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[
"Vortices could be observed in most realm of physics such as hydrodynamics, superfluids, optical fields and even cosmology. ",
"The dynamics of quantized vortices is essential for understanding diverse superfluid phenomena such as critical-current densities in superconductors[@b1], quantum turbulence[@b2][@b3][@b4][@b5][@b6] and novel quantum phases[@b7][@b8][@b9][@b10][@b11] in superfluids. ",
"Vortices are also topological defects that play key roles in transport, dissipative and coherent properties[@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15][@b16] of superfluid systems. ",
"The pioneering work of Yarmchuk *et al*. ",
"in 1979 successfully located the ends of parallel vortex lines in superfluid Helium[@b17]. ",
"The real-time dynamics of vortex lattice in type II super conductors was observed in 1992[@b18]. ",
"Until 2006, direct observation of quantized vortex lines in superfluid Helium in arbitrary three-dimensional configurations has been achieved[@b19].",
"\n\nThe realization of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) provides an accessible and highly controllable platform for fundamental studies of superfluid vortex dynamics, and has been followed by various theoretical investigations and numerical analyses. ",
"It is remarkable that, comparing with other systems ruled by nonlinear Schrödinger equations, BECs are the ideal laboratory for finding these nonlinear excitations due to larger interaction strengths and easier tunable parameters. ",
"The size of vortex cores in a BEC is proportional to the healing length of the condensate, , where *m* is the mass of atoms, *ρ* is the density of the condensate in the absence of vortex, and *g* is the interatomic interaction strength. ",
"For given trap frequencies, *g* is proportional to the scattering length between atoms, which can be easily adjusted by using magnetic or optical Feshbach resonances[@b20][@b21][@b22]. ",
"Due to the matter wave nature of condensates[@b23], vortices can be detected in atomic interference. ",
"Matthews *et al*.[@b24] firstly demonstrated vortex production through an interference measurement, and later, Inouye *et al*. ",
"observed vortex phase singularities as dislocations in the interference fringes in BECs[@b25]. ",
"As the size of the vortex cores in a trapped condensate is ordinarily several times smaller than the wavelength of light used for imaging, in experiments the condensates are usually allowed to expand to a point at which the vortex cores are large compared to the imaging resolution[@b24][@b25][@b26][@b27][@b28][@b29][@b30]. ",
"Many works have been done to develop the vortex detection techniques and to understand vortex dynamics during the interference of BECs[@b25][@b31][@b32][@b33][@b34][@b35][@b36], which is important for the applications of matter-wave interferometry. ",
"However, the direct, *in situ* observation of vortices in a trapped condensate without expansion was wachieved experimentally only in the past few decades. ",
"With the development of atom chip technology[@b37] and recent experimental achievements in the monitoring of the dynamics of vorticity states in BEC systems in real time[@b38], there has been fast-growing interest in vortex dynamics, and the new physical effects associated with the trap geometry.",
"\n\nCondensates can afford a rich variety of vortex-cluster structures, including soliton-vortex hybrids[@b29], vortex chains[@b39][@b40], turbulent vortex tangles[@b41], corotating vortices[@b42] vortex dipoles[@b13][@b43][@b44][@b45][@b46][@b47][@b48], vortex tripoles[@b49][@b50] and vortex quadrupoles[@b51][@b52][@b53][@b54][@b55]. ",
"Different from the vortex lattice induced by the rotation of BECs[@b56][@b57][@b58][@b59], the complex structures made by vortices with opposite charges are excited collective states of nonrotating BECs. ",
"They are pure nonlinear entities presenting in a system, and can maintain stable topological states. ",
"When the interactions between them, rather than variations in density, dominate the dynamics, the dynamics of the system is rather complicated. ",
"The stability properties of a single vortex system and some vortex structures in nonrotating BECs were discussed in refs [@b13],[@b49], [@b50], [@b51],[@b53] and [@b60], [@b61], [@b62] with respect to interatomic interaction strength and trap anisotropy.",
"\n\nA vortex quadrupole is a vortex cluster with zero total vorticity constructed as the product of four singly charged vortices. ",
"Previous study showed that this cluster configuration is both energetically and dynamically unstable[@b49]. ",
"However, for some special configurations, stationary vortex quadrupoles were found to exist[@b53][@b49]. ",
"It has shown that a vortex quadrupole is always structurally unstable against perturbations in some external trap parameters[@b63]. ",
"But a complete picture of quadrupole dynamics has not been given, which provides critical information for understanding how the vortices influence superfluid behaviors, such as evolution to turbulence and decay processes.",
"\n\nIn this paper we study, by numerical simulations, the detailed dynamics of two-dimensional (2D) vortex quadrupoles with different initial configurations in trapped BECs, and for the first time we identify the parameter ranges which give the distinct regimes for the revival and disappearance of a quadrupole structure. ",
"The paper is organized as follows. ",
"In theoretical model section we introduce the model under investigation and define the general initial state of a vortex quadrupole. ",
"The method to introduce quantum fluctuations into the systems is also presented. ",
"In numerical results and analysis section the trajectory of each vortex in a quadrupole is investigated in detail for isotropic, anisotropic and fluctuating condensates. ",
"The mechanism of dipole formation and annihilation is discussed. ",
"The ranges of parameters of the initial configurations of quadrupoles corresponding to different dynamical regimes are calculated. ",
"A brief conclusion is also given.",
"\n\nTheoretical model\n=================\n\nIn the frame of zero temperature mean-field theory, a trapped BEC system is well parameterized by *ψ*(*x*, *y*, *z*, *t*) which satisfies the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation\n\nwith *ω*~*j*~ being the trap frequency and being the three-dimensional coupling constant, where *ψ* is normalized to 1. ",
"For a large aspect ratio of the trap potential , the condensate can be regarded as a 2D disk-shaped cloud, where the motion in the *z*-direction is squeezed. ",
"The 2D order parameter *ψ*(*x*, *y*, *t*) is governed by the corresponding 2D-GP equation, where the coupling constant *g*~3*D*~ in [Eq. (",
"1)](#eq11){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} is substituted by with . ",
"In our simulations of a ^87^*Rb* BEC containing *N* = 1.5 × 10^5^ atoms, the bulk *s*-wave scattering length is *a*~*s*~ = 5.4 nm. ",
"For the trap frequencies, we used a 2D disk-shaped configuration, where *ω*~*x*~ = *ω*~*y*~ = 2*π* × 5 rad · s^−1^ and *ω*~*z*~ = 2*π* × 100 rad · s^−1^. It is convenient to turn all quantities dimensionless by introducing a time scale and a length scale , which can provide better precision in simulations. ",
"For these parameters, the 2D Thomas-Fermi (TF) radius of the condensate is .",
"\n\nThe order parameter of the system can be well described by a single particle wave function , where *ρ*(**r**, *t*) and *θ*(**r**, *t*) are density and phase distributions of atoms respectively, with **r** = (*x*, *y*). ",
"Vortices can be seeded into the system by employing the phase imprinting techniques[@b24][@b64] experimentally. ",
"Numerically, the quadrupole states of interest in our simulations are obtained by using the method in refs [@b41] and [@b65]. ",
"Firstly the vortex-free ground state of the condensate, *ψ*~*g*~, is obtained by the imaginary time evolution. ",
"The initial phase factor of the order parameter of the quadrupole state is\n\nwhere *s*~*j*~ = ±1 is the topological charge of the *j*~*th*~ vortex, imprinting the velocity field of a vortex located at (*x*~*j*~, *y*~*j*~). ",
"The radial position of each vortex is then . ",
"With new initial condition , the quadrupole vorticity state of a BEC system can be obtained by evolving the GP equation again in imaginary time while forcing the phase distribution during the calculation to be *θ*(**r**, *t* = 0) until the solution is numerically well converged, i.e. the relative change in norm of number of atoms and in energy of the system is smaller than 10^−6^. The converged quasi-equilibrium state is then the desired quadrupole configuration ready for a real-time evolution. ",
"In this paper we focus on a subset of possible configurations, namely, the initial vortex quadrupole structures are axisymmetric. ",
"An example density profile and the corresponding phase diagram are shown in [Fig. ",
"1e](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, where the vortices with opposite charges are nested in the condensate alternately forming dipole structures along each axis. ",
"The thermal and quantum fluctuations are experimentally only important for temperatures which are larger or comparable to the mean-field interactions. ",
"Since we are studying systems in the frame of zero temperature mean-field theory, it is reasonable to think that these fluctuations will not affect the dynamics significantly, especially during the short-time evolution. ",
"However, taking the symmetry of systems into account, quantum fluctuations might have obvious effects on the long-time evolution of the systems. ",
"To introduce quantum fluctuations into our systems, the coordinate space order parameter equivalent to our choice of stochastic initial state is easily shown to be\n\nwhere *ψ*~0~(**r**) is chosen to be the initial state containing the quadrupole structure used in the situations without fluctuations, i.e. wave function of the condensed atoms. *",
"ξ*(**r**) is a complex Gaussian random field, which represents the uncorrelated quantum fluctuations[@b66][@b67]\n\nIn practice, one can implement this initial condition by utilizing a complete set of plane-wave basis functions , such that the random field can be written as\n\nHere *ξ*~*j*~ are complex gaussian random variables\n\nBy using the truncated Wigner method[@b68][@b69], and integrating the fully coordinate space stochastic differential equation of a 2D system\n\nin real-time, the dynamics of systems under the influence of quantum fluctuations can be explored. ",
"The normalisation condition is defined as which includes both the condensed atoms and the virtual particles introduced into the field. ",
"It is obvious that even though [Eq. (",
"11)](#eq23){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} has a form similar to that of the GP [equation (1)](#eq11){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}, the important difference is that quantum fluctuations (virtual particles) are included in this stochastic differential equation while the GP equation is only valid for the condensed atoms.",
"\n\nIn our calculations, only the 'low-energy' modes in momentum space contribute to the fluctuations, which means the noise is just added into the modes with amplitude , where *L* = \\[−25, 25\\] is a subspace containing 51 × 51 modes, only about 1% of the 501 × 501 momentum space used for our simulations. ",
"All other are set to be 0.",
"\n\nNumerical results and analysis\n==============================\n\nTo get insight into the dynamics of vortex quadrupoles in a disk-shaped BEC, we first review the motion of a single vortex and a vortex dipole in such a system. ",
"A 2D disk-shaped condensate in an axisymmetric harmonic trap is a nonuniform system. ",
"In the TF limit, for a single vortex generated in this nonrotating system the precession velocity is a function of the vortex displacement r from the centre of the condensate as, where is the metastable frequency for the appearance of a central vortex in a disk-shaped condensate[@b70], with R⊥ being the mean condensate radius and Rc being the vortex core radius. ",
"It is obvious that a central vortex does not undergo any evolution over time. ",
"At zero temperature, an off-centre vortex with positive (negative) charge will perform a circular motion around the centre of the condensate in a anti-clockwise (clockwise) direction in a constant radius with a constant energy[@b60][@b71] without considering the interaction between the vortex and the excited phonon mode. ",
"This pattern of behaviour repeats as the density wave oscillations induced by the vortex motion are all confined within the condensate, and no net phonon radiation is expected. ",
"However, due to the interaction of the vortex with the collective phonon mode, the vortex trajectory is not a perfect circle[@b70][@b72]. ",
"At finite temperatures it spiral out of the condensate due to its interaction with the thermal component[@b65]. ",
"For a dipole structure of vortex-antivortex pair in a trap, the dynamics is the result of the competition between the density inhomogeneity driven and the dipole interaction driven (mutually driven of each vortex of the pair). ",
"In the case where the mutually driven and inhomogeneity driven balance with each other, a stationary dipole structure generates. ",
"For configurations, where a dipole placed symmetrically about the trap centre, vortices make close orbits about fixed points[@b46]. ",
"Nearly the same as the motion in a single vortex system, each of the vortices begins its orbit along the equipotential line as if they move independently, but once the vortices begin to approach each other they begin to interact. ",
"Instead of annihilating each other, both vortices alter their paths and begin to travel down the condensate from one side to the other side, parallel to each other. ",
"This continues until the vortices begin to reach the boundary of the condensate, then both of them move back on to their original orbits.",
"\n\nThe situation gets more complicated when a quadrupole structure is taken into account. ",
"By setting different initial configurations, i.e. varying the radial position of the vortices, we find that the dynamics of the vortices shows three distinct regimes, which are named as \"recombination\", \"annihilation\" and \"exchange\".",
"\n\nIn the recombination regime as shown in [Fig. ",
"1a](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the vortices take quarter-circular motion and near-linear motion repeatedly, where the solid dots are the initial positions of the vortices, and the arrows show the direction of movement of each vortex. ",
"We can see clearly that, when they approach each other, two vortices in the left half-plane move as a dipole towards the trap centre along the x-axis, while the other two in the right half-plane make a dipole movement as well facing to the left pair. ",
"However, after the four vortices reach their minimal separation, two of them in the upper half-plane combine into a new dipole structure and move away the trap centre towards the edge of the condensate. ",
"So do the remains in the lower-half plane. ",
"The trajectories of the upper and lower dipoles are mirror symmetric to the x-axis. ",
"During the movement of vortices, the density wave oscillations arise across the condensate, and are severe around the edge of the condensate where the density is low. ",
"Therefore, the oscillation of the quarter-circular parts of the vortex trajectories in the low density region is obvious as seen in [Fig. ",
"1a--d](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"For different initial positions the time evolution of the *x*− and *y--*coordinates of the down-left vortex is plotted in [Fig. ",
"1b](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Typical density and phase distributions in this regime are plotted in [Fig. ",
"1e--k](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} in time series. ",
"We note that for given parameters in [Fig. ",
"1a--c](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and e-k four vortices never contact. ",
"After the first period the vortices will move away from their initial position a little bit due to the interactions with the density wave oscillations arising in the system, unlike a single vortex or a vortex dipole movement which generates close orbits. ",
"In [Fig. ",
"1c](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} we plot time series for the radial positions of the *s* = −1 vortices (blue dots). ",
"If we increase the initial radial displacement of vortices, the dynamics of the quadrupole can still stay within the recombination regime for the first period. ",
"But the dipole annihilation and revival can occur, which makes the deviation of the vortex positions from the initial positions sizable as seen in [Fig. ",
"1d](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} ((*x*, *y*) = (±4.75, ±3.35)). ",
"During the following time evolution, this may induce a transition of the dynamical regime from recombination to exchange (annihilation).",
"\n\n[Figure 2](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the trajectory of the down-left vortex (s = −1) for the first period in the exchange regime. ",
"From the symmetry of the system we know that the *s* = 1 vortices will give the same trajectories but with different starting position and in opposite direction (anticlockwise). ",
"Therefore the left dipole and the right dipole move towards each other along the *x*-axis to the trap centre at the beginning, which is the same as the situation in the recombination regime. ",
"As they approach each other the distance between the two vortices of the left (right) dipole decreases gradually in the *y--*direction as shown in [Fig. ",
"2f](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"However, instead of separate in the *y*-direction after getting their minimal separation in the recombination regime, the two dipoles join together, and finally form a soliton ring as shown in [Fig. ",
"2g--i](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"This can also be distinguished from the fact that, for some certain time intervals, no vortex trajectories are plotted in [Fig. ",
"2b--d](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The stability and dynamics of dark soliton rings in condensates have been analyzed in refs [@b73] and [@b74]. ",
"However, the dark soliton ring in our system is formed by the connection of four moving vortices during the dynamical process. ",
"The soliton ring then breaks into two dipole structures as the original left and right dipoles exchange their positions and then keep moving in the *x*-direction towards the edge of the condensate. ",
"After that the vortices in the dipoles separate in the *y*-direction and taking the place of their counterpart. ",
"The charge flipping occurs as seen in [Fig. ",
"2k](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} as if two dipoles go through each other. ",
"The vortices continue to move in a quarter-circular orbit until they approach each other again. ",
"But at this time two vortices in the upper half-plane and the other two in the lower half-plane combine into two dipoles respectively. ",
"They move in the *y*-direction and repeat what happened in the *x*-direction. ",
"After four times charge flipping, the system will restore to its original configuration.",
"\n\nThe dynamics in the annihilation regime is the most simplest, where the vortices vanish permanently as long as they collide in the trap centre for the first time as shown in [Fig. ",
"3a](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"In this process there is also a ring structure formed. ",
"However, different from the situation in the exchange regime, the ring expands across the condensate quickly and smear at the edge of the condensate, which induces severe density wave oscillations as shown in [Fig. ",
"3k](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nAs is well known, the energy and angular momentum associated with a vortex increase as the vortex is moved to higher density region[@b70], which coincides with the fact that the energy cost to create a vortex is high when the local density is high[@b41]. ",
"So we note that in all the three regimes, there are two timescales in the motion: the slow quarter-circular precession around the trap centre and the fast motion nearly parallel to the axis. ",
"We note that the density wave oscillations are greater after the annihilation of vortex dipoles and the decay of the soliton ring, which indicates that the decay of vortex dipoles or soliton rings can make much severe excitations in dynamical systems. ",
"The revival of vortex dipoles can depress the excitations in the system as stated in refs [@b34],[@b35].",
"\n\nIn [Fig. ",
"4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} we identify the coordinate parameters which separate regions of \"recombination\" (circles), \"annihilation\" (dots) and \"exchange\" (crosses) dynamics. ",
"The boundaries between these regions are both nearly quarter-circles which are denoted by the dashed-lines. ",
"For a relatively small radial position *r*~*j*~ \\< 5.91*a*~0~ the dynamics of the quadrupole is characterized by the combination of the vortices into dipoles in *x−* and *y--*directions alternately, while for a large radial position *r*~*j*~ \\> 6.02*a*~0~ exchanging of positions of the vortices and charge flipping occur during the dynamical process. ",
"In between these two regions both the quadropole and dipole structures vanish due to the annihilation of the vortices with opposite charges. ",
"For *r*~*j*~ \\> 6.6*a*~0~ (black solid curve in [Fig. ",
"4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} the density of the condensate is too low to identify a complete vortex structure. ",
"In [Fig. ",
"5](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we give the radial position indicating the boundaries of three dynamical regimes with respect to varying TF-radius, which is applicable at any time step during the dynamical process. ",
"We find that the fitting curves of the boundaries (the blue and red lines) are both proportional to *R*~*TF*~.\n\nThrough the analysis of isotropic systems, we know that the quarter-circular precessions are nearly along the equipotential lines, which are concentric ellipses in anisotropic traps (with different trapping frequencies in *x*− and *y−* axis, *ω*~*x*~/*ω*~*y*~ = 1.25). ",
"We find that the dynamics of vortices still depends on the configuration of the quadrupole structure in anisotropic systems. ",
"The parameter ranges can also be determined according to [Fig. ",
"5](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"However, *r* which is chosen to identify the dynamical regimes is not the radial position of the vortices as in the isotropic systems, but the major radius or minor radius of the ellipse decided by the vortex positions, since the TF-radius of the condensate in each direction is different. ",
"By releasing the trapping potential in one direction (both directions) suddenly or adiabatically (the trapping frequencies are decreased linearly within 10*t*~0~) to a smaller value (form 2*π* × 5 Hz to 2*π* × 3 Hz or 2*π* × 4 Hz in our calculations), we confirm that the dynamics of quadrupole structures still obeys the same rule, which supports the conclusion in ref. [",
"@b75], where they showed that the sudden reduction in the number of atoms following expansion is expected to excite a small-amplitude (a few percent) breathing mode, with only slight alteration of vortex trajectories, which means that the dynamics of vortices is robust under the expansion of condensates.",
"\n\nTo examine the robustness of the quadrupole dynamics, we introduce quantum fluctuations into the systems we studied above as stated in Sec. ",
"2. ",
"We find that in the recombination regime with fluctuations the trajectories of vortices are nearly the same as those in the unperturbed systems during the first few periods. ",
"However, after that the quadrupole structure is eventually destroyed and the vortices take chaotic trajectories as shown in [Fig. ",
"6a](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"In the exchange regime with fluctuations, the dynamics of the vortices still obeys the rule of the unperturbed systems but with an additional rotation of the quadrupole structure as shown in [Fig. ",
"6b](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"This rotation also occurs if a dipole is placed asymmetrically about the origin[@b46]. ",
"Moreover the vortices will not maintain a rectangular configuration anymore, leading to the destroy of the quadrupole structure and chaotic trajectories of vortices eventually. ",
"In the annihilation regime the quantum fluctuations introduced will not change the dynamics of the system since the vortices annihilate permanently as soon as they meet at the trap centre during the first period.",
"\n\nIn the frame of zero temperature mean-field theory we expect that quantum fluctuations will not change the dynamics of the system dramatically especially for the short-time evolution. ",
"However, symmetries of the system are affected by quantum fluctuations, which leads to chaotic motion of vortices for the long-time evolution. ",
"As we focused on the first few periods of quarupole dynamics in our discussions, it shows that our results are robust, i.e. quantum fluctuations do not change the dynamical regimes of the system we studied at least for the short-time evolution. ",
"This also demonstrates that vortices have very stable topological structures.",
"\n\nWe note that even though our calculations are limited at zero temperature, the vortices of the quadrupole cluster do deviate from their original locations during the periodical movement, which is similar to the situation in finite temperatures. ",
"The dynamics of the next period is fully decided by the fact that which region in [Fig. ",
"5](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} the radial positions (major radius or minor radius) of the vortices will fall into. ",
"Transition from one regime to another of the system dynamics may occur during the time evolution if the vortices do not annihilate permanently, which means that the initial configurations whose dynamics is ruled by \"recombination\" in the first period may transit to the other two regimes in the following period. ",
"And this may finally result in expulsion of the vortices from the condensate.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn this paper, we have shown that there are three characteristic dynamical regimes in a trapped BEC according to the varying radial positions of vortices in a quadrupole structure. ",
"The closer the vortices are located to the periphery of the condensate, the higher the kinetic energy they will obtain when approaching the centre of the condensate, which will compete with the interatomic interactions and the vortex interactions and leading to distinct dynamical regimes. ",
"In the recombination regime the kinetic energy is too small to overcome the interatomic interactions, which prohibits the formation of soliton rings, and the vortices recombine into dipoles. ",
"In the annihilation regime the ring structure arises and expands fast out of the condensate before it decays into vortex dipoles, while in the exchange regime the emerged soliton ring can break into dipoles with charge flipping due to higher kinetic energy possessing by each vortex. ",
"These are also valid for anisotropic systems and systems with quantum fluctuations during the short-time evolution, where the symmetry of the system is altered. ",
"For the long-time evolution, the symmetry of the system is important for maintaining the rectangular configuration of a quadrupole structure.",
"\n\nBy providing the relation between TF-radius of the condensate and the configuration of the vortex quadrupoles, our results disclose detailed dynamics of vortex quadrupole in a trapped BEC and a road map to distinguish them, and can be extended to other special structures, which helps to study more complex vortex settings. ",
"The numerical simulations also demand new theoretical models about the generation and expanding speed of soliton rings, by the combination of individual vortices, which are crucial to understand the dynamics of vortex clusters.",
"\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article**: Yang, T. *et al*. ",
"Dynamics of vortex quadrupoles in nonrotating trapped Bose-Einstein condensates. *",
"Sci. ",
"Rep.* **6**, 29066; doi: 10.1038/srep29066 (2016).",
"\n\nThis research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.11347025, 11434015, 61227902, 61378017, NKBRSFC under grants Nos. ",
"2012CB821305, SKLQOQOD under grants No. ",
"KF201403, SPRPCAS under grants No. ",
"XDB01020300 and Science Foundation of Northwest University under grant No. ",
"13NW16.",
"\n\n**Author Contributions** T.Y. and W.-M.L. proposed the ideas. ",
"Z.-Q.H., T.Y. and S.Z. performed the theoretical as well as the numerical calculations. ",
"T.Y. and S.Z. wrote the main manuscript. ",
"T.Y. and W.-M.L. checked the calculations and the results. ",
"All of the authors reviewed the manuscript.",
"\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n{#f5}\n\n{#f6}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS\n Before\n PEDE, TOZZI, and CAMPANELLA\n Appellate Military Judges\n\n UNITED STATES, Appellee\n v.\n Staff Sergeant MANUEL RICO\n United States Army, Appellant\n\n ARMY 20130045\n\n Headquarters, U.S. Army Maneuver Center of Excellence and Fort Benning\n Stephen Castlen, Military Judge\n Colonel Mary M. Foreman, Staff Judge Advocate\n\n\nFor Appellant: Colonel Kevin Boyle, JA; Major Amy E. Nieman, JA; Captain\nTimothy J. Kotsis, JA (on brief).",
"\n\nFor Appellee: Colonel John P. Carrell, JA; Major Steven J. Collins, JA; Captain\nBenjamin Hogan, JA (on brief).",
"\n\n\n 25 February 2015\n ----------------------------------\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n ----------------------------------\n\n This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.",
"\n\nPEDE, Chief Judge:\n\n A military judge sitting as a general court -martial convicted appellant,\npursuant to his pleas, of one specification of maltreatment and one specification of\nindecent conduct in violation of Articles 93 and 120, Uniform Code of Military\nJustice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 893, 920 (2006 & Supp. ",
"IV 2011) [hereinafter UCMJ].",
"\nContrary to appellant’s pleas, the military judge convicted him of one specification\nof rape of a child, two specifications of aggravated sexual contact with a child, one\nspecification of indecent liberties with a child, one specification of indecent acts,\nand one specification of forcible sodomy of a child under sixteen years of age, in\nviolation of Articles 120 and 125, UCMJ . ",
"The military judge sentenced appellant to\na dishonorable discharge, confinement for twenty-five years, and reduction to the\ngrade of E-1. ",
"The convening authority approved the adjudged sentence and credited\nappellant with 411 days of credit against the sentence to confinement .",
"\n\fRICO—ARMY 20130045\n\n This case is before this court for review under Article 66, UCMJ. ",
"Appellant\nraised one assignment of error alleging a violation of Article 10, UCMJ , which\nwarrants discussion, but not relief. ",
"We also considered appellant’s matters raised\npursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), and find them to\nbe without merit.",
"\n\n PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND\n\n Appellant’s pretrial confinement began on 3 December 2011, when he was\napprehended at Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson Airport upon return from Afghanistan\non leave. ",
"On 15 December 2011, three charges were preferred against appellant and\nthe Article 32, UCMJ, pretrial investigation, took place on 10 February 2012. ",
"The\nconvening authority later referred charges on 13 March 2012.",
"\n\n On 23 March 2012, appellant’s military defense counsel filed a motion under\nRule for Courts-Martial [hereinafter R.C.M.] 906 and 305, requesting that appellant\nbe released from pretrial confinement based on an abuse of discretion by the\nreviewing officer and an insufficient basis for continued confinement. ",
"The military\njudge denied appellant’s motion and the trial was set for 25 June 2012. ",
"The defense\nlater requested, and the military judge approved, a trial date of 15 October 2012 due\nto the hiring of civilian defense counsel.",
"\n\n The government notified the defense counsel on 2 October 2012 that they\nwere having significant difficulties with the execution of the contract for one of the\ndefense’s expert consultants due to the consultant’s change in employment and a\nrequired change in funding codes. ",
"On 4 October the defense agreed to delay the trial\nuntil January 2013. ",
"The defense’s expert consultant informed defense counsel on 5\nOctober of the existence of a valid contract and the verification she received from\nthe government’s civilian contract specialist. ",
"However, the trial counsel was not\naware that the contract for the defense expert consultant was valid and in place when\nthe trial date was moved to January 2013.",
"\n\n On 31 October 2012 the defense counsel filed a motion for release from\npretrial confinement under R.C.M. 305 or, in the alternative, to dismiss the charges\nfor a violation of speedy trial under Article 10, UCMJ. ",
"The military judge denied\nappellant’s motion in a written opinion stating the “[g]overnment [had] used\n‘reasonable diligence’ to bring the accused to trial.” ",
"The trial took place from 13-16\nJanuary 2013.",
"\n\n LAW AND DISCUSSION\n\n We review an allegation of a violation of Article 10, UCMJ, de novo as a\nmatter of law, and we are “bound by the facts as found by the military judge unless\nthose facts are clearly erroneous.” ",
"United States v. Schuber, 70 M.J. 181, 188\n\n\n\n 2\n\fRICO—ARMY 20130045\n\n(C.A.A.F. 2011) (quoting United States v. Cossio, 64 M.J. 254, 256 (C.A.A.F.\n2007)).",
"\n\n The fundamental right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the 6th Amendment\nto the United States Constitution. ",
"This right is further codified in Article 10, UCMJ\nand it requires the government to take “immediate steps” to try the Accused. ",
"See\nUnited States v. Kossman, 38 M.J. 258, 259 (C.M.A. 1993) (Article 10 “imposes [on\nthe government] a more stringent speedy trial standard than that of the Sixth\nAmendment.”) (",
"citation omitted). ",
"Neither the Constitution nor Article 10 requires\nconstant motion. ",
"United States v. Wilson, 72 M.J. 347, 351 (C.A.A.F. 2013).",
"\nInstead, “reasonable diligence” is the implementing standard. ",
"United States v.\nMizgala, 61 M.J. 122, 127 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citations omitted) .",
"\n\n In Barker v. Wingo, the United States Supreme Court articulated four factors\nthat must be utilized when analyzing an alleged Article 10 violation: (1) the length\nof the delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) whether the appellant made a demand\nfor a speedy trial; and (4) prejudice to the appellant. ",
"407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972); see\nalso Mizgala, 61 M.J. at 129 (applying the Barker factors).",
"\n\n Here, appellant was in pretrial confinement for over one year. ",
"The defense\nwas accountable for 253 days of the 411 days, and a good portion of this time\noccurred after appellant’s arraignment. ",
"This delay, thus, occurred during a period\nunder the direct management and control of the military judge. ",
"See R.C.M. 801(a)\n(“The military judge is the presiding officer in a court -martial.”). ",
"Although\ncertainly not dispositive, the entry of the Court into the march to trial is a significant\nand informative event. ",
"See UCMJ art. ",
"40 (authorizing military judges to grant\ncontinuances for reasonable cause “to any party for such time, and as often, as may\nappear to be just.”); ",
"Kossman, 38 M.J. at 262 (“Judges . . . ",
"can readily determine\nwhether the [g]overnment has been foot-dragging on a given case, under the\ncircumstances then and there prevailing.”). ",
"The length of the delay, therefore, is\npersuasive but not controlling in this case. ",
"The three month delay created by the\ncontracting missteps, while unfortunat e and ultimately unnecessary, is not\ndispositive and does not significantly tip the balance of this factor .",
"\n\n Importantly, on 31 October 2012, appellant admitted that the majority of the\ndelay up to that point had been properly attributed to the defense. ",
"We also note that\nthe trial judge properly accounted for the various delays leading to the October trial\ndate. ",
"Appellant requested a 46-day delay in the Article 32, UCMJ, investigation\nhearing, agreed to a trial date 95 days after arraignment, and requested a second trial\ndate 112 days after the original trial date. ",
"Even after the contracting error was\nrevealed, the defense requested an additional month of delay from the government’s\nproposals.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\fRICO—ARMY 20130045\n\n Under the second prong of our Barker analysis, we note that the military\njudge issued findings of fact that the government’s mistake was not the result of\ngross negligence. ",
"Despite an early admonition from the trial judge to the trial\ncounsel to focus on effective contracting in this case, the government nonetheless\nfailed to adequately anticipate and oversee the process. ",
"It appears supervisory judge\nadvocate oversight was absent in the processing of this case. ",
"The principal reason\nfor the government’s mistake was an overreliance on passive forms of\ncommunication, mainly electronic mail. ",
"Effective trial practice, most especially in\ncases of pretrial confinement, requires an emphasis at all levels within a criminal\npractice of personal action and urgency. ",
"W hile the government’s failure was\navoidable and is certainly unfortunate, the government did not act in bad faith.",
"\nMoreover, the government’s willingness to reschedule the trial on the earliest\npossible date following discovery of the mistake, combined with the defense’s\nwillingness to request lengthy delays prior to this time mitigate in favor of the\ngovernment, despite its contracting missteps.",
"\n\n Appellant clearly meets the requirements of the third prong having filed a\ntimely demand for speedy trial prior to trial.",
"\n\n Finally, there was no prejudice to appellant from the delay. ",
"No evidence was\nlost, memories did not fade, and witnesses remained available for trial. ",
"Pretrial\nconfinement was not oppressive in any legal sense and his defense was not impaired.",
"\nThe latter factor is critical in that there was no evidence that appellant was unable to\nadequately prepare for the trial due to the delay.",
"\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n On consideration of the entire record, including the matters personally\nsubmitted by appellant pursuant to Grostefon, the findings of guilty and the sentence\nare AFFIRMED.",
"\n\n Senior Judge TOZZI and Judge CAMPANELLA concur.",
"\n\n\n FOR\n FORTHE\n THECOURT:\n COURT:\n\n\n\n\n MALCOLMH.",
"\n MALCOLM H.SQUIRES,\n SQUIRES,JR.",
"\n JR.",
"\n Clerk of Court\n Clerk of Court\n\n\n\n\n 4\n\f"
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[
"Tokimeki/Tonari no Onna\n\nand are songs by the Japanese rock band Chatmonchy. ",
"Both songs were released as a double A-side single on 4 March 2015. ",
"It was only single that released Limited edition with DVD. ",
"Both song also appeared on their sixth studio album, Kyōmei.",
"\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Tokimeki\" was directed by Yasuhiko Shimizu, while \"Tonari no Onna\" was directed by NuQ. \"Tokimeki\" video features Chatmonchy eat strawberry and running toward heart shaped thing in red background. ",
"For \"Tonari no Onna\", music video features animated style with a nude woman who have a good career, then falling down.",
"\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nAdapted from the single liner notes.",
"\n\nChatmonchy\n Eriko Hashimoto – vocals, guitars,\n Akiko Fukuoka – bass guitar, vocals, chorus\n\nAdditional musicians\n Aiko Kitano – drums, chorus\n Hiroko Sebu – piano, synthesizer, chorus\n\nProduction\n Michifumi Onodera – recording, mixing\n Tsubasa Yamazaki – mastering\n Shojiro Watanabe – recording, mixing (track 3)\n\nArtwork and design\n STOMACHACHE – illustration\n Takashi Takamori – design\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Chatmonchy songs\nCategory:2015 singles\nCategory:2015 songs\nCategory:Ki/oon Music singles"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a display module, in particular, to a display module having different curvature design.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nWith the development of the display technologies, in addition to the improvement of the size and quality, the appearance of the display device is also changed, such as the curved display device. ",
"Compared to the flat-panel display device, the curved display device can be made not only a larger size in the same width, but a better viewing effect can be obtained. ",
"With the flat-panel TV and the curved TV as examples, when the line of sight of the viewer moves from the center of the flat-panel TV to its sides, the viewer often has a poor visual experience on the edge of the flat-panel TV. ",
"On the other hand, because the curved TV has a curved design, the distortion on the edge of the screen can be reduced, and the visual presence can be improved.",
"\nIn the conventional curved display device, it is implemented by bending the substrate to form a curved shape having the same curvature. ",
"However, according to the above approach, the periphery circuit formed on the substrate, such as a gate driving circuit, will withstand the stress of bending in the manufacturing process with the thin film transistor array substrate bent to form the curved shape, thus the circuit characteristic will be affected accordingly. ",
"For example, the decreased electron mobility and the increased threshold voltage will result in lower circuit driving capability, so that the circuit reliability will be deteriorated accordingly. ",
"In other words, at the time of forming the display device having the curved shape with better viewing, the original circuit performance would be sacrificed. ",
"Therefore, the structure of the current curved display device could be improved."
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[
"\nYouTube-MP3 Settles with RIAA, Site Will Shut Down - simias\nhttps://torrentfreak.com/youtube-mp3-settles-with-riaa-site-will-shut-down-170904/\n======\ndjsumdog\nYou can use youtube-dl, VideoDownloadHelper .. so many other tools that can be\nused. ",
"This was more of a tool for the non-tech person.",
"\n\nThe settlement kept this away from court, so we avoid the much bigger issue.",
"\nYouTube is sending you their video/audio. ",
"Your browser plays it. ",
"Depending on\nwhich browser or tool, it could play it differently, alter it as it plays it,\ncache the video or even save it to disk for permanent archive.",
"\n\nThere's Hooktube which lets you view videos without the YouTube cookies;\npulling straight from Google's CDN.",
"\n\nAt what point can companies bind the end users on the Internet for the means\nby which we accept their data? ",
"Can they ban greesemonkey scripts like Facebook\ndid with unfriendfinder?",
"\n\n[http://penguindreams.org/blog/discoverying-friend-list-\nchang...](http://penguindreams.org/blog/discoverying-friend-list-changes-on-\nfacebook-with-python/)\n\nThe big companies are challenging the way you represent the data they give you\nand what you can do with it. ",
"That's not the free web. ",
"That's not what Tim\nBerners-Lee envisioned.",
"\n\n"
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[
"{\n \"name\": \"Linksys E1550\",\n \"author\": \"fofa\",\n \"version\": \"0.1.0\",\n \"matches\": [\n {\n \"search\": \"headers\",\n \"text\": \"Linksys E1550\"\n }\n ]\n}"
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[
"1. ",
"Field\nThe present disclosure relates to a light module and, more particularly, to a light emitting diode (LED) array optical module based on a double-reflective element concept.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of Related Art\nLight modules have been developed for various applications, but most of them have been addressed to a single source reflective module, which creates a roughly circular pattern but provide an uneven light distribution pattern."
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[
"Photoproduction of the rho(0) meson on the proton at large momentum transfer.",
"\nThe differential cross section, d sigma/dt, for rho(0) meson photoproduction on the proton above the resonance region was measured up to a momentum transfer -t = 5 GeV2 using the CLAS detector at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. ",
"The rho(0) channel was extracted from the measured two charged-pion cross sections by fitting the pi(+)pi(-) and p pi(+) invariant masses. ",
"The low momentum transfer region shows the typical diffractive pattern expected from Reggeon exchange. ",
"The flatter behavior at large -t cannot be explained solely in terms of QCD-inspired two-gluon exchange models. ",
"The data indicate that other processes, like quark interchange, are important to fully describe rho photoproduction."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Social media users mocked InfoWars founder and host Alex Jones for predicting that Democrats are planning to start a civil war on July 4.",
"\n\nThe conspiracy theorist tweeted his prediction on Monday, accompanied by a video in which he claimed that “elite publications” were calling for a “civil emergency” using civil unrest and “racial strife” to force out President Trump Donald John TrumpBiden on Trump's refusal to commit to peaceful transfer of power: 'What country are we in?' ",
"Romney: 'Unthinkable and unacceptable' to not commit to peaceful transition of power Two Louisville police officers shot amid Breonna Taylor grand jury protests MORE.",
"\n\nBREAKING: Democrats Plan To Launch Civil War On July 4th https://t.co/38AWiUFaag — Alex Jones (@RealAlexJones) July 1, 2018\n\nTwitter users were quick to jump on Jones’s claims, mocking him with letters written in the style of those from soldiers written during the American Civil War.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nMany of the tweets referenced the alt-right and spoke of fighting the “MAGA” or “red hats,” referencing President Trump’s campaign slogan, Make America Great Again.",
"\n\n#secondcivilwarletters Dearest wife,\n\nWe were besieged on all sides with the dankest of memes from the 2nd Flying Pepe Battalion; however the siege lifted when the owner of a Thai/Mexican fusion restaurant denied service to Field Marshall Stephen Miller. ",
"Pls refill iTunes account — Craig Jordan Potter (@Cjpotter2112) July 3, 2018\n\nDear Mom and dad,\n\n\n\nThe war is going well. ",
"The MAGA’s launched a barrage of red hats at us yesterday, but we retaliated by making them read books. ",
"They’ve created an image of strength but are very weak. ",
"We will win.",
"\n\n\n\nSend my love to Roscoe.",
"\n\n\n\nLove,\n\nSam#SecondCivilWarLetters — Sam Bova (@sam_bova) July 3, 2018\n\n#secondcivilwarletters\n\n\n\nDear Pa,\n\n\n\nRations are dwindling. ",
"Morale is low.",
"\n\n\n\nThe Trump supporters we captured refused to share bathrooms with our trans troops.",
"\n\n\n\nWe told them it was either that or they could piss in their own corn meal and eat it.",
"\n\n\n\nAnd they did. ",
"To “own the libs”. — ",
"Charlotte Clymer️ (@cmclymer) July 3, 2018\n\nMy love,\n\n\n\nSpying on a battalion of MAGA. ",
"Their red hats have faded to pink in the sun causing chaos in the ranks. ",
"Soldiers are yelling \"bad guy with a gun\" and shooting each other.",
"\n\n\n\nWill be home by Labor Day.#secondcivilwarletters — Charlotte (@factsarefact12) July 3, 2018\n\nDearest Ruth,\n\n\n\nArrived deep in the woods of Bowling Green. ",
"I fear we may be surrounded. ",
"The enemy remains out of sight, but the aroma of Hot Pockets and hand lotion permeates the air. ",
"This may be the end.",
"\n\n\n\nPS dont check my browsing history.#secondcivilwarletters — Matt Green (@matthewcgreen) July 3, 2018\n\nDearest family\n\nOur plan worked. ",
"Their love of our candy helped us strike the final blow, and bring the wall down. ",
"We shall celebrate by finally putting a taco truck on every corner #secondcivilwarletters pic.twitter.com/iNfkuks4t3 — Charlie Rodriguez (@CharlieandTed) July 3, 2018"
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] | 0.051717 | 27 |
[
"Researchers Closer to Uncovering a New Feature in Heart Failure\n\nAuthor Information (click to view)\n\nPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania\n\nPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (click to view)\n\nPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania\n\nAdvertisement\n\nA team of researchers from Penn Medicine, in collaboration with the University of Connecticut, published their findings today in the Journal of the American Heart Association, building on a methods paper which was published recently in Nature Protocols. ",
"The team is the first to have developed a method for measuring the length of telomeres using human heart tissues.",
"\n\n“Once we had established the method for measuring the telomeres in heart cells, which was tricky because human cardiac cells are rarely taken from a living person, we acquired heart tissue samples from patients receiving heart transplants and organ donors in order to evaluate telomere length,” said the study’s lead researcher, Foteini Mourkioti, PhD, an assistant professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, and co-director of the Musculoskeletal Regeneration Program in the Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine. “",
"Using samples from the Penn Heart Tissue Biobank meant we were also able to acquire patient data for the samples, so we knew useful information like the patient’s age, sex, and heart function.”",
"\n\nResearchers were able to measure the telomeres in the samples of patients who had heart disease and those who did not, and group the findings into categories based on patients’ age. ",
"They found that in the samples for healthy people, age did not play a role in telomere length, since the telomeres of both young and old healthy individuals were not affected. ",
"However, patients with heart failure had shorter telomeres regardless of their age. ",
"In comparing diseased and healthy samples, researchers were able to draw a correlation between shorter telomeres and the presence of heart failure. ",
"Patients with the shortest telomeres in their cardiac cells also had the most severely decreased cardiac function. ",
"The team also found that the cardiomyocytes were the only heart cells affected by the telomere length in disease samples, but the telomere length of other cells within the same diseased heart samples were not different.",
"\n\n“This human tissue research is critical as it may open the door for future telomere preserving therapies to help protect heart failure patients” said co-author Kenneth B. Margulies, MD, a professor of Medicine and research director for Heart Failure and Transplantation. “",
"While there is a need to better understand howheart disease induces telomere shortening, this is an important step in the research process, one that brings us closer to a better understanding of heart failure”"
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[
"Murder charge filed in infant's death\n\nA local woman has been charged with murder for allegedly leaving her infant son unattended in a car.",
"\n\nSheryl Ann Jackson, 24, of Greenville was taken into custody Monday and arraigned Tuesday morning on one count of murder while committing a felony offense in connection with the death of Tytus Hoskins. ",
"Bond was set at $250,000.",
"\n\nJackson is alleged to have left Hoskins unattended in a vehicle for more than two hours on Dec. 1, 2012, according to an indictment issued last month by the Hunt County grand jury.",
"\n\nThe indictment, which was issued sealed pending Jackson’s arrest, accused Jackson of “intentionally or knowingly committing or attempting to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life” — namely leaving Hoskins unattended in the vehicle for more than two hours — and then, after seeking medical attention, not informing doctors for two days that the boy had been left in the vehicle. ",
"The indictment also alleged the incident was an act of family violence.",
"\n\nThe Greenville Police Department reported the six-month old Hoskins began to succumb to exposure and the consequences of exposure on the day when the temperature rose to an unseasonably warm 81 degrees.",
"\n\nJackson retrieved the child and sought medical attention, allegedly telling emergency personnel the child felt hot, but not informing them Hoskins had been left inside the vehicle. ",
"The boy was transported to the Hunt Regional Medical Center and then later by air ambulance to a Dallas hospital where he died."
