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[ "Just in time for the Bicentennial:\nMuch of Mexico’s history becomes, well, history\nThis August 24th when sixth graders returned to their classrooms, many were stunned to discover that nearly 30 pages… had disappeared from their history textbooks.\nBy John Ross / The Rag Blog / September 14, 2009\nMEXICO CITY — On the eve of the Bicentennial of its Independence from the Spanish Crown and the 100th anniversary of the Mexican Revolution, this distant neighbor of a republic is awash with patriotic colors. The official countdown to the twin Centennials begins on Mexican Independence Day September 16th, the nation’s maximum patriotic holiday that celebrates the uprising of the profligate country priest Miguel Hidalgo in Guanajuato on that day in 1810.\nAlthough Hidalgo’s rebellion was a flop, uncorking a geyser of blood (the priest himself was dragged before the Holy Inquisition, gunned down by a firing squad, beheaded, and his head hung from a public building), Mexico finally won its liberation from Spanish domination 11 arduous years later in 1821. Thousands of local and national events over the next year will commemorate Hidalgo’s flawed insurrection (at least 100,000 killed) and the even more gore-splattered Mexican revolution a hundred years later in 1910, which is thought to have cost more than a million lives.\nBut a funny thing has happened to Mexico on its way to the dueling Centennials: it seems to have lost its history.\nThis August 24th when sixth graders returned to their classrooms, many were stunned to discover that nearly 30 pages (pp. 147-173) had disappeared from their history textbooks. The missing pages discussed the European Conquest of Mexico and three centuries of colonial rule.\nThe textbook revision has generated an uproar in this history-obsessed country. Mexico is largely Mestizo, genetically mixing the Indigenous with the European, and the elimination of teaching the Conquest and the Colony “mutilates our identity” decries Olac Fuentes Molinar, the former under-secretary of basic education for the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP.)\nDiminished attention on the Conquest of between 12.5 and 25 million indigenous peoples (only 1.5 million survived to be counted in the first census taken by the Crown a hundred years later) is seen as a slap at Mexico’s pluri-cultural roots. The disappearance of colonial history and the cruel indignities the indigenas suffered under the Spanish yoke further depreciates the role of Mexico’s Indians and flies in the face of the country’s traditional anti-colonial trajectory.\nSuch revisionist history is “Eurocentric,” argues Hugo Casanova of the National Autonomous University’s (UNAM) Educational Investigation Institute. “Our children will never know the complex, painful origins of our nation.”\nThe Secretariat of Public Education insists that it’s all a big confusion. Only 7,000,000 revised history books (out of a total of 27,000,000) will be distributed to primary school students this year, explains sub-secretary Francisco Gonzalez Sanchez who, as the SEP’s point man on basic education was charged with overseeing the text book revisions. Sections on the Conquest and the Colony were previously incorporated in fourth grade text books but now are being rewritten and moved to sixth grade curriculum and will be ready by 2011 — just in time to miss the twin centennials.\nNonetheless, when the revisions are in place, Gonzalez Sanchez promises that Mexico will have “the best text books in history” (sic.) Historians are aghast at the SEP’s gaffe. But the loudest protests have come from students who have not yet received their eviscerated books three weeks into the new term.\nSub-secretary Gonzalez Sanchez acquired his sinecure in 2006 through flagrant political nepotism — he is the son-in-law of National Education Workers Union (SNTE) Czarina Elba Esther Gordillo. With 1.3 million members, the SNTE is the largest labor organization in Latin America and Gordillo has considerable clout in the administration of rightist president Felipe Calderon of the National Action or PAN party. A former honcho of the once and future ruling party, the PRI, Gordillo broke with her old cronies in crime in a power squabble prior to the 2000 presidential election and threw her weight to Calderon’s predecessor Vicente Fox. From her satrap at the SNTE, “La Maestra” (sometimes known as “La Ticher“) mobilized her followers to commit wholesale ballot box fraud in the much-questioned 2006 elections that boosted Calderon to power. In return, Gordillo was handed the SEP to run as a semi-feudal family enterprise.\nUnder her son-in-law’s “Integral Basic Education Reform” (RIEB), history now plays second fiddle to math, science, and technology. But even the teaching of science has been tampered with charges UNAM biologist Edna Suarez who is writing up a “report card” on the revised textbooks. One example: Charles Darwin, whose Theory of Evolution marks its 150th anniversary this year, is assigned just two paragraphs in grade school science texts, the same as ascribed to an explanation of daylight savings time. Suarez observes that Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is downgraded to just one possible explanation for the origins of the human race, a supposition that invites the teaching of Creationism.\nThe Calderon administration’s focus on math and science runs contrary to the national character. Mexicans are addicts to their nation’s history. Sometimes it seems as if the past is more present than the present here and the future is just a word bandied about by politicos to plant false hopes in the hearts of their constituents. “History is the foundation of our collective memory,” writes anthropologist Manuel Hermann. The revised history books are an exercise in “disremembering.”\nArnaldo Cordoba, an historic leader of the Mexican Communist Party, isn’t surprised by the PAN-fried history texts. “History has no value for the right,” he wrote in a recent La Jornada (a left daily) op-ed. “The Conquest and the Colony should be the PAN’s favorite epochs but they’ve discarded them… probably because of printing costs.” By removing accounts of these two vital periods, “the PAN wants us to believe that our history began with Iturbide,” counters Alfonso Suarez Del Real, a leftist ex-deputy affiliated with Calderon’s fiercest critic Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO), himself a history buff.\nAgustin Iturbide was a “criollo” (Spaniard born in Mexico) who led the Army of Three Guarantees that finally won liberation from the Crown in 1821 and promptly crowned himself emperor — he was hung by a furious mob three years later.\nMexicans of all walks of life from senators to street sweepers are constantly revisiting and revising their country’s history, sliding it under the microscope, examining little known texts and debating their most arcane clauses. Antiquarian bookstores clustered in the old quarter of the city do a land office business in dog-eared volumes that record the nuances of the Conquest and the Colony. Each Friday night, dozens gather at a crumbling building on Tacuba Street in the Centro Historico to discuss history’s lessons for the current political imbroglio. Such study circles, inspired by partisans of Lopez Obrador, have spread into neighbors throughout this monstrous megalopolis.\nOn a recent rainy evening, Edna Orozco, a National Autonomous University history professor was elucidating the exploits of Francisco Villa when he overran Mexico City at the apogee of the revolution in 1914-15. “My papa put me up on his shoulders so that I could see Pancho Villa when he rode in with his Dorados,” 95 year-old Melesio Escobar told the gathering. “Villa was a giant! The presidents now are dwarves!” (Felipe Calderon barely stands five feet.)\nFelipe Calderon and his co-religionists are the lineal descendants of 19th century Conservatives who aligned themselves with the Catholic Church, the Crown, and the land-owning class and squared off against Zapotec Indian Benito Juarez and his secular Liberals. Now the neo-conservatives are charged with teaching a history that lionizes their traditional enemies like Juarez and the wild-haired Hidalgo and those ruffian bandits Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. “The PAN wants to get rid of Hidalgo and his leprous, naked Indians,” comments Paco Ignacio Taibo II, a writer who approaches Mexican history from the left.\nAs if to confirm Taibo’s thesis, arch-rightist philosopher-historian Gabriel Zaid recently penned a daily Reforma (a PANista paper) op ed entitled “The Assassins Who Gave Us A Fatherland” which depicts Hidalgo and his confederate Jose Maria Morelos, also a defrocked priest, as a pair of killers.\nUnder Calderon’s predecessor Vicente Fox, a similarly traumatic revision of secondary education textbooks was undertaken and in classic neo-liberal style publication was privatized. Santillana, the publishing arm of the Spanish media conglomerate Grupo Prisa (publishers of El Pais), marketed a popular seventh grade text, “The History of Mexico” in which the European invaders were pictured as bringing civilization to the unruly natives — the book also champions the Catholic Church and its missionaries for delivering the heathens to Christ.\nFox’s fans at Santillana and the SEP even included a chapter on his own place in history that concludes abruptly: “his crucial six years in office came to an end with the development of incipient democracy and so Vicente Fox passed into histo—” (sic.)\nHistory is, of course, written by the victors and in Mexico this means whichever party won the last election. “Every time a new party comes to power, it wants to change history,” complains Patricia Espinosa, the ex-director of the General Archives of the Nation and a devout PRIista who rejects the PAN’s skew on Mexican history. Indeed, the PRI used free government textbooks to burnish its own image during seven decades at the helm of state, extolling its contributions to the nation’s development and well-being.\nBut like the PAN, the ex-official party was sometimes blindsided by the arrogance of power. In 1992, Secretary of Education Ernesto Zedillo, later president, was forced to recall and shred 10,000,000 revised grade school history texts because the re-write suggested that the military had played a role in the massacre of hundreds of Mexico City students in 1968. Subsequent revelations have established beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Army engineered the debacle. In the revision of the revised text, Mexican history ended in 1967.\nPaco Taibo protests the political manipulation of history by the SEP. Schoolbooks are often assembled by bureaucrats and bourgeois historians for whom history is an abstract in which the people don’t count. Taibo II advocates “secularization” and “democratization” of the writing process that would involve teachers and parents and social activists.\nNot only the Left is up in arms over the SEP’s revision of Mexican history. The Catholic Church has a rich history of conflicts with the Mexican government over its depiction in history texts. Under depression era president Lazaro Cardenas, “socialist” education flourished to the Church and the nascent PAN’s enormous displeasure — indeed the PAN gained political relevance in its successful battle to have the word “socialism” expunged from the text books.\nThe Church fiercely opposes sex education and textbooks that speak of abortion and birth control are burned by anti-abortion zealots like Pro-Vida. Now the Episcopal Council of Bishops (CEM) is furious because public school textbooks allege that Hildago and Morelos were excommunicated by the Catholic Church, a well-documented turn of events. But Father Hugo Valdemar, spokesperson for the Mexico City diocese, argues that both defrocked priests confessed their sins and accepted the Host before they were put before a firing squad and decapitated.\nBesides denouncing the SEP for kidnapping the Father of the Country from the bosom of Holy Mother Church, Valdemar kvetches that the Catholic Church is being excluded from the celebration of the Bicentennial.\nTaibo insists that, like the textbooks, the Bicentennial is being “deMexicanized.” The popular author has unearthed a catalogue of 1800 projects scheduled for the celebration, about three and a half events a day — although the deep economic crisis that has left 80,000,000 Mexicans below the poverty line may modify extravagance warns Calderon’s current Bicentennial CEO Juan Manuel Villalpando.\nThe preamble to 2010 unfolded this September 5th with the lighting of the Bicentennial Torch. In a schlocky knock-off of the Olympic Games, athletes carried the flame from the Monument of the Independence up the elegant Paseo de Reforma to the National Palace where it was blessed by the President. Now the Flame of the Bicentennial will travel to 31 states before it returns to the capital in September 2010 — the twin celebrations will be most intense between Independence Day September 15th-16th and November 20th, the 100th anniversary of the declaration of the Mexican revolution.\nAmongst the events scheduled for this patriotic orgy are multiple military parades, the refurbishment of historical buildings, the re-naming of streets and parks for the Heroes of the Fatherland, and the construction of a safe site for the General Archives of the Nation which are currently moldering in an old prison of ill-repute, the Lecumberri Black Palace, built by dictator Porfirio Diaz on the eve of the revolution to house his political prisoners.\nMany of the Bi-centennial projects listed seem to have more to do with crass commercial opportunism than the celebration of the Patria. Nayarit state resorts will sponsor a beach volleyball championship. Nayarit will also be the site of a Guinness Book of Records gathering of country brass bands (“Bandas de Guerra“). The state of Tamaulipas is planning a potato festival and Chiapas a graffiti competition. The Secretary of Labor will issue a coffee table-sized book “The History of Labor” and the Secretary of Finances will hold a “fiscal fair.” Manzanillo will do its part with the inauguration of a cruise ship port and Mexico City is building a “bicentennial” Metro line. Neighboring Mexico state will hold a world frontennis tournament and Chihuahua is hosting an NBA exhibition game to celebrate the War of Independence and the Mexican revolution.\nSome of the events seem wildly out of synch with what the Centennials are all about. The state of Oaxaca will hold a yearlong celebration of the tyrant Porfirio Diaz, a native son, whose iron-fisted 34 year-long rule ignited the revolution. Chihuahua will honor the Creel dynasty that controlled Indian lands the size of the kingdom of Belgium. The Catholic Church will illuminate a giant Christ in Torreon Coahuila and publish a book on the miracles of Our Lady of Ocotlan Jalisco to celebrate the Bicentennial.\nAt the nadir of the worst economic plunge since the Great Depression with millions out of work, Felipe Calderon is spending billions of pesos on the big fiesta. Villalpando is reportedly negotiating with SpecTak, an Australian entertainment juggernaut that bedazzled the world with its costly fireworks display at the Sidney Olympics, to supply world-class pyrotechnics.\nLast spring, Calderon laid the cornerstone for a monumental Bicentennial Arch at the foot of the Paseo de la Reforma, a boulevard in which Porfirio Diaz invested heavily for the 1900 centennial. In fact, Diaz spent so much on fireworks and monuments and new pants for the poor that social budgets were depleted and the dissatisfaction of the downtrodden at being excluded from the party triggered a revolution.\nToday, a hundred and two hundred years later, the misery of the people has never been alleviated and social unrest is similarly stewing.\nSo goes the old song and dance: Those who do not know their own history are doomed to repeat it.\n[John Ross’s monstrous (500 pages) El Monstruo – Dread & Redemption in Mexico City will be published by Nation Books this November. Iraqigirl (Haymarket), a diary of a teenager coming of age under U.S. occupation that has been called “an Anne Frank for our times,” is in the stores. Ross will be touring with both books this fall and next spring. For possible venues write [email protected].]" ]

