF decayed, extracted, or filled (permanent teeth) DEXA dual energy x-ray absorptiometry df decayed and filled (deciduous teeth) DF decayed and filled (permanent teeth) DH Dental Hygienist DIC disseminated
What is the abbreviation for area dental laboratory?
ADL/ADLs – area dental laboratory, area dental laboratories Some groups, such as the Army or even offices within insurance groups, may also maintain their own lists of acronyms and abbreviations. This list was compiled using resources from Medtrng.com. Reference that website if you are interested in learning more abbreviations.
Which is the correct abbreviation for missing tooth?
Dental Abbreviations, Symbols and Acronyms Page 5 of 52 Commonly Used Dental Charting Abbreviations and Symbols Symbol Meaning / per “X” or “=” missing tooth or pontic /kg per kilogram /lb per pound 4 rotated counterclockwise 3 rotated clockwise < lesser than > greater than ¨ change; diagnosis ¨¨ differential diagnosis ¥ check
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Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.
HighPower Control: Arduino TIP120 Transistor You know the PWM outputs on your Arduino? 2011 bildr
Arduino RGB LED strip control with MOSFETs and optocouplers a MOSFET with a voltage V we still need a 12V power supply.
Arduino Power! (Power Switching Having your Arduino control higherpower devices like lights, So you can dim the lamp by using PWM Pulse Width Modulation.
Secrets of Arduino PWM. Generating a modulated signal, for example to drive an infrared LED for a remote control. Simple Pulse Width Modulation with analogWrite.
Video embeddedTurn loads on and off with your Arduino! Use 5V to control up to 100V. MOSFET. Im using a.
Find great deals on eBay for arduino high power mosfet shield motor lighting pwm dc control. Shop with confidence.
Current Mode Control PWM Regulator IC STRW605xS For Switching Power Supplies Features and Benefits (continued) Twochip structure, with a.
PWM Output Arduino PWM Output power wava The LED circuit is the same. Listing 2: Arduino using PWM to control the brightness of an LED. 13 A MOSFET (Metal.
In this article learn PWM generation and control using arduino. Learn how to control DC motor speed using PWM The block diagram of a typical PWM power controller.
Video embeddedA tutorial on using the Arduino to control devices such as motors using PWM or pulse width modulation.
This project is used to control a single phase AC induction motor using a new AC PWM based Power Control by IGBT MOSFET. Can be Customized for Arduino.
Arduino PWM Led Control. and use any standard 9VDC Arduino power source to energize the system. This is a where a Power Mosfet comes in.
I've seen some similar questions here for using MOSFET to control 12V LEDs But apparently the only MOSFET currently available to us is.
I made this LED pendant light from plywood, LED strips, and flexible LED channel. Since I designed this for my living room, the music syncing had to be incognito. With this in mind, I used warm white / cool white / amber LED strips, instead of RGB strips.
Want to wirelessly control a Mars rover from your laptop?
You are in the right place, this kit does exactly that. 10 minutes is what it takes to wire up the electronics, it doesn\'t even need soldering. For people who know programming, this kit is more than a remote control robot.
Gardening in the modern age means making things more complicated and arduous, with electrons, bits, and bytes. Combining microcontrollers and gardening is a really popular idea. I think that’s because gardens have very simple inputs and outputs that are easy to wrap your head around.
In my heart I know we are stuck with the QWERTY keyboard but that doesn’t stop me wanting something different. I have thought about switching to Dvorak or Colemak key assignments but don’t want to deal with the problem of mental interference when I have to switch back to a normal keyboard.
NetSensor is an Arduino Kit which allows you to monitor your room from anywhere in the world via Internet.
All you would need is a browser and this kit has all the hardware required to monitor your room and check if its warm, not too humid and if someone has broken into your home.
This is my upgraded version of a Digital & Binary Clock using an 8 Digit x 7 Segment LED Display.
I like to give new features for usual devices, specially clocks, and in this case the use of 7 Seg display for Binary Clock is unconventional and it is an interesting and a different way of applying it.
This project is about controlling Christmas lights, a 5 Watt CFL, and a fan through Arduino/Genuino 101 consisting of Intel Curie module using Bluetooth Low Energy through a Android Smartphone. The components which are used in developing this project for e.g. a 5 V 4 channel Relay, male-female pins are cheap and are easily available at any hardware shop.
PWM Based AC Power Control using MOSFET IGBT. A PWM technique based AC power control is The important thing to remember when operating with.
In this tutorial, youll learn how to control a highcurrent DC load such as a DC motor or an incandescent light from a microcontroller. Microcontrollers can only.
We suggest using PWM dimming techniques to control You can use any power NPN or NChannel MOSFET, Connect a 912V power supply to the Arduino so that Vin.
116 of 145 results for mosfet arduino This is the MOSFET Power Control Kit, Icstation 4 Channel MOSFET Transistor TTL PWM Drive Control Switch Optocoupler.
Public circuits, schematics, and High Power PWM Rectifier using 2 High power LEDs and an embedded ATmega328p with the Arduino boot loader to control the LEDs.
PChannel MOSFET in PWM mode and in Step Down topology. be used from a DC power supply to control the charging Voltage and Current of a battery in appli
This is our original weather station kit. You will be surprised how much you can learn from it, such as how to connect sensors and write program to read the data, and display it on a LCD display. What you can do with this kit is only limited by your imagination.