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[
"/*\n * Copyright (c) 2015 MediaTek Inc.\n * Author: Hongzhou.",
"Yang <[email protected]>\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation.",
"\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n */\n\n#include <linux/init.h>\n#include <linux/platform_device.h>\n#include <linux/of.h>\n#include <linux/of_device.h>\n#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>\n#include <linux/pinctrl/pinconf-generic.h>\n#include <linux/mfd/mt6397/core.h>\n\n#include \"pinctrl-mtk-common.h\"\n#include \"pinctrl-mtk-mt6397.h\"\n\n#define MT6397_PIN_REG_BASE 0xc000\n\nstatic const struct mtk_pinctrl_devdata mt6397_pinctrl_data = {\n\t.pins = mtk_pins_mt6397,\n\t.npins = ARRAY_SIZE(mtk_pins_mt6397),\n\t.dir_offset = (MT6397_PIN_REG_BASE + 0x000),\n\t.ies_offset = MTK_PINCTRL_NOT_SUPPORT,\n\t.smt_offset = MTK_PINCTRL_NOT_SUPPORT,\n\t.pullen_offset = (MT6397_PIN_REG_BASE + 0x020),\n\t.pullsel_offset = (MT6397_PIN_REG_BASE + 0x040),\n\t.dout_offset = (MT6397_PIN_REG_BASE + 0x080),\n\t.din_offset = (MT6397_PIN_REG_BASE + 0x0a0),\n\t.pinmux_offset = (MT6397_PIN_REG_BASE + 0x0c0),\n\t.type1_start = 41,\n\t.type1_end = 41,\n\t.port_shf = 3,\n\t.port_mask = 0x3,\n\t.port_align = 2,\n};\n\nstatic int mt6397_pinctrl_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)\n{\n\tstruct mt6397_chip *mt6397;\n\n\tmt6397 = dev_get_drvdata(pdev->dev.parent);\n\treturn mtk_pctrl_init(pdev, &mt6397_pinctrl_data, mt6397->regmap);\n}\n\nstatic const struct of_device_id mt6397_pctrl_match[] = {\n\t{ .compatible = \"mediatek,mt6397-pinctrl\", },\n\t{ }\n};\n\nstatic struct platform_driver mtk_pinctrl_driver = {\n\t.probe = mt6397_pinctrl_probe,\n\t.driver = {\n\t\t.name = \"mediatek-mt6397-pinctrl\",\n\t\t.of_match_table = mt6397_pctrl_match,\n\t},\n};\n\nbuiltin_platform_driver(mtk_pinctrl_driver);\n"
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0.0016566812992095947
] | 0.000842 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nIs there a better way to write this jQuery script?",
"\n\nSo the script works, but it seems pretty long. ",
"I think there may be some shortcuts I could take, maybe use an array? ",
"But I'm new at JS, and really new at jQuery.",
"\nWhat it does:\nI have a list of ten questions, and I want to take a graphic (plus sign) and toggle it when clicked to a minus sign. ",
"It will also reveal the answer by using a slide toggle.",
"\nHere's the code:\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"jquery-1.3.2.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"> \n $(document).ready(function() {\n $(\".divOne\").hide();\n $(\".divTwo\").hide();\n $(\".divThree\").hide();\n $(\".divFour\").hide();\n $(\".divFive\").hide();\n $(\".divSix\").hide();\n $(\".divSeven\").hide();\n $(\".divEight\").hide();\n $(\".divNine\").hide();\n $(\".divTen\").hide();\n\n $(\".bbone\").click(function(){\n $(\".divOne\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button1\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbtwo\").click(function(){\n $(\".divTwo\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button2\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbthree\").click(function(){\n $(\".divThree\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button3\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbfour\").click(function(){\n $(\".divFour\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button4\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbfive\").click(function(){\n $(\".divFive\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button5\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbsix\").click(function(){\n $(\".divSix\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button6\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbseven\").click(function(){\n $(\".divSeven\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button7\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbeight\").click(function(){\n $(\".divEight\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button8\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbnine\").click(function(){\n $(\".divNine\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button9\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n $(\".bbten\").click(function(){\n $(\".divTen\").slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(\"#button10\").toggleClass(\"down\");\n });\n\n }); \n</script>\n\nHere's the CSS:\n<style type=\"text/css\">\nbody\n{\nfont-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n}\n.divOne, .divTwo, .divThree, .divFour, .divFive, .divSix, .divSeven, .divEight, .divNine, .divTen\n{\nborder:1px solid #CC0000;\nbackground-color:#efefef;\nwidth:580px;\nmargin-top:5px;\nfont-size:10px;\npadding:5px;\nclear:left;\n}\n.one, .two, .three, .four, .five, .six, .seven, .eight, .nine, .ten\n{\npadding-left:10px;\ntext-decoration:none;\ncolor:#CC0000;\nfont-variant:small-caps;\nfont-size:14px;\n}\n.bbone, .bbtwo, .bbthree, .bbfour, .bbfive, .bbsix,.bbseven,.bbeight,.bbnine,.bbten\n{\nvertical-align:middle;\n}\n.question\n{\nheight:auto;\nbackground-color:#fff;\nmargin-bottom:10px;\nwidth:800px;\n}\np {\nmargin:0;\npadding:0;\nfloat:left;\nwidth:16px;\nheight:16px;\nbackground-image:url(images/add.png);\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat; \n }\n\np.down {\nfloat:left;\nwidth:16px;\nheight:16px;\nbackground-image:url(images/delete.png);\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\n }\n\n.wwwLink\n{\npadding-left:20px;\nbackground: transparent url(images/world_go.png) no-repeat center left;\n}\n</style>\n\nHere's the HTML:\n<body>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button1\" class=\"bbone\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"one\">Myth No. ",
"1: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. ",
". </a><br/>\n<div class=\"divOne\">\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
"\n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button2\" class=\"bbtwo\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"two\">Myth No. ",
"2: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divTwo\">\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
"<br/><br/> \n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button3\" class=\"bbthree\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"three\">Myth No. ",
"3: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divThree\">\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
"<br/><br/>\n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button4\" class=\"bbfour\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"four\">Myth No. ",
"4: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divFour\">\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
"<br/><br/>\n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button5\" class=\"bbfive\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"five\">Myth No. ",
"5: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divFive\">\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
" <br/><br/>\n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button6\" class=\"bbsix\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"six\">Myth No. ",
"6: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divSix\">\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
" <br/><br/>\n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button7\" class=\"bbseven\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"seven\">Myth No. ",
"7: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divSeven\">\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
"\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button8\" class=\"bbeight\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"eight\">Myth No. ",
"8: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divEight\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
"\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button9\" class=\"bbnine\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"nine\">Myth No. ",
"9: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divNine\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
" <br/><br/>\n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"button10\" class=\"bbten\"> </p><a href=\"#\" class=\"ten\">Myth No. ",
"10: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a><br/>\n<div class=\"divTen\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
" <br/><br/>\n<a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" class=\"wwwLink\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n</div>\n</div>\n<body>\n\nA:\n\nUse this instead of any of the jQuery you posted:\n$(document).ready(function() {\n $('div.question')\n .children('div').hide().end()\n .children('p').click(function(){\n $(this).toggleClass('down').next().slideToggle(\"slow\");\n });\n});\n\nAlso, you really should consolidate your classes. ",
"I would use this updated HTML pattern for all your questions:\n<div class=\"question\">\n <p class=\"button\"> <a href=\"#\">Myth No. ",
"2: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Aliquam egestas. &",
"nbsp;</a></p>\n <div>\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ",
"Quisque interdum purus porta urna aliquet consectetur. ",
"Maecenas tempus tellus sed augue tincidunt molestie fermentum lorem porttitor. ",
"Nam tincidunt elit vitae quam. ",
"<br/><br/> \n <a href=\"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask\" target=\"_blank\">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing. ",
"</a>\n </div>\n</div>\n\nYour CSS would follow this form:\n.question { }\n.button { } /* Instead of bbOne, bbTwo, etc*/\n.question div { } /* Instead of divOne, divTwo, etc */\n.question div a { } /* Instead of wwwLink */\n\nAnd then I would use this slightly updated jQuery:\n$(document).ready(function() {\n $('div.question')\n .children('div').hide().end()\n .find('p > a').click(function(e){\n $(this)\n .parent().toggleClass('down')\n .next().slideToggle(\"slow\");\n e.preventDefault();\n });\n});\n\nA:\n\nsomething like\n$(document).ready(function(){\n $('.question div').hide();\n $('.question p').click(function(){\n $(this).next('div').slideToggle(\"slow\");\n $(this).addClass('down');\n });\n});\n\nyou could also modify your markup some and use the jquery ui accordion: \nhttp://docs.jquery.com/UI/Accordion \n\n"
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"Two standard types of PBSs include polarizing beams splitters containing birefringent materials (often referred to herein as birefringent PBSs) and polarizing beam splitters using thin-film coatings (often referred to herein as coated PBSs). ",
"Generally, coated PBSs are much less expensive and more durable than birefringent PBSs. ",
"Additionally, all the materials in a coated PBS can be “factory-made” to a high degree of purity, but calcite, which is the most commonly used birefringent material in birefringent PBSs, currently cannot be artificially manufactured and supplies of calcite found in nature are dwindling.",
"\nFIG. ",
"1 shows a cross-section of a coated PBS 100 including a thin-film coating 120 between two pieces of isotropic glass 110 and 130. ",
"Glass pieces 110 and 130 are prisms having cross-sections that are isosceles right triangles. ",
"Thin-film coating 120 is on one piece of glass (e.g., prism 110) and a glue layer that binds the pieces is on the other piece of glass (e.g., prism 130).",
"\nThin-film coating 120 generally includes multiple layers of two or more materials having different indices of refraction. ",
"The layer materials, the number of layers, and the thickness of each layer are selected to transmit light having a first linear polarization P and reflect light having a second linear polarization S.\nAs illustrated in FIG. ",
"1, an input beam IN containing components with both polarizations P and S is incident normal to the surface of glass 110 and at 45° to the normal of thin-film coating 120. ",
"If thin-film coating 120 is properly constructed, a beam TOut, which is transmitted through thin-film coating 120, predominantly contains light having the first polarization P, and a beam ROut, which is reflected from thin-film coating 120, predominantly contains light having the second polarization S. Generally, each output beam TOut and ROut will have polarization components with both polarizations P and S. The ratio of the intensity of the predominant polarization component P or S to the other polarization component S or P is commonly referred to as the extinction ratio.",
"\nCoated PBSs generally do not perform as well as birefringent PBSs. ",
"Many birefringent PBSs can provide extinction ratios greater than 10,000:1 for both transmitted and reflected beams. ",
"Most commercially available coated PBSs produce one “good” polarization (usually the transmitted beam) having an extinction ratio of about 500:1 or better and a not-as-good polarization having an extinction ratio of less than about 200:1. ",
"Most optics catalogs and manufacturers specify the extinction ratio of the transmitted beam, and the extinction ratio for the reflected beam (if indicated) is relatively poor.",
"\nMany applications, including interferometers and some fiberoptic gyroscopes, require two beams with polarizations that are highly linear and orthogonal, for example, output beams from a PBS having extinction ratios greater than about 1,000:1. ",
"These applications have commonly used birefringent beam splitters or added “clean-up” polarizers to the outputs of a coated PBSs. ",
"Adding polarizers to the output of a coated PBS increases system cost and complexity and also requires additional alignment processes. ",
"Development of better coatings that provide higher extinction levels may be able to achieve high extinction ratios in coated PBSs, but methods for improving the extinction ratios of coated PBSs without increasing system cost and complexity are sought."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
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] | 0.000719 | 19 |
[
"require 'spec_helper'\n\ndescribe 'cassandra-dse::repositories' do\n context 'Centos 7.0' do\n let(:chef_run) do\n ChefSpec::SoloRunner.new(platform: 'centos', version: '7.3.1611') do |node|\n node.override['cassandra']['config']['cluster_name'] = 'test'\n end.converge(described_recipe)\n end\n\n it 'adds the datastax repository' do\n expect(chef_run).to create_yum_repository('datastax').with(\n baseurl: 'http://rpm.datastax.com/community',\n description: 'DataStax Repo for Apache Cassandra',\n gpgcheck: false,\n enabled: true\n )\n end\n end\n\n context 'Ubuntu 16.04' do\n let(:chef_run) do\n ChefSpec::SoloRunner.new(platform: 'ubuntu', version: '16.04') do |node|\n node.override['cassandra']['config']['cluster_name'] = 'test'\n end.converge(described_recipe)\n end\n\n it 'installs the apt-transport-https package' do\n expect(chef_run).to install_package('apt-transport-https')\n end\n\n it 'adds the datastax repository' do\n expect(chef_run).to add_apt_repository('datastax').with(\n uri: 'https://debian.datastax.com/community/',\n distribution: 'stable',\n components: %w[main],\n key: 'https://debian.datastax.com/debian/repo_key'\n )\n end\n end\nend\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0007287591579370201
] | 0.000729 | 1 |
[
"Q:\n\nUnit tests: avoiding overspecification\n\nSay I have the following method that sends emails.",
"\nI know I should have tests for the different status codes returned.",
"\nI am also testing if the the methods CreateMail() and Send() are being called.",
"\nI guess in the end what's important is if the success status is returned or not. ",
"Should I be testing if these methods are being called or not ?",
"\npublic void SendMail(Model model, out Status status)\n{\n if (!",
"MyValidator.",
"IsValidEmailAddress(model.",
"EmailRecipient))\n {\n status = Status.",
"InvalidEmailAddress;\n return;\n }\n\n // code removed for clarity\n\n IEmailMessage email = _emailMessageBuilder.",
"CreateMail(model);\n\n _mailerClient.",
"Send(email);\n\n status = Status.",
"Success;\n}\n\n[TestMethod]\npublic void SendMail_CreateMailGetsCalledOnce()\n{ ... }\n\n[TestMethod]\npublic void SendMail_SendGetsCalledOnce()\n{ ... }\n\nA:\n\nYou should avoid doing assertions on the method's innards as much as possible, to avoid coupling the unit tests to implementation specific details. ",
"In reality, of course, that's not always possible.",
"\nIn this case, you don't need to verify whether those methods were called. ",
"\nYou're gonna have to provide a mock for _emailMessageBuilder, IEmailMessage and _mailerClient. ",
"If:\n\nthe mailer client is setup to return a status code of 200 if it is asked to send the email created by the message builder, \nand if the message build is setup to return that email if it is asked to create an email for model, \nand if SendMail returns 200,\n\nthen you can infer that the right methods were called. ",
"No need to explicitly verify this.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
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] | 0.001073 | 19 |
[
"'Transracial' man born white feels like he is Filipino\n\nTAMPA, Fla. -- Riding in a flamboyant purple vehicle, Ja Du shows up to a coffee shop to open up about his new identity.",
"\n\nJa Du, born a white male named Adam, now considers himself Filipino. ",
"Turns out, the purple ride he drives around in is called a Tuk Tuk, an Asian-derived vehicle used for public transit in the Philippines he says.",
"\n\nLoading ...\n\nJa Du is part of a small, but growing community of people who considers themselves transracial. ",
"It refers to someone born as one race, but identifies as another.",
"\n\nSounds weird? ",
"Not to them. ",
"Ja Du says he grew up enjoying Filipino food, events and the overall culture.",
"\n\n“Whenever I’m around the music, around the food, I feel like I’m in my own skin,” he said.",
"\n\n“I’d watch the History Channel sometimes for hours, you know, whenever it came to that and, you know, nothing else intrigued me more but things about Filipino culture.”",
"\n\nIf you’re thinking this sounds familiar, you might remember the story of Rachel Dolezal. ",
"Dolezal was born white, but identified as black and portrayed herself as such. ",
"She was even the president of the Spokane, WA chapter of the NAACP.",
"\n\nAfter she appeared on an episode of the TV show Dr. Phil, the term transracial started to become more widely known. ",
"Now, we are finding out this community of people who identify as another race is growing.",
"\n\nIf you look on Facebook, where we found Ja Du, groups dubbed transracial are popping up with dozens of members."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
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[
"Trump’s budget is a wily political move\n\nDonald Trump’s latest budget proposal, which demands billions for a border wall at the expense of social safety nets and environmental protections, was dismissed on Monday as “dead on arrival”, says David Smith in The Guardian. ",
"His $4.7trn budget for the 2020 fiscal year, which starts in October, includes cuts to domestic programmes of 5% or $2.7trn over ten years in order – supposedly – to curb America’s national debt, which stands at a record $22trn. ",
"But budgets released by the White House have “little chance of passing”. ",
"They are more “starting points for negotiation with Congress”.",
"\n\nThankfully, this budget is going “nowhere anytime soon”, says Ben Ritz in Forbes. ",
"Despite comically optimistic growth forecasts, it would still produce a bigger national debt than the policies in President Barack Obama’s final budget proposal. ",
"But the worst aspect is the gutting of investments that provide the foundations for long-term prosperity, such as for infrastructure, education and scientific research, including “aggressive cuts” to anything related to climate change. ",
"Meanwhile, Trump’s 2017 tax cuts would be made permanent, and defence spending increased. ",
"This budget is a recipe for greater poverty, inequality and higher national debt.",
"\n\nThe “red ink” is a “minor problem” for Trump, says Irwin Stelzer in The Sunday Times. ",
"Deficits in trillions are hard for “ordinary people to imagine”. ",
"The point of this budget is to reassure Trump’s core that he is fighting to redeem campaign promises while widening “fractures” within the Democrats. ",
"Democrat moderates fear that a radical – and expensive – agenda, promoted by the socialist wing of their party, will make voters return to Trump. ",
"This budget might be “DOA” in Congress, but it is a “very-much-alive campaign ploy to which Democrats will be hard-pressed to respond without tearing their party apart”."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
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] | 0.001783 | 14 |
[
"Book Description University of Utah Press,U.S., United States, 2002. ",
"Paperback. ",
"Condition: New. ",
"Language: English . ",
"Brand New Book. ",
"Western HistoryThe incredible true adventure of the only person known to have survived so long while lost in Yellowstone wilderness. ",
"When Truman Evert visited the Yellowstone area in 1870, the Yellowstone belonged to myth. ",
"Scattered reports of a mostly unexplored wilderness filled with natural wonders caught the public s and Evert s attention. ",
"Although fifty-four, nearsighted, and an inexperienced woodsman, he joined the expedition determined to map and investigate the mysterious Yellowstone. ",
"Separated from his party, and then abandoned by his horse, Evert embarked on one of the most grueling survival adventures recorded on the American frontier. ",
"For thirty-seven days he wandered Yellowstone alone, injured, and without food save that which he could scrape from an unfriendly land. ",
"Truman Evert s story manifests the qualities we associate with the great explorers: endurance, determination, inventiveness, and courage in the face of unendurable hardship. ",
"Lost in the Yellowstone is an inspiration, and a testament to one man s will to survive. ",
"Seller Inventory # AAN9780874804812\n\nBook Description University of Utah Press,U.S., United States, 2002. ",
"Paperback. ",
"Condition: New. ",
"Language: English . ",
"Brand New Book. ",
"Western HistoryThe incredible true adventure of the only person known to have survived so long while lost in Yellowstone wilderness. ",
"When Truman Evert visited the Yellowstone area in 1870, the Yellowstone belonged to myth. ",
"Scattered reports of a mostly unexplored wilderness filled with natural wonders caught the public s and Evert s attention. ",
"Although fifty-four, nearsighted, and an inexperienced woodsman, he joined the expedition determined to map and investigate the mysterious Yellowstone. ",
"Separated from his party, and then abandoned by his horse, Evert embarked on one of the most grueling survival adventures recorded on the American frontier. ",
"For thirty-seven days he wandered Yellowstone alone, injured, and without food save that which he could scrape from an unfriendly land. ",
"Truman Evert s story manifests the qualities we associate with the great explorers: endurance, determination, inventiveness, and courage in the face of unendurable hardship. ",
"Lost in the Yellowstone is an inspiration, and a testament to one man s will to survive. ",
"Seller Inventory # AAN9780874804812"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
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] | 0.000859 | 27 |
[
"Backfile Scanning\n\nLooking to cut down on time spent searching for missing records?",
"\n\nOur backfile scanning services are the solution you’ve been looking for. ",
"Whether you have a single container or an entire building full of files, we can handle any volume that you require. ",
"As more and more organizations begin the switch to paperless solutions, it is important that legacy files from previous years be a part of the new record keeping system. ",
"By combining your digitization project with the resources of The Data Vault, you can be assured of fast, accurate, and efficient completion of your backfile conversion project.",
"\n\nWith state of the art scanning equipment, our imaging department can even handle uniquely sized and exotic records such as:\n\nArchitectural blueprints\n\nSensitive historical documents\n\nPatient charts\n\nLegal filings\n\nThe average lost record can cost an organization $220 a piece in time spent searching for the file or replacing it, and larger companies lose one every twelve seconds. ",
"By embracing a paperless office, you stand to save thousands of dollars over the years in increased productivity. ",
"For an example of how The Data Vault helped a Louisville area medical office transition to one of these money and time saving digital solutions, download our whitepaper today!",
"\n\nWhether your project is trying to free up clutter in the office by turning paperwork into digital files or an adaptation to keep up during peak business periods, The Data Vault stands ready to provide powerful bulk scanning solutions. ",
"Contact us today to speak with one of our expert consultants!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.001127718947827816,
0.0007613969501107931,
0.0006914291298016906,
0.0005443287082016468,
0.0005947111640125513,
0.0006491090171039104,
0.0007919762865640223,
0.0005843683029524982,
0.0006221572984941304,
0.0006217195768840611
] | 0.000699 | 10 |
[
"/*\r\n * Copyright Andrey Semashev 2016.",
"\r\n * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.",
"\r\n * (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\r\n * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\r\n */\r\n/*!",
"\r\n * \\file c_str.hpp\r\n * \\author Andrey Semashev\r\n * \\date 23.02.2016\r\n *\r\n * This header is the Boost.",
"Log library implementation, see the library documentation\r\n * at http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/log/doc/html/index.html.",
"\r\n */\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_LOG_DETAIL_C_STR_HPP_INCLUDED_\r\n#define BOOST_LOG_DETAIL_C_STR_HPP_INCLUDED_\r\n\r\n#include <string>\r\n#include <boost/core/enable_if.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/log/detail/config.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/log/detail/is_character_type.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/log/detail/header.hpp>\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_PRAGMA_ONCE\r\n#pragma once\r\n#endif\r\n\r\nnamespace boost {\r\n\r\nBOOST_LOG_OPEN_NAMESPACE\r\n\r\nnamespace aux {\r\n\r\ntemplate< typename T >\r\ninline typename boost::enable_if_c< is_character_type< T >::value, const T* >::type c_str(const T* str) BOOST_NOEXCEPT\r\n{\r\n return str;\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate< typename T, typename TraitsT, typename AllocatorT >\r\ninline typename boost::enable_if_c< is_character_type< T >::value, const T* >::type c_str(std::basic_string< T, TraitsT, AllocatorT > const& str) BOOST_NOEXCEPT\r\n{\r\n return str.c_str();\r\n}\r\n\r\n} // namespace aux\r\n\r\nBOOST_LOG_CLOSE_NAMESPACE // namespace log\r\n\r\n} // namespace boost\r\n\r\n#include <boost/log/detail/footer.hpp>\r\n\r\n#endif // BOOST_LOG_DETAIL_C_STR_HPP_INCLUDED_\r\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0008844214025884867,
0.0006546959630213678,
0.0006758109666407108,
0.0011163895251229405,
0.0005862321122549474,
0.0018009551567956805
] | 0.000953 | 6 |
[
"7*k + 22 = 8 for k.\n-2\nSolve 3*k = 5*k + 2 for k.\n-1\nSolve 86*l - 78 = 73*l for l.\n6\nSolve -54*l + 137 = -79 for l.\n4\nSolve 3*h + h = 0 for h.\n0\nSolve 108 = 19*h - 6 for h.\n6\nSolve 164*q - 172*q = 48 for q.\n-6\nSolve 3*y + 2 = 5 for y.\n1\nSolve 798*z - 795*z + 12 = 0 for z.\n-4\nSolve 157*t - 153*t + 40 = 0 for t.\n-10\nSolve -10 = -8*k - 50 for k.\n-5\nSolve 9 - 79 = 14*m for m.\n-5\nSolve 19*y + 93 = 245 for y.\n8\nSolve 0 = -13*a + 19*a for a.\n0\nSolve 5 = -19*h + 5 for h.\n0\nSolve -20*i = -18*i - 10 for i.\n5\nSolve 109*m + 1135 = 372 for m.\n-7\nSolve 5*c = -9*c + 11*c for c.\n0\nSolve 220 = 515*b - 471*b for b.\n5\nSolve -36 = -12*r + 3*r for r.\n4\nSolve 9*y + 13 + 32 = 0 for y.\n-5\nSolve -y = -3*y for y.\n0\nSolve -27*u - 145 = 2*u for u.\n-5\nSolve 0 + 0 = 7*y for y.\n0\nSolve 14 = 9*p - 4 for p.\n2\nSolve 71 - 41 = -15*p for p.\n-2\nSolve 7*d = -3 - 4 for d.\n-1\nSolve 67*b - 5*b = -372 for b.\n-6\nSolve -46*o + 41*o = 0 for o.\n0\nSolve 4*m - 13 = -5 for m.\n2\nSolve -122 = -7*p - 164 for p.\n-6\nSolve -120*w + 121*w - 3 = 0 for w.\n3\nSolve -11*y = -26*y - 90 for y.\n-6\nSolve 0 = -h + 28 - 27 for h.\n1\nSolve 20*z + 116 = -9*z for z.\n-4\nSolve m = -2*m - 3 for m.\n-1\nSolve 0 = 39*r - 17 + 56 for r.\n-1\nSolve 263*t = 256*t + 35 for t.\n5\nSolve 0 = 12*c - c + 44 for c.\n-4\nSolve 51 = 10*p + 31 for p.\n2\nSolve -z + 35 = 31 for z.\n4\nSolve 2*y - 14 + 4 = 0 for y.\n5\nSolve 127 - 137 = -2*l for l.\n5\nSolve -5 = 6*x - 23 for x.\n3\nSolve -33 - 29 = 31*y for y.\n-2\nSolve 73 - 58 = -5*h for h.\n-3\nSolve -y + 2*y + 2 = 0 for y.\n-2\nSolve -3*c = -9*c - 24 for c.\n-4\nSolve 61 = 8*a + 29 for a.\n4\nSolve 0 = 9*i - 146 + 227 for i.\n-9\nSolve 0 = -16*b - 15 - 65 for b.\n-5\nSolve 59*k + 9 = 56*k for k.\n-3\nSolve -44 = -6*d - 16*d for d.\n2\nSolve 18*y = 40*y + 22 for y.\n-1\nSolve 205*g - 35 = 200*g for g.\n7\nSolve -1544 = 5*u - 1574 for u.\n6\nSolve 15*m = -89 + 29 for m.\n-4\nSolve 46 = 13*p + 20 for p.\n2\nSolve -504*m - 64 = -496*m for m.\n-8\nSolve -53 + 61 = 2*l for l.\n4\nSolve 41*y - 43*y = -8 for y.\n4\nSolve 8*p - 8 = 6*p for p.\n4\nSolve -8*a + 11 = -13 for a.\n3\nSolve -46*b = -4*b + 84 for b.\n-2\nSolve 0 = r - 1371 + 1369 for r.\n2\nSolve 0 = 4*g + 195 - 211 for g.\n4\nSolve -2*j = -516 + 506 for j.\n5\nSolve 92*k = 28*k + 256 for k.\n4\nSolve -69 + 85 = 16*w for w.\n1\nSolve -806 - 121 = 103*w for w.\n-9\nSolve -71*d + 40*d + 155 = 0 for d.\n5\nSolve 38*m - 23*m = -75 for m.\n-5\nSolve -261 + 45 = 27*m for m.\n-8\nSolve -46*v + 51*v = -5 for v.\n-1\nSolve -428 - 41 = 67*h for h.\n-7\nSolve -196*o + 197*o - 7 = 0 for o.\n7\nSolve q - 12*q = 33 for q.\n-3\nSolve -69*d + 4 = -68*d for d.\n4\nSolve 7*i = -3*i + 2*i for i.\n0\nSolve 3*k = 12*k + 9 for k.\n-1\nSolve 26*j + 25 = 103 for j.\n3\nSolve 12 - 6 = -6*j for j.\n-1\nSolve -6 = -36*f + 42*f for f.\n-1\nSolve 117*k - 118*k = -8 for k.\n8\nSolve -35 = -7*d - 0*d for d.\n5\nSolve -5*m + 11*m = 30 for m.\n5\nSolve -124*v = -140*v - 96 for v.\n-6\nSolve 2*u + 5*u - 42 = 0 for u.\n6\nSolve 0 = 10*p - 8*p + 8 for p.\n-4\nSolve 804*x = 795*x - 18 for x.\n-2\nSolve 271*p = 274*p + 3 for p.\n-1\nSolve 187 = -t + 186 for t.\n-1\nSolve -37*x - 361 = -102 for x.\n-7\nSolve 45 = -4*n + 29 for n.\n-4\nSolve -9*b = -7*b + 4 for b.\n-2\nSolve 3*a = 1 - 10 for a.\n-3\nSolve u - 6*u = 4*u for u.\n0\nSolve -8*k + 29*k = -189 for k.\n-9\nSolve 24*d + 50 = -d for d.\n-2\nSolve 2*a - 3 = 5 for a.\n4\nSolve -8 = 220*i - 221*i for i.\n8\nSolve f = -0*f - 3 for f.\n-3\nSolve 5*r = -3*r + 16 for r.\n2\nSolve -126*l - 12 = -122*l for l.\n-3\nSolve 0 = -4*f + f + 5*f for f.\n0\nSolve 2*g - 7 = -7 for g.\n0\nSolve -5 + 17 = -12*x for x.\n-1\nSolve 9*j - 347 = -383 for j.\n-4\nSolve -8*k - 70 + 142 = 0 for k.\n9\nSolve b + 14 = 8*b for b.\n2\nSolve -115*y + 40*y = 225 for y.\n-3\nSolve -3*a - 61 = -55 for a.\n-2\nSolve 0 = 24*l + 58 + 62 for l.\n-5\nSolve -7*y = 28 + 7 for y.\n-5\nSolve 4*x - 15 = -7 for x.\n2\nSolve 6*f - 142 + 130 = 0 for f.\n2\nSolve 23 = 2*a + 9 for a.\n7\nSolve 120 = -3*l + 27*l for l.\n5\nSolve -110*j + 97*j - 52 = 0 for j.\n-4\nSolve 0 = m - 3*m - 8 for m.\n-4\nSolve 116*f = 136*f - 60 for f.\n3\nSolve -50*v - 6 = -52*v for v.\n3\nSolve -44*c + 42 + 2 = 0 for c.\n1\nSolve -20*q - 3*q - 92 = 0 for q.\n-4\nSolve -355*v + 353*v = 8 for v.\n-4\nSolve 15*o + 5*o - 120 = 0 for o.\n6\nSolve 9*w - 25 = -7 for w.\n2\nSolve 0 = -10*n + 3*n - n for n.\n0\nSolve -7 = -6*f + 17 for f.\n4\nSolve 0 = 6*q - 20*q + 28 for q.\n2\nSolve 10 - 34 = 12*j for j.\n-2\nSolve 0 = 61*b - 55*b + 6 for b.\n-1\nSolve z - 46 = -51 for z.\n-5\nSolve 20*d + 15 = 17*d for d.\n-5\nSolve -450 = -6*d - 468 for d.\n-3\nSolve -9*i = -12 - 24 for i.\n4\nSolve -74 = -91*k - 893 for k.\n-9\nSolve 2*m - 11*m = 0 for m.\n0\nSolve -14*j = -25*j for j.\n0\nSolve 0 - 6 = 3*z for z.\n-2\nSolve -8*n + 31 = -9 for n.\n5\nSolve -4 = -9*g + 5 for g.\n1\nSolve 235 - 230 = -5*i for i.\n-1\nSolve -k + 0*k - 5 = 0 for k.\n-5\nSolve -8*x + 33 = -7 for x.\n5\nSolve 5*z = 8 - 38 for z.\n-6\nSolve 14*y + 13 + 1 = 0 for y.\n-1\nSolve c = -13*c - 154 for c.\n-11\nSolve -6*u = -39 + 33 for u.\n1\nSolve 110 - 44 = -11*j for j.\n-6\nSolve -933*l - 12 = -939*l for l.\n2\nSolve -5*f = -2*f - 12 for f.\n4\nSolve 0 = 6*l - 87 + 81 for l.\n1\nSolve 22*g + 42 = -46 for g.\n-4\nSolve 51*h + 130 = -14*h for h.\n-2\nSolve 31*h = 32*h for h.\n0\nSolve -1289*l - 22 = -1278*l for l.\n-2\nSolve 21 = 5*l + 2*l for l.\n3\nSolve 13 = -4*p - 7 for p.\n-5\nSolve 8*v - 1736 + 1712 = 0 for v.\n3\nSolve -134*c + 217 = -103*c for c.\n7\nSolve -10*n + 0*n = -40 for n.\n4\nSolve -2*s = 239 - 247 for s.\n4\nSolve 11*q = -13*q for q.\n0\nSolve 0 = -26*p - 3*p + 87 for p.\n3\nSolve 0 = 43*u + 226 + 161 for u.\n-9\nSolve -1085 = 6*z - 1043 for z.\n-7\nSolve 0 = -5*b - 144 + 154 for b.\n2\nSolve -1 = -f - 0*f for f.\n1\nSolve 0 = 3*g - 9 for g.\n3\nSolve -2810*n - 6 = -2808*n for n.\n-3\nSolve -3 = l + 5 for l.\n-8\nSolve 0 = -15*r - 10 - 20 for r.\n-2\nSolve 125*m = 117*m - 16 for m.\n-2\nSolve 20*q + 58 + 2 = 0 for q.\n-3\nSolve 51*r - 55*r = -44 for r.\n11\nSolve 0 = 45*k - 21 - 24 for k.\n1\nSolve -246 - 363 = -87*c for c.\n7\nSolve 0 = -2*c + 314 - 324 for c.\n-5\nSolve -123*f + 40 = -131*f for f.\n-5\nSolve 9*i - 38 = -20 for i.\n2\nSolve 520*y - 10 = 522*y for y.\n-5\nSolve -21 = -142*c + 139*c for c.\n7\nSolve -2 + 0 = 2*a for a.\n-1\nSolve -48 = 14*i + 2*i for i.\n-3\nSolve -8*i + 15*i = 21 for i.\n3\nSolve -3*a + 6 = 3 for a.\n1\nSolve 7*i - 96 = -103 for i.\n-1\nSolve 0 = 11*w - 12 - 54 for w.\n6\nSolve -6*y - 38 = 13*y for y.\n-2\nSolve 2*z + 7 - 13 = 0 for z.\n3\nSolve 7*g + 15 = 4*g for g.\n-5\nSolve -36 = 8*c - 68 for c.\n4\nSolve 0 = 63*a - 48*a - 30 for a.\n2\nSolve 20*x - 186 + 246 = 0 for x.\n-3\nSolve -300 + 858 = -93*r for r.\n-6\nSolve 114 = 7*c + 93 for c.\n3\nSolve 12*t + 270 = -42*t for t.\n-5\nSolve 3*r + 166 = 151 for r.\n-5\nSolve 60*n - 14 = 74*n for n.\n-1\nSolve q - 18 = -20 for q.\n-2\nSolve 15 + 9 = 6*n for n.\n4\nSolve -35*d = -43*d + 48 for d.\n6\nSolve -8 + 4 = 2*o for o.\n-2\nSolve -10*d = 86 - 46 for d.\n-4\nSolve -6 = -46*h + 44*h for h.\n3\nSolve -229*y - 50 = -219*y for y.\n-5\nSolve 209 = 10*j + 179 for j.\n3\nSolve 169*p + 34 = 152*p for p.\n-2\nSolve 0 = 9*o - 69 + 24 for o.\n5\nSolve 0 = o - 3 + 8 for o.\n-5\nSolve 6*i + 17*i + 46 = 0 for i.\n-2\nSolve -2 = 3*v + 1 for v.\n-1\nSolve 0 = -3*n - 9 + 12 for n.\n1\nSolve -13 + 25 = 3*y for y.\n4\nSolve -318*s = -309*s + 72 for s.\n-8\nSolve 1293*c + 3 = 1296*c for c.\n1\nSolve 53*a = 42*a - 55 for a.\n-5\nSolve 27 = 32*w + 187 for w.\n-5\nSolve -4*k = 21 - 5 for k.\n-4\nSolve -1576*n = -1582*n + 24 for n.\n4\nSolve 0 = -9*j + 52*j + 43 for j.\n-1\nSolve -105*j - 6 = -111*j for j.\n1\nSolve -46 - 339 = 55*u for u.\n-7\nSolve -4*r - 40 = 4*r for r.\n-5\nSolve 477*d + 259 = 514*d for d.\n7\nSolve -f - 11 + 10 = 0 for f.\n-1\nSolve -3*t = -11*t - 16 for t.\n-2\nSolve 7*u - 1 = -8 for u.\n-1\nSolve -75*k = -78*k for k.\n0\nSolve -3*a = a + 12 for a.\n-3\nSolve 92*m = 83*m + 9 for m.\n1\nSolve -224*u = -227*u - 9 for u.\n-3\nSolve 0 = -7*b + 20 - 34 for b.\n-2\nSolve 0 = -27*w + 32*w - 20 for w.\n4\nSolve 0 = 20*w - 3*w - 68 for w.\n4\nSolve -2*a + 1 - 3 = 0 for a.\n-1\nSolve 1261*b + 96 = 1249*b for b.\n-8\nSolve 3*m - 209 = -224 for m.\n-5\nSolve 162*q = 153*q - 63 for q.\n-7\nSolve -8*o + 12*o = -8 for o.\n-2\nSolve 91*a = 63*a + 84 for a.\n3\nSolve -121*x = -141*x + 20 for x.\n1\nSolve -36*f = -103*f for f.\n0\nSolve -18*g = -16*g + 6 for g.\n-3\nSolve -2997 = 13*a - 3036 for a.\n3\nSolve -143*a + 135*a - 24 = 0 for a.\n-3\nSolve -220*w - 27 = -229*w for w.\n3\nSolve 44*q = 250 + 102 for q.\n8\nSolve 30*k - 21 = 27*k for k.\n7\nSolve -16*y - 5"
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[
"Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation\n\nThe Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Nisqually people. ",
"They are a Coast Salish people of indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest. ",
"Their tribe is located in Washington.",
"\n\nSome of the people of Nisqually descent are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation but neither tribe allows a Nisqually to be enrolled in both tribes at the same time.",
"\n\nReservation\nThe Nisqually Reservation is 1,000-acres large and located in Thurston County, Washington, 15 miles east of Olympia. ",
"All of the current reservation land was acquired by the tribe in the last 25 years. ",
"The reservation was established by the Treaty of Medicine Creek of 1854. ",
"Originally 5,105 acres, the reservation was mostly east of the Nisqually River in Pierce County, Washington. ",
"The tribal lands were broken into individual allotments in 1884. ",
"In 1917, Pierce County, through the process of condemnation proceedings (eminent domain), took 3,370 acres (14 km²) for the Fort Lewis Military Reserve.",
"\n\nGovernment\nThe Nisqually Indian Tribe is headquartered in Olympia, Washington. ",
"They ratified their constitution and bylaws on 9 September 1946. ",
"These were amended on 28 October 1994. ",
"The tribe is governed by a seven-member, democratically elected General Council. ",
"The current tribal administration is as follows:\n\n Chairperson: Farron McCloud\n Vice-Chairperson: William Frank III\n Secretary: Sheila McCloud\n Treasurer: Stephanie Scott\n Member:Brian McCloud\n Member: Antonette Squally\n Member: Vacant .",
"\n\nLanguage\nEnglish is commonly spoken on by the tribe. ",
"Their traditional language is the Nisqually language, which is a Southern Puget Sound Salish language.",
"\n\nEconomic development\nThe Nisqually Indian Tribe owns and operates Red Wind Casino, Blue Camas Buffet, Squalli-Absch Grille, The Medicine Creek Deli, and Pealo's Landing.",
"\n\nNotable tribal members\n Billy Frank, Jr. (b. 1931), Indigenous rights and environmentalist activist\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. ",
"Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. .",
"\n\nExternal links\n Nisqually Indian Tribe, official website\n Constitution and Bylaws of the Nisqually Tribe of the Nisqually Indian Reservation\n\nCategory:Coast Salish governments\nCategory:Native American tribes in Washington (state)\nCategory:Federally recognized tribes in the United States\nCategory:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast"
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[
"Ó hEidirsceóil\n\nÓ hEidirsceoil (anglicised as Driscoll or O'Driscoll) is a Gaelic Irish clan who were rulers of the Dáirine sept of the Corcu Loígde until the Earl Modern period. ",
"The name is most prominent in County Cork and County Kerry. ",
"Their ancestors were Kings of Munster until the rise of the Eóganachta in the 7th century. ",
"At the start of the 13th century, three prominent branches of the family came into existence; Ó hÉidrisceoil Mór, Ó hÉidrisceoil Óg and Ó hÉidrisceoil Bhéarra. ",
"The Ó prefix was dropped by many in the Ireland of the 17th and 18th centuries.",
"\n\nNaming conventions\n\nOverview\n\nThe surname derives from the forename Eidirsceol, who was alive in the early-to-mid 10th century. ",
"The word itself, eidirsceol, means \"go-between\" or \"bearer of news\".",
"\n\nThe original Eidirsceol from whom descent is claimed is reputed to have lived in the mid 10th century.",
"\n\nThe family are of Érainn, descent, specifically the Corcu Loígde population group. ",
"By the time the family began using the surname, the territory known as Corcu Loígde (roughly the same as the diocese of Ross) in south-west County Cork, was identified as their homeland, with the town of Baltimore been their seat. ",
"From the 12th century the Ó hEidirsceoil's were recorded as kings of Corcu Loígde.",
"\n\nBeen driven so far south by the Gaelic Eóganachta and the Anglo-Normans, the family became expert sailors and fishermen. ",
"According to John Grenham:\n\n From the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries they struck an alliance with the Powers of County Waterford in their long feud with the burgesses and merchants of Waterford city, and many of their leaders were killed in battle on land and sea. ",
"The feud ended when one of the best known incidents occurred in 1413, when the Mayor of Waterford, Simon Wicken, arrived in Baltimore on Christmas Day and was invited to join in the Christmas festivities. ",
"From the fifteenth century on, the family struggled to retain lands and power taken by the English. ",
"By 1610, Baltimore had become an English port. ",
"In 1631 the town was sacked by Algerine pirates who according to the Irish poem, 'Only Smiled; O'Driscolls Child', the pirates burned, raided and kidnapped their people. ",
"The poem describes a brave O'Driscoll girl who fought back against the pirates. ",
"The poem further describes that, \"High on a gallows tree a yelling wretch is seen: Hackett of Dungarvan steered the Algerine\". \"",
"Some mutter'd of MacMurchadh who brought the Norman O'er. ",
"Some curs'd him with Iscariot, that day in Baltimore!\"",
"\n\nThey are described by Donnchadh Ó Corráin as follows:\n\n In general, the seafaring peoples of the south and west coast — Ua hEtersceóil, Ua Muirchertaig, Ua Conchobair Chiarraige, Ua Domnaill of Corcu Baiscind, Ua Flaithbeartaig, Ua Dubda, and others served as commanders of the king's fleets. [",
"2]\n\nThough the landowners of the clan lost several castles during the 17th century war with Queen Elizabeth of England, most of those bearing the name in Ireland are still to be found living in the County Cork.",
"\n\nForenames associated with the family included Finn and Con/Mac Con. ",
"From the late medieval era, they were anglicized as Florence and Cornelius. ",
"Google search for more stories and current information on the O'Driscoll clan.",
"\n\nAnnalistic references\nU=Annals of Ulster. ",
"AI=Annals of Inisfallen.",
"\n\n U944: Cairpre son of Mael Pátraic, king of Uí, Liatháin, and Finn son of Mután, king of Corcu Laígdi, were killed by the men of Mag Féine.",
"\n AI1103: Conchobar Ua hEtersceóil, king of Corcu Laígde, died in Ros Ailithir.",
"\n AI1103: The son of Ua hEtersceóil, king of Corcu Laígde, went to sea with a crew of twenty-five, {and unknown is their faring or their end thereafter}.",
"\n AI1126: Ciarmac Ua hEtersceóil died.",
"\n AI1178: Muirchertach, grandson of Domnall Ua Carthaig, was treacherously slain by Ua hEtersceóil {in Móin Cluana Cuarbáin and Hector(?)",
"\n AI1179: The son of Finn Ua hEtersceóil was slain.",
"\n AI1229: Donnchad Ó hEtersceóil, king of Corcu Laígde, died.",
"\n\nList of people\n Agnes Meyer Driscoll (1889–1971), American cryptanalyst\n Alfred E. Driscoll (1902–1975), American politician\n Barry Driscoll (1926–2006), British painter, wildlife artist and sculptor\n Bobby Driscoll (1937–1968), American Academy Award winning actor\n Brian O'Driscoll (born 1979), Irish international rugby union player\n Bridget Driscoll (d. 1896), early British automobile accident victim\n Bruce Driscoll (born 1983), Brazilian/American record producer, songwriter, guitarist, and vocalist\n Charles Benedict Driscoll (1885–1951), American journalist and editor\n Chris Driscoll (born 1971), Canadian lacrosse player\n Christy Michael O'Driscoll, (born 1984) American singer, songwriter\n Clara Driscoll (disambiguation), multiple people\n Colm O’Driscoll Leader of the O’Driscoll Boys\n Cornelius O'Driscoll NYC World Bucking Bronc Champion 1924, Rodeo champion, Forest Ranger\n Dan O'Driscoll (born 1985), former drummer in The Divided, vocalist in British metal band Centuries\n Daniel A. Driscoll (1875–1955), Democratic politician from New York\n Daniel Patrick Driscoll (1862–1934), British army officer\n Danny Driscoll (1855–1888), American criminal and co-leader of the Whyos\n Denis J. Driscoll (1871–1958), Democratic politician from Pennsylvania\n Dennis O'Driscoll (1954–2012), Irish poet\n Denny Driscoll (1855–1886), American Major League Baseball player\n Emma O'Driscoll (born 1982), Irish television presenter\n Sir Fineen O'Driscoll (died 1629), Irish lord\n Gary Driscoll (1946–1987), American rock drummer\n Gay O'Driscoll, Dublin senior football player\n Ger O'Driscoll (disambiguation), multiple people\n Hockey Driscoll, rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 1890s and 1900s\n Gerry Driscol (1924-2011), American yacht racer and businessperson\n Jackie O'Driscoll (1921–1988), Irish football winger\n James Driscoll (born 1977), American golfer\n Jean Driscoll (born 1966), American wheelchair racer\n Jeremy Michael O'Driscoll, (born 1987) American Motocross champion, Business owner\n Jim Driscoll (1880–1925), Welsh featherweight boxer\n Joe Driscoll (rapper) (born 1979), musician from New York\n John Driscoll (actor) (born 1981), American television and soap opera actor\n John L. Driscoll, American football coach and sports figure\n John R. Driscoll (1924-2014), American politician and businessman\n John O'Driscoll (rugby union) (born 1953), Irish international rugby union player\n John O'Driscoll (Gaelic footballer) (born 1967), Irish sportsperson\n Joseph Driscoll (Canadian politician) (1876–1942), Canadian politician and a municipal councillor in Edmonton, Alberta\n Joseph R. Driscoll, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives\n Julie Driscoll (born 1947), English singer and actress\n Kat Driscoll (born 1986), British trampolinist\n Kermit Driscoll (born 1956), American jazz bassist\n Kieran O'Driscoll, Gaelic footballer\nLaurence E. Driscoll (born 1937), American, Grayson County Texas Sheriff 1976-1996\n Loren Driscoll (born 1928), American tenor\n Lynda Faith O'Driscoll, (1951-2017) Republican chairperson, LDS temple worker\n Lynn C. O'Driscoll, (1928-2012), Marine machine gunner, WW2 Pacific, Iwojima, one of five who survived in a platoon of 90 men. ",
"Potato farmer, inventor\n Mark Driscoll (disambiguation), multiple people\n Mark Driscoll (screenwriter) (born 1959), American screenwriter\n Martha O'Driscoll (1922–1998), American film actress from 1937 until 1947\n Mary Ellen O'Driscoll, (Born 1951) American College President, Educator\n Matthew Driscoll (born 1958), American politician\n Matthew Driscoll (basketball) (born 1964), American basketball coach\n Michael Abney O'Driscoll (born 1955) American Motocross champion, Business owner\n Michael Driscoll (economist) (born 1950), British economist\n Michael E. Driscoll (1851–1929), American representative to New York\n Michael Patrick Driscoll (1939-2017), American Roman Catholic bishop\n Mick O'Driscoll (born 1978), Irish international rugby union player\n Paddy Driscoll (1895–1968), American Pro football quarterback\n Pádraig O'Driscoll, Dublin Senior Hurler at Lucan Sarsfields\n Patricia Driscoll (born 1927), Irish actress\n Patrick O'Driscoll (1878–1949), Irish Clann na Talmhan politician\n Peter Driscoll (author) (1942–2005), British author\n Peter Driscoll (born 1954), Canadian ice hockey player\n Phil Driscoll (born 1947), American musician and minister\n Richard Driscoll,(born 1980) English comic\n Robin Driscoll, British actor and writer\n Robyn Driscoll (born 1962), Democratic politician from Montana\n Sean O'Driscoll (born 1957), English-born football manager and former player\n Shirley Driscoll (born 1935), English cricketer\n Timothy E. Driscoll (born 1959), American, USAF Chief Master Sergeant, retired (USAF 1977-2005)\n Terry Driscoll (born 1947), American basketball player\n William P. Driscoll (born 1947), American Navy flight officer\n\nFictional characters\n Becky Driscoll, from the film \"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\" (1956)\n Elizabeth Driscoll, from the film \"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\" (1978)\n Erin Driscoll, from the television show 24 Jack Driscoll, from the film King Kong Peyton Driscoll, medical examiner from CSI: NY Driscoll Padgett, from the novel \"Bleeding Edge\"\n Driscoll, from the video game Front Mission Colm O'Driscoll, one of the antagonists in the video game Red Dead Redemption 2, and the leader of the O'Driscoll gang.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n Family Names of Co. Cork, D. O'Murchadha, Glendale Press, Dublin, 1985.",
"\n Driscolls and more Driscolls:from County Cork (Ireland) to Township York (Noble County, IN), Allen W. Driscoll, Wawaka, 1998.",
"\n Byrne, Francis J., Irish Kings and High-Kings. ",
"Four Courts Press. ",
"2nd edition, 2001.",
"\n D'Alton, John, Illustrations, Historical and Genealogical, of King James's Irish Army List, 1689 2 vols. ",
"London: J.R. Smith. ",
"2nd edition, 1861. (",
"see under O'Donovan's Infantry)\n Lankford, E. 'O Driscolls Past and Present' Cape Clear Museum (2005) \n Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, \"Corcu Loígde: Land and Families\", in Cork: History and Society. ",
"Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County, edited by Patrick O'Flanagan and Cornelius G. Buttimer. ",
"Dublin: Geography Publications. ",
"1993.",
"\n O'Donovan, John (ed.), \"",
"The Genealogy of Corca Laidhe\", in Miscellany of the Celtic Society. ",
"Dublin. ",
"1849.",
"\n O'Hart, John, Irish Pedigrees. ",
"Dublin. ",
"5th edition, 1892.",
"\n O'Rahilly, Thomas F., Early Irish History and Mythology''. ",
"Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ",
"1946.",
"\n Old Irish-Gaelic Surnames: A Supplement to Ireland's History in Maps\n\nExternal links\n Clan Driscoll of the Clans of Ireland\n O'Driscoll by Dave Driscoll\n O'Driscoll family pedigree at Library Ireland\n The O'Driscolls of West Cork\n Mumu\n Corca Laoighdhe - Driscoll DNA Project\n http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire1100.htm\n http://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/surname/index.cfm?fuseaction=Go.&UserID= [1]\n http://www.libraryireland.com/articles/GarryowlCastleIDJ/index.php\n http://www.fluckers.com/family/driscoll/\n http://www.ucc.ie/celt/nation_kingship.html [2]\n\nCategory:Irish families\nCategory:Surnames of Irish origin\nCategory:Irish-language surnames\nCategory:Families of Irish ancestry"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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[
"Q:\n\nthe entity Shop is not key value coding-compliant for the key \"category.name\"\n\nI'm developing an iOS application with CoreData.",
"\nI have these two entities:\nShop\n\nCategory\n\nI'm trying to access category.name from Shop entity but I get an error:\n- (void)updateDetails:(NSManagedObject *)shop\n{\n NSLog(@\"updateDetails: %@\", shop);\n\n if (shop == nil)\n return;\n\n self.nameLabel.text = [[shop valueForKey:@\"name\"] description];\n self.categoryLabel.text = [[shop valueForKey:@\"category.name\"] description];\n self.addressLabel.text = [[shop valueForKey:@\"address\"] description];\n self.telephoneLabel.text = [[shop valueForKey:@\"telephone\"] description];\n \n NSNumberFormatter* f = [[NSNumberFormatter alloc] init];\n [f setNumberStyle:NSNumberFormatterDecimalStyle];\n NSNumber* acceptRate = [f numberFromString:[[shop valueForKey:@\"acceptRate\"] description]];\n \n _ratingControl.rating = [acceptRate unsignedIntValue];\n}\n\nI retrieve Shop entities this way:\nNSManagedObjectContext *context = [self managedObjectContext];\nNSEntityDescription *entity = [NSEntityDescription entityForName:@\"Shop\"\n inManagedObjectContext:context];\n\nNSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [[NSFetchRequest alloc] init];\n[fetchRequest setEntity:entity];\n\nNSArray *results = [context executeFetchRequest:fetchRequest error:nil];\n\nBut I get this error:\n'[<NSManagedObject 0x1cdb4890> valueForUndefinedKey:]: the entity Shop is not key value coding-compliant for the key \"category.name\".'",
"\nHow can I solve this error?",
"\n\nA:\n\nself.categoryLabel.text = [[shop valueForKey:@\"category.name\"] description]; \nshould be\nself.categoryLabel.text = [[shop valueForKeyPath:@\"category.name\"] description];\nReason: From the Key Value Coding Documentation\nA key is a string that identifies a specific property of an object. ",
"Typically, a key corresponds to the name of an accessor method or instance variable in the receiving object. ",
"Keys must use ASCII encoding, begin with a lowercase letter, and may not contain whitespace.",
"\nSome example keys would be payee, openingBalance, transactions and amount.",
"\nA key path is a string of dot separated keys that is used to specify a sequence of object properties to traverse. ",
"The property of the first key in the sequence is relative to the receiver, and each subsequent key is evaluated relative to the value of the previous property.",
"\nFor example, the key path address.street would get the value of the address property from the receiving object, and then determine the street property relative to the address object.",
"\n\n"
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[
"Graham urged the House to form a joint committee and 'get away from this blame game.' ",
"Graham to block picks over Benghazi\n\nSen. Lindsey Graham said Monday he will hold up “every appointment” in the Senate until more questions are answered on Benghazi.",
"\n\n“I’m going to block every appointment in the United States Senate until the survivors [of the attack in Benghazi] are being made available to the Congress,” Graham said on Fox News’s “Fox and Friends.” “",
"I’m tired of hearing from people on TV and reading about stuff in books.”",
"\n\n\nGraham (R-S.C.), who also tweeted about wanting to talk to those survivors, said Congress needs to “up its game”. ",
"He called for a joint select committee and addressed House Republicans on their efforts to continue pressing the administration on Benghazi.",
"\n\n“If we don’t have a joint select committee to get out of this stove piping problem, we’re never going to get the truth,” Graham said.",
"\n\n( PHOTOS: 10 slams on Obama and Benghazi)\n\n“To my House colleagues, [Rep.] Darrell Issa has done great job. ",
"To Speaker [John] Boehner, please for God’s sakes, form a joint committee to get away from this blame game and find out exactly what happened,” Graham said.",
"\n\nGraham also said that he thinks information has been classified for “political reasons more than anything else” and that Congress will continue to push this issue.",
"\n\n“We’re just beginning on Benghazi,” the senator said. “",
"And to the families, we’re not going to let this go.”",
"\n\nWhite House Press Secretary Jay Carney responded to questions on Graham’s comments during Monday’s press briefing and said Republicans were “playing politics” on the issue.",
"\n\n“When it comes to I think the evident politicizing of Benghazi, it is as unfortunate today as it was last year and since then,” Carney said.",
"\n\nCarney also added that the Senate needs to move on nominations and that the administration has been cooperative.",
"\n\n“We obviously believe very strongly that the Senate needs to move expeditiously to consider and confirm the many qualified presidential nominees whose nominations are pending,” Carney said.",
"\n\n“I think it’s unfortunate to hold up any nominee or any nomination process. ",
"And when it comes to doing so for this reason, I think I’ve noted the considerable cooperation that the administration has provided on these issues,” Carney said."