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[ "Etruscan civilization map (CC BY-SA 3.0), NormanEinstein - Based on a map from The National Geographic Magazine Vol.173 No.6 June 1988.\nEtruscan civilization, 750-500 B.C.E. (CC BY-SA 3.0), NormanEinstein - based on a map from The National Geographic Magazine Vol.173 No.6 (June 1988).\nElaborate funerary rituals\nFunerary contexts constitute the most abundant archaeological evidence for the Etruscan civilization. The elite members of Etruscan society participated in elaborate funerary rituals that varied and changed according to both geography and time.\nThe city of Tarquinia (known in antiquity as Tarquinii or Tarch(u)na), one of the most powerful and prominent Etruscan centers, is known for its painted chamber tombs. The Tomb of the Triclinium belongs to this group and its wall paintings reveal important information about not only Etruscan funeral culture but also about the society of the living.\nAn advanced Iron Age culture, the Etruscans amassed wealth based on Italy’s natural resources (particularly metal and mineral ores) that they exchanged through medium- and long-range trade networks.\nTomb of the Triclinium, c. 470 BCE (Etruscan chamber tomb, Tarquinia, Italy)\nTomb of the Triclinium, c. 470 B.C.E. (Etruscan chamber tomb, Tarquinia, Italy)\nTomb of the Triclinium\nThe Tomb of the Triclinium (Italian: Tomba del Triclinio) is the name given to an Etruscan chamber tomb dating c. 470 B.C.E. and located in the Monterozzi necropolis of Tarquinia, Italy. Chamber tombs are subterranean rock-cut chambers accessed by an approach way (dromos) in many cases. The tombs are intended to contain not only the remains of the deceased but also various grave goods or offerings deposited along with the deceased. The Tomb of the Triclinium is composed of a single chamber with wall decorations painted in fresco. Discovered in 1830, the tomb takes its name from the three-couch dining room of the ancient Greco-Roman Mediterranean, known as the triclinium.\nThe rear wall of the tomb carries the main scene, one of banqueters enjoying a dinner party (above). It is possible to draw stylistic comparisons between this painted scene that includes figures reclining on dining couches (klinai) and the contemporary fifth century B.C.E. Attic pottery that the Etruscans imported from Greece. The original fresco is only partially preserved; although it is likely that there were originally three couches, each hosting a pair of reclining diners, one male and one female. Two attendants—one male, one female—attend to the needs of the diners. The diners are dressed in bright and sumptuous robes, befitting their presumed elite status. Beneath the couches we can observe a large cat, as well as a large rooster and another bird.\nDetail of a barbiton player on the left wall of the Tomb of the Triclinium\nBarbiton player on the left wall (detail), Tomb of the Triclinium, c. 470 B.C.E., Etruscan chamber tomb, Tarquinia, Italy\nMusic and dancing\nScenes of dancers occupy the flanking left and right walls. The left wall scene contains four dancers—three female and one male—and a male musician playing the barbiton, an ancient stringed instrument similar to the lyre (left).\nCommon painterly conventions of gender typing are employed—the skin of females is light in color while male skin is tinted a darker tone of orange-brown. The dancers and musicians, together with the feasting, suggest the overall convivial tone of the Etruscan funeral. In keeping with ancient Mediterranean customs, funerals were often accompanied by games, as famously represented by the funeral games of the Trojan Anchises as described in book 5 of Vergil’s epic poem, the Aeneid. In the Tomb of the Triclinium we may have an allusion to games as the walls flanking the tomb’s entrance bear scenes of youths dismounting horses, variously described as being either apobates (participants in an equestrian combat sport) or the Dioscuri (mythological twins).\nDetail of two dancers on the right wall of the Tomb of the Triclinium\nTwo dancers on the right wall (detail), Tomb of the Triclinium, c. 470 B.C.E., Etruscan chamber tomb, Tarquinia, Italy\nThe tomb’s ceiling is painted in a checkered scheme of alternating colors, perhaps meant to evoke the temporary fabric tents that were erected near the tomb for the actual celebration of the funeral banquet.\nThe actual paintings were removed from the tomb in 1949 and are conserved in the Museo Nazionale in Tarquinia. As their state of preservation has deteriorated, watercolors made at the time of discovery have proven very important for the study of the tomb.\nThe convivial theme of the Tomb of the Triclinium might seem surprising in a funereal context, but it is important to note that the Etruscan funeral rites were not somber but festive, with the aim of sharing a final meal with the deceased as the latter transitioned to the afterlife. This ritual feasting served several purposes in social terms. At its most basic level the funeral banquet marked the transition of the deceased from the world of the living to that of the dead; the banquet that accompanied the burial marked this transition and ritually included the spirit of the deceased, as a portion of the meal, along with the appropriate dishes and utensils for eating and drinking, would then be deposited in the tomb. Another purpose of the funeral meal, games, and other activities was to reinforce the socio-economic position of the deceased person and his/her family, a way to remind the community of the living of the importance and standing of these people and thus tangibly reinforce their position in contemporary society. This would include, where appropriate, visual reminders of socio-political status, including indications of wealth and civic achievements, notably public offices held by the deceased.\nEssay by Dr. Jeffrey A. Becker\nL. Bonfante, ed., Etruscan Life and Afterlife: a Handbook of Etruscan Studies (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1986).\nO. J. Brendel, Etruscan Art, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).\nP. Duell, “The tomba del Triclinio at Tarquinia.” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, volume 6, 1927, pp. 5-68.\nS. Haynes, Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History (Los Angeles, California: Getty Publications, 2000).\nR. R. Holloway, “Conventions of Etruscan Painting in the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing at Tarquinii, “ American Journal of Archaeology, volume 69, number 4, 1965, pp. 341-7.\nA. Naso, La pittura etrusca: guida breve (Rome: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider, 2005).\nM. Pallottino, Etruscan Painting (Geneva: Skira, 1952).\nS. Steingräber, Etruscan painting: catalogue raisonné of Etruscan wall paintings (New York: Johnson, 1985).\nS. Steingräber, S., Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting (Los Angeles (California: Getty Publications, 2006).\nJ. M. Turfa, ed. The Etruscan World (London: Routledge, 2013).\nA. Zaccaria Ruggiu, More regio vivere: il banchetto aristocratico e la casa romana di età arcaica (Rome: Edizioni Quasar, 2003)" ]