Learn how to make a powerful Arduino GPS tracker that posts data to the cloud via LTE and view data graphically on IoT dashboards!
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- Mineral Resources
- Online Spatial Data
- by state
Pocahontas Formation (Campbell, 1896; also mapped with Pz and Pl ). Sandstone, siltstone, shale, underclay, and coal. Sandstone, feldspathic, micaceous, dark and light lithic fragments, pale-orange, light-brownish-gray, and medium to dark-gray, very-fine- to medium-grained, fine- to coarse-grained in northern outcrop area, thin- to thick-bedded and massive, sparsely cross-bedded, ripple-marked, with local shale interbeds and dark laminations; contains well-rounded quartz pebbles as much as 1 inch in diameter, locally in channel-fill deposits and basal beds; thin-bedded sandstone contains shale interbeds, shale fragments, ironstone nodules, coal debris, and sparse plant fossils. Few quartzose sandstones commonly interbedded with thin, dark-gray shales and siltstones in subsurface in Buchanan, Dickenson, and Wise counties (Miller, 1974). Sandstone comprises 70 per cent of formation (Englund,1979). Siltstone and shale, medium- to dark-gray, laminated, even- to irregulary bedded, fissile to fl ggy, fossiliferous with fresh and brackish water animal and plant fossils (Englund, 1979). Coal, finely cleated. Underclay, medium-gray, clayey to silty, contains root casts. Basal part gradational to intertonguing with underlying Bluestone Formation of the Pennington Group; base placed at top of red, green, or gray calcareous, marine shales of the underlying Bluestone Formation (Miller, 1974). The Pocahontas wedges out in the subsurface in the northwestern parts of Lee, Wise, Dickenson, and Buchanan Counties (Englund, 1979; Miller, 1974) and is thickest in western and northern Tazewell County. It ranges from 0 to 970 feet in thickness.
Sedimentary > Clastic > Sandstone
Sedimentary > Clastic > Siltstone
Sedimentary > Clastic > Mudstone > Shale
||Appalachian Plateaus and Valley and Ridge
Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, 1993, Geologic Map of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, scale 1:500,000.
Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, 2003, Digital Representation of the 1993 Geologic Map of Virginia, Publication 174, CD ROM (ISO-9660) contains image file, expanded explanation in pdf, and ESRI shapefiles, scale 1:500,000.
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Unformatted text preview: Module for Management, Human
Relations skills, Leadership and Ethics
This module has three parts:
Part I – deals with Management
Part II – deals with Human Relations Skills and
Part III- deals with Leadership and Ethics Prepared by: Zerihun A. Birbirsa (PhD, Associate prof, of management) Email: [email protected],com 1 Module One Management
FUNDAMENTALS OF MANAGEMENT
Management Key Concepts
⚫ Organizations: A group of people working together in a structured and
coordinated fashion to achieve a set of goals.
⚫ Goal: A desired future condition that the organization seeks to achieve.
⚫ Management: The process of using organizational resources to achieve the
organization’s goals by...
◼ Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling Fig1.1 Management in Organization
Meanings of management
Management - A set of activities (including planning and decision making, organizing,
leading, and controlling) directed at an organization’s resources (human, financial,
physical, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an
efficient and effective manner. It is the process of setting and achieving organizational objectives (goal) by using the
five basic managerial functions by acquiring and utilizing human, financial and other
resources. It is the process of attaining organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner
through the five basic managerial functions such as planning, organizing, staffing,
leading and controlling. Management is the process of working with and through others. 2 Organizational Performance
Measures how efficiently and effectively managers use resources to satisfy
customers and achieve goals.
Efficiency: A measure of how well resources are used to achieve a goal. It is
getting high out put or the same amount of output at the same amount of input
or lower input, respectively.
✓ Maximizing the organization’s productivity by wise utilization of
✓ It is spending less & acquiring more by minimizing cost
✓ it is concerned with cost reduction
✓ it is doing things right
▪ Usually, managers must try to minimize the input of resources to attain
the same goal. Technical efficiency = Output quality / Input quantity
Effectiveness: A measure of the appropriateness of the goals chosen (are these
the right goals?), and the degree to which they are achieved.
⚫ it is providing the right product for the right person or customer
✓ it is doing the right things at reasonable cost (efficiently)
✓ Determine the success of the organization b/c it is doing the right
▪ Organizations are more effective when managers choose the correct
goals and then achieve them. Effectiveness = Enterprise objectives/Input Quantity"
Who are managers? Manager - someone whose primary responsibility is to carry out the
management process. Specifically, a manager is someone who plans, makes decisions, organizes,
leads, and controls human, financial, physical, and information resources. Managers are those who are responsible for achieving the organizational goals
in an effective and efficient manner through proper scarce resource utilization A good manager is the one who feel sense of responsibility, belongingness,
accountability… Who take initiative (innovator) for new things or discovery? Who effectively & efficiently brings factors of production together 3 Fig 1.2 Becoming a manager Significance of management
✓ management is significant because the coordination of resources is
impossible with out management
✓ It affects the establishment and re-establishment of many economic social
and political goals of the country
✓ The success or failure of the organization mostly depends on the
✓ B/c it is the wise utilization of scarce resources for unlimited human
To accomplish Objectives, while in actuality the members might be working in opposite
direction, to prevent this from occurring and to ensure coordination of work to
accomplish the objectives, management is needed. As 'a brain' of an organization
therefore, management gives direction for all other parts of organization. 1.3 Managerial Functions
Managers create and maintain an internal environment, commonly called the orga
nization, so that others can work efficiently in it. A manager's job consists of planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling the resources of the organization. These resources
include people, jobs or positions, technology, facilities and equipment, materials and
supplies, information, and money. Managers work in a dynamic environment and must
anticipate and adapt to challenges.