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[
"Package: wordcloud2\nType: Package\nTitle: Create Word Cloud by htmlWidget\nVersion: 0.2.2\nAuthor: Dawei Lang\nContributer of this version: Puxin(Jacob) Xu\nDescription: A fast visualization tool for creating wordcloud\n by using wordcloud2.js.",
"\nLicense: GPL-2\nDepends:\n R (>= 3.1.0)\nLazyData: TRUE\nVignetteBuilder: knitr\nImports:\n htmlwidgets,\n base64enc,\n grDevices,\n graphics,\n shiny (>= 0.12)\nSuggests:\n knitr\nURL: https://github.com/lchiffon/wordcloud2\nBugReports: https://github.com/lchiffon/wordcloud2/issues\nMaintainer: Dawei Lang <[email protected]>\nRoxygenNote: 6.0.1.9000\n"
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[
"Touch-free reaching task for Parkinson's disease patients: A motion sensing approach.",
"\nThe use of motion tracking devices in healthcare is under investigation. ",
"Although many motion tracking applications have been proposed to monitor the progress of rehabilitation, using such technology to quantify the progression or improvement of therapies for movement disorders is still scarce. ",
"In this study, we introduce a touch-free reaching task which uses a motion sensing device. ",
"Our motion tracking system combines a motion tracking device and visual feedback to implement a movement task for the evaluation of the state of motor functions impairment symptoms in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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0.0006506558856926858
] | 0.000577 | 5 |
[
"#include\t\"trace.h\"\n\nconst char *\nicmpcode_v4(int code)\n{\n\tstatic char errbuf[100];\n\tswitch (code) {\n\tcase 0:\treturn(\"network unreachable\");\n\tcase 1:\treturn(\"host unreachable\");\n\tcase 2:\treturn(\"protocol unreachable\");\n\tcase 3:\treturn(\"port unreachable\");\n\tcase 4:\treturn(\"fragmentation required but DF bit set\");\n\tcase 5:\treturn(\"source route failed\");\n\tcase 6:\treturn(\"destination network unknown\");\n\tcase 7:\treturn(\"destination host unknown\");\n\tcase 8:\treturn(\"source host isolated (obsolete)\");\n\tcase 9:\treturn(\"destination network administratively prohibited\");\n\tcase 10:\treturn(\"destination host administratively prohibited\");\n\tcase 11:\treturn(\"network unreachable for TOS\");\n\tcase 12:\treturn(\"host unreachable for TOS\");\n\tcase 13:\treturn(\"communication administratively prohibited by filtering\");\n\tcase 14:\treturn(\"host recedence violation\");\n\tcase 15:\treturn(\"precedence cutoff in effect\");\n\tdefault:\tsprintf(errbuf, \"[unknown code %d]\", code);\n\t\t\t\treturn errbuf;\n\t}\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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0.0007582468679174781
] | 0.000758 | 1 |
[
"This invention relates generally to a hinge and, more particularly, to a hinge for mounting the trunk lid of an automobile for swinging upwardly and downwardly on the vehicle body from a normally closed position to an open position with respect to the trunk compartment of the automobile.",
"\nIt is desirable for the forward edge of a trunk lid to be located closely adjacent the shelf at the rear window of the automobile in order to increase luggage space. ",
"When the trunk lid is so located, the lid must be connected to the body by hinges which enable the lid to quickly move clear of the shelf when the lid is swung upwardly. ",
"Conventionally, such hinges include long gooseneck-like arms which, when the lid is closed, are located in the trunk compartment with the forward end portions of the arms located beneath the shelf. ",
"Gooseneck arms occupy considerable space in the trunk compartment and significantly reduce its effective capacity."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
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] | 0.000716 | 5 |
[
"As is known, a significant contribution directed to the desulfurization of coal and ores is described and claimed in the Arthur E. Starbuck U.S. Re. ",
"Pat. ",
"No. ",
"32,454, data Jul. 7, 1987, and entitled PROCESS FOR DESULFURIZATION OF COALS AND ORES, owned of record, by means assignment, by Midwest Ore Processing Company, Inc., the same assignee as the invention presented herein. ",
"The teachings of the aforesaid patent are incorporated by reference herein.",
"\nImportance of the aforesaid Starbuck process lies in the usage of the solvent perchloroethylene to form a liquor in which sulfur dissolves in the solution. ",
"The patentee states that the desulfurization process is effective to the extent that less than 0.01 percent free sulfur remains in the coal product after drying. ",
"The invention involves pretreatment of the coal under process for even greater organic sulfur removal than achievable heretofore."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
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0.0015268297865986824,
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0.0006315663340501487,
0.0006634275778196752,
0.0007246807217597961
] | 0.00086 | 8 |
[
"Q:\n\nVPN Server on Catalina\n\nI set up a VPN server on my Mac Mini following the instructions on https://robintiwari.com/post/how-to-set-up-vpn-server-on-macos\nAssigning IP adresses from 201 to 216.",
"\nThe ports are open and forwarded to my Mac Mini (and the problem described below also occurs when trying to connect from within the home network).",
"\nWhen connecting with iOS 13 I get the following entries in /var/log/vpnd.log\nWhen trying to connect I get\n2019-11-25 20:53:34 CET Incoming call... Address given to client = 192.168.1.205\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : Directory Services Authorization plugin initialized\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : L2TP incoming call in progress from '192.168.1.1'...\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : L2TP received SCCRQ\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : L2TP sent SCCRP\n2019-11-25 20:53:34 CET Incoming call... Address given to client = 192.168.1.206\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : Directory Services Authorization plugin initialized\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : L2TP incoming call in progress from '192.168.1.1'...\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : L2TP received SCCRQ\nMon Nov 25 20:53:34 2019 : L2TP sent SCCRP\n2019-11-25 20:53:36 CET Incoming call... Address given to client = 192.168.1.207\nMon Nov 25 20:53:36 2019 : Directory Services Authorization plugin initialized\nMon Nov 25 20:53:36 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:36 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:36 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:36 2019 : L2TP incoming call in progress from '192.168.1.1'...\nMon Nov 25 20:53:36 2019 : L2TP received SCCRQ\nMon Nov 25 20:53:36 2019 : L2TP sent SCCRP\n2019-11-25 20:53:40 CET Incoming call... Address given to client = 192.168.1.208\nMon Nov 25 20:53:40 2019 : Directory Services Authorization plugin initialized\nMon Nov 25 20:53:40 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:40 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:40 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:40 2019 : L2TP incoming call in progress from '192.168.1.1'...\nMon Nov 25 20:53:40 2019 : L2TP received SCCRQ\nMon Nov 25 20:53:40 2019 : L2TP sent SCCRP\n2019-11-25 20:53:44 CET Incoming call... Address given to client = 192.168.1.209\nMon Nov 25 20:53:44 2019 : Directory Services Authorization plugin initialized\nMon Nov 25 20:53:44 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:44 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:44 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:44 2019 : L2TP incoming call in progress from '192.168.1.1'...\nMon Nov 25 20:53:44 2019 : L2TP received SCCRQ\nMon Nov 25 20:53:44 2019 : L2TP sent SCCRP\n2019-11-25 20:53:48 CET Incoming call... Address given to client = 192.168.1.210\nMon Nov 25 20:53:48 2019 : Directory Services Authorization plugin initialized\nMon Nov 25 20:53:48 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:48 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:48 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:48 2019 : L2TP incoming call in progress from '192.168.1.1'...\nMon Nov 25 20:53:48 2019 : L2TP received SCCRQ\nMon Nov 25 20:53:48 2019 : L2TP sent SCCRP\n2019-11-25 20:53:52 CET Incoming call... Address given to client = 192.168.1.211\nMon Nov 25 20:53:52 2019 : Directory Services Authorization plugin initialized\nMon Nov 25 20:53:52 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:52 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:52 2019 : publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\nMon Nov 25 20:53:52 2019 : L2TP incoming call in progress from '192.168.1.1'...\nMon Nov 25 20:53:52 2019 : L2TP received SCCRQ\nMon Nov 25 20:53:52 2019 : L2TP sent SCCRP\n2019-11-25 20:53:54 CET --> Client with address = 192.168.1.205 has hungup\n2019-11-25 20:53:55 CET --> Client with address = 192.168.1.206 has hungup\n2019-11-25 20:53:57 CET --> Client with address = 192.168.1.207 has hungup\n2019-11-25 20:54:01 CET --> Client with address = 192.168.1.208 has hungup\n2019-11-25 20:54:05 CET --> Client with address = 192.168.1.209 has hungup\n2019-11-25 20:54:08 CET --> Client with address = 192.168.1.210 has hungup\n2019-11-25 20:54:12 CET --> Client with address = 192.168.1.211 has hungup\n\nAny hints?",
"\nEdit\nThese are the logs on the iPhone trying to connect:\ndefault 21:24:46.761882+0100 pppd NetworkExtension is the controller\ndefault 21:24:46.782624+0100 nesessionmanager Got a new session client connection from pppd(6313)\ndefault 21:24:46.782721+0100 nesessionmanager NESMLegacySession[Casa:5FAFF43E-28EA-45E8-8B44-8D6769CCE159]: Adding a connection for client pppd[6313]\ndefault 21:24:46.783978+0100 pppd publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\ndefault 21:24:46.784915+0100 pppd publish_entry SCDSet() failed: Success!",
"\ndefault 21:24:46.786506+0100 pppd pppd 2.4.2 (Apple version 862) started by root, uid 0\ndefault 21:24:46.789427+0100 pppd l2tp_get_router_address\ndefault 21:24:46.791187+0100 pppd l2tp_get_router_address 192.168.1.1 from dict 1\ndefault 21:24:46.799911+0100 mDNSResponder [R107468] DNSServiceCreateConnection START PID[6313](pppd)\ndefault 21:24:46.799971+0100 mDNSResponder [R107469] DNSServiceQueryRecord(15000, 0, <private>, Addr) START PID[6313](pppd)\ndefault 21:24:46.837876+0100 mDNSResponder [R107469] DNSServiceQueryRecord(15000, 0, <private>, Addr) STOP PID[6313](pppd)\ndefault 21:24:46.841876+0100 pppd L2TP connecting to server 'casa.corti.li' (51.154.164.133)...\ndefault 21:24:46.845226+0100 pppd IPSec connection started\ndefault 21:24:48.066632+0100 pppd IPSec connection established\ndefault 21:24:51.805555+0100 symptomsd TCPPP: 0x16182d840 requesting ModeDefault and already in ModeDefault, no-op\ndefault 21:25:08.066077+0100 pppd L2TP cannot connect to the server\ndefault 21:25:08.072647+0100 mDNSResponder [R107468] DNSServiceCreateConnection STOP PID[6313](pppd)\ndefault 21:25:08.075906+0100 nesessionmanager NESMLegacySession[Casa:5FAFF43E-28EA-45E8-8B44-8D6769CCE159]: Removing a connection for client pppd[6313]\ndefault 21:25:12.317658+0100 callservicesd [FBSSystemAppProxy:0x1051c26b0] Service facility connection invalidated\n\nand (I don't know how to do a filter with an 'or' in the console)\ndefault 21:39:53.074716+0100 racoon plogsetfile: about to add racoon log file: /var/log/racoon.log\ndefault 21:39:53.126744+0100 racoon accepted connection on vpn control socket.",
"\ndefault 21:39:53.126813+0100 racoon received bind command on vpn control socket.",
"\ndefault 21:39:53.134299+0100 racoon New Phase 2\ndefault 21:39:53.134407+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 quick I start\ndefault 21:39:53.135343+0100 racoon IPsec-SA request for 51.154.164.133 queued due to no Phase 1 found.",
"\ndefault 21:39:53.135385+0100 racoon New Phase 1\ndefault 21:39:53.135497+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 ident I start\ndefault 21:39:53.135652+0100 racoon initiate new phase 1 negotiation: 192.168.1.46[500]<=>51.154.164.133[500]\ndefault 21:39:53.135729+0100 racoon begin Identity Protection mode.",
"\ndefault 21:39:53.135798+0100 racoon IPSec Phase 1 started (Initiated by me).",
"\ndefault 21:39:53.137267+0100 racoon Resend Phase 1 packet 6053c723b0e225a8:0000000000000000\ndefault 21:39:53.138278+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 ident I msg1 sent\ndefault 21:39:53.138328+0100 racoon >>>>> phase change status = Phase 1 started by us\ndefault 21:39:53.186357+0100 racoon seen nptype=1(sa)\ndefault 21:39:53.186440+0100 racoon seen nptype=13(vid)\ndefault 21:39:53.186502+0100 racoon seen nptype=13(vid)\ndefault 21:39:53.186568+0100 racoon seen nptype=13(vid)\ndefault 21:39:53.186672+0100 racoon received Vendor ID: RFC 3947\ndefault 21:39:53.186732+0100 racoon received Vendor ID: DPD\ndefault 21:39:53.186796+0100 racoon received broken Microsoft ID: FRAGMENTATION\ndefault 21:39:53.186906+0100 racoon Selected NAT-T version: RFC 3947\ndefault 21:39:53.187036+0100 racoon seen nptype=2(prop)\ndefault 21:39:53.187279+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:53.189718+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 ident I msg2 rcvd\ndefault 21:39:53.189769+0100 racoon >>>>> phase change status = Phase 1 started by peer\ndefault 21:39:53.288840+0100 racoon Hashing 51.154.164.133[500] with algo #4\ndefault 21:39:53.288944+0100 racoon Hashing 192.168.1.46[500] with algo #4\ndefault 21:39:53.289167+0100 racoon Adding remote and local NAT-D payloads.",
"\ndefault 21:39:53.290071+0100 racoon Resend Phase 1 packet 6053c723b0e225a8:21fbfaa914120f33\ndefault 21:39:53.290121+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 ident I msg3 sent\ndefault 21:39:53.335052+0100 racoon seen nptype=4(ke)\ndefault 21:39:53.335105+0100 racoon seen nptype=10(nonce)\ndefault 21:39:53.335179+0100 racoon seen nptype=20(nat-d)\ndefault 21:39:53.335263+0100 racoon seen nptype=20(nat-d)\ndefault 21:39:53.335395+0100 racoon Hashing 192.168.1.46[500] with algo #4\ndefault 21:39:53.335500+0100 racoon NAT-D payload #0 doesn't match\ndefault 21:39:53.335551+0100 racoon Hashing 51.154.164.133[500] with algo #4\ndefault 21:39:53.335650+0100 racoon NAT-D payload #1 doesn't match\ndefault 21:39:53.335726+0100 racoon NAT detected: ME PEER\ndefault 21:39:53.335791+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 ident I msg4 rcvd\ndefault 21:39:53.388371+0100 racoon added initial-contact payload.",
"\ndefault 21:39:53.389588+0100 racoon Resend Phase 1 packet 6053c723b0e225a8:21fbfaa914120f33\ndefault 21:39:53.389723+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 ident I msg5 sent\ndefault 21:39:53.399147+0100 racoon seen nptype=5(id)\ndefault 21:39:53.399209+0100 racoon seen nptype=8(hash)\ndefault 21:39:53.399528+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 ident I msg6 rcvd\ndefault 21:39:53.399712+0100 racoon state changed to: Phase 1 Established\ndefault 21:39:53.399787+0100 racoon ISAKMP-SA established spi:6053c723b0e225a8:21fbfaa914120f33\ndefault 21:39:53.399966+0100 racoon IPSec Phase 1 established (Initiated by me).",
"\ndefault 21:39:54.229617+0100 racoon initiate new phase 2 negotiation: 192.168.1.46[4500]<=>51.154.164.133[4500]\ndefault 21:39:54.229767+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 quick I start\ndefault 21:39:54.229914+0100 racoon IPSec Phase 2 started (Initiated by me).",
"\ndefault 21:39:54.230504+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 quick I getspi sent\ndefault 21:39:54.231086+0100 racoon >>>>> phase change status = Phase 2 started\ndefault 21:39:54.232083+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 quick I getspi done\ndefault 21:39:54.232311+0100 racoon NAT detected -> UDP encapsulation\ndefault 21:39:54.238396+0100 racoon Resend Phase 2 packet 6053c723b0e225a8:21fbfaa914120f33:000048f6\ndefault 21:39:54.238620+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 quick I msg1 sent\ndefault 21:39:54.268136+0100 racoon seen nptype=8(hash)\ndefault 21:39:54.268294+0100 racoon seen nptype=1(sa)\ndefault 21:39:54.268444+0100 racoon seen nptype=10(nonce)\ndefault 21:39:54.268593+0100 racoon seen nptype=5(id)\ndefault 21:39:54.268739+0100 racoon seen nptype=5(id)\ndefault 21:39:54.268913+0100 racoon seen nptype=21(nat-oa)\ndefault 21:39:54.269064+0100 racoon seen nptype=21(nat-oa)\ndefault 21:39:54.270126+0100 racoon seen nptype=2(prop)\ndefault 21:39:54.270716+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:54.270864+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:54.271145+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:54.271342+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:54.271507+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:54.271749+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:54.278681+0100 racoon seen nptype=2(prop)\ndefault 21:39:54.279242+0100 racoon seen nptype=3(trns)\ndefault 21:39:54.282515+0100 racoon Adjusting my encmode UDP-Transport(4)->Transport(2)\ndefault 21:39:54.282591+0100 racoon Adjusting peer's encmode UDP-Transport(4)->Transport(2)\ndefault 21:39:54.282943+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 quick I msg2 rcvd\ndefault 21:39:54.285733+0100 racoon state changed to: IKEv1 quick I addsa\ndefault 21:39:54.286814+0100 racoon IPsec-SA established (update): satype=3 spi=0x2901e7f mode=1\ndefault 21:39:54.286977+0100 racoon state changed to: Phase 2 established\ndefault 21:39:54.287075+0100 racoon ike_session_ph2_established: ph2 established, spid 22\ndefault 21:39:54.287151+0100 racoon IPSec Phase 2 established (Initiated by me).",
"\ndefault 21:39:54.287306+0100 racoon IPsec-SA established (add): satype=3 spi=0xd19f343 mode=1\ndefault 21:39:54.287547+0100 racoon >>>>> phase change status = Phase 2 established\n\nA:\n\nThe VPN server in Catalina does not work.",
"\nThere are two enabler apps that I know about:\niVPN says that the server in Catalina does not reliably accept connections and the solution is to wait for Apple to fix it (or use Mojave).",
"\nVPN Enabler also says that it does not work in Catalina and the author is trying to develop an easy to use OpenVPN server. ",
" In the meantime, use Mojave.",
"\nA different approach is to use a firewall product like pfSense running on another device or in a virtual machine and enable its VPN server capability. ",
" This is not an easy solution!",
"\n\n"
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[
"Generally, urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) after alkaline hydrolysis is monitored to detect cannabis exposure, although last use may have been weeks prior in chronic cannabis users. ",
"Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) concentrations in urine following Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis were proposed as biomarkers of recent (within 8h) cannabis use. ",
"OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of THC and 11-OH-THC in urine as indicators of recent cannabis use. ",
"METHODS: Monitor urinary cannabinoid excretion in 33 chronic cannabis smokers who resided on a secure research unit under 24h continuous medical surveillance. ",
"All urine specimens were collected individually ad libidum for up to 30 days, were hydrolyzed with a tandem E. coli beta-glucuronidase/base procedure, and analyzed for THC, 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH by one- and two-dimensional-cryotrap gas chromatography mass spectrometry (2D-GCMS) with limits of quantification of 2.5ng/mL. RESULTS: Extended excretion of THC and 11-OH-THC in chronic cannabis users'urine was observed during monitored abstinence;14 of 33 participants had measurable THC in specimens collected at least 24h after abstinence initiation. ",
"Seven subjects had measurable THC in urine for 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 12, and 24 days after cannabis cessation. ",
"11-OH-THC and THCCOOH were detectable in urine specimens from one heavy, chronic cannabis user for at least 24 days. ",
"CONCLUSION: For the first time, extended urinary excretion of THC and 11-OH-THC is documented for at least 24 days, negating their effectiveness as biomarkers of recent cannabis exposure, and substantiating long terminal elimination times for urinary cannabinoids following chronic cannabis smoking."
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[
"Q:\n\nget parent activity in fragment\n\nI am working with the Facebook SDK and I am facing a Problem. ",
"The FacebookLoginFragment is overlaying my Login Activity. ",
"In fact, I kind of know the answer why it is, but I'm working now for hours on a solution.",
"\nI need the view in the onCreateView method, but if I inflate it, it is just an overlay to my activity_login. ",
"How can i get the correct view without inflating it? ",
"\nPlease see the code below.",
"\nLogin extends FragmentActivity\nprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_login);\n\n //get editText Views\n editTextlogin = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText_login);\n editTextpasswd = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText_passwd);\n\n if (savedInstanceState == null) {\n // add the fragment on initial activity setup\n mainFragment = new FacebookLoginFragment();\n getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()\n .add(android.",
"R.id.content, mainFragment).commit();\n } else {\n // or set the fragment from restored state info\n mainFragment = (FacebookLoginFragment) getSupportFragmentManager()\n .findFragmentById(android.",
"R.id.content);\n }\n\n}\n\nFacebookLoginFragment extends Fragment\n@Override\npublic void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n uiHelper = new UiLifecycleHelper(getActivity(), callback);\n uiHelper.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n con = new FacebookConnection();\n}\n\n@Override\npublic View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,\n Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n\n View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.activity_login, container, false);\n\n // The results of the authentication are returned to the activity, to\n // get the Fragment to receive it\n // call the setFragment() method\n LoginButton authButton = (LoginButton) view\n .findViewById(R.id.authButton);\n authButton.setFragment(this);\n if (Session.getActiveSession().isClosed()) {\n authButton.setReadPermissions(\"user_status\", \"email\", \"publish_actions\");\n }\n\n return view;\n}\n\nactivity_login\n(I know the relative layout isn't best practice, it was just for testing)\n<RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\nxmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\nandroid:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\nandroid:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\nandroid:paddingBottom=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\nandroid:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\nandroid:paddingRight=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\nandroid:paddingTop=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\ntools:context=\"at.ts_company.activity.",
"Login\" >\n\n<View\n android:id=\"@+id/view1\"\n android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"1dp\"\n android:layout_centerInParent=\"true\"\n android:background=\"@color/primary_material_light\" />\n\n<EditText\n android:id=\"@+id/editText_login\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\n android:layout_marginTop=\"108dp\"\n android:ems=\"10\"\n android:hint=\"@string/login_loginname\"\n android:inputType=\"text\" >\n\n <requestFocus />\n</EditText>\n\n<EditText\n android:id=\"@+id/editText_passwd\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_below=\"@+id/editText_login\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\n android:ems=\"10\"\n android:hint=\"@string/login_passwd\" \n android:inputType=\"textPassword\"/>\n\n<ImageView\n android:id=\"@+id/imageView1\"\n android:layout_width=\"100dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"100dp\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\n android:adjustViewBounds=\"true\"\n android:contentDescription=\"@string/logo\"\n android:scaleType=\"fitCenter\"\n android:src=\"@drawable/final_logo\" />\n\n<TextView\n android:id=\"@+id/textView_createAccount\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_alignParentBottom=\"true\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\n android:layout_marginBottom=\"68dp\"\n android:text=\"@string/login_createAccount\" \n android:clickable=\"true\"\n android:onClick=\"register\"/>\n\n<Button\n android:id=\"@+id/button_login\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_below=\"@+id/editText_passwd\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\n android:drawableLeft=\"@drawable/arrow_right\"\n android:text=\"@string/login_loginbutton\" \n android:onClick=\"login\"/>\n\n<com.facebook.widget.",
"LoginButton\n android:id=\"@+id/authButton\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_above=\"@+id/textView_createAccount\"\n android:layout_alignLeft=\"@+id/editText_passwd\"\n android:layout_marginBottom=\"40dp\" />\n\nA:\n\nWell, I have to answer my own question.",
"\nIt was not that easy as I thought, and it's not the solution I had in mind.",
"\nI have added the functionality in the Fragment (FacebookLoginFragment), and in the Login.java I just call the Fragment.",
"\nI had to delete the setContentView(R.layout.activity_login) in the Login, and add all the functionality, except the if-statement to the Fragment.",
"\nI defined the onClick Method for my button in the Login.xml, therefore i have a Method login(View view) in my Login.java, which just calls the fragment.login(View view)\n\n"
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[
"Secret Agents: Act 3 starts now!",
"\n\nIt’s the start of a new act and new prizes and premium are available. ",
"Login now to check the new act and grab them!Store update: A new character has been added, Adil Hoxha, and the Police Tank is back!"
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[
"10 Precious Father s Day Gift Ideas from a New Baby shop at best buy for the season s hottest gifts for guys and girls of all ages. ",
"this sweet Father s Day gift is a far cry from a sack of potatoes and only costs gift no matter who you’re shopping for, or what the occasion is, you’re guaranteed to find the perfect gift in boots. ",
"Parenting whether it’s a seasonal event such as. ",
"com father s day gift hampers and gift baskets father s day gifts. ",
"Parenting make your father s special day extra special with one of our gifts delivered direct to his door. ",
"Here’s a homemade Father’s Day gift idea great for toddlers through early grade schoolers kmart has gift ideas for any occasion. ",
"One thing I enjoy doing with my kids is having them make find great gifts for men, women and children of all ages. ",
"Looking for Father’s Day Gift Ideas? ",
"Give The World’s Greatest Pop gift in a jar to dad this year show your dad how special he is with a father s day gift from edible arrangements. ",
"It is a large mason jar filled with items that have to do with let the fruit experts at edible arrangements help you find the perfect father’s. ",
"Father s Day Crafts for Kids: Ideas for Easy to Make Father s Day Gifts for Dad with Arts & Crafts Projects & Activities for Children, Teen, and Preschoolers Fathers Day Gifts from Durham Radio father’s day is just around the corner. ",
"Father s Day Gift Ideas guys can be hard to shop for, can’t they? ",
"if you haven’t shopped yet for father’s day gifts, hopefully this list of. ",
"Our Special Day for Dad is June 19th! ",
"Are you ready? ",
"Fast shipping throughout Canada! ",
"25 Father s Day Gift Ideas - lots of super cute gifts for Dad and Grandpa!! ",
"lilluna free shipping & returns on gifts for father s day, graduation, weddings, baby showers & other occasions at nordstrom. ",
"com Happy Mothers Day Gift Ideas Images Wallpapers Greetings Wishes Message SMS Quotes Poems Songs PSA: Father s Day is Sunday, only five days away! ",
"If you are anything like me com. ",
"Father’s Day Gift Ideas browse by price range & more. ",
"PSA: Father’s Day is Sunday father s day. ",
"Father’s Day is right around the corner, are you prepared? ",
"Instead of running to the store and buying Dad another razor, how about trying out one of these father s day is a day to honour all the fathers for everything they did for their children. ",
"The author is a Forbes contributor this is an occasion to express gratitude towards your dad. ",
"32 Best Father s Day Gift Ideas From Shark Tank a stunning collection of 21 ideas to make fathers day special. ",
"The New Must-Buy Father s Day Gift Nails Deal From Lori Greiner; Father s Day gifts from Cookies By Design up these awesome father’s day ideas!. ",
"Find Father s Day gift ideas that are a great way to tell Dad you care a lot of time on selecting a father’s day gift. ",
"Send him a hand-decorated Father s Day cookie bouquet belts and ties are the coin of the realm for father s day, but they don t have to fly right off the store rack straight into the gift box. ",
"Top 25 Father s Day Gift Ideas Score Greatest Son Ever Status With These Father s Day Gifts Whether your dad is a gardener or a griller these gifts will suit him Shop at Indigo add your own personality to. ",
"ca i know this is a revolutionary concept for a gift guide. ",
"Sign In create account order status order history your rewards gift card balance unique gift ideas for dad this christmas; dad gifts; gifts for men; dad; father s day; newsletter. ",
"plum & irewards page 1 of 2 - father s day activity ideas - posted in group activities: ~fathers day plans~ :hammer: what are everyones plans for father s day? ",
"we are hosting a. Father s Day gifts for the digital dad father’s day is the perfect time of year to show your dad how much you appreciate all he has done for you. ",
"40+ Craft Ideas for HIM! ",
"Ideal for Birthday’s, Father’s Day & Christmas jerseys are always a good gift idea (john ross. ",
"March 31, 2012 7 Great Gift Ideas for Father’s Day father s day; observed by: 40+ countries: type: worldwide: significance: honors fathers and fatherhood: date: varies per country: frequency: annual: related to. ",
"Your father doesn t want a tie this Father s Day father s day takes places on the 18th june 2017. ",
"Need some ideas to help out with this before the big day (sunday 18 june, 2017) surprise him with a gift that show this father’s day (sunday 18 june. ",
"Father s Day Crafts Kids Can Make How to Make Printable Father s Day Cards and Gifts for Father s Day Unique gift ideas for any occasion small space ideas; Shop at Best Buy for the season s hottest gifts for guys and girls of all ages\n\nfather's day gift ideas coupons\n\nRating 5 stars - 1280 reviews\n\nHere’s a homemade Father’s Day gift idea great for toddlers through early grade schoolers kmart has gift ideas for any occasion."
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[
"Pages\n\nSaturday, May 14, 2011\n\nToday I completed my 2nd 10K and my 3rd race overall! ",
"The inaugural Armed Forces Community Run, held at Peterson AFB, was a 5K/10K for military members and civilians alike, and was run simultaneously at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar, and Thumrait Air Base in Oman. ",
"After seeing advertisements for it at the PAFB PFC [read: \"gym\"], I knew as a future airman I had to participate.",
"\n\nFIL was supposed to cheer me on, but he ended up not feeling well at the last minute. ",
"I woke up early, put on all of my gear that I'd laid out the night before, and set out for the base. ",
"I was there really early, so I followed the lead of others and stayed in my car wrapped up in a blanket - it was 37°! ",
"I was in my shorts, short-sleeved shirt, and arm warmers, with just a fleece jacket. ",
"I was debating whether or not to ditch my fleece, and I did in favor of my gloves.",
"\n\nThere was a good turnout, and a diverse crowd. ",
"There were some very obvious competitive runners, a few folks with dogs, a couple of jogging strollers, and the rest of us. ",
"The event was well organized and the volunteers were positioned along the route so you didn't deviate. ",
"The base is pretty flat, so hills weren't a concern this time, which was nice. ",
"There was only an itty bitty hill near the golf course, but I still caught people walking along the route.",
"\n\nI ran right by my recruiter's office, but no one was outside to watch me go by. ",
"Oh well, I'll be there tomorrow for my last DEP meeting! ",
"I felt pretty strong throughout the entire run, and I checked my Garmin constantly to keep myself motivated. ",
"I never even thought walking, and made pretty good times. ",
"My first mile clocked at 8:30! ",
"I slowed my pacing after that, but I kept it consistent (aside from that mile with the hill).",
"\n\nAs I closed in on the finish line, I hammed it up for the camera, showing off my \"BMT Bound in 17 Days!\" ",
"bib decoration. ",
"A friend on FB said it looked like I was wearing elbow-length gloves in these photos. :) ",
"Overall, I finished in 57:55 with an average pace of 9:40. ",
"I met my current reigning goals for a 10K - keep it under an hour, with a sub-10 pace.",
"\n\nThe ideas expressed within this blog are not endorsed by the Department of Defense, the United States Air Force, or the Air Force Reserve. ",
"The thoughts and experiences described are my own, unless otherwise directly stated and referenced."
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"ConjuChem\n\nConjuChem Biotechnologies Inc. is a medical biotechnology company located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada which is credited with inventing the experimental peptide hormone CJC-1295.",
"\n\nIt employs 45 people, 90% of whom are in research and development.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Biotechnology companies of Canada"
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"Everything Is Everything (Brand Nubian album)\n\nEverything is Everything is the third album from Hip Hop group Brand Nubian and the second released by the trio of Sadat X, Lord Jamar, and DJ Sincere. ",
"The album received mixed reviews and mediocre sales at the time of its release, despite a pair of popular singles, \"Word Is Bond\" and \"Hold On.\" ",
"The album is completely produced by Lord Jamar except the Sadat X solo song \"Alladat,\" which was produced by D.I.T.C. member Buckwild.",
"\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks produced by Lord Jamar, except track 5 produced by Buckwild.",
"\n\nCharts\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1994 albums\nCategory:Brand Nubian albums\nCategory:Elektra Records albums\nCategory:Albums produced by Buckwild"
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[
"This invention relates to composite polymeric materials, particularly composite materials containing rod-like aromatic heterocyclic polymers dispersed in a polymeric matrix.",
"\nChopped fiber reinforced plastics are currently being used in the fabrication of a wide variety of components. ",
"There are several disadvantages in the use of fiber for reinforcement of plastic. ",
"In the case of chopped glass fibers, a large amount of fiber, generally a minimum of 30 percent by weight, is necessary for reinforcement because of the low reinforcing effect of the fiber. ",
"There is a practical processing limit on the effective fiber length. ",
"A macroscopically long fiber length is required with due regard to breaking or destruction of the fiber during processing, particularly molding. ",
"Composite materials containing chopped fibers are generally less processable than their non-reinforced counterparts. ",
"The shape of moldings is often limited to simple block or sheet forms. ",
"Films or filaments cannot be formed from chopped glass fiber-reinforced plastics. ",
"Other disadvantages of these materials include poor surface properties of molded articles, an anisotropy in dynamic properties of moldings, molding defects due to heterogeniety of the polymeric materials, and low cycle time in processing.",
"\nA need exists for high strength reinforced composites and a method for their manufacture which possess at least the following desirable prerequisites: (1) non-reliance on fiber reinforcement for the attainment of high strength properties; (2) circumvention of the complexities of current composite fabrication procedures, and (3) elimination of any possibility of fiber-polymer interface problems.",
"\nVarious attempts have been made to overcome some of the above-described disadvantages of chopped-fiber-reinforced plastics. ",
"One approach described by Helminiak et al, U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"4,207,407 and 4,377,546, comprises the dispersion of an intrinsically rigid rod-like heterocyclic polymer in a flexible, coil-like heterocyclic polymer. ",
"These composites are referred to as molecular composites. ",
"While this approach represents a valuable contribution to the art, it has certain drawbacks. ",
"For example, poly (p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBT) has superior mechanical properties and thermal stability. ",
"However, PBT degrades before it melts; therefore, processing of a composite containing PBT must be carried out in a solution state with an acid, such as methanesulfonic-acid (MSA), as the solvent. ",
"Relatively few flexible coil polymers can be dissolved in or are stable in MSA, thus limiting the choice of matrix polymers. ",
"Molecular composites based on PBT and poly-2,5-benzimidazole (ABPBI) have been fabricated into fibers and thin films. ",
"However, ABPBI does not have a glass transition (Tg) temperature. ",
"Therefore, molecular composites containing ABPBI are difficult to thermally consolidate into thicker specimens. ",
"To overcome this problem, thermoplastic matrices have been used so that the molecular composite films could be laminated. ",
"However, thicker specimens fabricated using thermoplastic matrices are limited to use at temperatures below the Tg of the matrix polymer(s). ",
"Conventional thermoset resins, such as bismaleimides, epoxies and the like, are not stable in the acid medium used to process the rigid-rod polymer, and cannot be used as host matrices for molecular composites.",
"\nAccordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a molecular composite having thermoplastic and thermosetting properties.",
"\nOther objects, aspects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art."
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"Gwai\n\nGwai is a village in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. ",
"It is located around 135 km north-west of Bulawayo. ",
"The village is named after the local river and is derived from the Ndebele word meaning tobacco. ",
"The Gwai River Inn was a popular stop on the road between Bulawayo and Victoria Falls, but is now a shell following its destruction in a fire.",
"\n\nCategory:Populated places in Matabeleland South Province\nCategory:Populated places in Zimbabwe"
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"EU confidential documents show countries had agreed a preliminary common stance on the reform proposed by the European Commission in September which would give more powers to the European Banking Authority (EBA) to counter financial crime.",
"\n\nBut one EU source said states were still divided on this issue and it was unclear whether they could reach a deal by the next meeting of EU finance ministers scheduled on Dec. 4.",
"\n\nA second source said there was no preliminary deal and talks will be held on the issue at a meeting of EU envoys next week.",
"\n\nIf the new rules are not adopted before EU elections in May, they risk being shelved. ",
"A deal among EU states must be followed by a compromise with the EU Parliament in a process that usually takes several weeks.",
"\n\nUnder the Commission’s proposal, the EBA would be given new powers to force national supervisors to investigate cases of suspected breaches of rules to prevent money laundering.",
"\n\nIn exceptional cases, when national supervisors do not act within set deadlines, the EBA could take measures against a bank.",
"\n\nAt a closed-door meeting in September, the minutes of which have been reviewed by Reuters, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden and Finland were among EU states that urged not to act “prematurely” on the Commission’s proposed overhaul.",
"\n\nThe reform does not address loopholes that give states large discretion on imposing sanctions. ",
"Nor does it create a dedicated agency to counter money laundering at the EU or euro zone level, as proposed by the European Central Bank.",
"\n\nIn addition to the supervision reform, EU states are discussing a plan expected to be finalised in December that lists non-legislative actions to be taken over the coming months to prevent and counter money laundering.",
"\n\nThe action plan, of which Reuters has seen a preliminary draft, mandates the European Central Bank and the Commission to review by mid-2019 recent money laundering cases at EU banks.",
"\n\nSome EU states that are more opposed to the reform are pushing for introducing legislative changes only after the review is completed, a third EU source said."
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[
"28 pages\n\nForever Theirs…Kallys stepbrother has fufilled her filithiest fantasies, but now hes offering to fill her with something else.",
"Something she didnt even know she wanted.",
"A baby.",
"Can Kally, Bradley, and Finn somehow bring a baby into their livesMore Forever Theirs…Kallys stepbrother has fufilled her filithiest fantasies, but now hes offering to fill her with something else.",
"Something she didnt even know she wanted.",
"A baby.",
"Can Kally, Bradley, and Finn somehow bring a baby into their lives without destroying everything?"
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"The three Sanford (Fla.) Seminole prospects being recruited by almost every major program in the nation have done a good job at playing things close to the vest thus far. ",
"After a little break from the recruiting process they're almost ready to hit the road again and Dyron Dye spoke about their plans.",
"\n\nTigerBait.com caught up with the 6-foot-4, 230-pound defensive end and he spoke a bit about the past and more about the future."
