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of Representatives will now have to vote on the same reversal. This article will be updated once more information is known.
Update on June 11, 2018: With the House not having taken action, the FCC’s December repeal has gone into effect as of today. Congress could still pass the Congressional Review Act (CRA) and reinstate the law, but Republican control of the House and presidency makes it unlikely that it will pass. Read FCC chairman Ajit Pai’s statement on the repeal.
SEE: Net neutrality: All the details you need to know (free PDF) (TechRepublic)
- What is net neutrality? Net neutrality is the concept that all traffic on the internet should be treated equally, and that internet service providers (ISPs) should be prevented from taking any action to the contrary. Legal justification for net neutrality has been grounded in Title II of the Communications Act of 1934, which designates common carriers.
- Why does net neutrality matter? Net neutrality matters because it has the potential to shape the future of the internet, and with it our access to knowledge. Without net neutrality regulations the internet could become a throttled, restricted, and tightly controlled landscape where both consumers and content providers exist to enrich ISPs.
- Who does net neutrality affect? Net neutrality affects internet users, content providers, and internet service providers, and it does so in very different ways.
- When is net neutrality happening? Net neutrality has been an issue since the earliest days of the internet. The FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 has been the major sticking point in the past several years, as has the FCC’s passing of Title II Net Neutrality Rules in 2015. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) passed an FCC repeal in December 2017, which took effect on June 11, 2018.
- How can I get involved in the net neutrality discussion? With net neutrality regulations officially repealed, the only remaining option is for Congress to pass the CRA. Contact your representative to ask them to vote yea or nay to the bill.
What is net neutrality?
To put it plainly, net neutrality is the ideal that all traffic on the internet–no matter what it is–deserves the same level of priority. Nothing can be throttled, given priority, blocked, or otherwise interfered with, which means it’s on internet service providers to treat traffic fairly. In order to ensure that they do, proponents say, the government needs to regulate the internet.
Without net neutrality regulations, proponents argue, there will be nothing to stop ISPs and cellular providers from limiting traffic from competitors, imposing a la carte pricing for access to fast lanes, or forcing companies (like Netflix) to pay more for more bandwidth.
The basis of legal justification for enforcing net neutrality has been the Communications Act of 1934, specifically Title II of that act, which defines the concept of “common carriers.”
According to the act, a common carrier is “any person engaged as a common carrier for hire, in interstate or foreign communication by wire or radio or in interstate or foreign radio transmission of energy…”. Essentially, Title II classification would mean that ISPs aren’t transmitting a proprietary product–internet traffic is a common, public service that companies deliver. UPS delivers packages that don’t belong to them in the same way that internet packets don’t belong to ISPs–they’re a product they deliver.
If Title II is enough justification to regulate ISPs then section 202 is what stops them from being able to throttle or prioritize traffic:
“It shall be unlawful for any common carrier to make any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges, practices, classifications, regulations, facilities, or services for or in connection with like communication service, directly or indirectly, by any means or device, or to make or give any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage to any particular person, class of persons, or locality, or to subject any particular person, class of persons, or locality to any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage.”
The other commonly argued basis for net neutrality comes from the Telecommunications Act of 1996, of which section 706 states:
“[Federal and state commissions] shall encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans… by utilizing, in a manner consistent with the public interest, convenience, and necessity, price cap regulation, regulatory forbearance, measures that promote competition in the local telecommunications market, or other regulating methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment.”
Section 706 makes a much softer argument for net neutrality that leaves a lot open to interpretation, however. That has made it more popular with ISPs and telecommunications companies, which generally oppose Title II classification.
- FCC’s Open Internet rules won’t end the net neutrality debate in the US (TechRepublic)
- Trump appoints Pai to head FCC and beat-down net neutrality (ZDNet)
- Meet the man John Oliver just called ‘doofy’ (CNET)
- European carriers threaten net neutrality with ad blocking (TechRepublic)
- Canada nixes unlimited music plan, in stand for net neutrality (CNET)
- Court upholds net neutrality rules on equal internet access (CBS News)
Why does net neutrality matter?
Further arguments against net neutrality have stated that a lack of regulation has worked fine, but that ignores several incidents of abuse where companies blocked traffic, throttled speeds, and made life difficult for consumers because the companies had invested in competitive tech.
That’s not the only example of companies granting preferential treatment–it continues to this day in the form of zero-rating, a practice in which ISPs refrain from charging customers for data use coming from certain sponsored applications. AT&T’s Sponsored Data is the perfect example of zero-rating, and it gives sponsored products a huge leg up over competitors. Why pay for data when this app won’t charge you?
Companies have a stake in protecting their investments, IP, and bottom line. If blocking a competitor or charging extra for a service can increase profits, companies are going to do so. It’s already happened and there’s no reason to assume it won’t continue.
- US Congress votes on FCC rules: Why your web history could be at risk (TechRepublic)
- Will Net Neutrality be undone? (The 3:59, Ep. 223) (CNET)
- Goodbye net neutrality… Now what? (TechRepublic)
- FCC chairman pitches net neutrality reform to Silicon Valley (CNET)
- The future of net neutrality is now a political waiting game (CBS News)
Who does net neutrality affect?
There isn’t a person, or organization, that uses the internet that isn’t affected by net neutrality. That said, how it affects consumers, ISPs, and content providers is quite different.
Consumers have already seen the effects of net neutrality, or a lack thereof, in cases like AT&T’s blocking of FaceTime calls. Net neutrality regulations would have prevented that case from ever occurring, and if it had, AT&T would have been faced with fines and other penalties.
Content providers could suffer greatly without net neutrality regulations. Netflix’s CEO Reed Hastings famously had a beef with Comcast, which zero-rated its Xfinity streaming app while leaving apps like Hulu, Netflix, and HBO Go’s bandwidth utilization in place.
ISPs, on the other hand, have been generally opposed to net neutrality. They argue it would hamper infrastructure investment and innovation, two common talking points surrounding government regulation. Comcast has stated that it doesn’t engage in throttling, preferential treatment, or zero-rating, yet previous examples in this article speak to the contrary. And just this January AT&T and Verizon were accused of violating net neutrality laws.
It’s all well and good for telecom companies and ISPs to say they protect net neutrality, but their records up until now have been anything but in line with their messages.
- A Trump presidency could mean trouble for net neutrality rules (TechRepublic)
- Federal court to revisit FTC’s throttling case against AT&T (ZDNet)
- Net neutrality solution may be a win-win for ISPs and users (TechRepublic)
- FCC chairman’s net neutrality fix: ‘Clinton-era light touch’ (CNET)
- Internet firms gear up for fight to keep “net neutrality” (CBS News)
- Zero rating poses a conundrum for net neutrality advocates around the world (TechRepublic)
When is net neutrality happening?
The term net neutrality has been around since 2003 when a paper published in the Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law outlined the concept along with describing instances of abuse by telecom companies in the years preceding it.
Since then a lot has happened with net neutrality. In 2004 the FCC outlined internet freedom guidelines in an attempt to control the internet without regulation, but by 2008 it was embroiled in a lawsuit with Comcast over the latter’s throttling of BitTorrent traffic.
In 2010 the FCC passed the FCC Open Internet Order, which codified net neutrality and placed restrictions on ISPs. By 2014 a case with Verizon hampered the FCC’s enforcement authority when the DC Circuit Court ruled in Verizon’s favor, saying that ISPs weren’t classified as common carriers.
Since then there has been a back and forth battle on classifying ISPs under Title II, or alternatively under section 706. The Trump administration’s pick to head the FCC, Ajit Pai, is an opponent of net neutrality and has backed the introduction of a bill before Congress to permanently restrict the FCC’s ability to enforce net neutrality. If passed it will likely be signed into law by President Trump.
The FCC passed a repeal of net neutrality on December 14, 2017, that was challenged in the Senate by the CRA, the passing of which would override the FCC’s decision. The CRA passed in the Senate and went to the House, which did not schedule a vote on the bill prior to the repeal going into effect on June 11, 2018.
- Trump’s FCC announces plans to kill net neutrality (ZDNet)
- FCC gets more than 10 million comments on net neutrality (CNET)
- Facebook pits free internet in India against net neutrality (TechRepublic)
- FCC says DDOS attacks, not net neutrality comments, tied up comments system (ZDNet)
- CIO Jury: More than 50% of CIOs say new US president will impact the future of tech (TechRepublic)
- FCC chairman launches process to reverse net neutrality rules (ZDNet)
- Internet giants roar back against net neutrality teardown (CNET)
How can I get involved in the net neutrality discussion?
With net neutrality laws officially being rolled back as of June 11, 2018, the power to restore net neutrality lies in the hands of the FCC under a democratic president or the passing of the CRA by the House.
That said, the only way to have an effect on the passing, or not passing, of the CRA is to contact your representative and voice your opinion.
Whether you value net neutrality or not this is a major topic and could determine the future of the internet. Make your voice heard.
- Net neutrality redux: The battle for an open net continues (CNET)
- Anti-net neutrality spammers are flooding FCC’s pages with fake comments (ZDNet)
- FCC’s feedback pages are being flooded by bots (CNET)
- Major internet lobbying group urges FCC to keep net neutrality rules (ZDNet)
- John Oliver fans flood FCC website in fight for net neutrality (CBS News)Deschutes County entered the 1930s with 14,749 residents. Not surprisingly, The Great Depression slowed growth in the county, and even halted Deschutes Library’s plan for the first permanent Bend Library building.
Designed by Portland architect A. E. Doyle in 1929, local architect Hugh Thompson redesigned the building to use wood instead of brick to save money, and grants from the Federal Public Works Administration saved the project. The library finally had a permanent home in the spring of 1939. The original library building today serves as the administration building for the library district. It is listed with the National Register of Historic Places and is one of few surviving examples of the Oregon Rustic or National Park Style.
Also in 1939, the Redmond Library received its first permanent home: an 800-square-foot corner of the new City Hall at 6th and Evergreen. Until that time, the library had moved between various tents and rented rooms in Redmond. The Sisters Civic Club also decided it was time to build a proper library in Sisters. The women of the Sisters Civic Club raised funds for construction through card parties and cake walks. Local men donated their labor to construct a 14 x 20 foot building with lumber from the mills, and the Sisters Library officially opened on January 27, 1939.
Despite the Depression, or perhaps inspired by it, major icons of Deschutes history were born in this decade. In 1931, the first Pet Parade was held; in 1933, the Bend Chamber of Commerce brought to life the first Bend Water Pageant; and in 1936 Maren Gribskov and Martha Bechen established and opened the doors of The Pine Tavern. Connections to the wider region were also made in this decade, with construction on a road from Sisters to the summit of Santiam, passing by Suttle Lake, beginning in 1931. By 1936, Santiam Highway provided a modern paved route across the pass to replace the old Santiam Wagon Road.
By 1940, the county population grew to 18,631, with 10,021 and 1,876 in Bend and Redmond.男子伙同按摩女用药物迷倒顾客抢劫
舒方刚伙同做按摩女的女友唐辉，在顾客的咖啡内放入安眠药，待顾客睡着后，伺机盗窃财物。此后，两人又借对方着急要回财物之机，勒索2万元赎金。唐辉在案发后即被抓获，并被判处有期徒刑8年。昨天获悉，舒方刚在逃三年后落，并因抢劫罪和敲诈勒索罪，被市一中院判处有期徒刑8年。
2006年11月初，唐辉在给人做按摩时，认识了60岁的何先生。因想从何先生身上多弄点钱，唐辉便和男友舒方刚商量，决定给何先生下药。
2006年11月5日夜里11点多
<运车公司img src="http://www.agncqnbm.net/u无粘结钢绞线ploads/20171213/zzpic7886.jpg">，唐辉在永兴花园饭店的豪华套间内，让何先生喝下事先放有安眠药的咖啡。待何先生昏睡后，她将对方随身携带的3580元现金和笔记本电脑、及手表拿走。当时，唐辉还给何先生留下一张纸条，称对不起，我是不得已的，我妈妈不能等了。次日下午，唐辉又给何先生打，称可以将电脑还给他，但要2万元的赎金。何先生同意了，并让儿子带着钱从唐辉和舒方刚手中赎回了电脑。
不久后，唐辉被警方抓获，并被判处有期徒刑8年，罚金办公家具厂家8000元。当时，舒方刚逃回湖南老家，在听说唐辉被抓后，他做了假身份证，隐姓埋名。
2009年12月28日夜里11点多，舒方刚在一家酒店内打架闹事被当地警方抓获。舒方刚当时自称叫谢吉夏，警方经过调查发现其身份证有假，舒方刚最终交代真实身份，并表示曾在北京实施抢劫，是北京警方上通缉的逃犯天津公墓。
法院认为，因舒方刚在接受公安机关盘查时，能主动坦白抢劫事实，所以可对他从轻处罚，最终以抢劫罪和敲诈勒索罪，数罪并罚判处他有期徒刑8年，罚金1万元。جانباز آفریقای جنوبی pacer Dale Steyn مطمئن نیستید که آیا T20 جام جهانی برنامه ریزی شده را در استرالیا در ماه اکتبر برگزار خواهد شد یا نه در میان coronavirus شیوع در جهان است.
Steyn انجام شد یک #AskDale جلسه در توییتر و یک فن به پایان رسید تا درخواست در مورد افکار خود را روی قریب الوقوع ICC مسابقات اواخر این سال است.
“است که آن را حتی تو اتفاق می افتد؟” Steyn پاسخ داد.
استرالیا همه طفیلی Glenn Maxwell کرده بود گفت: یک موکول Indian Premier League (IPL) را می توان پشت درهای بسته انجام شده اما آن را نمی خواهد بود آسان به یک T20 جام جهانی بدون فن.
“… آن را به سخت را برای ما به جمعیت. من فکر می کنم اگر لیگ پیش می رود آنها احتمالا می تواند زنده ماندن بدون هیچ گونه جمعیت, اما من نمی توانید ببینید T20 جام جهانی باقی مانده بدون هیچ مردم وجود دارد” ماکسول گفت wta.
“آن را به سخت را برای ما توجیه داشتن یک جام جهانی که ما نمی توانیم مردم را به این زمینه. بنابراین من می توانید ببینید این اتفاق می افتد در آینده نزدیک. ما باید به مراقبت از همه سلامت و تندرستی است.”
Steyn نیز خواسته شد به نام بهترین مورد او دگرگون به خود را در طول نامی حرفه ای.
“همه آنها خوب ای! Ponting شد نخست, Sachin یک دیوار Dravid گیل, KP همه آنها خیلی خوب!” او گفت:.
Steyn نیز گفت: او را هفت برابر هند در ناگپور و شش-حمل و نقل چوگان در برابر پاکستان در Wanderers باقی می ماند یکی از بهترین بازی بولینگ جادوها.
“ناگپور (7 برابر هند) و بولتون (6 برابر پاکستان)” او در پاسخ به یکی دیگر از فن سوال.
در این 36 سال نیز گفت: او حد عالی رساندن مهارت های پخت و پز خود را در طول این مستند در آفریقای جنوبی.
Steyn همچنین برداشت اول خود را تست چوگان به عنوان یکی از به یاد ماندنی ترین.
“یکی از اولین من من حدس می زنم من همیشه فقط به یاد داشته باشید آن را پس از آن برنده است. “من عاشق بازی بولینگ رودخانه زمانی که او در سمت چپ توپ را اغلب آن را از یک مجموعه تا من لذت می برد که من اغلب احمقانه برنامه به پایان رسید تا کار,” او اضافه شده است.
همچنین بخوانید: کتوژنیک رژیم غذایی خوب
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causes of suffering. Each has to be addressed in the provision of comprehensive palliative care, making a multidisciplinary team approach to care a necessity.
Treatment of pain and physical symptoms are addressed first because it is not possible to deal with the psychosocial aspects of care if the patient has unrelieved pain or other distressing physical symptoms.
The various causes of suffering are interdependent and unrecognised or unresolved problems relating to one cause may cause or exacerbate other aspects of suffering
Pain and psychological suffering area inter-related
- Unrelieved pain can cause or aggravate psychosocial problems These psychosocial components of suffering cannot be treated successfully until the pain is relieved
- Pain may be aggravated by unrecognised or untreated psychosocial problems. No amount of well prescribed analgesia will relieve the patient’s pain until the psychosocial problems are addressed
A multidisciplinary/team approach to assessment and treatment is mandatory
- Failure to do this often results in unrelieved pain and unrelieved psychosocial suffering. No one professional can deal with the many problems encountered in palliative care. An integrated team is essential.
Multidisciplinary and Inter professional Teams
Successful palliative care requires attention to all aspects of a patient’s suffering. This requires input or assistance from a range of medical, nursing and allied health personnel—a multidisciplinary approach.
