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[ "The Evolution Deceit\nThe ability to think is one of the greatest blessings granted to people because only by thinking can people be aware of Allah's boundless power and the beauty of the universe He created. Only a thinking person realizes that the world has been created by divine wisdom in every detail, that death is near, and that there are certain obligations that are required to be met in this life. We are told in a large number of Qur'anic verses that only thinking people can heed advice and that they alone are capable of seeing the proofs of Allah's existence. Indeed, the very purpose of the revelation of the Qur'an is for people to think carefully about its verses, as is stated here: \"It is a Book We have sent down to you, full of blessing, so let people of intelligence ponder its Signs and take heed.\" (Surah Sad: 29)\nHowever, a large proportion of humanity regards thinking as a hardship. These people even believe that thinking is damaging to their lives and their set ways. According to this opinion, \"the greatest damage\" lies in reminding people of their responsibilities in this life and taking them out of the slumbering, empty minded state of heedlessness in which they find themselves. Like a kind of magic spell, this sleep makes people forget why they exist, that there is a purpose in life, and that one day they will die. Another form of this sleep is to be inundated by the daily routines. Perhaps these people feel they spend a great deal of time thinking, making decisions and finding answers, but in fact what they think about does not go beyond the details of their day-to-day needs and impulses. Their thoughts are not related to the purpose of human creation, how the world came into being or the fact that one day every living thing will be buried in the ground. Actions, statements and behaviour learned by rote, taught, and become accustomed to, have such a hold on these people that they do not even feel a need to think about more fundamental realities.\nJust as they evade thought, so too do these people escape hastily from warnings given by others; they turn their faces from belief in Allah, thinking about the verses of the Qur'an, and living by His guidance.\nBut nothing and nobody has been put on the face of the earth for an empty purpose. Allah created every detail in the universe for people to think about. In fact in the Qur'an, Allah announces that he created \"… death and life to test which of you is best in action…\" (Surat al-Mulk: 2) In this fleeting life, one is put to the test by all his or her deeds. A person has a great responsibility towards Allah Who created him and will resurrect him after death and call for an accounting for his deeds. Reading the Qur'an, taking heed of it, thinking about the verses and comprehending and applying them are amongst every person's principal responsibilities. Allah draws attention to this truth with the verse which reads,\"Do they not ponder these words? Has anything come to them that did not come to their ancestors the previous peoples?\" (Surat al-Mu'minun: 68)\nThinking people will conclude that such fine detail in the universe and its examples of flawless design mean that it cannot have come into being by accident and that there exists a Creator of all things. By thinking deeply about the miracles created around them and other proofs of Allah's existence, and observing the divine wisdom in the details which He has created, they will give themselves over to Him and live solely for the purpose of earning His approval. Aware of this truth, Satan wants them to live their lives in heedlessness, keep away from Allah's verses and hence to refrain from thought. Allah describes this purpose of Satan's in a verse of the Qur'an:\n[Satan said], \"… I will lie in ambush for them on your straight path. Then I will come at them, from in front of them and behind them, from their right and from their left... (Surat al-A'raf: 16-17)\nIn order to achieve this ultimate aim, Satan prepares very special situations to sink people into a state of heedlessness. For this purpose, he makes plans using people's weaker aspects, and attempts to make evil deeds attractive to people's egos. Unlike the faithful, people distanced from religious morality can end up in a state of spiritual heedlessness by forgetting Allah and not thinking about their purpose in life.\nFor example, Satan can easily waylay people in places of entertainment, because such places are conducive to wasting time and not thinking about anything. In these places what assumes the most importance are the clothes and accessories people wear, the money they spend, and the people around them. With the music so loud that people cannot hear one another, the air so full of smoke they cannot see one another, exploding flashbulbs, loud conversation and yelling, an environment is formed in which people who have no fear of Allah certainly cannot concentrate their attention or think.\nOf course it is a great blessing for people to enjoy themselves and come together with others they enjoy talking to. But these days places of entertainment are not those where the name of Allah is mentioned and where people recall their purpose in life. The purpose of creation is entirely forgotten. People who feel no fear of Allah in their hearts and spend their time in such places experience an atmosphere of heedlessness and are left in no condition to consider or understand warnings. In fact, one of the reasons why such people prefer these places is to forget everything and avoid thought, and they often say so. While a person who comes to such a place to, as he expresses it, escape from the troubles of the world, may have been behaving sensibly ten minutes earlier, now he starts to regard any excess as normal. In the name of enjoying themselves, these people see immorality of all kinds as reasonable and become insensitive to what is happening around them. In fact, in environments of this type, breaking plates, overturning tables, throwing napkins, attacks on others with obscene language, and fights reflect only a small part of the kind of heedlessness and immorality into which people can sink.\nConcert arenas, football stadiums and other places where large crowds gather only magnify this effect of heedlessness. A large number of people go to such places not to enjoy themselves or to watch an entertaining game or to listen to a beautiful voice but to shout, to fight and to cause trouble, in short to display ugly behaviour of every kind. In such environments, it is utterly impossible for people with no fear of Allah to extract from their minds a single useful thought. It only remains to be said that people in such an uncontrolled environment that encourages violence and immorality, are wide open to the whisperings of Satan so that the obedience of people to Satan's \"Don't think!\" order is ensured. Allah draws attention to this method of Satan's with this verse: \"Stir up any of them you can with your voice and rally against them your cavalry and your infantry and share with them in their children and their wealth and make them promises!..\" (Surat al-'Isra: 64)\nPeople whose lives are filled with work and going out to such places of entertainment, where heedlessness reigns, forget that one day they will meet the angel of death. And when they do, it is too late, because this person has passed his worldly life in pursuit of empty practices and has fled from consideration of the verses of the Qur'an. For a person who thinks about death, the transitory nature of life and his responsibilities towards Allah, it is impossible ever to accept such a heedless state. A person who knows that Allah can take his life at any moment and that there will be a reckoning for his every word, thought and action never lets these realities slip his mind in any environment whatsoever and does not surrender to heedlessness.\nFor a person to continue a life of heedlessness resembles his seeing a truck with brake failure hurtling towards him and failing to get out of the way-even though this is possible-while being fully aware that it is going to hit and crush him. During his life, a person can indulge in excess hundreds or thousands of times, can even spend his entire life in this way, but when death takes him, everything he has experienced is left behind. If a person has passed his time in heedlessness of the existence of Allah, he will realize on the day of his death that this way of life, described in ignorant societies as \"making the best of life,\" has brought him nothing but loss. He will feel regret for all the excesses he indulged in because he forgot Allah and the Day of Judgement. But heedless people ignore Allah's warnings:\nMankind's Reckoning has drawn very close to them, yet they heedlessly turn away. No fresh reminder comes to them from their Lord without their listening to it as if it was a game. Their hearts are distracted... (Surat al-Anbiya': 1-3)2009-08-15 22:15:33" ]

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[ "Coal waste bank parameters given in new USBM report.\nBusch-RA; Backer-RR; Atkins-LA\nCoal Min Process 1975 Jul; 12(7):52-53\nThe study summarized in Bureau of Mines report of investigations 7964 was a direct result of the Buffalo Creek disaster of February 1972, which took the lives of 125 West Virginians. A task force was created to analyze the West Virginia embankment failure and to identify other potentially hazardous sites. The long-term objective was to develop means to determine modes of embankment failure and to develop means for safe disposal of the coal waste materials.\nOP; Journal Article\nCoal Mining & Processing" ]

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[ "This two transistor metronome circuit can easily be built on an electronic breadboard. The circuit is easy enough for beginners in electronics consisting of only six components, a loudspeaker and a nine volt battery or 9V power supply.\nFind the circuit diagram for the metronome at the above link.\nThis LED flasher circuit, which is suitable for beginners in electronics, uses only two transistors to flash a tri-color LED between two different colors: red and green.\nClick the above link to see the circuit diagram." ]

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[ "- Diagnostic issues and capabilities in 48 isolation facilities in 16 European countries: data from EuroNHID surveys (2012)\n- Background: Highly infectious diseases (HIDs) are defined as being transmissible from person to person, causing life-threatening illnesses and presenting a serious public health hazard. The sampling, handling and transport of specimens from patients with HIDs present specific bio-safety concerns. Findings The European Network for HID project aimed to record, in a cross-sectional study, the infection control capabilities of referral centers for HIDs across Europe and assesses the level of achievement to previously published guidelines. In this paper, we report the current diagnostic capabilities and bio-safety measures applied to diagnostic procedures in these referral centers. Overall, 48 isolation facilities in 16 European countries were evaluated. Although 81% of these referral centers are located near a biosafety level 3 laboratory, 11% and 31% of them still performed their microbiological and routine diagnostic analyses, respectively, without bio-safety measures. Conclusions: The discrepancies among the referral centers surveyed between the level of practices and the European Network of Infectious Diseases (EUNID) recommendations have multiple reasons of which the interest of the individuals in charge and the investment they put in preparedness to emerging outbreaks. Despite the fact that the less prepared centers can improve by just updating their practice and policies any support to help them to achieve an acceptable level of biosecurity is welcome.\n- Infection control management of patients with suspected highly infectious diseases in emergency departments: data from a survey in 41 facilities in 14 European countries (2012)\n- Background: In Emergency and Medical Admission Departments (EDs and MADs), prompt recognition and appropriate infection control management of patients with Highly Infectious Diseases (HIDs, e.g. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and SARS) are fundamental for avoiding nosocomial outbreaks. Methods: The EuroNHID (European Network for Highly Infectious Diseases) project collected data from 41 EDs and MADs in 14 European countries, located in the same facility as a national/regional referral centre for HIDs, using specifically developed checklists, during on-site visits from February to November 2009. Results: Isolation rooms were available in 34 facilities (82,9%): these rooms had anteroom in 19, dedicated entrance in 15, negative pressure in 17, and HEPA filtration of exhausting air in 12. Only 6 centres (14,6%) had isolation rooms with all characteristics. Personnel trained for the recognition of HIDs was available in 24 facilities; management protocols for HIDs were available in 35. Conclusions: Preparedness level for the safe and appropriate management of HIDs is partially adequate in the surveyed EDs and MADs." ]

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[ "This 93-million mile deep space mission might catch the next super solar storm\nIn 1859 — on a Thursday evening, in North America — crimson columns of light began to creep across the darkened horizon. These auroras wrapped around the world, from China to Cuba, and radios and telegraph systems sputtered and stopped working en masse. Thousands of people took to the streets to see the blood red sky, some dispatching fire trucks to put out the fire that surely had set the night ablaze, while others prayed, fearing the coming of end times.\nBut the source was neither earthly nor divine. Now known as the Carrington Event, the planet had been struck by a super solar storm — essentially a cloud of plasma, gas, and high energy particles spewed from the sun’s surface. And such a storm could happen again. Scientists estimate about a 10% chance of a solar storm hitting the Earth within the next 10 years — or, put another way, for the optimists among us, a 90% chance that it won’t.\nIn either case, in today’s hyperconnected world, we’ve got a lot more technology at stake than telegraph lines. According to a 2016 study by the European Space Agency, a solar geomagnetic storm could lead to costly losses in various industries, from aviation to power systems, totaling as much as €15 billion just in Europe.\nOne way to minimize this damage is to keep watch on the sun’s activity using satellites, giving us time to prepare for any solar events heading our way. Current monitoring satellites, which have been in orbit for more than 20 years, provide about 15 hours of advance warning.\nNow, a newly funded satellite mission by the European Space Agency (ESA), called the L5 Lagrange mission, could help us to forecast solar events up to a day or more ahead of time, says Juha-Pekka Luntama, head of ESA’s Space Weather Office.\nBeing able to accurately monitor solar weather events is crucial, because each type of event is unique, as are the consequences they carry.\nThis improved time owes to the L5 mission’s proposed position in space.\nWhereas existing space weather satellites are located on a straight line between the sun and Earth, at a point called L1, the new satellite will be placed off that line, at a point called L5, which is a better vantage point for observing solar storms. You can think of it in terms of baseball, where the solar storm is the incoming pitch, Luntama says. If you’re the catcher, it’s harder to gauge the speed or position of the pitch than if you’re sitting off to the side, watching with a speed gun.\nThe Lagrange mission will also place the satellite 150 million kilometers away from Earth, which is 100 times farther than the satellites at the L1 position. “This is the very first time that anybody is building an operational deep space mission,” Luntama says. “Just sending the data from that distance is challenging.”\nTo receive an uninterrupted stream of data, space agencies need consistent access to huge antennae, at least 35 meters in diameter, at ground stations around the world, he says. While ESA’s receiver network could handle the job in theory, those dishes are needed for several other missions, which is why the agency hopes to work with others, like NASA and Japan’s JAXA, to collect the data. International collaboration often comes into play in missions where the goal is to protect the Earth, Luntama says.\nBeing able to accurately monitor solar weather events is crucial, because each type of event is unique, as are the consequences they carry. These solar disturbances arise from changes in the sun’s magnetic field, and they take three general forms, which can occur separately or all at once.\nA solar geomagnetic storm can temporarily change the planet’s magnetic field.\nThe first is a solar flare. This flash from the sun’s surface can be seen from earth, if you have the right equipment and timing; it’s what amateur astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodson happened to have observed before the event in 1859. Solar flares shower our atmosphere with extreme amounts of electromagnetic radiation, ionizing the upper layers. This ionization makes it hard for radio signals to get through the atmosphere, causing disruptions in things like satellite GPS receivers.\nThe second surprise the sun might serve up is a blast of high energy protons and electrons. While most of these energetic particles will be caught by the atmosphere, the electronics on satellites — including those monitoring the sun from the L1 position — may be damaged, temporarily or for good depending on the event. These pesky particles can also affect solar panels, degrading the panels over time.\nBut the event that could have the biggest impact on our day to day lives is a coronal mass ejection (CME). In this case, an explosion on the surface of the sun ejects a chunk of the sun’s plasma out into the void at speeds up to 3,000 km/s.\nThis cloud — a solar geomagnetic storm, can span hundreds of millions of kilometers wide and, upon collision with Earth, can even temporarily change the planet’s magnetic field.\nTo be clear, human life on the ground, as well as our dear personal electronic devices, like phones and laptops, are never in any danger from solar storms, Luntama says (adding that he gets this question a lot).\nOne effect a storm could have is on high frequency radio communications used in aviation. And while disruptions might hamper flight operations, the industry has redundancies in place to carry on safely if just more slowly, Luntama says, suggesting that the conditions may be like what you might expect in bad weather conditions.\n“There will be delays, there might be cancellations because the airports can’t run the take-offs and landings as efficiently as they do normally,” he says.\nAnother issue that’s minor but needs to be monitored is increased radiation exposure for astronauts and flight crews flying close to the poles, where radiation can seep into the upper atmosphere. The amount of radiation exposure a regular commercial flight passenger might experience during a solar storm isn’t dangerous, but a crew member serving multiple flights may need to be careful that they don’t exceed their recommended yearly radiation levels.\nThe biggest threat solar storms pose is to the power grid. A geomagnetic storm can deliver an extra jolt of current straight into power systems, overloading the grid and knocking out crucial house-sized transformers, which are expensive and difficult to replace.\nThe biggest threat solar storms pose is to the power grid. A geomagnetic storm can deliver an extra jolt of current straight into power systems\nWith advance notice, Luntama suggests that power companies could lower the grids’ loads or turn them off completely, as a costly but protective measure. Here’s where that extra half a day of warning time could be crucial. You can’t just turn off entire power grids by flipping a switch, Luntama says. These systems must be carefully ramped down over the course of days.\nIn case of any emergency, whether it’s a hurricane or solar storm, utility companies have business continuity plans, says Eileen Unger of Emergency Preparedness Partnerships, a New Jersey based company that helps businesses write and practice such plans.\nThese plans prepare for the loss of things like computer systems and communications, including how to revert to paper records or how many employees are needed to update customers in person. In the worst-case scenario, if all methods of communications were down, Unger says, companies might designate a location for employees to meet and receive further instructions.\nLuntama says, for individual citizens, the best thing you can do to prepare for solar storms is to understand their impact and not to panic.\nUltimately, the key to minimizing the damage caused by solar storms is long-term planning, Luntama says, and ensuring that governments around the world are investing in monitoring capabilities. Solar storms are one of the few threats where the entire planet is vulnerable, he says. “As mankind, we need to take this seriously.”" ]