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[ "Written by Hilde De Weerdt.\nThe datafication of everything we do while we are online, carry our phones, fill out forms, make payments, or simply pass by traffic or security cameras is reshaping how governments and businesses make decisions and how all aspects of our lives including health care, education, sports, and housing are organized. These changes did not come about as a result of digitization or the mere conversion of analogue information into binary code. They are now becoming visible and debatable as the outcome of new uses of, often individually generated and personal, data gathered by different organizations and of new ways of combining and analyzing such data.\nTo take a relatively innocuous example, by correlating different datasets on search terms and the spread of the flu, and by establishing what search terms are used frequently in times and places where the flu spread in recent years, data scientists have been able to predict when and where the flu is spreading and ensure faster intervention. The more chilling effects of big data on privacy, liberty, and equality are equally well documented.\nThe impact of big data and the transformative effect of digital media on contemporary Chinese politics and society have received increasing attention in modern China Studies as shown in Danie Stockmann’s recent survey of the field. With the digital turn in China Studies has also come a problematization of how to conduct research with digital methods, addressing such issues as access, the ethics of data use and publication, assessing the scope and nature of datasets, and collaboration in data analysis.\nFor the study of pre-twentieth-century Chinese humanities, the issues are to a large extent different. Access to the extensive and long written and material record has been facilitated by large-scale digitization projects in the 1990s and 2000s. These were undertaken by government institutions and companies in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan as well as libraries, museums, archives, religious organizations, and some unique individuals in East Asia and throughout the world. Access is by no means complete, universal, or affordable, but, overall, tens of thousands of texts can be read or searched in full-text format, relatively free of ethical concerns.\nMoreover, the philological bend of Chinese humanities research has also led to the development of platforms in which new modes of analysis coming out of the digital revolution are adapted to the conditions and interests of students and researchers working on Chinese history, literature, art, medicine, philosophy, or religions. I propose below that such interlinked infrastructures can enhance the strengths of humanities scholarship and also provide an avenue for experimenting with new kinds of questions at smaller and larger scales.\nThe Limits of Digitization\nIn the 1990s, the first large textual databases became available. The twenty-four dynastic histories and the electronic edition of the Siku quanshu were first installed on a small number of individual desktop computers which could only be consulted in the reading rooms of select university libraries. Even though the number of such textual databases has grown significantly since then, their user interfaces and functionality have remained almost unchanged. Digital Heritage Publishing and Beijing Erudition Digital Research Center, the two leading commercial publishers of databases of pre-twentieth-century Chinese materials, provide rather basic search functionality, outdated results management, limited and poor reference tools, and unacceptable limitations on the export of search results and the texts included. (The lack of academic standards in documentation concerning bibliographic information, upgrades, or advanced searching techniques is also staggering.)\nAt a time when researchers should be able to collect and work with materials across vast and expanding textual archives, database design is still steering them to limit their search by genre, author, title, or, in the case of local gazetteers, by place. Publishers have made no effort to provide data discovery, visualization or text analysis tools that would convert unmanageable numbers of hits into structured, faceted results. The packaging of text collections in separate databases has furthermore led to the proliferation of databases and suggests that the vendors of these products are still operating in the age of CD-ROMs [Figure 1]. Libraries are now paying substantial subscription fees for our equivalent of big data, but have accepted severe restrictions to their use.\n[Figure 1] The proliferation of databases. 北京爱如生数字化技术研究中心, Beijing Erudition Digital Research Center, 2001 –\nModeling Research Practices\nUntil recently then, the digitization rush has led to a research ecology in which databases are neatly put on shelves, side by side, without integration or linkage of their contents. Some researchers, meanwhile, have developed datasets, tools, and platforms, and linked them in ways that both serve to allow intelligent access across large and diverse textual repertoires and aim to remain close to the reading processes and research flows of students and researchers. Let me use MARKUS, the platform I co-designed with Brent Ho and with the support of European Research Council and Digging Into Data grants, as an example.\nMARKUS is a reading and text analysis platform with a wide range of functionality including: automated tagging and identification of personal and place names, official titles, and time references in classical Chinese; manual and batch tagging of user-supplied keyword lists in all languages and creation of custom tags; generation of keywords based on text analysis (keyword clipper); flexible filtering of tagged content; linking to a range of online reference tools including geographical and biographical databases and language and domain-specific dictionaries for online reading; online note-taking; export to wide range of formats including html and TEI to ensure interoperability; automatic export of tagged content and linked data from China Biographical Database to visualization platforms for exploration and analysis of tagged content in the associated VISUS visualization interface (maps, network graphs, tables, timelines, pie charts, tagclouds); linking to textual databases such as Donald Sturgeon’s Chinese Text Project for easy import of broad range of texts; and machine learning to improve accuracy and recall for large corpora.\nMARKUS grew out of a methodology devised to examine communication networks in imperial Chinese history as recorded in notebooks and correspondence. In order to examine the social makeup, geographic scope, and intellectual orientation of such networks, I first manually tagged all informants, linking their appearance in the text to the China Biographical Database edited by Peter Bol, Michael Fuller, et al. On the basis of the database I had thus created in my sources alongside those obtained in biographical and geographical databases, I argued that twelfth- and thirteenth-century authors claimed cultural and political status in information networks that connected hundreds of contemporaries spread across the Southern Song territories and that increasingly gave voice to lower-level elites. The articulation of such networks occurred at a time during which a structural transformation took place in the dissemination of information relating to the state.\nWe took the further step to generalize this methodology and simplify the laborious steps of extracting, merging, and visualizing data in separate packages into a linked platform in which a large part of the annotation and visualization can be undertaken automatically. MARKUS is designed and continues to be developed to model existing research flows, allowing for flexible switching between markup, reading, exploration, analysis, and annotation. As shown in Digital Perspectives on Imperial Chinese Political History this works for humanities research at various scales. Recent work by Margaret Wan, Michael Stanley-Baker, Chu Ming-kin, Xiong Hueilan and Hsu Yahuei, who have used MARKUS in research on Chinese fiction, medical history, private correspondence, urban architecture, and art catalogues has further shown how the included digital methods can be fruitful across disciplines.\n[Figure 2] Automated and manual tagging in MARKUS.\n[Figure 3] Map and timeline view of tagged content (direct link from MARKUS and VISUS to Palladio)\nIn Conclusion: Towards a Linked Research Infrastructure for East Asian Studies\nThe large Chinese text databases created in the 1990s and 2000s and the prosopographical and geographic databases that originated during the heydays of quantitative social history have so far mostly led parallel lives, and have by and large remained isolated from innovations in digital scholarship. This has prevented scholars in all disciplines to take advantage of the big data of the past. MARKUS is but one step in the integration of different kinds of databases for scholarly use, but it suggests that, through collaboration across disciplinary and professional boundaries, researchers can participate in the design of digital tools that best suit their interests and also gain access to methods that are otherwise limited to small numbers of experts only.\nDespite the attempt to customize tools as much as possible to researcher feedback, challenges surely remain. These include the dearth of humanities-specific visualization tools and mistaken expectations of researchers about the functionality and capability of digital tools. Working digitally also requires an adjustment in scholarly habits, a tolerance for experimentation and failure, for instance, and the acceptance of a certain measure of inaccuracy and messiness when working at elevated scales. The benefits to the philological scholarship and hermeneutic traditions that are at the core of the humanities since early modern times are by now well-known; the blogposts gathered here further testify to the innovative research they are making possible predominantly by examining groups of people, sets of texts, or style figures across large corpora of texts.\n[Figure 4] Digital methods such as tagging allow us to examine political parties or other collectives across digital text corpora. This network graph shows Yuanyou party members as they were associated in texts authored by their contemporaries. They are clustered according to the density of ties within subgroups. The graph is based on co-occurrence data obtained about 309 persons in the work of 2,231 authors in 56,969 documents. Only those pairs who co-occur at least 9 times are shown.\nHilde De Weerdt is Professor of Chinese History at the Leiden Institute for Area Studies. She is the author of an intellectual history of the civil service examinations, titled, “Competition over Content: Negotiating Standards for the Civil Service Examinations in Imperial China (1127-1276)” (Harvard University Asia Center, 2007). Her research focuses on the question of how social networks shaped Chinese politics. Her interests in intellectual and political history, information technologies, social networks, and digital research methods have also led to her involvement in several comparative and digital humanities projects including “Communication and Empire: Chinese Empires in Comparative Perspective” (funded by the European Research Council, 2012-17) and “DID-ACTE: Digging into Data: Automating Chinese Text Extraction” (funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Joint Information Systems Committee, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, 2014-2016). She is the co-editor of “Knowledge and Text Production in an Age of Print–China, Tenth-Fourteenth Centuries” (Brill, 2011). Her most recent book, “Information, Territory, and Networks: The Crisis and Maintenance of Empire in Song China” (Harvard University Asia Center, 2015), takes a fresh look at the question of how the ideal of the unified territorial state took hold in Chinese society. Image credit: Hilde De Weerdt." ]

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[ "Daily Geography Practice Teachers Edition, Grade 3\n- Brand: Evan-Moor\nSupport any geography and social studies curriculum you have with this Daily Geography Teacher's Edition Grade 3! Kids get a focused practice of a variety of hands-on activities in this supplemental resource. Based on the 18 National Geography Standards, a variety of topics engage your child in fun learning.\n- Graphics and models\n- Free downloadable maps and resources\n- Unit overview\n- Skills list\n- Student reference glossary\n- Answer key\n- and more\nThis grade-level activity book gives practice in:\n- Compass roses\n- Map keys\n- Map grids and indexes\n- Map scales\n- Physical state maps\n- Road maps\n- Historical and cultural landmark maps\n- Population and product maps\n- Tourist and weather maps\n- Regions of the United States\n- Political maps of the United States, North America, and the world\nMonday-Friday features two geography questions for each day, progressing in difficulty, and concluding with a challenge question at the end of the unit for higher-level critical thinking skills.\nOrder yours today! Shop for additional education resources here.\n- Daily Geography Practice Teacher's Edition Grade 3\n- Reproducible supplement\n- 160-page black and white paperback\n- Free downloadable resources in the book\n- Use in your classroom, homeschool, learning center, and co-op\n|Package Count||1 Each|\n|Vendor Part Number||EMC3712|\nItem not available in Mardel Stores.\nCheck your local store for availability." ]

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[ "Due to the massive destruction of Hurricane Harvey, South and Central Texas have been going through a rough patch. With the flood came water, animals, toxic chemicals, sewage, debris, and waste, which is causing the pollution of the standing water. Some people in the Texas area have been seen all over the internet moving in the contamination. This is a bad idea, and it’s important to educate people to stay out of flood water. In this article, I would like to point out some of the risks involved with subduing yourselves in flood water.\nThough intact, officials will continue to monitor the drinking water system, as well as the sewer system, according to Dr. David Persse, the Houston director of Emergency Medical Services. In an article by the New York Times, Hurricane Harvey is not the first time the issue of Houston’s sewer systems has come up. Houston has struggled with overflows for a long time – so much so that they’ve drawn the scrutiny of federal regulators. The main concern is that when it rains the sewage pipes reach max capacity. When that happens, raw sewage is dispensed and potentially seeps into the groundwater.\nThere’s also the matter of animals contaminating water. Many animals have been spotted in the Houston flood waters, including stranded animals, as well as alligators, more than 20 different types of snakes, and invasive fire ants. There are also plenty of deer, raccoons, and other wild critters and rodents. With wild life trying to find higher ground, there’s a chance you will run into something in the water, which is a big concern for people’s health.\nWater contamination by animals is especially an issue right now because of the abundance of private water wells in Houston, explains Marc Edwards, a Virginia Tech professor, who helped with the Flint water contamination. Edwards goes on to say, “Poop from animals and humans that normally do not get into the water supply is present” in the wells. He goes on to say that if feces is present in the water “it would cause a massive epidemics in a matter of days.”\nPesticides and Bacteria\nAs you could imagine with overflowing sewers and animal feces, there is an abundance of pesticides and bacteria in the flood waters. Being in these waters can lead to nasty bacterial infections, which can result in muscle contractions, disease, infection, and even death. For Houston, the biggest concern is Vibrio. Unlike normal bacteria, Vibrio bacteria are naturally-occurring marine microbes that can pose a rare but potentially deadly risk. In addition to Vibrio, they have also found cases of E. coli in Houston’s water. In the water samples pulled, the levels of E. coli were 125 times more than the amount that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends for swimming. As for wading in the water, the levels were more than 15 times higher than their standard set.\nMore ways to volunteer to help those affected will be clear after the damage is assessed. Keep Disaster victims in your prayers. You can donate to Harvey victims here. https://www.gofundme.com/hurricaneharvey.\nSince insurance is often times overwhelmingly confusing, we want to shed light on this industry by answering YOUR questions. So if you have any questions or concerns, comment below and your question may be the topic of our next video!\nIf you have any questions, please call us toll-free (888) 539-1633.\nGet affordable health insurance quotes by clicking here." ]