Established palliative care services work as a multidisciplinary or inter professional team
- multidisciplinary is the term that used to be applied to palliative care teams, but if the individuals work independently and there are no regular team meetings, patient care may become fragmented and conflicting information given to patients and families
- inter professional is the term now used for teams that meet on a regular basis to discuss patient care and develop a unified plan of management for each patient, and provide support for other members of the team
- Where palliative care services have not yet been established, it is important for the few professionals providing such care to work as a team, meeting regularly, planning and reviewing care, and supporting each other.
The patient may be considered a ‘member’ of the team (although they do not participate in team meetings), as all treatment must be with their consent, understanding and in accordance with their wishes.
The members of the patient’s family can be considered ‘members’, as they have an important role in the patient’s overall care and their opinions should be included when formulating a plan of management, then fully explained to them.
Volunteers play an important role in many palliative care services. They receive no pay but may be offered expenses. They work in reception, coffee rooms, library, appeals office, flower arranging, Day Unit, transport, charity shops but in most units do not perform ‘hand-on’ role with patients. They work under the direction of a Volunteer Service Manager, a salaried member of the staff.
The ideal core multidisciplinary clinical team consists of:
- Nurses (for both in-patient care and community care)
- Social Worker
- Occupational Therapist
- Chaplain or Pastoral care worker
Very useful, but not essential, are:
- Clinical Psychologist (or visiting liaison psychiatrist)
- Clinical pharmacist
- Music and/or Art TherapistThe dangers of the buffalo hunt by Native Americans in their quest for survival. The wounded bison charges and gores the horse as the rider attempts to hold his ground.
14 ” H x 17″ W x 10″ D
CHIEF LITTLE SHIELD
Chief of the Northern Arapaho, his image has always been associated with the Plains Hotel in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
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CHIEF BLACK EAGLE
To the Native American, the earth symbolizes life, which was theirs to share, but never to own.
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A cowboy’s nightmare, namely a rodeo bull with a cowboy hat crushed under his front hoof and his harness and bell scattered on the ground, with the cowboy nowhere to be seen.
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THE FIRST SNOWFALL
Change is in the air, and the gathering of fire wood marks the beginning of the long winter nights.
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Defiant to the end. Wearing his glittering weapon’s belt decorated with silver conchos, some of them hammered from Mexican and U.S. coins.
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Chief of the Algonquin Nation, respected and revered for the ingenuity and cunning attributed to the grey fox.
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THE THINGS HE KNOWS
A Navajo elder revisiting the memories of his past. His knowledge of past generations is invaluable to his people.
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HAPPIER TIMES – Sold Out
Blackfoot of the Horn Society. When was the last time you saw a Native American with a smile on his face?
INTO THE NEW FRONTIER
A mountain man in his quest of the new world.
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A young mother, moments after giving birth.
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Mule skinners were those who mastered the skills needed to handle mule teams, which were among the first to carry freight into the new frontier.
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ON SACRED GROUND
To the Native American the Earth symbolized life, which was theirs to share but never to own.
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OURS NO MORE
To the Native Americans, there was that point when they realized their way of life was never to be the same.
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A shy Hopi maiden lost in thought.
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Chosen to lead the herd
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A Native American bison hunt required skill, strength and courage
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The golden eagle is sacred to the Native American as the messenger between Heaven and Earth.
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SON OF BUFFALO SOLDIER
A Mandan warrior, whose father was a Buffalo Soldier.
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A Navajo elder rises from the cliff dwellings of the Mesa Verde to retell the history of his people.
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Two massive bulls fighting for dominance of their domain.
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THE LAST SUNRISE
A Pawnee warrior ready to stand his ground for what will become the last time.
18″ H x 14″ W x 10″ D
TRAIL OF THE IRON HORSE
The distant whistle of the smoking iron horse, crossing the ancient buffalo trails, marked the end of an era and the beginning of a new frontier.
27″ H x 26″ W x 20″ D
Winters in the wilderness posed additional challenges for the mountain men of the frontier. Expecting trouble he draws his rifle from its leather sheath.
27″ H x 16″ W x 19″ D
A U.S. Buffalo Soldier
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A Blackfoot shaman, summoned in a dream, is called up to bless and assure victory to whatever awaits his seeker.
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Four Hopi maidens enjoying themselves at the village well.
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WINDS OF CHANGE
Chief Washakie of the Shoshone nation, reflecting on the life of his people that will forever be changed.
37″ H x 15″ W x 7″ D
An elderly Hopi woman on a familiar trail.
23″ H x 13″ W x 10″ DThis section details the many different ways of creating light in Unity.
A point light is located at a point in space and sends light out in all directions equally. The direction of light hitting a surface is the line from the point of contact back to the center of the light object. The intensity diminishes with distance from the light, reaching zero at a specified range. Light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. This is known as ‘inverse square law’ and is similar to how light behaves in the real world.
Point lights are useful for simulating lamps and other local sources of light in a sceneA Scene contains the environments and menus of your game. Think of each unique Scene file as a unique level. In each Scene, you place your environments, obstacles, and decorations, essentially designing and building your game in pieces. More info
See in Glossary. You can also use them to make a spark or explosion illuminate its surroundings in a convincing way.
Like a point light, a spot light has a specified location and range over which the light falls off. However, the spot light is constrained to an angle, resulting in a cone-shaped region of illumination. The center of the cone points in the forward (Z) direction of the light object. Light also diminishes at the edges of the spot light’s cone. Widening the angle increases the width of the cone and with it increases the size of this fade, known as the ‘penumbra’.
Spot lights are generally used for artificial light sources such as flashlights, car headlights and searchlights. With the direction controlled from a script or animation, a moving spot light will illuminate just a small area of the scene and create dramatic lighting effects.
Directional lights are very useful for creating effects such as sunlight in your scenes. Behaving in many ways like the sun, directional lights can be thought of as distant light sources which exist infinitely far away. A directional light does not have any identifiable source position and so the light object can be placed anywhere in the scene. All objects in the scene are illuminated as if the light is always from the same direction. The distance of the light from the target object is not defined and so the light does not diminish.
Directional lights represent large, distant sources that come from a position outside the range of the game world. In a realistic scene, they can be used to simulate the sun or moon. In an abstract game world, they can be a useful way to add convincing shading to objects without exactly specifying where the light is coming from.
By default, every new Unity scene contains a Directional Light. In Unity 5, this is linked to the procedural sky system defined in the Environment Lighting section of the Lighting Panel (Lighting>Scene>Skybox). You can change this behaviour by deleting the default Directional Light and creating a new light or simply by specifying a different GameObject from the ‘Sun’ parameter (Lighting>Scene>Sun).
Rotating the default Directional Light (or ‘Sun’) causes the ‘SkyboxA special type of Material used to represent skies. Usually six-sided. More info
See in Glossary’ to update. With the light angled to the side, parallel to the ground, sunset effects can be achieved. Additionally, pointing the light upwards causes the sky to turn black, as if it were nighttime. With the light angled from above, the sky will resemble daylight. If the Skybox is selected as the ambient source, Ambient Lighting will change in relation to these colors.
An Area Light is defined by a rectangle in space. Light is emitted in all directions uniformly across their surface area, but only from one side of the rectangle. There is no manual control for the range of an Area Light, however intensity will diminish at inverse square of the distance as it travels away from the source. Since the lighting calculation is quite processor-intensive, area lights are not available at runtime and can only be baked into lightmaps.
Since an area light illuminates an object from several different directions at once, the shading tends to be more soft and subtle than the other light types. You might use it to create a realistic street light or a bank of lights close to the player. A small area light can simulate smaller sources of light (such as interior house lighting) but with a more realistic effect than a point light.
Like area lights, emissive materials emit light across their surface area. They contribute to bounced light in your scene and associated properties such as color and intensity can be changed during gameplay. Whilst area lights are not supported by Precomputed Realtime GI, similar soft lighting effects in realtime are still possible using emissive materials.
‘Emission’ is a property of the Standard ShaderA built-in shader for rendering real-world objects such as stone, wood, glass, plastic and metal. Supports a wide range of shader types and combinations. More info
See in Glossary which allows static objects in our scene to emit light. By default the value of ‘Emission’ is set to zero. This means no light will be emitted by objects assigned materials using the Standard Shader.
There is no range value for emissive materials but light emitted will again falloff at a quadratic rate. Emission will only be received by objects marked as ‘Static’ or “LightmapA pre-rendered texture that contains the effects of light sources on static objects in the scene. Lightmaps are overlaid on top of scene geometry to create the effect of lighting. More info
See in Glossary Static’ from the InspectorA Unity window that displays information about the currently selected GameObject, Asset or Project Settings, alowing you to inspect and edit the values. More info
See in Glossary. Similarly, emissive materials applied to non-static, or dynamic geometry such as characters will not contribute to scene lighting.
However, materials with an emission above zero will still appear to glow brightly on-screen even if they are not contributing to scene lighting. This effect can also be produced by selecting ‘None’ from the Standard ShaderA small script that contains the mathematical calculations and algorithms for calculating the Color of each pixel rendered, based on the lighting input and the Material configuration. More info
See in Glossary’s ‘Global Illumination’ Inspector property. Self-illuminating materials like these are a useful way to create effects such as neons or other visible light sources.
Emissive materials only directly affect static geometry in your scene. If you need dynamic, or non-static geometry - such as characters, to pick up light from emissive materials, Light ProbesLight probes store information about how light passes through space in your scene. A collection of light probes arranged within a given space can improve lighting on moving objects and static LOD scenery within that space. More info
See in Glossary must be used.
Ambient light is light that is present all around the scene and doesn’t come from any specific source object. It can be an important contributor to the overall look and brightness of a scene.
Ambient light can be useful in a number of cases, depending upon your chosen art style. An example would be bright, cartoon-style renderingThe process of drawing graphics to the screen (or to a render texture). By default, the main camera in Unity renders its view to the screen. More info
See in Glossary where dark shadows may be undesirable or where lighting is perhaps hand-painted into textures. Ambient light can also be useful if you need to increase the overall brightness of a scene without adjusting individual lights.
Ambient light settings can be found in the Lighting window.
Did you find this page useful? Please give it a rating:Jefferson: The Educator NEH Presentation Series at LSC-CyFair April 17, 2012 Robert O’Brien Professor of History
Jefferson (1743-1826) Overview1743 – born in Albemarle County, at Shadwell, a plantation in Virginia. HMdb.org
Jefferson Overview (1748-1762)• His Education – 1748-1752, private tutors – 1752-1757, boarding school – 1760-1762, attended William & Mary WM.edu
Jefferson Overview (1762-1776)• 1762-67 – studied law under George Wythe.• 1769-76 – member of House of Burgesses for Albemarle County.• 1772 – married Martha Wayles Skelton.
Jefferson Overview (1774-1779)• 1774 – wrote A Summary View of the Rights of British America.• 1775 – elected as a delegate to second Continental Congress.• 1776 – wrote Declaration of Independence.• 1776-79 – served in the Virginia House of Delegates. Wrote important bills on public education and religious freedom.• 1779 – elected governor of Virginia and served for two years. LOC.gov
Jefferson Overview (1781-1789)• 1781-1787 – wrote Notes on the State of Virginia.• 1782 – Martha Jefferson died.• 1783-1784 – Virginia delegate to the Congress under the Articles of Confederation.• 1784-1789 – lived in Europe, serving as minister to France.
Jefferson Overview (1789-1808)• 1789 – French Revolution started. Jefferson returned to U.S.• 1790-1793 – served as Washingtons Secretary of State and rivalry with Alexander Hamilton started.• 1796 – ran for president, but finished second so became vice president to John Adams.• 1800-1801 – Election of 1800 resulted in a tie between Jefferson and Burr; House picked Jefferson.• 1803 – Louisiana Purchase made.• 1804-1806 – Lewis and Clark explored West.• 1804 – reelected president.
Jefferson Overview (1809-1826)• 1809 – Jefferson retired from political life.• 1812 – Correspondence with John Adams resumed.• 1812-1814 – War of 1812 fought against Great Britain.• 1817-1825 – Jefferson created University of Virginia.• 1826 – Jefferson died on July 4.
Jefferson as the Educator• Public Education• Library of Congress• University of Virginia
Jefferson and Public Education• Who is influencing Jefferson and other founders?• What was the mindset of upper class colonists?• Increasing the stakeholders• "Consent of the governed”• Role of citizen and education• How do you create schools?
Jefferson and Public Education• Wrote Bill for More General Diffusion of Knowledge in 1779:At every of those schools shall be taught reading, writing, andcommon arithmetick, and the books which shall be used thereinfor instructing the children to read shall be such as will at thesame time make them acquainted with Græcian, Roman, English,and American history. At these schools all the free children, maleand female, resident within the respective hundred, shall beintitled to receive tuition gratis, for the term of three years, andas much longer
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persons consuming locally grown produce.
Materials and Methods
We recruited a convenience sample of 31 residents living in Imperial County, California, from attendees of a community meeting related to local environmental concerns. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Adult residents who consumed local produce were eligible to participate. We designed a short questionnaire to elicit information on participants' demographic and personal characteristics (e.g., gender, age, weight, and height), smoking history, primary source of drinking water, water filter use in the home, water consumption, and source of produce. We also asked participants to complete a 24-hr dietary recall and a food diary to be completed for the 24-hr study period. All materials were available in Spanish and English. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All human subject protocols were approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's institutional review board. Participants received their individual results from the laboratory tests of urine, produce, and water and were also provided materials to help interpret the results. Group findings were presented at a participant meeting, and a local clinician was available for consultation with participants for any health concerns related to the study.
In addition, participants were asked to collect samples of all drinking water and all local produce consumed during a 24-hr period. Study staff provided standardized containers to participants for collection of all samples. Participants were instructed to collect approximately 2 ounces of each produce sample in a plastic bag. Produce samples were stored in participants' freezers until collected by study staff. Participants were also instructed to collect a 24-hr urine specimen, beginning after the last void of the day. Urine was chilled in coolers or participants' refrigerators during sample collection and transported in coolers by study staff. Total urine volume was measured volumetrically and recorded for each study participant. Urine sample aliquots (5 mL) were removed from the vessels storing the 24-hr urine samples, transferred to Cryovials®, and stored at −20°C at the Imperial County Public Health Laboratory until shipped to CDC on dry ice. Produce samples were shipped to the CDPH FDLB, and water samples were analyzed by the DTSC.
Water samples were analyzed to detect perchlorate by using EPA method 6850 (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) with a detection limit of 1 µg/L. Perchlorate was resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography from the sample matrix, ionized by using negative electrospray ionization, and partially fragmented by mass spectrometry (MS). Perchlorate was further fragmented into daughter ions upon collision with an inert gas and detected by tandem MS using mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios 83 (-ClO3), 85(-37ClO3) and 89(-Cl18O3) . Quantitation and identification of perchlorate were performed by comparing the ratios of the primary perchlorate mass transitions to internal standard mass transitions and by using retention times. Upon positive detection, 2 samples were further analyzed to confirm accuracy and precision. Samples were transferred to a clean centrifuge tube and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 70°C. The samples were then resuspended in 1.0 mL of deionized water.
Produce was analyzed for perchlorate by using ion chromatography-tandem MS . The produce was chopped with a food processor (Robot Coupe USA, Inc., Jackson, MS, USA) until the matrix was homogeneous. A portion of chopped produce (10 g) was transferred to a 50 mL polypropylene tube, and 100 µL of 3.0 µg/mL (300 ng) labeled internal standard was added. This material was acidified by addition of 20 mL of 1% (vol/vol) sodium hydroxide acetic acid, hand-shaken for 2 minutes and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15 minutes. Supernatant (5 mL) was passed through a 500 mg–6 mL Supelclean™ ENVI-Carb™ cartridge (Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA) preconditioned with 6 mL of water by applying vacuum such that the flow rate was approximately 100 µL/second. This extract was filtered through a 0.20 µm PTFE filter and analyzed by ion chromatography-tandem MS using a Waters Quattro micro™ API triple-quad mass spectrometer operating in negative ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The m/z transition from 99 to 83 was primary for quantitating perchlorate, and the m/z transition of 101 to 85 was confirmatory. 18O4-labeled sodium perchlorate (ICON Services, Inc., Summit, NJ, USA) served as internal standard for monitoring the m/z transitions from 107 to 89 and 109 to 91 for quantitation and confirmation, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 1 ng/g. All produce results were reported using the wet weight of the edible portion of produce.
Perchlorate and related anions (thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide) were measured in urine by ion chromatography-tandem MS . Analytes were quantified on the basis of the peak area ratio of mass transitions for analyte to stable isotope-labeled internal standard. Method detection limits were 0.05 µg/L, 0.50 µg/L, 10 µg/L, and 500 µg/L, for perchlorate, iodide, thiocyanate, and nitrate, respectively. Analytic accuracy and precision were tested by concurrent analysis of quality control materials in the same analysis batch as the unknown specimen. Reported results met the accuracy and precision specifications of the quality control and quality assurance program of the Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, CDC . All analytes were detected in all samples with the exception of 4 urine samples that did not contain measurable levels of nitrate; nitrate levels in these two samples were assigned an imputed value of half the detection limit for calculating the geometric mean of the distribution.