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[ "Books By George McNeish.\n|Home||About the Project||In The News||How to Donate||About 275 Thames St.||Picture Album||Volunteer Form||Past Events||Book||Slide Shows|\nA Book About the Fugitive Slave ChapelFor information about \"The Alternative\" my fictional history, go to alternative.fscpp.ca\nI am now working on two books simultaneously. In \"The Fugitive Slave Chapel of London Ontario\" I delve into its History and the history of the Slaves that came. I look into the conditions of Slavery in the South to get a glimpse of what these Fugitives were escaping from. From the little known fact I attempt to imagine the state of mind of these citizens that arrived in the mid 1800's. The conditions they met and the obstacles they had to overcome are explored.\nAbolitionist John Brown is rumoured to have spoken in the Church. I am about ninety percent sure this rumour is true. The 1926 reporter that claims to have spoken to two unnamed people who remembered the event seems to be adequate proof. The fact that the meeting needed to be kept secret explains why accounts of it are not widespread.\nIn this book I look into the life of John Brown. I examined accounts of his life as told by both his enemies and his friends. I read a speech given by a freed slave, Frederick Douglass, that started out uncomplimentary and turned into a glowing tribute to a white man who had greater influence on the abolition movement than any other single person.\nI am documenting the efforts of the Fugitive Slave Chapel Preservation Project and plan to document the move of the building when it happens. The book will also explore the possibilities for the future use of the building, what the building stands for and how the efforts the building was established for can be continued in the future.\nWhile researching this book I looked into the conditions that resulted in the Civil War. I read about its devastating effect and the struggles with reconstruction afterwards. I started to wonder if this war was really necessary.\nThus I began writing a historical fiction (The Alternative) were the Civil War never happened. I start with the birth of my first character on June 18, 1800. His name is Bobby Johnson and he was born to a Plantation owner that was a kind slave owner. His father was ridiculed for never whipping his slaves. Bobby gets involved in the religion of the South and begins to have doubts that slavery should even exist. When he goes to the north to study the Bible away from the influence of slavery he vows that he will never be a slave owner. He pleads with his father to free the slaves but his dad cannot see any way a plantation can be run without slave labour.\nRuthie born December of 1805 was born to the very opposite kind of slave owner. Her mother died when she was born and she was raised by the slaves that her father treated so cruelly. One slave, who she regarded as her best friend, becomes pregnant. When she learns the man responsible for this is her own father she is furious. She solidifies the friendship she has with the slaves, protects them from her father's cruelty and eventually meets and marries Bobby Johnson.\nTogether Bobby and Ruthie change history. In their passion to end slavery they prove not only that slavery is wrong, but if the black population is given a chance it can make great contributions to the economy of the whole society. Bobby and Ruthie employ free blacks on the plantation Bobby inherits, he encourages their education and he is paid back big time. His plantation becomes the wealthiest in the area. In 1845, when caterpillars destroyed most of the cotton in Louisiana, Bobby's free black labour figure out how to save his crop. Because of the inventiveness of his labourers and their interest in experimenting with agricultural techniques, the plantation is doing much better than those of his neighbours. Although met with jealousy and prejudice, the neighbours soon learn that, if they want to be successful, they need to copy his methods.\nBobby and his free black labourers are soon in much demand as they travel throughout the state of Louisiana and beyond teaching their techniques. By the time the rebels decide to attack the north, there is so little support that they have to abandon their plans. Bobby continues to teach his methods and insists that in order for it to work, not only do they need to abandon the idea of slavery, but the free black workers must be respected as the force that makes them successful. Therefore, not only is there no slavery in the south, but there is absolutely no prejudice as the African Americans are honoured for their contributions.\nI have not decided yet if these two works will be published as one volume or two.\nI would enjoy hearing your comments. You can contact me at [email protected].\nIf you would like to be notified when either book can be pre-ordered let me know that when you send an email.\nInformation about these books will be regularly updated. Below is a sample of the writing of George McNeish.\nHistoric Value of 275 Thames Street, London, Ontario, Canada\nThe Fugitive Slave Chapel of London, Ontario was built about 1848 presumably by fugitive slaves and perhaps other citizens of African descent. Little is known about how this building came into being but London land records show that trustees of the African Methodist Episcopal Church purchased the land at 275 Thames Street on October 14, 1847. One would speculate that the building would have been erected shortly after that date, but some sources put the date of construction as late as 1852.\nYou may wonder at the lack of documentation for a building of such historical value, but, at the time, these few fugitives from our southern neighbour were insignificant and even unwanted, so their activities were largely ignored. Fleeing from slavery meant that they had endured hard labour with no wages paid, so it is not surprising that they had very little when they arrived in London. What they did have was an ability to work and a desire to succeed, so, despite odds against them, they worked, bargained and prospered. With only the finances that labour could bring them, they naturally congregated in an area of London were real estate was cheap. The smelly hollow at Thames Street was such a place during the middle of the nineteenth century. The coming of the railroad in 1853 soon changed all of that. Real estate values escalated and the black community of London were soon known to hold greater value in real estate than their white counterparts.\nWhen they arrived in Canada all these fugitives wanted was an equal opportunity to work and earn a living. Some well intentioned people took it on their selves to raise money for those they regarded as unable to succeed on their own. Others who were not so well intentioned used the situation of the fugitives to solicit money which seldom got to the intended destination. Either way this was not wanted by the black community. Many narratives of fugitive slaves who came to Canada stated that they felt handouts would make people lazy and they preferred to work for what they could earn. Equal opportunity is the most they asked for, and that they did not get. The prejudice in Canada was often worse than they faced in slavery, but in Canada they were free and had protection of the law. This was enough to enable them to work hard and prosper under adverse conditions.\nFor more than 200 years the African American was told he was not human and could expect no human rights. He was brainwashed into thinking he had no capability to survive on his own and needed a master to look after his affairs. Many were so convinced of their inferior abilities that they made no attempt to escape slavery, but the ones who did manage to break the bonds of slavery proved that the common beliefs were utterly false. Not only did they succeed but they succeeded despite adverse conditions. They came together in small communities and helped each other to overcome obstacles. In slavery they had learned of the God of Christianity and many carried that belief with them when they came to Canada. White Christians would usually make them feel unwelcome, so they established their own churches. The African Methodist Episcopal Church was born in the south when Black Christians suffered segregation in the Methodist churches of that area. In 1856 it was considered to be unsafe for black ministers to travel to the USA for conferences and so the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada split from their parent organization to form the British Methodist Episcopal Church. Canada then was a British Colony and the Church wanted to honour the country that gave them freedom when they named their new organization.\nSometimes we tend to distance ourselves from human suffering when it happens to another group, but I take this very personally. Although I am not black, I am human, and slavery was a crime against humanity. Although the black population suffered more, slavery damaged all human society. Ancient forms of slavery were sanctioned in the Christian Bible but this more recent form was condemned back as far as the time of Moses. In ancient times one who owed money might sell himself into slavery or when enemies were captured during a time of war they would often be forced into slavery. Beginning in 1441 the first African Slaves were stolen from their homeland. The slave trade would continue to grow through the following centuries and would not end until the USA civil war ended it in 1865. In Exodus 21:16 we read, \"And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.\" It is clear from this verse that man stealing has always been abhorred and even one in possession of a stolen man was to receive the most severe punishment. When the Christian Churches twisted the meaning of the Bible to justify this form of slavery they not only condemned an innocent population to slavery, they also condemned themselves to spiritual death. When someone is devoid of human spirit it is increasingly easy to do wrong and it gets more and more difficult to do what is right.\nToday we hear of terrible crimes perpetrated against the most innocent of our citizens. Young girls are brutally raped. Little children are kidnapped, used for sex and then murdered in an attempt to cover the original crime. The laws of the land keep these events down to a few cases, but imagine what would happen of these things were legal. What if, instead of condemning the child rapist, you protected his activity by law and made it illegal for the family of the child to interfere with his right. Now imagine this is your little daughter or son that is being raped by one who the law says you must respect as your master. This is just one example, if there is any other crime that repulses you more, imagine that one. I am not saying that these things were common place, but when we realize that such things still happen despite the law we can only assume they happened more often when the perpetrator had no fear of punishment. If the neighbours found out they would see him as a sick man but they would look the other way since he would have the right to do whatever he wanted with his property.\nMore common would be the breeding practices. Slaves were treated as livestock and as in livestock they had no rights to select a mate for themselves. The master would decide which slaves would produce the best offspring. When one mate was sold off another would be forced on the one remaining. Unlike livestock the master himself could also act as stud and do his own breeding. Anyone born of a slave woman was considered a slave and this master would sell off one of his own offspring as quickly as he would any other slave. Now imagine it was your mother, your sister or your daughter being forced into a sexual relation and used for breeding slaves for her master. She had no rights to her offspring. They were the property of her master who could do anything he wanted with them.\nI have painted this brief picture of the nature of slavery to show what the fugitives coming to London, Ontario were running from. Next we can look at how they got to Canada.\nThe journey from the South was made at great peril to the slaves. When one became a fugitive one was hunted down like a wild animal. Many masters wanted to teach their slaves that running was worse than staying and so they would not care if a runaway was returned dead or alive. Slave catchers preferred the dead or alive posters as they could collect the reward without needing to return a living person who would be constantly trying to escape. Even when returned alive it was not uncommon to whip the slave to death as a lesson to others on what happens to a runaway. Before a slave would run he had to accept that death was better for him than to stay in slavery.\nHaving never been paid for his labour, the fugitive had no money to pay for his journey north. He had to avoid public detection so he stayed clear of roads and any place where people may be found. Not knowing who he could trust he was forced to steal food and walk for many months. Even when a friend who could help was close by, he was often unaware. Sometimes, out of desperation he would be forced to approach a stranger. Sometimes he was rewarded with help, other times he was sent back to slavery or killed on the spot. Through the aid of the Quakers and the Underground Railway many fugitives were rescued with the rescuers sharing in the risk. It was illegal to help a runaway slave and anyone caught in this would be subject to huge fines and/or prison time. Yet many would take the risk because they followed a higher law and that law said oppression was wrong, even oppression that was sanctioned by the government. The underground rail-road provided depots were fugitives would be hidden while they had a chance to rest and eat. They were then given instructions on how to find the next depot and sometimes were even provided with transportation. If a fugitive slave could make his way to one of the terminals of the underground rail-road his chances of reaching Canada were greatly increased. Many of the Fugitives coming to Canada were helped by this organization run mainly by Quakers.\nWhether or not a fugitive found the underground rail-road his dangers were not past. Besides the danger from humans the fugitive was harassed by natural elements. He was at risk of being torn apart by wild animals. Heat, cold, rain or snow may overcome him. He may be forced of hide in swamps, contend with insects, snakes, leaches and worse without any protection whatsoever. With only stars to lead him he would often become lost in a blizzard and find that he had been going in the wrong direction when the sun arose on an unexpected horizon. Needless to say, many didn't make it, but death to them was better than the life they had known.\nNow imagine the terrible life you had as a slave. Top that with a perilous three month journey on foot while suffering from starvation and anything nature could throw at you. When you met the first person you have seen since you started from the South you knew not if he would be a friend or an enemy, but divine providence found you in favour and that person helped you get quickly to Canada. In Canada you found slave catchers were still searching for you in the border communities. You found there was a place called London that was further inland and afforded more protection against capture, so again you set out on foot being thankful for the small amount of help you have received. You now had the protection of the law and could find work along the way to pay for your food. Finally you arrive in London Ontario and someone directs you to a little chapel on Thames Street. You go in and kneel down to pray as you thank God that you made it. Many troubles lie ahead of you. You do not know where you will sleep, what you will eat or where you can find a job, but the kind people at the Chapel had previously gone through what you had and they understood your needs. Together you give a prayer of thanks and pray for continued guidance.\nThis is the significance of this little unassuming building that now needs a new home. This building symbolizes the overcoming of evil. This is a place where free men could pray. It is a reminder of a time we do not want to repeat. It is a symbol for continued justice and for continuing to fight for the rights of the oppressed. The North American Continent was wounded by slavery for more than two hundred years. A century and a half has elapsed since slavery was finally abolished but the wounds are still healing. The symptoms of slavery are being treated but the root cause still needs to be discovered or the disease of slavery will simply take on new forms. This is our present day challenge so that we can forever rid the world of oppression.\nWe have a symbol of freedom in London, Ontario. It is currently at 275 Thames Street. There are a lot of people who want to move it to 432 Grey Street where it can be restored and preserved. $65,000 is needed just to get the building moved. And additional amount estimated at $900,000 is needed to restore and add additional facilities needed to realize its full potential. A contribution to this cause is a contribution to world peace and the end of oppression of all kinds. Plans are under way to have a plaque displaying the names of major contributors made that will be displayed at this historical site.\nYou can contribute via internet at http://www.fscpp.ca/donate.html. Cheques can be sent to the Fugitive Slave Chapel Preservation Project, c/o Beth Emanuel BME Church, 430 Grey St, London, Ontario, N6B 1H3." ]

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[ "Local switching is switching in which traffic does not traverse the backplane of a switch but rather stays on a line card. This concept is positioned as a method for increasing the available bandwidth of a line card or reducing traffic on the backplane of a device. While the concept of local switching is sound and local switching has been successfully deployed on many types of devices, not all local switching implementations are equally effective.\nThe architecture of the SAN solution that is competitive with the Cisco\n® SAN solution is a three-tier stack of common application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); see Figure 1. This architecture has the advantages of being simple and quickly built. However, it also has serious limitations due to routing decisions that occur independently at each ASIC.\nFigure 1. Competitive Director Architecture\nEach ASIC in this architecture makes autonomous routing decisions based on individual instances of the Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) routing protocol. Since each ASIC is independent, one ASIC cannot adjust traffic paths to accommodate load on another ASIC on the same line card, the same switching fabric, or another line card. This limitation leads to performance problems when one autonomous routing decision affects another autonomous routing decision.\nArchitecture and Local Switching\nTo fully understand local switching, you must understand the confines of the local switch. Local switching can be defined as the switching of traffic in a local domain. This domain may be an entire line card or, as in the case of competitive SAN solutions, only half of the ports of a line card (Figure 2).\nFigure 2. Competitive 48-Port Line Card Architecture\nIn Figure 2, the first local switch domains consist of line card ports 0 to 7 and 24 to 39, and the second local switching domain consists of line card ports 8 to 23 and 40 to 47. This numbering scheme is neither contiguous nor intuitive and may lead to deployment errors when you try to implement local switching.\nPerformance Problems When Mixing Local and Non-Local Switching\nNumerous tests have been conducted using different combinations of storage traffic that mix locally switched and non-locally switched traffic. The results of these tests indicate that, in some cases, locally switched traffic is affected by non-locally switched traffic, and in other cases, non-locally switched traffic is affected by locally switched traffic. Results are further complicated by routing policies that are configurable on the competitive switch. Figures 3 and 4 show some examples of traffic throughput inequities when locally switched traffic and non-locally switched traffic are mixed.\nFigure 3. Local Switch Test 1\nFigure 4. Local Switch Test 2\nAs can be seen from the test results, mixing locally switched traffic and non-locally switched traffic causes inconsistent traffic flows and affects the performance of some devices. Because the effect of the performance degradation is inconsistent, a SAN architect cannot design around this limitation and must instead require that the user never mix local switched and non-local switched traffic on competitive SAN directors.\nEffect of Port Density\nOne potential benefit of local switching is greater port density with higher per-port speeds. This benefit is achieved by having some traffic locally switched and other traffic non-locally switched. As the test results previously described showed, this scenario is not possible with competitive SAN directors. Some traffic is given preferential bandwidth, while other traffic is negatively affected. Because of this behavior, traffic should not be mixed between locally switched and non-locally switched. Because of the performance problems, this behavior also means that use of local switching limits the number of ports deployable per line card.\nTypical SAN deployments use fan-out ratios to determine the number of servers (initiators) per storage array (targets) ports. Storage vendors determine these fan-out ratios based on server type, application performance profile, and storage array port performance. These fan-out ratios vary, but typical ratios range from 8:1 (eight servers to one storage array port) to 20:1 or more. Using these values, Table 1 shows how the inability to mix locally switched and non-locally switched traffic leaves some ports unusable.\nTable 1. Local Switch Port Deployments\nAs can be seen in Table 1, the number of ports that cannot be deployed in local switched deployments can vary from as few as 2 ports (6 percent) of a 32-port line card to as many as 22 ports (46 percent) of a 48-port line card, depending on the initiator-to-target fan-out ratio. This limitation additionally affects the customer because this solution does not allow for network growth without extensive recabling of the entire competitive switch, ultimately limiting the number of deployable ports on the competitive SAN solution and requiring more chassis to be deployed.\nLocal Switching and Virtual Machine Deployments\nToday's data center is increasingly using virtualization to reduce the number of servers being deployed and to increase the utilization of the deployed servers. This virtualization is typically deployed in clustered solutions, grouping 8, 16, 32, or more servers in a cluster. Application performance for the servers must be consistent and must not vary based on the server on which the virtual machine is running.\nOne requirement of the server clusters is that all servers have the same access to the same storage, meaning that a SAN administrator must ensure that all server ports and storage ports are in the same local switch domain. This requirement cannot be met on the competitive SAN solution due to the small size of the local switch domain (a maximum of 24 ports). In addition, as performance tests have shown, mixing traffic between local switch domains causes performance inconsistencies that are in direct conflict with the requirement for equal performance for all servers in a cluster.\nLocal Switching and Cluster High Availability\nAnother consideration when looking at local switching is the fault domain of the solution. When initiators and targets are dispersed over multiple port groups and line cards, the failure of an ASIC or line card will affect only a small number of the devices in a cluster. When local switching is deployed, the failure of a single ASIC or line card will cause failure in an entire cluster of servers and storage devices.\nAlthough local switching is a valid method for potentially increasing performance, the usability of such of feature is ultimately determined by a vendor's implementation. The competitive SAN local switch implementation imposes too many restrictions to be used successfully:\n• The number of ports that can be deployed when using local switching is limited.\n• Performance degrades when locally switched and non-locally switched traffic are mixed.\n• The performance effect is unpredictable and cannot be designed around.\n• Deployments of virtual servers and clusters are limited.\n• High availability is compromised, and a single point of failure is created." ]