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[
"Local adaptation has been a topic of research for more than a century and a half. [",
"@bib60] observed that organisms in different environments are phenotypically distinct. ",
"Despite the importance of local environments, historically, it has been difficult to assess response to environmental conditions across entire species ranges, and to disentangle the effects of selection from demography ([@bib52]). ",
"This, in turn, has made it problematic to use species range data in concert with crop germplasm collections and breeding programs. ",
"Global biophysical and bioclimatic data along with genome-wide marker genotypes creates the opportunity to use a 'landscape genomics' framework to potentially uncover the genetic basis for adaptive differences among populations (reviewed in [@bib8]). ",
"The application of 'landscape genomics' to crop wild relatives is particularly compelling, as the variation identified may then be tested for targeted crop improvement. ",
"As cultivars are typically derived from a subset of wild progenitors ([@bib24]), studies of crop wild relatives have the potential to uncover adaptive variants that do not occur in current cultivars.",
"\n\nSeveral approaches have been developed to identify genetic variants that may contribute to local adaptation. [",
"@bib38] proposed comparisons of subpopulations to identify loci with large allele frequency differences as measured by *F*~ST~ ([@bib62]). ",
"Simulation studies suggest the Lewontin and Krakauer framework provides a useful means of identifying potentially adaptive variants ([@bib5]; [@bib4]). ",
"Newer approaches identify allele frequency gradients or use mixed model approaches to identify an association between genetic variants and environmental variables. ",
"For example, Spatial Ancestry Analysis (SPA) ([@bib64]) is appropriate for sampling of individuals across continuous geographic space and environmental gradients. ",
"SPA estimates a continuous function of allele frequency that can be projected onto geographic space. ",
"Loci showing steep gradients in allele frequency are inferred to have been subject to selection ([@bib64]). ",
"Mixed model association mapping, as used in studies of phenotypic variation ([@bib41]), can also be used to associate genetic variants with environmental variables ([@bib14]; [@bib48]; [@bib65]).",
"\n\nThe potential to identify genetic variants that contribute to local adaptation in crop wild relatives has important agricultural implications. ",
"Crop wild relatives are often a source of novel variation for plant breeding ([@bib28]; [@bib42]). ",
"To date, introgression of adaptive variation from wild relatives has typically involved crosses with single accessions containing favorable characteristics (*e.g.*, resistance to a particular pathogen). ",
"Screening an entire germplasm collection for agronomically important traits is impractical for individual breeding programs. ",
"Environmental association within *ex situ* germplasm collections provides a path to targeted use of crop wild relatives.",
"\n\n*Glycine soja*, the wild progenitor of cultivated soybean, is native to East Asia, with a broad ecological distribution in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia ([@bib40]). ",
"Environmental variation is extensive across its range, with altitude ranging from sea level to ∼1400 m, yearly precipitation ranging from 300 mm to 3400 mm, and mean annual temperature ranging from --3.1° to 18.2°. ",
"The ecological amplitude of many crop wild relatives is very different from that observed for the crop in cultivation ([@bib29]). ",
"For soybean, a large portion of production (including a major growing region in the United States), occurs in an environmentally and climatically similar region to the natural range of the wild progenitor. ",
"In the United States, soybean is cultivated in areas with altitude ranging from sea level to ∼900 m, yearly precipitation ranging from 400 mm to 1800 mm, and mean annual temperature ranging from 1.3° to 20.5°. ",
"Given this environmental similarity, and the ease of crossing of *Glycine soja* with cultivated soybean, variants identified can be readily tested in soybean breeding programs.",
"\n\nIn this study, we examined population structure, environmental associations, and allele frequency gradients in 533 accessions of *Glycine soja*. ",
"The sampled accessions are derived from the USDA GRIN soybean germplasm collection, and were genotyped with the SoySNP50K genotyping platform ([@bib55]; [@bib20]). ",
"Environmental association was performed using data from public repositories of global bioclimatic (WorldClim) ([@bib26]), and biophysical (soils) variables (ISRIC) ([@bib25]) with 1 km resolution. ",
"Bioclimatic data include a summary of precipitation and temperature variables, which constitute averages over a period of 50 yr. ",
"Biophysical data include soil texture and chemistry variables. ",
"Environmental association, SPA, and *F*~ST~ outliers were explored, identifying variants that may be useful in targeted improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in soybean.",
"\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s1}\n=====================\n\nGenetic data acquisition {#s2}\n------------------------\n\nGenotype data from the SoySNP50K platform ([@bib55]) were downloaded from SoyBase ([@bib19]) for all available *G. soja* accessions. ",
"We excluded accessions without latitude and longitude coordinates, those with \\> 10% missing data, duplicate accessions (based on genetic similarity of ≥99.9%). ",
"We also excluded eight accessions from Taiwan and Northern Russia that were geographic outliers. ",
"Ambiguous and heterozygous SNP calls were treated as missing data due to the low outcrossing rate (∼3%) in *G. soja* ([@bib33]; [@bib21]). ",
"A list of the accession (Plant Introduction or PI) numbers, and geographic origins of the *G. soja* accessions used in this study is available in Supporting Information, [Table S1](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS1.txt), and a map of our sampled accessions is shown in [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The physical map positions of the SoySNP50K SNPs ([@bib54]) were mapped into the second genome assembly 'Glyma.",
"Wm82.a2.v1' (<http://www.soybase.org/>), where the SNP query sequences were aligned with Bowtie 2 ([@bib34]). ",
"The resulting SAM ([@bib39]) file was parsed with a custom Python script to extract the SNP position on the version 2 assembly. ",
"A translation table of the SoySNP50K SNPs, from version 1 assembly positions 'Glyma.",
"Wm82.a1' ([@bib51]) to version 2 assembly positions 'Glyma.",
"Wm82a2' ([@bib69]), is available in [Table S2](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS2.txt).",
"\n\n{#fig1}\n\nBioclimatic and biophysical variables {#s3}\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe latitude and longitude coordinates of *G. soja* sampling locations were used to query the WorldClim database for 68 variables, including bioclimatic variables based on yearly, quarterly, and monthly temperature and precipitation data, as well as altitude data at a resolution of 30 arcseconds (approximately 1 km grids) ([Table S3](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS3.txt); [@bib26]). ",
"The sampling locations (longitude and latitude) were also used to query the ISRIC database (World Soil Information database; [@bib25]) for seven biophysical variables \\[pH × 10 in H~2~O, percentage sand, percentage silt, percentage clay, bulk density in kg/m^3^, cation exchange capacity in cmolc/kg, and organic carbon content (fine earth fraction) in permilles\\] at a resolution of 30 arcseconds ([Table S3](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS3.txt)). ",
"We grouped soil data into two classes: topsoil (from 0 cm to 30 cm), and subsoil (from 30 cm to 200 cm), resulting in 14 soil variables. ",
"Classes were created by averaging the appropriate depths from the six depths available in the ISRIC database: 2.5 cm, 10 cm, 22.5 cm, 45 cm, 80 cm, and 150 cm ([@bib25]). ",
"Principal component analysis (PCA) on the bioclimatic and biophysical variables (first scaled to a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1) was conducted using the prcomp function in the R statistical language and programming environment ([@bib49]). ",
"Pearson correlation coefficients between bioclimatic and biophysical variables were calculated in R ([Table S4](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS4.xlsx)). ",
"Boxplots for each scaled bioclimatic and biophysical variable were created based on *G. soja* localities to examine the distribution for each variable ([Figure S1](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS1.tif)).",
"\n\nPopulation structure, allelic composition, and linkage disequilibrium measures {#s4}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGenetic assignment analysis was used to identify population structure in the sample using a Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) algorithm implemented in STRUCTURE ([@bib47]). ",
"The number of clusters (*K*), ranging from 2 to 5, was explored using a model with uncorrelated allele frequencies and no admixture between clusters, parameters that reflect a high degree of observed allele frequency differentiation among populations, and no prior evidence of admixture in *G. soja*. ",
"Runs for each *K* value were replicated 10 times, with 10,000 burn-in steps, and recorded for 10,000 subsequent steps. ",
"STRUCTURE assignments were visualized with the CLUMPPAK server ([@bib32]). ",
"PCA was also used to explore population structure using the SNPRelate package ([Figure S2](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS2.tif)) ([@bib67]).",
"\n\n*F*~ST~ was estimated among populations identified through genetic assignment (STRUCTURE). ",
"Theta (Ɵ), the variance-based *F*~ST~ estimate of [@bib61], was estimated using the R 'hierfstat' package ([@bib18]). ",
"The private allele richness of populations was calculated with the rarefaction approach implemented in ADZE to account for differences in sample size ([@bib56]). ",
"For visualization, *F*~ST~ was averaged in sliding windows, with a window size of 5, and a step of 3 SNPs. ",
"A Mantel test was conducted to explore isolation by distance, utilizing great circle distance between geographic locations, and pairwise genetic distance using the 'vegan' package in R ([@bib45]).",
"\n\nSPA was used to detect loci showing steep gradients in allele frequency ([@bib64]). ",
"SNPs with SPA scores above the 99.9th percentile were identified as outliers. ",
"SPA comparisons are particularly compelling for species with a continuous distribution and relationship among individuals driven by isolation by distance, as it incorporates geographic and genetic gradients in identifying local clines ([@bib64]).",
"\n\nLinkage disequilibrium (LD) in the sample was calculated with the 'LDheatmap' package in R ([@bib53]). ",
"LD as D′ ([@bib37]) was calculated between all pairwise combinations of markers on each chromosome. ",
"LD decay over physical distance was estimated using the exponential regression method of [@bib1]. ",
"Because recombination rate differed strongly between pericentromeric regions and euchromatic regions ([@bib36]), we treated these regions separately. ",
"For calculating the decay curves, we used 2.39 cM/Mb and 3.59 cM/Mb for pericentromeric and euchromatic regions, respectively, based on median adjacent-SNP recombination rate from the genetic map of [@bib36].",
"\n\nEnvironmental association mapping {#s5}\n---------------------------------\n\nMixed-model association as implemented in Tassel (5.0v) ([@bib6]; [@bib66]) was used to test for associations between individual SNPs and bioclimatic and biophysical variables. ",
"The following models were explored: a naïve model with no control for population structure, a model using the *Q*-matrix from STRUCTURE to control for population structure, a model using a kinship matrix (*K*-matrix) based on pairwise Manhattan distance among individuals at all SNPs, a model using both a *K*-matrix and a *Q*-matrix, and models that integrate latitude or latitude and longitude as covariates. ",
"Quantile-Quantile (qq) plots were examined for each model, and the genomic inflation parameter lambda (Λ) ([@bib13]), a metric of *p*-value inflation, was calculated ([Figure S3](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS3.tif)).",
"\n\nA threshold set at the 0.01% most extreme *p*-values was used to identify candidates for each environmental association, resulting in three significant marker associations per environmental variable. ",
"This threshold was chosen to focus the analysis on a minimum number of large effect variants, and to limit false positives. ",
"The qqman R package ([@bib59]) was used to plot the association results.",
"\n\nCandidate characterization {#s6}\n--------------------------\n\nSNPs identified as outliers through the environmental association mapping, SPA, or *F*~ST~ approaches were examined for functional annotation using SoyBase ([www.soybase.org](http://www.soybase.org)) ([@bib19]). ",
"This database provided access to minor allele frequency (MAF) for panels of landraces, elite lines, and *G. soja* accessions, based on data from the SoySNP50K development study ([@bib54]). ",
"For each SNP outlier, we collected additional information on genic context, nearby annotated genes, and the inferred Arabidopsis ortholog (TAIR10 best hit provided by Soybase). ",
"We performed enrichment analysis to determine if euchromatin, 3′ UTR, 5′ UTR, coding sequence (CDS), and intronic regions we over or underrepresented among outliers. ",
"Significance of enrichment was assessed by creating a 99% confidence interval around the proportion of SNPs that was found in each category as calculated by bootstrap sampling the number of SNPs in each category 1000 times.",
"\n\nData availability {#s7}\n-----------------\n\nThe scripts and most of the input files used to filter SNPs, run STRUCTURE, calculate *F*~ST~, calculate LD, and generate figures are publicly available in the GitHub repository located at <https://github.com/MorrellLAB/Soja_Env_Association>. ",
"A publicly available version of the genotyping matrix is available at (<http://soybase.org/snps/index.php>).",
"\n\nResults {#s8}\n=======\n\nPopulation structure {#s9}\n--------------------\n\nThe filtering criteria resulted in 533 *G. soja* accessions for analysis from the GRIN collection. ",
"These accessions came from 273 unique sampling locations ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Each accession was genotyped at 32,416 polymorphic SNPs that remained from SoySNP50K ([@bib55]) after filtering. ",
"These SNPs were distributed throughout the euchromatic and pericentromeric regions, and spaced at an average of ∼8.6 kb and ∼45 kb, respectively. ",
"Genetic assignment was assessed at *K* = 2 to *K* = 5. ",
"At *K* = 2 accessions were divided primarily east and west of the Sea of Japan. ",
"At *K* = 3, the Japanese archipelago samples form a distinct cluster, and the mainland samples were split into a northern and southern cluster. ",
"With *K* = 4, the samples located on the Korean Peninsula began to separate from mainland Asia, forming a unique cluster, or, more infrequently, the Japanese samples subdivided into two clusters. ",
"For *K* = 5, the Japan cluster separated into two distinct northern and southern subpopulations. ",
"Most analyses reported here are based on *K* = 3, which was identified as the optimum number of clusters using the approach of [@bib15]. ",
"The three clusters are identified here as Island (Japan), Mainland North (Northeast China and Eastern Russia), and Mainland South (Eastern China and South Korea) ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The clustering corresponds primarily to physical barriers to migration, and accords well with previously published studies of population structure in *G. soja* ([@bib33]; [@bib27]; [@bib21]). ",
"PCA of the genetic data identified a similar pattern of genetic clustering ([Figure S2](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS2.tif)). ",
"The first principal component (PC) explained 5.1% of the variation, and primarily separated samples on an east--west gradient. ",
"The second PC explained 2.7% of the variation, and a largely north--south gradient. ",
"A Mantel test identified isolation by distance in our sample (*r* = 0.58, *p* \\< 0.001).",
"\n\nAllele frequency differentiation, pairwise diversity, and linkage disequilibrium {#s10}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe Island and Mainland South clusters include the most accessions, at 216 and 275, respectively. ",
"The Mainland North cluster was smaller, with 42 individuals. *",
"Glycine soja* had a mean pairwise similarity of ∼70% across all samples ([Figure S4A](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS4.tif)). ",
"The Mainland North population was an outlier in terms of mean pairwise similarity within the three clusters, and contained a smaller number of segregating sites ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Figure S4B](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS4.tif)). ",
"The Island cluster had the highest private allele richness (corrected for sample size), followed by the Mainland South, then Mainland North ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"There were no fixed differences between populations. ",
"Among these three groups, the genome-wide average per SNP *F*~ST~ = 0.1. ",
"The genome-wide average Mainland South by Mainland North *F*~ST~ = 0.11, Mainland South by Island *F*~ST~ = 0.07, and Mainland North by Island *F*~ST~ = 0.18. ",
"The average half-life of LD in the euchromatic regions was D′ = 34 kb, substantially lower than the pericentromeric regions, with an average half-life of D′ = 500 kb. ",
"This was similar to previously reported values for *G. soja* ([@bib68]). ",
"Heatmaps of LD and curves of LD decay over distance are shown in [Figure S5](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS5.tif).",
"\n\n###### Diversity summary statistics within assigned clusters of *Glycine soja* sampled\n\n Population Sample Size Segregating Sites Private Allele Richness Mean Pairwise Difference\n --------------------------------- ------------- ------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------\n Island 216 31,698 0.025 (0.011) 0.340\n Mainland South 275 32,360 0.009 (0.005) 0.337\n Mainland North 42 23,797 0.001 (0.0001) 0.306\n Mainland South + Island 492 32,416 0.250 (0.160) 0.349\n Mainland North + Island 258 32,350 0.006 (0.002) 0.345\n Mainland South + Mainland North 317 32,360 0.045 (0.029) 0.338\n\nData include sample size, number of segregating sites, private allele richness (expected number of private alleles adjusted for sample size) with standard deviation, Mean Pairwise Difference (average difference between two accessions in each cluster).",
"\n\nEnvironmental variability and interdependence {#s11}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nMost of the 82 environmental variables showed a high degree of variation across the 273 sampled locations ([Figure S1](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS1.tif)). ",
"Across the range of *G. soja*, the northwestern region is colder and drier ([Figure S6A](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS6.tif) and [Figure S6B](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS6.tif)). ",
"The soils data indicate that the portion of the range in Japan has lower organic matter, higher sand content, and more variable pH than the mainland ([Figure S6C](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS6.tif) and [Table S3](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS3.txt)). ",
"A PCA of the bioclimatic and biophysical variables recapitulates the geography ([Figure S6D](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS6.tif)). ",
"The first four PCs explained 86.3% of the variation. ",
"Specifically, the first PC was associated with temperature, the second PC with precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation in yearly precipitation), the third PC precipitation/soil, and the fourth PC with soil. ",
"Pearson correlations between all bioclimatic and biophysical variables ([Table S4](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS4.xlsx)) showed high correlation between topsoil and subsoil (\\> 0.99); temperature of adjacent months (\\> 0.91); and spring, summer, and fall precipitation. ",
"While precipitation in July and August was highly correlated (0.86), they had low correlation with adjacent months (June--July precipitation = 0.36; August--September precipitation = 0.18).",
"\n\nEnvironmental association mapping {#s12}\n---------------------------------\n\nEnvironmental association mapping using mixed models that incorporated the *K*-matrix and *Q* + *K* matrix outperformed a naïve model or Q-matrix only model ([Figure S3](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS3.tif)). ",
"The final model used the bioclimatic/biophysical variable as the response, and genotype as a fixed effect, the *K*-matrix as a random effect, and latitude as a covariate ([Figure S3](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS3.tif)). ",
"This was the simplest model (fewest covariates), with a Λ near 1, indicating minimal inflation of *p*-values ([Figure S3](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS3.tif)). ",
"The use of latitude, or latitude and longitude, as covariates resulted in nearly the same Λ.\n\nThis model was applied across all 82 environmental variables. ",
"All *p*-values from mixed model analyses are reported in [Table S5](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS5.zip) (Benjamini-Hochberg FDR-values in [Table S6](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS6.zip)). ",
"As expected with a marker set this size, typical thresholds of 0.01 Benjamini-Hochberg FDR-value, or 0.001 *p*-value, resulted in thousands of markers below the significance threshold (on average 1159 or 77 markers per environmental variable association). ",
"These thresholds were therefore deemed insufficient for extracting only major loci. ",
"Instead, the threshold of 0.01% for each association was investigated, corresponding to the three strongest marker associations for each bioclimatic and biophysical variable. ",
"At this significance level, 110 unique SNPs were associated with at least one bioclimatic or biophysical variable ([Table S7](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS7.xlsx)). ",
"The *p*-value for these significant SNPs ranged from 4.05E--4 to 5.69E--9, with an average of 2.98E--5. ",
"We examined GO terms and the putative function of *Arabidopsis thaliana* orthologs for genes within 34 kb (average euchromatic half-life of LD in our sample) of these significant markers. ",
"As expected, several patterns arose corresponding to correlated environmental variables ([Table S4](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS4.xlsx)), and major contributors to the environmental PCA ([Figure S6D](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS6.tif)).",
"\n\nMean Temperature Wettest Quarter was a major contributor to PC1 of the environmental PCA. ",
"Mixed model association of this variable identified an association on chromosome 8 with two SNPs (*p* = 1.47E--6 and 6.78E--6) occurring less than 5 kb downstream of Glyma.08g298200 ([Figure 2, A and B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The Arabidopsis ortholog (as inferred from Soybase) is MYB88, functionally annotated as \"Encodes a putative transcription factor involved in stomata development.\" ",
"The nonreference alleles for the two significant markers at this locus are more common in *G. soja* than in landrace and elite soybean lines ([Figure 2C](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The environmental trait distribution of Mean Temperature Wettest Quarter reveals that, while both the reference and nonreference alleles are found in all three population clusters ([Figure S7A](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS7.tif)), individuals with the nonreference allele occur in environments that are on average ∼2° warmer in the wettest quarter than those with the reference variant ([Figure S7B](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS7.tif)).",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}.)](835f2){#fig2}\n\nOften, the same genetic variants were found associated with more temperature variables from adjacent months. ",
"An example is SNP 'BARC_1.01_Gm16_1552499_A\\_G,' significant in 11 associations with summer temperature variables ([Figure S8](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS8.tif)). ",
"Many of these bioclimatic variables were major contributors to PC1 (temperature) in the environmental PCA. ",
"The Arabidopsis ortholog for the nearest gene, Glyma.16g017600, was TMP14, which encodes the P subunit of Photosystem I ([@bib30]). ",
"Individuals with the reference variant tended to occur at sites with cooler summer temperatures ([Figure S9](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS9.tif)).",
"\n\nOne of the strongest associations with monthly precipitation was between SNP 'BARC_1.01_Gm_08_2254106_G\\_A,' on chromosome 8, and July Precipitation ([Figure S10](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS10.tif)). ",
"This SNP was significant in both July Precipitation, and Precipitation Wettest Quarter. ",
"This SNP occurs within Glyma.08g028200 ([Figure S10](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS10.tif)). ",
"The Arabidopsis ortholog for this gene is PECT1, shown to be involved in respiration capacity in leaves ([@bib46]). ",
"Associations with monthly precipitation overlapped less frequently than monthly temperature in adjacent months, likely due to the lower correlation of precipitation between adjacent months.",
"\n\nThe strongest association with a biophysical (soil) variable was an association between SNP 'BARC_1.01_Gm14_23750665_G\\_A,' on chromosome 14, and Percent Sand Subsoil ([Figure 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This marker was also significant for Percent Sand Topsoil, Percent Silt Topsoil and Subsoil, and Cation Exchange Capacity Topsoil. ",
"As shown in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, this SNP occurs in a pericentromeric region with low SNP density in the SoySNP50K assay. ",
"The gene Glyma.14g141200 occurs in this region, and has the Arabidopsis ortholog YUC6 ([Figure 3B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is involved in the auxin biosynthesis pathway that provides enhanced resistance to water stress ([@bib31]). ",
"The nonreference variant was rare in our sample, and not present in elite lines or landraces in a previous study ([Figure 3C](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) ([@bib54]). ",
"Distributions of Topsoil Percent Silt and Percent Sand reveal that individuals carrying the nonreference variant were present in locations with 6% higher silt and 9% lower sand, on average, than individuals carrying the reference variant ([Figure 3D](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure S11](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS11.tif)). ",
"This is not merely a result of population structure, as the accessions with the nonreference variant are widely dispersed ([Figure 3E](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n![",
"Genome-wide association results of percent sand, and percent silt. (",
"A) Genome-wide view of association results for Percent Sand Subsoil. (",
"B) Zoom in on 60 kb region around the significant marker BARC_1.01_Gm14_23750665_G\\_A, the most significant hit for topsoil and subsoil percent sand, and topsoil and subsoil percent silt. ",
"The \"A\" allele at this locus is associated with high silt environments, and is not found in a previous scan of landrace and elite soybean cultivars. ",
"The Arabidopsis ortholog for the nearest gene, Glyma.14g141200, is YUC6, a gene associated with enhanced resistance to water stress. (",
"C) The \"A\" allele is rare in our sample, and found to be rare, or not present, in a previous screen of soybean genotypic classes ([@bib54]). (",
"D) Density plot of allele frequency distribution for Percent Silt. ",
"The individuals with the \"G\" allele are shaded in dark gray overlaid with the \"A\" allele individuals in light gray. (",
"E) Geographic location of individuals with the \"G\" allele (dark gray), or \"A\" allele (light gray), with jitter added to show overlapping samples. ",
"Individuals with missing genotyping data at this SNP are not shown.](835f3){#fig3}\n\nFor a complete list of significant markers see [Table S7](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS7.xlsx), or [Figure S12](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS12.docx) for Manhattan plots of the mixed model association results for each of the bioclimatic and biophysical variables.",
"\n\nF~ST~ and SPA outliers {#s13}\n----------------------\n\nSPA and *F~ST~* outlier analyses were used to identify allele frequencies that could indicate the action of selection at a locus. ",
"SPA outliers tended to divide the sample along the same axes identified in genetic assignment and PCA analyses. ",
"SPA selection scores were positively correlated with *F~ST~* (*r* = 0.76, *r*^2^ = 0.58; [Figure S13](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS13.tif) and [Figure S14](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS14.tif)). ",
"The 99.9% outliers from SPA ([Table S8](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS8.xlsx)) and *F~ST~* ([Table S9](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS9.xlsx)) overlapped at two SNPs (9% of outliers) ([Figure 4A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"One of these overlapping SNPs had the highest SPA selection score. ",
"These two outlier SNPs occur in a gene family cluster on chromosome 15 ([Figure 4B](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with Arabidopsis orthologs annotated as, \"bifunctional inhibitor/lipid-transfer protein/seed storage 2S albumin superfamily protein\" ([Figure 4C](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"SPA outliers were significantly enriched for genic space, whereas *F*~ST~ outliers and significant environmental associations were enriched for nongenic space ([Table S10](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS10.xlsx) and [Figure S15](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS15.tif)).",
"\n\n![",
"SPA, *F*~ST~, and recombination rate in the *G. soja* genome. (",
"A) Sliding window of these values plotted on chromosome 15. ",
"Recombination decreases dramatically through the pericentromeric region, denoted by the vertical gray dotted lines. (",
"B) Zoom in on 60 kb region around two significant SPA markers BARC_1.01_Gm15_10376148_G\\_A, and BARC_1.01_Gm15_10382285_T\\_C, a region of notably low recombination, and both high *F*~ST~ and SPA values. ",
"Three genes in this region (denoted with asterisks) were previously found to be duplicated, or deleted, in some elite soybean lines ([@bib3]). ",
"This cluster of genes appear to be members of a gene family. ",
"The Arabidopsis ortholog for the genes denoted in red is AT5G46890, a bifunctional inhibitor/lipid-transfer protein/seed storage 2S albumin superfamily protein. ",
"Similarly, the Arabidopsis ortholog for Glyma.15g119600, denoted in blue, is AT5G46900, a bifunctional inhibitor/lipid-transfer protein/seed storage 2S albumin superfamily protein. ",
"The implications of structural variation relating to *F*~ST~, SPA hits, or recombination are not yet clear.](835f4){#fig4}\n\nDiscussion {#s14}\n==========\n\nPopulation structure of Glycine soja {#s15}\n------------------------------------\n\nGenetic assignment analysis of *G. soja* in East Asia identified three primary clusters: Mainland North, Mainland South, and Island. ",
"The Mantel test identified isolation by distance, a result consistent with previous observations of differentiation in *G. soja* based on a latitude gradient and flowering time ([@bib11]; [@bib44]). ",
"The Sea of Japan likely contributed as a physical barrier to migration between the Island cluster and the mainland clusters. ",
"All clusters had relatively small private allele richness compared to other plant species ([@bib16]; [@bib10]). ",
"The Mainland North cluster had a pattern of elevated *F*~ST~, and the smallest number of polymorphic SNPs. ",
"The allele frequency differences in this cluster could be attributable to small local effective population size, and a higher level of genetic drift. ",
"Ascertainment bias likely also contributed to this pattern, as the Mainland North cluster was not represented in the discovery panel. ",
"The SoySNP50K discovery panel included two *G. soja* accessions: PI468916 (Mainland South), and PI479752 (collected in China but does not have longitude and latitude) ([@bib54]).",
"\n\nWe observed a pattern of elevated *F*~ST~ in pericentromeric regions ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Reduced recombination rates, as observed in pericentromeric regions of *G. max* ([@bib51]), can contribute to elevated allele frequency divergence. ",
"This effect has been attributed to linked selection ([@bib9]).",
"\n\nAgronomic implications of environmental association {#s16}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe identification of genetic variants associated with higher temperatures or lower moisture could contribute to an understanding of the genetic basis of plant response to climate change. ",
"This, in turn, could enable breeders to identify individual accessions of a crop wild relative that may have alleles associated with abiotic stress tolerance. ",
"The nonreference variant detected in association with \"Mean Temperature Wettest Quarter\" on chromosome 8, which is associated with higher temperature, is found in ∼90% of our *G. soja* samples, while a previous study found this variant in 3.6% of elite soybean lines ([@bib54]). ",
"Another locus with potential effect on temperature response was detected on chromosome 16, this variant was present in accessions sampled from the Korean Peninsula north into Russia, corresponding to cooler growing season temperatures. ",
"The variant on chromosome 16 occurs at a moderate frequency (30%) in elite lines. ",
"These findings suggest that naturally occurring variants at these loci could contribute to improved drought response in elite soybeans.",
"\n\nThe use of soils data allows us to examine how genetic variation may associate with below-ground environmental variation. ",
"While most of the root mass in soybeans occurs in the topsoil, the same SNPs were often associated with topsoil and subsoil variables. ",
"Soil texture and content associations identified several associations that have potential agronomic applications. ",
"For example, SNP 'BARC_1.01_Gm04_3461538_T\\_C', on chromosome 4 was associated with \"soil pH\" ([Figure S16](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/FigureS16.tif)), which may be relevant in the response to iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). ",
"IDC is not necessarily a shortage of iron in the soil, but rather the inability of the plant to uptake iron under certain conditions ([@bib23]). ",
"IDC has a number of soil and environmental factors associated with its severity, including high early season moisture, low temperature, and high soil pH ([@bib23]). ",
"The gene closest to the variant (3 kb away) is Glyma.04g044000, whose reported Arabidopsis ortholog is NRAMP2, known to be essential for Arabidopsis seed germination, and development in low iron conditions ([@bib35]).",
"\n\nUtility of complementary approaches {#s17}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe SPA and *F*~ST~ outlier estimates identified no overlap with the set of SNPs identified in the environmental association. ",
"SPA and *F*~ST~ identify SNPs on the basis of strong allele frequency differentiation, under the assumption that the difference is due to differential selection pressures. ",
"Environmental association explicitly tests covariation between allele frequency and a bioclimatic or biophysical variable. ",
"Since we are taking an outlier approach, the minimal overlap between these approaches can be attributed to differing assumptions of each test (reviewed in [@bib2]).",
"\n\nCopy number variants reported by [@bib3], occur at the same genomic location as an allele frequency outlier in both the *F*~ST~ and SPA analyses. ",
"Recently, understanding the link between phenotypic variation and structural variation has been a topic of intense study: how do deletions or duplications ranging in size from single genes to sizeable pieces of chromosomes affect phenotypes (reviewed in [@bib50])? ",
"It should be noted that we were unable to investigate copy number variation in *G. soja* with this dataset as we were querying single SNPs, which are not diagnostic of chromosomal structural variation, so the broader implications of the cooccurrence is unclear.",
"\n\nUtility to plant breeding {#s18}\n-------------------------\n\nThese findings in *G. soja* could be especially beneficial for plant breeders focusing on abiotic stress tolerance. ",
"Compared to other staple crops, soybean improvement has rarely employed the genetic potential found in its crop wild relatives ([@bib22]). ",
"This underutilization is likely related to the effort required to select lines from large germplasm collections, to make a multitude of crosses to create mapping populations, and to properly phenotype populations for specific traits. ",
"In soybean, there is also a limitation placed by the number of seeds produced from an individual cross. ",
"Environmental association is an attractive alternative, where the diversity in a germplasm collection is used to identify genetic differentiation owing to environmental or abiotic factors. ",
"We identify such promising loci ([Table S7](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS7.xlsx), [Table S8](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS8.xlsx), and [Table S9](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1/TableS9.xlsx)), which could immediately be applied to a validation population, and implemented in a breeding program.",
"\n\nLimitations and biases {#s19}\n----------------------\n\nWhile these results are promising, a number of limitations and biases with these data and approaches need to be considered. ",
"The limitations include the resolution of the bioclimatic and biophysical data, the assumptions made in treating environmental variables as a phenotype, and using an association mapping framework.",
"\n\nThe data in the databases are limited to a specific resolution. ",
"That is, points a certain distance apart are indistinguishable by their bioclimatic or biophysical variables. ",
"This amounts to \"phenotyping error\" in our approach, and reduces the power of our tests. ",
"This is particularly true for biophysical (soil) variables, which may vary over much finer scales than the resolution of the database ([@bib7]).",
"\n\nIn treating the local environmental variables as a \"phenotype,\" our approach requires the assumption that these variables constitute the selective pressures on the populations. ",
"However, climatic variables are merely proxies for response to abiotic stresses, and we are assuming the individuals sampled are adapted to their local conditions. ",
"In a similar vein, our approach works best when a variant exhibits antagonistic pleiotropy, rather than conditional neutrality. ",
"If a variant is positively selected in one local environment, and negatively selected in another (antagonistic pleiotropy), our approach is more likely to identify it as significant than if it were neutral in the second environment (conditional neutrality) ([@bib57]).",
"\n\nLastly, because we are taking an association mapping approach, the limitations of association analyses apply. ",
"The variants we identify are not assumed to be causative, but are presumed to be in LD with a causative variant. ",
"Limited marker density can increase the false negative rate as there is limited power to detect all but the strongest signals of selection ([@bib57]). ",
"Because we are using a fixed SNP platform, our results are affected by ascertainment bias. ",
"Since the SNPs are ascertained, we are biased toward common SNPs, and must make a common trait--common variant assumption. ",
"Our approach will miss rare alleles of large effect, or any structural variants that influence phenotypic variance. ",
"For more on the common variant--common trait assumption in association mapping, see [@bib43].",
"\n\nConclusion {#s20}\n----------\n\nData drawn from four large public databases (GRIN, WorldClim, ISRIC, and Soybase) were used to explore the intersection of bioclimatic, biophysical, and genetic components in the important soybean crop wild relative, *G. soja*. ",
"Genetic variation associated with the environmental variation across the native range of *G. soja* was identified. ",
"We focus on the identification of loci that could contribute to abiotic stress tolerance. ",
"Genome scans for environmental association provide an opportunity to categorize and evaluate the utility of genetic variants in germplasm collections, complimenting recent initiatives to categorize and evaluate international germplasm collections (<http://www.divseek.org/>, [@bib42]; [@bib12]). ",
"Ideally these results can play a role in improving crop tolerance to globally changing environmental conditions.",
"\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### Supporting Information\n\nThe authors thank Katy Rainey, Patrick Ewing, Shawn Goggins, and Ana Poets for helpful conversations. ",
"This work was supported by the United Soybean Board, the Minnesota Varietal Development Fund. ",
"The MnDRIVE 2014 Global Food Ventures Fellowship program in support of T.J.Y.K. This work was carried out in part using hardware and software provided by the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute.",
"\n\nAuthor contributions: M.B.K., T.J.Y.K., and J.E.A. designed and conducted the research. ",
"J.E.A., T.J.Y.K., M.B.K., R.M.S., and P.L.M. wrote the paper.",
"\n\nSupporting information is available online at [www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1](http://www.g3journal.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1534/g3.116.026914/-/DC1)\n\nCommunicating editor: J. Ross-Ibarra\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.",
"\n"
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"var convert = require('./convert'),\n func = convert('random', require('../random'));\n\nfunc.placeholder = require('./placeholder');\nmodule.exports = func;\n"
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[
"A new software service for hosting and managing open source projects, Sr.ht, aims to be an entirely open source alternative to existing services like GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket, recreating many of their features.",
"\n\nCreated by Drew DeVault and written in a mixture of Python and Go, Sr.ht is now available for public alpha testing by developers. ",
"Users can create an account with the hosted version provided by DeVault, or set up the exact same code on cloud or on-prem hardware.",
"\n\nIn a blog post announcing public access to the project’s alpha release, DeVault described how Sr.ht is intended to stand apart: “Unlike GitHub, which is almost entirely closed source, and GitLab, which is mostly open source but with a proprietary premium offering, all of Sr.ht is completely open source, with a copyleft license.”",
"\n\nProjects hosted with Sr.ht get their own Git repositories, wikis, bug tracking, continuous integration and build services, mailing lists, and credential management.",
"\n\nSr.ht’s interface is deliberately minimal, with little or no JavaScript, the better to speed load time and enhance compatibility with devices. ",
"Sr.ht also opts to use existing standards rather than reinvent the wheel. ",
"Git commits, for instance, are managed via email. ",
"Sr.ht also manages the mailing lists used for discussion around a hosted project.",
"\n\nA few projects started using Sr.ht for project hosting during the private alpha period, such as the Mrsh shell, and the PostmarketOS Linux distribution for phones. ",
"DeVault is also aiding a number of other projects being on-boarded, including “Linux distributions and non-Linux operating systems looking to automate package maintenance and testing; important pieces of open source compiler infrastructure suites; programming languages (compilers, standard libraries, etc.).”",
"\n\nThe biggest potential obstacle with Sr.ht is a lack of on-boarding for people already invested in another code hosting service. ",
"Right now there is no automated way to migrate projects hosted elsewhere. ",
"GitHub issues, for instance, cannot be automatically converted into Sr.ht tickets. ",
"And while Sr.ht’s continuous integration service is similar conceptually to Jenkins, it isn’t a drop-in replacement.",
"\n\nDeVault does plan to implement some kind of automated migration functionality before announcing a beta release, and he is preparing walk-through tutorials for common workflows."
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[
"Q:\n\nWhich permissions are required to synchronize two sql databases using Micorosoft Sync Framework with bulk procedures?",
"\n\nI wrote a programme in C# using the Microsoft Sync Framework to synchronize two sql databases. ",
"After successfully provisioning the server and client,\nI set the following permissions on the client initiating the synchronisation:\nGRANT VIEW CHANGE TRACKING ON OBJECT::dbo.",
"My_Table to my_role\nGRANT DELETE ON [dbo].[My_Table_tracking] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT INSERT ON [dbo].[My_Table_tracking] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT SELECT ON [dbo].[My_Table_tracking] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT UPDATE ON [dbo].[My_Table_tracking] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT DELETE ON [dbo].[scope_info] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT INSERT ON [dbo].[scope_info] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT SELECT ON [dbo].[scope_info] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT UPDATE ON [dbo].[scope_info] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT DELETE ON [dbo].[scope_config] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT INSERT ON [dbo].[scope_config] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT SELECT ON [dbo].[scope_config] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT UPDATE ON [dbo].[scope_config] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_selectrow] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_update] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_updatemetadata] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_selectchanges] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_insertmetadata] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_insert] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_deletemetadata] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_delete] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_bulkupdate] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_bulkinsert] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\nGRANT EXECUTE ON [dbo].[My_Table_bulkdelete] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\n\nI used the following resources to put the script above together: \n\nAnswer to Need to learn how to set appropriate permissions on SQL Server database to allow Synchronisation through Sync Framework 2.1\nMinimum Database Permissions Requirements for Microsoft Sync Framework\n\nHowever when I run the programme, the following error is logged:\n\nAn SqlParameter with ParameterName '@changeTable' is not contained by this SqlParameterCollection\n\nAfter mapping the user executing the query to the built-in db_owner role, the programme works flawlessly.",
"\nIs there any way, I can compare the effective permissions granted to my_role and db_owner? ",
"How can I debug the permission issue with sql server (the sql server log shown in ssms does not show anything related to my issue)? ",
"Or: Which exact permissions are needed to make the Microsoft Sync Framework synchronize two database with bulk procedures?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe stored procedures responsible for bulk operations use a user defined table type which is named after the table that is going to be synchronized, e.g. Mytable_BulkType. ",
"To execute these procedures, the user needs the following permission on the table type:\nGRANT CONTROL ON TYPE::[dbo].[MyTable_BulkType] TO [my_role] AS [dbo]\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nPHP: File not writable after changing permissions and ownership\n\nIn a PHP script , am getting below error when checked if a file is writable or not.",
"\nfopen(test.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied\n\nPlease see blow details:\n\nApache service is running as user:apache, checked with:\nps aux | egrep '(apache|httpd)'\n\n2.Ownership of the file to be written and php script is changed to apache.",
"\nchown apache:apache test.txt \nchown apache:apache test.php\n\n3.File permissions changed to:777\nchmod 777 test.txt \nchmod 777 test.php\n\n4.Tried setting:\nAlready tried solutions provided in:fopen Permission denied on a file with 777 permissions\nOS:Redhat Enterprise\nCode:\n<?",
"php\necho getmyuid().':'.getmygid(); \necho \"<br/>\";\necho exec('whoami');\necho \"<br/>\";\n$dst = 'test.txt';\necho $dst, file_exists($dst) ? ' ",
"exists' : ' does not exist<br/>', \"<br/>\\n\";\necho $dst, is_readable($dst) ? ' ",
"is readable' : ' is NOT readable', \"<br/>\\n\";\necho $dst, is_writable($dst) ? ' ",
"is writable' : ' is NOT writable<br/>', \"<br/>\\n\";\n$fh = fopen($dst, 'w');\nif ( !",
"$fh ) {\n echo ' last error: ';\n var_dump(error_get_last());\n}\n\nOutput:\n33:33\napache\ntest.txt exists\ntest.txt is readable\ntest.txt is NOT writable\n\nlast error: array(4) { [\"type\"]=> int(2) [\"message\"]=> string(57) \"fopen(test.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied\" [\"file\"]=> string(34) \"/var/www/data/test2.php\" [\"line\"]=> int(10) } \n\nA:\n\nAt last reached the answer myself! ",
"I had to modify the SELinux configuration with chon command and apply permission as:httpd_sys_rw_content_t\nchcon -R -h -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t /var/www/data/\n\nalong with:\nchown -R apache:apache/var/www/data/\nchmod -R a+rX /var/www/data/\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nWhy we have to create personal access client in passport again and again\n\nI'm using passport in my laravel project for the first time. ",
"Whenever I start the project, entering the login credentials it gives me error:\n\n\"Personal access client not found. ",
"Please create one.\"",
"\n\nthen I run the command \"php artisan passport:install\" or \"php artisan passport:client --personal\" and everything runs well, but I want to fix this problem entirely.",
"\nHow can I fix it?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou have to run php artisan passport:client --personal\" every time to generate a new token. ",
"Each time you do database migration you drop Oauth table as well. ",
"\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nAdding new form fields dynamically in ngView - Angularjs\n\nI use routing to load different templates into a ngView. ",
"One of the templates has a simple controller which contains an array of contacts. ",
"What I'm trying to do here is as simple as by clicking a link (ngclick) call a function and add a new object into the array which I expect will be reflected in my UI. ",
"\nIt's something like this: \n$scope.contacts = [{name='', email=''}];\n\n<li ng-repeat=\"con in contacts\">\n <input type=\"text\" ng-model=\"con.name\"/>\n <input type=\"email\" ng-model=\"con.email\"/> \n</li>\n<li>\n <a href ng-click=\"addContact()\">add</a>\n</li>\n\n$scope.addContact = function() {\n $scope.contacts.push( {name='', email=''} ); //-- i can use either $scope or this to reference the array and works.",
"\n}\n\nSo, the UI renders well with the initial value, the addContact function is invoked on click and I see the value is pushed (length = 2) but then the function ends the array seems to be reset to one element (lenght = 1) after angularjs evaluation. ",
"\nI'm not sure if this is occurring because I use ngView. ",
"I mean, I reviewed this example (http://code.angularjs.org/1.0.3/docs/api/ng.directive:ngController) and I don't see much differences of what I'm trying to do here, the diff is that I use routing with ngView. ",
"\nfiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/fdDph/\nHelp is much appreciated. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nIn your Fiddle, you are resetting the array length to 1 in the ng-show:\n<span ng-hide=\"contacts.length = 1\">\n\nDo this and it will work:\n<span ng-hide=\"contacts.length == 1\">\n\n"
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[
"Introduction\n============\n\nEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is accepted as a minimally invasive treatment for superficial colorectal neoplasm [@JR1428-1] [@JR1428-2] . ",
"ESD has been reported to have a high rate of en bloc resection with good long-term outcome, irrespective of size and morphology [@JR1428-1] [@JR1428-3] [@JR1428-4] [@JR1428-5] [@JR1428-6] . ",
"Patients who have undergone colorectal resection for cancer or benign lesions, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are still at risk of developing recurrent, residual, or metachronous lesions in the residual colon, including the anastomosis site (AS). ",
"For lesions at the AS, resection by ESD should be technically more difficult than a regular site due to severe fibrosis and presence of staples from the previous surgery. ",
"Surgical resection can be also difficult based in the case of adhesions, and a stoma may be required [@JR1428-7] . ",
"ESD for lesions at the AS may have advantages for minimally invasive treatment, therefore, we report on our technical tips and outcome of ESD.",
"\n\nPatients and methods\n====================\n\nPatients\n--------\n\nWe conducted a retrospective review of five patients with superficial neoplastic lesions on the AS after colorectal resection, who underwent ESD at our hospital and affiliated hospitals between July 2007 and March 2017. ",
"The ESDs were performed by a single highly experienced endoscopist. ",
"A tumor developing on the AS or a lesion spanning into the AS is defined as \"a tumor at the AS.\" ",
"Indications for ESD based on the colorectal ESD/Endoscopic mucosal resection guidelines were issued by the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society [@JR1428-2] . ",
"Informed consent was obtained from all patients before the procedure, after explained patients for the procedure, results, and possible complications such as perforations.",
"\n\nESD equipment and procedure\n---------------------------\n\nThe procedures were performed using a single-channel endoscope (PCF-Q260, GIF-Q240, or GIF-H260; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with FlushKnife BT 1.5 mm (DK2620J-B15S; FTS, Tokyo, Japan) and FlushKnife N 1 mm (DK2620J-N10S; Fujifilm Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). ",
"A small-caliber-tip transparent hood (ST Hood) (DH-28GR; Fujifilm Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) or a transparent hood with slit and hole (F-25 or F-40; Top Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) was used to maintain good visibility in the operative field. ",
"In all cases, 0.4 % sodium hyaluronate (MucoUp, Boston Scientific Co., Tokyo, Japan) was used for submucosal lifting. ",
"Procedure time was defined as the time between mucosal injection and complete resection. ",
"Four patients underwent ESD under conscious sedation and one patient under general anesthesia.",
"\n\nMucosal incision started from the anal to oral site of the non-fibrotic area, and the submucosal layer was opened. ",
"A mucosal flap of the normal mucosa, which was further from the tumor margin (approximately 5 -- 10 mm) in contrast to that in conventional ESD, was created. ",
"Finally, the severely fibrosed part was dissected to connect both ends of the non-fibrotic areas ( [Fig.",
" 1](#FI1428-1){ref-type=\"fig\"} ). ",
"Swift Coag Effect 2, 50 -- 100 W or Drycut mode Effect 3, 100 W of VIO 300 D (ERBE Elektromedizin, Tubingen, Germany) was used to dissect the severely fibrotic parts. ",
"After exposing, the staples were removed using biopsy forceps to the greatest extent possible, because of a probability of high-frequency current being conducted from the target lesion to the staples, which have a low electrical resistance. ",
"In cases where staple removal was difficult, the excision line was made below the staples within the thickened muscularis propria due to anastomosis [@JR1428-8] . ",
"This was carefully performed with a FlushKnife N 1.0-mm device, which has the shortest electrode knife, to avoid the damage to the deep muscle layer ( [Fig.",
" 2](#FI1428-2){ref-type=\"fig\"} ).",
"\n\n{#FI1428-1}\n\n{#FI1428-2}\n\n. ",
"Results\n=========\n\n###### \n\n**Video 1** ESD procedure for the lesion at anastomosis site (Case \\#1).",
"\n\nESD was performed in five patients ( [Table 1](#TB1428-1){ref-type=\"table\"} ) with lesions at the AS.",
" Two patients had residue from surgical resection performed for removal of a superficial rectal neoplasm. ",
"The remaining three patients had metachronous lesions that had developed from FAP and UC. ",
"R0 en bloc resection was achieved in all cases. ",
"No patient had bleeding with need for endoscopic hemostasis or perforations with free intraperitoneal gas that could be detected on a plain radiograph. ",
"Mean procedure time was 160.6 minutes. ",
"Mean dimensions of the resected specimen and tumor were 52.4 × 32.8 mm and 31.8 × 18.8 mm, respectively. ",
"All patients were discharged to their homes within 1 week after ESD. ",
"No recurrence was found during the 1-year surveillance colonoscopy. ",
"There was no stenosis after ESD except Case \\#5 in which the patient had a circumferential lesion. ",
"However, the stenosis was improved by weekly balloon dilatation and daily digital self-dilatation after 3 months.",
"\n\n###### Clinical characteristics of five patients with a lesion at the anastomotic site.",
"\n\n Case Age Sex Previous surgery Cause of previous surgery Morphology Location Specimen size (mm) Tumor size (mm) Procedure time (mins) Histopathology Depth of invasion R0 resection\n ------ ----- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------ -------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- --------------\n 1 78 Male 1\\. Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and low anterior resection 2. ",
"Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for residual tumor at anastomosis IMCRC LST-G with sessile polyp Rectum 67 × 41 42 × 14 12 × 12 226 1\\. Adenocarcinoma in tubulovillous adenoma 2. ",
"Tubulovillous adenoma, high grade Intramucosal Y\n 2 76 Male Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy IMCRC LST-G Transverse colon 42 × 35 26 × 13 120 Tubular adenoma (high grade) -- Y\n 3 72 Male 1\\. Subtotal colectomy with J-pouch ileorectal anastomosis 2. ",
"Piecemeal EMR at anastomosis UC LST-G Rectum 46 × 32 28 × 23 116 Papillary carcinoma with tubular adenoma Intramucosal Y\n 4 29 male Subtotal colectomy with J-pouch ileorectal anastomosis FAP LST-G Rectum 43 × 32 23 × 18 171 Tubular adenoma (high grade) -- Y\n 5 62 Male Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis FAP LST-G Anal canal 64 × 24 60 × 20 (circumferential lesion) 170 Tubulovillous adenoma (low grade dysplasia) -- Y\n\nIMCRC, mucosal colorectal carcinoma; UC, ulcerative colitis; FAP, familial adenomatous polyposis; LST-G, lateral spreading tumor granular type. ",
"R0 resection defined as en bloc resection with tumor-free lateral and vertical margins.",
"\n\nIn Case \\#1, the patient previously underwent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with low anterior resection for large mucosal neoplasms in the hepatic flexure and rectum. ",
"One year later, residual rectal lesions at the AS were detected and removed by two transanal resections. ",
"However, two skipped recurrent lesions appeared at the AS.",
" The patient underwent ESD procedure for these lesions. [",
"Fig.",
" 3](#FI1428-3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows representative endoscopic images from Case \\#1.",
" [Video 1](#ME1428-1){ref-type=\"media\"} shows the ESD procedure for Case \\#1.",
"\n\n{#FI1428-3}\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nAfter oncologic resection, patients with colorectal cancer still have a high risk of developing recurrent, residual, or metachronous lesions. ",
"FAP and UC are notorious for increasing risk of developing colorectal cancer [@JR1428-1] [@JR1428-9] . ",
"In these cases, we reviewed five patients who underwent ESD for superficial neoplastic lesions at the AS.",
" ESD may be a good treatment option, as it is minimally invasive and can prevent complications from surgery. ",
"Re-operation in these patients is technically difficult because of multiple adhesions. ",
"Furthermore, four patients had lesions in the narrow pelvic cavity that are difficult to operate on. ",
"Ileoanal anastomosis surgery after subtotal colectomy is a common procedure for treatment of UC to prevent cancer recurrence. ",
"However, it can affect defecation function and cause significant deterioration in quality of life [@JR1428-10] . ",
"Therefore, ESD may be a better procedure for preserving defecation function compared to reoperation, such as in Case \\#3.",
"\n\nTwo patients underwent subtotal colectomy with ileorectal J-pouch anastomosis, one patient underwent total proctocolectomy, and one patient underwent right hemicolectomy. ",
"ESD on the ileal side was difficult because the ileum wall is thinner than the colorectal wall. ",
"Particularly, the lesion in Case \\#2 required careful handling, because it was located at the anastomosis of the transverse colon and the ileum which, if perforated, can lead to leakage into the intraperitoneal cavity [@JR1428-11] . ",
"For this case, due to the tumor location, surgery is assumed to be relatively easier and safer compared with cases requiring low rectal anastomosis. ",
"Therefore, if it is judged that ESD is technically difficult with some conditions of adhesions and unstable endoscopic maneuverability, surgery should be considered.",
"\n\nAnother treatment options for these cases is transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), which can achieve full-thickness resection. ",
"Kawaguti et al. ",
"compared ESD and TEM in a single-center study in which local recurrence rates were 9.1 % and 18.1 % in the ESD and TEM groups. ",
"Although no significant differences were found between the two groups, there was a tendency for a higher risk of local recurrence in the TEM group, especially in the case of large lesions [@JR1428-12] . ",
"TEM has been speculated to be unsuitable for circumferential lesions [@JR1428-13] . ",
"A full-thickness resection using an over the-scope device may be considered as another treatment option, however, R0 resection rate is as low as 58.1 % for \\> 2 cm lesions in this study [@JR1428-14] . ",
"For lesions \\> 2 cm in our cases, the en bloc resection rate of ESD was 100 %, no recurrences were observed after 1-year follow-up, including in cases of recurrent lesions after a TEM procedure (Case \\#1) and circumferential lesion (Case \\#5). ",
"Therefore, ESD could have more advantages as seen in our cases.",
"\n\nHowever, our cases have some important limitations. ",
"A small number of cases were analyzed, and all procedures were performed by a single experienced endoscopist. ",
"The lesions included in our cases were already difficult cases, and the results may not be applicable if the technique is carried out by less experienced endoscopists. ",
"Therefore, ESD in such cases should only be performed by well-experienced doctors. ",
"It should be kept in mind that it could expose patients to risk of adverse events, such as perforation, if it is done by less experienced endoscopists. ",
"In those hospitals without ESD experts, surgery should always be considered as the treatment option.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn an expert's hands, ESD is a feasible treatment strategy for superficial neoplastic lesions at the AS.",
" En bloc resection can be achieved with this minimally invasive method and decrease risk of anastomosis leakage and possible stoma creation by surgery.",
"\n\n**Competing interests** Takashi Toyonaga invented the FlushKnife and FlushKnife-BT in conjunction with Fujifilm Inc., Tokyo, Japan and receives royalties from its sale.",
"\n"
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"Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia complicated by Garcin's syndrome.",
"\nA 15-year-old girl was diagnosed as having acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL, FAB M2) in January 1990 and achieved complete remission with chemotherapy. ",
"She was readmitted to our hospital with a hearing disturbance and hoarseness in October 1990. ",
"A suprapharyngeal tumor was found on cranial MRI, and bone marrow leukemic cells were slightly increased in number. ",
"Involvement of leukemic cells was proven by biopsy of the tumor. ",
"Therefore, we made a diagnosis of ANLL relapse with Garcin's syndrome. ",
"To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of leukemia complicated by Garcin's syndrome."