Urinary creatinine concentrations were determined by using an automated colorimetric method on a Roche/Hitachi Modular Analytics SWA system (Roche Diagnostics Corp., IN, USA). Creatinine excretion rate (g/24-hr) was calculated by multiplying measured urinary creatinine concentration by the total volume of 24-hr urine collected. The calculated 24-hr creatinine excretion rate was then compared with expected 24-hr creatinine excretion rate based on the study participant age, sex, height, and weight , , according to a formula in which k = 1.93 for males and 1.64 for females:We computed perchlorate dose in urine by multiplying the perchlorate concentration by the 24-hr urine volume and dividing the product by body weight (µg/kg/day). Total iodine intake was estimated by multiplying urine iodide concentration by 24-hr urine volume.
Final perchlorate doses were compared to the U.S. EPA Reference Dose of 0.70 µg/kg/day . We also compared measured perchlorate doses with an “acceptable daily dose” computed based on the current methodology of the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) (C. Steinmaus, personal communication). In its Public Health Goal for Perchlorate, the OEHHA computed the health-protective water concentration for perchlorate as follows:In this formula, BMDL = the lower limit of a one-sided 95% CI of a perchlorate dose that reduces mean thyroidal iodine uptake by 5%; RSC = relative source contribution; BW/WC = the ratio of body weight to tap water consumption rate; and UF = an uncertainty factor of 10 to account for sensitive populations such as pregnant women and infants. Using current OEHHA methodology, we computed an acceptable daily dose (ADD) as follows:Survey questionnaire data were double-entered into Excel speadsheets (Excel version 2003, SP3, Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and then imported into SAS for analysis (SAS version 9.1.3., SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). We calculated geometric means and CIs for perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate, and total iodine intake. For each person, perchlorate concentration was summed for all produce sampled. Total number of servings of dairy products (i.e., milk, yogurt, and ice cream) was also summed for each person. We used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test to compare levels of perchlorate dose by total dairy servings and perchlorate concentration in produce . The perchlorate dose was log-normally distributed, so total servings of dairy and total concentration of perchlorate in produce were regressed on the log-normal perchlorate dose in linear regression models.
The age of participants ranged from 18 to 88, with an average of 41.1 years (Table 1). Among participants, 22.6% had no high school education, 12.9% were high school graduates, and 12.9% had at least a college degree. Almost all (97%) participants were Hispanic, except for 1 non-Hispanic white. Eighty-one percent of participants elected to have the interview conducted in Spanish. Sixty-five percent of the participants were female, none of whom reported being pregnant at the time of the interview. Seventy-five percent of the women were of reproductive age (ages 15–49). Only 1 participant reported being a tobacco smoker. Two respondents reported working in agriculture. When asked to identify the primary source of drinking water in the home, 36% of participants reported bottled water, 23% reported tap water, and the remaining respondents reported various sources, such as well water, delivery truck, and grocery store dispensers. Forty-five percent of participants consumed <25% of their water away from home. Total dairy consumption averaged 1.05 servings per person per day, with a range of 0–5 servings.
Water and Produce Perchlorate Results
Results of water confirmation analyses showed consistency with original, primary sample results. Additionally, method blanks, method standard recoveries, and sample duplicate analyses' results were all within accepted control limits and percentages. Only 2 of 68 water samples had detectable levels of perchlorate (2.4 and 2.5 µg/L perchlorate), both of which were less than half the California regulatory standard of 6 µg/L. Perchlorate levels in the 79 produce samples ranged from nondetectable to 1816 ppb (ng of perchlorate per g of net weight of edible portion) (Table 2). The highest perchlorate levels were detected in nopales (cactus) (maximum of 1398 ppb) and quelites (Mexican greens) (2 samples tested, with levels of 1720 and 1816 ppb, respectively). Many produce categories, such as lettuce, broccoli, grapefruit, tomatoes, watermelon, and corn, had perchlorate levels ≤4 ppb. For 14 samples with perchlorate levels falling below the detection limit, we used an imputed value of half the detection limit. The mean perchlorate level of all produce was 80.8 ppb. Most produce types had too few samples per type to compute a representative average. Among those persons who provided produce (n = 24), the mean perchlorate level in their produce was 266 ppb per person. Produce perchlorate levels were in the range of similar kinds of produce tested by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in nationally representative samples, except for celery and cucumbers, which were higher in our samples, and tomatoes and watermelon, which were lower (Table 2).
The 24-hr creatinine output was normally distributed with a mean of 1.33 g/day (SD = 0.494 g/day). The 24-hr creatinine output was compared with the predicted 24-hr creatinine output to evaluate completeness of urine collection. The average ratio of measured-to-predicted 24-hr creatinine was 1.03, indicating good compliance of the study participants for collecting all urine within the defined 24-hr study period.
Perchlorate concentrations in urine ranged from1.08 µg/L to 32.2 µg/L, with a geometric mean of 6.44 µg/L (Table 3). The 24-hr perchlorate dose in urine ranged from 0.02 to 0.51 µg/kg of body weight/day. The geometric mean perchlorate dose for study participants was 0.11 µg/kg/day (95% CI, 0.08–0.15). Perchlorate concentrations and doses were higher in the Imperial Valley study participants compared to reference values from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
The geometric means for urine levels of thiocyanate and nitrate were 816 and 21,800 µg/g creatinine, respectively, compared to geometric means for the general U. S. population of 1500 and 44,500 µg/g creatinine based on data from NHANES 2001–2002 (Blount, unpublished data). The geometric mean for daily iodine intake was 158 µg/day, which is slightly higher than the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI, 150 µg/day) established by the U.S. FDA . Eighteen participants, including 10 of the 15 women of reproductive age, had daily iodine intakes below 150 µg/day.
When stratifying perchlorate dose by total dairy servings, geometric means of perchlorate dose increased with increasing dairy consumption (Figure 2) (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.24). In a linear regression model on log perchlorate dose, each serving of dairy products was associated with a 24% increase in urine perchlorate levels (p = 0.04; r2 = 0.14). Perchlorate dose in urine showed a similar increase with categories of perchlorate concentration (using natural breaks in perchlorate distribution) in consumed produce (Figure 3) (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.03). Each 10 ppb of perchlorate in produce was associated with a 1% increase in log perchlorate dose (p = 0.09; r2 = 0.13).
In this study of perchlorate exposure among Imperial County residents, we found perchlorate exposure doses that were, on average, 70% higher than the NHANES U.S. reference population (Table 3). Although all study participants had measurable perchlorate levels in their urine, none of the exposure doses exceeded the U.S. EPA reference dose of 0.70 µg/kg/day. We also compared perchlorate exposure estimates with the acceptable daily dose (0.37 µg/kg/day) derived by using current methodology of the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Three study participants had perchlorate exposure dose estimates in excess of this acceptable daily dose. The health implications of this perchlorate exposure are unknown.
The developing fetus is thought to be a particularly sensitive life stage for perchlorate exposure . Measurement of perchlorate in amniotic fluid confirms that perchlorate can cross the placenta . Therefore, we further examined perchlorate exposure in the 48% of our study population who were women of reproductive age. We found that 1 of these women exceeded the acceptable daily dose calculated by using OEHHA methodology. Among the 15 women of reproductive age in our study, 10 (75%) had low iodine intake (below the RDI). Continued perchlorate exposure above the OEHHA threshold among these women could increase their risk of subclinical hypothyroidism, which has been linked to subtle cognitive defects in children. To what degree perchlorate exposure contributes to the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (2%–3%) in women of reproductive age is unknown .
Perchlorate exposure is of health concern because perchlorate inhibits uptake of iodine, which is essential for thyroid function. Thiocyanate (elevated after exposure to cyanide in tobacco smoke, for example) and nitrate may interact with perchlorate in an additive fashion that also inhibits iodine uptake . The levels of thiocyanate and nitrate found in this study were comparable to or lower than levels found previously in other populations . We also evaluated urinary levels of iodine in this population. The geometric mean for iodine was found to be 158 µg/day, indicating a generally adequate intake of iodine. If a person's estimated iodine intake was less than the recommended daily intake of 150 µg/day, then he or she was advised to increase iodine intake through diet or by taking iodine-containing supplements. Additionally, for study participants who chose to add salt to their food, we mentioned iodized salt in small amounts as an effective iodine source.
We did not find that the drinking water samples collected in the 24-hr study period had significant levels of perchlorate. Only 2 samples had detectable levels (>1 µg/L detection limit), and both were below the Maximum Contaminant Limit (6 µg/L) for California. Conversely, we found several samples of produce consumed by participants to have high levels of perchlorate, notably nopales (opuntia cactus) and quelites, with levels exceeding 1700 ppb. These results are consistent with other published measurements of relatively high levels of perchlorate in opuntia cactus . Perchlorate levels in some produce tested, such as cantaloupe, grapefruit, pepper, broccoli, and lemon, are in the same range as levels that have been reported previously , , and others, including watermelon and tomato, had lower levels than previously detected. We found moderate perchlorate contamination in cucumbers (439.8 ppb), similar to previously published results .
Consistent with the scientific literature, we found that perchlorate dose was related to intake of dairy products and produce. Dairy products, fruits and vegetables have been characterized by other scientists as contributing significantly to perchlorate intakes , . In our study we found that each 10 ppb of perchlorate measured in produce was related to a marginally-significant 1% increase in estimated perchlorate dose (p = 0.09). Similarly we found that each serving of milk/dairy products, based on questionnaire data, was associated with a 24% increase in estimated perchlorate dose (p = 0.04). While our regression modeling indicates that dairy consumption and produce perchlorate levels are directly related to estimated perchlorate dose, these models only explained a relatively small amount of the total variance in estimated perchlorate dose in the study population (13–14%). The most plausible explanation of the low relatively R2 of our regression models is that we could not include a variable for the total intake amount of perchlorate from produce (no serving size data) and milk/dairy products (no measurement of perchlorate levels of serving size). Furthermore, the physiological half life of perchlorate in the human body
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فروش هر بشکه نفت در برابر ۳۳ دلار حتی تکافوی پرداخت یارانه های نقدی را به مردم نمی دهد.
با توجه به فروش روزانه یک میلیون بشکه نفت و با قیمت هر بشکه ۳۳ دلار روزانه ۳۳ میلیون دلار درآمد عاید کشور می شود که با ضرب کردن این رقم در دلار رسمی بانک مرکزی هر ماه ۲۹۷۹ میلیارد تومان از محل فروش نفت درآمد عاید کشور می شود.
از سوی دیگر با احتساب حذف ۳ میلیون نفر یارانه بگیر هر ماه باید ۴۵۵۰۰ تومان به حساب ۷۳ میلیون نفر واریز شود که رقمی بالغ بر ۳۳۲۱ میلیارد تومان می شود.
بر این اساس همه پول نفت صرف پرداخت یارانه به مردم می شود و حتی تامین بودجه یارانه های نقدی از محل درآمد نفتی با ۳۴۲ میلیارد تومان کسری مواجه می شود.
از ابتدای پرداخت یارانه نقدی در ۲۸ آذر ۱۳۸۹ طی پنجاه و هفت مرحله بیش از ۲۰۰ هزار میلیارد تومان یارانه پرداخت شده است.
براساس قانون بودجه امسال، سقف منابع توزیع نقدی یارانه ۳۹هزار میلیارد تومان است و دولت موظف بوده حدود ۶میلیون نفر را از مجموع ۷۶میلیون نفری که یارانه دریافت میکنند، حذف کند. تا امروز یارانه نقدی ۳ میلیون نفر از افراد پُردرآمد کشور حذف شده است.
منبع: تسنیمخوب, تو اين قسمت ميخوام يه سري نکات بسيار مهم در مورد "اولين تماس تلفني" با يک فرد رو براتون بگم. بياين فرض کنيم که شما توي يه محلي مثل يه نمايشگاه, تو صف سينما يا تو يه کتابفروشي سر صحبت رو با يه دختري باز کردين و موفق به رد و بدل کردن شماره تلفن شدين. حالا به مهمترين قسمت کار رسيدين, يعني ميخواين بهش زنگ بزنيد تا بيشتر بشناسينش و در نهايت بتونيد ترتيب ملاقاتهاي بعدي رو بدين. نکات خيلي زيادي هست که در مورد تلفن اول بايد رعايت کنيد که براتون به ترتيب ميگم.
اولين نکته اينه که کي زنگ بزنيم؟ فرض کنيم شما زمان خاصي رو براي زنگ زدن مشخص نکردين و مثلا قرار شده که هر وقت تونستين بهش زنگ بزنيد. مهمترين مساله اينه که اکثريت دخترها انتظار دارن که اولين تماس ظرف 24 ساعت برقرار بشه, ولي اگر تماس تو همين زمان برقرار بشه, هيجان خودش رو از دست ميده. بايد حداقل 24 ساعت تحمل کنيد و بعد تماس بگيريد. اما به هيچ وجه نبايد بيشتر از 3 روز يعني 72 ساعت معطل کنيد, چون از تلفن زدن شما نااميد ميشه و يه جور احساس منفي در مورد شما به وجود مياد که تا آخر باقي ميمونه.Parlemento suyunu kestiler
Parlamento sıcak suyu kesti
PARLAMENTO'NUN SICAK SUYUNU KESTİLER
(Bizim evde akıyor !(yHy)
ALMANYA'nın Kuzey Ren Vestfalya Eyalet (NRW) Parlamentosu, yaşanan enerji krizinde sıcak su vanalarını kapattığını açıkladı.
Parlamentoda bulunan 195 milletvekilinin artık soğuk suyla yetinmesi gerektiği bildirildi. NRW Meclis Başkanı Andre Kuper, "Kriz durumunda daha az aydınlatma ile ısınmaya giden uygulamaları yürürlüğe soktuk. Uygulama ofislerdeki su ısıtıcılarının kapatılmasını da kapsıyor" dedi.
ÖTE YANDA...
Çocuk başına 1000 euro enerji desteği talebi geldi.
Muhalefette bulunan CDU/ CSU, enerji fiyatlarındaki rekor artışların aileleri zor durumda bıraktığına dikkat çekti. CDU/CSU, çocuk başına yıllık 1000 euro enerji desteği istedi
Hıristiyan Birlik Partileri (CDU/ CSU) yardımın bu yıl ile gelecek yıl verilmesini talep etti.
CDU/CSU yardımın bekarlar için 30 bin euro, evliler için 60 bin euronun altında geliri olanlara ödenmesini önerdi.
VERGİDEN MUAF OLSUN
YARDIMIN bir defada ve vergiden muaf olarak verilmesini teklif eden CDU/CSU, "Etkili yardım olmadan, artan maliyetler aileleri yoksulluk tuzağına düşürmekle tehdit ediyor" açıklamasını yaptı.
(Profil resim;Hemşin/Hemşin'de sı çok)
Cengiz Parlayan/ YeniyurtHaber/22.9.2022KATHMANDU (AFP).- Two archaeologists had a hunch that the Buddha's birthplace in southern Nepal held secrets that could transform how the world understood the emergence and spread of Buddhism.
Their pursuit would eventually see them excavate the sacred site of Lumbini as monks prayed nearby, leading to the stunning claim that the Buddha was born in the sixth century BC, two centuries earlier than thought.
Veteran Nepalese archaeologist Kosh Prasad Acharya had carried out excavations in Lumbini before in the early 1990s, when Nepal was still ruled by a king and a Maoist insurgency had yet to kick off.
The project ended in 1996 but Acharya remained unsatisfied with the results.
"My belief was that there was another cultural deposit below, which we had not uncovered," the 62-year-old told AFP.
He headed back to his government job in the capital Kathmandu and waited to retire, restless to return to Lumbini.
The Buddha's birthplace was lost and overgrown by jungle before its rediscovery in 1896, when the presence of a third century BC pillar bearing inscriptions allowed historians to identify it as Lumbini.
Since then, it has been designated a UNESCO world heritage site, visited by millions of Buddhists every year, with numbers expected to rise exponentially in the following decades.
Acharya had just retired from his last job, as the director general of the department of archaeology, when UNESCO asked him to co-direct an investigation of Lumbini's foundations.
The cultural organisation asked Acharya and his longtime collaborator, Robin Coningham, Britain's leading South Asian archaeologist, to head a team that would examine the site so conservators could develop it for growing numbers of visitors.
"In 2010, our first year there, we were pretty much the handmaidens to the conservators," Coningham told AFP in a phone interview from his office at Britain's Durham University, which helped fund the UNESCO project.