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[ "Oceana Bittersweet About CITES’ Failure to Protect Seven out of Eight Shark SpeciesAll Press Releases…\nPorbeagle Only Shark Species Granted Protection Against International Trade at CITES\nMarch 23, 2010\nContact: Dustin Cranor ( [email protected] | 954-348-1314, 954-348-1314 (cell))\nOceana, the world’s largest international ocean conservation organization, applauded the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species’ (CITES) decision to protect porbeagle sharks threatened by the international trade of their meat during the 15th Conference of the Parties. However, Oceana called today a disaster for the seven other shark species (oceanic whitetip, dusky, sandbar, spiny dogfish and scalloped, smooth and great hammerheads) that were not included in Appendix II of CITES.\n“Porbeagle sharks finally received the trade protections they so desperately needed,” said Rebecca Greenberg, marine wildlife scientist at Oceana. “Without trade restrictions, these shark species will be pushed towards extinction. The oceans, livelihoods and local economies depend on these species.”\nMany shark populations have declined by up to 99 percent in recent decades. These shark species are threatened by the international consumer demand for shark products including fins, skins, meat and liver oil. The international shark fin trade is a multi-billion dollar business that is pushing many shark species to the brink of extinction. The fins, including those of hammerhead and oceanic whitetip sharks, are mainly sent to China for use in shark fin soup. Trade in shark meat, particularly to European markets, is also a major threat to spiny dogfish and porbeagle sharks.\nRegarding the failed proposals, Oceana’s marine scientist and fisheries campaign manager Elizabeth Griffin said, “It appears that science no longer matters. CITES is not fulfilling its obligation to protect species threatened by international trade. When will we realize that short-term profits will not last?”\nToday’s decisions to reject the other proposals will allow the unregulated international trade of the fins and meat from several of the world’s most vulnerable shark species to continue to decimate shark populations worldwide. According to Oceana, protection in CITES would have helped protect these populations.\nOceana is hopeful that some of these bad decisions on shark species could be reversed during the plenary session during the final two days.\nAbout Sharks and CITES:\nFrom March 13 to 25, representatives from 175 countries are meeting in Doha, Qatar, for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species’ (CITES) 15th Conference of the Parties. During these two weeks, countries will decide on the inclusion of eight shark species (oceanic whitetip, dusky, sandbar, spurdog, porbeagle and scalloped, smooth and great hammerheads) in CITES Appendix II. An Appendix II listing would require the use of export permits to ensure that the species were caught by a legal and sustainably managed fishery.\nEarlier this week, Oceana released a new report The International Trade of Shark Fins: Endangering Shark Populations Worldwide that describes the impact of the global shark fin trade on the world’s oceans. According to the report, up to 10 million kg of shark fins (equivalent to the weight of more than 2,000 adult African Elephants) are exported annually to Hong Kong by nearly 87 countries.\nSharks can be found in almost every ocean and play a vital role in maintaining the health of the oceans. Many shark populations have declined to levels where they are unable to perform their roles as top predators in the ecosystem, causing drastic and possibly irreversible damage to the oceans. According to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, nearly half of the highly migratory shark species are now considered overexploited or depleted.\nTo learn more about Sharks and CITES, and for downloadable images, please visit www.oceana.org/CITES." ]

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[ "Issues in Digital Technology in Education/Virtual Learning Environments\nWhat is a Virtual Environment And How did it come to be?\nA virtual learning environment (VLE) or virtual world, can be defined as an interactive simulated environment accessed by multiple users through an online interface. In order to fully appreciate he capacity of a VLE one must go back to the inception of the Internet. In 1969 The United States Defense Department created ARPANET a precursor to the Internet. Fifteen years later Islands of Kesmai, the first commercial MMORPG (massive, multiplayer, role play games) was launched on Compuserve. This is an example of early \"coming together\" on the Internet. At this time William Gibson publishes Neuromancer. In this work Gibson explores artificial intelligence, virtual reality, genetic engineering, and multinational overpowering corporations long before these ideas entered popular culture. By using words like \"cyber speak\" and \"cyberspace,\" Gibson provided the vernacular for an emerging technology and a generation. By 1992 Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash is published and in this work, a new vision of virtual worlds is created, contenting ideas about history, linguistics, anthropology, archaeology, religion, computer science, politics, cryptography and philosophy. In the late nineties most virtual worlds fade because the hardware and bandwidth requirements are too stringent and dot-com funding dries up at the end of the millennium.\n7 Commonalities to all Virtual Environments/Worlds\n1. All virtual environments are populated by avatars. An avatar is a computer user's representation of himself or herself, whether in the form of a 3D model or a 2D icon. In English, the word avatar has come to mean \"an embodiment or an bodily manifestation of the Divine.\" However, the Sanskrit word Avatara mean \"The descent of God\" or simply \"incarnation.\"\n2. All virtual environments provide a shared space. A place that allows many users from around the world to interact at once.\n3. All virtual environments host a graphical user interface. The world depicts space visually, ranging in style from 2D \"cartoon\" imagery to more immersive 3D environments.\n4. All the action in virtual environments takes place in real time.\n5. All virtual environments are interactive, and users can alter, develop and build with the environment.\n6. All virtual environments will continue if the user is not logged in.\n7. All virtual environments allow and encourage the formation of in-world social groups, teams, guilds, clubs, cliques, housemates, neighborhoods, etc.\nWhy are Virtual Environments created?\nVirtual environments have also been built for purposes other than gaming. The following section summarizes a few ways in which virtual environments are currently being used:\nCommercial Gaming: Tends to focus on a singular fictional theme and consistently follows formal conventions such as character-focused avatars, progression through an interactive narrative storyline, and a series of competitive events. These environments are strongly influenced by fantasy, science fiction, and anime genres of literature and film. The majority of virtual environments in existence today are commercial gaming world. •\nSocializing/ Online community building: These environments emphasize socializing rather than gaming. This environment offers a more open-ended experience and is strongly influenced by the cultures of text-based chat rooms. Although small-scale, casual games may be incorporated into a social world, participants are not necessarily there to win or play a game, but rather to socialize with other and in many cases create and decorate a personal space such as a home, room, or apartment. Social worlds tend to use settings based on idealized versions of reality. Most provide some basic building tools and the ability to host activities and events that revolve around a wide variety of topics.\nEducation: In most cases, educational worlds are sponsored by academic institutions or nonprofit organizations, although some educational worlds are sponsored by corporations. Educational worlds come in a wide variety of forms, including 3D recreations of museum and gallery spaces, computer programming tutorials, virtual libraries, and meeting spaces for online university courses.\nMilitary Training: Governments are using virtual environments to train their troops. Soldiers can practice high-risk combat situations in a safe, affordable environment. A variety of situations can be programmed, and depending on human interaction, different outcomes can be explored and addressed.\nVirtual Environments: Second Life\nSecond Life: Introduction\nOne of the virtual environments that has been popularized recently is Second Life. Second Life was launched on June 23, 2003 by Linden Labs. It is widely popular with individuals in their early 30s (Generation X), and, according to the Kzero research group, it has 13 million registered accounts, which makes it one of the largest virtual environments. To understand Second Life, it is important to make the distinction between virtual environments and Massively Mulitplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG). Whereas MMORPG are games where content is designed by developers and consumed by players, virtual environments are places where residents co-construct physical and social content through socialization and collaboration. The content of many virtual environments and in this case Second Life is co-constructed collaboratively by residents through creativity, invention, taking on identities, and experimentation. “Practices of the participants, their actions, conversations, movements, and exchanges come to define the world and continually infuse it with new meanings” (Thomas & Brown, 2007).\nSecond Life: Environment’s Characteristics\nSecond Life is a complex visual and audio-based 3D environment which is characterized by distributed networks as its residents are geographically, demographically, and generationally dispersed. Thomas & Brown (2007) also suggest that the distributed networks are, at the same time, co-present as, for any interaction to take place, residents’ avatars are in the same space.\nParticipatory Culture and Interaction\nAccording to Ondrejka (2008), another characteristic that makes Second Life unique is its participatory culture (culture of interacting, sharing, and collaborating) characterized by innovation and creativity. Participatory culture is integral for Second Life to function as the social and physical content of the environment is collaboratively authored, preserved, modified, and maintained by its residents (Robbins quoted in Arreguin, 2007) through the process of what Yowell (Yowell quoted in Arreguin, 2007) and Thomas & Brown (2007) call networked imagination. To explain this further, it is the collective or network imagination of Second Life residents that leads to the creation of urban and natural spaces where the residents congregate, and it is the collective imagination of the residents that results in defining the purpose to meet in those spaces. These purposes can range from social gatherings to educational initiatives such as lectures or workshops. Because it is the residents of Second Life who are the creators and developers of the physical and social content, the quality and complexity of this virtual environment depend entirely on residents’ agency, that is, their willingness, frequency, and quality of interactions.\nIt is up to the residents to decide to what degree they become involved in this space. This, according to Ondrejka (2008), largely depends on residents’ needs, desires, and constraints. It is also worthy to point out that, in contrast to interaction in other Web 2.0 applications such as blogging, wikis, or microblogging which is sequential, the interaction in Second Life and other similar virtual environments is always synchronous.\nLearning as Social Practice\nBecause the content is co-constructed by its residents, Second Life is an environment where learning occurs through social interaction. Ondrejka (2008) labels it as peer-to-peer pedagogy, learning which is modeled on the apprenticeship model put forward by Vygotsky (Vygotsky, 1978) and which takes place in communities of practice created by learners (Wenger, 1998). “Rather than requiring learners to become proficient in all Second Life skills, students are encouraged to become dependent on each other’s talents and strengths to the point of leading and teaching each other” (Arreguin, 2007). Learning in Second Life is predominantly driven by the needs of the individual. Ondrejka (2008) points out that there is no pre-set curriculum and that learning is regulated primarily by the needs of the learners. According to Robbins (Robbins quoted in Arreguin, 2007) knowledge is pulled by the learners rather than pushed at a student. Robbins also stresses that the roles of the learner and instructor change as a result of this; the learner becomes an instructor and the instructor becomes a learner. Learning in Second Life occurs through formal and informal instances that include conventions, conferences, workshops and demonstrations organized and led by more experienced residents or through informal peer-to-peer synchronous voice or text chats. Learning in Second Life is also supported by exchange of knowledge, expertise, and information through a mush-up of technologies that are adjacent to Second Life. Thus, Second Life residents continue to learn by interacting outside of Second Life by writing blogs, collaborating on wikis, joining facebook groups, exchanging twits on twitter or other microblogging applications, or participating in conversations on listservs, sharing images on flickr, and sharing resources on delicious or other social networking sites.\nSecond Life: New Learner/Shift in Learning\nResearchers who are exploring virtual environments point out that these environments are important to analyze for educators to understand what the characteristics of the 21st century learners are and how learning is changing as a result of these learners’ participating in these environments. Thomas & Brown (2007) argue that virtual environments exemplify a new type of learner and a significant shift in learning. Because residents can create new identities and take on new roles, the concept of identity expands. According to Thomas & Brown (2007), learner’s identity cannot be considered binary anymore (real life vs. virtual reality identity), rather, they argue, an individual’s virtual reality identity is supplemental to real world identity. Because of the semiotic characteristics of virtual environments, knowledge acquisition is also conceptualized differently. According to Thomas & Brown (2007), residents learn to BE rather than learn ABOUT concepts and ideas as it is done via traditional models of learning. Furthermore, they argue that knowledge gained in/required to function in virtual environments should not be treated in binary terms (virtual reality knowledge vs. real world knowledge) but it is supplemental to real life knowledge. Thus, virtual world residents construct their identity and knowledge both/and (not either outside/either inside the world) (Thomas & Brown, 2007). This new conceptualization of learner’s identity and the purpose of knowledge acquisition has led Thomas & Brown to believe that virtual environments such as Second Life and other spaces are important spaces to study as they are making a significant impact on today’s learners and their learning.\nArreguin, C. (2007). Best practices from the Second Life Community Convention Education Track 2007. Retrieved on June 15, 2008 from http://www.rezed.org/forum/topic/show?id=2047896%3ATopic%3A323\nOndrejka, C. (2008). Education unleashed: Participatory culture, education, and I=innovation in Second Life. Retrieved on June 18, 2008 from http://www.rezed.org/forum/topic/show?id=2047896%3ATopic%3A2550\nThomas, D. & J.S. Brown (2007). Why virtual worlds can matter. Working Paper. Retrieved on June 11, 2007 from http://www.johnseelybrown.com/needvirtualworlds.pdf\nVirtual Worlds Total Registered Accounts. Kzero Research. Retrieved on June 6, 2008 from http://www.kzero.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/virtual-world-numbers-q2-2008.jpg\nVygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.\nWenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press." ]

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[ "When the tomb of King Tut was discovered in 1922, it ignited a worldwide craze for Egyptian Revival Jewelry. The discovery, along with the translation of the Rosetta Stone in 1822 and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, helped bring Egyptomania to a fever pitch in the West. But this interest in ancient civilizations dates back much further than these events, originating with the French Revolution and Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt. During his time in Egypt, the French monarch studied archaeology as a science and made many\ndiscoveries. When he returned to France, he brought home a treasure trove of inspiration. Napoleon continued to pursue an interest in Egypt and its ancient history.\nThis interest in Egypt spread to Europe and influenced not only the design of a wide range of products, but also the way we see and think about architecture, music, and art. It even permeated the fashion industry. Jewelry became a popular form of expression that reflected an individual’s interest in Egypt’s ancient culture. A lotus flower was often depicted in jewelry, with its symbolic association with the Sun god Aman-Ra. The ankh, a hieroglyph for life, was also an important motif in Egyptian jewelry. The Ba, a bird-like aspect of the ‘soul’ that could travel out of the tomb after death, was another key symbol in Egyptian culture. These motifs were used in many styles of jewelry, from heavy gold shield shaped brooches and earrings of the Victorian period to the more refined ‘Art Deco’ pieces that are still in vogue today.\nCloisonné enamel was also very popular among jewelers and was frequently used in the depiction of Egyptian motifs. The motifs, including ram’s head and scarab beetles, were also often carved in precious and semiprecious gemstones, for example, sapphire and lapis lazuli, which the ancients believed would protect the wearer from evil. In the late 19th century, when the craze for Egyptian motifs reached its peak, jewelers were not attempting to recreate ancient Egyptian motifs as accurately as they had done in the past, but rather to adapt them to a modern style. The Egyptian Revival movement was an apt name for this refined mash-up of two different eras and a fusion of artistic technique. Continue reading “Tut, Tut, Tut”\nWeaving fibers to form a fabric has been a part of human existence since ancient times. Weaving is the process of interlacing longitudinally oriented warp threads with horizontally oriented weft threads to form a woven fabric. Weaving is performed on a loom, a device arranged to hold warp threads under tension while allowing the weft threads to be sequentially added to them, to produce a fabric. The relative movement and positioning of the warp and weft threads during the weaving process results in a sequence of thread placements that together form a pattern in the finished fabric. To change patterns, the sequence of thread placements must be modified, a traditionally labor and time intensive process. Through the centuries, looms have had a variety of configurations, but their basic function has remained the same.\nLoom technology has seen a variety of innovations throughout history in a continuous effort to make fabric production faster, easier, and more cost-effective. The Jacquard machine invented by French weaver Joseph-Marie Jacquard (born 1752 in Lyon, France) revolutionized the field of weaving. His invention, which uses punch cards to represent a desired sequence of thread placements during operation of the loom, greatly reduced the labor involved in the process of weaving. Jacquard designed a device that would be attached to a loom to control the placement of individual warp threads according to a pre-set progression of steps represented and controlled by a pattern of holes in each of a set of punch cards. This allowed looms to not only produce complex textile patterns such as brocade, damask, and lace, but also to be changed quickly from one pattern to another. By simply exchanging a first set of punch cards for a second set of punch cards, the loom could be reprogrammed to produce a new fabric pattern. Jacquard looms are used for weaving all sorts of intricate patterned textiles. They could be programmed to weave a single pattern fabric or a combination of patterns with different colors. Continue reading “Programming Fashion”\nFashion is a way of creating new and distinctive designs that can be worn by different people in different settings. It is often a reflection of the times in which it is created, but it can also be influenced by, technology, culture, even religion. Before the mid-19th century, most clothing was home-made. Occasionally, a village dressmaker was available to make a made-to-measure dress. The wealthy often employed seamstresses who dealt directly, and often exclusively, with their patron. The rapid mechanization of fabric production led to the appearance of ready-to-wear stores that provided the middle classes an opportunity to move away from home-made garments.\nAniline dye printed fabrics were used for many of the garments that were produced in this period. They were woven according to a manufacturing method that caused the dyes to run down the surface of the fabric. This made the garments more textured and interesting. The process created fabrics that contrasted with the smoother, lighter-colored cottons and linens that were also popular at the time. Aniline dyes could also be applied to other materials to give them a more sophisticated appearance. One example is aniline colored velvet which was very popular through the 1890’s. It was made in a range of colors, from soft pink to dark red and sometimes bright purple. The Aniline colored velvet was a soft, comfortable fabric that clung to the body, revealing the wearer’s shape, and giving it an attractive drape. It was especially popular for evening dresses. Velvet was made in a range of textures, from fine to coarse. It was usually trimmed with delicate embroidery, lace, ribbons and beading. Continue reading “From Home-Made to Store-Bought Fashion”\nThe past centuries have seen a variety of cultural and technological shifts, and the fashion world has followed suit. These changes have also had a profound impact on the way we dress. In the 19th century, the commercialization of newly discovered aniline dyes for printed fabrics had a profound impact on fashion. The use of these synthetic dyes changed the way we colored fabrics, allowing manufacturers to scale up production. Aniline dyes made it easy for manufacturers to print on a wide range of fabric types all with consistent hue and tone of the color between batches. This allowed for the reemergence of the dyeing industry, which was formerly languishing because of its long dependency on expensive naturally derived pigments. Continue reading “Color My World: Aniline Dyes in Fashion”\nAround 1856 an 18-year-old British chemist named William Henry Perkin changed the world of fashion forever. He had been performing experiments seeking to replace the natural anti-malarial drug quinine. Instead of the colorless powder he had expected, he found that oxidizing aniline, a coal tar derivative, produced a reddish powder containing something far more exciting: an intense purple. Fashion would never be the same! This discovery led to the wide commercial availability of low cost, brightly colored fabrics that would be available to all. It also marked the beginning of a hugely profitable business. Continue reading “From Coal Tar to Couture: The Discovery of Aniline Dyes and The Effect Upon Fashion”" ]