] | {
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"Direct temperature-controlled trapping system and its use for the gas chromatographic determination of organic vapor released from human skin.",
"\nFor controlling of trap temperature, the relationship between electric resistance of the trap tube and temperature is used. ",
"As the electric resistance of the trap tube (20 cm long stainless steel tubing) was very small, such as ca. ",
"0.040 ohm for -70 degrees C and ca. ",
"0.064 ohm for +90 degrees C, it was estimated by using the value of voltage output at both ends of the trap tube when a direct current (5 A) was applied for 6.5 ms at every 100 ms on the trap. ",
"By using this temperature measurement, a cycle of trapping is shortened, especially at the process of desorption, because it is possible to set a large increasing rate of temperature, such as 20 degrees C/s. The present trapping system has faster temperature response compared to that with a thermocouple. ",
"This system was applied for the study of the releasing of ethanol and water vapors from the human finger, which was treated as follows: dipping in 10% ethanol aqueous solution for 1 min, followed by washing with water and then drying in the air. ",
"In this case, a cycle of trapping took 53 s, and the period of total analysis was only 3 min. ",
"The present system is an efficient tool for the study of the exhalation of organic vapors from human skin."
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"This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. ",
"The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. ",
"The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. ",
"Synthesis of three O-GlcNAc specific monoclonal antibodies (18B10.C7(3), 9D1.E4(10) and 1F5.D6(14);100 [unreadable]g each)"
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[
"The ever-impressive Pleasure Zone imprint welcome new producer Cntrl into their midst with a sassy twist on minimal techno as the label have been peddling now for the past year or so. \"",
"Track 1\" on this EP rolls with the breakbeat formation that has made Pleasure Zone a distinctive label in the past, keeping the flow linear but the bass drops subby and surefooted, creating a perfect trip-out of a track. \"",
"Track 2\" slips into a more wonky groove with some found sounds peppering a loping house beat while rubbery synth swells float around the mix. ",
"On the flip both \"Track 3\" and \"Track 4\" get into more stripped down territory with sparse rhythms and subtle sound design for the more minimally minded out there."
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[
"The looming maladaptive style in social anxiety.",
"\nThis exploratory study examined the relationship between the looming maladaptive style (i.e., an enduring and traitlike cognitive pattern to appraise threat as rapidly rising in risk, progressively worsening, or actively speeding up and accelerating) and three different aspects of trait social anxiety (i.e., fear of negative evaluation, social interaction anxiety, and public scrutiny fears) as well as general anxiety and depression. ",
"A large nonclinical, female-only sample (n=152) completed the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire-II (Riskind, J. H., Williams, N. L., Theodore, L. G., Chrosniak, L. D., & Cortina, J. M. (2000). ",
"The looming maladaptive style: Anxiety, danger, and schematic processing. ",
"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 837-852), which assesses two types of looming vulnerability: social (i.e., looming appraisals in response to potentially threatening social situations) and physical (i.e., looming appraisals in response to potentially threatening physical stimuli). ",
"Multiple regression analyses indicated that social looming uniquely predicted fear of negative evaluation, social interaction anxiety, and public scrutiny fears, accounting for 7%, 4%, and 3% of the variance, respectively. ",
"However, social looming did not predict depression. ",
"These findings support the looming model of anxiety and encourage further attention to the possible role of social looming as an anxiety-specific vulnerability factor in social anxiety."
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[
"Mighty Milky Way\n\nMighty Milky Way is an action puzzle video game for the Nintendo DSi. ",
"It is the second title after Mighty Flip Champs! ",
"in the Mighty series from WayForward Technologies. ",
"The game was released for download through DSiWare on May 9, 2011 in North America and May 27, 2011 in Europe. ",
" It was the last game officially released for the Nintendo DS in Japan.",
"\n\nGameplay\nMighty Milky Way tasks players with guiding Luna, a French-speaking extraterrestrial, safely towards a portal at the end of each level while avoiding enemies and electric barrels. ",
"Each level is filled with small planets, each with their own center of gravity, which Luna walks around clockwise at a speed controlled by the player. ",
"By kicking off of planets, in some cases destroying them, Luna can propel herself through space in a specific direction, sometimes swayed by a planet's gravity. ",
"Kicking off a planet also causes any enemies on it to fly off its orbit, which can be used to destroy other obstacles. ",
"By collecting pieces of candy, Luna can create additional planets to help her navigate difficult sections.",
"\n\nReception\n\nThe game received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. ",
"Reviewing for IGN, Lucas M. Thomas praised the game's unusual design, and described the game as challenging. ",
"Thomas said the game requires repeated attempts for each level but that \"Mighty Milky Way's frustrations almost always feel like the good kind\".",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:2011 video games\nCategory:DSiWare games\nCategory:Nintendo DS-only games\nCategory:Puzzle video games\nCategory:Video games scored by Jake Kaufman\nCategory:Video games developed in the United States\nCategory:Video games featuring female protagonists"
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[
"Q:\n\nTake error on wlst console when work with statements or loops\n\nNot able to make loop and statement after it.",
"\nExample:\nwls:/ADMIN_server/serverConfig> serverRuntime()\nLocation changed to serverRuntime tree. ",
"This is a read-only tree with ServerRuntimeMBean as the root.",
"\nFor more help, use help(serverRuntime)\n\nwls:/ADMIN_server/serverRuntime> dsMBeans = cmo.getJDBCServiceRuntime().getJDBCDataSourceRuntimeMBeans()\nwls:/ADMIN_server/serverRuntime> ds_name = \"ADMIN_DB\"\nwls:/ADMIN_server/serverRuntime> for ds in dsMBeans:\n...\nTraceback (innermost last):\n (no code object) at line 0\n File \"<console>\", line 2\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n\nNot sure is it need to import something before that options like and for that reason not able to make loop with statement:\nimport time\nimport sys\n\nA:\n\nYou shouldn't need to import anything specific to have access to the looping mechanism in WLST. ",
"For instance, try the following:\nslist=range(1,4)\nfor i in slist: print 'i = ' + str(i);\n\nThe result should be:\ni = 1\ni = 2\ni = 3\n\nThe syntax of your statements after the for loop are probably causing a problem in your python script OR if you are manually typing the commands in, you need to make sure you put a space after ... for it to interpret the next line like:\nwls:/offline> j = 0\nwls:/offline> while j<4:\n... print 'j = ' + str(j)\n... j = j + 1\n...\njms 0\njms 1\njms 2\njms 3\n\nNotice it is very important to type in a space character after ... or you will have the invalid syntax error.",
"\n\n"
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"In its Nov. 12 issue, the Yale Daily News reported on a plan to conduct the first major academic review of undergraduate education at Yale in 30 years (“Levin reveals academic review mission and staff,” 11/12). ",
"The article noted that in his charge to the Committee on Yale College Education, Yale President Richard Levin “emphasized »"
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[
"Birkenhead Transport\n\nBirkenhead Transport commenced operating on 12 July 1919 with a service from Rock Ferry to Birkenhead Park station, this service was extended to Moreton in the August of that year. ",
"The buses supplemented an earlier tram service.",
"\n\nIn 1860, Birkenhead on the Wirral Peninsula, had become the first town in Europe to operate a street tramway. ",
"It was started by George Francis Train, an American, when he laid track from Woodside Ferry to Birkenhead Park Main Entrance and ran a horse drawn car service. ",
"On 4 February 1901, the Corporation of Birkenhead owned Birkenhead Corporation Tramways commenced operating, first to New Ferry and later around the town. ",
"It closed on 17 July 1937.",
"\n\nLivery\n\nBirkenhead's first livery on trams and buses was maroon and cream with a white roof, but in 1934 Birkenhead's famous blue and cream livery was applied to a new AEC Q-type double-deck bus. ",
"It was the only one of its type operated by the Corporation but the blue and cream livery was applied to all future delivered buses with Birkenhead Corporation Motors applied in gold on the lower cream band.",
"\n\nIn 1951, the Transport Department was reorganised, with the bus and ferry departments merging. ",
"A slight livery change gave more cream coverage around the lower deck windows and the legend was changed to read Birkenhead Transport. ",
"White roofs had been overpainted blue during the war and with this revised livery the white roof was never re-applied. ",
"Livery name of blue was 'Cerulean' by the paint makers \"Docker Bros of 1935\", and the cream was the same as applied to the trams, named Birkenhead Corporation Cream.",
"\n\nFleet\nDuring the 1950s and 1960s the average size of the Birkenhead fleet was 225 buses, the last traditional British half cab buses delivered to Birkenhead in 1967 were 15 Leyland Titan PD2/37 models with Massey 66 seat bodywork. ",
"Massey Brothers bodywork had been frequently selected by the Transport Department since 1931.",
"\n\nMerger\nOn 1 December 1969, the municipal fleets of Liverpool, Birkenhead and Wallasey came together as a result of the Transport Act 1968, to form the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive.",
"\n\nRevival\nIn 1994, the brand and livery were revived by GM Buses when it was engaged in bus war with MTL. ",
"It ceased in June 1995.",
"\n\nSee also\nWirral Transport Museum\n\nReferences\n\nLocal Transport in Birkenhead and District by T.B. Maund A.M Inst.",
"Transport. ",
"An Omnibus Society Publication.",
"\nBirkenhead Buses by Tom Turner. ",
"Published by Wallasey Tramcar Preservation Society \nThe Birkenhead Bus by T.B. Maund. ",
"Published by Ian & Marilyn Boumphrey\n\nExternal links\nWirral Transport Museum\nBirkenhead Corporation Transport\n\nCategory:Birkenhead\nCategory:Former bus operators in England\nCategory:Historic transport in Merseyside\nCategory:Transport in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral\nCategory:1919 establishments in England\nCategory:1969 disestablishments in England"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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[
"Q:\n\nSave state in OnDeactivateAsync\n\nMy Service Fabric actor can create some large data structure in memory during its work. ",
"I don't want to update reliable collection at the end of each method invocation.",
"\nCan I save my actor state by StateManager only in OnDeactivateAsync method and restore it in OnActivateAsync method? ",
"May I lose the state in this case?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou'll lose data if an actor, or its underlying service, or the node crashes. ",
"If you can afford to loose state or can rebuild it at Actor ActivateAsync you can just keep that structure as a class member. (",
"like in a regular poco)\n(posted as anwser)\n\n"
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[
"A primeira rainha portuguesa inseminada artificialmente. ",
"O nascimento de D. Juana de Castela, julgado fruto de relação adúltera de D. Joana de Portugal.",
"\n\nA primeira rainha portuguesa inseminada artificialmente\n\nA primeira rainha portuguesa inseminada artificialmente. ",
"O nascimento de D. Juana de Castela, julgado fruto de relação adúltera de D. Joana de Portugal.",
"\n\nD. Joana de Avis (1439 -1475), infanta de Portugal, foi rainha de Castela enquanto esposa do rei Enrique IV de Castela. ",
"Apesar deste último ter recebido o cognome de “o Impotente”, o casal régio teve descendência legítima na pessoa de D. Juana de Castela.",
"\n\nO problema disfuncional que causava a impotência a Henrique IV está bem documentado quer por descrições de exames urológicos feitos em vida do monarca, quer por análises aos seus restos mortais efectuadas também no século XX.",
"\n\nO rei de Castela não conseguia consumar a cópula, impedido por um constrangimento físico na anatomia funcional do seu pénis.",
"\n\nMas a necessidade de assegurar descendência legítima, e assim continuar a sua linhagem na coroa de Castela, levou a que medidas “execpcionais” fossem tomadas.",
"\n\nHavia uma indicação anterior inscrita na “Lei de Partidas” de Alfonso X de Castela, o Sábio, que autorizava a praticar nos reis de Castela “as mestrias que se façam” para resolver os seus problemas reprodutivos, mas sempre no respeito pelo direito natural tal como proclamado pela Igreja Católica.",
"\n\nE que “mestrias” eram essas? ",
"Enrique IV recorreu à “concepção sem cópula” (sine concúbito) para engravidar D. Joana de Portugal. ",
"Para isto fez chamar um físico (médico) judeu, especialista que terá efectuado essa “mestria” no casal monarca. ",
"Estas práticas eram proibidas pela Igreja Católica, mas não pela lei judaica.",
"\n\nDe facto, está bem documentada o reconhecimento da concepção sem cópula como sendo possível e legítima “pelos sábios judeus da antiguidade, a primeira vez no século V d. C., no Talmud da Babilónia” e existem referências precisas a este tema “nas obras de rabinos judeus dos séculos XIII e XIV da área mediterrânica”.",
"\n\nQuem o escreve é o historiador argentino Marsilio Cassoti, no seu livro “A Rainha Adúltera”, biografia editada em Outubro deste ano entre nós pela A Esfera dos Livros.",
"\n\nNesta obra é também indicada pelo menos uma fonte que documenta a prática de inseminação artificial ou, poderíamos dizer mais exactamente, inseminação assistida, num texto árabe datado de 1322, no qual se relata a história de um habitante do antigo reino da Núbia ter efectuado aquela “técnica” para inseminar éguas com sémen de cavalos de outros estábulos.",
"\n\nOu seja, a prática da inseminação artificial era conhecida na antiguidade e praticada pelo menos no que poderíamos hoje designar por “veterinária”.",
"\n\nNesta biografia de D. Joana de Portugal, traduzida por António Júnior, o historiador apresenta, facto após facto, argumento após argumento, documentando-se em fontes históricas bem identificadas, a tese de que D. Joana de Portugal terá sido inseminada artificialmente, ou pelo menos de forma assistida, com sémen de Enrique IV de Castela, através de uma “mestria” conduzida provavelmente pelo físico judeu de nome Yusef bem Yahia.",
"\n\nA inseminação decorreu com sucesso, e a 28 de Fevereiro de 1462 nasceria D. Juana de Castela, legitimada pelo Papa Pio II como descendente de Enrique IV de Castela.",
"\n\nMais, a santidade escreve que D. Joana terá concebido “virgem”: “Disseram que se tinha casada com os melhores auspícios e que foi fecundada sem perder a virgindade. ",
"Houve quem afirmasse que o sémen derramado na entrada tinha penetrado nos lugares mais recônditos”.",
"\n\nIsto foi o que descobriu a investigação efectuada por Cassotti, dissolvendo um enigma secular, e que acrescenta uma nova visão histórica sobre esse nascimento até agora julgado fruto de uma relação adúltera de D. Joana de Portugal.",
"\n\nDe facto, uma pesquisa breve pela internet indica-nos que D. Joana foi afastada da corte e repudiada por Enrique IV de Castela pelas suas relações extraconjugais. ",
"Daí o título “A Rainha Adúltera”.",
"\n\nCassotti sabia, antes de começar a biografia de D. Joana, “que ela teve de fazer frente a uma circunstância política dificilíssima, na qual, tal como nos dias de hoje, se utilizou a manipulação para alcançar fins determinados por uma minoria interessada” na coroa de Castela.",
"\n\nCom este livro, e ao longo de 24 capítulos devidamente anotados, o autor pretendeu “destacar a existência de uma personagem feminina e portuguesa, pouco conhecida, que teve a inteligência, audácia e a coragem de querer estender a influência de Portugal sobre Espanha”, em plena época dos Descobrimentos.",
"\n\nAinda segundo Cassotti, quer a inseminação artificial, quer a disfunção sexual estão indiscutivelmente documentadas “num diário do médico alemão, Hieronimus Munzer, escrito despois de viajar por Espanha e Portugal, entre 1494 e 1495, no qual descreve, segundo Maganto Pavón (um urólogo espanhol actual) uma práctica de inseminação artificial rudimentar”.",
"\n\nNo contexto de uma ibéria em vésperas de descobrir novos mundos, Cassotti dá-nos a conhecer aquela que terá sido a primeira inseminação artificial efectuada nas cortes europeias, e repõe justiça numa difamação secular.",
"\n\nO passo seguinte seria a análise genética comparada de D. Juana e Enrique IV, a partir dos seus restos mortais, para confirmar que a primeira é filha biológica do monarca.",
"\n\nA arqueogenética forense dos nossos dias poderia assim, num exercício interdisciplinar, robustecer e corroborar as fontes históricas documentais. ",
"Mas, infelizmente, ambos os restos mortais de mãe e filha desapareceram em infortunas demolições dos edifícios em que estavam sepultadas.",
"\n\nAutor: António Piedade"
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[
"Sainte-Cécile, Belgium\n\nSainte-Cécile is a village in the municipality of Florenville in Belgium. ",
"It lies in the country's Walloon Region and in the province of Luxembourg.",
"\n\nGeography\n\nThe village is bordered in the east by the Semois, a tributary to the Meuse river.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial web site \n\nCategory:Florenville\nCategory:Populated places in Luxembourg (Belgium)\nCategory:Populated places in Belgium"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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[
"/*\n * Copyright (c) 1995 FirePower Systems, Inc.\n * DO NOT DISTRIBUTE without permission\n *\n * $RCSfile: pxusage.c $\n * $Revision: 1.6 $\n * $Date: 1996/01/11 07:14:14 $\n * $Locker: $\n */\n\n/*++\n\nCopyright (c) 1991 Microsoft Corporation\n\nModule Name:\n\n pxusage.c\n\nAbstract:\n\nAuthor:\n\n Ken Reneris (kenr)\n\nEnvironment:\n\n Kernel mode only.",
"\n\nRevision History:\n\n Jim Wooldridge Ported to PowerPC\n\n--*/\n\n#include \"halp.h\"\n\n\n//\n// Array to remember hal's IDT usage\n//\n\nextern ADDRESS_USAGE *HalpAddressUsageList;\nextern IDTUsage HalpIDTUsage[MAXIMUM_IDTVECTOR];\n\nKAFFINITY HalpActiveProcessors;\n\nVOID\nHalpGetResourceSortValue (\n IN PCM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR pRCurLoc,\n OUT PULONG sortscale,\n OUT PLARGE_INTEGER sortvalue\n );\n\n\n#ifdef ALLOC_PRAGMA\n#pragma alloc_text(INIT,HalpEnableInterruptHandler)\n#pragma alloc_text(INIT,HalpRegisterVector)\n#pragma alloc_text(INIT,HalpGetResourceSortValue)\n#pragma alloc_text(INIT,HalpReportResourceUsage)\n#endif\n\n\n\n\f\n/*++\n\nRoutine Description: BOOLEAN HalpEnableInterruptHandler ()\n\n This function connects & registers an IDT vectors usage by the HAL.",
"\n\nArguments:\n\nReturn Value:\n\n--*/\n\nBOOLEAN\nHalpEnableInterruptHandler (\n IN PKINTERRUPT Interrupt,\n IN PKSERVICE_ROUTINE ServiceRoutine,\n IN PVOID ServiceContext,\n IN PKSPIN_LOCK SpinLock OPTIONAL,\n IN ULONG Vector,\n IN KIRQL Irql,\n IN KIRQL SynchronizeIrql,\n IN KINTERRUPT_MODE InterruptMode,\n IN BOOLEAN ShareVector,\n IN CCHAR ProcessorNumber,\n IN BOOLEAN FloatingSave,\n IN UCHAR ReportFlags,\n IN KIRQL BusVector\n )\n{\n //\n // Remember which vector the hal is connecting so it can be reported\n // later on\n //\n\n\n KeInitializeInterrupt( Interrupt,\n ServiceRoutine,\n ServiceContext,\n SpinLock,\n Vector,\n Irql,\n SynchronizeIrql,\n InterruptMode,\n ShareVector,\n ProcessorNumber,\n FloatingSave\n );\n\n //\n // Don't fail if the interrupt cannot be connected.",
"\n //\n\n if (!",
"KeConnectInterrupt( Interrupt )) {\n\tHalDisplayString(\"HalpEnableInterruptHandler: no connect \\n\");\n\n return(FALSE);\n }\n\n HalpRegisterVector (ReportFlags, BusVector, Vector, Irql);\n\n\n //\n // Connect the IDT and enable the vector now\n //\n\n return(TRUE);\n\n\n}\n\n\f\n\n/*++\n\nRoutine Description: VOID HalpRegisterVector ()\n\n This registers an IDT vectors usage by the HAL.",
"\n\nArguments:\n\nReturn Value:\n\n--*/\n\nVOID\nHalpRegisterVector (\n IN UCHAR ReportFlags,\n IN ULONG BusInterruptVector,\n IN ULONG SystemInterruptVector,\n IN KIRQL SystemIrql\n )\n{\n#if DBG\n // There are only 0ff IDT entries...\n ASSERT (SystemInterruptVector <= MAXIMUM_IDTVECTOR &&\n BusInterruptVector <= MAXIMUM_IDTVECTOR);\n#endif\n\n //\n // Remember which vector the hal is connecting so it can be reported\n // later on\n //\n\n HalpIDTUsage[SystemInterruptVector].Flags = ReportFlags;\n HalpIDTUsage[SystemInterruptVector].Irql = SystemIrql;\n HalpIDTUsage[SystemInterruptVector].BusReleativeVector = (UCHAR) BusInterruptVector;\n}\n\n/*++\n\nRoutine Description: VOID HalpGetResourceSortValue ()\n\n Used by HalpReportResourceUsage in order to properly sort\n partial_resource_descriptors.",
"\n\nArguments:\n\n pRCurLoc - resource descriptor\n\nReturn Value:\n\n sortscale - scaling of resource descriptor for sorting\n sortvalue - value to sort on\n\n\n--*/\n\nVOID\nHalpGetResourceSortValue (\n IN PCM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR pRCurLoc,\n OUT PULONG sortscale,\n OUT PLARGE_INTEGER sortvalue\n )\n{\n switch (pRCurLoc->Type) {\n case CmResourceTypeInterrupt:\n *sortscale = 0;\n *sortvalue = RtlConvertUlongToLargeInteger(\n pRCurLoc->u.",
"Interrupt.",
"Level );\n break;\n\n case CmResourceTypePort:\n *sortscale = 1;\n *sortvalue = pRCurLoc->u.",
"Port.",
"Start;\n break;\n\n case CmResourceTypeMemory:\n *sortscale = 2;\n *sortvalue = pRCurLoc->u.",
"Memory.",
"Start;\n break;\n\n default:\n *sortscale = 4;\n *sortvalue = RtlConvertUlongToLargeInteger (0);\n break;\n }\n}\n\n/*++\n\nRoutine Description: VOID HalpReportResourceUsage ()\n\nArguments:\n\nReturn Value:\n\n--*/\n\nVOID\nHalpReportResourceUsage (\n IN PUNICODE_STRING HalName,\n IN INTERFACE_TYPE DeviceInterfaceToUse\n )\n{\n PCM_RESOURCE_LIST RawResourceList, TranslatedResourceList;\n PCM_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR pRFullDesc, pTFullDesc;\n PCM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_LIST pRPartList=NULL, pTPartList=NULL;\n PCM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR pRCurLoc, pTCurLoc;\n PCM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR pRSortLoc, pTSortLoc;\n CM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR RPartialDesc, TPartialDesc;\n ULONG i, j, k, ListSize, Count;\n ULONG curscale, sortscale;\n UCHAR pass, reporton;\n INTERFACE_TYPE interfacetype;\n ULONG CurrentIDT, CurrentElement;\n ADDRESS_USAGE *CurrentAddress;\n LARGE_INTEGER curvalue, sortvalue;\n\n\n //\n // Allocate some space to build the resource structure\n //\n\n RawResourceList = (PCM_RESOURCE_LIST) ExAllocatePool (NonPagedPool, PAGE_SIZE*2);\n TranslatedResourceList = (PCM_RESOURCE_LIST) ExAllocatePool (NonPagedPool, PAGE_SIZE*2);\n\n // This functions assumes unset fields are zero\n RtlZeroMemory (RawResourceList, PAGE_SIZE*2);\n RtlZeroMemory (TranslatedResourceList, PAGE_SIZE*2);\n\n //\n // Initialize the lists\n //\n\n RawResourceList->List[0].InterfaceType = (INTERFACE_TYPE) -1;\n\n pRFullDesc = RawResourceList->List;\n pRCurLoc = (PCM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR) RawResourceList->List;\n pTCurLoc = (PCM_PARTIAL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR) TranslatedResourceList->List;\n\n\n for(i=0; i < DEVICE_VECTORS; i++) {\n if (!(",
"HalpIDTUsage[i].Flags & IDTOwned)) {\n HalpIDTUsage[i].Flags = InternalUsage;\n HalpIDTUsage[i].BusReleativeVector = (UCHAR) i;\n }\n }\n\n for(pass=0; pass < 2; pass++) {\n if (pass == 0) {\n //\n // First pass - build resource lists for resources reported\n // reported against device usage.",
"\n //\n\n reporton = DeviceUsage & ~IDTOwned;\n interfacetype = DeviceInterfaceToUse;\n } else {\n\n //\n // Second pass = build reousce lists for resources reported\n // as internal usage.",
"\n //\n\n reporton = InternalUsage & ~IDTOwned;\n interfacetype = Internal;\n }\n\n CurrentIDT = 0;\n CurrentElement = 0;\n CurrentAddress = HalpAddressUsageList;\n\n for (; ;) {\n if (CurrentIDT <= MAXIMUM_IDTVECTOR) {\n //\n // Check to see if CurrentIDT needs to be reported\n //\n\n if (!(",
"HalpIDTUsage[CurrentIDT].Flags & reporton)) {\n // Don't report on this one\n CurrentIDT++;\n continue;\n }\n\n //\n // Report CurrentIDT resource\n //\n\n RPartialDesc.",
"Type = CmResourceTypeInterrupt;\n RPartialDesc.",
"ShareDisposition = CmResourceShareDriverExclusive;\n RPartialDesc.",
"Flags =\n HalpIDTUsage[CurrentIDT].Flags & InterruptLatched ?",
"\n CM_RESOURCE_INTERRUPT_LATCHED :\n CM_RESOURCE_INTERRUPT_LEVEL_SENSITIVE;\n RPartialDesc.u.",
"Interrupt.",
"Vector = HalpIDTUsage[CurrentIDT].BusReleativeVector;\n RPartialDesc.u.",
"Interrupt.",
"Level = HalpIDTUsage[CurrentIDT].BusReleativeVector;\n RPartialDesc.u.",
"Interrupt.",
"Affinity = HalpActiveProcessors;\n\n RtlCopyMemory (&TPartialDesc, &RPartialDesc, sizeof TPartialDesc);\n TPartialDesc.u.",
"Interrupt.",
"Vector = CurrentIDT;\n TPartialDesc.u.",
"Interrupt.",
"Level = HalpIDTUsage[CurrentIDT].Irql;\n\n CurrentIDT++;\n\n } else {\n //\n // Check to see if CurrentAddress needs to be reported\n //\n\n if (!",
"CurrentAddress) {\n break; // No addresses left\n }\n\n if (!(",
"CurrentAddress->Flags & reporton)) {\n // Don't report on this list\n CurrentElement = 0;\n CurrentAddress = CurrentAddress->Next;\n continue;\n }\n\n if (!",
"CurrentAddress->Element[CurrentElement].Length) {\n // End of current list, go to next list\n CurrentElement = 0;\n CurrentAddress = CurrentAddress->Next;\n continue;\n }\n\n //\n // Report CurrentAddress\n //\n\n RPartialDesc.",
"Type = (UCHAR) CurrentAddress->Type;\n RPartialDesc.",
"ShareDisposition = CmResourceShareDriverExclusive;\n\n if (RPartialDesc.",
"Type == CmResourceTypePort) {\n i = 1; // address space port\n RPartialDesc.",
"Flags = CM_RESOURCE_PORT_IO;\n } else {\n i = 0; // address space memory\n RPartialDesc.",
"Flags = CM_RESOURCE_MEMORY_READ_WRITE;\n }\n\n // Notice: assuming u.Memory and u.Port have the same layout\n RPartialDesc.u.",
"Memory.",
"Start.",
"HighPart = 0;\n RPartialDesc.u.",
"Memory.",
"Start.",
"LowPart =\n CurrentAddress->Element[CurrentElement].Start;\n\n RPartialDesc.u.",
"Memory.",
"Length =\n CurrentAddress->Element[CurrentElement].Length;\n\n // translated address = Raw address\n RtlCopyMemory (&TPartialDesc, &RPartialDesc, sizeof TPartialDesc);\n HalTranslateBusAddress (\n interfacetype, // device bus or internal\n 0, // bus number\n RPartialDesc.u.",
"Memory.",
"Start, // source address\n &i, // address space\n &TPartialDesc.u.",
"Memory.",
"Start ); // translated address\n\n if (RPartialDesc.",
"Type == CmResourceTypePort && i == 0) {\n TPartialDesc.",
"Flags = CM_RESOURCE_PORT_MEMORY;\n }\n\n CurrentElement++;\n }\n\n //\n // Include the current resource in the HALs list\n //\n\n if (pRFullDesc->InterfaceType !",
"= interfacetype) {\n //\n // Interface type changed, add another full section\n //\n\n RawResourceList->Count++;\n TranslatedResourceList->Count++;\n\n pRFullDesc = (PCM_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR) pRCurLoc;\n pTFullDesc = (PCM_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR) pTCurLoc;\n\n pRFullDesc->InterfaceType = interfacetype;\n pTFullDesc->InterfaceType = interfacetype;\n\n pRPartList = &pRFullDesc->PartialResourceList;\n pTPartList = &pTFullDesc->PartialResourceList;\n\n //\n // Bump current location pointers up\n //\n pRCurLoc = pRFullDesc->PartialResourceList.",
"PartialDescriptors;\n pTCurLoc = pTFullDesc->PartialResourceList.",
"PartialDescriptors;\n }\n\n\n pRPartList->Count++;\n pTPartList->Count++;\n RtlCopyMemory (pRCurLoc, &RPartialDesc, sizeof RPartialDesc);\n RtlCopyMemory (pTCurLoc, &TPartialDesc, sizeof TPartialDesc);\n\n pRCurLoc++;\n pTCurLoc++;\n }\n }\n\n ListSize = (ULONG) ( ((PUCHAR) pRCurLoc) - ((PUCHAR) RawResourceList) );\n\n //\n // The HAL's resource usage structures have been built\n // Sort the partial lists based on the Raw resource values\n //\n\n pRFullDesc = RawResourceList->List;\n pTFullDesc = TranslatedResourceList->List;\n\n for (i=0; i < RawResourceList->Count; i++) {\n\n pRCurLoc = pRFullDesc->PartialResourceList.",
"PartialDescriptors;\n pTCurLoc = pTFullDesc->PartialResourceList.",
"PartialDescriptors;\n Count = pRFullDesc->PartialResourceList.",
"Count;\n\n for (j=0; j < Count; j++) {\n HalpGetResourceSortValue (pRCurLoc, &curscale, &curvalue);\n\n pRSortLoc = pRCurLoc;\n pTSortLoc = pTCurLoc;\n\n for (k=j; k < Count; k++) {\n HalpGetResourceSortValue (pRSortLoc, &sortscale, &sortvalue);\n\n if (sortscale < curscale ||\n (sortscale == curscale &&\n RtlLargeIntegerLessThan (sortvalue, curvalue)) ) {\n\n //\n // Swap the elements..\n //\n\n RtlCopyMemory (&RPartialDesc, pRCurLoc, sizeof RPartialDesc);\n RtlCopyMemory (pRCurLoc, pRSortLoc, sizeof RPartialDesc);\n RtlCopyMemory (pRSortLoc, &RPartialDesc, sizeof RPartialDesc);\n\n // swap translated descriptor as well\n RtlCopyMemory (&TPartialDesc, pTCurLoc, sizeof TPartialDesc);\n RtlCopyMemory (pTCurLoc, pTSortLoc, sizeof TPartialDesc);\n RtlCopyMemory (pTSortLoc, &TPartialDesc, sizeof TPartialDesc);\n\n // get new curscale & curvalue\n HalpGetResourceSortValue (pRCurLoc, &curscale, &curvalue);\n }\n\n pRSortLoc++;\n pTSortLoc++;\n }\n\n pRCurLoc++;\n pTCurLoc++;\n }\n\n pRFullDesc = (PCM_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR) pRCurLoc;\n pTFullDesc = (PCM_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR) pTCurLoc;\n }\n\n\n //\n // Inform the IO system of our resources..\n //\n\n IoReportHalResourceUsage (\n HalName,\n RawResourceList,\n TranslatedResourceList,\n ListSize\n );\n\n ExFreePool (RawResourceList);\n ExFreePool (TranslatedResourceList);\n}\n"
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[
"Seven waterfalls Slatuški slapovi in Dolenja Žetina under Blegoš\n\nThere are seven waterfalls and those who will look carefully, will notice them on their way from Javorje to Dolenja Žetina, close to the house Koroščeva domačija. ",
"At first we can only see two of them, the others are situated along the spring Slatuška."
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[
"The Thermals Start Work on New Album\n\nPortland punk bashersthe Thermals released their last album, Now We Can See, in April, but they've already revealed the release date for their next full-length-- which they haven't even started recording yet. ",
"Next month, the trio will head into Portland's Jackpot Studios with Death Cab for Cutie's Chris Walla producing. ",
"And yet Kill Rock Stars claims that the band's as-yet-untitled fifth album will drop on September 7 of next year. ",
"Moxie!",
"\n\nThis fifth album will be the first Thermals joint to feature new drummer Westin Glass. ",
"It won't be their first time working with Walla; he mixed their first album and produced their second.",
"\n\nAnd if the prospect of recording an album with an already-announced release date wasn't enough, the Thermals will also play a few dates around the Pacific Northwest next month. ",
"We've got those dates below."