"The Eureka moment came in 2011, when we came across a brick temple located below the existing Asokan temple, and below that a sort of void.
"It became clear then that there was much more to this excavation."
Over the next two years, archaeologists, geophysicists and hired workmen from Nepal and Britain worked on the site, digging in the presence of meditating monks and nuns.
"It was a very moving, very special experience to dig for traces while pilgrims prayed and paid homage," Acharya said.
They dug for a few weeks each year and sent the samples to laboratories for analysis.
Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence techniques were used to date fragments of charcoal and grains of sand found at the site.
The archaeologists also found holes, apparently meant to secure posts, in the open void below the brick temple.
"The intact holes suggested that whoever had built the brick temple had taken care not to damage the ancient structure below, suggesting the site was always considered holy," Coningham said.
Lab tests confirmed the existence of roots within the void below the brick structure, suggesting it may have been a shrine where a tree once grew, possibly the hardwood sal tree under which many believe the Buddha was born.
The discovery, revealed in November, sparked huge excitement, but some historians have urged caution, saying the ancient tree shrine could have been built by pre-Buddhist believers.
"The worship of trees, often at simple altars, was a ubiquitous feature of ancient Indian religions," Julia Shaw, a lecturer in South Asian archaeology at University College London told National Geographic's online edition.
"It is also possible that what is being described represents an older tree shrine quite disconnected from the worship of the historical Buddha," Shaw added.
According to Coningham, however, if the Buddhists had appropriated the tree shrine from non-Buddhists, the site would not have survived relatively unscathed.
"Also, the inscriptions at Bodhgaya (where the Buddha achieved enlightenment) reveal a thriving culture of tree worship, which suggests continuity," he added.
Much of what is known about the Buddha's life has its origins in oral tradition. The earliest decipherable written records in the region, the inscriptions of India's Buddhist emperor Asoka, are dated about 250 BC.
Prior to this discovery, most scholars said that the Buddha -- who renounced material wealth to embrace and preach a life of non-attachment -- lived during the fourth century BC, founding a religion that now counts 500 million followers.
Buddhists in Nepal and Sri Lanka, however, have always believed that the sage was born around 623 BC, a date that now seems more accurate.
"It's one of the great puzzles, this discovery reveals the endurance of oral traditions," Coningham said.
"This is one of those very rare times when tradition, belief and archaeology all come together."
© 1994-2014 Agence France-PresseArjantin Devlet Başkanı Alberto Fernandez, kürtajın yasallaşması için yasa tasarısı sunacağını söyledi.
Fernandez, Ulusal Kongrenin 138'inci olağan oturumlarının açılışında yaptığı konuşmada, ülkesinde kürtajın 100 yıl önce yasaklandığını fakat bazı durumlarda kadınların hayatını riske atarak gizli yerlerde kürtaj yaptırdığını kaydetti.
Devletin, halkın ve kadınların sağlığını koruması gerektiğine dikkati çeken Fernandez, "Önümüzdeki 10 gün içinde, gebeliğin başlangıcında kürtajın yasal hale getirecek ve kadınların bu kararı almalarının ardından sağlık sistemine erişmesine izin verecek yasa tasarısını sunacağım" şeklinde konuştu.
Fernandez'in konuşma yaptığı sırada Ulusal Kongre binası önünde destek amacıyla gösteri düzenlendi.رسانه نوا – برای هیچ یک از ما این غیر معمول نیست که از رفتار گذشته خود احساس پشیمانی کنیم، و پل مک کارتنی هم از این قاعده مستثنی نیست.
این خواننده سابق گروه بیتلز، به مصاحبه خود با دیلی میل، نسبت به حرف هایی نژادپرستانه ای که بدون فکر در مورد آن و عواقبی که ممکن است در آینده داشته باشد، واکنش نشان داد. او توضیح داد که: «وقتی که من بچه بودم، بدون این که بدانید، نژادپرست بودم. واقعا اتفاق عادی بود که شما از کلمات خاصی استفاده کنید که دیگر امروزه کاربردی ندارند و از آنها اصلا استفاده نمی کنید.»
مانند بسیاری از افراد نسل او، مک کارتنی در نهایت به خطای راه خود پی برد. بخشی از فرآیند بلوغ و روشن فکری به او کمک کرد تا در مورد حقوق بشر و اطلاعات حقوق مدنی بیشتر آگاه شود.
او هم چنین اعتراف کرد: «در طول مسیر پیشرفت، ناگهان متوجه شدیم این افرادی که ما این گونه در مورد آن ها صحبت می کنیم چه حسی خواهد داشت. مثل یک شوخی بین خودمان بود ولی حقایق بسیاری را در برداشت. در مورد خودم، من مردمان سیاه و سکه یک پنی را یکسان می دانستم و از این لفظ استفاده می کردم. مطمئنا تعداد زیادی از مردم هم نسل من از کلماتی که شما هم اکنون استفاده نمی کنید، استفاده می کنند یا می کردند.»
مک کارتنی همچنین در ادامه به دفاع از همکاری اخیر خود با کانیه وست پرداخت. از این که کانیه در متن خود از کلماتی در مورد مردم سیاه پوست استفاده کرد، چیزی نگفت ولی ناراحت می شد. او معتقد بود که کانیه سیاه پوست است و در حال صحبت با هم نوعان خودش است، در نتیجه این حرف ها توهین تلقی نمی شود و مخاطبان هم این مسئله را می دانند.Productivity is projected to outpace demand growth, which implies declining real food prices. This is good news for poor consumers, but will put pressure on farm incomes.
Global food demand follows population growth as per-capita consumption of many food items levels off
Open, transparent and predictable trade is important for global food security – regions experiencing rapid population growth are not those where food production can be increased sustainably
This year's edition focuses on the prospects and challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean
Download the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2019-2028很多接触SuiteCRM的国内用户都会好奇的想问：SuiteCRM是美国的吗？简单回答：SuiteCRM是美国加利福尼亚库比蒂诺软件公司SugarCRM产品的一个分支。
SuiteCRM是一个免费的开源客户关系管理应用程序。开源CRM通常被用作大公司（如Salesforce和Microsoft Dynamics CRM应用程序）专有CRM软件的替代品。SuiteCRM是SugarCRM流行的客户关系管理（CRM）系统的软件分支。当SugarCRM决定停止开发其开源版本时，SuiteCRM项目就开始了。SuiteCRM基本应用程序建立在 null 新的开源SugarCRM版本上。SuiteCRM是SugarCRM的极大扩展版本，其中还包含SugarCRM中没有的许多其他安全修复程序。它 null 初于2013年10月21日作为7.0版发布，并为现有的SugarCRM用户提供了升级途径。
SuiteCRM凭借全球 null 佳的开源CRM 荣获2015年BOSSIE奖和2016 年BOSSIE奖。BOSSIE奖的策展人Infoworld表示：“在不到一年的时间里，SuiteCRM开启了社区，并成为开源CRM的新 null 。” 在过去的8年中，SugarCRM获得了该奖项。
自原始版本以来，SuiteCRM已下载超过80万次。一个由将近90,000个开发人员和合作者组成的社区加入了该项目。它已被NHS（英国国家卫生服务局）的Code4Health 计划采用，该计划旨在促进英格兰NHS中的开源。
SuiteCRM包含SugarCRM社区版的 null 新版本，以及以下其他模块：
- 产品
- 商业机会
- 会议管理
- 发票管理
- PDF模板
- 工作流
- 数据分析
- 报表分析
- 搜索功能
- 大事记
- 谷歌地图
- 权限管理
- 门户网站
- 响应主题
- Outlook插件
- 市场活动
- ……
除了新模块之外，还进行了广泛的BUG 修复，并对核心功能进行了许多增强。自原始项目发布以来，已经进行了50多次更新。维护了六个月的发布周期，并在主要版本之间提供了错误修复和安全版本。
SuiteCRM 全功能，不限用户，3600元/长期使用
SuiteCRM 与 Salesforce 和 Dynamics 一样强大，具有更高的技术独立性和定制性。业务咨询与服务，请联系我们！
我们提供的服务包括：插件开发、主题开发、安装和配置、CRM升级、CRM部署、支持与维护、用户培训…Top 1
精选留言：有生之年能坐上，都算澳洲效率高
超级高铁（Hyperloop）有望在澳建成，届时从墨尔本到班迪哥仅需15分钟，到吉朗只要10分钟，轻松解决澳洲东海岸跨市旅行的问题。
据报道，Hyperloop就是抽空管道内的空气达到真空的状态，子弹列车依靠磁悬浮技术向前行进。据信，这种火车的时速将达到音速水平。
Virgin Hyperloop One公司的代表本星期在墨尔本发表讲话时谈到了该项目，并回答了有关东海岸超级高铁的相关问题。该公司的产品总监Sara Luchian表示，在了解澳洲地理及人口增长模式后，她认为这项技术非常适合澳洲。
她说：“美国9个州都对这项技术十分感兴趣，澳洲也具备修建hyperloop的条件。这里人口密集，房价高昂，城市之间路途遥远。这个技术将极大地改善交通状况。未来20年内，汽车的数量将会大增，所以我们需要这项新技术来应对交通拥堵问题。”
Luchian在墨尔本市中心Mercedes Me举办的“了解未来”活动上发言，只要将长距离的上班时间缩短，人们就可以住在住得起的地方。他们正在寻求完整的监管认证，以便在本世纪20年代末推出该技术。她补充指，不需要等几十年，该技术将于未来几年实现。مدیرعامل فرودگاه حضرت امام خبر داد:
تلاش فرودگاه امام برای جذب بخشی از درآمد پروازهای عبوری
مسکن گزین: مدیرعامل فرودگاه امام خمینی (ره) اظهار داشت: درحال مذاکره با شرکت فرودگاه ها و ناوبری هوایی ایران هستیم تا قسمتی از درآمد پروازهای عبوری به فرودگاه امام داده شود.
محمد مهدی کربلایی در گفتگو با خبرنگار مهر درباره علت توقف بهره برداری از ترمینال سلام اظهار داشت: فعلا خدمات دهی ترمینال سلام را برای کاهش هزینه ها متوقف کرده ایم؛ بخصوص که در زمان بهره برداری، برخی بخش های ترمینال تکمیل نشده ولی به علت اضطرار بهره برداری شده بود.؛ از همین رو از فرصت تعطیلی ترمینال استفاده کردیم و ساخت این بخش ها را تکمیل کردیم.
وی درباره شفاف سازی هزینه های ساخت و ساز ترمینال سلام افزود: سال قبل با شرکت سرمایه گذار جلسات مالی شفاف سازی را هزینه ها و رفع نقصها و معایب را برگزار کردیم؛ درحال شفاف سازی هزینه ها هستیم و بزودی آنرا نهایی و اعلام می نماییم.
مدیرعامل شهر فرودگاهی امام خمینی (ره) در مورد سررسید اقساط تسهیلات ساخت ترمینال سلام و نحوه بازپرداخت آن در زمانی که بهره برداری از این ترمینال صورت نمی گیرد، اظهار داشت: وام ساخت و ساز را شرکت سرمایه گذار از بانک گرفته بود و اقساط آن هم اکنون سررسید شده؛ درحال جمع بندی هستیم تا تشریفات مالی خود با این شرکت سرمایه گذار را نهایی نماییم.
وی در مورد مذاکره شهر فرودگاهی امام خمینی (ره) با شرکت فرودگاه ها و ناوبری هوایی ایران برای دریافت بخشی از درآمدهای پروازهای عبوری، اظهار نمود: به دنبال دریافت درآمدی از بخشی از پروازهای عبوری هستیم و مذاکرات ما با شرکت فرودگاه ها در این
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In seguito a partire dalle Olimpiadi di Atene 2004 la categoria double trap femminile è stata soppressa.Ciao, volevo sapere se è possibile impostare alcune funzioni con i comandi da tastiera delle lettere.
Fin'ora sono riuscito attraverso la combinaziona di Alt o Ctrl + lettera o con F1-F... e se volessi solo la lettera.
Esempio: comando Nascondi/Visualizza -> lettera N
comando Salva -> lettera S
comando Tasca -> lettera T
ecc...
Ho provato, ma invece di attivarsi il tasto, Catia me lo scrive in basso sulla riga di comando
ciaoHome2 Suites Hilton Dover,De是2星级酒店，距NASCAR Dover Downs International Speedway，Christ Episcopal Church及Delaware State Police Museum and Education Center仅1.6千米。 自2014年，它成为了Dover的中心著名的酒店。
酒店距离Dover市中心有1公里。 酒店距离Legislative Hall，Delaware State Visitor Center及Delaware Governor's Mansion (Woodburn)700米。
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主要休闲设施有赌场，室内游泳池和天井。 在酒店提供健身房，健身课程和跑步机。
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现场免费提供公共酒店停车。The most traumatic part of an encounter with a dank vampire is he smokes all of your dank in front of you.
Watch out for the dank vampires!
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Le mail sono inviate da [email protected]. Non ti invieremo mai alcun messaggio di spam.Unfortunately, it is sometimes hard to get students to volunteer, so educators all have their own methods for randomizing the order in which students present or perform other tasks. Do you have students draw numbers from a hat or popsicle sticks from a jar?
I have a fantastic little line method I can do on the board that has both students and other teachers just scratching their heads, but despite how wonderful many of these low tech solutions are, they usually take up more precious class time than some other options out there.
Enter Random.org. I learned of this site from a presentation titled “It’s Okay to Have Fun in the Classroom!” by Jolene Jaquays and Sara Okello from The University of Michigan – Flint. It was one of the recorded sessions from the TESOL convention in Portland, Oregon and I am just getting around to watching some of them now.
Anyway, Random.org is pretty basic. It is completely free and all you have to do is enter a list of under 10,000 items and click randomize. If you have your class list saved, you can randomize the list in class in under 30 seconds. I usually project the screen in class so that students can see how I arrive at the order, and I have not heard any complaints.
It may be a simple thing, but anything that makes your time in class more efficient is worth considering. Do you use any other effective and efficient methods for deciding order?“I’m Your Huckleberry”
One of the greatest lines in history came from Val Kilmer, who played Doc Holliday in the movie “Tombstone”. It’s the climax when Holliday confronts Johnny Ringo, one of the leaders of the Texas Outlaws. Ringo was expecting Wyatt Earp, whom he knew he could defeat in a gunfight. Instead, Holliday came from behind a tree and uttered that memorable line. The instant Ringo saw Holliday, he knew his days were over. Ringo was armed with appropriate information, but a change in his plan adversely affected his outcome.
Custer’s Last Stand
Sticking with the western theme, an example of a leader who didn’t know what he didn’t know was George Armstrong Custer. In June 1876, Custer led his troops to battle at Little Big Horn. He assumed, incorrectly, that his military intelligence and superior technology would quickly overpower the enemy, which would result in an immediate victory. What he didn’t know was that he was outnumbered… EXTREMELY outnumbered. By the time he found out, it was too late. His cavalry suffered one of the biggest defeats in US Military history.
Now let’s talk about a third kind of leader: One who plays the game with his eyes up, like a great point guard on the basketball court. He or she sees the game as it unfolds and knows where their teammates should be positioned every second. They usually aren’t the scoring leaders, but rarely does the team win without them.
“What kind of leader are YOU?” versus “What Kind of Leader ARE you?”
A small shift in emphasis from one word in a sentence to another can change the attitude of the response from an upbeat, positive, team building one to a defensive, self-centered, egotistical one. Your non-verbal response (or reaction) to that question will speak far more loudly than your words.
Don’t get upset for being asked, but which is appropriate for you… The first or second? Or the third?
There’s a lot of instability in the sales world right now. It’s clear from the tone of message boards, forums, e-mails, and business meetings that the ripples in the water are developing whitecaps. While all of the attention is on somehow innovating ways to continue building revenue, there’s an even bigger problem that will potentially cancel out a large number of marketing efforts designed to build brand trust: Employee turnover.
It’s not the 80’s anymore, folks. You can’t expect a terminated employee to remain quiet when you let them go for not meeting the quota you assigned them using your antiquated sales systems. It’s 2016, and they have networks, connections, friends and followers. People “like” them and their online communities reflect their shared, complementary world views. So what happens when they post on their timelines that they just got fired from the job they were enthusiastically posting about getting just two months ago? It’s likely to be “Outrageous!” Even more so are the numbers.
Let’s say you hire, train, and fire 5 people per year and each averages 200 close online contacts across all of their networks. That’s 1000 people per year that no longer hold you or your brand in high esteem: You fired their friend…You now suck. Not only that, guilt by association concludes that your brand and everyone affiliated with your brand now sucks. But wait…we’re STILL not done sucking: The industry with which your brand is affiliated sucks, too. “A thousand people in a one-rep market doesn’t make that much difference”, you say? What if you’re not the only brand OR industry representative in the market? What if there are 20? Or 200? As a group, you are burning through 1000 people per year. Potentially 200,000 of the customers you intended to market your products and services think, you guessed it— that YOU suck. Does that get your attention or are you still not buying it? That’s what I thought.