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[ "Emotions have been boiling over in California as the decade-plus process of implementing the Marine Life Protection Act is finally coming to fruition. The end-game is the establishment of a series of reserves off the California coast. And while the state has a number of existing protected areas, they’re mere specks in comparison. The new network sets aside 16 percent of the state’s coastal waters, which scientists hope will stave off the effects of overfishing by creating safe-havens for fish and other marine life free from fishing.\nMany fisherman, perhaps predictably, are questioning the reserves’ ability to both protect ocean life and boost catches. On one hand, they say the 16 percent target is too much, that it takes away too many of their favorite haunts. But on the other, they say 16 percent is too little, that the ocean needs systemic protection if there are to be any benefits at all. In a way, they’re right about the latter point. Human pressures have pushed a seemingly inexhaustible resource to the edge, and the best way to protect the ocean is an all-in approach. Short of that though, something needs to be done, and a network of marine protected areas is a good first step.\nIt’s true that marine reserves will remove a chunk of California’s coastal waters from fishing, but scientists supportive of the network say the protected areas will export fish to non-protected waters, creating more sustainable fisheries. Though some fishermen question this claim, research largely supports it.\nPopulation density and diffusion are the name of the game. The barrier between the reserve and the rest of the ocean is porous—if the habitat is the same on both sides of the border, nothing is keeping the fish in the reserve except perhaps their own unwillingness to leave. One source of that unwillingness may be fishing pressure, but eventually densities will reach a point where fish are forced to venture out into unprotected waters. At that point, they’ll be fair game for the fishermen. The reserves would act as environmentally friendly fish farms, in a way, and research confirms that they can function as such. For example, small-time fishermen off the coasts of St. Lucia and the west coast of Spain reported higher catches near reserves.\nA potential caveat, though, is the size of the fish that wander out of the reserves. As population densities increase within the protected areas, some fish may not reach their full potential. Think of goldfish in a fishbowl. With a smaller bowl or more companions, goldfish tend to stay small. Upgrade their digs, though, and that quickly changes. One study sought to test that idea by modeling a hypothetical fish based on the European plaice, a species caught commercially in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic and one that reaches different sizes depending on density. Indeed, the model predicted that smaller fish will result from denser populations. With marine protected areas, the total tonnage of fish caught may remain the same, despite an increase in the number of fish caught, the study’s authors said. Still, the model’s results depend on the type of fish, and the authors did not conduct a corresponding empirical study (though they did cite two papers that supported their findings).\nProtected areas may not hold growth back for all species, however. Another paper—this one with field data from Florida—reported that more world record-sized fish were caught in waters neighboring reserves than in the rest of the state.\nMost studies find marine reserves benefit fish stocks, but one in particular says they are absolutely necessary to stave off the collapse of fisheries. Like many other studies, it found that protected areas raised populations enough to mostly or fully offset any shortfalls in catches that resulted from closing parts of the ocean to fishing. This paper went further, though, and reviewed studies of 14 different of fisheries around the world, concluding that all but two would be unsustainable without reserves.\nPart of the strength of California’s marine protected areas is the fact that they are a planned network rather than a loose handful of reserves. Individual reserves are beneficial—one study noted many depressed populations bounce back quickly once protected—but a network can aid species that require large swaths of ocean without setting aside tens of thousands of square miles. Networks of protected areas allow fish and other marine organisms to catch their breath, which in turn will likely bring some fisheries back from the brink. With luck, this also means fishermen will be plying the oceans a bit longer.\nGaines, S., White, C., Carr, M., & Palumbi, S. (2010). Marine Reserves Special Feature: Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (43), 18286-18293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906473107\nGÅRDMARK, A., JONZÉN, N., & MANGEL, M. (2005). Density-dependent body growth reduces the potential of marine reserves to enhance yields Journal of Applied Ecology, 43 (1), 61-69 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01104.x\nHALPERN, B., LESTER, S., & KELLNER, J. (2010). Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks Environmental Conservation, 36 (04), 268-276 DOI: 10.1017/S0376892910000032\nHalpern, B., & Warner, R. (2002). Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects Ecology Letters, 5 (3), 361-366 DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00326.x\nRoberts, C. (2001). Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries Science, 294 (5548), 1920-1923 DOI: 10.1126/science.294.5548.1920\nStobart, B., Warwick, R., González, C., Mallol, S., Díaz, D., Reñones, O., & Goñi, R. (2009). Long-term and spillover effects of a marine protected area on an exploited fish community Marine Ecology Progress Series, 384, 47-60 DOI: 10.3354/meps08007\nPhoto by Splinter Group." ]

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[ "When a foreign object lodged in the trachea (windpipe) forces a person to cough, the diaphragm thrusts upward causing an increase in pressure in the lungs. This is accompanied by a contraction of the trachea, making a narrower channel for the expelled air to flow through. For a given amount of air to escape in a fixed time, it must move faster through the narrower channel than the wider one. The greater the velocity of the airstream, the greater the force on the foreign object. X rays show that the radius of the circular tracheal tube contracts to about two-thirds of its normal radius during a cough. According to a mathematical model of coughing, the velocity v of the airstream is related to the radius r of the trachea by the equation where k is a constant r0 and is the normal radius of the trachea.\nThe restriction on is due to the fact that the tracheal wall stiffens under pressure and a contraction greater than 1/2 r0 is prevented (otherwise the person would suffocate). (a). Determine the value of in the interval [1/2r0, r0] at which v has an absolute maximum. How does this compare with experimental evidence? (b). What is the absolute maximum value of on the interval? (c). Sketch the graph of on the interval [0, r0].\nv(r) = k(ro – r)r²" ]

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[ "One of eighteen wooden writing tablets, excavated from inside a chest in the House of the Bicentenary in Herculaneum. The tree wooden tablets are bound together and covered with a layer of wax. The text is inscribed on the interior of tablets 2 and 3.\nArangio-Ruiz, Vincenzo, “Tavolette Ercolanesi: il processo di Giusta” in Bollettino dell’Istituto di Diritto Romano 1 (1959) p. 241 : Tab. XXIV.\nIn 1938 a group of eighteen writing tablets were discovered in a wooden chest during the excavation of the House of the Bicentenary in Herculaneum. Formed as either diptychs or triptychs of wax-covered, linked pieces of wood, the tablets contained details of a lawsuit brought by one Petronia Iusta against her patron, Calatoria Themis; the evidence that they document is perhaps the most intimate contact that we have with Roman private law, which demonstrates the complex nature of manumission and legitimacy in the private households of Roman Italy. The tablet under discussion here also reveals the unprecedented use of the divine spirit of the emperor (genius) in order to validate legal oaths.\nThe eighteen writing tablets discovered in the House of the Bicentenary include three vadimonia (a pledge to appear before a praetor), seven testimonia (witness statements) and eight documents that list the names of the witnesses involved. Two of the vadimonia (TH 14 and 15) contain the only dates recorded in the documents, 7th September 74 CE and 12th March 75 CE respectively, but it is not possible to establish a secure chronology, which has hindered a full understanding of the lawsuit (Metzger, “The Case of Petronia Iusta,” p. 152). The case essentially deals with a controversy over the legal status of Petronia Iusta; she was the daughter of a slave woman, Petronia Vitalis, who had been manumitted by her patrons Petronius Stephanus and Calatoria Themis. The argument was between Petronia Iusta and her patroness Calatoria Themis – Petronia Vitalis and her patron Petronius Stephanus are assumed to have died before the case was brought to court – with the latter claiming Petronia Iusta as her freedwoman, as she had been born before her mother, Vitalis, was manumitted. Petronia Iusta contested this status, insisting that she had been born after her mother’s manumission, and was therefore of free status (ingenua). The problem was complicated by Petronia Iusta’s illegitimate birth; she states in one document that she was the “daughter of Spurius” (filia Spurii), indicating that her mother was unmarried at the time of her birth or that the father was unknown. This illegitimacy meant that a birth certificate would not have been issued, which might otherwise have solved the dispute over her legal status (Cooley and Cooley, Pompeii and Herculaneum, p. 215).\nOf the seven testimonia recorded in the tablets, five (TH 16-20) offered evidence in support of Petronia Iusta having been born free; statements such as those made by Marcus Vinicius Proculus and Tiberius Iulius Sabinus swore that they had overheard Petronius Stephanus declare that they had only one woman – Petronia Vitalis – to manumit, and so Petronia Iusta must therefore have been born free (TH 17 and 18, see Arangio Ruiz, “Tavolette ercolanesi”, p. 237-239). The text of the document considered here, however, states the opposite: M. Calatorius Marullus confirms that he knew Petronia Iusta (me scire puell/am), and that she had been manumitted by Calatoria Themis (Calatoriam / Themidem manumisisse). There are two points of interest worthy of note here: firstly, the lawsuit that these tablets partially record was not a dispute that centred on a point of law, but rather on matters of fact (Lintott, “Freedmen and slaves”, p. 561). Although these tablets are often given as an example of a local community independently engaging with the Roman legal system, the questions that are being asked here do not pertain to the intricacies of laws and of legal resolution, but rather to the simple nature of which argument was factually based. These tablets are not evidence for a sophisticated understanding and display of judicial exchange, simply a debate on truth and facts?. However, if the circumstances in which this truth might have some significance are considered, a more intimate engagement with the law of Rome is revealed. The question of Petronia Iusta’s legal status was important if she wished to make a will, inherit property or marry a Roman citizen; under Augustus, the leges Fufia Caninia and Aelia Sentia had been passed, which restricted the rights of freedmen and women who had not been formally manumitted in front of a magistrate (vindicta) or in their patron’s will (ex testamento) to that of Junian Latins. Those whom had been manumitted informally, in private by their masters or based on the understanding of the household “fell into a kind of limbo, where, though no longer slaves, they lacked proper citizen-rights” (Lintott, “Freedmen and Slaves”, p. 564; for instances of informal manumission, see Weaver, “Children of freedmen (and freedwomen),” p. 166-90). If Calatoria Themis could not provide legal evidence for having manumitted Petronia Iusta, then the latter’s status would be restricted to that of Junian Latin, which may explain the decision to pursue the proof of her freeborn status legally.\nOne further point of interest can be found in this writing tablet; M. Calatorius Marullus swore the veracity of his testament ‘by the divine spirit of Vespasian and his children’ (per genium Imperatoris / Vespasiani Aug. liberorum/que eius). A similar oath is sworn in tablet 16, in which Caius Petronius Telesphorus makes his statement by the genius of Imperator Augustus and his children (Arangio-Ruiz, “Tavolette ercolanesi,” p. 234-35), but it is interesting that Calatorius Marullus is so specific here in his use of the genius of a living emperor to validate his testimony. The swearing of oaths using the name of gods and indeed deified emperors can be found in both public legal documents (such as the Flavian Municipal Charter, e.g. chp. 26) and in private cases (such as the documentation of the Sulpicii), but it is unusual to find the genius of the living emperor attested in this way. Worship of the emperor had been strictly limited to indirect associations, such as to his genius or his affiliation with another deity, on account of Augustus and Tiberius’s dislike of direct worship (Suetonius, Tiberius, XXVI.1; Tacitus, Annals. IV.37-8). The Flavian dynasty were careful to follow suit, with many of the formulae of indirect worship still continued under Vespasian and his sons (Cooley, The Flavians, p. 239). The open swearing of an oath by the genius of the living emperor demonstrates that, by the time of Vespasian, indirect worship of the emperor had clearly reached a state of impartial acceptance, in which the spirit of the ruler was invoked as the divine overseer of the legal system, and whose presence ensured the veracity of the claims and statements of the individuals involved.\nAn oath sworn in Herculaneum by the genius of Vespasian Author(s) of this publication: Caroline Barron Publishing date: Mon, 07/08/2019 - 18:16 URL: http://www.judaism-and-rome.org/oath-sworn-herculaneum-genius-vespasian Visited: Sat, 01/25/2020 - 09:59" ]