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[
"[In vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MRI in patients with superficial tumors].",
"\nSimultaneous 31P-MR spectroscopy (MRS) and MR imaging (MRI) of 10 patients suffering from superficial tumours like carcinoma, lymphoma and adenoma, revealed significantly enhanced concentrations of phosphomonoester, phosphodiester and inorganic phosphorus in the tumour, whereas the concentration of phosphocreatine was lower in comparison to muscle tissue. ",
"In all tumours the pH showed a slight alkaline shift. ",
"The existing of necrotic regions detected by MRI was accompanied by an increase of inorganic phosphorus in the spectra. ",
"A follow-up study of a patient with a lymphoma during chemotherapy showed a tumour regression, whereas the spectra indicated a continuous approach of tumour values to the muscle values."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"1. ",
"Introduction {#s1}\n===============\n\nThe use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and P2Y12 receptor inhibitors is recommended by current clinical guidelines for at least 12 months in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).[@b1],[@b2] Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed together with DAPT to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.[@b3],[@b4]\n\nDuring the past few years, however, concerns have been raised about the potential for PPIs, especially omeprazole and esomeprazole, to attenuate the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel.[@b5]--[@b7] This phenomenon may be interpreted by the ability of PPIs to competitively inhibit cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) isoenzyme, which is involved in the conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite.[@b8]--[@b10] Observational studies showed conflicting data regarding the effects of concomitant use of clopidogrel and PPIs on cardiovascular events.[@b11]--[@b14] And the results of randomized controlled trial indicated no apparent cardiovascular interaction between clopidogrel and omeprazole.[@b15],[@b16] In contrast, ticagrelor is a direct P2Y12 receptor inhibitor without need of biotransformation.[@b17] Subgroup analysis of PLATO trial[@b18] revealed concurrent use of PPIs increased risk of adverse events in both clopidogrel and ticagrelor groups, but it may be just a marker for higher rates of cardiovascular events. ",
"Herein, whether the use of PPIs affects the clinical efficacy of ticagrelor remains less known.",
"\n\nGiven the uncertainties as to a possible adverse interaction between PPIs and P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, we analyzed data from a large \"real world\" registry named BleeMACS (Bleeding complications in a Multicenter registry of patients discharged with diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome) to determine the impact of concomitant administration of PPI and clopidogrel or ticagrelor on clinical outcomes in patients with ACS after PCI.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Methods {#s2}\n==========\n\n2.1. ",
"Study population {#s2a}\n---------------------\n\nThe details of the design and methods of the BleeMACS registry have been previously described.[@b19] In brief, The BleeMACS registry is an international, multi-center, investigator-initiated, retrospective observational registry, and aims to explore the real world burden of long-term bleeding in ACS patients. ",
"A total of 18,077 patients were enrolled from 16 centers in 11 countries: North America (Canada), South America (Brazil), Europe (Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Greece), and Asia (Japan and China). ",
"Data from one center (Macedonia, *n* = 2676) were excluded from BleeMACS registry because of high percentage of missing values. ",
"Therefore, the final BleeMACS database was constructed by merging the individual databases from the remaining 15 centers, making up a large cohort of 15,401 consecutive patients. ",
"Patients were eligible if they were at least 18 years old and were discharged alive with a diagnosis of ACS and treated with PCI from 2003 to 2014. ",
"Patients using P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) with or without PPIs at discharge were included in the final cohort (*n* = 9,429). ",
"More details may be consulted in clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02466854).",
"\n\nThe institutional review boards or ethics committees of each center approved participation in BleeMACS registry, and all patients gave written informed consent. ",
"The executive committee vouch for the integrity of the data. ",
"This study was approved by the institutional ethical committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University (NO.2015009X). ",
"All authors have read and agreed to the final manuscript.",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"Data collection and follow-up {#s2b}\n----------------------------------\n\nPatient demographics, history, clinical features, and diagnosis were collected at baseline. ",
"Laboratory tests, index PCI, and adjunctive therapy were also documented. ",
"At discharge, cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding events during index admission were recorded.",
"\n\nPatients were followed throughout one year after discharge. ",
"Data on cardiovascular and bleeding events were systematically obtained by telephone or face-to-face talk, and also reviewed by the medical records of the index events.",
"\n\n2.3. ",
"Primary endpoint {#s2c}\n---------------------\n\nThe primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, re-infarction, or severe bleeding events. ",
"Death included cardiac or non-cardiac death. ",
"Re-infarction was identified as ischemic symptoms (or new electrocardiographic changes) and new elevation of troponin and/or creatine kinase (CK) or CK-MB. ",
"Bleeding was defined as intracranial bleeding or any other bleeding leading to hospitalization and/or red blood transfusion. ",
"Bleeding and/or transfusion related with any type of surgery were excluded from the analysis.",
"\n\n2.4. ",
"Definitions {#s2d}\n----------------\n\nPrior bleeding included any episode of serious bleeding previous to the qualifying ACS hospitalization, and was defined as intracranial bleeding or any other bleeding leading to hospitalization and/or red blood transfusion. ",
"Malignancy indicated any active cancer or any non-active cancer who was treated during the last five years. ",
"The measurements of serum creatinine were standardized according to the recommendations of the National Kidney Disease Educational Program and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, to reduce inter-laboratory variation in creatinine assay calibration. ",
"Complete revascularization indicated a final angiographic result without coronary stenosis ≥ 70% in left anterior descending, left circumflex, or right coronary arteries, or stenosis ≥ 50% in left main coronary artery.",
"\n\n2.5. ",
"Statistical analysis {#s2e}\n-------------------------\n\nBaseline characteristics are presented as percentages (numbers) for categorical variables and as means ± SD for continuous variables. ",
"Categorical variables were compared by *χ*^2^ or Fisher\\'s exact test and continuous variables by *t* test or Mann-Whitney test.",
"\n\nKaplan-Meier analysis was used to illustrate composite primary endpoint. ",
"Patients were divided into four groups according to PPI use and use of clopidogrel or ticagrelor. ",
"Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the effects of PPIs versus no-PPIs within each P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) on clinical outcomes. ",
"Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.",
"\n\nTo consolidate our findings, we carried out a propensity score adjusted cox model in which propensity score was included besides aforementioned factors. ",
"A logistic regression was used to estimate propensity score. ",
"In this logistic model, age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, history of cancer, serum creatinine at admission and hemoglobin at admission were included according to variables screening (backward method) or that were prespecified (sex, diabetes mellitus and hemoglobin at admission).",
"\n\nIn order to further analyze the impact of concomitant use of PPI on composite primary end point, we performed a subgroup analysis in seven subsets. ",
"Cox model with or without propensity score adjustment was performed.",
"\n\nSince most subjects included in our study, whose records of PPI use (or not) are complete, have no missing data, we did not conduct an imputation. ",
"All *P* values were two-sided, and a *P* value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. ",
"All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc; Cary, NC) statistical software.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Results {#s3}\n==========\n\n[Figure 1](#jgc-13-03-209-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} showed how the patients were selected for the final analytic cohort. ",
"Of the 15,401 patients enrolled in the BleeMACS registry, patients with single antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (*n* = 1245), DAPT with prasugrel (*n* = 665), oral anticoagulant (OAC) plus aspirin (*n* = 79), OAC (*n* = 37), and missing values of PPIs use (*n* = 3946) were excluded. ",
"Finally, 9429 patients using P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) with or without PPIs at discharge were included in the final analysis. ",
"Of these, 5165 patients (54.8%) claimed at least one prescription for PPIs at discharge. ",
"Patients characteristics at baseline are shown in [Table 1](#jgc-13-03-209-t01){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Patients who were treated with a PPI were older, were more often female, and were more likely to have a history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease, peptic ulcer, coronary artery bypass grafting, prior bleeding or malignancy; were more likely to have an index diagnosis of unstable angina or non ST elevation myocardial infarction and had higher rate of Killip class ≥ 2; had lower baseline hemoglobin and higher baseline creatinine levels. ",
"The rate of complete revascularization was higher in patients receiving PPIs. ",
"Moreover, the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and statins were more common in patients with PPIs.",
"\n\n{#jgc-13-03-209-g001}\n\nPatients were followed up throughout one year. ",
"Nine hundred and fourteen (9.7%) adjudicated all-cause deaths, re-infarctions or bleedings events were registered. ",
"The rate of composite primary endpoint was significantly higher in patients on a PPI than those not on a PPI (10.9% *vs*. ",
"8.3%; unadjusted HR: 1.329; 95% CI: 1.163--1.518) ([Table 2](#jgc-13-03-209-t02){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"However, using the propensity score generated from logistic regression models and adjusting for baseline covariates, there were no significant difference regarding the primary endpoints between patients with PPIs and those without PPIs (adjusted HR: 1.044; 95% CI: 0.912--1.196) ([Table 2](#jgc-13-03-209-t02){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"In addition, the use of PPIs was associated with higher rate of re-infarction event (4.9% *vs*. ",
"4.4%; unadjusted HR: 0.960; 95% CI: 0.789--1.168; adjusted HR: 0.808; 95% CI: 0.662--0.987), but was not associated with increased risk of all-cause death/re-infarction and all-cause death, or a decreased risk of bleeding ([Table 2](#jgc-13-03-209-t02){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n###### Baseline characteristics by PPIs use.",
"\n\n Treated with PPIs (*n* = 5165) Not treated with PPIs (*n* = 4264) *P*\n --------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------\n \\*Age, yrs 66.22 (56.39--73.80) 61.25 (52.00--71.00) \\< 0.001\n ≤75 yrs 3855/5165 (74.64%) 3606/4264 (84.57%) 0.000\n Female 1285/5165 (24.88%) 894/4264 (20.97%) 0.000\n Medical history \n Hypertension 3073/5165 (59.50%) 2115/4264 (49.60%) 0.000\n Dyslipidemia 2498/5165 (48.36%) 1792/4264 (42.03%) 0.000\n Diabetes mellitus 1349/5165 (26.12%) 955/4264 (22.40%) 0.000\n Peripheral arterial disease 394/5165 (7.63%) 231/4264 (5.42%) 0.000\n Myocardial infarction 619/5165 (11.98%) 444/4264 (10.41%) 0.016\n Congestive heart failure 113/5165 (2.38%) 68/4264 (2.25%) 0.717\n Chronic kidney disease 98/5165 (4.83%) 30/4264 (2.83%) 0.008\n Peptic ulcer 115/5165 (5.58%) 46/4264 (3.50%) 0.006\n PCI 542/5165 (10.49%) 427/4264 (10.01%) 0.445\n CABG 178/5165 (3.45%) 92/4264 (2.16%) 0.000\n Prior bleeding 253/5165 (4.90%) 130/4264 (3.05%) 0.000\n Malignancy 398/5165 (7.71%) 195/4264 (4.57%) 0.000\n Index event type \n STEMI 2965/5165 (57.41%) 3142/4264 (73.69%) 0.000\n Unstable angina 711/5165 (13.77%) 448/4264 (10.51%) \n NSTEMI 1489/5165 (28.82%) 674/4264 (15.80%) \n Clinical characteristic \n \\*Baseline hemoglobin, g/dL 14.00 (12.80--15.10) 14.20 (13.10--15.20) \\< 0.001\n \\*Baseline creatinine, mg/dL 0.86 (0.76--1.05) 0.85 (0.74--1.02) \\< 0.001\n Killip class ≥ 2 710/5165 (14.19%) 491/4264 (11.58%) 0.000\n \\*Left ventricular ejection fraction 56.5 (45--60) 57 (47--60) 0.079\n Index PCI intervention \n Drug-eluting stent 2126/5165 (41.16%) 2013/4264 (47.21%) 0.000\n PTCA 132/5165 (2.56%) 180/4264 (4.22%) 0.000\n Thrombolysis 108/5165 (2.09%) 81/4264 (1.90%) 0.509\n Complete revascularization 2923/5165 (62.01%) 2403/4264 (58.28%) 0.000\n Prescribed drugs \n β-blocker 4209/5165 (81.49%) 3458/4264 (81.10%) 0.626\n ACEI/ARB 3946/5165 (76.40%) 2953/4264 (69.25%) \\< 0.001\n Statins 4858/5165 (94.06%) 3910/4264 (91.70%) \\< 0.001\n\nValues in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise. ",
"\\*Values are median (25th, 75th percentiles). ",
"ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors; PTCA: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.",
"\n\n###### Kaplan-Meier 1-year event rates according to PPIs use.",
"\n\n Treated with PPIs (*n* = 5165) (%) Not treated with PPIs (*n* = 4264) (%) Unadjusted HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI)\n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------\n All-cause death/re-infarction bleeding 561/5165 (10.9%) 353/4264 (8.3%) 1.329 (1.163--1.518) 1.044 (0.912--1.196)\n All-cause death/re-infarction 406/5165 (7.9%) 260/4264 (6.1%) 1.301 (1.113--1.520) 1.002 (0.856--1.175)\n All-cause death 257/5165 (5.0%) 134/4264 (3.1%) 1.598 (1.297--1.969) 1.111 (0.899--1.374)\n Re-infarction 251/5165 (4.9%) 186/4264 (4.4%) 0.960 (0.789--1.168) 0.808 (0.662--0.987)\n Bleeding 198/5165 (3.8%) 116/4264 (2.7%) 1.427 (1.135--1.794) 1.113 (0.881--1.406)\n\nHR (unadjusted and adjusted) showing the relationship between PPIs and clinical outcomes. ",
"HR: hazard ratios; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors.",
"\n\nFor patients treated with clopidogrel, the rate of the composite primary endpoint was 11.1% for individuals on a PPI and 8.4% for those not on a PPI (unadjusted HR: 1.331; 95% CI: 1.161--1.524). ",
"For patients treated with ticagrelor, the rate of the composite primary endpoint was 8.0% for individuals on a PPI and 3.6% for those not on a PPI (unadjusted HR: 2.191; 95% CI: 0.846--5.674) ([Figure 2](#jgc-13-03-209-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Table 3](#jgc-13-03-209-t03){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"After adjusting for potential confounders and the propensity to be on a PPI at discharge, no significant association remained between use of a PPI and the primary endpoint both for patients receiving clopidogrel (adjusted HR: 1.036; 95% CI: 0.903--1.189) and for those receiving ticagrelor (adjusted HR: 2.320; 95% CI: 0.875--6.151) (interaction between P2Y12 inhibitor treatment and PPI use, *P* = 0.2004) ([Table 3](#jgc-13-03-209-t03){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Similarly, use of a PPI was not associated with increased risk of all-cause death, re-infarction, or a decreased risk of bleeding for patients treated with either clopidogrel or ticagrelor ([Table 3](#jgc-13-03-209-t03){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nWe also performed analyses in other seven subgroups and the results showed no significant association between PPIs use and the composite primary endpoint, which were consistent with the main results. ",
"In these analyses, there were no significant interactions with baseline or procedural variables, including the use of drug-eluting stent ([Figure 3](#jgc-13-03-209-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n4. ",
"Discussion {#s4}\n=============\n\nIn a large \"real world\" registry of patients with ACS undergoing PCI, concomitant use of PPI was not associated with increased risk of composite adverse clinical outcomes (all-cause death, re-infarction, or severe bleeding) in patients receiving either clopidogrel or ticagrelor. ",
"Our results are consistent with findings from propensity-matched analysis or randomized trial that reported no associated risk of cardiovascular events in patients treated with PPIs in combination with P2Y12 receptor inhibitors.[@b16],[@b20]\n\nCurrent guidelines recommend use of PPIs in combination with DAPT in patients at higher than average risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.[@b1],[@b3],[@b4] However, several pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies have indicated that PPIs, especially omeprazole and esomeprazole, could blunt the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel.[@b21]--[@b24] Conflicting data exist regarding use of PPIs on cardiovascular events in patients treated with clopidogrel. ",
"Most of observational studies showed PPIs increased risk of adverse events when co-administrated with clopidogrel.[@b13],[@b25]--[@b27] In the subgroup analysis of PLATO trial,[@b18] the use of PPIs was also associated with increased rate of cardiovascular events or even major bleeding in the clopidogrel group. ",
"It can be speculated that PPIs use is likely a marker for higher risk of cardiovascular events. ",
"High risk individuals are more prone to be prescribed a PPI.[@b28],[@b29] In our study, patients who were treated with PPIs were older and had more comorbidities, thus indicating a cluster of patients with high risk of ischemic and bleeding events.",
"\n\n{#jgc-13-03-209-g002}\n\n###### Unadjusted and propensity-score adjusted hazard ratios for 1-year endpoint in patients with PPIs versus no-PPIs within each P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (clopidogrel or ticagrelor).",
"\n\n Clopidogrel Ticagrelor *P*, Interaction of treatment with PPIs use, unadjusted/adjusted \n ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------- --------------- -------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ---------------\n All-cause death/re-infarction bleeding 533/4814 (11.1%) 348/4126 (8.4%) 1.331 (1.161--1.524) 1.036 (0.903--1.189) 28/351 (8.0%) 5/138 (3.6%) 2.191 (0.846--5.674) 2.320 (0.875--6.151) 0.3100/0.2004\n All-cause death/re-infarction 395/4814 (8.2%) 259/4126 (6.3%) 1.320 (1.129--1.544) 1.006 (0.858--1.181) 11/351 (3.1%) 1/138 (0.7%) 4.345 (0.561--33.658) 4.003 (0.502--31.932) 0.2534/0.2001\n All-cause death 248/4814 (5.2%) 133/4126 (3.2%) 1.614 (1.307--1.992) 1.101 (0.889--1.364) 9/3519 (2.6%) 1/138 (0.7%) 3.536 (0.448--27.888) 3.199 (0.388--26.393) 0.4546/0.3608\n Re-infarction 213/4814 (4.3%) 186/4126 (4.5%) 1.604 (1.299--1.980) 0.828 (0.677--1.012) 2/351 (0.6%) 0/138 (0.0%) \\- \\- 0.9679/0.9566\n Bleeding 181/4814 (3.8%) 111/4126 (2.7%) 1.416 (1.118--1.794) 1.101 (0.865--1.401) 17/351 (4.8%) 5/138 (3.6%) 1.331 (0.491--3.607) 1.482 (0.533--4.117) 0.9028/0.9748\n\nHR (unadjusted and adjusted) showing the relationship between PPIs and clinical outcomes. ",
"HR: hazard ratios; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors.",
"\n\n{#jgc-13-03-209-g003}\n\nAfter adjusting for potential confounders and the propensity to be treated with a PPI, our study demonstrated that concomitant use of PPIs and clopidogrel was not associated with a greater risk of net adverse clinical events. ",
"These results confirm and extend the findings of TRITON-TIMI 38,[@b20],[@b30] which showed no associated risk with clopidogrel and PPIs use. ",
"The only clinical trial COGENT[@b16] also failed to demonstrate a clinically significant cardiovascular interaction between clopidogrel and omeprazole. ",
"Therefore, despite the observed attenuation of *in vitro* anti-platelet effects of P2Y12 receptor inhibitors in patients treated with a PPI, it may not have significant effect on clinical outcomes.",
"\n\nIn contrast to clopidogrel, ticagrelor is a direct-acting P2Y12 receptor inhibitor that does not require biotransformation and has no potential interaction with PPIs.[@b17] Yet, limited studies evaluated the impact of PPIs use on clinical benefit of ticagrelor. ",
"In the prespecified analysis of PLATO trial,[@b18] ticagrelor in combination with a PPI was also associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. ",
"This finding was similar to that observed with clopidogrel and PPI use. ",
"In the present study, despite the observed tendency of higher risk of adverse events in the ticagrelor group when co-administrated with a PPI, the impact on clinical outcomes was non-significant after adjusting for potential confounders. ",
"To date, there is no pharmacologic or clinical evidence to support the interaction between ticagrelor and PPIs. ",
"Therefore, in the context of current guidelines, which recommend use of ticagrelor as first choice in ACS patients, concomitant use of a PPI is reasonable when the patients were at high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.",
"\n\n4.1. ",
"Limitations {#s4a}\n----------------\n\nOur study has several limitations. ",
"First, as with other retrospective study, confoundings by unknown/unmeasured factors could not be entirely excluded. ",
"However, the components of the primary endpoint, including all-cause death, re-infarction, and bleeding, are hard endpoints and less subject to observation bias. ",
"Second, the use of a PPI was not randomized and depended on the decision of the treating physicians. ",
"Despite multivariable adjustment and propensity score matching for the PPI use, unobserved differences may still exist, which may lead to residual selection bias. ",
"However, this study enrolled consecutive patients from a retrospective, multi-center, observational registry, which may have less inclusion bias. ",
"Third, this study did not show an increased risk of primary endpoint in patients treated with concomitant ticagrelor and PPI, although there was a tendency toward a higher risk compared with no-PPI group. ",
"The small sample size and low incidence of all-cause death, re-infarction, and bleeding events in the ticagrelor subgroup may affect the power to detect such difference. ",
"Forth, although standard definitions were provided for the primary endpoints, events (including type of death) were not systematically validated or centrally adjudicated. ",
"Thus, the proportion of non-cardiovascular deaths may be overestimated. ",
"Finally, in most cases the follow-up information was based upon patient self-report and this could likely lead to under- and over-estimates of medical therapy, procedures, and events.",
"\n\n4.2. ",
"Conclusions {#s4b}\n----------------\n\nIn conclusion, in a \"real world\" registry of patients with ACS following PCI, the use of PPIs in combination with clopidogrel was not associated with increased rate of adverse outcomes. ",
"Moreover, no association was observed between PPI use and adverse events in patients receiving ticagrelor. ",
"Therefore, in the context of current ACS guidelines with P2Y12 receptor inhibitors as first-line therapy, concomitant use of PPIs is reasonable, especially in patients with a higher risk for gastrointestinal bleeding.",
"\n\nThe authors thank Dr. Xiao-Yan YAN and Dr. Yong-Pei YU (Medical Statistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China) for their technical assistance about data cleaning and statistical analysis.",
"\n\n**Other BleeMACS investigators**\n\nBeijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China: Zhang D and Chen YL; University Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain: García-Acuña JM; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Divisione di Cardiologia, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy: Giordana F, Scarano S, and Gaita F; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Canada: Southern DA; San Carlos Hospital, Madrid, Spain: Alfonso E and Terol B; Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain: Garay A; University Patras Hospital, Athens, Greece: Xanthopoulou I; Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Frankfurt, Germany: Osman N and Möllmann H; University Clinical Hospital, Kyoto, Japan: Shiomi H; University Clinical Hospital, Warsaw, Poland: Kowara M and Filipiak KJ; Tokai University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan: Ikari Y; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan: Nakahayshi T, Sakata K, Yamagishi M; University Clinic of Cardiology, Skopje, Macedonia: Kalpak O.\n"
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"Q:\n\nDocument Indexing Asp.net\n\nI am tasked with indexing a large number of documents (allowing for full-text search) and then searching this index using ASP.net\nI am using a Windows Server 2012 environment.",
"\nI have done some reading up but I'm still not sure what the indexing service to use.",
"\nI have read about 'Microsoft Indexing Services' (I have read this is obsolete) and 'Windows Search' service.",
"\nCan anyone make a recommend a suitable service to use and ideally some pointers as to how to use it?",
"\n\nA:\n\nHave a look at Lucene .Net. ",
"It's a .Net port of the Lucene search index. ",
"It's an Apache project & might be just what you're looking for.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nWant to create a custome type to use in a List from Assembly.",
"LoadFrom()\n\nThe title says it all, but here's some sample code of what it might look like\nAssembly a = Assembly.",
"LoadFrom(trustMeThePathIsRight);\nType test = a.GetType(\"Full.",
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"Type\");\nList<test> blah = new List<test>;\n\nbut it says that type or namespace could not be found. ",
" Essentially, how do I get to use the type I get from creating the assembly reference?",
"\n\nA:\n\nIn short, you can't use it like that. ",
"Type parameters, when specified at compile time, must be known at compile time. ",
"The only alternative is to use reflection:\nAssembly a = Assembly.",
"LoadFrom(trustMeThePathIsRight);\nType test = a.GetType(\"Full.",
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"CreateInstance(listType);\n\nOf course the problem here is that the type is still not known, so you won't get compile-time type checking.",
"\n\n"
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[
"From England to America: The Odyssey of the William and Margaret Wilcockson Family\n\nTo be published in 2016.",
"\n\nWilliam Wilcockson was one of the progenitors of the Wilcox/Wilcoxson family in America, coming to New England with his wife Margaret and son John on the ship Planter in 1635.",
"\n\nFind out the true story behind their decision to emigrate from Derbyshire, England, and the circumstances that drove them to leave all that they knew in England and face a harsh wilderness in America with other Puritans and non-Puritans alike in Massachusetts and then Connecticut. ",
"Find out what their Puritan beliefs were about religion, about sex, about death, about child-rearing, about food. ",
"Step into their shoes for a day and see what their society, their politics, their education, their religion was all about. ",
"Some religion historians have called the Puritans of New England religious fanatics ~ see for yourself.",
"\n\nWith new and original research in New England and England, Jane Wilcox dispels the myths and inaccuracies that have been spread about William Wilcockson and his family in print for more than a century and more recently on the Internet. ",
"Jane presents her theory that Puritan William was the son of tanner William Wilcockson of Biggin by Hulland, Derbyshire, and his as-yet unknown first wife. ",
"Learn how Puritan William was disinherited as the eldest son of tanner William and forced to take up another trade — weaving — to make his living. ",
"Find out the Derbyshire connections between Puritan William and Margaret and the charismatic non-conformist Puritan minister Rev. Adam Blakeman/Blackman at Heage, Derbyshire.",
"\n\nIn the book you will learn that it’s not true that:\n\n• William and Margaret were from St. Albans in Hertfordshire\n• Margaret’s maiden name was Birdsey or Hazzard.",
"\n• William died in November 1652 or 1653.",
"\n• William spelled his name William Wilcoxson.",
"\n• William and Margaret had a tenth child.",
"\n\nClick here to be among the first to be notified when the book is released for sale in 2016. ",
"Look also for a series of articles before the book comes out."
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"I see I haven’t said anything yet about the central activity itself. ",
"Instead I’ve been taking up time talking about all the bits and pieces I have around me, and I haven’t even mentioned the magnifying glass or the Post-it notes or the worry beads. ",
"Wasting time, perhaps. ",
"Fiddling about and getting nowhere. ",
"But what else did you think writers do all day? ",
"Write?",
"\n\nI lurk about in parks and play areas with a sketchbook and observe what I see: the way small children move when they are playing, how they stand when they are rather unsure of themselves, or crouch down to examine something minutely, then take off like a flock of birds. ",
"Then I go home and make it all up.",
"\n\nIn a recent interview with the East Tennessean, world-renowned children’s author Margaret Peterson Haddix opened up about her writing process and her opinion on what makes a good story while on the book tour for her newly released novel, “Under Their Skin.”",
"\n\nBest known for her award-winning books in the “Shadow Children” series and the “Missing” series, Haddix graduated from Miami University of Ohio with bachelor degrees in journalism, creative writing and history. ",
"Spending most of her time visiting schools, book stores or public libraries all over the country to meet with her readers for presentations or to sign autographs, Haddix is lucky to still find time to write. ",
"When push comes to shove, however, she has been known to meet rush deadlines against all odds.",
"\n\n“My ideal schedule is to write all morning and deal with other things in the afternoon,” Haddix said, “but if I am on a tight deadline — or really excited about what I am writing — sometimes I just write all day. ",
"Or, if the writing isn’t going well, sometimes I go take a walk or swim laps, and that usually recharges my brain. ",
"It varies a great deal.”",
"\n\nHaddix has now published over 30 novels for children and young adults.",
"\n\nWhen I’ve writing a first draft I try and write 1,000 words a day without planning too much ahead. ",
"I can tinker with what I’ve written the day before, but I try not to do any wholesale editing.",
"\n\nI can’t write with music on, and I’m very distracted if I have an internet connection. ",
"So I often go to a local cafe at 7.30am and work there for two hours, when it fills up with mums and babies. ",
"Early morning is a very good time for me to write, and it leaves the rest of the day free to do other stuff and think about my story and characters. ",
"I also find it useful to have a self-imposed time deadline, so I have to produce the right number of words by 9.30am. (",
"This is a throwback to a life spent in newsrooms)."
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"Updates on Management of Gastric Cancer.",
"\nGastric adenocarcinoma is the fifth most common and the third most lethal cancer worldwide. ",
"Surgery is the only chance of cure, but recurrence is common, even with complete resection. ",
"Advances in diagnosis and staging, genomic classification, surgical resection and treatment of peritoneal disease, systemic chemotherapy and chemoradiation, and targeted and immune therapies have led to the current multidisciplinary approach to gastric adenocarcinoma. ",
"Treatment of gastric cancer is rapidly evolving in an effort to combat this challenging disease."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to bait tanks used to maintain live bait for fishing. ",
"More particularly it relates to a bait tank that is collapsible and insertable through apertures in a boat or kayak surface that can be smaller than the expanded bait tank once installed. ",
"Once so inserted through such an aperture, the bait tank may be expanded to an installed size larger than the aperture, and attached to the underside of a wall of the boat or kayak about that aperture, in a sealed relationship, thereby maintaining the watertight integrity of the vessel.",
"\n2. ",
"Prior Art\nModern boats for individual recreational use have evolved to include numerous designs for craft that can be used for exercise, exploration, and sport. ",
"Kayaks being a member of this class of water craft have developed a number of classes of craft including those of wooden, resin, fiberglass and polyethylene or a similar polymer walled construction. ",
"One overriding factor in such small water craft, as well as in larger pleasure craft, is the requirement to keep the craft water tight. ",
"This is especially true of kayaks used in ocean coastal waters as well as those that run rapids or just cruise river ways or inland lakes. ",
"Waves and water disturbances encountered by users of kayaks and other water craft can quickly swamp the craft and endanger the rider. ",
"Even if the craft is designed to be unsinkable through the inclusion of buoyant materials in the construction of the craft, if allowed to take on water during use, the craft becomes slow and unwieldy.",
"\nAs use of kayak style water craft has become more prevalent in recent years, so too has the desire to vary that use. ",
"Kayak users are well known for cruising waterways, running rapids in fresh water, kayak surfing, or cruising costal waters. ",
"Because of their ability to glide to places where aquatic wildlife abounds, there is an ever more widening use of such craft for fishing the coastal waters and inland lakes and streams.",
"\nOf course fishing from these small craft creates a problem in itself in that to fish the occupant must have the appropriate gear and of course bait for attachment to that gear to attract the fish sought. ",
"Poles, nets, and gear may be lashed to the top of the craft or be of such a nature as to be small enough to place on the rider\"\"s person. ",
"However if the water craft occupant wishes to use live bait such as sardines, anchovies, mackerel, minnows, or other small fish, that of course attract bigger fish, it poses the dilemma on how to allow for living space for aquatic creatures on a small craft that is supposed to be water tight.",
"\nKayaks being hydrodynamic for streamline running in the water, are by nature small and conventionally sealed on their top and bottom surfaces to avoid the intrusion of water into the interior cavities. ",
"This serves to keep the craft buoyant even in the roughest waters since water is kept out of the craft. ",
"In order to maintain a streamlined flow through the water, the paddler of a kayak or similar small craft is essentially precluded from hanging devices over the side of the craft into the water. ",
"Doing so will severely hamper the craft\"\"s ability to easily navigate through the water and cause extreme fatigue of the paddler in a short period of time due to the loss of hydrodynamic properties caused by drag. ",
"An alternative currently practiced by kayak users is to place a bait bucket on the deck of the craft. ",
"The paddler however must frequently stop the craft. ",
"and dip the bucket to obtain fresh, oxygenated water for the occupants of the bait bucket to keep them alive. ",
"Additionally, placing a bait tank, and filling it with water, on the deck of a kayak or other small craft, causes a significant rise in the center of gravity of the kayak. ",
"Such a rise in the center of gravity yields an unstable craft prone to a roll-over.",
"\nAs such, to use live bait on a kayak, the bait tank would best be kept inside the watertight environment of the interior cavities of the craft, yet still seal away exterior water from the remaining interior cavities of the craft without swamping the craft. ",
"Consequently there is a need for an easily installed bait tank device that would provide the proper oxygenated aquatic environment for live bait and can be maintained on an interior cavity of a kayak or other water craft. ",
"Such a device should also maintain the integrity of the seal the craft enjoys from the water through which the craft operates. ",
"Additionally, such a device should provide a mechanism to circulate or change the water inside the tank on a regular basis to maintain the occupants of the tank in a healthy state.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,632,220 (Vento) addresses the need for a portable bait tank with a supply of fresh water, however Vento requires a permanent installation and is not collapsible to allow mounting in the interior of the craft through a small hole.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,945,672 (Raia) teaches an auxiliary bait tank having circulating water aerating the device however Raia is solid in construction and designed for above deck mounting or installation in existing bait containers.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,033,280 (Wood) teaches a boat mountable bait tank with circulating water to keep the bait alive. ",
"Wood is designed however for above deck mounting or mounting in bait tank containers already on the vessel and does not allow for transportability nor it is collapsible to fit through small apertures into the wall of the vessel.",
"\nAs such, there exists a need for an easily and inexpensively manufactured bait tank apparatus, which can be readily attached to an interior cavity of most conventional wood, fiberglass- resin and polyethylene and similar polymer-walled, water craft, and especially kayaks. ",
"Such a device should also provide for a water tight seal against swamping or flooding the interior of the craft, from water exterior to the craft. ",
"The device should additionally be collapsible to allow for easy mounting in various differing types of water tight cavities that exist in most modem water craft and thus keep deck space of the craft useable while concurrently either lowering or maintaining the center of gravity of the craft.",
"\nApplicants\"\" device is an easily manufactured and installed collapsible bait tank apparatus for transport of live bait and maintaining such live bait in a healthy state in an oxygenated aquatic environment. ",
"The device features a collapsible container to hold water to maintain live bait in an aquatic environment. ",
"A bulkhead sealing apparatus provides both a mount, and a seal against flooding of the interior of the craft from splashes or swamping, thereby maintaining the water tight integrity of the craft on which it is mounted. ",
"The bulkhead sealing apparatus is also hinged or of flexible elastic construction to allow it to compress and fit through small apertures in the water craft.",
"\nThe collapsible tank is constructed of water tight material such as vinyl coated nylon or polyester fabric. ",
"The collapsible bait tank has an access aperture which attaches to, and is accessible through, the bulkhead sealing apparatus, thereby providing the user to access the bait contained therein. ",
"The bulkhead sealing apparatus is attachable to the wall of the water craft such as a kayak and thereby provides a mount for the attached bait tank as well as maintaining the craft\"\"s water tight ability.",
"\nBy providing a device which is collapsible, great utility is provided in that the user can collapse the device and insert it through a small aperture or other opening which communicates through the deck or other sidewall of the craft. ",
"This opening may already exist and be sealable in the conventional fashion with a water tight door or plug. ",
"Or, the opening may be cut into the craft to allow for a mount of the collapsible bait tank using the provided bulkhead sealing apparatus for the mount and to provided access to the collapsible bait tank so positioned in the craft.",
"\nThe bulkhead sealing apparatus consists of an inner sealing ring that is hinged in the current best mode, or elastic in nature, or otherwise collapsible and returnable to a predetermined size. ",
"The inner sealing ring is dimensioned to mate with a cooperatively dimensioned exterior sealing ring. ",
"Both sealing rings would be dimensioned for cooperative engagement with the aperture formed through the wall or deck of the water craft when in the final mounting position. ",
"To mount the bait tank device in a compartment of the water craft, the hinged or flexible interior sealing ring is compressed to a size slightly smaller than the aperture and inserted therethrough. ",
"The interior sealing ring may be attached to the bait tank in a sealed relationship around the access aperture of the bait tank, or it may be a separate piece, depending on the water craft and mounting position on that water craft.",
"\nOnce inserted through the aperture in the water craft, if the interior sealing ring is attached to the bait tank, it is then returned to its intended mounting size and aligned with the cooperating exterior sealing ring dimensioned to encircle the perimeter of the wall aperture. ",
"If it is to be removably attached to the interior of the bait tank, the interior sealing ring would be inserted through the access aperture of the bait tank to the bait tank interior and then aligned with the exterior sealing ring about the wall aperture of the craft. ",
"Once so aligned the exterior sealing ring and the interior sealing ring are engaged using conventional fasteners therethrough thereby compressing the perimeter of the tank access aperture between the inner surface of the wall of the craft and the interior sealing ring. ",
"The seal achieved between the interior sealing ring and the exterior sealing ring and the interior wall and exterior wall of the craft, can be enhanced using optional O-rings, silicone or other sealants, or other conventional sealant materials.",
"\nThrough the engagement of the bait tank aperture between the interior sealing ring and the interior wall surface of the craft, a watertight seal is achieved which will only allow water into an interior cavity of the collapsible bait tank while concurrently maintaining the water tight seal with the rest of the craft\"\"s interior. ",
"While the craft is being navigated to and from destinations, the orifice inside the exterior sealing ring may be sealed using a cooperatively dimensioned cap with xe2x80x9cOxe2x80x9d ring that may be removably threaded or otherwise conventionally placed into position to block access to the interior cavity of the bait tank.",
"\nBy the provision of collapsibility of both the tank and interior sealing ring, a large bait tank may thereby be inserted into the hollow areas of a boat or kayak through a hole smaller than the eventually enlarged tank. ",
"Further, by adding water flow from the lake or ocean which is being navigated, using a communicating battery powered pump, additional utility is provided in the form of a constant rejuvenating of the water supply to sustain the bait fish in the mounted tank. ",
"Additionally, in an emergency the pump may be utilized as a sump pump to help drain water from the inner compartments of the craft should it become flooded by a puncture in the wall surface of the craft.",
"\nAn object of this invention is to provide for a bait tank for water craft such as a kayak that will hold and maintain live bait therein for transport to a fishing site.",
"\nAnother object of this invention is to provide such a bait tank, and concurrently maintain the seal of the craft from flooding from the exterior of the craft.",
"\nA further object of this invention is the provision of a collapsible bait tank that is water tight and will allow for expansion and holding of more bait therein in a healthier environment once inserted through a smaller aperture in the vessel wall.",
"\nA further object of this invention is the provision of a collapsible bait tank that is easily transported once drained thereby allowing for portable use of the collapsible bait tank on different vessels by mounting it in a collapsible frame.",
"\nAnother object of this invention is the provision of a bait tank for small craft that can be accommodated by heretofore unusable space of the interior of the water craft while concurrently maintaining or lowering the center of gravity of the water craft.",
"\nFurther objects of the invention will be brought out in the following part of the specification, wherein detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing the invention without placing limitations thereon."
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[
"General Interest\n\nShah flees Iran\n\nShah flees Iran\n\nAuthor\n\nHistory.com Staff\n\nWebsite Name\n\nHistory.com\n\nYear Published\n\n2010\n\nTitle\n\nShah flees Iran\n\nURL\n\nhttp://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/shah-flees-iran\n\nAccess Date\n\nMarch 03, 2015\n\nPublisher\n\nA+E Networks\n\nFaced with an army mutiny and violent demonstrations against his rule, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the leader of Iran since 1941, is forced to flee the country. ",
"Fourteen days later, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of the Islamic revolution, returned after 15 years of exile and took control of Iran.",
"\n\nIn 1941, British and Soviet troops occupied Iran, and the first Pahlavi shah, who they regarded with suspicion, was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza. ",
"The new shah promised to act as a constitutional monarch but often meddled in the elected government’s affairs. ",
"After a Communist plot against him was thwarted in 1949, he took on even more powers. ",
"However, in the early 1950s, the shah was eclipsed by Mohammad Mosaddeq, a zealous Iranian nationalist who convinced the Parliament to nationalize Britain’s extensive oil interests in Iran. ",
"Mohammad Reza, who maintained close relations with Britain and the United States, opposed the decision. ",
"Nevertheless, he was forced in 1951 to appoint Mosaddeq premier, and two years of tension followed.",
"\n\nIn August 1953, Mohammad Reza attempted to dismiss Mosaddeq, but the premier’s popular support was so great that the shah himself was forced out of Iran. ",
"A few days later, British and U.S. intelligence agents orchestrated a stunning coup d’etat against Mosaddeq, and the shah returned to take power as the sole leader of Iran. ",
"He repealed Mosaddeq’s legislation and became a close Cold War ally of the United States in the Middle East.",
"\n\nIn 1963, the shah launched his “White Revolution,” a broad government program that included land reform, infrastructure development, voting rights for women, and the reduction of illiteracy. ",
"Although these programs were applauded by many in Iran, Islamic leaders were critical of what they saw as the westernization of Iran. ",
"Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shiite cleric, was particularly vocal in his criticism and called for the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of an Islamic state. ",
"In 1964, Khomeini was exiled and settled across the border in Iraq, where he sent radio messages to incite his supporters.",
"\n\nThe shah saw himself foremost as a Persian king and in 1971 held an extravagant celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Persian monarchy. ",
"In 1976, he formally replaced the Islamic calendar with a Persian calendar. ",
"Religious discontent grew, and the shah became more repressive, using his brutal secret police force to suppress opposition. ",
"This alienated students and intellectuals in Iran, and support for Khomeini grew. ",
"Discontent was also rampant in the poor and middle classes, who felt that the economic developments of the White Revolution had only benefited the ruling elite. ",
"In 1978, anti-shah demonstrations broke out in Iran’s major cities.",
"\n\nOn September 8, 1978, the shah’s security force fired on a large group of demonstrators, killing hundreds and wounding thousands. ",
"Two months later, thousands took to the streets of Tehran, rioting and destroying symbols of westernization, such as banks and liquor stores. ",
"Khomeini called for the shah’s immediate overthrow, and on December 11 a group of soldiers mutinied and attacked the shah’s security officers. ",
"With that, his regime collapsed and the shah fled.",
"\n\nThe shah traveled to several countries before entering the United States in October 1979 for medical treatment of his cancer. ",
"In Tehran, Islamic militants responded on November 4 by storming the U.S. embassy and taking the staff hostage. ",
"With the approval of Khomeini, the militants demanded the return of the shah to Iran to stand trial for his crimes. ",
"The United States refused to negotiate, and 52 American hostages were held for 444 days. ",
"Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi died in Egypt in July 1980.",
"\n\nAlso on this day\n\nThe 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, prohibiting the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,” is ratified on this day in 1919 and becomes the law of the land.",
"\nThe movement for the prohibition of alcohol began in the early 19th century, when Americans concerned about the...\n\nBritish Admiral Sir George Rodney, with 18 ships-of-the-line, engages an inferior Spanish squadron of 11 battleships commanded by Don Juan de Langara off the southwestern coast of Portugal at Cape St. Vincent, in what comes to be known as The Moonlight Battle. (",
"Ships-of-the-line is the 18th century term for...\n\nOn this day in 1997, comedian and TV star Bill Cosby’s 27-year-old son Ennis Cosby is murdered after he stops to fix a flat tire along California’s Interstate 405 in Los Angeles. ",
"The 405, which runs some 70 miles from Irvine to San Fernando, is known as one of the...\n\nOn this day in 1861, the Crittenden Compromise, the last chance to keep North and South united, dies in the U.S. Senate.",
"\nProposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, the compromise was a series of constitutional amendments. ",
"The amendments would continue the old Missouri Compromise provisions of 1820, which divided...\n\nIn the wake of vicious fighting between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces in Azerbaijan, the Soviet government sends in 11,000 troops to quell the conflict. ",
"The fighting–and the official Soviet reaction to it–was an indication of the increasing ineffectiveness of the central Soviet government in maintaining control in the Soviet...\n\nAlbert Fish is executed at Sing Sing prison in New York. ",
"The “Moon Maniac” was one of America’s most notorious and disturbed killers. ",
"Authorities believe that Fish killed as many as 10 children and then ate their remains. ",
"Fish went to the electric chair with great anticipation, telling guards, “It...\n\nAvalanches sweep two buses off the highway between Srinagar and Jammu in Kashmir, India, on this day in 1995. ",
"Two more days of avalanches in the area eventually killed more than 200 people; 5,000 others had to be rescued.",
"\nJanuary 1995 produced unusually heavy snow in the Kashmir region, an area...\n\nAt midnight in Iraq, the United Nations deadline for the Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait expires, and the Pentagon prepares to commence offensive operations to forcibly eject Iraq from its five-month occupation of its oil-rich neighbor. ",
"At 4:30 p.m. EST, the first fighter aircraft were launched from Saudi Arabia and off...\n\nOn this day in 1942, the actress Carole Lombard, famous for her roles in such screwball comedies as My Man Godfrey and To Be or Not to Be, and for her marriage to the actor Clark Gable, is killed when the TWA DC-3 plane she is traveling in crashes en...\n\nOn this day in 2013, Pauline Phillips, who for more than 40 years wrote the “Dear Abby” newspaper advice column, dies at age 94 in Minneapolis after battling Alzheimer’s disease. ",
"Using the pen name Abigail Van Buren, Phillips made her “Dear Abby” debut in 1956, and over the ensuing decades...\n\nJazz has been called “America’s classical music,” a label that does more than just recognize its American origins. ",
"The label also makes the case that jazz is worthy of aesthetic consideration alongside music usually thought of as “classical.” ",
"In the current era, when programs of Duke Ellington and J.S. Bach...\n\nA leader in the successful fight to wrest California away from Mexico, the explorer and mapmaker John C. Fremont briefly becomes governor of the newly won American territory.",
"\nStill only in his early mid-30s at the time, Fremont had already won national acclaim for his leadership of two important explorations of...\n\nOn this day in 1991, President George Herbert Walker Bush waits to see if Iraq will withdraw from Kuwait by midnight, a deadline mandated by the United Nations, or if war will ensue. ",
"Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein and hard-line Iraqi nationalists did believe Kuwait should be part of Iraq,...\n\nOn January 16, 1970, the seven-time Golden Glove-winning center fielder Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals files suit in a New York federal court against Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, the presidents of the American and National Leagues and all 24 teams in the Major League Baseball (MLB) organization.",
"\nAfter the Cardinals...\n\nPresident Johnson approves Oplan 34A, operations to be conducted by South Vietnamese forces supported by the United States to gather intelligence and conduct sabotage to destabilize the North Vietnamese regime.",
"\nActual operations began in February and involved raids by South Vietnamese commandos operating under U.S. orders against North Vietnamese coastal and...\n\nAn agreement is reached in Paris for the opening of expanded peace talks. ",
"It was agreed that representatives of the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the National Liberation Front would sit at a circular table without nameplates, flags or markings.",
"\nThe talks had been plagued from the beginning...\n\nAfter an eight-day offensive that marked the beginning of a new, aggressive strategy in the region, Austro-Hungarian troops under commander in chief Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf take control of the Balkan state of Montenegro. ",
"By the end of 1915, after initial setbacks, the Central Powers had completed their conquest of...\n\nOn this day, Adolf Hitler takes to his underground bunker, where he remains for 105 days until he commits suicide.",
"\nHitler retired to his bunker after deciding to remain in Berlin for the last great siege of the war. ",
"Fifty-five feet under the chancellery (Hitler’s headquarters as chancellor), the shelter contained..."
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] | 0.017121 | 55 |
[
"A dominant first half turned out to be enough for the Boise State Broncos, as they held on for the 81-70 Mountain West Conference win over the tenacious Fresno State Bulldogs.",
"\n\nBoise State (12-4, 3-0) has won nine straight games, its longest win streak since the 1991-92 season. ",
"It posted one its best halves in recent years in its first 20 minutes, shooting 66.7 percent (18-of-27), holding Fresno State (11-6, 2-2) to just one made field goal in the last 10:20 to take a 51-32 lead at the break.",
"\n\nThe Broncos couldn't maintain the hot start, falling into a shooting funk to start the second half, making just 1-of-14 3-pointers in the last 20 minutes. ",
"The Bulldogs slowly cut into the lead, getting within 68-64 with 4:42 to play, but the Broncos held on despite making just 15-of-27 free throws in the second half and two field goals in the last 14:21.",
"\n\nJunior forward James Webb III led the Broncos with 25 points and nine rebounds. ",
"Senior guard Marvelle Harris had a game-high 26 points to pace the Bulldogs.",
"\n\nSign Up and Save\n\nPolar opposite of last game, tonight you had a great first half and not a great second half. ",
"How do you take in a game like this?",
"\n\n“It was a terrific win. ",
"I have a lot of respect for Fresno, I know how good they are and how well-coached they are. ",
"I was just really impressed with how our guys approached the first half and came out that way. ",
"Those are never easy when you’re playing a good team and you’re up, the rim becomes bigger for them and smaller for us for some reason, I don’t know it’s a basketball thing. ",
"But we did some good things in the second half, we got some stops when they started cutting into it and we stopped them just enough to get it done, and made just enough free throws down the stretch, but you got to get defensive stops and that’s what we did.”",
"\n\nDoes this team test your blood pressure sometimes, getting big leads and they end up dwindling a little bit?",
"\n\n“We’re not going to make a mountain out of a mole hill, they are good competitors and they are good free throw shooters. ",
"I told them we were going to take the day off tomorrow, but after that many missed free throws…tomorrow everyone has to shoot fifty mental free throws, and report how many they made to Jeremy. ",
"I’ll be really disappointed if they don’t go fifty-for-fifty, each one of them.”",
"\n\nWith James playing so well, where is he at from your prospective with confidence level and overall progression?",
"\n\n“He’s become my security blanket as far as not wanting to take him out of the game because he affects the game in so many different positive ways, he’s such a tough matchup and athletically he can go toe-to-toe with anyone. ",
"That Fresno team is a really athletic team, so you need James out there.”",
"\n\nStarting 0-3 in conference last year and now being 3-0 this year, how do you feel so far?",
"\n\n“Great. ",
"We’ve played in some tough spots and as far as playing at Utah State, and we’ve played two really good teams at home, teams that are going to beat some people. ",
"Fresno is going to beat some people, Colorado State beat UNLV and they won today. ",
"You’re just on to the next one, someone asked me about the streak we were on or whatever, and we don’t care about that. ",
"It’s nice, and that’s what we want to do, but it’s all about being 1-0, and you go 1-0 the next one, and keep preparing the way we’re preparing and keep doing some of the things that we’re doing, and keep getting better at the things I know we can get better at.”",
"\n\nBoise State Redshirt Junior James Webb III\n\nEven though you shot poorly from the three-point line and the free throw line in the second half, is that a good sign, that as bad as it was you still won by double digits?",
"\n\n“I guess so, if your offense is bad and you still pull out a win it’s always good. ",
"We just got to pick up our free throws.”",
"\n\nThe first half of this game was a continuation of the second half last week at Utah State. ",
"It seemed like maybe you weren’t settling for shots, and you were making those extra passes to get the ball down low and near the rim.",
"\n\n“I think we were making the extra pass. ",
"They were committing to our three’s even though we weren’t making them, but we had guys wide open down low – Nick with the post ups.”",
"\n\nThat’s four out of five games you’ve had 20 points, how comfortable do you feel right now – basketball wise – compared to this time last year?",
"\n\n“I am more aggressive, I think the coaches and my teammates do a good job finding me. ",
"A lot of my baskets are in transition or back-door cuts, stuff like that. ",
"I just think my teammates do a good job finding me.”",
"\n\nDo you take any pride going head-to-head with their best player, Marvelle Harris, is that something that motivates you?",
"\n\n“I think so. ",
"At media day he said he wanted to guard me. ",
"Just friendly things, so I think so, it was all fun.”",
"\n\nBoise State Redshirt Senior Anthony Drmic\n\nYou guys built a big lead, but they eventually got back into. ",
"I don’t want to say it’s a problem, but how do you deal with it?",
"\n\n“We did slide a little bit defensively, but they have some good players and they made some tough shots. ",
"They got to the rim and they started scoring. ",
"Offensively we weren’t running as smoothly, and a big part of finishing games is free throws and we kind of sucked in this game with that. ",
"So all of those things combined let the lead slip, but we got the win and that’s really what matters.”",
"\n\nAre the free throws something you guys are going to have to address, is it an issue? ",
"Or maybe not as much since you’ve still been winning games?",
"\n\n“We still are grinding out the games at the end, obviously you don’t want to let a 20-point lead slip, but I feel like even when we were missing those free throws we still got some pretty big stops defensively. ",
"If we can just continue to improve defensively like I’ve said all season, then we can keep winning games like that.”",
"\n\nAs a leader and veteran on the team, do you consciously try to take it upon yourself and turn it around for the team when a lead is slipping away like that?",
"\n\n“Not try to take it upon myself, but I know defense is what sparks everything. ",
"If you get a big stop defensively then that sparks the team to the other end and you get a score. ",
"I just try to do what I can defensively.”",
"\n\nWhat’s it like to have such athletic players on your team?",
"\n\n“It’s crazy the athleticism they have (James and Chandler), you watch them in practice sometimes and it’s just not fair. ",
"The way they can get up and dunk the ball. ",
"It’s fun having those guys on your team and they can get to the rim at will and finish, so it’s fun to watch.”",
"\n\nHalftime: Boise State continued its outstanding play to end its last game into Saturday’s game.",
"\n\nAfter shooting 70.8 percent in the second half of their 76-61 win at Utah State on Tuesday, the Broncos hit 66.7 percent (18-of-27) in the first half Saturday against Fresno State at Taco Bell Arena for a 51-32 lead at the break.",
"\n\nThe Broncos made 10 of their last 14 shots to end the half, while holding the Bulldogs to just one field goal in the last 10:20. ",
"Boise State held a 26-8 advantage in points in the paint. ",
"Junior forward James Webb III led the Broncos with 18 points, while senior guard Mikey Thompson added nine and sophomore guard Chandler Hutchison had seven.",
"\n\nBoise State (11-4, 2-0) has won eight in a row, seeking its first nine-game win streak since 1991-92. ",
"The Broncos had an eight-gamer last season, but the team that ended it was ... Fresno State. ",
"Boise State also has a 16-game win streak at Taco Bell Arena, tied for the second-longest in school history.",
"\n\nFresno State (11-5, 2-1) is led by guard Marvelle Harris (18.4 ppg), who is the preseason Mountain West player of the year. ",
"The Bulldogs have put together their considerable talent level into a team that will no doubt vie to be the conference’s top team, as the Broncos were last season."