Here’s what is baffling: Nearly every forum places the blame on the employee for their failure to produce! “It’s that damn (fill-in-the-blank) generation! They just don’t want to work!” Heaven forbid anyone would entertain the possibility that the world around them is changing at the speed of light. I learned years ago that you have to provide employees all of the tools and training necessary for them to succeed or else they will fail. I also learned that you manage things, but you LEAD people. How many true leaders seriously have NO contingency plan when all trends over the last decade have indicated major changes are on the horizon? How is it in the realm of possibility that interrupting people’s lives to initiate a sale is going to work forever? Do DVR’s, disconnected land lines and DNS database usage stats not send a message to anyone else?
The internet’s inherent advantage is that customers can tell brands how they want to be served in real time. Unfortunately, it seems that very few are listening. Instead, enthusiastic people with unlimited potential are being turned off by legacy companies every day because the only tools they are trained to use are obsolete. There’s also a subliminal message being conveyed to great current and future customers: “This brand isn’t equipped to serve you on your terms. You need to get online and build a relationship with one that’s looking to the future instead of living in the past.”
Even the best marketing strategists can’t dig themselves out of that hole.خاطرات حمید داوود آبادی، یکی از رزمندگان سال های جنگ تحمیلی که امروز در عرصه ادبیات و هنر دستی دارد، درباره فضای حاکم بر روزهای سال نو در جبهه و حال و هوای رزمندگان در آغاز سال نو خواندنی است؛ «نامه هایی که به مناسبت دهه فجر و نوروز از پشت جبهه برایمان می آوردند، از خاطرات فراموش نشدنی و جالب بودند. هر وقت مسئول تدارکات برای گرفتن نامه های خانواده ها به بنیاد شهید شهر می رفت، تعدادی از آن نامه ها را هم با خود می آورد. بچه ها بیش از این که منتظر آمدن نامه از خانواده هایشان باشند، برای برنامه های مردمی انتظار می کشیدند که به «نامه های امت حزب الله» معروف بودند و غالباً بچه ها این نامه ها را برای هم می خواندند. گاهی هم اتفاقی فرستنده نامه هم محلی یکی از بچه ها بود که در آن صورت، او جواب نامه را می نوشت. تا چند روز پس از آمدن نامه های امت حزب الله، سرمان گرم پاسخ دادن به آنها بود.排卵试纸强阳生男孩大还是转弱的几率大
对于生育期的一些女性来说，往往会采用排卵试纸来预测自己的排卵期，从而达到优生优育的目的，甚至很多想要男孩的女性也会选择这类方式，那么， 排卵试纸强阳生男孩大还是转弱的几率大?
一般用排卵试纸测到强阳性的话考虑卵子会在24小时到48小时内排出的，那时同房怀孕几率比较大的。在排卵时同房的话可能会增加怀男孩的几率但并不是一定的，男孩女孩都一样的只要宝宝健康就好，要宝宝的话你可以在测到强阳后同房，可以在转弱阳时再同房一次增加怀孕几率的。
、找准做爱时机。受精卵结合前一个月的环境温度，也就是男生与女生在性行为发生前的一个月所处环境的温度，是影响宝宝性别的重要因素。高温环境容易创造男宝宝，低温环境容易创造女宝宝。高温会影响精子的X染色体，让女宝宝不容易出生。低温会影响精子的Y染色体，让男宝宝不容易出生。因此，想生男孩，最好在夏天受孕，想生女孩，则尽量在冬天受孕。
改变酸碱。分别带有X、Y染色体的精子在酸碱值不同的环境里，游动的速度不相同：带有Y染色体的精子在碱性环境中活力较强，而带有X染色体的精子在酸性环境里较为活跃。 所以，如果夫妻俩希望生女孩，可用少量而干净的温开水稀释醋酸之后，冲洗妇女阴道，让阴道呈酸性。反之则生男孩。同房姿势和频率。想生男孩，可以采取站姿或后入式姿势，同房后安静地平躺一会儿，如果想生女孩，不妨试试传教士体位或女上式同房姿势。另外，同房频繁据说可以提高生女孩的几率。
相信大家对于排卵试纸强阳生男孩大还是转弱的几率大的相关知识应该有了进一步的认识，要知道生男孩还是生女孩都是需要符合大自然的规律的，各位朋友最好是顺其自然，不要一味地要求胎儿的性别问题。[摘要]本文从嵇康的《声无哀乐论》谈起，探讨现代影视作品中音乐的特有价值。光、影、音等多种元素结合在一起，既推进了情节的发展，同时也满足了人们的视听之娱。音乐在电影中起着重要的作用，其中就包括对情感的表现。
[关键词]声无哀；电影音乐；表现力
文字，绘画，音乐，舞蹈，对白，动作……都可以是艺术的一种形式，而电影作为一门综合艺术，与科技、文化和技术的发展紧密同步，电影的艺术魅力来自声光各项技术的综合作用，同时更是情节和情绪等多重世事情态的综合展现。一部好的影片一定是各方面都相对完美的，优美的镜头技巧，和谐的灯光效果，恰当的音乐，合理精彩的情节，演员的出色表演都是重要的艺术元素。本文仅试论电影作品中音乐与情感的相互关系。
一、从声无哀乐谈起
嵇康是中国古代历史中一位特殊的人物，对于后世也有着重要的意义。嵇康的一生已经在《世说新语》的包装下走向传奇。在文人群体中，嵇康是他们心中若即若离，涂抹不掉的一份情结，千百年来始终是文人饶有兴致的谈资。作为最早的讨论音乐域情感关系的论作，嵇康的《声无哀乐论》至今仍有着巨大的理论价值。对于研究电影音乐，尤有探讨空间。
嵇康在此文中化身“东野主人”，借他之口表达自己“声无哀乐”的观点。文章一开始“东野主人” 就说：“夫天地合德，万物资生，寒暑代往，五行以成，章为五色，发为五音。音声之作，其犹臭味在于天地之间，其善与不善，虽遭浊乱，其体自若而无变也，岂以爱憎易操，哀乐改度哉。”嵇康认为“音声”是一种自在自为的存在，不以时事之浊乱，不以人之爱憎为转移。声与爱憎哀乐无关，不能引发人的爱憎哀乐之情；爱憎哀乐之情与声无关，人不能通过声表现爱憎哀乐的情感。这正是“声无哀乐”之立论。嵇康进一步用“和声无像而哀心有主”；“至夫哀乐，自以事会先进于心，但因和声以自显发。”分别从声音的表现力及其诉诸听众的效果两方面来阐发自己的“声无哀乐”论。哀乐之心先自有了，听了音乐显发出来，而不是被音乐表现出来的。于是“和声”成了他音乐价值观的全部体现，“夫哀心藏于内遇和声而后发”，只有和声才可以实现显发情感的目的。于是“音声有自然之和而无系于人情”就成为其理论之核心。
但是综观《声无哀乐论》，我们不难见出嵇康的论点有许多自相矛盾之处，在音乐与情感的关系中，嵇康似乎竭力想要证明音乐无关乎情感，并且这一立论正如前所述，得到了明晰的论证。然而作为精通音乐，并且在实际生活中与音乐为伴的嵇康却在不经意间不自觉地流露出“声音和比，感人之最深者也。”的感慨。这当然与嵇康反对“俗儒妄记”，反对他们把音乐神秘化，赋予音乐太多的政治教化色彩的观念有关。所以他似乎是先有了论点然后为之佐证，当然就不免矛盾。然而问题关键还是在于，嵇康没有音、声区别的概念，《乐记》说“声成文，谓之音。”，从而把“声”、“音”作了明确的区分，“音”是音乐的音，是艺术范畴的音。嵇康还不能把声音和音乐做很好的界定和区分，两者混为一谈就自然出现问题。于是在嵇康看来，声无哀乐，音乐无关乎人情，而人在听到音乐时产生的一系列情感只是因为音乐的引导和显发，而不是音乐本身具有表现力。
但是这一论点似乎遭到越来越多人的质疑，尤其在视听媒介日益发达的今天，人们可以花费高昂的门票去听一场音乐会、交响乐，同时音乐也被广泛地运用到其他艺术领域，并且成为其中非常重要的一种元素，这不能不说音乐自身其实具有极强的表现力。从电影兴起之初人们就竭力使之从无声走向有声，当电影有了声音之后，音乐就成了它最好的伴侣，并且在其间发挥的作用日益重要。在今天的一些成功的影视作品中，几乎可以说每一个音阶都在演戏。
二、从实例看音乐的表演
音乐是影视作品中不可忽视一个重要的艺术元素，甚至在许多经典影片问世以后，电影音乐随之流行，因获得独立的生命力而广为流传。中国电影《刘三姐》、《阿诗玛》、《不见不散》，美国电影《绿野仙综》、《保镖》、《泰坦尼克号》等众多影片中的主题音乐至今还为人们传唱不已。甚至一直以来就有一种电影样式——音乐剧，其中音乐是整个电影的看点，并且可以推动情节的发展和行进。西方的《卡门》、《猫》都是被搬上荧屏的经典音乐剧，中国2006 年上演的《如果·爱》也是音乐剧在中国电影中一次有效的运用。由此可见音乐之于电影确实是有着不容置疑的作用。甚至可以说，在这些经典影片中，每一个音阶都在演戏。
美国电影《阿甘正传》是一部堪称经典的影片，成就经典的是影片制作团队对每个细节的重视。在这部影片中出现了多达三十一首歌曲，动人的音乐贯穿始终，然而我们今天看来也一点不觉得它在“滥用”，因为整个影片中音乐的设置可谓匠心独运。电影插曲在影片中的作用大致可分为四类：烘托情景气氛；调整剧情节奏；强化人物形象；表达作者和人物的感情。《阿甘正传》中音乐的设置似乎四者兼有，并且还更胜甚一筹。伴随着腿有
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来表达说话人的无奈。比如你听到马云说了这句话，有何感想：
我想，这里可以用“I’m speechless.”，或者“I have nothing to say.” 来表达你的心情，即“我很无语”。
第三种情况
“我服了你”有时表达真心佩服，尤其是佩服那种让你大开眼界、脑洞大开的操作。
- You blow me away.
你让我脑洞大开/你深深地打动了我。
- I am overwhelmed.
我被震撼到了。
- I am really amazed by you.
我被你震惊了。
- That’s very impressive.
真的令我印象深刻。Ok, so this isn’t the same as our usual tips. But recently I was involved in an animal models project that led me to this resource on genomic pathology. The deeper I got into this animal model project, the more clear it became that a tremendous amount of genomic data is coming that is going to be great–but it will need to be paired with appropriate histology and pathology for a more complete understanding of the genomic biology.
All these model organism projects–knockout mice or rats, mutant mice for cancer studies for example, inbred lines with specific characteristics and genomic regions like the Collaborative Cross, treated animals–need quality pathology assessments. There are phenotyping projects like Europhenome being done on large sets of animals, and they require not only standardized descriptions and ontologies, but also image samples and evaluations. In an age where we all scan around at all this software looking at genes and genomic regions, we have to have pathology data as well. And that data will also need to be standardized and stored in appropriate database resources for researchers to find and examine. I recently heard Dr. Robert Cardiff talk about his work on Pathobiology of the Mouse and how crucial it is to capture the information in a standardized and searchable ways. He’s one of the drivers of this project, and fully understands the needs in this arena.
More people should be trained in pathology to examine these animals. So during this project I was impressed to find out about an online learning project that could be helpful for people who need to understand the foundations of animal research and be introduced to important aspects of pathology. This project has won an award for Outstanding Distance Learning (May 25). So as a public service in genomics I point you to this UC Davis project.
You can have a look at the background and goals for this from the Center for Genomic Pathology site. From there you can click the navigation for UCD Information Session to get a taste of their course, or click on my image above. It’s a nice effort.
We have no relationships with UC Davis or this online learning project–we just thought it was a valuable and important component to genomics and wanted to talk about it.Lost in the shuffle of the current global pandemic, the CDC in March released a study causing the organization to increase their estimate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence to one in 54 children. This changes the CDC’s previous prevalence estimate of 1 in 59 children, which was released in 2018.
Dr. Benjamin Black, director of medical services at the Thompson Center believes this change shows the need for increased autism resources around the country.
“The increase in autism spectrum disorder prevalence to 1 in 54 children is important, and highlights the continued need for resources to be devoted to this area,” Dr. Black said. “However, equally important is the disparities that this study noted geographically and across socioeconomic groups. The Thompson Center strives to be a leader in challenging these disparities through its educational, research, and clinical care programs.”
Dr. Connie Brooks, head of the clinical psychology department at the Thompson Center, believes this change is important as it highlights previously underrepresented groups in the autism evaluation process.
“The increase in the ASD prevalence rate seems to indicate that autism specialists are doing a good job in identifying children with autism, particularly with the new data indicating similar prevalence rates for black and Asian/Pacific Islander children. The results also suggest, however, that we still have to work to do, especially in improving identification of Hispanic children as well as with earlier diagnosis of Black children. I’m proud that the Thompson Center continues to focus on health disparities in our training and clinical work to reduce these differences.”
The Thompson Center has performed more than 700 autism diagnostic evaluations in the last year. While many families remain on the waiting list to receive an evaluation, the Thompson Center continues to search for ways to increase how many families we can serve each year.یکی از آهنگسازانی که همچنان در چرخش های من ظاهر می شود، فابریزیو پاترلینی ساکن مانتوا (شمال ایتالیا) است. قطعات پیانوی او از سال 2010 که Fragments Found بود، من را مسحور کرد، که متعاقباً در لیست بهترین های سال Headphone Commute، Music For Watching The Snow Slowly Fall In The Moonlight، جایگاهی کسب کرد. این آلبوم بعداً بسته بندی مجدد شد و همراه با انتشار پاترلینی در سال 2009، Viandanze، به عنوان یک مجموعه دیسک دوبل منتشر شد. در اواخر سپتامبر 2011، پاترلینی تصمیم گرفت فصل پاییز را با نوشتن یک قطعه در هفته جشن بگیرد و سپس آن را به صورت آنلاین با فالوورهای خود به اشتراک بگذارد. این پروژه به مدت 14 هفته ادامه یافت و به پاترلینی این امکان را داد که حالات الهام گرفته از تصاویر و صداهای فصل را بررسی کند. آهنگهای حاصل در داستانهای پاییز جمعآوری شدهاند و نتیجه آن آلبومی فوقالعاده، پر از صداقت، هماهنگی و روح است. پیانوهای ظریف پاترلینی با تارهای کوارتت لوتوس همراهی می شود و موسیقی مملو از مالیخولیا، غم و اندوه ماتم انگیز و درد دل را به تصویر می کشد. پاترلینی میگوید: «ساخت موسیقی مالیخولیایی به من احساس بهتری میدهد». ما را هم بهتر می کند فابریزیو… پس ادامه بده! به شدت برای طرفداران داستین اوهالوران، نیلز فرام، گلدموند، نوار کتابخانه و مکس ریشتر توصیه می شود.
متوجه میشوم که به سمت فضیلت، سادگی و زیبایی که فقط در موسیقی پیانو میتوان یافت. دانلود نت پیانوی یکی از بهترین آثار این آهنگساز در ادامه این پست برای شما دوستان هنرمند
پسورد فایل : گزارش خرابی لینکتوضیحات
کتاب فرهنگ روانشناسی و روانپزشکی به تالیف فرهاد منصف در نشر دانشیار به چاپ رسیده است.
کتاب حاضر شامل 21 هزار واژه روان شناسی، روان پزشکی و بعضی زمینه های وابسته است که از این تعداد 3 هزار واژه یا برای اولین مرتبه معادل یابی شده و یا برای نخستین بار وارد واژه نامه روان شناسی – روان پزشکی می شود. هر چند این سه هزار واژه به جز چند استثناء، هیچ کدام معنای خود ساخته از سوی مولف ندارد و همه آنها با در نظر گرفتن روح معنایی واژگان روان شناسی – روان پزشکی و با توجه به معادل ها و برابر نهاده های رایج، معادل یابی شده است.
در این مجموعه گردآورنده مبادرت به انتخاب و برابرگزینی معادل هایی کرده است که هم معنای روان شناختی دارد و هم در جامعه زبانی کشور متداول تر است و ذهن خواننده و محقق با آن مأنوس تر و آشناتر می باشد.
از آنجایی که بعضی واژه ها تنها یک برابر نهاده ندارد و یا نیاز به توضیح دارد، در برابر آنها جمله “ر.ک. فرهنگ توصیفی” بکار برده است تا خواننده معنی آن را در فرهنگ های توصیفی دنبال کند.