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[ "Numerical modeling of batch formation in waste incineration plants\nLanguages of publication\nThe aim of this paper is a mathematical description of algorithm for controlled assembly of incinerated batch of waste. The basis for formation of batch is selected parameters of incinerated waste as its calorific value or content of pollutants or the combination of both. The numerical model will allow, based on selected criteria, to compile batch of wastes which continuously follows the previous batch, which is a prerequisite for optimized operation of incinerator. The model was prepared as for waste storage in containers, as well as for waste storage in continuously refilled boxes. The mathematical model was developed into the computer program and its functionality was verified either by practical measurements or by numerical simulations. The proposed model can be used in incinerators for hazardous and municipal waste.\n1 - 3 - 2015\n25 - 3 - 2015\n- VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Centre for Environmental Technology 9350, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava – Poruba, 708 33, Czech Republic\n- VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Centre for Environmental Technology 9350, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava - Poruba, 708 33, Czech Republic, [email protected]\n- VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Centre for Environmental Technology 9350, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava - Poruba, 708 33, Czech Republic, [email protected]\n- VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Centre for Environmental Technology 9350, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava - Poruba, 708 33, Czech Republic, [email protected]\n- VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Centre for Environmental Technology 9350, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava - Poruba, 708 33, Czech Republic, [email protected]\n- 1. Act No 185/2001 Coll., on waste (Czech waste Act).\n- 2. Decree of the Czech Ministry of the Environment No 415/2012 Coll., on permissible level of pollution and the discovery and implementation of certain other provisions of the Clean Air Act (emission regulation).\n- 3. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EC) 76/2000, on incineration of waste.\n- 4. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 75/2010, on industrial emissions.\n- 5. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EC) 98/2008, on waste.\n- 6. Bilitewski, B., Härdtle, G. & Marek, K. (1994). Waste Management. Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN: 3-540-59210-5.\n- 7. Miyagoshi, Y., Tatefuku, T. & Nishino, M., et al. (2004). Advantageous effects of low air ratio combustion in an advanced stoker-type waste incinerator. Report from Second International Conference on Waste Management and the Environment, 29 September-1 October 2004 (pp. 155-164). Rhodos, Greece: Waste Management in Japan.\n- 8. Leskens, M., van Kessel, L.B.M. & Bosgra, O.H. (2005). Model predictive control as a tool for improving the process operation of MSW combustion plants. Waste Manag.25(8), 788-798. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.03.005.[Crossref]\n- 9. Asthana, A., Menard, Y., Sessiecq, P. & Patisson, F. (2010). Modeling On-Grate MSW Incineration with Experimental Validation in a Batch Incinerator. Industrial & Engineering Chem. Res. 49(16), 7597-7604. DOI: 10.1021/ie100175e.[WoS][Crossref]\n- 10. Gebreegziabher, T., Oyedun, A.O., Lam, K.L., Lee, H.K.M. & Hui, C.W. (2012). Optimization of MSW Feed for Waste to Energy Practices. Report from 15th International Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, 25-29 August 2012 (pp. 679-684). Prague, Czech Republic: Chem. Engine. Transact. DOI: 10.3303/CET1229114.[Crossref]\n- 11. Van Kessel, L.B.M., Leskens, M. & Brem, G. (2002). On-line calorific value sensor and validation of dynamic models applied to municipal solid waste combustion. Transactions in IchemE 80(B5), 245-255, DOI: 10.1205/095758202762277605.[Crossref]\n- 12. Pershing, D.W., Lighty, J.S., Silcox, G.D., Heap, M.P. & Owens, W.D. (2007). Solid waste incineration in rotary kilns. Comb. Sci. Technol. 93(1-6), 245-276. DOI: 10.1080/00102209308935292.[Crossref]\n- 13. Obroučka, K. & Ferkovič, J. (2005). Optimization of batch production for waste incineration. Acta Metall.Slovaca, No 1, 251-257. ISSN 1335-1532. (in Czech).\n- 14. Byczanski, P. & Obroučka, K. (2007). The proposal of mathematical model to optimize the formation of mixtures of combustible waste for incineration. Chem. Pap. No 8, V. 101, 668−672. ISSN 1213-7103.\n- 15. Obroučka, K. et al. (2012). Report on the implementation of the project of Ministry of Industry and Trade, Permanent Prosperity No 2A-3TP1/087 solved in 2008-2011 Research on process technology and design optimization of incinerators for municipal waste, providing an increase in energy conversion efficiency. Final Report. I. part VŠB - TU Ostrava, Centre of environmental technologies. (in Czech).\n- 16. Fojtík, P. (2010). Specification of algorithm to optimize the furnace and the development of software components for visualizing the results of optimization process. (Program of waste storage in boxes.) Partial report on the project of Ministry of Industry and Trade No 2A-3TP1/087, VŠB - TU Ostrava. (in Czech)\nPublication order reference" ]

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[ "We live in uncertain times when it comes to natural disasters. The recent Category 4 and 5 hurricanes that impacted Texas, Florida, and Puerto Rico have caused unimaginable destruction and affected many lives and communities. Our thoughts and prayers go out to those who have been affected by these tragedies, as well as to all the men and women who have volunteered tirelessly to help those in need.\nAs the debate on the frequency and magnitude of storms being caused by climate change continues, the bottom line is that we are seeing far more extensive damage being sustained due to high winds, flooding, and fires.\nWhile recovery efforts continue, and power is being restored, we want to make you aware of the safety hazards associated with electrical equipment that has been exposed to flood waters. We have learned a lot from the flooding caused by Katrina that hit New Orleans in August 2015. Flood waters are likely to be contaminated with unknown chemicals, oil, sewage and other material that can have both short- and long-term adverse effects on electrical wiring, devices, and appliances.\nAt IAEI, we care about the safety of those that have been impacted, and those involved in the recovery efforts as they rebuild their homes, businesses, and communities.\nSince we are not immune to future events, we have partnered with some organizations to put together resources that are available. These are listed on our website, along with information on Floodwater Safety, such as safe use of generators and proper ways to handle electrical equipment that has been exposed to water. For more information on floodwater safety, go to iaei.org and click on the link “After the Storm” on our homepage.\nRecently the focus has been on looking at Building Codes and Electrical Standards to determine if changes should be proposed to help mitigate damage and hazards caused by high winds and flooding. Some States have already implemented requirements for homes build in floodplains, or in hurricane and tornado alleys, to meet certain building standards.\nIn response to the global challenge of Climate Change, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) has engaged CSA Group to consider how Codes and Standards may be used to mitigate the impact of Climate Change due to flooding, permafrost, weather extremes, wildfires, and ice/snow loading within the scope of electrical systems covered by the Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code), Part I, II & III.\nIt will be interesting to see if and how electrical and building standards can be changed, or how guidelines can be developed to help mitigate the safety hazards associated with climate change.\nTo all of you who are recovering from, and are helping others recover from, the enormous devastation caused by Harvey, Irma, and Marie, we ask that you exercise caution and please stay safe." ]

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[ "- Our Programs\n- Our Schools\n- About Us\n- Our Blog\nYou want what’s best for your children – for them to grow into independent, self-reliant people who will be able to make healthy choices for themselves throughout their lives. The beginnings of that skill start as early as two years of age. It is important to talk to your child about making good decisions.\nIt is up to all of the adults in your children’s daily lives, but especially in their immediate family, to know how to help support young children’s growing ability in this area. Child development experts tell us that toddlers and preschoolers have the need to experience themselves as “autonomous” or having a sense of their own power in the world. This is why two-year-olds love to say “No!”. They are beginning to realize that they have some control or choice over the situations they are in.\nIt is important for us to respect children’s “no” wishes some of the time so that they have a healthy experience of their own power. Later on, when they are teens, children who have had earlier experiences of themselves as people whose choices are respected, will be the ones who are able to say “no” when a peer encourages them to do something they may not want to do.\nOn the other hand, contemporary American society has many examples of parents who seem to want to be their child’s friends and to never say “no” themselves. This creates children who have the misguided sense that they are all-powerful, that their choices are always right and that they don’t need to respect grown-ups. Child development experts (and wise, old grandmas and grandpas) know that children need boundaries and limits set by caring adults who understand the world a bit better. Some parents may feel guilty or sad if their children don’t understand or agree with grown-ups decisions but these feelings should not drive our parenting choices. The effective parent should always strive to find a healthy balance between child and adult-made decisions in their children’s lives.\nSome healthy ways to give young children choices (and therefore a healthy sense of power) include:\nThere are so many ways to weave opportunities for children’s choice-making into your parenting. What other ways can you come up with?\nGiving children the opportunity to make choices is important but how do we help them make good choices?\nHelp your child be a “scientist” in the laboratory of Life. Scientists make predictions, test out their predictions then reflect on the results afterwards to see if they were right. Help children think through the possible results of their choices ahead-of-time without telling them which choice you think they should make. Afterwards, without saying “I told you so!” help them reflect on what happened and what they might do differently next time.\nTraditional Native American philosophy asks adults not to make their choices based on what they think is in the best interests of their own children but on what they think will be in the best interests of their descendents seven generations from now." ]