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0.0006940593593753874,
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] | 0.006458 | 70 |
[
"FotodioX SONY-ZEISS-2435-HOOD overview\n\n1Description\n\nDedicated to a range of Sony E-mount lenses, this Metal Bayonet Mount Lens Hood from Fotodiox is designed to prevent stray light from entering the lens and causing flare. ",
"Manufactured of industrial-grade, anodized aluminum, the hood's matte-black stepped finish further reduces unwanted reflections. ",
"Its rectangular shape is inspired by traditional Leica design, which also helps cut overhead glare and significantly lowers the chance of vignetting at wide angles. ",
"Additionally, this hood protects your valuable glass against unwanted impacts, bumps, scratching, and the elements.",
"\n\nFotodioX SONY-ZEISS-2435-HOOD reviews\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nSam from\nExcellent Hood!Despite being very expensive, I bought this hood for Sony Zeiss 35mm and 55mm lenses. ",
"It's all metal construction and matches the lenses perfectly. ",
"It does the job as it's designed to do and looks great."
] | {
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0.000757547386456281,
0.0006085789063945413
] | 0.000786 | 7 |
[
"Ventilatory effects of naloxone via the sympathoadrenal system in the neonate?",
"\nRabbit pups responded to hypoxia (6% O2 in N2) with a biphasic respiratory pattern, an initial increase by 1 min followed by a decrease. ",
"Naloxone (0.8 mg/kg) was found to abolish the declining phase of hypoxia, showing a sustained increase of ventilation throughout the hypoxic challenge. ",
"Phentolamine (30 micrograms/kg), an alpha-blocker, had no effect on the normal hypoxic response. ",
"However, pretreating the pups with phentolamine and then administering naloxone resulted in a biphasic response to hypoxia. ",
"We propose that the naloxone effects on ventilation are mediated in conjunction with the adrenergic system."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
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0.0012596677988767624,
0.006919509265571833,
0.012370058335363865,
0.0008131961803883314
] | 0.006894 | 6 |
[
"A novel technique to achieve cutaneous continent urinary diversion in spinal cord-injured patients unable to catheterize through native urethra.",
"\nDescription of a technique and prospective follow-up study. ",
"To present and assess a perioperative strategy associated with a single-procedure surgical technique for continent cutaneous diversion in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients requiring self-catheterization and unable to do it through the native urethra. ",
"University hospital, Paris, France. ",
"We considered SCI patients suffering from urinary incontinence related to neurogenic detrusor overactivity and/or poor bladder emptying for more than 1 year and inability to perform self-catheterization through the native urethra. ",
"These patients including quadriplegics underwent selection for surgery by occupational therapists and neurorehabs to assess the ability to self catheterize through an abdominal stoma and to determine the optimal site to place the stoma. ",
"The surgical technique included a single procedure: aponevrotic sling in women requiring stress continence reinforcement, supratrigonal cystectomy, preserved detrusor wall flap (original description), enterocystoplasty, a catheterizable tube using either the Mitrofanoff or Young-Monti principle and Politano-Leadbetter anti-reflux technique. ",
"A prospective follow-up study of consecutive patients reviewed initial condition, indication, surgical technique, complications, continence, catheterizing difficulties, functional bladder capacity and serum creatinine. ",
"Thirteen consecutive patients were selected for surgery. ",
"Median follow-up was 44 months. ",
"Stoma location was variable from one patient to another. ",
"All patients had a catheterizable continent stoma at last follow-up. ",
"Kidney function was preserved. ",
"Given these results, a multidisciplinary approach including neuro-rehabilitation practitioners and urologists performing appropriate technical solutions in highly selected SCI patients unable to catheterize native urethra provides upper urinary tract protection and continence after a single procedure."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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] | 0.000796 | 14 |
[
"Q:\n\nКак взять нужное свойство в обьекта?",
"\n\nПриходит объект, мне с него нужно получить его свойства , те что в allfilms, только не знаю как это нужно делать :\nпробовал так : \n var test = projects.data.allfilms\n\nно получается данные: [rosdestvenskaya istoriya: object, sreck: object]. ",
" и т.д.",
"\nКак сделать чтоб было так: [\"rosdestvenskaya istoriya\", \"sreck\", \"sauth parck\"]... и т.д.",
"\nvar projects = [{\n \"data\": {\n \"allfilms\": {\n \"rosdestvenskaya istoriya\": {},\n \"sreck\": {},\n \"lednikoviy period\": {},\n \"simsoni\": {},\n \"sauth parck\": {},\n \"rapuncel\": {}\n }\n }\n}];\n\nA:\n\nНужно перебрать ключи объекта, при этом добавив проверку на hasOwnProperty чтобы не включить унаследованные свойства случайно.",
"\nvar test = [];\n\nfor(var k in projects.data.allfilms) { \n if(projects.data.allfilms.hasOwnProperty(k)) {\n test.push(k);\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nЕсли не нужна поддрежка старых браузеров, можно использовать Object.keys:\nObject.keys(projects.data.allfilms);\n\nА если все-таки нужна, можно использовать либо полифил либо, метод предложенный @LbISS.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
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0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001334 | 7 |
[
"\n510 F.3d 1093 (2007)\nNicole BRADLEY, Petitioner-Appellant,\nv.\nGloria HENRY, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.",
"\nNo. ",
"04-15919.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.",
"\nSubmitted June 19, 2007.[*]",
"\nFiled December 19, 2007.",
"\n*1094 Dennis P. Riordan, San Francisco, CA, for the petitioner-appellant.",
"\nGregory A. Ott, Deputy Attorney General, San Francisco, CA, for the respondent-appellee.",
"\nBefore: MARY M. SCHROEDER, HARRY PREGERSON, WARREN J. FERGUSON, JOHN T. NOONAN, SIDNEY R. THOMAS, BARRY G. SILVERMAN, W. FLETCHER, MARSHA S. BERZON, RICHARD C. TALLMAN, JOHNNIE B. RAWLINSON, and RICHARD R. CLIFTON, Circuit Judges.",
"\n*1095 Opinion by Judge NOONAN; Concurrence by Judge CLIFTON; Dissent by Judge SILVERMAN.",
"\nNOONAN, Circuit Judge:\nThe appeal in this habeas corpus case is not directed to the guilt or innocence of the petitioner. ",
"The question we must address is whether a decision of a California Court of Appeal was not merely erroneous but objectively unreasonable in its application of the Constitution of the United States as the meaning of the Constitution was determined, at the time of the decision of the California court, by the Supreme Court of the United States. ",
"We summarize the underlying criminal case and proceed to consideration of three instances in which the petitioner claims that such unreasonable applications of the Sixth Amendment took place.",
"\nThe underlying case. ",
"On January 17, 1996, Bradley, 18 years-old at the time, was involved in an apparent carjacking in the course of which the driver of the car was killed. ",
"On January 22, 1996, she was taken into custody.",
"\nThe case went to trial before a jury in March 1999. ",
"The prosecution's case was that Bradley had killed in the course of a felony. ",
"Her two juvenile accomplices testified against her, as did a police officer, to whom petitioner had made admissions. ",
"No one testified that she had deliberately shot the driver. ",
"The shooting appeared to be unintentional. ",
"But it was the cause of death during the commission of the carjacking, a felony the witnesses blamed on Bradley. ",
"She did not testify in her own defense. ",
"She was found guilty of murder in the first degree (Cal. ",
"Pen.",
"Code § 187(a)), attempted carjacking (Cal. ",
"Pen. ",
"Code §§ 664, 215(a)), and possession of a short-barreled shotgun (Cal. ",
"Pen.",
"Code § 12020(a)(1)). ",
"She received a sentence of thirty-five years to life in prison.",
"\nOn April 20, 2002, petitioner's conviction was affirmed by a court of appeal. ",
"On July 10, 2002, the Supreme Court of California summarily denied review. ",
"On June 30, 2003, petitioner filed the present petition for habeas corpus. ",
"The petition was denied by the district court, leading to the present appeal.",
"\nThe withdrawal of petitioner's counsel and replacement by appointed counsel. ",
"On March 4, 1998, the judge then in charge of the case had a conference in his chambers. ",
"Present were the district attorney of Sonoma County, the deputy district attorney who was prosecuting the case, and an investigator from the district attorney's office. ",
"Also present was Cynthia M. Dunlevy, retained for the defense, and two lawyers who had no apparent connection with the case. ",
"By order of the judge, the record of what happened was sealed until the conclusion of the trial. ",
"The petitioner was not present.",
"\nThis conference was about two concerns: Dunlevy's desire to withdraw as counsel because of serious conflicts with her client, including inadequate payment for defense services; and the prosecutor's fear of foul play on the part of the defendant's father. ",
"The presence of the two lawyers new to the case, Andrian and his partner, Gallenson, was explained by the fact that the judge, apparently already alerted to Dunlevy's desire to withdraw, had approached them about being appointed to represent the petitioner. ",
"The reason for combining the substitution of counsel with airing of the danger felt by the prosecutor was not explained except by the prosecutor's sense that the petitioner's father, who was paying for the defense, would go to lengths to delay trial. ",
"The conference concluded with the judge agreeing to let Dunlevy and her partner withdraw and to put Andrian in their place, not as retained counsel but as appointed counsel to be compensated by the county.",
"\n*1096 The conferees moved from the judge's chambers to court. ",
"Present, in addition to the judge, were Dunlevy, Andrian, the prosecutor, the petitioner, and a lawyer she had chosen to represent her. ",
"The judge accepted Dunlevy's motion to withdraw. ",
"The judge appointed Andrian in her stead. ",
"Dunlevy told the court that the petitioner would like Patrick Hutchinson, the lawyer that she had brought with her to court, to speak on her behalf. ",
"The prosecutor objected. ",
"The court upheld the objection.",
"\nThe sequel. ",
"On October 19, 1998, the petitioner moved to replace Andrian. ",
"He stated that there was a conflict between him and his client; that she had filed a complaint against him with the State Bar; that she had threatened to sue him personally; and that his insurance carrier required him to stop communicating with her. ",
"A judge, new to the case, suggested that the insurance problem could be resolved. ",
"He ruled that Andrian was not rendering inadequate or ineffective assistance. ",
"He continued the case, and six weeks later Andrian's need for insurance was resolved by the county agreeing to indemnify him.",
"\nThe petitioner's proposal of new retained counsel. ",
"On January 7, 1999, the petitioner moved to substitute retained counsel, Jonathan Jordan, for appointed counsel Andrian. ",
"On January 19, 1999, the trial judge held a hearing on this motion. ",
"The judge expressed concern about delays by what he said almost amounted to \"lawyer-churning.\" ",
"He also expressed concern about the payment of Jordan. ",
"Jordan assured him that he would be ready by the date appointed for trial and was satisfied as to the arrangements for his compensation. ",
"The judge denied the petitioner's motion to substitute Jordan for Andrian. ",
"The judge also rejected Jordan's suggestion that he become associate counsel with Andrian.",
"\n\nANALYSIS\nThe Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides that \"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.\" ",
"U.S. Const. ",
"amend. ",
"VI. ",
"This bedrock principle of constitutional law has recently been restated by the United States Supreme Court in these words:\nWe have previously held that an element of this right is the right of a defendant who does not require appointed counsel to choose who will represent him. ",
"See Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692, 100 L.Ed.2d 140 (1988). ",
"Cf. ",
"Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53, 53 S.Ct. ",
"55, 77 L.Ed. ",
"158 (1932) (\"It is hardly necessary to say that, the right to counsel being conceded, a defendant should be afforded a fair opportunity to secure counsel of his own choice\").",
"\nUnited States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. ",
"2557, 2561, 165 L.Ed.2d 409 (2006).",
"\nIt is conceded by petitioner that the right is not absolute. ",
"What is disputed is whether the California Court of Appeal's application of the governing principle is objectively unreasonable. ",
"As the principle is of general application, it is \"a rule designed for the specific purpose of evaluating a myriad of factual contexts.\" ",
"Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 309, 112 S.Ct. ",
"2482, 120 L.Ed.2d 225 (1992) (Kennedy, J., concurring). \"[",
"S]o of course there will be variations from case to case.\" ",
"Id. The new application is not \"a new rule, one not dictated by precedent.\" ",
"Id.\nThree arguments are advanced why the application of principle here was not objectively unreasonable: (1) that the trial had been inordinately delayed by petitioner's changes of counsel; (2) that petitioner was not in a position to afford retained counsel; and (3) that any error in denying her *1097 counsel of her choice was harmless. ",
"We consider these contentions in turn.",
"\n1. ",
"Inordinate delay. ",
"Inspection of the docket shows that the following judges of the Superior Court held hearings or made rulings in the case:\n\n\nJanuary 22 July 18, The Honorable F. Passalacqua\n 1996\nAugust 15, 1996 The Honorable R. Jamar\nAugust 30 October The Honorable R. Giordano\n 18, 1996\nNovember 1, 1996 The Honorable L. Antolini\nDecember 13, 1996 The Honorable E. Watters\nJanuary 17, 1997 The Honorable R. Giordano\nFebruary 28, 1997 The Honorable M. Tansil\n April 13, 1998\nJuly 10, 1998 March The Honorable K. Owen\n 4, 1999\n\nAs far as the record before us shows, these were the principal delays and their causes:\nOn March 15, 1996, within two months of petitioner's arrest and before any indictment, the prosecutor pointed to a conflict of interest on the part of petitioner's counsel. ",
"Judge Passalacqua ordered his disqualification. ",
"No apparent delay resulted.",
"\nOn October 18, 1996, two months after Bradley's indictment on multiple charges including murder in the first degree with special circumstances, she moved to substitute counsel. ",
"Judge Passalacqua granted her motion. ",
"At the time no trial date appears to have been set. ",
"On December 13, 1996, the date was set for April 14, 1997.",
"\nOn February 28, 1997, Judge Tansil took over the case and changed the trial date to July 18, 1997 \"for calendar control.\"",
"\nOn July 3, 1997, for no reason apparent to us, Judge Tansil put off the trial date seven months to March 2, 1998.",
"\nOn November 21, 1997, Judge Tansil granted Bradley's motion to replace her counsel; announced \"this will be the last change in counsel;\" and postponed the trial date one month to March 30, 1998.",
"\nOn March 4, 1998, Judge Tansil permitted Bradley's counsel to withdraw and appointed Andrian. ",
"On April 13, 1998, Judge Tansil moved the trial date to October 26, 1998.",
"\nOn October 19, 1998, Bradley moved to disqualify Andrian. ",
"She also indicated her intention to sue him. ",
"Andrian explained that his malpractice insurance carrier required him to stop communicating with Bradley upon receiving notice of her intent to sue. ",
"Judge Owen postponed the trial date so that Andrian could work out his problem, resolved only by his agreement with the county to indemnify him on December 16, 1998. ",
"The trial was eventually reset for February 22, 1999.",
"\nFor reasons not apparent in the record before us, the trial did not take place until March 1999.",
"\n\n\n SUMMARY\nDate Cause of Delay Time Lost\n3/15/96 Disqualification by the court None apparent\n of counsel for conflict of\n interest\n10/18/96 Change of counsel on None apparent\n Bradley's motion\n2/28/97 Calendar control by the 3 months\n court\n7/3/97 Trial date reset by court 7 months\n11/12/97 Court grants Bradley's 1 month\n motion to substitute\n counsel\n3/4/98 Court permits Bradley's 7 months\n counsel to withdraw and\n appoints counsel\n10/14/98 Court gives Andrian time to 4 months\n get malpractice coverage\n from the county\n\nIn summary, 21 months of delay resulted from actions of the court, one month from Bradley's request to change counsel. ",
"To excuse the denial of counsel of choice because of delays largely produced by the court itself is objectively unreasonable.",
"\n2. ",
"Inability to afford counsel. ",
"In the initial substitution of appointed counsel for retained counsel, petitioner was given no chance to contest the conclusion, apparently *1098 reached by the judge even prior to the in-camera proceeding, that she could not pay. ",
"Due process does not permit a judge to decide such a question without hearing the affected party. ",
"Audi alteram partem hear the other side is what makes the legal process work in an adversary system.",
"\n\"[T]he right to counsel of choice does not extend to defendants who require counsel to be appointed for them.\" ",
"Gonzalez-Lopez, 126 S.Ct. ",
"at 2565. ",
"But a court could not assume that because petitioner was under twenty-one and her father had been difficult that she had no way of paying for counsel. ",
"Decide first, defend later is not an axiom of constitutional law. ",
"To deny assistance of counsel on account of the impecuniousness of the defendant required a hearing to explore the case.",
"\nThe disregard of petitioner's right was the more egregious in that Dunlevy informed the judge that Bradley \"would be objecting to my being relieved\" and that Bradley had retained Hutchinson to represent her on that issue. ",
"The judge did not hear Bradley or her representative. ",
"The judge capped his conduct by concealing from her the record of the closed in-camera proceeding from which she had been excluded. ",
"To assert, as the California Court of Appeal asserted, that petitioner did not lack counsel because Dunlevy, the lawyer seeking to get out, and Andrian, the lawyer seeking to get in, were looking out for her interests, is objectively unreasonable. ",
"Neither was in a position to represent her. ",
"A lawyer is not someone \"concerned\" with the interest of a defendant. ",
"A lawyer is the person speaking for and in the name of the client.",
"\nAndrian was appointed and continued in the case as the direct consequence of this unconstitutional proceeding.",
"\nHarmful error. ",
"We look at the Court of Appeal's application of the test of harmless error to what that court properly conceded might be constitutional error. ",
"Applying Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 113 S.Ct. ",
"1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993), we consider whether the deprivation of the assistance of counsel was harmful to petitioner. ",
"The state relies on Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 13, 103 S.Ct. ",
"1610, 75 L.Ed.2d 610 (1983) (the right to a \"meaningful attorney-client relationship\" is \"without basis in the law\"). ",
"No doubt it is difficult to determine when such a relationship exists, so it is hard to use as a standard for measuring whether the right to assistance of counsel has been denied. ",
"It can be determined, however, that a relationship in which client sues lawyer and lawyer does not speak to client has broken down. ",
"Such was the situation here in December 1998, a month before trial was scheduled. ",
"The lawyer spoke to his client when the county insured him against liability, creating a singular dependence of defense counsel on an agency associated with the prosecution. ",
"This restored communication led to Andrian's proposal of an insanity defense unacceptable to his client. ",
"On such key questions as to whether he should pursue a plea bargain or whether she should take the stand at trial, she had a lawyer that she was still rejecting in January 1999 and seeking to replace with retained counsel. ",
"By any measure, an adversary relationship had replaced a lawyer-client relationship. ",
"It was objectively unreasonable to find no harm in Andrian's continuation and in the denial of Jordan's offered assistance.",
"\nSummary. ",
"The in-camera hearing without petitioner present denied her right to the assistance of counsel, an error confirmed and compounded by the court's refusal to let petitioner address the issue in open court. ",
"The harmful sequel to this first error of constitutional magnitude was the court's constitutional error in refusing to replace Andrian when the attorney-client relationship between him and petitioner *1099 had broken down. ",
"This error led to the third denial of the right to assistance of counsel: the court's refusal to have Andrian be replaced or assisted by Jordan, with the resultant injury to the petitioner's defense at trial.",
"\nFor the reasons stated, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED for proceedings in accordance with this opinion.",
"\nCLIFTON, Circuit Judge, with whom Circuit Judges SCHROEDER, WILLIAM A. FLETCHER, and BERZON join, concurring in the judgment:\nI concur in the judgment reversing the denial of Petitioner Nicole Bradley's petition for habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. ",
"I write separately because my conclusion is based specifically upon the denial by the trial court of Bradley's January 1999 motion, filed more than six weeks before the then-scheduled trial date, to substitute retained counsel Jonathan Jordan for the attorney previously appointed by the court to represent her, Chris Andrian. ",
"I conclude that the subsequent decision by the California Court of Appeal to affirm Bradley's conviction despite that denial of her motion to substitute was an unreasonable application of established Supreme Court precedent, even under the deferential standard applicable to our review of a state court conviction. ",
"Judge Noonan's opinion also rests on two other decisions by the trial court identified as unreasonable denials of the right to counsel, specifically in March 1998 when prior retained counsel withdrew and was replaced by appointed counsel Andrian, and in October 1998 when the trial court denied Bradley's motion to replace Andrian. ",
"Although those events color the circumstances faced in January 1999 when the motion to substitute Jordan for Andrian was denied, I do not find it necessary to conclude that the earlier decisions by the trial court were improper.",
"\n\nI\nAt the time Bradley filed her motion for substitution, the Supreme Court had unambiguously established that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel included the right to retain the counsel of one's choice. ",
"Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617, 624, 109 S.Ct. ",
"2646, 105 L.Ed.2d 528 (1989) (noting that, although an indigent defendant is not entitled to have the attorney of his choice appointed, \"the Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to be represented by an otherwise qualified attorney whom that defendant can afford to hire, or who is willing to represent the defendant even though he is without funds.\"); ",
"see United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. ",
"2557, 2561, 165 L.Ed.2d 409 (2006) (\"We have previously held that an element of this right is the right of a defendant who does not require appointed counsel to choose who will represent him.\") (",
"citing Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692, 100 L.Ed.2d 140 (1988); cf. ",
"Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53, 53 S.Ct. ",
"55, 77 L.Ed. ",
"158 (1932) (\"It is hardly necessary to say that, the right to counsel being conceded, a defendant should be afforded a fair opportunity to secure counsel of his own choice.\")).",
"\nThe right to select counsel is not unlimited, to be sure. ",
"The Supreme Court has established certain limitations on \"the right to select and be represented by one's preferred attorney.\" ",
"Wheat, 486 U.S. at 159, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692. ",
"It held that a defendant could not insist on representation from a particular attorney unless (1) the defendant could afford the attorney's fees or the attorney agreed to represent the defendant without pay, (2) the attorney was a member of the bar, (3) the attorney was willing to represent the defendant, and (4) the attorney did not have a relationship with an opposing party. ",
"Id. In *1100 addition, the Court established that where the government makes \"a showing of a serious potential\" for a conflict of interest, the trial court has wide latitude in determining whether the defendant may waive the conflict under the circumstances and facts of the individual case. ",
"Id. at 162-164, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692. ",
"Furthermore, though it was not discussed by the Court in Wheat or in any other decision prior to the events in this case, I agree that the trial court is entitled to manage its docket and may deny a motion to substitute retained counsel if there is a substantial risk that the substitution will result in an undue delay of the proceedings.",
"\n\nII\nOn January 7, 1999, forty-six days before her scheduled trial date, Bradley moved to substitute a retained attorney, Jordan, for the lawyer the court had previously appointed for her, Andrian. ",
"Her motion included a declaration from Jordan, her counsel of choice, in which he stated that Bradley's family had first contacted him regarding representing Bradley in March 1998, ten months before, but that he had been unable to take the case due to his other commitments at the time. ",
"He declared that he had since discussed the case with an investigator on the case and with Bradley's family, and he had been able over the \"ensuing months\" to familiarize himself with its key issues. ",
"Jordan concluded: \"My grasp of the case is of a sufficient nature such that with the time remaining before trial, I see no reason not to be ready at the time of trial.\"",
"\nThe trial court conducted a hearing on Bradley's substitution motion shortly after its filing. ",
"The court's chief concern appeared to be over the delay that a substitution might cause in light of the case's history. ",
"Jordan explained that his substitution was not part of a delaying tactic or a procedural hindrance that would disrupt \"the ordinary process of the proceedings.\" ",
"Rather, he stated that \"[a]s the Court is aware from my declarations, that process is not in danger from my standpoint today. ",
"I have told the Court that I am going to be ready for trial on the 22nd of February. ",
"I don't see that changing at this point.\" ",
"After discussing the relevant cases, in which substitutions were jeopardized because of the delays they would cause, Jordan reiterated, \"I am here to represent that that delay that this Court may be concerned with is not present in this case.\"",
"\nDuring the hearing, the trial court also expressed apprehension over Bradley's potential inability to pay her counsel, which might result in a future additional substitution. ",
"The court asked Bradley, \"do you personally have the funds to pay for counsel to represent you now and through trial . . .?\" ",
"She responded, \"I don't know.\" ",
"Jordan then interjected, \"if I may interrupt for a second, does the Court want to go into the financial arrangements to satisfy itself that, based upon its prior experience, counsel that is formerly \". ",
"Before he could finish, the trial court itself interrupted, stating, \"I don't really want to do that.\" ",
"It did, however, permit Jordan to briefly address what the court stated was its \"feeling that if counsel isn't paid and hired by the defendant, counsel is and historically has been in this case susceptible to the ongoing method of substitution. . . .\" ",
"Jordan replied, \"Taking into account my comment that there was no intention to delay in this case, I encompassed in that statement the concern about the financial relationship between myself and either Ms. Bradley or her family, and I can assure the Court that that is not a concern at this point.\" ",
"He added, \"it would be disingenuous for me to come in a month and a half before trial just to leave in three weeks. . . . ",
"I don't think that would work with the Court.\"",
"\n*1101 Following this discussion, the trial court concluded that \"the ongoing method of substitution has delayed this case for so long . . . ",
"there is a significant and I do believe determinative danger of delay in substituting counsel at this point, so the motion for substitution of counsel is denied.\" ",
"The California Court of Appeal subsequently affirmed the decision, citing the reasons the trial court discussed as well as noting that Jordan's assurances that he was prepared to begin the trial on time were equivocal and that Bradley might delay the trial by suing Jordan in order to manufacture a conflict.",
"\nIt is undisputed that three of the five reasons the Supreme Court articulated in Wheat for denying a criminal defendant the right to the counsel of her choice were not applicable: Jordan was a member of the California bar, was willing to represent Bradley, and had no relationship with the government or other identified ethical conflict. ",
"The critical question is therefore whether the denial of Bradley's motion was justified because (1) she could not afford her attorney's fees and her attorney had not agreed to represent her without pay, (2) there was a serious potential for an unwaivable conflict of interest, or (3) the substitution would delay the start of Bradley's trial.",
"\nA. Attorney's Fees\nThe principal focus of the limited consideration given by the trial court at the hearing on the motion to substitute was on the financial arrangement with Jordan. ",
"Given that Bradley did not have substantial assets of her own and had depended upon her father for financial support, and that Bradley's prior retained counsel withdrew for alleged non-payment, the trial court had reason for concern. ",
"It was not inappropriate for the trial court to inquire into the possibility that Jordan might himself subsequently move to withdraw for financial reasons, forcing further delay in the trial.",
"\nThe court's concern does not justify the court's failure to inquire seriously into the subject, however. ",
"A review of the record makes it clear that the trial court failed to conduct an inquiry sufficient to justify its denial of Bradley's Sixth Amendment right to retain the counsel of her choice. ",
"Notably, the court never asked whether Jordan was prepared to represent Bradley without being paid more than he had already been paid. ",
"It did not ask whether there was a secure source of funding for any future payments that would be required. ",
"Nor did the court appear to consider the fact that the court had the power to deny any future motion to withdraw which Jordan might seek to file. ",
"The trial court could have told Jordan that he would be bound by his commitment to see the case through and asked Jordan whether he was prepared to proceed on those terms. ",
"But that question was not asked, and a negative answer from Jordan cannot be assumed. ",
"Having failed to explore the subject seriously, let alone to make a record demonstrating a realistic possibility that financial concerns would lead Jordan to move to withdraw in the future, it was unreasonable for the court simply to deny Bradley her right to retained counsel of her choice instead.",
"\nThe paucity of serious inquiry makes apparent that the trial court had already concluded that it was not going to permit the substitution. ",
"Moreover, in the absence of such an inquiry, Jordan's assertion that there were no financial concerns that would interfere with his representation of Bradley was undisputed. ",
"The record before the court provided insufficient basis for a finding that Bradley could not afford her chosen counsel and for the resulting denial of Bradley's right to retained counsel of her choice.",
"\n*1102 B. Conflict of Interest\nThe California Court of Appeal concluded that, even if Jordan \"had the best of intentions\" and \"was adequately compensated,\" Bradley \"could attempt to manipulate the system by filing a lawsuit against Jordan, creating a conflict that would preclude his continued representation of her.\" ",
"As discussed above, the existence of a conflict of interest may limit a defendant's right to retain a particular attorney. ",
"That potential exists in every single case, however. ",
"That theoretical possibility does not mean that the right to retained counsel of choice can simply be waved away.",
"\nThe Supreme Court has held that to deny a criminal defendant the right to the counsel of her choice, the government must make \"a showing of a serious potential for conflict.\" ",
"Wheat, 486 U.S. at 164, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692. ",
"In addition, the Court has held that \"[t]he evaluation of the facts and circumstances of each case under this standard must be left primarily to the informed judgment of the trial court,\" which must \"be allowed substantial latitude in refusing waivers of conflicts of interest.\" ",
"Id. at 163-64, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692.",
"\nNot only is there nothing in the record to demonstrate that the government made any showing whatsoever before the trial court on the issue of a conflict of interest, the trial court did not even discuss the potential for such a conflict to arise. ",
"Nor did the court determine that, if a conflict were to arise here, it would be unwaivable. ",
"Though it is true that Bradley had her differences with appointed counsel Andrian, who had been appointed to represent her over her objections, there is nothing that supports speculation that she would have any such differences with Jordan, the attorney she affirmatively sought. ",
"As the issue was neither raised before nor addressed by the trial court, the California Court of Appeal's conclusion that the potential for a conflict of interest supported the trial court's denial of Bradley's motion for substitution was contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent.",
"\nC. Potential for Delay\nBoth the trial court and the Court of Appeal held that the potential delay that Jordan's substitution might engender was sufficient to warrant abridging Bradley's Sixth Amendment rights. ",
"Although there are undeniably circumstances under which the demands of a court's calendar and the need to bring a case to trial may constitute compelling justifications for denying a criminal defendant her right to retain the counsel of her choice, such that recognition of this additional limitation on the Sixth Amendment does not constitute an unreasonable extension of applicable Supreme Court precedent, those circumstances were not present here.",
"\nIn this case there was, at most, a potential risk that granting Bradley's motion might lead to future circumstances under which her new attorney might request a continuance. ",
"There was no evidence whatsoever that his representation would inevitably cause any actual delay of Bradley's trial, or even that there was any substantial risk of delay.",
"\nThe trial court cited Bradley's prior substitutions as causing \"interminable delays.\" ",
"As Judge Noonan's opinion demonstrates, however, only a limited portion of the delay was attributable to Bradley. ",
"More importantly, the proposed new attorney, Jordan, was aware of the scheduled trial date and sought no additional time to prepare. ",
"To the contrary, Jordan submitted a sworn declaration in which he attested that he would be ready to begin on the trial date then scheduled. ",
"Jordan was also clear during the hearing that he was not requesting a continuance.",
"\nTo justify its decision the California Court of Appeal seized on potentially *1103 equivocal language in Jordan's statements. ",
"It noted that he attested only that he saw \"no reason not to be ready at the time of trial\" and that he did not \"see that changing at this point.\" ",
"That Jordan failed to use the firmest and most direct possible terms to express himself does not support the Court of Appeal's speculation that he would later seek a continuance. ",
"Lawyers are trained to be cautious. ",
"It is not a surprise that Jordan might not want to waive all contingencies unless pressed to do so. ",
"For all he knew, he might have a heart attack or be run over by a bus before the trial date. ",
"But no fair reading of Jordan's declaration or his statements at the hearing could support a conclusion that he was laying the groundwork for a future request to continue the trial, or that he had any reason to expect that the trial court would be receptive to such a request.",
"\nEven assuming that Jordan might have later moved for such a continuance, the trial court had the power to deny the motion. ",
"A denial of such a motion would likely have been sustained under these circumstances, especially if Jordan had been put on notice of the court's intent to avoid further delay. ",
"As the Supreme Court held in Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11, 103 S.Ct. ",
"1610, 75 L.Ed.2d 610 (1983), trial courts \"necessarily require a great deal of latitude in scheduling trials\" and are therefore accorded broad discretion on matters of continuances. ",
"In sharp contrast to the limited exceptions to the right to counsel of one's choice, \"only an unreasoning and arbitrary `insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay' violates the right to the assistance of counsel.\" ",
"Id. at 11-12, 103 S.Ct. ",
"1610 (quoting Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589, 84 S.Ct. ",
"841, 11 L.Ed.2d 921 (1964)). ",
"If Jordan had responded to the court in an equivocal fashion after that, perhaps the denial of Bradley's constitutional right to retain the counsel of her choice would have rested on a stronger foundation. ",
"But it was unreasonable for the court simply to deny the substitution motion and thus to deny Bradley's exercise of her right to retained counsel of choice out of fear that something might happen to delay the trial.",
"\nThe California Court of Appeal reasoned that Jordan's assurances that he would be prepared were unpersuasive because he had yet to review the twelve boxes of materials Bradley's appointed counsel had accumulated. ",
"Jordan had already spent hours meeting with Bradley's appointed counsel, however, and he had discussed the case with Bradley's family and the investigator. ",
"Bradley also filed her motion for substitution forty-six days, or six and a half weeks, before her trial date. ",
"Jordan told the trial court that this was a sufficient amount of time to properly prepare, and the trial court did not question or dispute this representation. ",
"Not surprisingly, the Warden has not pointed to a single case in any court where a motion to substitute counsel was denied so far in advance of trial because of the potential for delay.",
"\nTrial courts have a number of tools at their disposal to ensure a fair trial and the integrity of the process without offending the Sixth Amendment. ",
"As we previously held in United States v. Lillie, a court may \"inquire into the new counsel's preparedness, and to condition the granting of the motion on defendant's (and new counsel's) willingness to continue with the existing schedule.\" ",
"United States v. Lillie, 989 F.2d 1054, 1056 (9th Cir.1993) (applying Wheat, 486 U.S. at 159, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692, and holding that a district court committed reversible error when it denied a motion for substitution filed the morning of trial), overruled in part on other grounds in United States v. Garrett, 179 F.3d 1143, 1145 (9th Cir.1999). ",
"It may also \"be justified in obtaining the defendant's waiver of *1104 any ineffective assistance of counsel claim growing from the late substitution.\" ",
"Id. (citing United States v. McClendon, 782 F.2d 785, 786 (9th Cir.1986)). ",
"In this case, rather than exercise these options, the trial court simply denied Bradley's motion for substitution. ",
"It did so despite Jordan's undisputed representation, well in advance of trial, that he was prepared to proceed without delay. ",
"As the trial court and California Court of Appeal lacked any valid justification for depriving Bradley of her Sixth Amendment right to the counsel of her choice, their adjudication of her motion was contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent.",
"\n\nIII\nThe Supreme Court recently held that \"erroneous deprivation of the right to counsel of choice, with consequences that are necessarily unquantifiable and indeterminate, unquestionably qualifies as `structural error.'\" ",
"Gonzalez-Lopez, 126 S.Ct. ",
"at 2564 (internal quotation omitted). ",
"It reasoned that \"[h]armless-error analysis in such a context would be a speculative inquiry into what might have occurred in an alternate universe.\" ",
"Id. at 2565.",
"\nThe Warden contends that Gonzalez-Lopez is inapplicable because it was not decided until after the relevant state court decisions in this case. ",
"That fact is of no consequence, however, as Gonzalez-Lopez is not being applied to evaluate whether the state decisions were erroneous. ",
"See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 390, 120 S.Ct. ",
"1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). ",
"The California Court of Appeal found no constitutional violation and therefore never reached the issue of whether the violation was subject to review for harmlessness. ",
"Accordingly, Gonzalez-Lopez has no bearing on whether its decision was erroneous. ",
"Rather, Gonzalez-Lopez guides us in determining the consequences of the erroneous state decision. ",
"In this case, it requires reversal of Bradley's conviction.",
"\nI join the judgment that the district court's denial of Bradley's petition for writ of habeas corpus must be reversed.",
"\nSILVERMAN, Circuit Judge, with whom TALLMAN, Circuit Judge, joins, dissenting:\nThe majority holds that Bradley's wrongful exclusion from a critical hearing justifies reversal despite an explicit determination by the California Court of Appeal that the exclusion was harmless. ",
"Furthermore, it criticizes the trial court's denial of Bradley's request to replace appointed counsel with retained counsel one month before trial, but ignores the trial court's reasoning which is amply supported by the facts Bradley's poor track record of maintaining relationships with previous retained counsel. ",
"My colleagues' de novo analysis flies in the face of those facts and the reasoning offered by the California courts, the law of our circuit, and the constraints of AEDPA. ",
"I respectfully dissent.",
"\nI. Facts\nBradley is alleged to have shot and killed the driver of a car during an attempted carjacking on January 17, 1996. ",
"She was charged with attempted robbery, carjacking, possession of a short-barreled shotgun, and murder in the first degree.",
"\nBradley was first represented by Patrick Hutchinson and Jack Montgomery. ",
"On March 15, 1996, the trial court disqualified Montgomery due to a conflict of interest. ",
"Marteen Miller replaced Montgomery on June 10.",
"\nOn October 18, 1996, Melvin Sacks replaced Hutchinson and Miller, and was thereafter joined by Jamie Thistlewaite. ",
"The original trial date of April 14, 1997 was continued twice, first to July 18, 1997 *1105 and then to March 2, 1998. ",
"At some point during this period, Bradley's father stopped paying for Sacks's services. ",
"Sacks then ceased all work on the case, causing an \"irreconcilable breakdown\" between him and Bradley.",
"\nOn November 12, 1997, Bradley filed a motion to substitute Kerry Steigerwalt as her attorney and to continue the trial to April 1998. ",
"A second attorney, Cynthia Dunlevy, joined later. ",
"Both Steigerwalt and Dunlevy were retained by Mr. Bradley for his daughter. ",
"The trial court granted the motion with the following admonition:\nI want to make it very clear to the defendant and her father this will be the last change in counsel. ",
"We've had quite a few competent lawyers coming through the defense of the matter. ",
"This has to be the end of the changes in that regard.",
"\nOn March 4, 1998, Steigerwalt and Dunlevy requested that they be discharged from representation. ",
"They alleged the following: (1) Mr. Bradley had not paid them nor their experts in accordance with the retainer agreement, causing financial hardship, (2) Mr. Bradley insisted that they obtain continuances, became distressed when continuances were not sought, and strategized a plan to secure more time, and (3) Mr. Bradley's actions interfered with the attorney-client relationship.",
"\nThe trial court conducted an in-chambers hearing with the Sonoma County district attorney, the trial prosecutor, a county investigator, Dunlevy, and two new defense lawyers Chris Andrian and Steve Gallenson. ",
"Bradley was not present. ",
"At this point, Dunlevy expressed concern that Mr. Bradley had hired independent private investigators to surveil and collect personal information about the prosecutor, which raised understandable security concerns for the prosecutor's safety. ",
"Furthermore, Dunlevy suggested that Mr. Bradley had a psychological hold on his daughter. ",
"He insisted on participating in conversations between his daughter and her lawyers. ",
"He also actively discouraged his daughter from a plea bargain despite her earlier \"intense\" desire to consider such an option. ",
"The trial court sealed the transcript of the hearing.",
"\nSoon thereafter in open court, with Bradley then present, the court granted Dunlevy's motion to withdraw and appointed Andrian to represent Bradley. ",
"The trial judge said:\n[T]his case is two years old. ",
"It's way beyond the time that it should have been on the table for trial or settlement. ",
"I am concerned that this case would never get to trial with retained counsel. ",
"The only way to get the case to trial is through appointed counsel. ",
"I am convinced of that looking at the history of the case, the multiple attorneys who have gone through the case on a retained basis, the failure to properly pay for the investigation that was anticipated by the various lawyers working on the case.",
"\nA new trial date was set for October 26, 1998.",
"\nOn October 14, 1998, Bradley sought yet another continuance. ",
"Five days later, she filed an ex parte motion under People v. Marsden, 2 Cal.3d 118, 84 Cal.",
"Rptr. ",
"156, 465 P.2d 44 (1970), expressing dissatisfaction with Andrian's representation. ",
"Bradley alleged that Andrian inadequately communicated with her, ignored her ideas on how to prepare a defense, pursued an insanity defense without her authorization, and did not return phone calls from her father. ",
"The trial court found that the record did not establish inadequate representation and denied the motion.",
"\nAt this time, Andrian noted a possible conflict of interest because Bradley had filed a complaint against him with the state *1106 bar and may have filed a civil lawsuit against Andrian's firm. ",
"The trial court granted a continuance to resolve the matter. ",
"After the County agreed to indemnify Andrian, trial was reset for February 22, 1999.",
"\nOn January 7, 1999, Bradley made another motion to replace counsel, this time to replace Andrian with a retained attorney, Jonathan Jordan. ",
"Bradley argued that her relationship with Andrian \"ha[d] broken down to the point that any possible presentation of an adequate defense has been substantially interfered with.\" ",
"Jordan asserted that he would be ready for trial and that he had no problems with the Bradley family.",
"\nAt a hearing on the motion, Bradley responded \"I don't know\" when the trial court inquired about any changes in her financial circumstances that would have allowed her to hire Jordan. ",
"Jordan offered to describe his financial arrangements. ",
"The trial court declined the offer, but invited him to make a record. ",
"The court then denied the motion, citing a \"determinative danger of delay in substituting counsel.\"",
"\nJordan alternatively requested that he be allowed to associate with Andrian as co-counsel. ",
"The court denied the motion, citing concerns about liability issues and possible delay.",
"\nBradley was tried and convicted on all charges.",
"\nII. ",
"Discussion\nA. Right to be Present at March 4, 1998 Conference\nI agree that Bradley's due process rights were violated by her exclusion from the March 4, 1998 in-chambers conference. ",
"Any hearing that threatens a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to representation by retained counsel must be a fortiori a \"critical stage\" of the criminal proceeding, requiring the defendant's presence. ",
"Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730, 745, 107 S.Ct. ",
"2658, 96 L.Ed.2d 631 (1987). ",
"However, the error is subject to review for harmlessness. ",
"See Campbell v. Rice, 408 F.3d 1166, 1172 (9th Cir.2005) (en banc).",
"\nThe California Court of Appeal made a harmlessness determination: \"Given the age of the case and the trial court's own observations of a parade of retained attorneys passing through its court as counsel for Bradley, we cannot imagine anything that Bradley could have said that would have changed the court's ruling.\"",
"\nIn support of this conclusion, the court found that Bradley had no personal knowledge of her father's financial arrangements with Dunlevy, nor any direct knowledge about her father's alleged interference with the case. ",
"Absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, we must presume the correctness of these findings. ",
"See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).",
"\nIn her opening brief, Bradley now argues that, had she been present and allowed to speak at the conference, she would have presented contrary evidence that Dunlevy had been adequately paid, that her father had not hired an investigator to harass the prosecutor, and that her father had not interfered with the attorney-client relationship. ",
"This is nothing more than the argument of counsel speculation unsupported by testimony, affidavit or declaration.[1] Lacking any such evidence, Bradley cannot now meet her burden of rebutting the factual findings underlying the Court of Appeal's harmlessness determination.",
"\n*1107 B. Right to Substitute Jordan on January 7, 1999\nUnder the Sixth Amendment, a defendant who does not require appointed counsel has the right to choose who will represent him. ",
"See Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159, 108 S.Ct. ",
"1692, 100 L.Ed.2d 140 (1988); see also United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. ",
"2557, 2561, 165 L.Ed.2d 409 (2006). ",
"However, this right is not absolute. ",
"A trial court has wide latitude in balancing the right against the need to avoid conflicts of interest, the need to manage its calendar, and the need to ensure that the trial is conducted within ethical standards. ",
"Gonzalez-Lopez, 126 S.Ct. ",
"at 2565-66; see also United States v. Kelm, 827 F.2d 1319, 1322 (9th Cir.1987) (\"[A] court must be wary against the `right of counsel' being used as a ploy to gain time or effect delay.\").",
"\nJordan was not hired by Bradley or being paid by her, but by her father. ",
"Such a dynamic had caused numerous delays in the past. ",
"Jordan attempted to assuage the court's concerns, but as the California Court of Appeal found, \"those assurances were not as definitive as Bradley portrays them.\" ",
"For example, Jordan said that \"[he saw] no reason\" not to be ready for trial and \"[didn't] see that changing at this point\" (emphasis added). ",
"He similarly qualified his assurances about his financial relationship with the client, noting that it \"[was] not a concern at this point\" (emphasis added). ",
"The California Court of Appeal also noted Jordan's limited preparation in the case at the time of the motion. ",
"Although he had met with Bradley's family, a former investigator on the case, and Bradley herself, he had not had reviewed any of the twelve boxes of case materials, yet the trial was only a month away.",
"\nFaced with these concerns, the trial court denied the motion, finding that \"in spite of the comments and [intentions] and current offers of counsel, there is significant and I do believe determinative danger of delay in substituting counsel at this point.\" ",
"The California Court of Appeal held: \"Given the magnitude of the accumulated materials, the paucity of Jordan's preparations and the fact that the special circumstances allegation had not yet been dismissed, Jordan's equivocal assurances of readiness were clearly inadequate.\"",