The job of every manager involves what is known as the functions of management:
planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. These functions are goal-directed,
interrelated and interdependent. Planning involves devising a systematic process for
attaining the goals of the organization. It prepares the organization for the future.
Organizing involves arranging the necessary resources to carry out the plan. It is the
process of creating structure, establishing relationships, and allocating resources to
4 accomplish the goals of the organization. Directing involves the guiding, leading, and
overseeing of employees to achieve organizational goals. Controlling involves verifying
that actual performance matches the plan. If performance results do not match the plan,
corrective action is taken. Fig 1.3 Functions of Management Management Process
Managers are persons who are responsible for supervising the use of organizational
resources to achieve its goals, to do this manager at all levels in any organization perform
five basic functions: Planning Organizing Staffing Directing/Leading Controlling Fig 1.4 Management Process 5 1. Planning
Planning is the process used by managers to identify and select appropriate goals
and courses of action for an organization.
3 steps to good planning:
1. Which goals should be pursued?
2. How should the goal be attained?
3. How should resources be allocated?
Is the first function that all managers engage in because it lays the ground work
for all other functions.
Is the process that managers use to identify and select appropriate goals and
alternative ways of attaining them.
The planning function determines how effective and efficient the organization is
and determines the strategy of the organization. 2. Organizing
Is the process of delegating and coordination tasks and recourses to achieve
Includes the process of identifying tasks to be accomplished.
Includes grouping of similar tasks together to create departments.
Is process of delegating authority to the job holder and making the workers
responsible and accountable for the results of their work.
In organizing, managers create the structure of working relationships between
organizational members that best allows them to work together and achieve
Is initially the process of recruiting potential candidates for the job, reviewing the
applicant's documents and trying to match the job demand with candidates' abilities?
Involves acquiring, developing and maintaining human resource which is needed
to attain objectives set in planning. 3Directing/leading
In leading, managers determine direction, state a clear vision for employees to
follow, and help employees understand the role the play in attaining goals.
Involves influencing and motivation employees in one or another ways to make
them implement their job assignments willingly.
Aims at getting the members of the organization to move in the direction that
will achieve its objectives. 6 4. Controlling:
In controlling, managers evaluate how well the organization is achieving its goals and
takes corrective action to improve performance.
Controlling managerial functions involves:
1. Setting of standard against which work progress is measured.
2. Comparing actual performance against the standard.
3. identifying and initially examining causes of deviations between the standard and
the actual performance
4. Taking corrective actions to eliminate causes of unfavorable deviations.
Generally, these five functions of management are inseparable and often performed
continuously as an interactive process. However, the planning function is considered as
primary function and the base for other functions by setting objectives up on which other
functions depend all the above functions are performed by all types of managers but
with different degree of considerations. 1.4 Levels of management and types of manager
Levels are Hierarchical arrangement of managerial positions in an organization.
The extent to which managers perform the functions of management - planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling - varies by level in the management hierarchy. The
term supervisor could be applied at all management levels of the organization to those
who direct the work of others. In common usage, however, the title tends to be used only
in the first level of the management hierarchy. If an organization were divided into top,
middle, and lower managerial levels, the term generally applies to the lower level.
The levels can be expressed by using pyramid shaped arrangement of an organizational
management structure. 7 Fig1.5 Levels of Management Levels of management
1. Top level management (top Managers)
Top level management consists of highest rank managers of an organization with
different titles such as CEO, president, vice president; Top managers are responsible for
managing the entire organization or major parts of it. They develop and define the
organization's purpose, objectives, strategies and long term plans. Besides this they deal
with external bodies such as government. And Responsible for the performance of all
departments and have cross-departmental responsibility. They establish organizational
goals and monitor middle managers. 2. Middle level management (middle Managers)
Middle level management consists of managers below rank of vice president but above
supervisory managers. Supervise first-line managers and they are also responsible to find
the best way to use departmental resources to achieve goals. Most common example is
Branch mangers. 8 The major functions of middle level management are:
❖ Acting as intermediary between top management and operating level
❖ Translating long term plans to top management into medium range plans.
❖ Developing specific targets in their areas of responsibility
❖ Coordinating inputs, productivity and outputs of operating level managements.
❖ Achieving objectives set by top level management. 3. Operating(first level)management (first line Managers)
These are types of managers whose subordinates are non management workers or
operating employees. They are responsible for day-to-day operation. They supervise the
people performing the activities required to make the good or service the typical titles in
this level are: office manager, crew leaders' supervisor etc...........