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[ "ARLINGTON — Researchers at the University of Texas at Arlington say there are elevated levels of arsenic and other heavy metals close to natural gas extraction sites in the Barnett Shale area of North Texas, according to a news release from the school Friday.\nSeveral scenarios — including disturbances from hydraulic fracturing, lower water tables from drought, removal of water used for fracturing or industrial accidents such as faulty gas well casings — could release the dangerous compounds into shallow groundwater.\n“This study alone can’t conclusively identify the exact causes of elevated levels of contaminants in areas near natural gas drilling, but it does provide a powerful argument for continued research,” said Brian Fontenot, the lead author on the new paper.\nPollution: Texas ranks last on green state list\nArsenic, barium, strontium and selenium occur naturally at low levels in groundwater. But the release says hydraulic fracturing activities could elevate their levels.\nThe results from the peer-reviewed study were published online by the journal Environmental Science & Technology.\nElevated levels for most of the metals were not found outside active drilling areas or outside the shale.\nFracking, or hydraulic fracturing, uses chemicals along with water under high pressure to crack open rock formations and release oil and natural gas.\nSamples were gathered from 100 private water wells of varying depths within a 13-county area in or near the Barnett Shale during four months in summer and fall of 2011.\nAdditionally, the paper recommended further research on methanol and ethanol levels in water wells after 29 of the 100 wells in the study contained methanol. The highest concentrations were in the areas of hydraulic fracturing activity.\nThe samples were compared to historical data on water wells from the Texas Water Development Board groundwater database for 1989-1999, before natural gas drilling activity ramped up." ]

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[ "October was National Bullying Prevention Month, an initiative launched by the PACER Center in 2006. This year, we participated with bullying prevention tips, a Q&A with Recognize, Respond, Report author Lori Ernsperger, and a behold-our-orange-finery photo for Unity Day 2015 .\nHere’s a roundup of some of the other great resources and posts we saw this month for NBPM:\nThe PACER Center’s resource library. PACER is the organization that started it all, and their archive of resources is incredibly helpful. Visit their site for handouts, fact sheets, free printable bookmarks, anti-bullying activity ideas, sample letters to notify schools of bullying situations, and downloadable toolkits for classrooms and communities.\nSTOMP Out Bullying has created an online space where teens can add videos and share stories that are helpful to students being bullied or cyberbullied. Their collection of anti-bullying videos is a powerful resource to share with students.\nBe More Than a Bystander. This multimedia presentation from Stopbullying.gov is a great way to help kids stand up for their peers.\nThe National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) provided resources for families, teens, and teachers, including a webinar on cyberbullying and trauma, a video on creating inclusive safe spaces for LGBT youth, and a fact sheet for teens on staying safe while staying connected online.\nThe CDC’s Division of Violence Prevention has an impressive collection of anti-bullying resources, including a compendium of bullying assessment tools, a guide to the relationship between bullying and suicide, and links to 8 essential youth violence prevention resources.\nOvercoming Perceived Differences to Prevent Bullying–In this blog post, behavioral scientist Melissa C. Mercado-Crespo identifies the root of bullying prevention: creating school communities where students’ differences are accepted and respected.\nThe TeenBeing blog posted an awesome “take-a-compliment” flyer you can put up in your school to encourage kindness, generosity, and positivity among students. Print your copy here. (This is actually from several Octobers ago, but we still love it!)\nDuring National Bullying Prevention Month, we thought a lot about how to help kids develop positive traits that lay the groundwork for bully-free schools. So I wanted to give a shoutout to a new connection we made on social media this month: Characters of Character, a nonprofit that provides tools and resources educators and parents can use to teach children nine essential character traits. The idea is to use engaging characters–including Behavior Bear, Friendship Frog, and Self-Esteem Elephant–to help students learn social skills, positive behavior, healthy habits, and respect for themselves and others. Learn more about Characters of Character here." ]

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[ "The Old Constitution House on North Main Street in Windsor, Vermont, around 1927. Image from The Birthplace of Vermont; a History of Windsor to 1781 (1927).\nThe scene in 2019:\nVermont is one of several states that was arguably an independent nation prior to statehood. Although never formally recognized by any foreign nation, the lightly populated, mountainous land between New Hampshire and New York was a de facto country between 1777, when it declared its independence, and 1791, when it voted to join the United States as the 14th state. Since then, Vermonters have retained a high degree of independence, particularly when it comes to political thinking. However, Vermont’s 1777 independence had less to do with lofty political ideals, and more to do with practical necessities.\nPrior to the American Revolution, both New Hampshire and New York claimed the territory that would become Vermont, and both issued land grants to settlers here. These grants often conflicted with one another, leading to conflict between the two groups of settlers. The British government recognized New York’s claims, but a band of New Hampshire-affiliated settlers, led by Ethan Allen, formed the Green Mountain Boys in 1770 to protect their interests. Over the next few years this led to instances of violence, most notably the Westminster Massacre, when two protesters were killed by a New York-affiliated sheriff at the Westminster courthouse in March 1775.\nThe settlers with New Hampshire grants ultimately gained control of much of the territory, and on January 15, 1777 they declared independence, at the same courthouse in Westminster where the massacre had occurred. In the declaration, the new state was named the Republic of New Connecticut, but several months later the name was changed to Vermont, which is based on the French name for the Green Mountains, les verts monts. From here, the next step was to draft a constitution to organize the new government. So, on July 2, 1777 the 72 delegates to the Vermont constitutional convention met here in Windsor, in the tavern of Elijah West. This building, which is shown in these two photos, was originally located on Main Street in the center of Windsor, although it has subsequently been moved twice over the years.\nUnlike the United States Constitution, which took an entire summer to draft in 1787, the Vermont delegates created their constitution here in a week. They borrowed heavily from the Pennsylvania constitution, largely copying its structure and, in many cases, its exact wording. Among the features of the Vermont constitution was a declaration of rights, which guaranteed rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, trial by jury, freedom from search and seizure, and free elections for all men in Vermont.\nHowever, perhaps the most significant provision in the constitution’s declaration of rights—and one of the few not copied from Pennsylvania—was the first one, which abolished slavery among adults. This was the first constitution in the present-day United States to do so, although it proved difficult to enforce. Nonetheless, it was an important first step in ending slavery, and within less than a decade many other northeastern states had begun gradual abolition or, in the case of Massachusetts, outlawed it entirely.\nThe finished document was signed here in this building on July 8, 1777, and it went on to serve as Vermont’s constitution for much of the state’s time as a de facto independent nation. However, it was subsequently replaced by a new document in 1786, which was in turn followed by the current state constitution in 1793, two years after Vermont joined the union as the fourteenth state.\nIn the meantime, this building here in Windsor reverted to its primary use, and it remained a tavern until 1848. Then, around 1870 it was moved to a new location, where it was used first as a tenement house and then later as a warehouse. By the turn of the 20th century it was in danger of being demolished, but it was ultimately preserved and, in 1914, moved to its current location on North Main Street, just to the north of the village center.\nThe first photo was taken a little over a decade after the move. At the time, it was owned and operated as a museum by the Old Constitution House Association, which had been responsible for saving the building. Nearly a century later, very little has changed in this scene. The property was transferred to the state in 1961, but it continues to serve as a museum, and it stands as one of the oldest surviving buildings in Vermont. Because of its significance as the birthplace of Vermont, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and it is also a contributing property within the Windsor Village Historic District, which was established four years later." ]

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[ "Gambling is a form of risk taking that involves betting on the outcome of a random event. The goal is to win something of value, such as money. Some examples of games include poker, blackjack, roulette, bingo, sports betting, and horse racing.\nGambling has been legalized in the United States, and is increasing in popularity as well. In 2009, the legal gambling market was estimated at $335 billion. However, the illegal gambling industry is estimated at more than $10 trillion.\nGambling disorder is a mental illness that is characterized by repeated problem gambling behavior. This behavior can be hard to control, and can lead to problems for the individual, their family, and society. There are several types of therapy that can help with this disorder. Counseling and support from friends and family can be critical in recovering from this condition.\nSymptoms of gambling disorder may occur as early as adolescence. They can also start later in adulthood. People with this condition are restless when trying to stop gambling, and they have frequent thoughts about gambling. Other symptoms include loss of school, job opportunities, and a close relationship.\nCompulsive gambling is more common in men than women. It may be associated with other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and bipolar disorder. If you are concerned that you have a gambling disorder, you should seek help from a counselor.\nGambling can be addictive and can lead to fraud. People who are gambling compulsively may use their savings to pay for the activity, take out large amounts of debt, and even commit theft.\nThose who have a gambling disorder are often embarrassed to admit their behaviors. Depending on the severity of the disorder, individuals can be fined from hundreds of dollars to thousands of dollars. Many states have a help line for people who are having trouble controlling their gambling.\nGambling can be a social activity that is enjoyable and helps to relieve stress. Taking risks can lead to euphoria and can provide a sense of satisfaction. While most youth do not gamble frequently, some engage in excessive gambling.\nGambling can also be a way to acquire venture capital. A person might stake collectible game pieces, or they might bet on a marbles game. Another type of gambling is stock market trading. Both require knowledge and skill.\nGambling can be fun, but it can be harmful if not properly managed. Taking a chance on a game or a winning lottery ticket can trigger feelings of excitement and euphoria. Although there are many forms of gambling, the most common is money betting.\nThe legal age for gambling is typically 18 or 21. In some jurisdictions, the maximum jail sentence for gambling is 20 days.\nAlthough most of us will gamble at some point, it is important to understand how to behave responsibly. Even if you gamble at a young age, you should know that it isn’t the best choice for you. Instead, think about the consequences of your actions, and postpone gambling when possible." ]