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[ "At the end of the training program, the participant will be able to:\n- Preparing for work activities relating to gemstone identification\n- Separating natural gemstone from imitations and its synthetic counterparts\n- Classifying gemstone into its species and varieties\n- Identifying gemstone treatment\n- Recording identification results\n- Introduction to gemstones basics, gemstones properties and geographical source.\n- Learn the functions of various tools, instruments and the correct interpretation of the results.\n- Practice the operation of handheld loupe, microscope, refractometer, spectroscope, polariscope, dichroscope, ultra-violet lamp, S.G. measuring and Duotester etc.\n- Emphasis on handheld loupe; the most common and important instrument used in the trade.\n- Introduction to more than 20 different types of gemstones in today¡¯s market, such as ruby, sapphires, emerald, aquamarine, garnet, kyanite, opal, quartz, spinel, topaz, tourmaline, tanzanite, zircon, pearl etc. How to identify assembled stones (doublet and triplet) and glass.\n- The importance of inclusions, different types of inclusions and identifying inclusions.\n- Learn how to positively identify various gemstones using the common standard gemological instruments.\n- Understand the different types of synthetic processes for gemstones, including flame fusion, flux melt and hydrothermal process, and the correct identification of these synthetic gemstones by learning their identification characteristics.\n- Understand the various treatment methods commonly applied to enhance gemstones which include dyeing, coating, oiling, heating, impregnation, glass filling, surface diffusion and beryllium treatment. Learn the techniques to identify stones that have undergone these treatments.\n- Intensive practical sessions." ]

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[ "“Never do anything by halves if you want to get away with it. Be outrageous. Go the whole hog. Make sure everything you do is so completely crazy it’s unbelievable…”\nIn case the quote didn’t give it away, today is Roald Dahl Day!\nToday marks what would have been the beloved author’s 100th birthday, so the celebration is extra special.\nFor more than 50 years Roald Dahl’s books has been an essential part of childhood. From “James and the Giant Peach” to “Matilda” his characters are beloved. More than sweet bedtime stories, his children’s books have a lot to teach their readers.\nThey taught us new words like scrumdiddlyumptious. They taught us how to think for ourselves. They taught us that the world isn’t perfect. Most importantly they taught us about the power of knowledge and goodness.\nBecause while Dahl’s world is not a perfect world, it is filled with hope. Hope in that kindness will overcome fear, hope that knowledge will win over ignorance, and hope in brighter and better future…which is something we could all use a little more of.\n“I began to realize how important it was to be an enthusiast in life. He taught me that if you are interested in something, no matter what it is, go at it at full speed ahead. Embrace it with both arms, hug it, love it and above all become passionate about it. Lukewarm is no good. Hot is no good either. White hot and passionate is the only thing to be.”\n~”My Uncle Oswald”\nMore on the Story: The New Yorker\n…just for fun:" ]

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[ "Roraima (or [ʁoˈrãjma]) is the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil, located in the Amazon region.\nThe climate is tropical with an annual mean temperature of 26°C (78.8°F). Most of the state is located in the Amazon rainforest, with a small strip of savanna to the east. The state is rich in mineral deposits - especially gold, diamonds, cassiterite, bauxite, marble and copper. Many of these deposits are located in indigenous reserves, and illegal mining has resulted in frequent conflicts with the native population, especially that of the Yanomami and the Macuxi and allied groups.\nThe Monte Roraima National Park is located around one of the highest mountains of Venezuela, a 2,727 m high tepui known as Monte Roraima.\nExcept in the higher mountains where the climate is cooler but very wet, Roraima has an equatorial climate\n. This is a type of tropical climate\nin which there is no dry season\n– all months have mean precipitation\nvalues of at least 60 mm\n. It is usually found at latitudes\nwithin five degrees of the equator\n– which are dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone\n. The equatorial climate is denoted Af\nin the Köppen climate classification\n. Tropical rainforest\nis the natural vegetation in equatorial regions.\nThe Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests\nand comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest\nin the world\n. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome\n, and tropical forests in the Americas\nare consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa\n. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity\n. More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.\nSince the beginnings of the 16th century, the region now considered the state of Roraima was disputed territory, because of its rich mineral reserves. It was sought by the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and English until the beginning of the last century. But in 1943, together with a section from the state of Amazonas, the Federal Government created the territory of Branco River, which became Roraima in 1962. In 1988, Roraima became a state by decision of the National Congress. The name of the state was taken from Monte Roraima, whose name comes from the Pemon words “roroi” (“cyan”) and “ma” (“large”).\nAccording to the IBGE of 2007, there were 405,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 1.8 inh./km².\nUrbanization: 80.3% (2004); Population growth: 4.6% (1991-2000); Houses: 97,465 (2005).\nThe last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 278,000 Pardo (Brown) people (68.8%), 81,000 White people (20.0%), 29,000 Black people (7.4%), 15,000 Asian or Amerindian people (3.8%).\nThe Brazilian Indian agency, (FUNAI) estimates the state's indigenous population at 30,715. The largest indigenous groups are the Macuxi (16,500) and the better-known Yanomami. (11,700) Much of the state's indigenous population lives in several large, legally recognized indigenous reserves and a number of smaller ones, totalling 46.13% of the land area of the state.\n: 74,181 (March/2007);\n: 148,000 (April/2007); Telephones\n: 67,000 (April/2007); Cities\n: 15 (2007).\nThe service sector\nis the largest component of GDP\nat 87.5%, followed by the industrial sector\nat 8.7%. Agriculture\nrepresents 3.8%, of GDP\n(2004). Roraima exports: wood\nShare of the Brazilian economy: 0.1% (2005).\nPortuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.\n- Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) (Federal University of Roraima);\n- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Roraima (Cefet-RR);\n- Faculdade de Ciências Humanas, Biológicas e da Saúde (FCHBS);\n- Faculdade de Teologia de Boa Vista (Fatebov);\n- Faculdade Roraimense de Ensino Superior (Fares);\n- Faculdades Cathedral - Boa Vista (Cathedral-Boa Vista);\n- and many others.\nBoa Vista International Airport\nwas opened on February 19\n, and underwent its first big remodeling in 1998. The passenger terminal, runway and apron were all enlarged, and a separate taxiway\nwas built. The airport\nhas the capacity to receive 675,000 passengers\na year in total comfort\nThe blue of the flag represents the pure air and the sky of Roraima, the white strip symbolizes peace, and the green to the right represents the forests and fields. The star - symbolizing the state in the national flag of Brazil - is yellow, which symbolizes the mineral resources of the state. The red line in bottom stands for the equator\n, which cuts through the state. The flag was designed by the artist Mário Barreto, and was adopted by Law No.133 of June 14" ]

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[ "For divorcing parents, one of the biggest worries is that the shrinking budget will mean less money for their kid's activities and lessons. After separation, finding the resources to pay for two homes puts a strain on family finances. Often, one or both parents may draw a line in the sand, refusing to consider changes. The discussions become emotional before anyone does their homework about the real benefit of activities and lessons to their kids.\nThere is lots of research about raising healthy and happy kids. Here are some interesting findings:\n1. The value of PLAY\nA child's brain is constantly maturing during play. Children learn to solve problems, socialize, be self-reliant as well as develop imagination and creativity. Play can also be a source of physical development. Playing make-believe strengthens language skills and aids in proper social development. It's been said that the work of a child is play or to be more exact, learning through play.\nRecent studies show that children gain lifetime benefits from their exposure to what is called \"cultural learning.\" Cultural learning means the experiencing the arts and local heritage and culture, including libraries, museums and historical sites. Whether kids are creating, attending or participating, they benefit hugely from the opportunity.\nIn addition to the physical benefits of participation in sports, research shows that sport and physical activity can also have positive benefits on education. Through participation in sport and physical education, young people learn about the importance of key values such as:\n• Fair play\n• Respect for themselves and others, and\n• Following rules.\nBest of all, participation in sports teaches kids how to deal with competition and how to cope with both winning and losing.\nSport-based programs have been shown to improve the learning performance of kids, encouraging school attendance and a desire to succeed academically.\n4. Kids Clubs\nActivities offered by clubs help kids build on what they are learning in school. On top of that, clubs can give them a chance to become leaders -- a valuable experience they may not have in school. For some, being a helper in a service club, a soloist in a music club, or an artist making scenery in a drama club provides a safe place to experiment.\nBeing part of a club is a supervised constructive activity and limits the time that is available for less constructive activity, such as television watching, or computer surfing. Relationships are built with adult leaders and other kids. The adult leaders can serve as role models and provide support and guidance.\nKnowing that your adolescent is \"hanging out\" unsupervised after school can be a source worry. Spending time in supervised constructive activities provides opportunities to gain social skills from interactions with adults and other kids.\n5. Hanging out with the kids\nIt may come as a surprise to learn that studies show the time parents spend with their kids has risen dramatically since the mid-1990s. This is true across the board for men and women alike, despite education levels.\n\"It's taking them to school, helping with homework, bathing them, playing catch with them in the back yard,\" said Erik Hurst, an economist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. \"Those are the activities that have increased over the last 15 to 20 years.\"\nWhen kids are asked for their input, they report that they want parents who are less tired and less stressed.\nTips for Parents\nParents have more time to spend with their kids. Divorce means doing more with less. Kids want their parents less stressed and tired.\nHere are a few suggestions that hit all the boxes:\no Instead of chauffeuring your kids around, find at least one fun activity close to home that your kids can do once a week. That way, they can get themselves there and back.\no Go to Google. Type in \"Free things for kids to do in...\" your town or city. The opportunities are endless.\no Try and find the time to volunteer as a parent leader or coach at a club, team or organization that is of interest to your child.\no Get over the mess and make your home the fun destination for your kid's friends. No driving or funds required.\no Encourage your kids to play sports at school, through the local community centre or for older kids- help them arrange \"pick-up\" games locally.\nRemember, for kids, your less can be their more!\nEva Sachs and Marion Korn are the co-founders of Mutual Solutions, a service that provides separating couples with trusted, understandable, actionable and practical advice. For more information please visit www.mutualsolutions.ca." ]

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[ "Translate reward | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish\nDefinition of reward\na thing given in recognition of one’s service, effort, or achievement:the holiday was a reward for 40 years' service with the company he’s reaping the rewards of his hard work and perseverance figurativethe emotional rewards of being a parent a fair return for good or bad behavior:a slap on the face was his reward for his impudence a sum offered for the detection of a criminal, the restoration of lost property, or the giving of information.\nverb [with object]\nmake a gift of something to (someone) in recognition of their services, efforts, or achievements:the engineer who supervised the work was rewarded with a bonus show one’s appreciation of (an action or quality) by making a gift:an effective organization recognizes and rewards creativity and initiative\n) receive what one deserves:their hard work was rewarded by the winning of a five-year contract" ]

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[ "DULUTH — It was only one day of work, but Dr. Arthur Aufderheide's observations gave researchers a valuable theory about a rare dinosaur discovery.\nAufderheide, a professor of pathology at the University of Minnesota Duluth, took part in the research of Leonardo, the most complete dinosaur fossil ever discovered. A documentary about it — \"Secrets of the Dinosaur Mummy\" — debuts at 8 p.m. Sunday on the Discovery Channel.\nLeonardo, a Brachylophosaurus and member of the hadrosaur family, was found in Malta, Mont., in 2001. It was first mummified and then fossilized, so it's made of stone with some original tissue probably present.\nAbout 77 million years old, it is the only dinosaur found that still has fossilized skin covering a large portion of its body, and other preserved internal parts, including the stomach and its contents: magnolias, ferns and conifers.\nAufderheide is a renowned expert and author of books in the field of paleopathology — the study of ancient diseases — and on the dissection of mummies.\n\"We contacted Dr. Aufderheide because every time we wanted to get information about the process of mummification, which is not something paleontologists usually have to deal with ... mummy specialists anywhere in the U.S. at any university would point to Dr. Aufderheide,\" said Joe Iacuzzo, project manager for the Leonardo Project in Las Vegas.\nAufderheide suggested to researchers that the area where Leonardo was found\n\"They may have simply prevented the decay of internal organs long enough for them to become fossilized,\" Aufderheide said.\nThe theory was important because researchers have wondered from the beginning: \"Why did nothing eat him? Why did his flesh and internal structures not rot away like virtually every other fossil ever found up until Leonardo?\" Iacuzzo said.\nOther \"dinosaur mummies\" discovered appear to have been preserved differently than Leonardo, he said.\nAufderheide works mainly with human bodies and had never seen a dinosaur until 2006, when he traveled to Malta — about 30 miles from the Canadian border — to help.\n\"I don't normally deal with that age group: millions of years,\" he said. \"Nine thousand [years ] is a lot for me.\"\nAufderheide has built a paleopathology database by examining several hundred mummies from around the world and the bones of many non-mummified remains. His 2003 book, \"The Scientific Study of Mummies,\" is the standard guidebook to paleopathology. He collaborated on a study of bones of ancient Romans in the early 1990s that confirmed they contained extraordinarily high levels of lead, which historians had put forth years before as a possible cause of the decline of the Roman Empire.\nThough Aufderheide is modest about his contribution, his ideas were important to researchers and supported another theory about how the dinosaurs of that period — 12 million years before the end of the dinosaur age — might have died.\nDr. David Eberth of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Canada has said that a massive extinction occurred when hurricanes, starting in what was then the Gulf of Mexico, traveled through a shallow ocean separating the eastern and western parts of North America, Iacuzzo said.\nBecause there was no land mass to stop them, they grew stronger and created storm surges, including in what is now Montana, which created massive flooding that would have killed everything, Iacuzzo said.\n\"Especially larger animals, who would have a hard time treading water ... or grabbing on to a small floating object and ride out the storm,\" he said. \"That's one theory on why you find so many complete skeletons in that area.\"" ]

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[ "What is SUB file?\nThe Subtitle File (.SUB) is a standard file extension used by the subtitle editor to store subtitles for multimedia files that are created with subtitle editing software. The file extension is used for subtitles included in movies, TV shows, and video games. The Subtitle File (.SUB) was first introduced by Microsoft Windows in 1995 with its release of Windows 95. Microsoft was hoping to make it easier for people to edit subtitles. Subsequently, Apple Inc released QuickTime 4 which supports the .SUB file extensions as well as the .SRT file extensions (used by Adobe Systems' Premiere). By 2002, QuickTime supported subtitle formats that include .SUBs. It also supported .SRT files that were created by Adobe's After Effects program. The use of preset subtitle\nSUB Format details\n|Full Name||Subtitle Format|\nSoftware, that convert SUB files\nThe easiest way to convert a SUB file is to save it in a different file format using dedicated software. Below you will find a list of software programs that can handle SUB files. Open your SUB file with one of them and save in another file format.\n- VLC media player\n- Jubler subtitle editor\n- Subs Factory\n- VLSub extension for VLC player" ]