در مورد اصطلاحات مشترک پزشکی و روان شناختی، تنها اصطلاحاتی معادل یابی شده اند که با واژه های روان شناسی مربوط و مشترک می باشند مثل واژه “auditory” و مبحث گوش و چشم.
همچنین در مورد بعضی از واژه هایی که چندین معنا دارند بستگی به کلمه قبل و یا بعد از آن می توان معادل مناسب را انتخاب کرد. مثل “ assimilative illusion “
کتاب فرهنگ روانشناسی و روانپزشکی به تالیف فرهاد منصف در انتشارت دانشیار به چاپ رسیده است.
تامین محتوا: تحربربه فروشگاه اینترنتی کتابانهThere may be times when you wonder why your energy levels are so low or why you’ve been feeling more fatigued than usual. Often it’s a result of simply not drinking enough water.
Since the human body is about 70 percent water, it only makes sense that water intake is key for maintaining optimal energy on a daily basis. Sufficient hydration is crucial to every physiological action that takes place in your body. Water is involved in the digestion of food, helps lubricate joints, is a carrier of nutrients to cells, affects hormone regulation and is the main component of blood.
Proper water intake is also a key component of weight loss. Fat metabolism simply does not occur at an optimal rate when we are chronically dehydrated.
Even when it comes to exercise performance, the importance of water is often forgotten. Much of our attention is focused on finding the right foods for fueling our workouts. But inadequate hydration can hinder exercise performance as well.
And you can’t rely on thirst as an indicator. If you wait until you are thirsty to rehydrate, you have already lost 1-2 percent of your body weight, which results in a decrease in performance and loss of mental focus and clarity. This is primarily due to a reduction in cardiovascular output, metabolic reactions and an increase in core temperature since water is the body’s coolant during exercise.
Needless to say, maintaining hydration can be a real difference maker when it comes to exercise performance. Outlined below are tips and specific guidelines for proper daily water intake and throughout the workout spectrum (pre-, post- and during).
Current research from the Institute of Medicine found that the average water loss per day was nine cups for women and 13 cups for men, which is the minimum daily recommendation for each sex, respectively. If you’re active, then you need more.
Eating your fruits and vegetables will supplement that daily minimum. Some 19 percent of our fluid intake also comes from food (approximately 4 cups on average). Fruits and vegetables are water-dense foods and are great for getting additional hydration. Plus, they are packed with nutrients, high in fiber and low in calories, which can aid in weight loss as well. Here are some of the most water-packed foods you should add:
▪ Squash (cooked): 94 pecent
▪ Cantaloupe: 90 percent
▪ Oranges: 87 percent
▪ Apples: 86 percent
▪ Pears: 84 percent
By “pre-hydrating,” you will ensure that you begin physical activity adequately hydrated and with normal electrolyte levels. As a general rule, aim for 16 ounces 30 minutes prior to exercise.
Remember, if you wait until you are thirsty, then your performance has already suffered. Aiming for 6-12 ounces every 15-30 minutes will match the rate of fluid loss under most circumstances. Also, most sport beverages that contain a low concentration (6-8 percent) of carbohydrates and electrolytes can be even more beneficial for longer or more intense workouts since they help to maintain sufficient energy and electrolyte levels in addition to just water.
After a workout, fluid intake is necessary to aid in recovery since losses in both carbohydrates and sodium hinder the process of rehydration. As a general rule, 24 ounces right after a workout or, more specifically, 24 ounces per pound of body weight loss.
Beat the Heat
Increases in temperature naturally increase the rate of fluid loss in the body. At a minimum you should increase your intake by 16 ounces a day once the weather gets significantly warmer. In some cases, daily fluid needs could be as much as double as normal. Monitoring your weight changes throughout the day and pre- and post-workout can serve as an effective gauge as well.
Jason Wanlass, the owner of Champion Fitness Training in Meridian, has more than 20 years of experience in the fitness industry. Contact him at [email protected] or championfit.net. He writes a monthly fitness column.در شهر سویا اسپانیا از باقیمانده محصول پرتقال برق تولید میشود. از آب این میوه متان گرفته میشود تا در نیروگاههای برق استفاده شود. یک تن پرتقال میتواند برق مصرفی روزانه ۵ خانه را تامین کند. برنامه بعدی در این شهر استفاده از این روش برای تامین انرژی در حمل و نقل شهری است.Güncel teklif:
31 Mart 2020 tarihine kadar bir eBay Mastercard® hesabı açın ve hesabın açılmasından sonraki 30 gün içinde eBay'e 150 ABD Doları veya daha fazla harcama yaptığınızda 30 ABD doları tutarında ikramiye kredisi kazanın.
Bu Kredi Kartı Kimler İçin En İyisidir?
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İyi bir pazarlık içinde en iyi ürünleri ve lezzetleri özenle arar. Daha fazla kart görün.
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İstedikleri ve ihtiyaç duydukları şeyleri satın alırken bütçelerine bağlı kalmaya öncelik verir. Daha fazla kart görün.
Hevesli bir eBay müşterisi değilseniz, bu kart muhtemelen sizin için değildir. Karta başvurmak için bir eBay hesabına ihtiyacınız olmasının yanı sıra, ödül puanlarınız yalnızca platformda kullanılabilir ve en yüksek kazanç oranları eBay satın alımları için ayrılmıştır. Belki de kart için en uygun olanı eBay'de bir yan konser veya hobi olarak satın alan ve satan biri olacaktır.
Benzin istasyonları gibi kategorilerde daha fazla esneklik ve daha iyi kazanç potansiyeli arıyorsanız, restoranlar ve marketler, diğer geri ödeme ve ödül kartları ile daha iyi yapabilirsiniz.
EBay satın alımlarında iyi ödüller
Sınırlı ödeme seçenekleri
Düşük puan değeri
Artıları Açıklandı
- EBay satın alımlarında iyi ödüller: EBay'de çok fazla alışveriş yaparsanız, özellikle yıl için 1.000 dolara ulaştığınızda ve kazanç oranı 1 $ başına 1 ila 5 puan başına 3 puandan artarsa, puanlar gerçekten toplanabilir.
Eksileri Açıklaması
- Sınırlı ödeme seçenekleri: Puanlarınızı yalnızca gelecekteki eBay satın alımlarında kullanabilirsiniz. Diğer bazı kartlardan farklı olarak, nakit para ya da hediye kartlarını kullanamazsınız.
- Düşük puan değeri: Diğer birçok ödül kartıyla aldığınız puan başına yüzde 1'in altında olan The Balance’ın değerlemesine göre, kazandığınız her puan sadece 0,67 sent değerindedir.
Kayıt bonusu
EBay Mastercard'daki kayıt bonusu sadece sınırlı bir süre içindir. 31 Mart 2020'ye kadar hesabı açmanız ve 30 $ bonus e-kredi için 30 gün içinde eBay'e 150 $ harcamanız gerekiyor. Diğer pek çok ödül kartı bir kayıt bonusu kazanmak için (daha yüksek olsalar da olsa) daha uzun bir süre daha yüksek bir harcama gerektirdiğinden, kötü bir anlaşma değil, ancak hızlı bir şekilde harekete geçmelisiniz.
Puan ve Ödül Kazanma
Bir takvim yılında eBay'e harcanan ilk 1000 ABD Doları için harcanan her 1 ABD Doları için 3 puan kazanın. Bundan sonra, kazancınız yılın geri kalanında dolar başına 5 puana yükselir. Ayrıca benzin istasyonları, restoranlar ve marketlerde 1 $ başına 2 puan ve diğer tüm alışverişlerde 1 puan alırsınız.
EBay'deki uluslararası alımlar ve ABD doları cinsinden yapılmayan alımlar, harcanan 1 ABD doları başına 1 puan kazanacak ve 1.000 ABD Doları eşiğine dahil edilmeyecektir.
Ödüllerden Yararlanma
Puanlarınızı eBay'de satın alımlar ile ilgili vergiler ve nakliye ücretleri için kullanabilirsiniz. 1.500 kazanana kadar puanları kullanamazsınız. Bundan sonra, ödeme sırasında 1 cent kadar bile olsa puanlarınızı herhangi bir miktarda uygulayabilirsiniz.
EBay ödül oranları güçlü görünse de, her 1.500 puanın eBay satın alımlarında 10 $ indirim anlamına geldiğini unutmayın. Bu, her noktanın sadece 0,67 sent değerinde olduğu anlamına gelir.
Yıl için eBay satın alımlarında 2.000 ABD doları harcadığınızı varsayalım ki bu size 8.000 puan kazandırır. Gaz, yemek ve marketlere (diğer bonus kategorileri) 2.000 $ daha harcarsanız, bu da 4.000 puan demektir. Hep birlikte, harcadığınız 4.000 $, 80 $ veya% 2 geri değerinde 12.000 puan kazanacaktır.
Bir eBay hayranı değilseniz, bakkal, gaz veya yemek konusunda daha yüksek ödüller sunan ve ayrıca puan başına 1 sent veya daha yüksek bir itfa değerine sahip olabilecek diğer kartları düşünün. Genellikle bir markayla bağlantısı olmayan kartların genellikle daha esnek ödeme seçenekleri de vardır.
Eğer kullanmadıysanız ödül puanlarının süresi 24 ay içinde dolar. Puanlarınızın süresi, kartı kullanmamanızdan 12 ay sonra veya eBay kullanıcı hesabınız kapalıysa da sona erer.
Karttan En İyi Nasıl Yararlanılır
Büyük eBay harcamaları için, bu kartı platformdaki tüm işlemler için kullanmak, gelecekteki alışverişlerinizde tasarruf etmenize yardımcı olabilecek puanlar kazanmanın en iyi yoludur. Yıllık 1000 dolarlık harcama eşiğini ne kadar erken karşılarsanız, 1 dolar başına 5 puan kazanmaya o kadar çabuk başlarsınız.
Ancak bu eşiğe ulaştığınızda, aydan aya bir denge taşımaktan kaçının. The Balance’ın devam eden verilerine göre, bu kartla sunulan faiz oranları, tüm kredi kartları için ortalamadan ortalamaya göre yüzde 8'in üzerinde. kredi kartı faiz oranlarının analizi.
Bir eBay düzenli değilseniz, genel bir geri ödeme veya ödül kartı kullanarak eBay dışı harcamalarda neredeyse kesinlikle daha iyi
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يد به مقاله آني بوريه، "تولد موفقيت آميز يک دولت در تيمور"، لوموند ديپلماتيک، ژوئن ۲۰۰۲1944年6月6日（D日），盟军发动了诺曼底登陆战役，是迄今为止已知的最大规模的空军和海军舰队协同进攻。斯大林曾给丘吉尔写信评价道：“这是整个战争史上从来不曾出现过的壮举。”诺曼底之战使整个二战战略态势发生了根本性转折，也极大程度上决定了美国和欧洲此后的关系，并奠定了二战后世界的整体格局。 本书对诺曼底战役策划内幕和激战过程进行了详细的记录，震撼人心地再现了计划缜密、天衣无缝的欺敌行动，盟军破译德军密码系统，准确掌握了德军在诺曼底地区的防御配系和兵力部署情况，法国抵抗组织的敌后活动，盟国之间的复杂关系，密谋推翻希特勒的七月阴谋……最终获得巨大成功。本书以战争中的真实人性打动了无数读者，是 “一部战争史上永远无法超越的经典杰作”。 在2009年，本书荣登美国、英国、法国、西班牙、意大利等国家畅销书排行榜第一名。Açıklama
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Çocukların duygusal gelişimlerini güçlendirmek ve pekiştirmek amacıyla hazırlanan Duygu Kabukları Serisi’nin bu ilk kitabı, sevimli bir kaplumbağanın yaşadıklarından yola çıkarak kaygı duygusu ve bununla baş etme yöntemlerini akıcı ve eğlenceli bir dille ele alıyor.
Serinin diğer kitapları: Hayalkırıklığı, Heyecan, Korku, Öfke ve Kıskançlık.يک تلگرام ديپلماتيک که در وبسايت ويکی ليکس متشر شده است از افزايش انتقال محموله های هروئين از ايران به مقصد اروپا خبر می دهد.
روزنامه نروژی آفتن پستن هفته گذشته اين تلگرام را منتشر کرد که ظاهرا متعلق به يک مقام دفتر مواد مخدر سازمان ملل متحد در باکو است.
اين تلگرام می گويد توقيف هروئين آماده عرضه به بازار در آذربايجان از ۲۰ کيلوگرم در سال ۲۰۰۶، به ۵۹۰۰۰ کيلوگرم در سه ماهه اول سال ۲۰۰۹ افزايش يافته است.
در تلگرام ديپلماتيک، ايران، به عنوان مبدأ ۹۵ درصد از اين مواد مخدر ذکر شده است و روزنامه آلمانی دی ولتور روز يکشنبه جزئيات آن را چاپ کرد.
اين مدارک به نقل از يک مقام سازمان ملل متحد می گويد حدود ۸۵ درصد از محموله های هروئين، از طريق زمينی و ۱۵ درصد باقی مانده از طريق دريايی، از ايران وارد آذربايجان می شود.
مسئولان همکاری آذربايجان و ايران در مبارزه با مواد مخدر را صرفا مصنوعی توصيف کرده اند.
اين در حالی است که رسانه های رسمی ايرانی روز دوشنبه از هزينه صدها ميليون دلار در راه مبارزه با قاچاق مواد مخدر از کشورهای همسايه، بويژه افغانستان خبر دادند.
جمهوری اسلامی، نهادهای بين المللی، از جمله سازمان ملل متحد را به کمک به ايران در اين راه، فراخوانده است.纽约港务局巴士总站地铁站爆炸后，一名男子被拘留。 – 法新社照片
纽约：周一早上高峰期间，一名携带管式炸弹的男子在纽约地铁拥挤的通道中引爆，严重受伤，但另外三人受轻伤
纽约市长比尔·德·布拉西奥（Bill de Blasio）称这次爆炸是“企图进行的恐怖袭击”，并确定了27岁的阿卡耶德·乌拉赫（Akayed Ullah）
爆炸发生在纽约港务局巴士总站的地铁站上午高峰时段，离城市标志性的时代广场不远，引发了通勤者的恐慌和旅行中断
随着调查的继续，地铁列车绕过港务局和时代广场站
轰炸机被羁押并送到医院，并在他的身体上烧伤。
爆炸震撼了911袭击事件中仍然留下的一座城市，10月31日发生卡车袭击，造成8人死亡，死在自行车道上
“这是纽约。实际情况是，我们是许多谁想发表反对民主，反对自由的目标，“纽约州州长安德鲁·科莫告诉记者。
“这是一个企图的恐怖袭击，”市长比尔·德·布拉西奥补充说。 “感谢上帝没有实现他的最终目标。”
纽约警方专员詹姆斯·奥尼尔（James O'Neill）说，这名二十七岁的嫌犯曾将爆炸装置（类似于一个粗管炸弹）绑在他的身上。他遭受了手和腹部的烧伤以及其他伤害。
在社交媒体上流传的照片显示，这名男子双手背在背后，躯干受伤。
前纽约警察局长比尔·布拉顿（Bill Bratton）告诉MSNBC电视台，他曾被告知，嫌疑人原来是来自孟加拉国，可能是以伊斯兰国家集团的名义行事的
警方迅速撤离了港务局，关闭了该地区的道路，这些道路上充满了警车和救护车，灯光闪闪
白宫发言人萨拉·赫卡比·桑德斯（Sarah Huckabee Sanders）在Twitter上写道，唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）总统被告知爆炸事件。
– “我们最糟糕的噩梦之一” –
这座城市始终处于恐怖袭击的目标之中，在假期之前处于高度戒备状态，每年都会在时代广场举行除夕庆祝活动，每年都有数十万狂欢者参加。
10月31日，来自乌兹别克斯坦的移民Sayfullo Saipov开着一辆租来的卡车，沿着繁忙的自行车和人行道行驶，造成8人死亡，12人受伤。
这是自9/11以来在纽约发生的第一起致命的恐怖袭击事件，尽管之后几个地块被打乱了
周一的袭击事件突显了纽约市最大的弱点 – 地下交通系统。
库莫说：
地铁站里的一枚炸弹“在很多方面是我们最糟糕的噩梦之一”
“我们港口有自由女神像，这使我们成为国际目标。我们明白，“他补充说。 -AFP
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阅读更多Il Libano è ostaggio da sempre di influenze straniere, e oggi, ormai indipendente, non riesce a liberarsene per esercitare appieno la propria sovranità. Vera e propria cassa di risonanza del conflitto israelo-palestinese e della guerra in Siria, il Libano è al centro del duello tra i due giganti della regione mediorientale: l’Iran e l’Arabia Saudita.Coğrafi İşaret Nedir?