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[ "Hijab is the Muslim dress code for women. It is typically interpreted to permit only the hands and face to be visible in public. It also refers to the headscarf that covers the head but not the face.\nThe niqab is a cloth that covers the face. It can reveal the eyes or have a mesh or veil that covers the eyes. Seeing through the veil is reportedly no more difficult than seeing through sunglasses.\nThe burqa is a loose-fitting outer garment that covers the body and includes both the niqab face covering and hijab head covering. The hands and face are often treated together, with customs saying either that they may both be visible or must both be covered. In the latter case, women often wear gloves.\nThe Arab world has many local customs, of course, and there are many variations. For example, the chador is an Iranian cloak without fasteners that is held closed in front.\nDemands on men are minimal by comparison, often interpreted to require covering the knees and avoiding jewelry.\nFrance banned “ostentatious religious symbols” like the hijab from public schools in 2004. Nicolas Sarkozy (then a French minister) justified it this way: “When I enter a mosque, I remove my shoes. When a Muslim girl enters school, she must remove her veil.” Turkey also prohibits the hijab in schools and universities. The French law was extended in 2010 to ban face covering in public, including the niqab.\nA Muslim-American woman is the second-best saber fencer in the U.S. and is hoping to represent the U.S. in the 2012 Olympics, even though it will fall in Ramadan, the month when she will be prohibited from eating or drinking during the day. She conforms to hijab and was attracted to the sport because the uniform (inadvertently) also conforms to hijab.\nFrom a Western standpoint, it’s easy to see the hijab requirement as oppressive, though from the inside it can be seen as a matter of cultural identity. A cultural demand doesn’t always vanish when that demand is lifted. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), Manchu rulers imposed queues (long ponytail with an otherwise shaved head) on Chinese men. Not wearing one was considered disloyal and a capital crime, but when the dynasty ended, many men still wore the queue as a custom.\nA fascinating example of unexpected consequences came when wearing the veil became mandatory in Iran after the 1979 revolution. Protest came from an unexpected quarter—women who had been wearing the veil. Before, they could publicly say, “God is great” by wearing the veil in public. After, they were simply obeying the law.\nImagine a Christian theocracy in the West that made wearing crosses mandatory. The same thing would happen to the cross as happened to the Iranian veil—the cross would no longer be a religious statement but a political one.\nI wonder if there’s something of this kind of unexpected consequence with Christian morality. Do Christians do good things just because they’re the right thing to do? That is, do they do good things for the same reasons that atheists do them? Or do they do them because God is watching? Whether God is tallying up good and bad actions that will confront the Christian in heaven or the Christian is simply trying to put a smile on God’s face, I wonder if the Christian moral motivation is shallower than that of the atheist.\nMy favorite story about mandatory clothing came from Denmark, right after it had been conquered by Nazi Germany during WW2. Shortly thereafter, the Nazi regime mandated that all Danish Jews had to wear yellow stars of David on their clothes. The following day, the king and queen of Denmark (still in office as figureheads) rode all over Copenhagen in an open carriage, pointedly and prominently wearing yellow stars of David. By the end of the week, everyone in Denmark was doing likewise. My kinda people, the Danes!\nA little like JFK saying, “I am a Berliner,” except that JFK wasn’t risking his life by saying it.\nDaryn:I don’t think it’s unreasonable to recsept someone’s faith and rights. She *did* agree to comply and requested a female judge. The *court* refused, said one was not available. We may never know the full truth of the matter. I find it sickening that we find reasons to disrespect people and their beliefs, faiths, culture.However, if I can find a way to appear inside my own private tent, I’m sure to have fun with it! Thank you for your view on this.~watergirl~" ]

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[ "The Reconstruction Era was a transformative period in U.S. history that took place during the Civil War era. Historically, scholars have defined Reconstruction as having lasted from 1865 (the end of the American Civil War) until 1877, when a political compromise between the Republican and Democrat parties allowed for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to become President of the United States on the condition that the last remaining federal troops in the South be removed. More recent interpretations, however, offer a broader timeline for Reconstruction. Reconstruction Era National Historic Park in Beaufort, South Carolina defines Reconstruction as having started in 1861 (the beginning of the American Civil War) and lasting until the early twentieth century.\nThe central question of Reconstruction was how to reunite a badly divided country fractured by four years of civil war. Connected to this question were larger discussions about the rights of four million newly-freed African Americans, the extent to which former Confederates should be punished for their role in the war, the fulfillment of \"Manifest Destiny\" through westward expansion and settlement of Indian Country, and the meanings of freedom and justice in the United States. At the end of the day, what did it mean to be an American, and whose rights were deserving of the full protection of the U.S. government?\nUlysses S. Grant was confronted with these momentous questions upon his election to the presidency in 1868. His campaign theme was \"Let Us Have Peace,\" and he tried his best to promote sectional and racial harmony throughout the country. Prior to his election Congress had already passed, among other legislative acts:\nThe Civil Rights Act of 1866\nGuaranteed protection for all U.S. citizens, regardless of color, to \"to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind.\" This legislation overturned \"Black Codes\" that had been established in the former Confederate states and had been used to keep African Americans in a near-state of slavery.\nThe Military Reconstruction Act of 1867\nSplit ten former Confederate states (excluding Tennessee) into five military districts to be overseen by the U.S. military and mandated that each state rewrite its state constitution to allow for black male voting rights before readmittance into the Union.\nThe 14th Amendment (1868)\nEstablished the concepts of birthright citizenship (anyone born within U.S. boundaries or territories subject to the jurisdiction of U.S. law was automatically a U.S. citizen, excluding Indians) and equal protection of the law.\nGrant won the 1868 presidential election by a landslide in the Electoral College, but only won the popular vote by 300,000 ballots. Grant's victory came in large part to nearly 500,000 black voters in the South who overwhelmingly voted for him and the Republican party during the election. Upon taking office, Grant hoped to build upon the previously established framework by championing the 15th Amendment to enhance, protect, and guarantee black male voting rights nationwide. He pushed for the establishment of the Department of Justice in 1870, which was tasked with investigating acts of violence against African Americans. Grant also supported a series of legislative acts in 1871 to enhance the federal government's ability to use the military to stop acts of racial terrorism committed by the Ku Klux Klan, and in 1875 he signed a Civil Rights law that outlawed racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations, and barred black exclusion from jury service.\nPresident Grant undoubtedly played a important role in what was the country's first civil rights movement in some ways, but Reconstruction had its shortcomings. For the most part, women were unsuccessful in their own fight for voting rights. Many Native American tribes were stripped of their lands, moved onto reservations, forced into an assimilation program not of their choosing, and in some cases massacred by settlers and/or the U.S. Army. The first federal immigration restrictions were passed during this time. And Black Americans continued to face acts of organized intimidation, mob violence, and murder because of their race. The 15th Amendment became an unenforced dead letter by the late nineteenth century.\nReconstruction was successful in helping to reunite a divided country. Equally important, the concept of \"civil rights\" was established during this period. Grant was nearly universally revered by the time of his death in 1885. A monumental tomb in New York City was constructed in his honor as a result of what was the largest public fundraising campaign in history up to that time. However, what gains were made in the realm of civil rights were under assault by the time Grant died and almost completely destroyed by the turn of the century. In this sense Reconstruction failed not because of President Grant or even because of southern opposition to civil rights, but because an entire nation--North, South, and West--lost the political and moral will to support the cause of equality before the law. The Jim Crow era replaced Reconstruction and ushered in a new era of racial segregation, violence, and murder well into the twentieth century. In parallel, the \"Lost Cause\" narrative of the Civil War argued that the Confederacy had been justified in its effort to secede from the Union and that Reconstruction had been a mistake. This narrative was promoted by former Confederates, academics, and politicians alike and served to falsely provide an underlying ideology to justify denying equal rights. Although the Lost Cause narrative argued that Grant's presidency had been a complete failure, more recent scholarship has attempted to reevaluate his legacy in a more balanced manner, highlighting both the accomplishments and shortcomings of his eight years in office.\nHenry Louis Gates, Jr. Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow (New York: Penguin Press, 2019).\nAllen C. Guelzo, Reconstruction: A Concise History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).\nHeather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007).\nBrooks Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997)." ]

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[ "Why is physical activity important?\nThe benefits of being physically active are well known. They include:\n- improved sleep\n- reduced feelings of depression and anxiety\n- helping to stay a healthy body weight\n- reduced risk of heart disease and diabetes\n- reduced risk of developing high blood pressure\n- the prevention of some cancers.\nAfter settling in Australia, many people report being less physically active. Common reasons include:\n- the replacement of walking or cycling as the main means of transport in their country of origin for public transport and private vehicles in Australia\n- perceived safety risk, particularly for women when walking in public\n- lack of gender-specific venues for physical activity for some cultural and religious communities\n- lack of participation in organised sport and other physical activity options due to lack of transport and the cost\n- other competing priorities, such as employment and education, which take precedence over physical activity.\nPhysical activity project activities\nCommunity learn-to-swim programs\nThe learn-to-swim programs offer both female and male participants the opportunity to gain life-saving skills, including safe entry into the pool, floating, water-survival skills and CPR awareness. The programs build participants' confidence in the water and their enjoyment of swimming and keeping active.\nSwim instructor training\nThe swim instructor course provides training for both females and males to become qualified swim instructors. This provides flexible employment opportunities and a career pathway to other industries such as the Queensland Police Service. The program includes theory, on-the-job training, CPR and the acquisition of a blue card.\nAfter school physical activity\nThe after-school program introduces primary school aged children to a variety of sports, including tennis, netball, football and basketball. It links participants to local sporting clubs. The goal is to spark interest in sport in children to help them to be active into adulthood.\nCommunity sporting equipment\nThe sporting equipment microgrants support communities to start their preferred type of sporting activity. It promotes participation in unstructured sports. Community groups and members receive sporting equipment for use within their local community, in places such as local parks.\nPhysical activity resources\nStaying Healthy in Australia: Keeping Active is a short video that outlines the reduction in physical activity that can occur when settling in Australia. It talks about the benefits of keeping active and explains the physical activity guidelines. The video encourages people to undertake a range of activities that they enjoy every day.\nEddie learns to swim is a short video documentary on the journey of one adult from fear of the water to enjoyment and competence in swimming.\nThe Healthy New Communities Swim Strategy\nvideo is a visual report of the work done by the project to support people from emerging communities to swim. Many people come from land-locked countries where swimming is not practiced. This makes people at hightened risk of drowning or restricts their ability to socially engage in a new country where swimming is an important activity. The video explains the learn-to-swim programs funded by the project and the outcomes to participants." ]

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[ "Nowadays there are various types of sources to maintain good health. The main thing is that the individuals need to take proper care of their body in order to get good health. It is necessary for the individuals to take proper diet which is full of all types of vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients.\nThere are various types of things to consider in order keeping your health good. A proper diet provides you with all the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals which are necessary to become strong and fit. A good and healthy diet helps a person in many ways as it enhances the strength and stamina of an individual.\nMain benefits of taking a proper diet\nThere are various benefits of taking a proper diet which is full of nutrition. It is essential for the individuals to learn and understand all the benefits properly in order to get good health. The given below are some important benefits about which every person must know –\n- By taking the proper diet, one should maintain good health. The diet which is full of nutrition and vitamins provides good energy.\n- Proper diet maintains your body fit and also enhances your muscles.\n- It makes you more flexible and keeps you healthy.\n- By taking the proper diet a person’s strength and stamina are also increases.\nThe above-discussed benefits play an important role in every person’s life. So, it is important for the individuals to take only the healthy and proper diet which is fully enriched with vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients.\nThere are also some other things which play an essential role in persons, health. If an individual plays more and more outdoor games, then his body becomes fit and healthy. The people need to play do some physical exercises or yoga daily in order to maintain their body more flexible and fit. It is necessary for the gamers to make a proper diet plan and make proper use of it to keep your body fit.\nIn a nutshell, one should follow all the above things to get good health. The individuals should take a fully enriched diet and do regular physical exercise in order to get proper and strong health. The more good diet you take at daily routine, the more good health you get." ]