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[ "The Importance of History in the Classroom\nThe subject of history in the classroom and what students are learning or not learning has been the subject of recent polls. While I am not a favorite of poll results basic history information seems to have been lost in the classrooms of today. The history of our country is important and it is important that students learn basic historical facts and events that shaped our country.\nA recent poll indicated that only 25% of those who responded knew who the name of the first President of the United States. The one result raises questions not only of what is being taught but how it is being taught in our schools concerning our history. We are a young country compared to others in the world and we have a rich history like many others. Some may feel that learning about some events in our history is not important enough to be taught in our schools and some may even have textbooks which change certain events. Changing events and the environment in which they occurred is unacceptable.\nOur short history has seen many issues which shaped who we are as a country and it can have an impact on what our country will be in the future. To understand where we need to go as a country we must first understand from where we came as a country. Our rich history should be taught in such a way as to understand the events and issues that shaped them. From our beginnings as a country to where we are today our country had some major events. Some examples are the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, the Civil War, World War I and World War II.\nLeading our country in these periods and through these events have been several Presidents. The events noted in the previous paragraph are important as they had an impact on who we are as individuals and who we are as a country. To either ignore these events or reword them to be politically correct today would be wrong. I am not implying that this is occurring but the results of the poll cited in the beginning of this article raises questions as to what is being taught surrounding the subject of history.\nThe events previously cited each had significant reasons either for our involvement or actions that we took as a country. Granted we were not officially a country when the Revolutionary War began but we were developing as a country and we had the basic elements of a country as evidenced by the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence is the one single document that exhibited our will to make our own decisions separate from any other country. Those who came to our country in the early days had visions of a better life for themselves, their families and friends. When that vision was threatened decisions were made to change the path on which our young country was headed.\nWe as a country have been through much and it is important for those who will grow to be the leaders of tomorrow understand our past. This is what teaching about our history is all about. Teaching history as part of our school system is important but what is taught is just as important. Today there is great effort to be politically correct for fear of saying the wrong thing about issues of the past. Those who create the textbooks for our schools must understand they need to be less worried about being politically correct and present the facts as they happened. It is also important to identify in history classes as well as others that all the facts be presented not just a portion of them. Information which is left out of any topic in our schools can and will affect how the leaders of tomorrow will form a position on the issues that come before them." ]

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[ "The Importance of Financial Literacy to The Philosophy of a Hustler\nIn the philosophy of a hustler, financial literacy is an essential component for achieving success. The ability to understand and manage your money is crucial to growing and sustaining your business or personal finances. In this article, we will explore the importance of financial literacy and how it plays a vital role in the philosophy of a hustler.\nWhat is Financial Literacy?\nFinancial literacy is the ability to understand and effectively manage your personal finances. It includes the knowledge and skills needed to make informed decisions about money, such as budgeting, saving, investing, and managing debt. A financially literate person is equipped to make sound financial decisions and take control of their financial future.\nThe Importance of Financial Literacy in the Philosophy of a Hustler\nIn the philosophy of a hustler, financial literacy is critical to achieving success. Here are some reasons why:\n- Financial Goals: To achieve financial success, you must have specific goals and a plan to reach them. A financially literate hustler knows how to set realistic goals, create a budget, and manage their finances to achieve those goals.\n- Risk Management: As an entrepreneur or business owner, there are inherent risks involved. A financially literate hustler understands how to manage these risks through proper insurance coverage, savings, and investments.\n- Investment Opportunities: A financially literate hustler can identify and take advantage of investment opportunities that align with their financial goals. They understand the risks and rewards of different investment options and can make informed decisions.\n- Debt Management: A financially literate hustler knows how to manage debt effectively, avoiding high-interest rates and fees. They can make informed decisions about taking on debt and have a plan for paying it off.\n- Understanding Financial Statements: A financially literate hustler can read and understand financial statements, including income statements and balance sheets. This knowledge helps them make informed decisions about their business or personal finances.\n- Personal Financial Stability: Financial literacy is essential for personal financial stability. A financially literate hustler has a better understanding of how to manage their money and avoid financial hardship.\n- Generational Wealth: Building generational wealth is about more than just making money. It requires a deep understanding of financial literacy, including estate planning, tax management, and investing. A financially literate hustler can build a legacy of financial stability and success for their family and future generations.\nFinancial Literacy in Modern and Ancient Philosophy\nThe importance of financial literacy can be traced back to ancient philosophy. In the words of Aristotle, “The art of acquiring property is no doubt a part of the art of managing a household, for no man can live well, or indeed live at all, unless he be provided with necessaries.” This highlights the idea that financial stability and management are essential for personal well-being.\nIn modern times, financial literacy has become increasingly important as the economy has become more complex. Financial literacy education is now widely available, and many financial experts emphasize the importance of acquiring this knowledge.\nBooks on Financial Literacy\nIf you are looking to improve your financial literacy, there are many books available to help you get started. Here are some recommendations:\n- Rich Dad, Poor Dad by Robert Kiyosaki: This book teaches you about building wealth through financial literacy, real estate investing, and entrepreneurship.\n- The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham: This classic book teaches you about value investing and how to analyze stocks.\n- The Total Money Makeover by Dave Ramsey: This book provides a step-by-step guide to taking control of your finances and getting out of debt.\nIn the Bible, there are many verses that emphasize the importance of managing money and being financially responsible. One such verse is Proverbs 21:20, which says, “The wise store up choice food and olive oil, but\nfools gulp theirs down.” This verse speaks to the idea of saving and planning for the future, rather than simply living in the moment and consuming everything without a thought for tomorrow.\nAnother biblical principle is the idea of stewardship. In Luke 12:42, Jesus says, “Who then is the faithful and wise manager, whom the master puts in charge of his servants to give them their food allowance at the proper time?” This verse emphasizes the importance of being a responsible manager of what we have been given, whether it’s money, time, or other resources.\nThe Bible also cautions against the love of money, warning that it can lead to all sorts of evil. 1 Timothy 6:10 says, “For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. Some people, eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many griefs.” This verse serves as a reminder that money, while important, should never take priority over our spiritual well-being and personal values.\nUltimately, financial literacy is an essential component of the philosophy of a hustler. By taking the time to learn about money management, investing, and financial planning, individuals can develop the skills they need to take control of their financial future and achieve their goals. With a solid understanding of financial principles and a strong work ethic, anyone can become a successful hustler and achieve their dreams." ]

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[ "Table of Contents\nStrong and healthy vision makes almost every aspect of life easier. Most people are familiar with 20/20 vision, but 20/15 vision is even better. (Read More)\nIf you have 20/15 vision, you can see things at 20 feet that people with normal 20/20 vision can see at 15 feet. This means you have vision that is better than 20/20.\nEye doctors can perform various tests to determine vision acuity. (Learn More)\nSome people naturally have 20/15 vision. (Learn More) If your vision is not normal, there are things you can do to improve it.\nCorrective lenses and LASIK are both treatment options. With LASIK, the goal is improved vision, not necessarily 20/15 vision.\nWhat Is 20/15 Vision?\nVisual acuity describes how sharp a person’s vision is. To measure acuity, a person looks at numbers or letters according to a fixed standard at a given distance.\nNormal vision is considered 20/20 vision. This means you can see things at 20 feet that a person with normal vision can see at 20 feet. If you have 20/15 vision, you can see things at 20 feet that a person with normal vision can see at 15 feet. This means that 20/15 vision has greater acuity than 20/20 vision.\nThere are neurological and physical factors involved in determining visual acuity. These include:\n- Nerve sensitivity in the brain’s vision centers and retina.\n- How accurately the eye’s lens and cornea focus light onto the retina.\n- How well the brain interprets the information the eyes send to it.\nHow Is Vision Measured?\nVisual acuity is measured using the Snellen chart. Traditionally, this chart has a white background with black numbers or letters in varying sizes. While not as common, some doctors use video monitors that display images or letters.\nThe Snellen test is performed in the following way:\n- Cover one eye with your hand or a small paddle.\n- Stand 20 feet away from the chart.\n- The doctor will ask you to read a specific line and make note of the accuracy.\n- More than one line may be read.\n- The test is repeated on the other eye.\nThe doctor will use the visual acuity measurement on the smallest line you can read accurately to provide a vision assessment. For example, if the smallest line you can read accurately is the 20/15 line, you have 20/15 vision.\nThe chart’s top number describes how far you stood from the chart. With 20/15 vision, you were 20 feet away.\nEveryone should take a Snellen test according to their doctor’s recommendation. On average, kids should have their first test when they are old enough to work with the doctor to cover an eye and use the chart. How often they need to have the tests will depend on their results.\nOnce people reach age 60 or 70, it is normal to experience a slight decrease in visual acuity.\nMany people start to notice changes around middle age. These changes are normally with near vision more than acuity. Because of this, it is recommended to get a baseline eye examination around 40 years old.\nAs people get older, the lenses in the eyes start to lose their flexibility. This can make it more difficult to switch focus from far away objects to those that are near. Eye doctors refer to this as presbyopia. Bifocals or reading glasses might be needed to correct this issue.\nHow Can You Achieve 20/15 Vision?\nIt is possible to have 20/15 vision naturally. People can also achieve this level of visual acuity through corrective surgery, such as LASIK. However, undergoing corrective surgery does not guarantee that you will achieve 20/15 vision.\nIf LASIK results in vision that is better than 20/20, it is referred to as an overcorrection. For some people, it is not an issue, but it is possible that it can cause some discomfort for others. It may cause headaches, blurry vision, and eye strain in some cases.\nAs a result, 20/15 or better vision is never the goal of LASIK. The aim is to get vision that is close to 20/20 or simply to improve vision overall.\nHow Age Affects It\nWhether you have 20/15 vision due to surgery or naturally, it can decrease with age. With age, the following vision changes are normal:\n- It becomes more difficult to focus on close objects.\n- You need more light to see well.\n- It is harder to tell the difference between colors, such as black and dark blue.\nHow Much Better Is 20/15 Vision Compared to 20/20 Vision?\nOptometrists consider 20/20 vision to be normal, but it does not mean that someone has perfect vision. It is possible to have 20/20 visual acuity but still have other eye problems.\nAmong U.S. adults who do not wear corrective lenses, approximately 35 percent have 20/20 vision.\nWhen someone has 20/15 vision, they essentially have five more feet of clear visual acuity. This means they can see further with clarity than the average person.\nAgain, this higher level of acuity does not mean that the person has above-average vision overall. The entire picture of eye health and vision needs to be considered.\nIf you want to improve your vision, talk to an optometrist or ophthalmologist about your options. LASIK or other corrective eye surgery could help you to achieve better vision.\nVisual Acuity: Is 20/20 Perfect Vision? (April 2019). All About Vision.\nVisual Acuity Test. MedlinePlus.\nYour Vision After LASIK. (July 2019). Verywell Health.\nVision Changes as We Age: What’s Normal, What’s Not? (September 2016). University of Utah.\nGet an Eye Disease Screening at 40. American Academy of Ophthalmology.\nLASIK Risks and Complications. (August 2018). All About Vision.\nWhat Does 20/20 Vision Mean? (November 2016). American Academy of Ophthalmology.\nPrevalence of Refractive Error in the United States, 1999-2004. (August 2008). Archives of Ophthalmology." ]

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[ "Auditing is a business function used to review a company’s internal controls and accounting information processes. While small businesses may not use this function as frequently as larger businesses, it is an important function for safeguarding operations. Companies often develop a strategy or set of procedures to follow when conducting audits. This strategy often depends on the size of the company and scope of business operations.\nTwo types of audits are used frequently in business: internal and external. Internal audits usually are conducted by a company’s accounting staff. This audit is often less formal than external audits and is used primarily for managerial decisions. A public accounting firm or an individual certified public accountant (CPA) usually conducts external audits. These audits represent a professional third-party review of the company’s accounting information. External audits help outside business stakeholders make decisions about the company.\nBusiness strategies help companies set specific schedules when conducting internal and external audits. Internal audits can be completed as frequently as needed according to the company’s accounting policies. External audits may be required according to a lender, investor or government regulatory rules. Because external audits can be an expensive and time-consuming process, developing a business strategy audit process help limit these negative side effects of external audits.\nAudit strategies usually outline the specific business functions or processes reviewed during internal or external audits. These strategies often review specific financial or business information in a sequential and logical manner. Strategies include auditing cash management, fixed assets, payroll, general accounting or other specific business functions. Audits also may include specific limitations on the acceptable number of errors for each process. If more errors are found than acceptable, companies may widen the audit to determine the depth and breadth of these errors.\nCompanies often develop operational or compliance audit strategies in addition to financial audits. Operational audits ensure business departments complete functions according to standard operating procedures. This audit also may review an employee’s training and education on company policies. Compliance audits ensure companies meet specific guidelines relating to a third-party organization. Outside organizations can include government regulatory agencies, professional trade groups or licensing organizations.\nAudits can help companies streamline their operations and reduce wasteful operations. Companies often use audits to secure external financing from banks, lenders or investors. These audits provide these groups with information relating to the effectiveness of business operations and the company’s ability to remain a going concern. Audit strategies also can help companies create flexible operations so they can adjust to new or different business requirements.\n- \"Modern Auditing\"; William C. Boynton, Raymond N. Johnson and Walter G. Kell; 2001\n- Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images" ]

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[ "Although we do not know why Thorvald Hellesen chose to depict a balalaika in this painting, musical instruments in general were a frequent motif in cubist paintings. The relationship between the different art forms, such as music and painting, was also a theme that preoccupied many of the artists of the era. The balalaika has its origins in Russian folk music and is often used to articulate a quick, repetitive rhythm, and both musicality and rhythm typify Hellesen’s painting. The clear colours and the way in which the image is abstracted and dissolved into recurring forms help create a dynamic, pulsating visual harmony.\nAround 1920, Hellesen was a member of the progressive art community in Paris and became friends with artists such as Fernand Léger. He was one of few Norwegian artists to be inspired by cubism, but the painting also evinces a keen awareness of the other nascent movements of the time. Along with Ragnhild Keyser, Charlotte Wankel, and others, he is one of the leading Norwegian abstract modernists from the 1920s.\nHellesen was forgotten for a long time. Compared with his Norwegian contemporaries, his selected style was different and radical. He disappeared from the Norwegian art scene after his paintings met little understanding in his native country around 1920, and a decade later he stagnated as an artist. Around 1970 his production was rediscovered, however, and the subsequent appreciation of his art has ensured him a more rightful place in Norwegian art history.\nText: Øystein Ustvedt\nFrom \"Highlights. Art from Antiquity to 1945\", Nasjonalmuseet 2014, ISBN 978-82-8154-088-0" ]

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[ "To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser.\nWith an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter.\n- My watch list\n- My saved searches\n- My saved topics\n- My newsletter\nThe papaya (from Carib via Spanish), is the fruit of the tree Carica papaya, in the genus Carica. It is native to the tropics of the Americas, and was cultivated in Mexico several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classic cultures. Papaya is also known as PEnPe (Bengali: পেঁপে), fruta bomba (Cuba), lechoza (Venezuela, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and the Dominican Republic), mamão (Brazil), papaw (Sri Lankan English), Papol \\ Guslabu (Tree melon in Sinhalese), pawpaw or tree melon, as well as tree melon (木瓜) in Chinese and đu đủ in Vietnamese.\nIt is a small tree, the single stem growing from 5 to 10 m tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk; the lower trunk is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50-70 cm diameter, deeply palmately lobed with 7 lobes. The tree is usually unbranched if unlopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria but are much smaller and wax like. They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into the large 15-45 cm long, 10-30 cm diameter fruit. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft (like a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue. The fruit's taste is vaguely similar to pineapple and peach, although much milder without the tartness, creamier, and more fragrant, with a texture of slightly over-ripened cantaloupe.\nAdditional recommended knowledge\nCultivation and uses\nOriginally from southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America, the papaya is now cultivated in most countries with a tropical climate like Brazil, India, South Africa, Sri Lanka and the Philippines.\nThe ripe fruit is usually eaten raw, without the skin or seeds. The unripe green fruit of papaya can be eaten cooked, usually in curries, salads and stews.\nGreen papaya is rich in an enzyme called papain, a protease which is useful in tenderizing meat and other proteins. Its ability to break down tough meat fibers was utilized for thousands of years by indigenous Americans. It is included as a component in powdered meat tenderizers, and is also marketed in tablet form to remedy digestive problems. Green papaya is used in Thai cuisine, both raw and cooked. Papain is also popular (in countries where it grows) as a topical application in the treatment of cuts, rashes, stings and burns. Papain ointment is commonly made from fermented papaya flesh, and is applied as a gel-like paste. Harrison Ford was treated for a ruptured disc incurred during filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom by having papain injected into his back.\nCaution should be taken when harvesting, as papaya is known to release a latex fluid when not quite ripe, which can cause irritation and provoke allergic reaction in some people. The papaya fruit and leaves also contains carpaine, an anthelmintic alkaloid which could be dangerous in high doses. Women in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other parts of the world have long used papaya as a folk remedy for contraception and abortion. Medical research in animals has confirmed the contraceptive and abortifacient capability of papaya, and also found that papaya seeds have contraceptive effects in adult male langur monkeys, possibly in adult male humans as well. Unripe papaya is especially effective in large amounts or high doses. Papaya is not teratogenic and will not cause miscarriage in small, ripe amounts. Phytochemicals in papaya may suppress the effects of progesterone.\nThe black seeds are edible and have a sharp, spicy taste. They are sometimes ground up and used as a substitute for black pepper. In some parts of Asia the young leaves of papaya are steamed and eaten like spinach.\nExcessive consumption of papaya, as of carrots, can cause carotenemia, the yellowing of soles and palms which is otherwise harmless.\nThe papaya fruit is susceptible to the Papaya Fruit Fly. This wasp-like fly lays its eggs in young fruit.\nCategories: Medicinal plants | Abortifacients\n|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article \"Papaya\". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|" ]