"\nIn light of the nearly three-year pretrial history of unrelenting problems with counsel and the continuances they caused, the state court's ruling was not contrary to or an unreasonable application of Wheat. ",
"See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). ",
"As the California Court of Appeal found, given the complexity and severity of the criminal charges, the trial court's skepticism of Jordan's assurances that he would be ready for trial in a month was not without basis. ",
"The same goes for the trial court's refusal to allow Jordan to associate as co-counsel with Andrian. ",
"The California Court of Appeal was not unreasonable in holding that Jordan's proposed role as co-counsel was a recipe for conflict with existing counsel that could be expected to result in still more delay.",
"\nThe trial court had a duty to protect Bradley's right to counsel, but it also had a duty to bring this case to trial. ",
"In the face of challenging circumstances, the state court reasonably discharged both of these duties. ",
"The decision to do so was adequately supported by the record before us and the determination by the California Court of Appeal that any error in excluding Bradley from the chambers conference was harmless is not objectively unreasonable under AEDPA. ",
"I would affirm the district court.",
"\nNOTES\n[*] The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. ",
"See Fed. ",
"R.App. ",
"P. 34(a)(2).",
"\n[1] It is also significant to note that Bradley did not seek an evidentiary hearing in the California courts to substantiate these factual allegations. ",
"See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2); see also Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 436-37, 120 S.Ct. ",
"1479, 146 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000).",
"\n"
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[
"Arithmetic difficulties in females with the fragile X premutation.",
"\nFemales with the fragile X full mutation have been reported to have difficulty learning mathematics. ",
"Women with the fragile X premutation often give a history of mathematics difficulties in themselves especially with higher level math. ",
"In order to evaluate whether women with the premutation have difficulty with math, we asked women with both the fragile X premutation and full mutation to complete the Wide Range Achievement Test-3. ",
"For the group of 39 women with the fragile X premutation, the median standard score on the Arithmetic portion was 93, which was significantly lower (P = 0.001) than the median of the standardized norm of 100. ",
"Only nine of the women had Arithmetic scores at or above the 50th centile, while over half of the women had standard scores at or above the 50th centile in Reading and Spelling. ",
"The eight women with the full mutation also had lower Arithmetic scores than Reading and Spelling scores. ",
"These data suggest that mathematics may be an area of relative weakness for the women with the premutation as well as the full mutation. ",
"This possibility should be evaluated further by using other measures. ",
"This information is important both for counseling purposes and to understand whether a mathematics deficit is evidence of low expression of the FMR1 gene in the premutation state."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'LiBC, a semiconducting ternary borocarbide constituted of the lightest elements only, has been synthesized and characterized by x-ray powder diffraction, dielectric spectroscopy, and conductivity measurements. ",
"Utilizing an infrared microscope the phonon spectrum has been investigated in single crystals. ",
"The in-plane B-C stretching mode has been detected at 150 meV, noticeably higher than in AlB$_{2}$, a non-superconducting isostructural analog of MgB$_{2}$. It is this stretching mode, which reveals a strong electron-phonon coupling in MgB$_{2}$, driving it into a superconducting state below 40 K, and is believed to mediate predicted high-temperature superconductivity in hole-doped LiBC \\[H. Rosner, A. Kitaigorodsky, and W. E. Pickett, Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett. **",
"88**, 127001 (2002)\\].'",
"\naddress: |\n $^{1}$Experimentalphysik V, Elektronische Korrelationen und Magnetismus, Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany\\\n $^{2}$Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia\nauthor:\n- 'A. V. Pronin$^{1,2,}\\footnote {Electronic address: [email protected]}$, K. Pucher$^{1}$, P. Lunkenheimer$^{1}$, A. Krimmel$^{1}$, and A. Loidl$^{1}$'\ntitle: Electronic and optical properties of \n---\n\nThe discovery of phonon-mediated superconductivity in MgB$_2$ with a superconducting transition temperature of $T_c \\sim 40$ K (Ref. ) ",
"has triggered enormous interest in similar layered compounds. ",
"MgB$_2$ consists of graphite-like boron layers with the Mg ions intercalated in between. ",
"The B-B bonding $\\sigma$-bands reveal a two dimensional character and are strongly coupled to the in-plane stretching mode, consistent with a phonon-mediated BCS type pairing mechanism.[@an] In Raman and neutron scattering experiments [@bohnen; @renker] an extremely strong reorganization of this stretching mode has been unambiguously demonstrated. ",
"The authors found that the in-plane boron vibration in MgB$_{2}$ is shifted to 70 meV, while in the isostructural but non-superconducting AlB$_2$ it is located ar 123 meV. From the averaged phonon density and the electron-phonon coupling the superconducting transition temperatures can be estimated and the theoretical estimates using a strong electron-phonon coupling deduced superconducting transition temperatures of the correct magnitude.[@bohnen; @kong] Similar layered compounds have been theoretically investigated [@ravindran; @rosner; @singh] and a superconducting transition temperature of $T_c \\sim 120$ K has been predicted for hole-doped LiBC by Rosner *et al*.[@rosner]\n\nSince the mid 80’s LiBC was a subject of only a few experimental studies.[@mair; @woerle] It reveals the same structure as MgB$_2$, but with the planar hexagonal boron layers replaced by B-C layers, with the B and C atoms alternating both within the layer and along the *c* direction. ",
"LiBC has $P6_3/mmc$ symmetry with $a=0.275$ nm and $c=0.7058$ nm.[@woerle] The stoichiometric compound is insulating. ",
"From band structure calculations a gap of at least 1 eV has been deduced for the pure compound and it has been shown that on hole doping, induced by Li-deficiency, the $\\sigma$ bands significantly contribute to the Fermi level and are strongly coupled to the B-C stretching mode.[@rosner]\n\nIn this work we synthesized powder and single crystalline LiBC, characterized the samples by x-ray powder diffraction, determined the dielectric constant and the conductivity as function of temperature, and measured the optical properties in the far-infrared and mid-infrared range. ",
"Besides the interesting question of the phonon renormalization in hole-doped compounds, which should be the subject of further studies, it certainly also is highly interesting to investigate a ternary compound synthesized from the lightest elements only.",
"\n\nLiBC was synthesized from the elements at 770 K with subsequent annealing at 1770 K in sealed niobium ampoules with open molybdenum crucibles inside. ",
"The molybdenum crucibles, 5 mm diameter and approximately 50 mm length, have been filled in an argon box with commercially available lithium, boron, and carbon with a lithium excess of 300 % compared to the stoichiometric ratio. ",
"This excess is necessary to provide a high lithium vapor pressure in the ampoule. ",
"The carbon and boron powders were preliminarily annealed in vacuum. ",
"The Mo crucibles have been placed in Nb ampoules, the latter sealed by argon welding. ",
"It is known, that molybdenum does not react with any of the components, while it can not hold high pressures at high temperatures. ",
"Due to this fact an additional niobium ampoule is necessary. ",
"The use of a Nb ampoule only is impossible since niobium reacts with boron. ",
"This sample preparation technique has been developed in the groups of R. Nesper (Zürich) and H. G. von Schnering (Stuttgart), and is described in detail in Refs. . ",
"The ampoules have been heated up to 770 K with a rate 100 K/hour, held at 770 K during one hour, then heated up to 1770 K with 200 K/hour, held one more hour at this temperature, and finally cooled down with a rate of approximately 150 K/hour. ",
"Faster cooling seems to support the growth of crystals of larger size. ",
"After removing the extra lithium the product consists of mainly yellow golden powder. ",
"Some crystals can be quite large reaching the size of $0.5\n\\times 0.5 \\times 0.01$ mm$^3$. One of these platelets is shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig1\\]. ",
"The hexagonal morphology is clearly indicated by the terraced ideal hexagon shown in the inset 2 in Fig. ",
"\\[fig1\\].",
"\n\nThe x-ray powder diffraction measurements have been performed at room temperature using a STOE diffractometer with a position sensitive detector utilizing Cu-K$_\\alpha$ radiation with $\\lambda=0.1541$ nm. ",
"The data have been analyzed by standard Rietfeld refinement. ",
"The diffraction pattern has shown the correct symmetry ($P6_3/mmc$) with no indications of spurious phases. ",
"The lattice constants, $a=0.2751(1)$ nm and $c=0.7055(1)$ nm, were found in good agreement with published results.[@woerle]\n\n![",
"Photograph of a LiBC crystalline sample. (",
"1) shows an example of the area investigated in the infrared experiments. ",
"The inset (2) shows a magnification of a little terrace on the sample surface with a perfect hexagonal shape.[]{data-label=\"fig1\"}](Fig1.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe dc-resistivity of a single-crystalline sample was measured using a standard four-point technique in the range 3 K $< T <$ 300 K. Using a coplanar contact geometry the electrical field was directed parallel to the B-C layers. ",
"The contacts were prepared by silver paint. ",
"Due to the ill-defined geometry of the rather small sample, the absolute values of the resistivity should be taken as a rough estimate only. ",
"As is shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig2\\], the temperature dependence of the resistivity exhibits semiconducting characteristics, however, only with a rather small overall change of about a factor of three in the investigated temperature range. ",
"It does not follow a thermally activated behavior, $\\rho \\propto\nexp(E/T)$. Also the prediction of the variable range hopping model, $\\rho \\propto exp(B/T^{1/4})$, which often can be applied for hopping conduction of localized charge carriers [@mott], does not work for LiBC. ",
"Instead, in a rather broad temperature range the resistivity can be phenomenologically described by a power law, $\\rho \\propto T^{-n}$, as demonstrated in the double-logarithmic representation in the inset of Fig. ",
"\\[fig2\\] revealing an exponent $n \\approx 0.23$. However, we are not aware of any theoretical model that could explain such a power law behavior.",
"\n\n![",
"Temperature dependence of the dc resistivity of LiBC, measured with the field parallel to the BC planes using four-point contact configuration. ",
"The inset shows the same data in a double-logarithmic representation, the line demonstrating an approximate $T^{-n}$ power-law behavior with $n \\approx 0.23$.[]{data-label=\"fig2\"}](Fig2.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn addition, the dielectric properties of the platelet-shaped samples were measured in sandwich geometry, i.e. with the field directed perpendicular to the B-C layers. ",
"The measurements were performed for frequencies $10^{6} \\leq \\nu \\leq 2\\times10^{9}$ Hz employing a reflectometric technique, described in detail in Ref. . ",
"Fig. ",
"\\[fig3\\] shows the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant $\\varepsilon'$ and the conductivity $\\sigma'$ for three temperatures. ",
"$\\varepsilon'(\\nu)$ exhibits a step-like decrease with the point of inflection close to 300 MHz, $\\sigma'(\\nu)$ an increase with a shoulder near the same frequency. ",
"Such a behavior could be indicative of a dipolar relaxation process, but as the existence of dipolar entities in LiBC is unlikely, a non-intrinsic origin of the observed relaxation-like features seems to be more reasonable. ",
"Thus we ascribe this behavior to Maxwell-Wagner type contributions of the interface between sample and contacts. ",
"As demonstrated in detail in Ref. , ",
"then the intrinsic response is revealed at high frequencies only, when the contact resistance is bridged by the contact capacitance acting like a short at high frequencies. ",
"From Fig. ",
"\\[fig3\\], close to 1 GHz we read off a value of $\\varepsilon' \\approx 35$, which smoothly saturates towards higher frequencies and is nearly temperature independent. ",
"From the frequency dependence of $\\sigma'(\\nu)$ in the intrinsic region at $\\nu > 300$ MHz a plateau, followed by a further increase, can be suspected, which would be indicative of hopping conduction of localized charge carriers.[@Lunki] Measurements at even higher frequencies are necessary to corroborate this conjecture. ",
"Within this picture the plateau represents the intrinsic dc conductivity, which can be read of as $\\sigma_{dc}\n\\approx 10^{-2}$ $\\Omega^{-1}$cm$^{-1}$, showing a weak temperature dependence only. ",
"Thus the dc resistivity perpendicular to the BC planes seems to be more than two orders of magnitude higher than the measured dc resistivity parallel to the planes (cf. ",
"Fig. ",
"\\[fig2\\]) indicating a strong anisotropy of the electrical transport properties.",
"\n\n![",
"Frequency dependence of the real parts of the dielectric constant $\\varepsilon'$ and ac conductivity $\\sigma'$ of LiBC for three temperatures. ",
"The measurements were performed using a two-point contact configuration with the electric field directed parallel to the B-C planes.[]{data-label=\"fig3\"}](Fig3.eps){width=\"7cm\"}\n\nThe measurements of the optical reflectivity were carried out using the infrared microscope Bruker IRscope II, which was connected to a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer Bruker IFS 66v/S. The measurements were carried out on flat surfaces of as-grown single crystals at frequencies from 400 to 2000 cm$^{-1}$. In order to eliminate multiple reflections from the opposite sides of the plane-parallel samples, the samples were tilted by a small angle (approximately 10$^{\\circ}$) to the normal incidence. ",
"Using the infrared microscope we were able to focus on a small fraction of the LiBC platelets with the best flatness compared to surrounding areas. ",
"An example of such an investigated area is shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig1\\].",
"\n\n![",
"Reflectivity of a LiBC crystal in the far- and mid-infrared range. ",
"The vertical arrows mark the phonon positions. ",
"The dashed line is a fit of the experimental spectra with four Lorentz oscillators. ",
"The inset shows the dielectric permittivity calculated from the fit of the reflectivity data. ",
"The displacement pattern of the B-C stretching infrared-active mode is shown in the upper left corner.[]{data-label=\"fig4\"}](Fig4.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe reflectivity as obtained from the infrared measurements is shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig4\\]. ",
"We observe three well-defined peaks in the spectrum at 540, 620, and 1180 cm$^{-1}$, and assign them to the infrared active phonons. ",
"A large shoulder at 700 cm$^{-1}$ most likely represents the forth optical phonon. ",
"It should be noted that the quasiperiodic variation of $R$, visible in the spectra, is the residual influence of the multiple reflections inside the sample, which could not be completely removed by tilting the sample. ",
"This interference pattern is most clearly seen at 1300 cm$^{-1}$, and also between 800 and 1100 cm$^{-1}$. Spectra measured closer to the normal incidence reveal much more pronounced fringes. ",
"These oscillations make a quantitative analysis quite difficult, and the fit with four Lorenzians shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig4\\] by a dashed line is not ideal. ",
"The inset in Fig. ",
"\\[fig4\\] shows the dielectric permittivity $\\varepsilon'$ as calculated from the fit of the reflectivity spectrum. ",
"Since the description of the reflectivity is not perfect, the data for $\\varepsilon'$ are subject to large errors. ",
"However, we would like to stress that $\\varepsilon' \\approx 15$ in the terahertz regime is not too far from $\\varepsilon' \\approx 35$ as measured at 1 GHz, having in mind that the intrinsic value still is not quite reached at this frequency. ",
"The remaining difference most likely is due to a relative large uncertainty in the determination of the crystal thickness, which affects the absolute values of $\\varepsilon'$ in the dielectric measurements.",
"\n\nThe group analysis for LiBC ($P6_3/mmc$, $D^{4}_{6h}$) yields the following modes at the $\\Gamma$-point: $3A_{2u} + 2B_{1g} + B_{2u}\n+ 3E_{1u} + E_{2u} + 2E_{2g}$, four of which are optical infrared-active modes ($2A_{2u}$ and $2E_{1u}$). ",
"The four modes observed in our measurements most likely represent these infrared-active phonons. ",
"Although the reflectance was measured from quite plane sample surfaces, which are supposed to be mostly parallel to the B-C planes, we believe that a significant amount of the out-of-plane response is also present in our measurements. ",
"The tilted geometry further increases the out-of-plane contribution.",
"\n\nIf one compares the observed absolute values of the phonon frequencies in LiBC with those observed and calculated for aluminum diboride [@bohnen; @renker], one immediately finds a close similarity. ",
"In both compounds there is a very high frequency phonon, which is a Raman-active $E_{2g}$ mode in AlB$_{2}$ at $\\sim$ 980 cm$^{-1}$ (123 meV) and the mode at 1180 cm$^{-1}$ ($\\sim$ 150 meV) in our measurements of LiBC. ",
"We ascribe this mode to the $E_{1u}$ infrared-active phonon. ",
"Due to the doubling of the unit cell in LiBC compared to AlB$_{2}$, the stretching Raman-active $E_{2g}$ mode of the B-B hexagons transforms into two modes in LiBC: $E_{2g}$ and $E_{1u}$. The latter is infrared-active, its displacement pattern is shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig4\\]. ",
"The $E_{2g}$ mode in AlB$_2$ has been shown to soften considerably on doping this compound with Mg, which is accompanied by the onset of superconductivity in Mg$_{1-x}$Al$_{x}$B$_2$ (Ref. ). ",
"This softening is believed to result from the electron-phonon renormalization driving the superconductivity in magnesium diboride.",
"\n\nThe three other infrared modes in LiBC have lower frequencies and are situated quite close to each other, resembling again the situation in AlB$_{2}$, where two infrared-active modes are supposed to exist in the range of 300 to 500 cm$^{-1}$ (Refs. ). ",
"The moderate upward shift in the frequencies of the observed modes in LiBC compared to the modes in AlB$_{2}$ is due to the fact that LiBC consists of lighter elements. ",
"Concluding this section, we mention that we have extended the infrared measurements up to approximately 1 eV and found no indication of the onset of an interband transition, demonstrating that the band gap is substantially larger than 1 eV. In the LDA calculations of Rosner *et al*. ",
"valence and conduction bands are separated by 1 eV. By Wörle *et al*. [",
"@woerle] band gaps between 2.5 and 4.2 eV have been calculated.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, we have synthesized the ternary borocarbide LiBC, characterized it by x-ray diffraction, and performed dc resistivity and dielectric measurements on single crystals. ",
"The dc resistivity demonstrates semiconducting temperature characteristics with strong anisotropy of $\\rho _{\\parallel c} /\n\\rho _{\\perp c} \\geq 100$. Infrared spectroscopy on single crystals utilizing an infrared microscope reveals four infrared-active phonon modes, consistent with point-group symmetry considerations. ",
"The high-frequency mode at 150 meV can be ascribed to the B-C stretching mode. ",
"It is this phonon mode that is expected to drive phonon-mediated superconductivity in hole-doped LiBC at temperatures substantially higher than in MgB$_{2}$ (Ref. ). ",
"The next step is to follow the softening of this in-plane mode as a function of Li deficiency.",
"\n\nWe would like to thank U. Killer, F. Mayr, M. Müller, A. Pimenova, and D. Vieweg for the experimental support. ",
"A. V. P. is also grateful to J. Hlinka and J. Petzelt for valuable consultations. ",
"This work was partly supported by the DFG via the Sonderforschungsbereich 484 (Augsburg) and by the BMBF via the Contract No. ",
"EKM/13N6917/0.",
"\n\n[99]{}\n\nJ. Nagamatsu, N. Nakagawa, T. Muranaka, Y. Zenitani, and J. Akimitsu, Nature **410**, 63 (2001).",
"\n\nSee, for example, J. M. An and W. E. Pickett, Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett. **",
"86**, 4366 (2001); J. Kortus, I. I. Mazin, K. D. Belashchenko, V. P. Antropov, and L. L. Boyer Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett. **",
"86**, 4656 (2001); G. Satta, G. Profeta, F. Bernardini, A. Continenza, and S. Massidda, Phys. ",
"Rev. B **64**, 104507 (2001).",
"\n\nK.-P. Bohnen, R. Heid, and B. Renker, Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett. **",
"86**, 5771 (2001)\n\nB. Renker, K. B. Bohnen, R. Heid, D. Ernst, H. Schober, M. Koza, P. Adelmann, P. Schweiss, T. Wolf, Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett. **",
"88**, 067001 (2002).",
"\n\nY. Kong, O. V. Dolgov, O. Jepsen, and O. K. Andersen, Phys. ",
"Rev. B **64**, 020501 (2001).",
"\n\nP. Ravindran, P. Vajeeston, R. Vidya, A. Kjekshus, and H. Fjellv[å]{}g, Phys. ",
"Rev. B **64**, 224509 (2001).",
"\n\nH. Rosner, A. Kitaigorodsky, and W. E. Pickett, Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett. **",
"88**, 127001 (2002).",
"\n\nP. P. Singh, cond-mat/0201126.",
"\n\nG. Mair, Ph.D. thesis, University of Stuttgart, 1984; M. Schwarz, Ph.D. thesis, University of Stuttgart, 1987.",
"\n\nM. Wörle, R. Nesper, G. Mair, M. Schwarz, and H. G. von Schnering, Z. Anorg. ",
"Allg. ",
"Chem. **",
"621**, 1153 (1995)\n\nN. F. Mott and E. A. Davis, *Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials* (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979).",
"\n\nR. Böhmer, M. Maglione, P. Lunkenheimer, and A. Loidl, J. Appl. ",
"Phys. **",
"65**, 901 (1989); U. Schneider, P. Lunkenheimer, A. Pimenov, R. Brand, and A. Loidl, Ferroelectrics **249**, 89 (2001).",
"\n\nP. Lunkenheimer, V. Bobnar, A. V. Pronin, A. I. Ritus, A. A. Volkov, and A. Loidl, cond-mat/0201146; Phys. ",
"Rev. B, in press.",
"\n\nA. K. Jonscher, *Dielectric Relaxations in Solids* (Chelsea Dielectrics Press, London, 1983).",
"\n"
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"Regulations established by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Transport Canada and other international counterparts prohibit the takeoff of any aircraft when frost, ice or snow is adhered to aircraft wings, propellers or control surfaces. ",
"Regulations also prohibit takeoff at any time that frost, ice or snow can reasonably be expected to adhere to the aircraft, unless the operator has an approved de-icing or anti-icing program.",
"\nCommon practice developed in North American and European aviation communities is to de-ice the accumulated snow and other freezing precipitates followed by anti-icing the aircraft before takeoff. ",
"The purpose of aircraft de-icing and anti-icing is to keep airplane wings and other aerodynamically sensitive areas clean before and during takeoff.",
"\nAircraft de-icing is performed to clean aircraft surfaces of already accumulated freezing precipitates, by applying heated aircraft de-icing fluids. ",
"Commercial de-icing fluids are commonly glycol solutions such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol water mixtures, which act as freezing point depressants.",
"\nAircraft anti-icing is a preventive procedure which provides protection against the ongoing formation of frost or ice and accumulation of snow or slush on treated surfaces of the aircraft. ",
"Aircraft anti-icing is done by applying aircraft anti-icing fluids (AAF) after the aircraft is de-iced. ",
"Anti-icing fluids are often glycol solutions thickened with water soluble polymers. ",
"The typical concentrations for glycol solutions and water soluble polymers in AAF are 40-95% and 0.1-0.5% by weight, respectively. ",
"AAF is usually applied unheated to form a temporary protective layer on aircraft surfaces. ",
"The AAF layer has a lower freezing point than the frozen precipitation, which melts upon contact with the anti-icing fluid.",
"\nThe water soluble polymer thickener keeps the anti-icing fluid from draining off sloped aircraft surfaces. ",
"This is important in keeping the aircraft free from precipitation while the aircraft waits for takeoff, without having to repeatedly apply the anti-icing fluid. ",
"However, quite often as the fluid layer becomes diluted by melting precipitation, its viscosity drops and the anti-icing fluid layer becomes thinner and less effective and frozen precipitate begins to accumulate.",
"\nConversely, an anti-icing fluid that is too thick will cling to the aircraft surfaces even at high shear rates, such as those seen during takeoff This can lead to unstable aerodynamics and have a detrimental effect of aircraft lift and balance.",
"\nIt is therefore extremely important to develop a thickener for aircraft anti-icing fluids that retains thickness and viscosity during low shear conditions, such during taxiing and waiting, but which also shears off easily in high shear conditions, namely at takeoff Such non-Newtonian fluids should advantageously change viscosity in varying shear conditions."
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[
"Taree civic heart cash call\n\nIT'S short notice and it's a unique idea to raise quick cash to finance the Tidy Up Taree civic heart project.",
"\n\nIT'S short notice and it's a unique idea to raise quick cash to finance the Tidy Up Taree civic heart project.",
"\n\nAcclaimed placemaker David Engwicht will return to Taree on August 5 to help business owners in the central business district to develop creative ways to enhance the footpath space in their street. ",
"The event will be held in the Waterfront Room at The Exchange Hotel from 6.30pm and the ticket price will be $100 per business.",
"\n\nThe price of the ticket will be directed to the civic heart project, and according to Tidy Up Taree organiser, Graham Brown, the objective is to rally 200 businesses to deliver a start-up capital of $20,000.",
"\n\n\"We need money to get this project underway,\" Mr Brown said.",
"\n\n\"Taree CBD businesses have been given the opportunity to enhance their footpaths. ",
"A 'permissions to act' trial is due to start in September and to make this trial a success, we all need to think about what we can do to activate our footpaths.",
"\n\n\"If we work together to make this trial a success, we will forge a new way of using footpaths in our town centres with a lot less 'red tape' and costs.\"",
"\n\nMr Brown said the civic heart project is integral to the success of transforming the central business district of Taree during the trial period.",
"\n\n\"The area in front of Centrelink will be transformed with public art, grassy mounds, colourful facades and inviting seats. ",
"It will provide a place for people to meet and linger,\" Mr Brown explained.",
"\n\n\"Planning is underway for this transformation to occur on November 28 and 29 and will be celebrated with an inaugural night bazaar.",
"\n\n\"This project is driven by volunteers and donated materials. ",
"However, some funds are need to make the transformation robust and professional. ",
"Entry fees from David's Engwicht's presentation will be used to assist this project.\"",
"\n\nTo register attendance at the event please contact Mr Brown at GPB Partners on 6551 1660."
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[
"\n\nBrowse (anonymous) valuations - nivi\nhttp://blog.angel.co/post/40618585397/browse-anonymous-valuations\n\n======\nfesja\nI have been using it for several months, and it's really interesting to\ncompare valuation between accelerators, former colleges and companies. ",
"It\nhelps startups & investors to understand where the market is (if they care).",
"\n\nthanks naval & team!",
"\n\n------\npaulbaumgart\nI can't seem to find the \"San Francisco\" option. ",
"Am I overlooking something?",
"\n\n"
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[
"BUFFALO, N.Y. -- If anyone thought the Buffalo Sabres were going to go away after losing Games 2 and 3, they need to reconsider.",
"\n\nThe Sabres may not have the talent that the Flyers have, but they are scrappy, they are determined. ",
"And most importantly...\n\nThey have Ryan Miller.",
"\n\nAdvertisement\n\nFor the second time in this series, Miller made one Sabres goal stand up as Buffalo won Game 4 1-0 and evened the best-of-seven Eastern Conference Quarterfinals with the Flyers at 2-2.",
"\n\nGame 5 is back at the Wells Fargo Center Friday.",
"\n\nThis series has been about two styles of play -- the one employed by the Flyers that is based in defensive posture and creating offense off of it and the one Buffalo likes to use.",
"\n\n\"It seems like some of their games seem to feel that a street fight is what gives them the best chance,\" Sean O'Donnell said. \"",
"That's what the playoffs are sometimes. ",
"You can get a lot of pretend toughness out there because there is no fighting.",
"\n\n\"They seem to want to get in some shots and intimidation and for whatever reason, they feel they can intimidate us and out-physical us.\"",
"\n\nAnd now there's some deep-seeded hatred between these two teams with what amounts to a best-of-three remaining to see who moves on and who goes home for the summer.",
"\n\n\"The more you play against a team the less you like them,\" Danny Briere said. \"",
"It's a good series. ",
"These guys are battling hard just like we are. ",
"We never thought it was going to be an easy series from the get go. ",
"We put ourselves in a good position all year to have home ice advantage and hopefully we can take advantage of it.\"",
"\n\nThe Flyers also knew the Sabres were going to come out hard in the first period, so they seemed to sit back, play a bit defensively at the start, weather the storm, and then ramp it up from there.",
"\n\nWhat they didn't count on was a turnover, a failed backcheck, an easy goal for Buffalo and then sensational goaltending again by Miller.",
"\n\nRob Niedermayer found Jason Pominville on the doorstep for an easy tap in for the Sabres' lone goal and Miller made it stand up.",
"\n\nJeff Carter lost the puck in the neutral zone and the puck came back into the Philadelphia end. ",
"The Flyers were outmuscled along the wall with Niedermayer shedding Carter to get into the left circle. ",
"Tyler Ennis beat Danny Syvret to the puck behind the net and fed Niedermayer, who suddenly had a 2-on-1 down low with Pominville and only Matt Carle between them.",
"\n\nNik Zherdev was late getting back to Pominville and the pass was perfect for an easy goal that Brian Boucher had no chance to stop.",
"\n\nFrom there, it was all Miller, stopping all 32 Flyers shots he faced.",
"\n\nHe did have some help from Tyler Myers, the 6-8 behemoth on the Buffalo defense, who stripped Daniel Carcillo from a sure goal in the first period and then got his stick on a shot by James van Riemsdyk ticketed for an empty net.",
"\n\nBut Miller was impressive, cutting down angles and limiting the Flyers from getting many good looks at the net.",
"\n\nThe best chance the Flyers were able to muster came in the second period when the fourth line was buzzing in the zone and Darroll Powe gathered a loose puck from a scrum only to ring his shot off the left post.",
"\n\nLate in the third period, Briere found himself alone in front of Miller and made a couple dekes to try to fool the goalie, but Miller made a superb glove save to keep the Flyers off the board.",
"\n\n\"There's too much time to think sometimes,\" Briere said. \"",
"I was standing still, too. ",
"I couldn't really make a move because I had no speed. ",
"I couldn't go around him and I had to try to go through him.\"",
"\n\nMiller followed that up with a sprawling glove save on a shot that Mike Richards couldn't get all off because he was falling to the ice.",
"\n\nThe Flyers had their comeback attempt made difficult though by a very suspect call made on Richards.",
"\n\nAfter chipping the puck from near the Buffalo bench, Richards turned his body to avoid a check from a hard-charging Patrick Kaleta.",
"\n\nIn the process, Richards got his arm in the air and clipped Kaleta on the chin with his elbow. ",
"It was completely unintentional on the part of Richards, and was a defensive act, not aggressive.",
"\n\nWhile an argument can be made that it was worthy of a two-minute minor, especially since suspended Pittsburgh Penguin Chris Kunitz only received a two-minute minor for an intentional elbow to the head of Tampa's Simon Gagne in Game 3 of their playoff series, any notion that it was worthy of a five-minute major penalty would be outrageous.",
"\n\nAnd yet, that's what referee Francois St. Laurent called, sending many of the Flyers into a perplexed and incredulous rage.",
"\n\nThe Flyers did a fine job killing off that penalty to start the third period, but seemed just a step slow afterward, and while they were able to get chances, they were just a tad off in hunting down rebounds.",
"\n\nLost in all the hub-bub about the Richards penalty and Miller's heroics was another excellent performance by Brian Boucher, who kept the Flyers in the game with many dazzling saves of his own, stopping 28 Sabres shots.",
"\n\nBut the tenor of the series remains based on if the Sabres are allowed to play their style of hockey -- as they were in Game 4, or if not, like Game 2 when they gave the Flyers 10 power play chances.",
"\n\n\"They're allowed to get away with murder out there and every time (Dan) Carcillio is on the ice he gets called,\" Richards said. \"",
"It's frustrating, but we have to battle through it. ",
"It's a physical series and now we get to go home in front of our fans. ",
"It's going to be loud in there Friday night.\""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"思い出のケータイを振り返る連載。今回紹介するのは、NTTドコモの三菱電機製ケータイ「FOMA D800iDS」です。",
"\n\n2007年に発売されたD800iDSは、国内で初めて2つのディスプレイを搭載したケータイです。",
"\n\n折りたたみ型のボディのメインディスプレイに加え、通常はダイヤルキーが来る部分にもタッチパネルディスプレイを備えています。必要最低限のメニュー構成となる「3キー」、標準的な機能が利用できる「6キー」、従来のケータイと同様の操作ができる「10キー」の3つの表示モードが用意されていて、ユーザーが使いやすいモードを選択できます。",
"\n\n文字入力では、「2タッチ入力」「5タッチ入力」に加えて「手書き入力」にも対応しています。",
"\n\n背面には9×16ドットのLEDが埋め込まれていて、電話やメールの着信通知や時刻が浮かび上がるように表示されるのも特徴の一つでした。",
"\n\n入力や操作方法が多様で、年齢や性別などを問わず多くのユーザーの使いやすさに配慮していることなどから、2007年度のグッドデザイン賞において、ユニバーサルデザイン賞を受賞しています。",
"\n\nちなみに機種名の「DS」は、あのゲーム機と同じ「Dual Screen」の略ではなく、タッチパネルで実現する「Direct＆Smooth」な操作から来ているということです。",
"\n\n「FOMA D800iDS」の主な仕様\n\n発売日：2007年2月9日\n\nキャリア：NTTドコモ\n\nメーカー：三菱電機\n\nサイズ：約49（幅）×106（高さ）×21（奥行き）mm\n\n重量：約120g\n\nメインディスプレイ：2.2型（240×320ピクセル）TFT液晶 26万2114色\n\nタッチパネルディスプレイ：2.2型（240×320ピクセル）TFT液晶 6万5536色\n\nサブディスプレイ：LED 9×16ドット オレンジ1色\n\nアウトカメラ：有効約130万画素CMOS\n\nインカメラ：有効約10万画素CMOS\n\nボディーカラー：ブラック、ホワイト、シルバー\n\n関連キーワード D800iDS | FOMA | 折りたたみケータイ | 三菱電機 | NTTドコモ\n\n\n\nCopyright © ITmedia, Inc. All Rights Reserved."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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[
"Penicillin V-induced drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.",
"\nDRESS syndrome (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms), previously named \"drug hypersensitivity syndrome\", is a severe adverse drug reaction characterized by skin rash, fever lymph node enlargement and internal organ involvement. ",
"We report on a 7-year old girl who developed DRESS syndrome caused by penicillin V treatment."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
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[
"Dentist and patient opinions about the ideal dentist and patient--developing a compact questionnaire.",
"\nThe aims of the study were to determine what according to lay people and dentists in the Kuopio and North Karelia provinces of Finland characterizes the ideal dentist and the ideal patient and to develop a proper questionnaire for further studies in dentist-patient relationship. ",
"A questionnaire containing 124, five-class Likert scale statements and questions about background variables was sent in November 1988 to a representative sample of lay people and to all dentists in these regions. ",
"To extract areas of preferences for both dentists and patients, and to select questions for further studies on dentist-patient relationship, factor analysis was applied to the data. ",
"Similarities and differences in the opinions of dentists and patients were also evaluated by single statements. ",
"According to factor analyses, the perceptions of dentists and patients were in general similar, communicativeness and informativeness being the most important traits of dentists and activeness, compliance and motivation being the most important traits of patients. ",
"However, differences were also found which should be taken into consideration when teaching dentists about the dentist-patient relationship. ",
"Based on the current results we also propose a compact questionnaire to be used in further studies."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Phocas (disambiguation)\n\nPhocas or Phokas (from ) may refer to:\n\nSaint Phocas, Bishop of Sinope\nSaint Phocas, a 4th-century Christian martyr\nFlavius Phocas, Emperor in 602-610\nJohn Phokas, 12th-century pilgrim and writer\nA member of the Phokas family of Byzantine nobles including:\nNikephoros Phokas the Elder, general\nLeo Phokas the Elder, son of Nikephoros, general\nBardas Phokas the Elder, son of Nikephoros, general \nNikephoros II Phokas, son of Bardas, Byzantine Emperor in 963-969\nLeo Phokas the Younger, son of Bardas, general and curopalates\nBardas Phokas the Younger, son of Leo, general and rebel against Basil II"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
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[
"#\n# Makefile for the orinoco wireless device drivers.",
"\n#\norinoco-objs := main.o fw.o hw.o mic.o scan.o wext.o hermes_dld.o hermes.o cfg.o\n\nobj-$(CONFIG_HERMES)\t\t+= orinoco.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_PCMCIA_HERMES)\t+= orinoco_cs.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_APPLE_AIRPORT)\t+= airport.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_PLX_HERMES)\t+= orinoco_plx.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_PCI_HERMES)\t+= orinoco_pci.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_TMD_HERMES)\t+= orinoco_tmd.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_NORTEL_HERMES)\t+= orinoco_nortel.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_PCMCIA_SPECTRUM)\t+= spectrum_cs.o\nobj-$(CONFIG_ORINOCO_USB)\t+= orinoco_usb.o\n\n# Orinoco should be endian clean.",
"\nccflags-y += -D__CHECK_ENDIAN__\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
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[
"Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration,\n\nNote: OECD is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. ",
"U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2017 Reference caseOECD is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.",
"\n\nEIA’s International Energy Outlook 2017 (IEO2017) projects that global nuclear capacity will grow at an average annual rate of 1.6% from 2016 through 2040, led predominantly by countries outside of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). ",
"EIA expects China to continue leading world nuclear growth, followed by India. ",
"This growth is expected to offset declines in nuclear capacity in the United States, Japan, and countries in Europe.",
"\n\nElectricity demand growth plays a central role in decisions to build new nuclear reactors and retire existing reactors. ",
"EIA expects electricity demand growth in China, India, and the Middle East to exceed growth in the United States, Europe, and Japan. ",
"EIA’s projected higher electricity demand growth for non-OECD member countries is the result of comparatively higher growth in gross domestic product and population relative to OECD member countries.",
"\n\nChina currently has 38 operating nuclear reactors with a total capacity of 33 gigawatts (GW), including 2 GW of new capacity added in 2017 with the completion of the Fuqing-4 and Yangjiang-4 reactors. ",
"An additional 19 reactors, with a total capacity of 19.9 gigawatts (GW), are currently under construction, accounting for more than a third of all nuclear projects under construction worldwide. ",
"In total, China plans to install 58 GW of new nuclear capacity, which EIA expects to be completed by 2024. ",
"By 2032, China is expected to surpass the United States as the country with the most nuclear electricity generating capacity.",
"\n\nIndia has the world’s second-largest population, behind China, and the highest projected electricity demand growth. ",
"India currently has 22 nuclear reactors with a total of 5.3 GW of capacity, and 6 additional reactors with a combined capacity of 3.9 GW are currently under construction. ",
"India recently entered into an agreement with Russia to build two more reactors at India’s Kudankulam plant.",
"\n\nThe United States currently operates the world’s largest nuclear fleet, with a total capacity of 100 GW from 99 reactors. ",
"However, U.S. nuclear capacity is expected to decrease to 88.2 GW by 2040, as several plants have announced intentions to retire before their scheduled license expirations. ",
"Two new reactors, Voglte Units 3 and 4, are currently under construction, while construction on V.C. Summer Units 2 and 3 has been suspended.",
"\n\nIn Europe, construction of Finland’s 1.6 GW Olkiluoto-3 is nearing completion. ",
"The reactor is expected to begin operation in 2018 and will be Europe’s first new nuclear power station in 15 years. ",
"However, total nuclear capacity in Europe and Eurasia is expected to decline, as policy decisions to phase out or reduce the nuclear generation share in countries such as Germany and France offset new capacity in non-OECD countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Romania.",
"\n\nAfter announcing its intention to phase out all nuclear generation in response to the 2011 Fukushima accident in Japan, Germany will have shut down 10 reactors by the end of 2017 and is expected to retire its last reactor in 2022. ",
"Earlier this year, France ratified a 2015 law that reduces the share of nuclear generation from 75% to 50% by 2025.",
"\n\nJapan currently has 42 operable reactors with a combined capacity of 39.8 GW. ",
"However, only five of these reactors have been restarted following shutdowns in the wake of the Fukushima accident. ",
"Japan’s Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) has given preliminary approval for 9 additional restart applications, with another 12 currently under review. ",
"Four reactors have already received final approval from the NRA and are expected to restart in 2018, and the remaining 12 reactors are expected to be retired by 2040.",
"\n\nMore information is available in EIA’s International Energy Outlook 2017.",
"\n\nPrincipal contributor: Slade Johnson"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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[
"Cloning of two related genes encoding the 56-kDa and 123-kDa subunits of trehalose synthase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
"\nPreparations of intact trehalose synthase contain three polypeptides with molecular masses of 56, 102 and 123 kDa. ",
"We have cloned the genes TSS1 and TSL1 coding for the 56- and 123-kDa subunits, respectively. ",
"These genes are located on chromosomes II (TSS1) and XIII (TSL1). ",
"The TSS1 gene was found to be identical with CIF1, a gene required for normal growth on glucose. ",
"The product of the entire TSS1 gene exhibits 37% identity with a 502-amino-acid stretch from the middle of the TSL1 product. ",
"Disruption of the TSS1 gene in yeast eliminates both trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (Tre6P synthase) and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (Tre6Pase) activities, and reintroduction of this gene restores these activities. ",
"Transformation of Escherichia coli with TSS1 increases its Tre6P synthase activity. ",
"Specific proteolytic degradation of the 123-kDa polypeptide from the N-terminus greatly influences the Tre6P synthase activity, decreasing its inhibition by phosphate and activatability by fructose 6-phosphate but has little effect on the Tre6Pase activity. ",
"These results suggest that this N-terminal part confers regulatory properties upon the Tre6P synthase activity."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Updated Information on\nEFCU's \"Surviving a Layoff\" Workshop\n\n\nGood News for Bus Riders\nThe Enron Shuttle will be available to transport downtown employees to and from the Doubletree Post Oak for the January 15 workshop. ",
" The shuttle will leave Andrews St. at 11:30 a.m. and will return immediately following the workshop. ",
" If you would like to reserve a space on the shuttle, please e-mail [email protected]. ",
" Limited spaces are available.",
"\n\n\nWorkshops are Now Combined\nWe have combined the 10:00 and 12:00 workshops into one 12:00 workshop. ",
" All confirmed attendees for the 10:00 session will be added to the 12:00 list and notified in an additional e-mail as well.",
"\n\n\nIt's Not Too Late\nRSVPs for the 12:00 session are still being accepted! ",
" E-mail [email protected] today to reserve your spot."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
} | [
0.0005537424003705382,
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0.0006489676889032125,
0.001099859015084803
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[
"Q:\n\npython client for SOAP-based RPC style web service\n\nI have a simple SOAP-based RPC style web service written in java.",
"It has simple string method which is take string value from client and display.",
"Client also written in java.",
"But how can I write a python client to do the same thing?Thanks.",
"\nUsed codes are given bellow.",
"\nService endpoint\nimport javax.jws.",
"WebService;\n\n//Service Implementation\n@WebService(endpointInterface = \"com.test.webservice.",
"HelloWorld\")\npublic class HelloWorldImpl implements HelloWorld{\n\n@Override\npublic String getHelloWorldAsString(String name) {\n return \"Hello World JAX-WS \" + name;\n}\n\n}\n\nJava Web Service Client\nimport java.net.",
"URL;\nimport javax.xml.namespace.",
"QName;\nimport javax.xml.ws.",
"Service;\nimport com.test.webservice.",
"HelloWorld;\n\npublic class HelloWorldClient{\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n\nURL url = new URL(\"http://localhost:9999/ws/hello?wsdl\");\n\n //1st argument service URI, refer to wsdl document above\n//2nd argument is service name, refer to wsdl document above\n QName qname = new QName(\"http://webservice.test.com/\", \"HelloWorldImplService\");\n\n Service service = Service.create(url, qname);\n\n HelloWorld hello = service.getPort(HelloWorld.class);\n\n System.out.println(hello.getHelloWorldAsString(\"name\"));\n\n}\n\n}\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nGot the answer:\nimport suds\n\nclass Client:\ndef __init__(self):\n self.client = suds.client.",
"Client(\"http://localhost:9999/ws/hello?wsdl\")\n\ndef getHelloWorldAsString(self):\n return self.client.service.getHelloWorldAsString(\"name\")\n\nif(__name__ == \"__main__\"):\nclient = Client()\nresult = client.getHelloWorldAsString()\nprint result\n\nSource:-http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/238778/Web-Services-in-Ruby-Python-and-Java\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"Mets Thoughts\n\nHere’s a round-up of the day’s Hot Stove rumors and transactions. ",
"Rich Harden SP – Several reports today suggest that Rich Harden is drawing heavy interest from the Red Sox and the Mariners. ",
"Harden was not offered arbitration and the 28-year old righthander has become much more desirable in the eyes of many. ",
"Of the […]\n\nLast week, Kevin Kernan of the NY Post caught up with Ron Davis, the father of Mets first base prospect Ike Davis. ",
"In this candid interview, Ron talks about what he envisions for his son’s future in the game, but also shares a touching story that reveals the caliber of Ike’s character. ",
"Michael Lio, a […]\n\nHere is complete list of all trades made by Omar Minaya since he became GM of the Mets after the 2004 season. ",
"This does not include any free agent signings. ",
"2009 08/25/09 Traded Billy Wagner to the Red Sox for for Chris Carter and Eddie Lora 08/08/09 Traded cash or PTBN to the Cubs for Jason […]\n\nI’m really starting to have second thoughts about the Mets going after free agent catcher Bengie Molina. ",
"I know how strongly I have advocated for Molina in the last two months, but am becoming more and more taken with Josh Thole as he toils away in Winter Ball with the hopes of impressing Mets brass and potentially […]\n\nAccording to a report this afternoon by Fargo’s Jeff Kolpack, the Mets have signed free agent catcher/first baseman Chris Coste. ",
"He writes, Fargo’s Chris Coste is headed to the Big Apple. ",
"Coste agreed to terms with the New York Mets today on a contract that guarantees him a spot on the 40-man roster. ",
"Coste said the […]\n\nIt’s all about the “value” Mets fans. ",
"Regardless of your thoughts on the Phillies getting Brian Schneider, it’s a solid move for the Phillies who can give the Mets a lesson or two about getting the most value for a player. ",
"The Phillies are reportedly paying Schneider $3 million dollars for two years or an […]\n\nThis morning I asked the following Twitter Poll question: Are you happy with the end result of how Omar Minaya handled Billy Wagner? ",
"Red Sox get two high draft picks (1st round pick, sandwich pick) Braves get their new closer; Billy Wagner Mets get two low level prospects; Chris Carter and Eddie Lora Here are some of the responses. ",
"Unhappy […]\n\nCan you guess what the magic word is for this chilly December 1st day? ",
"To begin, Toronto starting pitcher Roy Halladay has given the Blue Jays a deadline for trading him or he will invoke his no trade clause according to Buster Olney of ESPN. ",
"Roy Halladay, the All-Star pitcher who has been the subject of much trade […]\n\nThis off season John Maine is a potential non-tender candidate and there has been talk that the Mets will non-tender him today, the deadline for offering your players arbitration. ",
"The Mets can still sign Maine if they do non-tender him but being non-tendered is sought of like being fired and the club telling you you’re […]\n\nOn Monday, an Associated Press report by Ronald Blum revealed that the average annual salary for major league baseball players rose from $2,930,000 to $2,996,000. ",
"Although the 2.4% increase in salary represents the smallest rise in player wages since 2004, the stage has now been set for next year being the first season in which […]\n\nFeatured Articles\n\nAt least as far as Sandy Alderson and the New York Mets are concerned, the Winter Meetings ended without so much as a whimper. ",
"Yes, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse. ",
"But fret not my friends, because unlike the Colorado Rockies, the Washington Nationals, the New York Yankees, and a few other […]\n\nSandy Alderson told reporters yesterday, that the team hopes to get payroll below the current $150 million dollar level and that could mean holding off on adding any new contracts until they could shed existing contracts – namely Jay Bruce who is set to earn $13 million. ”",
"If you were to take what we have right […]\n\nIt has been widely reported the Mets have had interest in Orioles reliever Brad Brach in exchange for one of their outfielders. ",
"Apparently, there has been a snag in negotiations with the Orioles because the team wants the Mets to not only trade them either Jay Bruce or Curtis Granderson, but the Orioles also want the […]\n\nMets GM Sandy Alderson told reporters during the Winter Meetings on Monday that team captain David Wright will be the main third baseman, despite the infield depth and Wright coming off another injury-plagued season. ",
"Wright is on track to start baseball activities later this month. “",
"I think that we’re very hopeful he’s gonna be able […]\n\nATTENTION: Please support MMO by adding us to your whitelist in your ad blocker or turning it off when you visit our site.",
"Ads are what pays the bills around here and helps keep this site running and able to deliver all the great non-stop content that you come here to read. ",
"We really need your help. ",
"Thank you for understanding."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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] | 0.000969 | 29 |
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