The major functions of operating level management are:
❖ Planning daily and weekly activities and accomplishment based on the monthly,
quarterly, and yearly plans.
❖ Assigning operating employees to specific tasks.
❖ Issuing instructions at the work place, following up, motivating and evaluating
workers and reporting to their superiors.
To sum up, Supervisors are managers whose major functions emphasize directing and
controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team goals. They are the only
level of management managing non-managers. Thus, most of the supervisor's time is
allocated to the functions of directing and controlling. In contrast, top managers spend
most of their time on the functions of planning and organizing. The top manager
determines the mission and sets the goals for the organization. His or her primary
function is long-range planning. Top management is accountable for the overall
management of the organization. Middle management implements top management
goals. Supervisors direct the actual work of the organization at the operating level 9 1.5 Managerial Roles and skills. A. Managerial Roles
Role is an organized set of behaviors. There are about 10 roles identified that managers
undertake to accomplish management functions (planning, Organizing, leading, and
controlling). These ten roles are classified in to three major categories:
III. Interpersonal role
Decisional role To meet the many demands of performing their functions, managers assume multiple
roles. A role is an organized set of behaviors. Henry Mintzberg has identified ten roles
common to the work of all managers. The ten roles are divided into three groups:
interpersonal, informational, and decisional. The informational roles link all managerial
work together. The interpersonal roles ensure that information is provided. The decisional
roles make significant use of the information. The performance of managerial roles and
the requirements of these roles can be played at different times by the same manager and
to different degrees depending on the level and function of management. The ten roles
are described individually, but they form an integrated whole. Fig 1.6 Managerial Roles 10 I. Interpersonal role
When managers play interpersonal roles, they use their human and communication
management skills as they perform the necessary management function.
❖ Figure head role
❖ leader role
❖ liaison role
Figure head role Managers represent the organization or department
and symbolic activities. In the figurehead role, the manager represents the organization in
all matters of formality. The top level manager represents the company legally and
socially to those outside of the organization.
It is the most basic and the simplest of all managerial roles
Leader role_ Managers are assumed as leaders when they influence, initiate and
motivate the subordinates so that the subordinates achieve organizational goals. This is at
the heart of the manager-subordinate relationship and managerial power and pervasive
where subordinates are involved even where perhaps the relationship is not directly
interpersonal. The manager
• Defines the structures and environments within which sub-ordinates work
and are motivated.
Oversees and questions activities to keep them alert.
Selects, encourages, promotes and disciplines.
Tries to balance subordinate and organizational needs for efficient
operations. Liaison role- the liaison role refers to dealing with people out side the organization, such
as clients, government officials, customers, and suppliers, it also refers to dealing with
mangers in other departments, staff specialists, and other departments' employees in
liaison role manager seeks support from people who can affect the department's and
organization's success. 11 II. Informational role
When managers play informational roles they build net works of contacts for sharing
information with others. It includes:
❖ Monitor role
❖ Disseminator role
❖ Spokesperson role
Monitor role Managers play monitor role when they read and talk to others to receive
information. It involves seeking out, receiving and screening information. It also
involves scanning of the environment.
Disseminator role: - in this role managers share information with
other members of the organization that is managers play disseminator role when they
send information to others with in the organization. - The manager brings external views
into his/her organization and facilitates internal information flows between subordinates
(factual or value-based).
The preferences of significant people are received and assimilated. The manager
interprets/disseminates information to subordinates e.g. policies, rules, regulations.
Values are also disseminated via conversations laced with imperatives and signs/icons
about what is regarded as important or what 'we believe in'.
There is a dilemma of delegation. Only the manager has the data for many decisions and
often in the wrong form (verbal/memory vs. paper). Sharing is time-consuming and
difficult. He/she and staff may be already overloaded. Communication consumes time.
The adage 'if you want to get things done, (it is best to do it yourself' comes to mind.
Why might this be a driver of managerial behavior (reluctance or constraints on the
ability to delegate)?
Spokesperson role: - managers play spokesperson role when they provide information to
people out side the organization. - the manager informs and lobbies others (external to
his/her own organizational group). Key influencers and stakeholders are kept informed of
performances, plans & policies. For outsiders, the manager is an expert in the field in
which his/her organisation operates. 12 III. Decisional role
When managers play decisional role they use their conceptual and decision-making
❖ Entrepreneur role
❖ Disturbance handler role
❖ Resource allocator role
❖ Negotiator role.
Entrepreneur Role: - Is the role of managers which focuses on innovation and initiation
of improvements by managers. It may include such activities as initiating new projects,
launch survey, test new markets etc..
Disturbance handler role: - managers play this role when dealing with problems and
changes beyond their immediate control and when they take corrective actions during
disputes or crisis situation. And it Is a generalist role i.e. taking charge when the
organization hits an iceberg unexpectedly and where there is no clear programmed
response. Disturbances may arise from staff, resources, threats or because others
make mistakes or innovation has unexpected consequences. The role involves stepping in
to calm matters, evaluate, re-allocate, support - removing the thorn -buying time.
Resource allocator role:- managers play recourse allocator role when they schedule,
request authorization and perform budgeting and programming activities. A manager
determines who in the work unit gets what recourses money, facilities, equipment and
access to manager. The manager oversees allocation of all resources (£, staff, reputation).