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[ "Paul J. Ponganis and Gerald L. Kooyman of the Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine at Scripps Institution of Oceanography provide the following answer.\nImage: COURTESY OF SCOTT HILL/ NOAA/NMML\nSome sea creatures exploit great depths. The biggest physiological challenges in adapting to pressure are probably faced by those animals that must routinely travel from the surface to great depth. Two such animals are the sperm whale and the bottlenose whale. From the days of whaling, these animals have been recognized as exceptional divers, with reports of dives lasting as long as two hours after they were harpooned. Today, with the use of sonar tracking and attached time-depth recorders, dives as deep as 6,000 feet (more than a mile below the surface of the ocean) have been measured. Routine dive depths are usually in the 1,500- to 3,000-foot range, and dives can last between 20 minutes and an hour.\nDiving to depth can result in mechanical distortion and tissue compression, especially in gas-filled spaces in the body. Such spaces include the middle ear cavity, air sinuses in the head, and the lungs. Development of even small pressure differentials between an air cavity and its surrounding tissue can result in tissue distortion and disruption¿a condition in human divers known as \"the squeeze.\" In some species of cetaceans, the middle ear cavity is lined with an extensive venous plexus, which is postulated to become engorged at depth and thus reduce or obliterate the air space and prevent development of the squeeze. Cetaceans also have large Eustachian tubes communicating with the tympanic cavity of the ear and the large pterygoid sinuses of the head. These air sinuses of the head have an extensive vasculature, which is thought to function in a manner similar to that of the middle ear and facilitate equilibration of air pressure within these spaces. Lastly, most marine mammals lack frontal cranial sinuses like those present in terrestrial mammals.\nAnother organ susceptible to compression damage is the lung. In deep-diving whales and seals, the peripheral airways are reinforced, and it is postulated that this allows the lungs to collapse during travel to depth. Such collapse has been observed radiographically and confirmed with blood nitrogen analyses in the deep-diving Weddell seal.\nCollapse of the lungs forces air away from the alveoli, where gas exchange between the lungs and blood occurs. This blunting of gas exchange is important in the deep diver because it prevents the absorption of nitrogen into the blood and the subsequent development of high blood nitrogen levels. High blood nitrogen pressures can exert a narcotic effect (so-called nitrogen narcosis) on the diver. It may also lead to nitrogen bubble formation during ascent¿a phenomenon known as decompression sickness or \"the bends.\" Collapse of the lungs in the deep diver avoids these two problems.\nLoss of gas exchange at depth has another important implication: the lungs of the deep diver cannot serve as a source of oxygen during the dive. Instead deep-diving whales and seals rely on large oxygen stores in their blood and muscle. Several adaptations enable this. First, these animals have mass specific blood volumes that are three to four times those found in terrestrial mammals (i.e., 200 to 250 milliliters of blood per kilogram body mass, in contrast to a human value of 70 milliliters blood per kilogram). Second, the concentration of hemoglobin (the oxygen-transport protein in blood) is also elevated to a level about twice that found in humans. Third, the concentration of myoglobin, the oxygen storage protein in muscle, is extremely elevated in these animals, measuring about 10 times that in human muscle." ]

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[ "A UNIQUE SURVEY MONUMENT – WISCONSIN’S STATE CAPITOL\nThe idea of writing a story along with accompanying pictures of an interesting survey monument at first seemed like a difficult task. Even with years of field experience, most monuments have never been found to be very picturesque. But wait a minute, we do indeed have one to talk about. It is in fact Wisconsin’s State Capitol. The very center of its rotunda represents the section corner common to Sections 13, 14, 23, and 24, Township 7 North, Range 9 East, 4th Principal Meridian, Northwest Territory.\nThe December 1834 field notes of deputy surveyor Orson Lyon indicate that he headed north between sections 23 and 24, 40 chains to the quarter section corner “in lake”. (Surveyors back then could walk on water!) Continuing north at 51.28 chains he set a post on the north side of lake, tying it in to an 18” hickory and an 11” black oak. He continued north, and at 80 chains set the land as “rolling and 2nd rate”. Little did he realize that 72 years later the location of this plain old wood post would be marked with Wisconsin’s present-day Capitol. It lies on an isthmus running in a northeast-southwest direction between Lakes Monona (“3rd Lake”) and Mendota (“4th Lake”) on the north.\nIn researching the records, we were fortunate to have, within two blocks of the Capitol, the offices of the Board of Commissioners of Public Lands. There we found the original field books and a map of the township. But one thing remained a mystery: How in the world did Orson Lyon maintain a line of direction and distance when encountering the “3rd Lake” as he came up from the south? If the lake had been frozen over, we’d have the answer. Obviously, the original field notes, which have been preserved, were not prepared on the spot as the crew pressed onward. Mr. Lyon would have kept separate running notes and calculation sheets as he traversed around the lake, and then calculated his position on the far side. A second and more likely scenario might have been to establish a base line, say 10 chains to the east or west of the already established northbound section line, and at each end of this base line measured the angle to a distinct point at the far end of the lake. He then could compute its location – having two angles and the included side.\nOh, how they could have used GPS back then, and two-way radios to direct a lone flagman as he tried to communicate with the rest of the crew at the South end of the lake. We suspect that those “original notes” we find in the preserved field books were in fact the second generation of notes, and were prepared in the evening under candle light. The deputy surveyor was evidently not required to file his “scratch” notes and calculation work sheets while performing the surveys of the public lands at that time. However, in later years as the Public Land surveys moved westward, such notes were preserved and can generally be found today in those survey files.\nSo is the rotunda precisely centered on the Section Corner as intended? That was certainly the intention of George B. Post, architect for the state’s third capitol. The second capitol had been destroyed by fire in 1904. A drawing in the Capitol’s archives shows that the new Capitol’s center was to be placed at the center of the public square, which in turn was centered on the section corner. Members of the Madison Chapter of the Wisconsin Society of Land Surveyors (WSLS) have had a keen and ongoing interested in the relationship between the two positions. They have done extensive voluntary research, both in office and field, to reconstruct the section lines, and the street centerlines which fan out in six directions. In 1985, ceremonies were conducted in conjunction with the 200th Anniversary of the Public Land Survey System. With television and newspaper coverage, using an antique compass and chain, the Chapter reenacted the setting of the section corner with a brass disc. However, the Capitol Building commissioners rejected the idea of epoxying the disk onto the marble floor.\nAs the precise location of the section corner, it depends on which combination of monuments and street line extensions one might use to reset the corner. Relative to the massive size of the building and its rotunda, it can be safely said that its center is well within an acceptable error ellipse generated from the chapter’s measurements and computations.\nIn the meantime, WSLS is reviewing efforts to place a brass marker made by Berntsen International, marking the section corner on the floor directly below the Capitol’s main floor. An exhibit describing this unique survey monument, along with other surveying memorabilia is also being prepared for display in the Capitol’s museum on the sixth floor.\n─ Harold S. Charlier, Executive Director, Wisconsin Society of Land Surveyors, Waukesha, Wisconsin\nOriginally published in Lasting Impressions - A Glimpse into the Legacy of Surveying -Copyright © 2006 by Berntsen International, Inc." ]

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[ "- This article is about the didactic poet. There was also an Aratus of Sicyon and an Aratus, son of Asclepius\n- For the crab genus, see Aratus (crab).\nAratus (Greek Ἄρατος ὁ Σολεύς) (ca. 315 BC/310 BC – 240 BC) was a Greek didactic poet, known for his technical poetry.\nHe was born in Soli\nin Cilicia and was a contemporary of Callimachus\n. He is known to have studied with Menecrates\n. As a disciple of the Peripatetic philosopher Praxiphanes\n, in Athens\n, he met the Stoic\n, as well as Callimachus\n, the founder of the Eretrian School.\nAbout 276 he was invited to the court of the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas, whose victory over the Gauls in 277 BC Aratus set to verse. Here he wrote his most famous poem, Phaenomena (\"Appearances\"). He then spent some time at the court of Antiochus I Soter of Syria, but subsequently returned to Pella in Macedon (now located in the periphery of Central Macedonia, Greece), where he died about 240 BCE.\nAratus' major extant work is his hexameter poem Phaenomena\n(\"Appearances\"), the first half of which is a verse setting of a lost work of the same name by Eudoxus of Cnidus\n. It describes the constellations\nand other celestial phenomena. The second half of Phaenomena\n, \"on weather signs\", is chiefly about weather lore. Frequently referred to as the Diosemeia\n, and sometimes circulated separately under that title, it draws chiefly from a work on weather signs attributed to Theophrastus\n. The work as a whole has all the characteristics of the Alexandrian\nschool of poetry\n. Although Aratus was ignorant of astronomy, his poem attracted the favorable notice of 18 distinguished specialists, such as Hipparchus\n, who wrote a commentary upon it.\nAratus also wrote a number of other poems, many of an astronomical or technical nature.\nAratus enjoyed immense prestige among Hellenistic\npoets, including Theocritus\nand Leonidas of Tarentum\n. This assessment was picked up by Latin\npoets, including Ovid\nversions were made by none other than Cicero\n(fragmentary), Ovid (only two short fragments remain), the member of the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty Germanicus\n(mostly extant), and the less-famous Avienus\nwas less enthusiastic. Aratus was also cited by Luke the Evangelist\nin the second half of Acts\n, 17.28, where he relates Saint Paul\n's address on the Areopagus\n. Paul, speaking of God\n, quotes the fifth line of Aratus's Phaenomena\nseems to be the source of the first part of Acts 17.28\n, although this is less clear):\n- Let us begin with Zeus, whom we mortals never leave unspoken.\n- For every street, every market-place is full of Zeus.\n- Even the sea and the harbour are full of this deity.\n- Everywhere everyone is indebted to Zeus.\n- For we are indeed his offspring... (Phaenomena 1-5).\nAuthors of twenty-seven commentaries are known; ones by Theon of Alexandria, Achilles Tatius and Hipparchus of Nicaea survive. An Arabic translation was commissioned in the ninth century by the Caliph Al-Ma'mun. He is cited by Vitruvius, Stephanus of Byzantium and Stobaeus. Several accounts of his life are extant, by anonymous Greek writers.\nThe Aratus crater on the Moon was named in his honour.\n- Two important recent editions of Aratus' work:\n- Douglas Kidd, Phaenomena, edited with introduction, translation and commentary, Cambridge, 1997.\n- Jean Martin, Aratos. Phénomènes, edited with translation and notes, 2 vols., Collection Budé, 1998.\n- The Apostle and the Poet: Paul and Aratus (Dr. Riemer Faber)\n- Review of above by Mark Possanza, BMCR (September 1999).\n- Hellenistic Bibliography, Aratus and Aratea compiled by Martijn Cuypers\n- \"Written in the Stars:Poetry and Philosophy in the Phaenomena of Aratus\" by Richard L. Hunter, Arachnion 2.\n- Suda On-Line: Aratus, with a list of works ascribed to Aratus; the Suda is a Byzantine encyclopedia.\n- Ancient Greek Scientists\n- A prose translation of Phaenomena Book I" ]

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[ "Bar Mitzvah/Bat Mitzvah\nMany people are surprised to find out that “becoming Bar/Bat Mitzvah” happens automatically when a Jewish boy reaches the age of 13 or when a Jewish girl reaches 12. The ceremony that has become one of the most familiar Jewish rites of passages is actually a rather recent addition in the context of Jewish ritual history. Only in the 14th century do sources begin mentioning a boy being called up to the Torah for the first time on the Sabbath coinciding with or following his 13th birthday. By the 17th century, boys were also reading Torah and delivering talks, often on talmudic learning, at an afternoon meal. Today the speech, usually a commentary on the weekly Torah portion, generally takes place during the Shabbat morning service.\n“For the Rabbis, the significance of this life-changing moment lay in the child’s new stage of physical, intellectual, and moral development. They saw 12 and 13 as the ages at which girls and boys, respectively, were no longer entirely subject to impulse, but were beginning to develop a conscience. The term Bar/Bat Mitzvah–which means “obligated to perform the Jewish mitzvot (commandments)–reflects the child’s newfound capabilities and responsibilities.” (ref)\nThe Bat Mitzvah ceremony observed today grew out of a broader societal focus on women’s rights, with the first American Bat Mitzvah occurring in 1922. The concept of a Bat Mitzvah ceremony within traditional Judaism is far more recent. Because Jewish law limits a woman’s religious responsibilities primarily to commandments that are not time-bound (meaning, not required to be performed at a particular time), a woman’s Jewish activity occurred primarily within the private, familial realm rather than the public, communal one. Beginning with Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan and the Reconstructionist Movement, this lifecycle event quickly spread throughout the Reform and Conservative movements, and variations of a Bat Mitzvah ceremony are found within many Orthodox communities as well.\nGenerally the Bar/Bat Mitzvah service takes place during the Sabbath morning service, where the child is called up to say the blessings over the Torah–his or her first aliyah. Children may read from the Torah; chant the haftarah, the weekly prophetic portion; lead some or all of the congregational service; and offer a personal interpretation of the weekly Torah portion, called a d’var Torah.\nThe year of intensive preparation that precedes the Bar/Bat Mitzvah ceremony itself helps ensure a transformative experience for the B’nai Mitzvah and their families. Here at Congregation Rodeph Sholom, the B’nai Mitzvah process begins with the Family B’nai Mitzvah Program, a family education class geared at learning about Jewish responsibilities to those in need and the world in general. Concepts such as tzedakah (financial justice) and gemilut chasadim (acts of loving kindness) are discussed and infused into the B’nai Mitzvah process by way of a family Mitzvah project. This project encourages parents and students to join together in acts of social justice, thereby connecting the idea of Bar/Bat Mitzvah with action in the world.\nFamilies will also explore issues of Jewish identity and belief to help build additional levels of meaning to the process. Topics include God, Prayer, Torah, and what it means to become a Bar/Bat Mitzvah. After these family classes, students will begin meeting with a cantor to learn prayers from the Shabbat morning service, as well as how to chant their Torah and Haftarah portions. In the midst of this training, students will meet with a Rabbi to delve into the meaning of their Torah portion and craft ad d’var Torah.\nThe ritual focus of the Bar Mitzvah was a source of discomfort to religious reformers in 19th-century Europe. They promoted an additional ceremony called confirmation, which focused on knowledge of the principles of the Jewish faith. Although first conceived for boys only, girls were included after about the first decade. Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, a leader of Reform Judaism in America, introduced confirmation in the United States in 1846 in Albany, New York.\nOriginally linked to home and school, the ceremony quickly moved to the synagogue and found a home in the holiday of Shavuot, which celebrates the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai. Shavuot works well, due both to its timing at the end of the secular school year and its thematic connection with the Torah, the story of the Jewish people and its relationship with God. To distinguish confirmation from Bar Mitzvah, its supporters emphasized its focus on doctrine rather than ritual, its coeducational scope, and its occurrence at age 16 or 17.\nAt Congregation Rodeph Sholom, confirmation concludes the 10th Grade year in the religious school’s high school program. In this year, sophomores in high school explore their Jewish identities through theology and philosophy under the direction of the clergy. As they wrestle with issues of faith and belief, the students attempt to weave their own lives into the texts and traditions of Judaism. The year culminates with the confirmation class leading a Shavuot service for the entire congregation." ]

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[ "Realia: What, Where, and How to Get Realia for the German Classroom\nMost teachers of German make an effort to fill their classrooms with posters, flags, magazines, and various authentic materials that help create a \"German\" atmosphere for their students. During their travels in German-speaking Europe, good teachers are constantly thinking about items that they can bring back and use in the German classroom.\nEven though it's the best way, you don't always have to go to Germany to get classroom materials. If you can't travel to Germany right now, think about asking a friend or relative in Germany to send you some specific items from our list. We also list local and online sources for authentic materials for teaching German. Many authentic materials can be obtained for a reasonable cost at a local Trader Joe's (German-owned), from Teacher's Discovery, or various online sources.\nSometimes even the most dedicated teacher of German finds it difficult to know what to bring back or ask friends to send. That's why we have a list of suggested items and where to find them (often for little or no cost!). On your next trip to German-speaking Europe you'll have a plan for picking up realia and materials for your German classroom. This list of suggested classroom realia and authentic materials often goes far beyond the usual collection of German posters, magazines, or the occasional German McDonald's place mat.\nFirst, two hints and a few tips on item substitution or alternatives to realia, plus some practical ways to use realia in the classroom:\nHint 1: Learn to venture forth into office areas at stores, airports, train stations. Mentioning you are a teacher of German can act as a passport for access to areas and materials that \"normal\" people don't have.\nHint 2: Think outside the box. Just about any place in a German-speaking country can become a source of realia. Next time you're picking up a rental car in Germany, think of it as a treasure trove of materials you can use in your classroom! All you have to do is ask. You'll rarely get 'no' for an answer.\nMany kinds of print realia are suitable for digital scanning or conversion to an overhead transparency for instructional use. With a large projected image, you can discuss vocabulary and culture with the entire class. Later you could use a similar photocopied item for cultural or vocabulary exercises.\nRealia As Props\nCertain kinds of authentic materials lend themselves for use in language role-playing, simulations, or (video) skits. Don't bring back just one German cereal box (they can be flattened for packing), get several. Don't get just one Nutella tube, get several.\nA German Gift Guide?\nA bonus connected with bringing back German realia: many items are also suitable as small gifts! If you want to give people German playing cards as a gift, don't forget also to bring along a few more sets for the classroom.\nA Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words\nFor items that are too large or impractical to lug or ship home, take a picture! As a slide or overhead, it can serve as a teaching tool. You can't bring back a German billboard, but you can bring back a photo of that interesting billboard you saw in Berlin.\nThe Web is a good source of authentic print materials from German publications, but also for catalogs and pictures of German products and services. A classroom Web excursion to the German McDonald's site can be a good alternative activity to having actual McDonald's items or a good supplement for materials you have in the classroom. Save on shipping by combining a lot of items into one order, thus reducing the S&H cost per item.\nNEXT: A list of suggested authentic materials and where to get them...\nFOTO-WETTBEWERB: See the the winners of our 2004 German Classroom Photo Contest!" ]