Coğrafi işaret tescili, belirli bir coğrafi kökene sahip olan ve bu kökene bağlı olarak nitelikleri veya itibarı olan ürünlerde kullanılan bir işarettir. Coğrafi işaret tesciline başvurabilmek için, bir ürünün belirli bir yerde ortaya çıkan olarak tanımlanması gerekir. Ek olarak, ürünün nitelikleri, özellikleri veya itibarı, esasen menşei yeri nedeniyle olmalıdır. Nitelikler coğrafi üretim yerine bağlı olduğundan, ürün ile orijinal üretim yeri arasında açık bir bağlantı vardır.
Coğrafi İşaret Tescili Hangi Hakları Sağlar?
Coğrafi işaret hakkı, ürünü geçerli standartlara uymayan üçüncü bir şahıs tarafından kullanılmasını önlemek için cağrafi işareti kullanma hakkına sahip olanlara izin verir. Örneğin, Hatay künefesi coğrafi işaretinin korunduğu bölgelerde, Hatay künefesi üreticileri, Hatay künefesinde kullanılmayan malzemeleri kullanması, farklı şekillerde üretmeye kalkması veya uygulama kurallarında belirtilen standartlara uygun olarak üretmemesi durumunda Hatay künefesi teriminin kullanılmasını yasaklayabilir. Bununla birlikte, korunan bir coğrafi işaret, sahibinin bir kimsenin bu endikasyon standartlarında belirtilen tekniklerle aynı ürünü kullanarak bir ürün yapmasını engellemesini sağlamaz.
Coğrafi İşaret Tescili Başvurusu
Coğrafi bir göstergeye karşı koruma, genellikle göstergeyi oluşturan işaret üzerinde bir hak edinerek elde edilir. Coğrafi işaretler genellikle tarım ürünleri, gıda maddeleri, şarap ve alkollü içecekler, el sanatları ve endüstriyel ürünler için kullanılır. Coğrafi işaretler bir ürünü “markalaştırmaya” yardımcı olur ve onu pazardaki diğer ürünlerden farklılaştırır. Tüketicilere, ürünün orijinal olduğundan ve menşei nedeniyle belirli özelliklere sahip olduğunu garanti eder. Tipik olarak bir coğrafi işaret, ürünün kaynaklandığı yer adıdır. Diğer fikri mülkiyet haklarının çoğundan farklı olarak, coğrafi işaretler toplu haklardır. Ticari markada olduğu gibi “sahip” yoktur. Coğrafi işaretin kullanımını düzenleyen hükümlere uyan herkes kullanma hakkına sahiptir.متقاعدکردن موفقیت آمیز یک تهیه کننده، به سختی متقاعدکردن یک سرمایه گذار نیست
شاید حتی فکر پخش شدن تصویرتان از تلویزیون وحشتناک و دلهره آور به نظر برسد. اگر در صحبت در میان جمع راحت نیستید، اگر از نظر اجتماعی مشکل دارید، یا از قرارگرفتن در روبروی دوربین وحشت زده می شوید (مثلا به نفس نفس زدن می افتید)، در اینصورت احتمالا بهتر است که از تبلیغات چاپی و رسانه های اینترنتی استفاده کنید. اما اگر از تصور قرارگرفتن در قاب تلویزیون مضطرب و هیجان زده شده اید، در اینصورت به خواندن این مطلب ادامه بدهید.
پیداکردن یک رابط مناسب روابط عمومی در تلویزیون (مثلا یک تهیه کننده یا گزارشگر ویژه) می تواند کار دشواری باشد. هر برنامه تلویزیونی، تهیه کنندگان و گزارشگران متعدد مخصوص به خودش را دارد (مثلا تهیه کننده مجموعه، تهیه کننده بخش ها و مواردی از این قبیل)، بنابراین لازم است با فردی که از همه مناسب تر است تماس بگیرید. از طریق سایت های اینترنتی شبکه ها می توانید تهیه کنندگانی که برنامه ها و بخش های مختلف برنامه ها را تحت پوشش می دهند را پیدا کنید.
به علاوه، می توانید تیتراژ برنامه را ضبط کنید و بعدا آن را بررسی کنید. اگر نتوانستید تهیه کننده یا گزارشگر ویژه مناسبی را پیدا کنید، در اینصورت می توانید با شبکه ها تماس گرفته و سراغ تهیه کننده یا گزارشگری را بگیرید که بخشی که با تخصص یا برند شما هماهنگ است را پوشش می دهد.
- نوشتن متن معرفی
متن شما باید حاوی ایده خاصی برای یک داستان یا بخش باشد. به خاطر داشته باشید که این متن را در مورد شخصیت خود نمی نویسید (هنگامی که مشهور شدید، شرایط تغییر خواهد کرد. اما فعلا سادگی را حفظ کنید). همانظور که احتمالا می دانید، بهترین متن ها برای معرفی، متن هایی هستند که رویدادهای جاری و آخرین گرایش ها را نیز مورد توجه قرار می دهند.
- عنوان
برای اینکه عنوان متن شما توجه تهیه کننده را به خود جلب کند، باید بسیار جذاب باشد و با مقتضیات زمانی نیز هماهنگ باشد. تهیه کنندگان همه روزه درخواست های متعددی را دریافت می کنند، بنابراین درخواست شما باید متمایز باشد. به علاوه، عنوان شما باید این ویژگیها را هم داشته باشد:
- در ۱۲ کلمه یا کمتر خلاصه شده باشد
- نام و حوزه فعالیت برندی که معرفی می کنید را در آن گنجانده باشید
- بدنه متن
در اینجا باید اطمینان پیدا کنید که ایمیلی که ارسال می کنید، نشان می دهد که مخاطبین برنامه مورد نظر را می شناسید و می دانید که چه چیزهایی برای آنها سرگرم کننده است. در این رابطه، به نکات زیر توجه کنید:
می توانید در مقدمه معرفی خود یک زیرعنوان کوتاه اضافه کنید تا اطلاعات بیشتری را به خواننده ارائه کرده باشید.
تهیه کننده یا گزارشگر مورد نظر خود را با احترام خطاب کنید. اطمینان پیدا کنید که نام آنها را درست می نویسید. در غیر اینصورت، مقصد متن شما جایی جز سطل زباله نخواهد بود.
بدنه متن شما باید چیزی نزدیک به ۲۰۰ کلمه باشد. اطمینان پیدا کنید که پنج تا هفت نکته برای گفتگوی بعدی را نیز در متن می گنجانید (منظور مواردی است که در مصاحبه به آسانی می توانید درباره آنها صحبت کنید. این موارد با فهرست هایی که معمولا برای معرفی یک محصول یا خدمات ذکر می شود متفاوت است.)
قانون طلایی در رابطه با معرفی در تلویزیون این است که کمتر، بهتر است. معرفی شما باید جالب، کوتاه و دقیق و نافذ باشد. اگر چشم تهیه کننده به سرعت از روی متن شما عبور کرد، بازی تمام است. پس از پایان بدنه معرفی، یک بخش ۲۰۰ کلمه ای (یا کمتر) را به بیوگرافی خود اختصاص بدهید. با گنجاندن دستاوردها و توانمندی های خود در متن، به خواننده اجازه بدهید تا شما را بیشتر بشناسد. افزودن اطلاعات تماس را فراموش نکنید.
و بالاخره، حتما باید یک کلیپ ویدیویی را نیز ضمیمه کنید تا رسانه مورد نظر بتواند ببیند که شما چه کسی هستید و ظاهرتان در تلویزیون چگونه خواهد بود. تهیه کنندگان شما را در برابر دوربین قرار نخواهند داد، مگر اینکه به وضوح ببینند که در تلویزیون راحت هستید و طبیعی رفتار می کنید. اگر کلیپ ویدیویی ندارید، می توانید یک ویدیو از یک سخنرانی، جلسه آموزشی یا نوع مرتبط دیگری از کلیپ ویدیویی را ضمیمه کنید.
- پس از معرفی
مشابه با معرفی در اینترنت و متن چاپی، اگر در عرض چند روز پاسخی دریافت نکردید، با یک ایمیل اوضاع و احوال را جویا شوید. در صورتی که باز هم پاسخی دریافت نکردید، پیش از آنکه به سراغ یک برنامه دیگر بروید می توانید یک یا دوبار دیگر نیز ایمیل ارسال کنید.
اگر انتخاب شدید، اطمینان پیدا کنید که سر موقع در محل حاضر می شوید، ضمناً با همه رفتار خوبی داشته باشید – مِن جمله مسئول پذیرش، کارآموزان و حتی آبدارچی. اگر بدانید که چه تعداد از مردم شانس خود برای گرفتن یک قرار ملاقات مجدد را فقط با بی احترامی نسبت به کارکنان مجموعه نابود می کنند تعجب خواهید کرد.
به علاوه، کمی وقت بگذارید و پس از هر مصاحبه، یک یادداشت تشکرآمیز ارسال کنید. این حرکت های کوچک می توانند تاثیر قابل توجهی در پذیرش یا فراهم شدن یک وقت مصاحبه اضافی دیگر داشته باشند.
entrepreneur这些数据背后有一个对比结果，即“星地量子密钥”的传输效率，比传统的技术——也就是同等距离地面光纤信道，要高出20个数量级，即提升万亿亿倍。第四次工业革命的到来，正使得人们的生产生活悄然发生嬗变……所谓第四次工业革命，即以智能化为核心，以人工智能、物联网等技术为代表的新工业革命。与之相比，052C型驱逐舰要更先进一些，配备是国产H/LJG-346型主动相控阵雷达，垂发单元仍然为48个，分为8组，每组6个单元，舰岛前方有6组，后有2组。而且它在油耗、价格上完胜1.8的水平，以至于我甚至怀疑1.8的存在意义。Henry Ford Quotes
People can have the Model T in any color - so long as it's black.
Remark about Model T made in 1909 according to autobiography. Ford was forced to introduce a choice of colors in 1925.
Some day the ethics of business will be universally recognized, and in that day business will be seen to be the oldest and most useful of all the professions.
My Life and Work (1922)
As long as we look to legislation to cure poverty or to abolish special privilege we are going to see poverty spread and special privilege grow.
My Life and Work
Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently. There is no disgrace in honest failure; there is disgrace in fearing to fail.
My Life and Work
The highest use of capital is not to make more money, but to make money do more for the betterment of life.
My Life And Work
Business is never so good and sound and healthy as when, like a chicken, it must do a certain amount of scratching for what it gets.
Ford Ideals (1922). The book was comprised of a selection from "Mr. Ford's Page" in The Dearborn Independent.
The only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make today.
Chicago Tribune, May 25, 1916
I believe God is managing affairs and that He doesn't need any advice from me. With God in charge, I believe everything will work out for the best in the end. So what is there to worry about.
When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off against the wind, not with it.
If there is any great secret of success in life, it lies in the ability to put yourself in the other person’s place and to see things from his point of view-as well as your own.
Money doesn’t change men, it merely unmasks them. If a man is naturally selfish or arrogant or greedy, the money brings that out, that is all.
Old men are always advising young men to save money. That is bad advice. Don’t save every nickel. Invest in yourself. I never saved a dollar until I was forty years old.
The cure for materialism is to have enough for everybody and to share. When people are sure of having what they need they cease to think about
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lio di una corrente catodica, si provoca una diminuzione del potenziale. Con questo valore (<-850mV), denominato potenziale di protezione catodica, si arresta praticamente il processo elettrochimico della corrosione; la velocità di corrosione si riduce pertanto a un valore trascurabile, pari a meno di dieci micrometri l'anno.
Gli impianti di protezione catodica delle condotte contro la corrosione sono controllati dall'IFO a ritmo triennale (cosiddetto controllo dell'efficacia operativa). In questa occasione sono fissati anche i valori di regolazione e i valori limite che devono essere raggiunti nel quadro dei controlli della funzionalità periodici effettuati dall'esercente.Ogni misurazione si conclude con la compilazione di un rapporto di controllo.
Fine zona contenutoنمایندگان مجلس شورای اسلامی به طرح استیضاح وزیر اقتصاد رای موافق دادند.
بررسی طرح استیضاح مسعود کرباسیان وزیر امور اقتصادی و دارایی در دستور کار جلسه علنی روز یکشنبه مجلس شورای اسلامی قرار داشت که پس از اظهارات نمایندگان متقاضی استیضاح و دفاعیات وزیر، نمایندگان با ۱۳۷ رای موافق، ۱۲۱ رای مخالف و ۲ رای ممتنع از مجموع ۲۶۰ نماینده با استیضاح وزیر اقتصاد موافقت کردند.
استیضاح کرباسیان در ۱۷ محور و با ۳۳ امضاء تقدیم هیئت رئیسه مجلس شده بود و موضوعاتی شامل عدم شفافیت در اقتصاد کشور، مشکلات ناشی از نوسانات نرخ ارز و نابسامانی در نظام بانکی را در بر می گرفت.
علی لاریجانی رئیس مجلس پس از اعلام نتیجه آرا گفت: امیدواریم آقای کرباسیان در مسندهای دیگر توفیق های بیشتری داشته باشد.
به گزارش ایسنا، گفتنی است دو هفته قبل نیز نمایندگان با رای موافق به استیضاح علی ربیعی وزیر تعاون کار و رفاه اجتماعی، وی را برکنار کردند.5热度
名称：通讯术
类别：普通魔法
需求：较低魔力，材料，仪式
描述：该法术需要施法者预先利用各种植物，动物干尸等物品炼制出魔药之蒸汽熏染自身，这样施法者即会进入一种恍惚状态，精神在现实与神秘层界之间不停穿梭，直至寻找到想要联系之人，此时事先被附魔的布制品便会如同被隐形之人敷在面部一般悬浮在半空中，承载施法者想要联系之人的意志/精神。
评价：描述多为脑补。
标签：魔法 翡翠城Diplomata nel 2005 al Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, Sara Tosti ha lavorato in teatro, in televisione e in numerosi cortometraggi. Al cinema la troviamo per la prima volta nel film Giulia non esce la sera di Giuseppe Piccioni e più tardi recita anche in Viaggio sola di Maria Sole Tognazzi. Nel 2013 è protagonista dell'esordio cinematografico di Ciro De Caro Spaghetti Story.Ayrık nizam parsellerinin bulunduğu bölgede imar durumunun izin verdiği ölçüde yapı boyutları belirlendi. Yapı ebat ve kat adetlerinin sınırlı olması nedeniyle tasarım açısından net bir dikdörtgen form tercih edildi.
Açık bir kuzey-doğu manzarasının olması tasarımda veri olarak kullanıldı. Yolun karşısında bulunan park yapının daha geniş açıdan algılanmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Yapı parsele yerleştirilirken güneyinde bulunan binadan uzaklaştırılarak, kuzeye ve arkaya doğru çekildi, Türkocağı caddesinden daha görünür hale getirildi. Elde edilen alan giriş ve otopark olarak değerlendirildi.نماینده ویژه ایالات متحده در امور ایران در وزارت خارجه آمریکا در نخستین واکنش به گزارش تحقیقی رویترز درباره دستور علی خامنهای رهبر جمهوری اسلامی ایران در کشتار حدود ۱۵۰۰ معترض گفت که جامعه جهانی باید خاطیان این کشتار را منزوی کند.
حساب توئیتری وزارت خارجه آمریکا روز دوشنبه ۲ دی با انعکاس نظر برایان هوک، به نقل از او نوشت: گزارش رویترز در مورد دستور خامنهای به کشتار نشانهای از اضطرار برای جامعه جهانی است که خاطیان را مجازات کرده و رژیم را برای کشتن یک هزار و ۵۰۰ شهروند ایرانی منزوی کند.
پیشتر، روز دوشنبه رویترز در گزارشی از کشته شدن حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر در اعتراضات آبانماه در ایران خبر داد و به نقل از سه منبع نزدیک به رهبر جمهوری اسلامی نوشت که خامنه ای به مقامات دولتی و امنیتی دستور داده بود برای متوقف کردن اعتراضات «هر کاری لازم است» انجام دهند.
همچنین، ریک اسکات، نماینده جمهوریخواه ایالت فلوریدا در مجلس سنای آمریکا، در واکنش به گزارش ویژه رویترز در مورد کشته شدن ۱۵۰۰ تن از مردم ایران به دستور مستقیم علی خامنهای گفت که مردم ایران فریادی برای آزادی از اهریمن سردادهاند.
خبرگزاری رویترز روز دوشنبه دوم دی ماه و در گزارشی ویژه به نقل از سه منبع وزارت کشور در ایران نوشت که علی خامنه ای، رهبر جمهوری اسلامی چند روز پس از اعتراضات سراسری در ایران در ماه گذشته «بیقرار شده بود» و با جمع کردن مقامات ارشد امنیتی و دولتی خود، دستور داد که «هر کاری لازم است برای متوقف کردن آنها انجام دهید.»