1. Scheduling own time
2. Programming work
3. Authorizing actions
With an eye to the diary (scheduling) the manager implicitly sets organizational
priorities. Time and access involve opportunity costs. What fails to reach him/her, fails to
get support. The managerial task is to ensure the basic work system is in place and to
program staff overloads - what to do, by whom, what processing structures will be used.
Authorizing major decisions before implementation is a control over resource allocation.
This enables coordinative interventions e.g. authorization within a policy or budgeting
process in comparison to ad-hoc interventions. With limited time, complex issues and
staff proposals that cannot be dismissed lightly, the manager may decide on the proposer
rather than proposal. To help evaluation processes, managers develop models and plans
in their heads (they construe the relationships and signifiers in the situation). These
13 models/constructions encompass rules, imperatives, criteria and preferences to evaluate
proposals against. Loose, flexible and implicit plans are up-dated with new information. Negotiator role- is role in which managers’ work with suppliers, distributor, and labor
unions to reach on agreements a bout the quality and price of inputs, technical and human
resource, work with other organizations to establish agreements to pool recourses to work
on joint projects.
N.B: Negotiations are an integral part of managers' job. It takes charge over important
negotiating activities with other organizations. The spokesman, figurehead and resource
allocator roles demand this. B. Managerial Skills.
✓ Skill is ability to do something expertly and well.
Managerial skills are enhanced through formal training, reading, and practice.
There are three principal skills that managers get through experience an education.
These are: Conceptual...
View Full Document
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Design Architecture New Study Confirms That Modernists Were Right About Sunlight – It Is the Best Disinfectant By Lloyd Alter Design Editor University of Toronto Lloyd Alter is Design Editor for Treehugger and teaches Sustainable Design at Ryerson University in Toronto. our editorial process Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter Lloyd Alter Updated October 25, 2018 Share Twitter Pinterest Email Design Tiny Homes Architecture Interior Design Green Design Urban Design This is how we got modern architecture and minimalism. After the First World War, a new form of modern architecture appeared, modelled after the new tuberculosis sanitariums where they fought disease with design. They didn't have antibiotics, but they had light, fresh air and openness. Neutra, Le Corbusier and Chareau all designed iconic houses for doctor clients around these principles. And now Noel Kirkpatrick of TreeHugger points to a new study that confirms they were right; as Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis noted, sunlight really is the best disinfectant. The researchers of the study, Daylight exposure modulates bacterial communities associated with household dust, built little model rooms with little model windows and then "inoculated them with dust collected from residential homes in Eugene, OR, USA." The windows were variously clear glass, UV blocking glass, UV transmitting glass, or a solid aluminum plate. Ashkaan K. Fahimipour et al/CC BY 2.0 After 90 days the dust was collected and checked. As Kirkpatrick recounts, "In the dark rooms, they found that 12 percent of the bacteria was still alive and able to reproduce, while the rooms exposed to daylight only had 6.8 percent viable dust bacteria. Rooms that received only UV light had 6.1 percent of viable bacteria." Co-author Kevin Van Den tells NPR that, "Until now, daylighting [illuminating a building with natural light] has been about visual comfort or broad health. But now we can say daylighting influences air quality." ©. Maison Ozenfant/ Le Corbusier © Maison Ozenfant/ Le Corbusier Kevin Van Den should read Paul Overy's book Light, Air and Openness; he would find that architects and doctors have known for many years that sunlight had this effect, and that it has profoundly influenced modern design. It's why we got modern architecture and minimalism. Overy wrote about the basic rules of design: Dirt and dust harboured germs that must be destroyed by fresh air and sunlight. Homes should be cleaned thoroughly every day and windows and doors opened each morning to let in the sun and air, to destroy the germs. Heavy drapes and curtains, thick carpets and old furniture with decorative features that harboured dust and microbes should be thrown out and replaced with simple, easily cleaned modern furniture and light, easily washed curtains. Thonet Chair ad/via Don't give dust a place to gather. Keep furniture light and mobile and easy to clean so that sunlight can penetrate everywhere. As Mies van der Rohe noted about his tubular furniture: It therefore promotes comfortable, practical living. It facilitates the cleaning of rooms and avoids inaccessible dusty corners. It offers no hiding place for dust and insects and therefore there is no furniture that meets modern sanitary demands better than tubular-steel furniture. Public Domain. Lovell Health House, 1929. Credit: Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. The new study authors conclude that "architects and lighting professionals designing building facades and rooms with more or less access to daylight may play a role in influencing the microbial communities of indoor dust." Indeed, architects and lighting professionals have known this for years. In his first major book, Towards a New Architecture, Le Corbusier wrote that you should "teach your children that a house is only habitable when it is full of light and air, and when the floors and walls are clear." This is where minimalist design came from; it is all about creating a healthy, easy-to-clean environment where dust and dirt can't hide. And this new study shows that the modernists were right about light, too.
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If you’ve painted a ceiling, you know the annoyance of drips: an initially smooth coat of paint collects in spots that dribble onto the floor. The drips come from a gravity-driven instability in the paint, which physicists have modeled for various liquids and surface tilts. Now Ruben Tomlin of Imperial College London and colleagues have added an electric field into the mix. Their mathematical modeling and simulations show that a strong enough field could stop the drips, an effect that might be used for thin-film cooling or to make uniform coatings in precision manufacturing.