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[ "It is likely that you drive around feeling safe inside your car due to the airbags which are installed, and while it is true that vehicle airbags have saved numerous lives, there are some instances in which an airbag can cause injuries rather than protecting form them. In other words, the very device that is intended to save lives—and does save lives—can also be responsible for putting drivers at risk. The most recent generation of airbags are more sophisticated than we could have ever imagined. The computer in newer cars takes into consideration the weight of the person sitting in the seat, his or her position in the seat, whether or not a safety belt is being worn and the speed of the impact prior to deploying the airbag.\nWhen Technology Causes Problems\nAs high-tech and safety-conscious as this sounds, in truth today’s highly sophisticated airbags are not doing as good a job in protecting drivers and passengers as those in older vehicles. In fact, for drivers who are properly wearing their seatbelts, the risk of death was over twenty percent higher in those with the more sophisticated airbags as those in cars with the older style of airbags. For those in cars with newer-style airbags, those who were not wearing a safety belt at the time of a collision actually had less risk of death than those wearing a seat belt. It’s hard to imagine how this could possibly be true.\nAfter all, we have all been told time and time again that if you are not wearing a safety belt, the airbag could actually do more harm than good as your unrestrained body flies toward the airbag at the same time the airbag comes toward the body. When attempting to discover how the results could be valid, researchers determined that the modern airbags are being designed to accommodate those who are not buckled up, therefore deploy with considerably more force than in the past. This force can actually be a danger to those who are securely—and legally—belted in. The NHTSA are not certain of the explanation as to why the fatality rate for belted drivers went up, but states they will continue to study both the effectiveness and safety of airbags.\nThe Risk of Poorly Designed Airbags\nWhile it is estimated that airbags reduce the risk of death in a frontal car collision by as much as thirty percent, poorly-designed airbags nonetheless pose significant risks for the occupants of the vehicle as they may either deploy too forcefully or fail to deploy at all in the event of a crash. Passengers who are small in stature or children are at a much greater risk of injury when the airbag deploys than a normal-sized adult, and, in fact, poorly-designed airbags have been directly responsible for well over 4,000 deaths.\nThese deaths occurred when the airbag failed to deploy, or deployed with more force than necessary, killing the person it hit. The passenger airbag deploys in mere milliseconds at a rate of up to 200 mph. Even though the airbag looks like a big soft pillow, this huge explosion of energy can be deadly, especially to the shorter adult or child. The airbag inflates horizontally, flying directly toward the passenger’s head, resulting in serious or fatal brain trauma. Many automakers fail to properly test their airbags on small children, short females and tall males, rather test them only on the “normal” sized adult. Any airbag which deploys too aggressively can result in trauma to the face, head, neck and spine, and in rare instances can even lead to decapitation. Another common airbag defect is from crash sensors which erroneously trigger in low speed collisions—these same sensors can malfunction, preventing the airbags from deploying in a high speed crash.\nGetting the Help You Deserve\nIf you are the victim of a malfunctioning airbag which caused significant injury, you must seek the services of a personal injury attorney who is highly experienced in product liability issues. When a product which is designed to keep you safe actually causes your injuries, you need help in the form of a knowledgeable attorney. You deserve compensation for your medical expenses, lost wages and any pain and suffering you have experienced as a result of a faulty airbag, so don’t wait to get the help you need.\nContact Our Denver Car Accident Lawyers\nIf you or someone you love has been involved in a car accident, the experienced Denver car accident attorneys at Fuicelli & Lee are ready to help. We know how difficult life can be after a car accident and we work hard to ensure that you receive the maximum compensation for your injuries. Contact the law firm of Fuicelli & Lee, PC, for a free case evaluation. You pay nothing unless you receive a financial settlement or award. Call our office at 303-355-7202 or fill out our confidential contact form.\nFuicelli & Lee, PC Settles Car Accident for $462,500.00\nThe high settlement was no accident. I watched how hard Keith worked to get us to that point. Because of Keith’s hard work, I am now in a position to concentrate on fixing my pain with continued treatment.\nFuicelli & Lee, PC Negotiates Policy Limit Settlement of $250,000\nMr. Fuicelli is very accessible which is extremely important just in case you have a question or important information to pass along to him. He stays on top of your case with complete dedication and always updates you with information pertinent to your case." ]

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[ "While searching Kepler data for exomoons, astronomers discovered the first Earth-mass planet that crosses in front of its host star.\nCambridge, Massachusetts – An international team of astronomers has discovered the first Earth-mass planet that transits, or crosses in front of, its host star. KOI-314c is the lightest planet to have both its mass and physical size measured. Surprisingly, although the planet weighs the same as Earth, it is 60 percent larger in diameter, meaning that it must have a very thick, gaseous atmosphere.\n“This planet might have the same mass as Earth, but it is certainly not Earth-like,” says David Kipping of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), lead author of the discovery. “It proves that there is no clear dividing line between rocky worlds like Earth and fluffier planets like water worlds or gas giants.”\nKipping presented this discovery today in a press conference at the 223rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society.\nThe team gleaned the planet’s characteristics using data from NASA’s Kepler spacecraft. KOI-314c orbits a dim, red dwarf star located approximately 200 light-years away. It circles its star every 23 days. The team estimates its temperature to be 220 degrees Fahrenheit, too hot for life as we know it.\nKOI-314c is only 30 percent denser than water. This suggests that the planet is enveloped by a significant atmosphere of hydrogen and helium hundreds of miles thick. It might have begun life as a mini-Neptune and lost some of its atmospheric gases over time, boiled off by the intense radiation of its star.\nWeighing such a small planet was a challenge. Conventionally, astronomers measure the mass of an exoplanet by measuring the tiny wobbles of the parent star induced by the planet’s gravity. This radial velocity method is extremely difficult for a planet with Earth’s mass. The previous record holder for a planet with a measured mass (Kepler-78b) weighed 70 percent more than Earth.\nTo weigh KOI-314c, the team relied on a different technique known as transit timing variations (TTV). This method can only be used when more than one planet orbits a star. The two planets tug on each other, slightly changing the times that they transit their star.\n“Rather than looking for a wobbling star, we essentially look for a wobbling planet,” explains second author David Nesvorny of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). “Kepler saw two planets transiting in front of the same star over and over again. By measuring the times at which these transits occurred very carefully, we were able to discover that the two planets are locked in an intricate dance of tiny wobbles giving away their masses.”\nThe second planet in the system, KOI-314b, is about the same size as KOI-314c but significantly denser, weighing about 4 times as much as Earth. It orbits the star every 13 days, meaning it is in a 5-to-3 resonance with the outer planet.\nTTV is a very young method of finding and studying exoplanets, first used successfully in 2010. This new measurement shows the potential power of TTV, particularly when it comes to low-mass planets difficult to study using traditional techniques.\n“We are bringing transit timing variations to maturity,” adds Kipping.\nThe planet was discovered by chance by the team as they scoured the Kepler data not for exoplanets, but for exomoons. The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) project, led by Kipping, scans through Kepler’s planet haul looking for TTV, which can also be a signature of an exomoon.\n“When we noticed this planet showed transit timing variations, the signature was clearly due to the other planet in the system and not a moon. At first we were disappointed it wasn’t a moon but then we soon realized it was an extraordinary measurement,” says Kipping.\nThis research was funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation. A paper detailing the findings has been submitted to The Astrophysical Journal. Its authors are Kipping (CfA), Nesvorny (SwRI), Lars Buchhave (Niels Bohr Institute), Joel Hartman and Gaspar Bakos (Princeton University), and Allan Schmitt (Citizen Science). The paper is available online.\nHeadquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is a joint collaboration between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. CfA scientists, organized into six research divisions, study the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the universe.\nPublication: Accepted to ApJ\nPDF Copy of the Study: The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK): II. Analysis of Seven Viable Satellite-Hosting Planet Candidates\nBe the first to comment on \"Astronomers Discover the First Earth-Mass Transiting Planet\"" ]

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[ "Rocky, wild, and windswept, there are few places on earth as rugged and foreboding as either the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Agulhas.\nLong believed to be the intersection of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Cape of Good Hope possesses a dangerous, savage beauty, its rocky, frothy headlands only hinting at the turmoil below. On a good day, it’s even possible to believe that the Cape is little more than a scenic, soothing tourist destination: turquoise waters and white sand beaches belie the true, catastrophic potential of the Cape’s unrelenting, unforgiving storms.\nIn fact, on a bad day, the Cape of Good Hope more than lives up to its other name: Cape of Storms. With wind speeds exceeding 30 knots and waves of over five meters (a stunning sixteen feet), the Cape is also prone to sudden, unexpected cross currents. Indeed, many ships have foundered on its treacherous rocks, many a life extinguished on its angry shoals.\nAmong those who died on its shores was famed Portuguese navigator and explorer Bartolomeu Dias de Novais, the intrepid pioneer who first documented the Cape route (via the Atlantic and Indian Oceans) as a conduit for trade from Europe to Asia. Notably, Dias likely gave the Cape its unofficial, more ominous nickname (Cape of Storms), though the Portuguese king, John II, labeled it the Cape of Good Hope for the potential for riches and trade wealth.\nEither way, even this outstanding navigator could not overcome the trials and tribulations of the Cape; in May 1500, Dias is believed to have gone down with his ship near the Cape, the most famous victim of its brutal weather.\nYet for its barbarous reputation, the Cape of Good Hope is actually the southwesternmost (and not the southernmost) point of the African continent. Instead, that distinction belongs to Cape Agulhas, the true, geographical division between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The confusion likely stemmed from the fact that, at the Cape of Good Hope, ships would have to begin their eastward approach; lacking modern navigational instruments, this undoubtedly convinced navigators that this was truly the last, southernmost point of the continent.\nBeautiful, if in a foreboding, primal sort of way, Cape Agulhas is a quick, 2.5 hour car ride from Cape Town–an easy day or overnight trip. The cape and its surroundings are part of Agulhas National Park, a small, quaint park that encompasses the historic Cape Agulhas lighthouse, a number of shipwrecks, wine farms, and country towns, a whites and beach and lagoon, and a collection of hiking trails through the scraggly, scrawny bush.\nToday, both Cape Agulhas and the Cape of Good Hope are worthwhile destinations, fiercely scenic reminders of a wilder, more dangerous time in history, when men and women braved hellish storms and hurricane conditions for wealth, wonder, and glory." ]

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[ "March 7, 2018\nIt Can’t Be Magic: How Cellphones Work .\nHave you ever wondered what happens behind the scenes to make your cellphone work? How your friend can video chat with you when they’re in Hawaii and you’re in Texas or how you can drop a pin to tell someone where to meet you for dinner?\nIt doesn’t all happen magically. There’s actually an entire network of wireless and physical infrastructure making connections to ensure we have the highest quality wireless experience.\nSo how does a wireless network work?\nLet’s say you’re video calling a friend.\nWhile you listen to the video call ring as it seeks a connection, radio signals traveling over airwaves—called spectrum—are racing to a nearby cell site. To communicate with the cell site, your cellphone uses its antennas to act as a portable radio.\nThe cell site is positioned to perform its role of receiving and sending signals. Once it receives your signal, it transfers it to a local base station. The base station acts as a translator of sorts to send your video call to the core network.\nThe core network is the brain of the wireless network, routing your video call—as well as your traditional calls, texts, and data requests—to the right destination through network hardware, including servers, wiring, and transport technologies. Today, most network traffic—including your video call—goes through a data router on its way to the internet.\nOnce your video call data reaches the internet and connects to the appropriate servers, connection details return to a data router—the original one if you and your friend are in the same network, or one in your friend’s network if not—and move through the system to a cell site in your friend’s network. The cell site pings your friend’s phone and it rings.\nStill kind of magical, right?\nThe next generation of wireless, 5G, will increase the awe factor.\n5G networks are going to be up to 100 times faster, able to support 100x more devices, and be 5 times more responsive than current 4G networks, thanks to the capacity of new mid- and high-band spectrum, the density of new small cells, and new wireless technologies. As more small cells are located closer to our cellphones and other wireless devices, network delays will be reduced because some data can be processed locally without having to go all the way to the core network.\nDenser wireless networks will also be more resilient to help keep people connected at all times.\nSo there you have it. Wireless infrastructure relies on a blend of investment, innovation, and engineering to make your mobile experience so seamless, it’s almost like magic." ]

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[ "|Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia|\n5 April 1945 – 2 June 1946\n|Preceded by||Jan Šrámek|\n|Succeeded by||Klement Gottwald|\n11 June 1891|\n(now Czech Republic)\n|Died||2 May 1976\n(now Czech Republic)\n|Political party||ČSSD (1924-1948)\nZdeněk Fierlinger (11 July 1891, Olomouc – 2 May 1976, Prague) was a Czech diplomat and politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1944 to 1946, first in the London-based exiled government and later in liberated Czechoslovakia. His name is often associated with the merger of his Social Democratic Party with the Czechoslovak Communist Party after the communist coup in 1948. He was the uncle of Paul Fierlinger, the famous animator for numerous PBS cartoons.\nZdeněk Fierlinger came from an upper-class family. His ancestors came from German ethnics who had married the local people and assimilated as Czech people for centuries. He graduated from business school in 1910 and then worked as a sales representative in Russia. During World War I he joined the Czechoslovak Legion. For his bravery on battlefield Fierlinger was four times awarded by Order of St. George. Among other fights, he participated in the Battle of Zborov.\nAfter the war, Fierlinger returned to Czechoslovakia and joined the diplomatic service. He was successively ambassador to the Netherlands, Romania, the United States, Switzerland and Austria. During this period he was a close friend and collaborator of Edvard Beneš. In 1924 he joined the Czech Social Democratic Party.\nIn the Soviet Union\nBetween 1937 and 1945 Fierlinger held the post of envoy (and later ambassador) to the USSR. During his period in Moscow Fierlinger was very close to the leadership of the Czechoslovak Communist Party led by Klement Gottwald. This is evident, for example, when in 1943 when the Communists in conjunction with Fierlinger facilitated the signing of the Soviet-Czech peace treaty in Moscow on 12 December 1943 by Joseph Stalin and Edvard Beneš.\nThe end of war and arrival of the communists\nJust before the end of World War II in April 1945 Fierlinger became the exile chairman of the Czechoslovak government and remained such until the 1946 elections. He became a leading figure in the \"left-wing\" social democracy movement which sought the closest possible ties with the Czechoslovak Communist Party.\nBetween 1946 and 1948 Fierlinger was chairman of the Czech Social Democratic Party. After the communist coup in February 1948, Fierlinger acted as the chief proponent of the \"unification\" of the Social Democrats and the Communists. Through the unification of the party, he became a member of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party in 1948. According to American journalist John Gunther, Fierlinger was subsequently nicknamed \"Dr. Quislinger.\"\nZdeněk Fierlinger subsequently served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1948 to 1953, Minister of the State Office for religious affairs from 1951 to 1953, Chairman of the National Assembly from 15 October 1953 to 23 June 1964 and Minister in charge of the State. He remained a member of the Central Committee until 1966. In 1968, among other things, one of his last public acts was to lead a delegation in protest outside the Soviet Embassy." ]