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[ "Scientists map brain’s thesaurus to help decode inner thoughts\nWhat if a map of the brain could help us decode people’s inner thoughts?\nUC Berkeley scientists have taken a step in that direction by building a “semantic atlas” that shows in vivid colors and multiple dimensions how the human brain organizes language. The atlas identifies brain areas that respond to words that have similar meanings.\nThe findings, published today in the journal Nature, are based on a brain imaging study that recorded neural activity while study volunteers listened to stories from the “Moth Radio Hour.” They show that at least one-third of the brain’s cerebral cortex, including areas dedicated to high-level cognition, is involved in language processing.\nNotably, the study found that different people share similar language maps: “The similarity in semantic topography across different subjects is really surprising,” said study lead author Alex Huth, a postdoctoral researcher in neuroscience at UC Berkeley. Click here for Huth’s online brain viewer.\nWhen spoken words fail\nDetailed maps showing how the brain organizes different words by their meanings could eventually help give voice to those who cannot speak, such as victims of stroke or brain damage, or motor neuron diseases such as ALS.\nWhile mind-reading technology remains far off on the horizon, charting how language is organized in the brain brings the decoding of inner dialogue a step closer to reality, the researchers said.\nFor example, clinicians could track the brain activity of patients who have difficulty communicating and then match that data to semantic language maps to determine what their patients are trying to express. Another potential application is a decoder that translates what you say into another language as you speak.\n“To be able to map out semantic representations at this level of detail is a stunning accomplishment,” said Kenneth Whang, a program director in the National Science Foundation’s Information and Intelligent Systems division. “In addition, they are showing how data-driven computational methods can help us understand the brain at the level of richness and complexity that we associate with human cognitive processes.”\nHuth and six other native English-speakers served as subjects for the experiment, which required volunteers to remain still inside the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner for hours at a time.\nEach study participant’s brain blood flow was measured as they listened, with eyes closed and headphones on, to more than two hours of stories from the “Moth Radio Hour,” a public radio show in which people recount humorous and/or poignant autobiographical experiences.\nTheir brain imaging data were then matched against time-coded, phonemic transcriptions of the stories. Phonemes are units of sound that distinguish one word from another.\nThat information was then fed into a word-embedding algorithm that scored words according to how closely they are related semantically.\nCharting language across the brain\nThe results were converted into a thesaurus-like map where the words are arranged on the flattened cortices of the left and right hemispheres of the brain rather than on the pages of a book. Words were grouped under various headings: visual, tactile, numeric, locational, abstract, temporal, professional, violent, communal, mental, emotional and social.\nNot surprisingly, the maps show that many areas of the human brain represent language that describes people and social relations rather than abstract concepts.\n“Our semantic models are good at predicting responses to language in several big swaths of cortex,” Huth said. “But we also get the fine-grained information that tells us what kind of information is represented in each brain area. That’s why these maps are so exciting and hold so much potential.”\n“Although the maps are broadly consistent across individuals, there are also substantial individual differences,” said study senior author Jack Gallant, a UC Berkeley neuroscientist. “We will need to conduct further studies across a larger, more diverse sample of people before we will be able to map these individual differences in detail.”\nIn addition to Huth and Gallant, co-authors of the paper are Wendy de Heer, Frederic Theunissen and Thomas Griffiths, all at UC Berkeley. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation." ]

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[ "From Hunting Ground to Modern Resort\nThe exhibits of the Museum trace the history of Ocean City from the Native Americans who hunted on its shores, through the founding of the city and its subsequent development, to the resort of today. The Museum is designed to appeal to both visitors and long-time residents. Its extensive archives are a popular resource, used by those researching the history of their families or properties. The albums of old photographs and files of brochures help to round out the vision of Ocean City, past and present.\nThe Founders & The Early Years\nIn 1879 four Methodist ministers came to what is now called Ocean City to establish a resort based on Christian values. They created a safe and healthful place for families to enjoy the seaside. The museum exhibit tells the story of the founding and development of America’s Greatest Family Resort.\nThe Boardwalk was first built in 1887 to provide easy access to the ocean and beach. Eventually it was expanded and included entertainment venues and other attractions, making the Boardwalk itself a vacation destination. The detailed Museum exhibit traces the development of the Boardwalk through the decades.\nThe four-masted Sindia, sailing from Kobe, Japan, on its way to New York City, ran aground near Ocean City in 1901. Today it still rests under the sand near the 17th Street beach, an object of legends and mystery. The spectacular Museum exhibit displays scale models, photographs, and wonderful artifacts taken from the ship.\nGrace Kelly, the Hollywood star who became a princess, is regarded as a favorite daughter of Ocean City. From her early childhood she spent summers here with her family, regarding it as a second home. Even after she became famous, she continued to visit the family vacation home. Later, she brought her own children and husband here, where she was much beloved. The Museum exhibit tells of her time spent here over the years and highlights her career in movies and her real-life role as royalty in Monaco." ]

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[ "Vision Loss and Age\nInfancy and Childhood (Birth to Age 18)\nIn the United States, the most prevalent disabling childhood conditions are vision disorders including amblyopia, strabismus, and significant refractive errors. Early detection increases the likelihood of effective treatment; however, less than 15% of all preschool children receive an eye exam, and less than 22% of preschool children receive some type of vision screening. Vision screening for children scored on par with breast cancer screening for women.\nOther eye diseases affecting this age group include retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), congenital defects, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and cancers such as retinoblastoma.\nAdults Younger Than Age 40\nVision impairments in people younger than age 40 are mainly caused by refractive errors, which affect 25% of children and adolescents, and accidental eye injury. Approximately 1 million eye injuries occur each year, and 90% of these injuries are preventable. More than half (52%) of all patients treated for eye injuries are between ages 18 and 45 and almost 30% of those are 30–40 years (McGwin, Aiyuan, & Owsley, 2005). Additionally, diabetes affects this age group and is the leading cause of blindness among the working-age group 20–74.\nRacial disparities occur in prevalence and incidence of some eye conditions. For example, among specific high-risk groups such as African Americans, early signs of glaucoma may begin in this age group, particularly if there is a family history for glaucoma. Lifestyle choices adopted during this period may adversely affect vision and eye health in later years (e.g., smoking, sunlight exposure).\nAdults Older Than Age 40\nAmerican adults aged 40 years and older are at greatest risk for eye diseases; as a result, extensive population-based study data are available for this age group. The major eye diseases among people aged 40 years and older are cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. These diseases are often asymptomatic in the early treatable stages. The prevalence of blindness and vision impairment increases rapidly with age among all racial and ethnic groups, particularly after age 75 (Prevent Blindness America, 2002).\nAlthough aging is unavoidable, evidence is mounting to show the association between some modifiable risk factors (i.e., smoking, ultraviolet light exposure, avoidable trauma, etc.) and these leading eye diseases affecting older Americans. Additional modifiable factors that might lend themselves to improved overall ocular health include a diet rich in antioxidants and maintenance of normal levels of blood sugar, lipids, total cholesterol, body weight, and blood pressure combined with regular exercise.\nBailey RN, Indian RW, Zhang X, Geiss LS, Duenas MR, Saaddine JB (2006). Visual impairment and eye care among older adults—five states. MMWR 2005:55:49; 1321–1325.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults—United States. MMWR 2001:50(7):120–5.\nPrevent Blindness America, National Eye Institute. Vision Problems in the U. S.—Prevalence of Adult Vision Impairment and Age-Related Eye Disease in Americaexternal icon. Schaumburg, IL: Prevent Blindness America, 2002.\nMcGwin G, Aiyuan X, Owsley C. Rate of eye injury in the United States. Arch of Ophthalmol 2005:123;970–976.\nYawn BP, Kurland M, Butterfield L, Johnson B. Barriers to seeking care following school vision screening in Rochester, Minnesota, J Sch Health 1998:68:8; 319–324." ]

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[ "Gambling can be a fun way to spend some money or time, but it can also become a problem if you have an addiction to it. If you or someone you know is a problem gambler, it’s important to find help.\nGambling has many different types and can be found in most places, ranging from state-operated lotteries to online casinos. The type of gambling that you or someone you know engages in can be influenced by many things, including where you live and your psychological and social makeup.\nIt’s a form of entertainment that can be fun to do when you’re bored or in a relaxed environment. But if you lose money or start to feel depressed, it can be dangerous.\nThere are several kinds of gambling, ranging from chance-based games (such as lottery and roulette) to skills-based games (such as poker and sports betting). All of these involve risk, but the odds vary in each game.\nA person’s behavioural habits can be a strong indicator of whether or not they are at risk for gambling problems. Symptoms may include preoccupation with gambling, a feeling of guilt or helplessness, a desire to win money, and a lack of control over their spending.\nBehavioral therapy can help an individual learn how to resist the urge to gamble and to change their habits. It may also help an individual to learn how to think about their own behaviour and rethink whether it is a good idea.\nCognitive behavioural therapy can be effective in helping individuals understand the factors that contribute to their gambling problem and how these affect them emotionally. These include their belief systems, coping styles and the way they are socialized.\nPeople who are prone to gambling disorder have a tendency to overestimate their chances of winning and underestimate their losses. They also have a poor understanding of the risks associated with gambling, such as losing large sums of money or becoming addicted to it.\nIn addition to a lack of control over their gambling, people who are problem gamblers often have other problems as well, such as depression and anxiety. They also have trouble regulating their finances and may be underemployed or unemployed.\nAdolescents are a group that is often at a higher risk of developing gambling problems than the general population. They are prone to impulse behavior and often have more opportunities to experiment with different forms of gambling.\nThe problem of gambling is a major concern for public health and welfare. There is a growing awareness of the harmful effects that it has on the lives of those who are affected by it.\nThere are a variety of support services available to those with gambling problems, such as self-help groups like Gamblers Anonymous. These groups offer peer support and can help a person to stop gambling for good.\nThe best ways to prevent or stop a gambling addiction are to limit your exposure to it and to find a support network. If you or someone you know is exhibiting signs of a gambling problem, you should contact a counselor or a psychologist as soon as possible." ]

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[ "Building Technology Smart Cities. Table of Contents. Smart cities solve Urban Challenges . More than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. Current transportation systems and associated infrastructures are\nThe Dynamics of Smart Cities\nGE-Cities is involved in creating sustainable cities and transforming the world's infrastructure using cleaner, healthier, more efficient technology based systems.\nIt is working on many projects worldwide.\nIBM’sSmarter Cities Challenge is partnering with 100 cities around the globe to solve complex urban challenges, awarding $50 million worth of services and technology over three years. They work closely with city leaders and deliver recommendations on how to make cities smarter and more effective.\nCisco’s Smart+Connected communities\nCisco is helping transform physical communities to connected communities and achieve economic, social and environmental sustainability.\nFuture Cities will have to Reactive, Proactive and Interactive. Technology will play a greater role in building our future sustainable cities.\nAccording to McKinsey Global Institute’s over the next 13 years, 600 cities will account for nearly 65 percent of global GDP growth. They have identified the hot spots for new cities around the globe.\nThey should promote good governance, advancing environmental sustainability, and accelerate the transfer of knowledge among and beyond cities using technology.\nThey should be ready to accommodate climate changes\n(\"heat island effect\") and use natural resources wisely.\n“Information and Communications Technologies Creating Livable, Equitable, Sustainable Cities”, Chapter-5 published in Worldwatch Institute’s State of the World 2012: Moving Toward Sustainable Prosperity." ]

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