The team’s starting point is a flat slab coated on its underside with a viscous dielectric liquid like oil. In 2015, researchers studied such a setup by tilting the slab and letting the liquid run, finding they could predict the tilt angles at which drips would occur. The Imperial team approaches this problem anew. They derived a set of equations for the film’s surface contour that incorporate not only surface tension and gravity, as in the 2015 study, but also the effect of an electric field applied parallel to the substrate. This field introduces stresses at the film’s surface, which have a stabilizing effect akin to that of surface tension.
Based on their equations, they determined that drips appear roughly when the liquid surface transitions from being “convectively” unstable (in which a disturbance in the liquid ripples away) to being “absolutely” unstable (in which the disturbance remains localized). The researchers predicted that a relatively high field strength would be needed to prevent drips for a 2.5-mm-thick film tilted to 60° degrees below horizontal. But they think lower values might suffice in other cases that are of technological interest.
This research is published in Physical Review Fluids.
Jessica Thomas is the Editor of Physics.
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Pre K Alphabet A worksheets for young kids and preschoolers. Alphabet A letters for children. Color and trace Alphabet A.
Thank you for viewing our FREE Alphabet A letter worksheets for preschoolers.
Below you will find coloring and tracing Alphabet A worksheets suitable for Pre K children.
Our worksheets may be downloaded and printed for free.
Available in printable PDF format, these Alphabet A worksheets will print easily on standard letter size paper (A4).
With 26 letters of the alphabet, please check out all our free
Pre K alphabet letter activities on our Pre-K A to Z Letters page.
Our coloring and tracing activities are available in uppercase and lowercase letters.
Pre K Alphabet A Worksheets
Check out all out A to Z letter Pre-K worksheets: Pre-K A to Z Letters
Here's more you may like!
Counting and Circling worksheet activity for preschoolers with trees. Print this "Circle the Trees" worksheet which preschoolers can use to
Counting and Circling worksheet activity for preschoolers with Starfish. Print this "Circle the Starfish" worksheet which preschoolers can
Counting and Circling worksheet activity for preschoolers with flowers. Print this "Circle the Flowers" worksheet which preschoolers can us
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What a Wonder-Full World
Young scholars investigate the historical and cultural significance of various 'wonders of the world,' both of ancient and modern times, and develop travel posters and guides exploring them.
6th - 12th Social Studies & History 38 Views 36 Downloads
Ancient Greece Map Worksheet
Since the beginning of time, geography has shaped the development of human civilization, and ancient Greece is no exception. This worksheet supports young historians with exploring this relationship as they first identify key land...
6th - 8th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
World History and Geography to 1500 A.D.
Here's a great resource for your curriculum library. The 240-page packet, organized into units by topics, includes sample lesson plans, links to primary and secondary source documents, worksheets, activities, and sample assessments.
6th - 10th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
World History and Geography: 1500 A.D. (C.E.) to the Present
Intended to help Virginia teachers align their curriculum to the state's history and social science standards, this packet provides a wealth of materials for any social studies or science instructor. Loaded with plans, suggestions for...
6th - 10th Social Studies & History
Reading Strategies for the Social Studies Class
Word splashes, read-draw-talk-write activities, exhibits. Middle schoolers use the Storypath approach to a unit study of America's concerns during the Cold War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Teams organize a 21st century world's fair,...
6th - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Wondering About the New Seven (Man-Made) Wonders of the World
Who determines the Seven Wonders of the World, and what criteria is used to evaluate these locations? Discover the efforts to promote cultural diversity and preserve man-made monuments during the world's first-ever global vote in 2007 to...
6th - 10th Social Studies & History CCSS: Designed
The History Blueprint: The Cold War (World)
How and why was the Cold War fought? A carefully crafted, inquiry-based unit covers seven major topics: the roots of the Cold war, decolonization and nationalism, the three-world order, American foreign policy, American domestic policy,...
9th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Designed
Ancient Greek Culture and Plato Quiz
While your students are at their desks with a sheet of paper and pencil, you can project these PowerPoint quiz questions on the overhead screen. There are a total of eight slides and 15 short-answer questions about ancient Greece and...
6th Social Studies & History
The Victor's Virtue: A Cultural History of Sport
Pupils explore the meaning of the ancient Greek word aretê and the place of virtue in historical athletic competition and modern sports. They begin by reading an informational text on the goal of sports in education, and then evaluate...
10th - Higher Ed Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
What Members Say
- Jessica E., Student teacher
- Saint Clairsville, OH
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All pupils receive a minimum of 6 hours of maths teaching a week. Teaching in mathematics is taught differently in Key Stage 1 and 2.
In Key stage 1 pupils follow a programme called ‘Maths – No Problem’ which supports the teaching of the National Curriculum through a mastery based approach. This is a hands on, practical resourced based scheme. For more information on this please see Ms Harris.
In Key Stage 2 pupils follow a programme called ‘Progress in Understanding Mathematics Assessment’ (PUMA). This includes both arithmetic and reasoning that are the core principles that underpin the National Curriculum.
We are targeting maths at Newfield this year to improve progress. A detailed action plan is available if you wish to view it.