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[ "David Thompson (1770-1857)\nBritish fur agent, surveyor, explorer, and cartographer David Thompson was born on the outskirts of London in April 1770. His Welsh father died before Thompson turned two years old, and the boy was placed at Grey Coat Hospital, where he received an education in writing, mathematics, and vocational skills. At the age of fourteen, he entered into an apprenticeship with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and was sent to Fort Churchill. While working as a clerk, he developed a working knowledge of the Cree language and the natural history of Upper Canada.\nThompson spent the winter of 1789-1790 at Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan River, recuperating from a fractured leg. It was there that he met Philip Turnor, the HBC's most respected cartographer. Pursuing the opportunity with characteristic enthusiasm, Thompson emerged from Turnor's tutelage as a rising star in the company's surveying ranks. In the spring of 1797, he switched his allegiance to the rival North West Company in order to do more work as a cartographer. By the following June he had carried out an ambitious journey of exploration, where he produced a map with the first accurate positions of the Missouri River's bend through the Dakotas.\nIn 1799, Thompson married Charlotte Small, a mixed-blood Cree, and the following fall they were assigned to the North West Company's new Rocky Mountain House on the upper Saskatchewan River. Several of the company partners hoped to use this post as a staging area to develop a trade route from the Rockies to the Pacific via the Columbia River, but attempts to survey a route to the Columbia were not successful. In 1802, Thompson was posted to Peace River in northern Alberta.\nBy 1806, Thompson was a full company partner, and all the elements were in place for a push to the Columbia. In spring 1807, he led a party of nineteen, including Charlotte and their three small children, over what is now called Howse Pass. He established Kootanae House at the source lakes of the Columbia and began systematically building personal relationships with Natives and establishing logical trade routes. Over the next four years, Kootenai and Salish-speaking contacts guided him through the maze of eastern Columbia River tributaries that includes the Kootenai, Flathead/Clark Fork/Pend Oreille, Spokane, and Colville Rivers.\nIn January 1811, to escape Blackfeet threats, Thompson and a small party followed an Iroquois guide over Athabasca Pass, a more northerly trade route that became the standard connection between the Prairies and the Columbia District. In June of that year, he arrived at Kettle Falls (near present-day Colville, Washington). There, at the region's most important fishery and trade center, he constructed a twenty-six-foot cedar-plank canoe and set off downstream with two Iroquois paddlers, five voyageurs, and a San Poil couple hired as translators.\nThompson and his party intersected the route of Lewis and Clark's journey at the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers and arrived at the recently constructed American fur post of Astoria. He lingered at the Columbia's mouth for only a few days. Back in Kettle Falls, he constructed another canoe and completed the first official survey of the length of the Columbia, pushing north to Boat Encampment at the base of the Athabasca Pass trail. After another winter at Saleesh House in Montana, Thompson traveled to Montreal with Charlotte and their five children, where the family settled.\nOver the next two years, Thompson, still employed by the North West Company, completed a pair of large maps of western North America that charted from Hudson Bay to the Pacific. These were the first maps to accurately detail the relationship among the Peace, Athabasca, Saskatchewan, and Missouri Rivers east of the Divide with the Fraser and Columbia drainages west.\nThompson performed significant work as chief surveyor for the International Boundary Survey between 1817 and 1827. He also continued to work on several more large maps of the West related to an atlas proposal sent to a London publisher. Still, he was plagued by financial problems from the time he resigned from the commission, and he never succeeded in getting either his atlas or his Travels in Western North America published. He and Charlotte died within two months of each other in 1857.\nDavid Thompson's legacy includes not only his Travels, generally recognized as a classic narrative of exploration, but also his meticulous field and survey notebooks, sheets of watercolors, letters describing the state of the interior during the period of contact, and maps of western North America. He also set in motion a viable fur-trade operation in the Columbia District, built on a respectful relationship with the peoples of the region.Written by:Jack Nisbet\n“Map of the North-West Territory.\" Archives of Ontario, Toronto.\nColumbia Journals/David Thompson. Ed. by Barbara Belyea. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press 1994.\nJenish, D’Arcy. Epic Wanderer: David Thompson and the Mapping of the Canadian West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003\nLetter to J.M. Higginson, July 21, 1843, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa.\nNisbet, Jack. Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson across Western North America. Seattle Sasquatch Books, 1994, new edition 2007.\nNotebooks, David Thompson Collection. Archives of Ontario, Toronto.\nThompson, David. Travels. Ed. by William Moreau. Toronto: Champlain Society, Seattle: University of Washington Press. (In press or Fall 2009?)." ]

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[ "Carbon Fiber: Taking Consumer Goods to the Next Level\nWith new applications developing nearly every day, carbon fiber is allowing for advancements in the production of consumer goods. Carbon fiber offers manufacturers the opportunity to increase overall strength and reduce weight in areas they need it the most. In today’s consumer goods market, consumers can expect to find carbon fiber in products such as prosthetics, bicycles, and many more consumer products.\nTake a moment to review all of the areas that have turned to carbon fiber to take advantage of the benefits of this composite material.\nCarbon Fiber Composites in Performance Marine Racing\nCarbon fiber is an essential component of most modern day racing vehicles because of the undeniable properties it encapsulates. Advanced carbon fiber prepregs have a higher resistance to environmental corrosion factors, and performance marine racing teams are taking advantage of that. For example, Land Rover BAR (Ben Ainslie Racing) competes against some of the most skilled sailors in the world, and their team relies on carbon fiber composites to provide an advantage over the competition.\nCarbon Fiber Composites in Athletic Prosthetics\nThere is a limited variety of prosthetics that allow amputees the ability to partake in certain exercising activities. However, 3D printing and composites are paving the way for the production of more versatile prosthetics. Advancements in 3D printing and carbon fiber composites offer the ability for prosthetics to be designed and manufactured with the amputee’s lifestyle in mind. Carbon fiber structures are perfect aquatic prosthetics because of the material’s resistance to environmental corrosion.\nCarbon Fiber Composites in Bicycle Manufacturing\nPerformance bicycle manufacturers require materials such as carbon fiber to achieve the strongest, lightest product offering possible. Carbon fiber dramatically reduces the weight of critical components in performance bikes, allowing cyclist to maximize their speed. Bicycle manufacturers continue to push the limits of how light and durable a bicycle can possibly be. For example, supercar manufacturer, Bugatti, teamed up with PG Bikes to develop the world’s lightest bicycle weighing in at a mere 11 pounds. Carbon fiber composites are found in the frame of most high performance bikes, but Bugatti/PG’s development features carbon fiber in the bicycle’s rims, fork, handlebars, seat, and much more.\nCarbon fiber is the material of choice for extreme high strength and lightweight applications. Manufacturers continue to use carbon fiber composites in structures in new and unique ways. As mentioned above, carbon fiber is being utilized in some very cutting-edge applications such as performance yacht racing, producing athletic prosthetics, as well as manufacturing the world’s lightest bike. These are extreme examples of carbon fiber’s capabilities, however, we can expect to see great developments spring from these applications.\nWhy Choose Composites One as Your Carbon Fiber Supplier\nComposites One is the leading supplier in composite and high performance materials with carbon fiber being one of many product offerings. Our technical sales team is here to here to help you find the best material for your product, and our operations team ensures that we can get the material to you without causing a delay in your production cycle. Composite One helps manufacturers do their job better and faster by providing a total material solution. Contact us today for more information.\nHave questions? Contact Us." ]

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[ "Districts among the many partners assisting 2017 LRP projects 01/05/2017\nBy Mike Beacom\nConservation districts are partners in half of the 2017 Joint Chiefs’ Landscape Restoration Partnership (LRP) projects announced in December. Through the program, the U.S. Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) strive to work together to restore landscapes, reduce wildfire threats to communities and landowners, protect water quality and enhance wildlife habitat.\nIn 2017, five LRP projects in California, Michigan, Nebraska, Oregon, and Virginia will work with local conservation districts.\nCalifornia’s Coarsegold Resource Conservation District (RCD) will help the Cascadel Woods neighborhood reduce the risk of wildfire by removing dead trees adjacent to evacuation routes. “We also plan to spend part of the money in other communities in our district to help elderly/low-income homeowners remove dead trees within 100 feet of their homes,” said Coarsegold RCD Executive Director Anne Melrose.\nIn Nebraska, the Upper Niobrara White Natural Resources District will provide conservation grade seedlings to producers to reforest burned areas – most of which were damaged by 2012 fires. Participants can purchase these seedlings for 75 cents and plant them as windbreaks or to create new forest stands.\nThis year, the Forest Service and NRCS will invest more than $10 million in 10 new LRP projects located in nine states. Since 2014, USDA has invested more than $139 million in 49 projects, across 36 states.\n“This collaboration helps local partners meet the growing challenges faced by all stakeholders that comes with protecting communities, watersheds, forests, and woodlands from the devastating and costly impacts of wildfires and other threats, while protecting water resources, and improving wildlife habitat,” USDA Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment Robert Bonnie said.\nSummaries of this year’s 10 projects can be viewed on the NRCS website." ]

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[ "Squats for a Tight Calf\nSquatting is a whole-body, compound exercise that strengthens many of the major muscles of your legs, including your glutes, hamstrings and quadriceps. Tight calf muscles can make squats challenging, preventing you from reaching full depth with your thighs parallel to the floor. Modifying the exercise by raising your heels can help, as can stretching your calves to increase your ankle mobility.\nThe bulk of your calf is made up of two large muscles. The soleus arises from the back of the two long bones in your lower leg, the tibia and fibula. Overlying the soleus is the gastrocnemius, which originates from the back of your thigh bone, or femur, just above the knee. Both muscles insert onto the heel bone through the Achilles tendon. The function of both muscles is to point your foot, or to raise your heel if you're standing, an action called plantar flexion of the ankle. The opposite action, pulling the top of your foot toward the front of your shin, is called dorsiflexion.\nTo squat, stand with your feet a little wider than hip-width apart. Your toes should be slightly turned out. Keeping your back flat, bend your knees and hinge at your hips to lower your pelvis toward the floor. Track your knees in the direction of your toes. When your thighs reach parallel with the floor, stand up to return to the starting position. Keep your heels grounded throughout the movement. Bringing your arms forward as you lower can help to maintain your balance.\nModifications for Tight Calves\nTo squat with your thighs parallel with the floor, your ankles must be able to dorsiflex. Tight calf muscles can prevent full dorsiflexion, making it impossible to reach full depth without your heels lifting. If you have tight calves, you can elevate your heels on a board or a pair of weight plates to maintain your stability while squatting. However, elevating your heels may place more stress on your knees. As a long-term solution, you may also need to work on increasing the range of motion of your ankles by stretching your calves.\nTry These Exercises!\nIncreasing Ankle Mobility\nBefore starting your squat training session, warm up your whole body, including your calves, with easy, dynamic movements, such as jogging. To stretch your calf, lean your hands on a wall with your arms straight. Extend one leg back and bend your front knee. Press your back heel toward the floor until you feel a stretch in that calf. Keeping your back knee straight will stretch the gastrocnemius. Bending the back knee slightly as you continue to push back through your heel will target the soleus.\n- Darrin Klimek/Digital Vision/Getty Images" ]

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[ "It started with one question: Why doesn't everyone know who Nikola Tesla is?\nThe 'War of Currents' shaped our everyday way of life. From the light bulbs in your home to the wireless internet at the local cafe. History books in schools are riddled with Thomas Edison's greatest moments, so where is Nikola Tesla? Why don't more people know about the 'War of Currents'?\nWe have always thought the best way to learn something is through entertainment. From there, it evolved into playing cards. We thought everyone from all walks of life and passions can enjoy a good card game... why not put a history lesson in a deck of cards? Well, that's what we did!\nOur goal was to design a deck of cards that provided a feel of nostalgia, similar to the cards from the late 1800's/Early 1900's. We wanted to tell the story of the 'War of Currents' with our concepts.\nThe US Playing Card Company has been making playing cards since 1885. You history buffs might note that this is very close to the beginning of the 'War of Currents'. American Made, quality printing, and a tie in history. It was a perfect match-up for us!\nDuring our design phase we looked at a lot of early Bicycle playing cards, photographs, newspapers, patent images, and souvenir cards from The World's Fair of 1893. We really tried to incorporate as much REAL history and media into the deck. Even our number cards are modeled after the original Tesla/Edison patent images.\nOne of the ways we tried to tell the story of the 'War of Currents', through our imagery, is the process we took designing our face cards. First we split our two inventors, Edison and Tesla into Red and Black. Then we split the suits into different ages. So for example, older Nikola Tesla is on the King of Spades, while younger Nikola Tesla is on the King of Clubs.\nWe then placed an important person in the inventor's life as the Queen and Jack. As people's relationships change as they get older, so did our cards. When the inventors were younger, they worked along side each other. This means that you will find one red Tesla card and one black Edison card in your pack!\nSo what happens if you don't know who Nikola Tesla is or you have never heard of the 'War of Currents'? Don't worry, you are definitely not alone. We have included a mini history lesson on the two info cards(You know, the cards you never use). Within minutes, you will have an understanding of who the major players are and why the 'War of Currents' is a major historical event. Also, a description of the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 can be found on one of the jokers!" ]

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[ "Published in September 2019\nThis module is a resource for lecturers\nChallenges for Law Enforcement\nThe effective enforcement of wildlife and forest offences faces a myriad of challenges and obstacles.\nCombating wildlife trafficking is not considered to be a priority in many countries (Bennett, 2011; DLA Piper, 2014; Nurse, 2015; Nurse, 2013; UNODC, 2012; Wyatt, 2013; Wellsmith, 2011; WWF, 2015). Policymakers, police, prosecutors, and the judiciary often do not consider wildlife- and forest-related offences as serious crimes warranting special consideration and prioritization (Sundari Akella & Allan, 2012; Wellsmith, 2011). This issue is not limited to developing countries but has also been reported in countries such as Norway (Runhovde, 2016) and the United Kingdom (INTERPOL & UNEP, 2016). While there are some signs that the 'status' of wildlife trafficking is rising in some countries (INTERPOL & UNEP, 2016), many countries still pay minimal attention to this crime type.\nIn many jurisdictions, laws and regulations pertaining to wildlife trafficking and to other aspects of the wildlife and forest sector remain poorly developed and frequently suffer from significant gaps. Elements of criminal offences are sometimes not clearly articulated and defined. This often hinders effective investigation and prosecution. In some jurisdictions, relevant offences, if they do exist, are poorly drafted, leaving ambiguities and uncertainties that can obstruct prosecutions and that can be exploited by defence counsel (UNODC, 2012; Biegus & Bueger, 2017; Nurse, 2015). Where state officials are involved in wildlife trafficking, diplomatic immunity can hinder their prosecution and conviction. Furthermore, in some jurisdictions, the authorities and officers in charge to enforce wildlife trafficking offences lack the necessary enforcement powers.\nEnforcement of offences relating to wildlife trafficking is often hampered by a lack of proper resourcing and training (Bennett, 2011; Nurse, 2015; see also, Sundari Akella & Allan, 2012). In many countries, this is a problem relating to budgeting rather than a lack of resources. General law enforcement authorities often have little experience and competence in dealing with wildlife trafficking (Runhovde, 2016). Specialized agencies are often under-staffed, poorly trained, and under-funded. Furthermore, poor prosecutorial and judicial practices hinder a proper response to wildlife trafficking (UNODC, 2012). This often leads to environments in which poachers, traffickers and others involved in wildlife trafficking can operate with relative impunity (Biegus & Bueger, 2017). A lack of integrity of involved authorities and officials, which enables corruption, further exacerbates this problem.\nWhile national coordination and international cooperation are crucial in combating wildlife trafficking, individual officials and some enforcement agencies are unable or unwilling to work together with other agencies, share relevant information, use available resources and know-how, or cooperate across borders (Sundary Akella & Allan, 2012; see also EIA, 2016).\nExample: Challenges for law enforcement in the European Union\nA 2016 study revealed different challenges for the enforcement of laws relating to wildlife crime in EU Member States. Existing legislation in Member States demonstrated an insufficient and uneven level of enforcement. Further, only a minority of Member States had national action plans on wildlife crime (as recommended by CITES).\nImplementation and enforcement of wildlife crime-related laws were found to be mainly hindered by (1) a lack of sufficient staff and monetary resources, which translates into a low number of controls, and a lack of willingness to undertake costly enforcement measures and little time for cooperation and data sharing, (2) a lack of specialized knowledge on wildlife crime in administrative, enforcement and judicial bodies as well as a lack of specialized institutions, (3) a low level of sanctions applied, with the level of sanction not reflecting the severity of the crimes, and (4) a failure to use criminal sanctions and preference for administrative sanctions, often due to insufficient evidence.\n(European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy, 2016)" ]

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[ "Scientists Just Found a \"Zombie Volcano\" in New Zealand\nGeologists have discovered a massive magma chamber below the Earth's surface, sitting near some of New Zealand's most active volcanoes.\nThis was a surprising find, as magma chambers normally sit directly under volcanoes, not off to the side like these. Pressure buildup can cause the magma underneath a volcano to rise and pour out of it as lava, creating a volcanic eruption.\nBut this magma chamber is different. Geologists have nicknamed outliers like this one \"zombie volcanoes\" because they show signs of life where geologists normally wouldn't expect to find it. And there's probably quite a few of them out there.\n\"There's no need to panic, but chances are there are lots of bodies of magma dotted throughout the crust,\" Ian Hamling, a geophysicist at GNS Science in New Zealand, told Nature News.\nHamling and a team of scientists were using radar satellites to study the Taupo Volcanic Zone when they noticed an abnormal patch of magma that appeared to be rising. After sorting through previous data, Hamling figured out that the area has actually been slowly rising since the 1950s. During its peak growth, 9 million cubic meters of magma were bubbling into the chamber every year.\nIt's smaller than the magma chamber under Yellowstone, Hamling told Nature News, but it's still an impressive size.\nIt's unclear whether or not the zombie volcano could actually pose a threat, but so far there hasn't been any increase of volcanic activity in the area.\nGeologists say we'll probably find a lot more of theses zombie volcanoes now that radar satellites are becoming more advanced. They've probably always been lurking below the surface, we just had no way to detect them until now." ]

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[ "The drug, known as “crocodile,” is synthesized from codeine and has been commonly used by as a substitute for heroin in Russia for the last few years. But its effects are much worse – some users have their skin peel off and parts of their bodies become gangrenous.\nAfter they begin using, addicts typically have a life expectancy of just a few years.\nUntil now, police haven't been worried about its spread in Germany, but authorities in the western city of Bochum said at least four homeless people have recently experienced symptoms associated with crocodile use.\nAll believed they had been using heroin, according to Heinrich Elsner, a doctor at an organization serving drug addicts called Crisis Assistance Bochum.\nBut he said they suffered the “catastrophic skin and soft tissue damage” that only crocodile causes.\nThe organization is offering to wean addicts off drugs through methadone treatments, though it is not yet clear if the physical damage is reversible.\nPolice, who admitted there was a “huge uproar” in Bochum's drug scene over the situation, said an investigation has been launched." ]

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