Parents’ sessions will be taking place throughout the year to inform you about supporting your child with maths at home.
Please find below resources which will help you to support your child with their maths at home. Click on the links below.
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The island of Stromboli from the North. During the approach with the ship from Naples, roughly half an hour before sunrise. Sometimes it is possible to see the eruptions already from this distance. On the left is Strombolicchio, an old, extinct volcanic vent. On the right, in the far distance, notice the island of Panarea.
Ash eruption of crater 1 observed from the North (regular route to summit, approximately 700m.a.s.l.). July 1986.
Eruption of crater 2, April 1979. In the full picture you can see two persons. They are standing roughly halfway between us and the edge of the erupting crater. IMPORTANT: It is extremely dangerous to approach the craters on Stromboli. The eruption shown here reached at least 250 metres above the visible crater edge.
Eruption of crater 1, September 1984. We took this picture at about 700m.a.s.l. from the regular route to the summit after waiting for many hours in fog. Only long after midnight did the fog clear away. We can see how the ejected lava falls onto the 'Sciara del fuoco' on which it will slide towards the sea.
Small ash eruption of crater 1, as seen from the ridge south of the summit (April 1979). Crater 3 is on the front left, crater 2 behind it. Because of dry air conditions and wind from behind, visibility is very good. However, the view down to the crater terrasse can be hampered considerably by steam and smoke in other situations.
Eruption of crater 1 in moonlight. October 1986, from approximately 700m.a.s.l. (regular summit route). This image was taken during full moon in October 1986. After the eruption had terminated, the camera shutter was kept open for several minutes in order to capture the weak sky light and some of the landscape. During this time crater 3 also erupted (right background). However, the two eruptions did not occur simultaneously. The small bright lines in the sky are stars which trailed during the exposure time as a result of the Earth's rotation.
Typical sequence of an eruption of crater 3. October 1986, camera position: Stromboli summit. Whereas most of the other pictures presented here were taken with a standard (50mm) camera lens, this series was recorded with a 135mm telefoto lens. The left image shows the first few tenths of a second of the eruption. Lava is violently thrown out. In the second image the eruption has reached its climax and in the third, most of the lava is already falling back into the crater. The final image shows tha lava cooling and its glow slowly fading.
People at the edge of crater 3. April 1979. These visitors are standing right on the edge of the crater which produces a small eruption just now. On this day most major eruptions came from crater 2, which is further back. BEWARE: The size AND the direction of the explosions on Stromboli can change unexpectedly and rapidly. It is very dangerous to go near the craters!
On the edge of crater 3. For this picture the camera was placed no more than a few meters from the edge of crater 3 (July 1981).
A view of the interior of crater 3. From the summit of Stromboli you cannot see the very bottom of the craters. In order to take these pictures we once risked going up to the crater's edge. We were there for a brief time only, and it was most uncomfortable (July 1981). Nowadays we consider this much too dangerous and we would not do it anymore. The eruption shown here is only very small. The lava did not fly higher than a few dozen metres above the edge of the crater. Nevertheless the heat radiation was strongly noticeable. After the eruption (picture at right) the cinders are lying on the crater floor and wall, cooling and ceasing to glow. The diameter of the vent (visible only in the right picture) is only one or two metres.
Freshly ejected lava from crater 3. This sample was collected immediately after it had cooled sufficiently for handling. Hot, fresh lava produces thin strands. Because they break very easily weathering soon destroys them. Therefore they cannot normally be seen on older Stromboli lavas. The picture is only about 5cm wide (July 1981).
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© Photo copyright Katie Florko.
7/12/2017 8:47:38 AM
Why Arctic Sea Ice Matters: Ringed Seals
Ringed seals live across the circumpolar Arctic. They are an ice-dependent species. During the winter and spring, they create breathing holes in the ice, maintaining multiple openings to help avoid polar bear predation.
While sea ice plays an important role in the ringed seal’s life history, the most critical time period is possibly late winter and early spring. During the winter, when the snow falls and snowdrifts form, a pregnant female ringed seal will dig out a birth lair in a snowdrift above one of their breathing holes.
When spring comes around, ringed seals give birth to their pups in these lairs, which provide protection from polar bear predation and help keep the young seals warm. The pups remain in the lair for about six weeks while they gain body fat from their mom’s rich milk. This is a critical part of the ringed seal’s life history, and also a key time of year for polar bears.
Blubber is an essential component of a polar bear’s diet. Newly weaned seal pups are naïve to the danger of predators. Their bodies are approximately 50 percent fat, providing an excellent source of blubber for polar bears. Polar bears take advantage of this time, feasting on the ringed seal pups and storing the energy for times when less prey is available.
But without sea ice and snow, ringed seals are unable to build effective birth lairs for their pups.
Polar bears do not simply rely on sea ice as a physical platform for traveling, hunting, and mating, but rather sea ice is critical for ringed seals—a vital part of the Arctic marine food web and the polar bear's main prey—to reproduce and survive.
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Summary of Mrs. Dalloway
Mrs. Dalloway is a novel written by Virginia Woolf and published in 1925. The novel is set in London on a single day in June 1923 and explores its characters’ inner lives. The novel is a masterpiece of modernist literature and is known for its innovative use of stream-of-consciousness narration.
The book opens with Clarissa Dalloway, a middle-aged woman who is preparing to host a party at her home in London. As she prepares for the party, she reflects on her past and present life, relationships, and societal place. Clarissa is a complex, introspective, and social character, and the novel captures her inner world with remarkable depth and nuance.
The novel also follows the story of Septimus Warren Smith, a shell-shocked World War I veteran who is struggling with mental illness. Septimus is haunted by the horrors of war and the loss of his friend Evans. His story starkly contrasts Clarissa’s privileged existence and highlights the destructive impact of war on individuals and society.
The novel is also populated by a cast of other characters, including Peter Walsh, Clarissa’s former lover who has returned from India, and Sally Seton, Clarissa’s childhood friend who is now married and has children. The novel explores the relationships between these characters and their various social and personal connections.
One of the novel’s key themes is the tension between individual identity and social conformity. The characters in the story are all trying to find their place in society while grappling with their desires and aspirations. Clarissa, in particular, is torn between her desire for independence and her need for social acceptance. The novel also explores issues of gender and sexuality, with Clarissa and Sally’s relationship providing a complex portrayal of same-sex desire in early 20th-century England.
The novel is known for its innovative use of stream-of-consciousness narration, which allows the reader to enter the characters’ minds and experience their thoughts and emotions directly. The novel’s structure is also notable, with the narrative shifting between different characters and timelines. These techniques create a rich and complex portrait of the characters and their inner lives.
Overall, Mrs. Dalloway is a remarkable work of modernist literature that explores the complexities of human experience and the tension between individual identity and social conformity. The novel’s innovative narrative techniques and nuanced characterizations make it a landmark of 20th-century literature.
Although the book follows the events of a single day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, yet it has other important characters. The analysis of the other characters is as follows.
Clarissa Dalloway is the central character of the novel. She is a wealthy woman who is preparing for a party she is hosting that evening. Throughout the day, she reflects on her life, relationships, and place in society.
Septimus Warren Smith is a veteran of World War I who suffers from severe PTSD. His story is intertwined with Clarissa’s, and his struggles with mental illness serve as a commentary on the societal pressure to conform to traditional gender roles and norms.
Peter Walsh is an old friend of Clarissa’s who is visiting from India. He still loves her, but she married someone else years ago. Peter’s presence in the novel serves as a reminder of Clarissa’s past and the life she could have had.
Sally Seton is a childhood friend of Clarissa’s who had a romantic relationship with her. Sally is now married and has children, and her presence in the novel contrasts Clarissa’s conventional life.
Richard Dalloway is Clarissa’s husband, a conservative politician who is running for office. While Clarissa and Richard’s marriage appears to be stable on the surface, there are underlying tensions and resentments.
Lucrezia Smith, Septimus’s Italian wife, struggles to understand her husband’s mental illness and the societal expectations placed on her as a woman.
Elizabeth Dalloway is Clarissa’s daughter, who is in love with a young man named Doris Kilman. Elizabeth’s story highlights the generational differences and changing societal attitudes towards sexuality and gender roles.
Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway
The novel Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf is a masterpiece of modernist literature that explores the inner thoughts and feelings of its characters through the use of the stream-of-consciousness technique. This literary device allows the reader to delve into the characters’ minds and experience their innermost thoughts, emotions, and memories in real time.
Throughout the novel, the stream-of-consciousness technique is used to great effect, particularly in the character of Clarissa Dalloway. Through her thoughts, we gain insight into her struggles with identity, social status, and the passage of time. We see her ponder the meaning of life, reflect on her choices, and consider the people she has known and loved.
The use of stream of consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway also serves to blur the boundaries between past and present. Memories, thoughts, and experiences from the past are woven seamlessly into the present moment, creating a rich tapestry of the characters’ inner lives. This technique is particularly effective in exploring the character of Septimus Warren Smith, a veteran of World War I who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder.
In conclusion, the use of stream of consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway is a powerful literary device that allows the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the characters’ inner lives. Through this technique, Virginia Woolf creates a complex and multifaceted portrait of her characters that is both insightful and emotionally resonant.
Important Conflict in the Novel
One of the most important conflicts in the book is the tension between individuality and conformity. The novel is set in post-World War I, England, a society where social norms and expectations are rigid, and conformity is expected. However, the characters in the novel struggle with this conformity, seeking to assert their individuality in a world that often seems hostile to it.
Clarissa Dalloway, the central character, is torn between the desire to conform to societal expectations and the longing for personal fulfillment. She is acutely aware of the limitations imposed on women in her time and struggles to reconcile her own desires with the expectations placed on her by society.
The character of Septimus Warren Smith is another embodiment of this conflict. He is a war veteran who suffers from PTSD and cannot conform to society’s expectations of him as a soldier and a man. His inability to fit into society torments him, ultimately leading to his tragic end.
Throughout the novel, the conflict between individuality and conformity is explored in various forms, such as through portraying characters who reject societal norms and exploring the tension between the individual and society. This conflict is important because it speaks to the struggle for personal freedom and fulfillment in a society that values conformity above all else. It is a theme that resonates with readers even today, making Mrs. Dalloway a timeless classic of modernist literature.
Analysis of Catch-22 by Joseph Heller
Analysis of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
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