رویترز شرح این دستور را از سوی سه منبع نزدیک به محفل خامنهای و یک مقام چهارم گزارش داده و نوشته است که این دستور «خونینترین سرکوب معترضان از زمان انقلاب اسلامی در سال ۱۹۷۹ » را در پی داشته است.
بنابر این گزارش در حدود کمتر از دو هفته ناآرامی در ایران که از ۱۵ نوامبر(۲۴ آبان ماه) آغاز شد، «حدود۱۵۰۰ نفر کشته شدند. تعداد تلفات، که توسط سه مقام وزارت کشور ایران به رویترز داده شده است ، شامل حداقل ۱۷ نوجوان و حدود ۴۰۰ زن و همچنین برخی از اعضای نیروهای امنیتی» است.
در گزارش رویترز کشته شدن یک پسر ۱۶ ساله با اصابت گلوله در یکی از شهرهای غربی ایران نیز شرح داده شده است.
رویترز نوشت که این آمار ارائه شده به این خبرگزاری «براساس اطلاعات جمعآوری شده از نیروهای امنیتی، عزاداریها، بیمارستانها و پزشکی قانونی» بدست آمده است.
پیش از این برایان هوک نماینده ویژه آمریکا در امور ایران گفته بود که از آغاز اعتراضات ایران شاید ۱۰۰۰ نفر کشته شده باشند؛ ولی رژیم ایران اجازه اطلاعرسانی دقیق نمیدهد.
آماری که رویترز ارائه داده است بیشتر از آماری است که از سوی گروههای حقوق بشری و ایالات متحده گزارش شده بود. سازمان عفو بین الملل در آخرین گزارش خود آمار کشته شدگان اعتراضات آبان ماه را ۳۰۴ نفر اعلام کرد.
با گذشت بیش از چندین هفته از اعتراضات آبان ماه هنوز مقامات حکومت ایران آمار دقیقی از کشته شدگان و زخمیهای این اعتراضات ارائه ندادهاند.
دستور خامنه ای برای «متوقف کردن اعتراضات» چه بود؟
رویترز به نقل از سه منبع نزدیک به خامنه ای نوشت که، در این جلسه « رهبر ۸۰ ساله که حرف آخر را در مورد همه امور ایالتی در کشور دارد، صدای خود را بلند کرد و از نوع برخورد با ناآرامیها انتقاد کرد. او همچنین از سوزاندن تصویر خود و تخریب مجسمه بنیانگذار فقید جمهوری اسلامی، آیت الله روحالله خمینی، خشمگین شد.»
رویترز نوشت که در جلسه ای که آن شب در «اقامتگاه رسمی» خامنه ای در یک مجتمع حفاظت شده در مرکز تهران برگزار شده است، «مقامات ارشد از جمله معاونان امنیتی، حسن روحانی، رئیسجمهور، و اعضای کابینه» حضور داشتهاند.
بنابر گزارش رویترز یکی از این منابع این خبرگزاری از خامنه ای در این جلسه نقل کرد که «جمهوری اسلامی در خطر است. هر کاری میتوانید بکنید تا جلوی آن را بگیرید. شما دستور من را دارید. »
در ادامه این گزارش آمده است که خامنه ای در این جلسه در صورت متوقف نکردن اعتراضات مقامات حاضر را « مسئول عواقب اعتراضات» دانسته بود.
یکی از منابع به رویترز گفت «دشمنان میخواستند جمهوری اسلامی را سرنگون کنند و نیاز به واکنش سریع بود.»
رویترز به نقل از یک مقام چهارم نیز درباره جلسه ۲۶ آبان ماه نوشت که خامنه ای به صراحت گفت که تظاهرات «نیاز به پاسخی قوی دارد.»
این سه منبع به رویترز گفتند «خامنهای نسبت به این اعتراضات به ویژه در شهرهای کوچک و طبقه کارگر که پایگاه اصلی قدرت رای دهی به جمهوری اسلامی محسوب می شود، خشمگین و نگران بوده است.»
در پی افزایش ناگهانی قیمت بنزین، ایران شاهد اعتراضات گسترده مردم علیه جمهوری اسلامی بود. روز جمعه ۲۴ آبان ماه پس از انتشار ناگهانی خبر گرانی بنزین، در شهرهای مختلف ایران صورت گرفت و تنها یک روز بعد از آغاز اعتراضات، جمهوری اسلامی شنبه شب ۲۵ آبان اینترنت را تقریبا به طور کامل قطع کرد.
پرزیدنت دونالد ترامپ نیز روز سهشنبه ۱۲ آذر بار دیگر به برخوردها دولت ایران با مردم معترض واکنش نشان داد و در حاشیه گردهمایی سران کشورهای عضو ناتو گفت: «این بسیار تاسفبار است که معترضان در ایران فقط به دلیل این که اعتراض کردهاند، کشته شدند.»
رئیس جمهوری آمریکا در حاشیه این گردهمایی چند بار به موضوع معترضان ایران و حمایت آمریکا از مردم ایران اشاره کرد و گفت: «معترضان در ایران به دنبال آزادی هستند و ما به طور کامل از آنها حمایت میکنیم.»
منبع مطلب وبسایت صدای آمریکا است.绕组短路是指由于电源电压过高、电流过大、绕组受潮和受振动磨损、修理嵌线时不慎把导线外层的绝缘物擦破等原因使线圈导线绝缘损坏造成的两铜线直接碰撞，使得电流不经过负荷而直接构成了回路。
发生电机匝间短路，会有以下现象：
1)被短路的线圈中将流过很大的环流(常达正常电流的2---10倍)，使线圈严重发热;
2)三相电流不平衡，电动机转矩降低;
3)产生杂音;
4)短路严重时，电动机不能带负载起动。
匝间短路在刚开始时，可能只有两根导线因交叠处绝缘磨坏而接触。
由于短路线匝内产生环流，使线圈迅速发热，进一步损坏邻近导线的绝缘，使短路的匝数不断增多、故障扩大。
(l)局部修理。因为绕组的端部暴露在定子铁芯外面，受到机械碰撞的机会相对多一些。因此，单层绕组若发生相间短路故障.肯定是端部相间绝缘损坏。这时，把有故障的线圈加热软化，趁热撬动线圈，将绝缘损坏的导线重新包好绝缘，并把相间绝缘塞人有故障的两组线圈之间即可。
匝间短路也是端部出现的机会多，如果短路故障不太严重时，可以把导线包以绝缘，刷上绝缘漆，烘干后将其紧贴线圈即可。若端部绝缘套管和绕组引线绝缘损坏引起短路，只要把损坏的地方重新包以绝缘，捆绑好即可。
双层电机绕组相间短路除了端接部;洲绝缘损坏以外，还有可能是层间绝缘损坏造成的。这时需加热故障线圈，趁热打出槽楔，小心扒出上层线圈，根据情况对导线进行绝缘处理后，再在槽中垫上新的层间绝缘，然后把上层边线圈小心放人槽中，封好槽纸，打上槽楔，故障即可排除。
(2)更换线圈。若线圈匝间短路严重，必须更换新的线圈。
(3)跨接修理法。若电机急需使用，可采用跨接法切除短路故障线圈，但必须把短路线圈端部剪断并包好绝缘，以免产生短路电流。
(4)穿绕修理法。若某个线圈绕组匝间短路严重，而线圈又是由单根较粗的漆包线绕制的，为了避免损坏其他线圈，还可以用穿绕修理法来更换该短路线圈。
第一步，先将绕组加热使绝缘软化，并把故障线圈的槽楔打出。
第二步，剪断故障线圈的端部，用钳子把故障线圈的导线一根一根拽出来。
第三步。清理定子槽空间，用一层聚酷薄膜复合青壳纸卷成圆简，插人槽内构成新的指绝缘。
第四步，用规格相同的新导线一匝一匝地穿绕在两个定子槽中，穿绕的匝数和故障线圈的匝数必须相等，当穿绕最后几匝比较困难时，可用光滑尖头的钢针(把自行车圈上的钢丝磨光)事先透一透，挤出导线的空间，然后引导导线穿绕过去。
第五步，封槽口，打人槽楔，整理端部，接线、刷绝缘漆、烘干。
以上就是青海精广电机修理厂为大家带来的有关青海电机修理厂：直流电机绕组短路故障的修理的信息分享，欢迎大家在我们的网站上留言，评论，我们会尽最大的努力，做的更好！本文出自：青海精广电机修理有限公司，如需转载请注明出处Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Greenhouse theory has at its foundation a special group of trace gases and molecules and together these gases are claimed to be the only to absorb infrared radiation. The assumption the remaining gases nitrogen and oxygen do not absorb or emit infrared radiation’ presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute 0 0Kelvin radiates IR photons. In this study the role of thermoelectrics to determine the ‘infrared atmosphere’ was investigated. It was hypothesised current greenhouse theory has misinterpreted the special greenhouse gases (CO2 etc.) for the thermoelectric gases as they and their spectra ‘modes’ are only detected by thermoelectric transducers. It was concluded the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really the thermoelectric gases, detected only by receiving thermo-electric transducers. ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectra modes with electric dipoles and not Raman modes. All Blackbody radiation theory is determined from thermoelectrics alone and requires revision in light of modern Raman laser Spectroscopy. From this thermoelectric understanding in conjunction with modern Raman Spectroscopy, it was concluded current greenhouse theory is incomplete and misconceived – all of the atmosphere radiates IR radiation in compliance of the said laws; the only thing separating the gases are the instruments detecting them.
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You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful.Suppose we wish to invest $14,000. We have identified four investment opportunities. Investment 1 requires an investment of $5,000 and has a present value (a time-discounted value) of $8,000; investment 2 requires $7,000 and has a value of $11,000; investment 3 requires $4,000 and has a value of $6,000; and investment 4 requires $3,000 and has a value of $4,000. Into which investments should we place our money so as to maximize our total present value?
As in linear programming, our first step is to decide on our variables. This can be much more difficult in integer programming because there are very clever ways to use integrality restrictions. In this case, we will use a 0-1 variable for each investment. If is 1 then we will make investment j. If it is 0, we will not make the investment. This leads to the 0-1 programming problem:
Now, a straightforward ``bang for buck'' suggests that investment 1 is the best choice. In fact, ignoring integrality constraints, the optimal linear programming solution is , , , for a value of $22,000. Unfortunately, this solution is not integral. Rounding down to 0 gives a feasible solution with a value of $19,000. There is a better integer solution, however, of , for a value of $21,000. This example shows that rounding does not necessarily give an optimal value.
There are a number of additional constraints we might want to add. For instance, consider the following constraints:
All of these, and many more logical restrictions, can be enforced using 0-1 variables. In these cases, the constraints are:Eşcinsel olduğu gerekçesiyle Naziler tarafından toplama kamplarına götürülen ‘Pembe Üçgen’in hayatta kalan son temsilcisi Rudolf Brazda, Fransa’da hayatını kaybetti.
Brazda, eşcinsel olduğu için Hitler döneminde sürgün edilen kişilerden biriydi. Eşcinseller, Nazi rejiminin baskı ve soykırımlarına sadece cinsel yönelimlerinden dolayı maruz kaldılar. Naziler eşcinselliği, ırkın devamı önünde tehlikeli bir salgın olarak görüyorlardı. Naziler tarafından toplama kamplarına konulan eşcinsel erkeklere Pembe Üçgen takılıyordu. Eşcinsel kadınlar ise Siyah Üçgen takmak zorunda bırakılmıştı.
Toplama kamplarında
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0 | 2 | 0 |
. türk hava kuvvetleri 1980'lerin sonunda f-16'ya geçerek yeni bir çağa adım atmıştı. hava kuvvetleri'nden emekli subay/astsubay tanığınız varsa sorun, f-100 ve f-104 zamanında yapılan tayyarecilik nasıldı, f-16 geldikten sonra hava kuvvetleri tepeden tırnağa nasıl dönüştü size anlatsınlar. eğer f-35 alımı gerçekleşirse hava kuvvetlerimiz için yeni bir çağ başlayacak. ancak bu alım tüm hava gücünün f-35'e göre tasarlanması yerine belli sayıda f-35 alımı ile sınırlı olmalı. çünkü uçağın görev planlaması ve lojistik sistemi bizim gibi ülkeler için son derece riskli. en fazla iki filo yani toplam 50 uçakla 5. nesil jet uçağına geçiş, f-4'lerden boşalacak filoya yunanistan'ın mirage 2000 ile yaptığı gibi jas-39 gripen alınması, kendi 5. nesil uçağımızı yapmaya son sürat devam etmek en akılcı yaklaşım.
f-35 askeri havacılığa getirdiği yeniliklerle çok önemli bir uçak. ancak hala gelişim aşamasında. bu yüzden kendisinden beklenenlere derhal cevap verebilmesi hemen mümkün değil. örneğin üstteki yazar norveç hava kuvvetleri'nin f-35 uçaklarındaki dragchute denilen fren paraşütlerinin sağlıklı çalışmadığını paylaşmış. bu fren paraşütü sadece norveç uçaklarında bulunuyor. nedeni de norveç'in buz tutan pistlerinde uçağın frenleme performansını artırmak. norveç uçaklarına eklenen bir parçayla uçaklara fren paraşütü kazandırılmış. mühendisler bu problemi çözeceklerdir.
biraz uzun oldu ama f-35 uçağının askeri havacılığa getirdiği yenilikler ve 21. yy'da askeri havacılığın nereye evrileceğini anlatmaya çalıştım. odtü'den cahit çıray hoca geleceğin insansız hava araçlarında olduğunu bu nedenle f-35'e karşı çıktığını söylüyor. kendisine tamamen katılmakla birlikte, insansız uçaklar için biraz daha zamana ihtiyaç duyulduğunu, uçakların bir müddet daha pilotlar tarafından uçurulması gerekeceğini düşünüyorum. türkiye'nin f-16'yı nasıl seçtiğini anlattığı videoyu da izlemenizi tavsiye ederim.Rimuovere le batterie dal controller (se installato). Se non si dispone di un cacciavite TR8, il bit può essere trovato nel kit di driver a 64 bit.
Rimuovere la vite sotto l'etichetta del coperchio della batteria. Per fare questo, buca un buco nel vano batteria in cui è contrassegnata la foto. Si trova approssimativamente nel centro dell'alloggiamento della batteria, dove è indicato sul mio controller.
Rimuovere il rivestimento laterale dal controller, insieme al 4 TR8 viti. Metti da parte il rivestimento e le viti in un posto sicuro.
Con le viti rimosse dal retro, capovolgere il controller in avanti. Rimuovere la copertura in plastica anteriore.
Con il coperchio in plastica anteriore rimosso, rimuovere il guscio posteriore del controller. Uno strumento di leva di plastica può essere utilizzato se è più facile.
Rimuovere la shell dopo aver rilasciato le linguette della batteria.
Rimuovere il coperchio del pulsante di accensione dal controller. Se il gruppo LB / RB è separato, rimuoverlo. Se necessario, è possibile utilizzare uno strumento di leva di plastica.
Rimuovi il pulsante di sincronizzazione wireless. Posiziona questo su una superficie luminosa per evitare il disallineamento.
Se entrambi i trigger hanno bisogno di essere riparati, eseguine uno alla volta.
Prima di tagliare il termorestringente, fare due segni di allineamento che non si incrociano. Questi verranno utilizzati per l'allineamento in seguito.
Dopo aver effettuato i segni di allineamento, tagliare il tubo termoretraibile del gruppo grilletto con un coltello multiuso.
Usando il vecchio termoretraibile come riferimento, taglia due nuovi pezzi. Metti questi da parte per un uso successivo.
L'allineamento corretto del magnete è fondamentale. Il disallineamento del magnete può provocare l'attivazione LT / RT senza input umano.
Dopo aver tagliato il tubo termoretraibile, esegui un allineamento per avere un'idea per il posizionamento finale del magnete.
Questi controller utilizzano nastro biadesivo dalla fabbrica. Annota il lato della fossetta e pulisci il magnete e il telaio. Se il residuo è difficile da pulire, utilizza Goo Gone.
Una volta che il / i magnete / i sono ragionevolmente puliti, eseguire un allineamento finale. Una volta che si è sicuri che sia giusto, applicare del nastro per facilitare l'installazione finale.
Hai solo 1 possibilità. In caso contrario, potrebbe essere necessario un frame del controller. Se stai riparando entrambi, eseguine uno alla volta.
Se questo viene fatto per correggere un cattivo allineamento del magnete, verificare prima la funzionalità. Questo non è necessario per sostituire il nastro biadesivo consumato.
Verificare l'allineamento prima di applicare la colla. Una volta verificato l'allineamento, applicare la colla sul telaio del controller.
Una volta incollati i magneti, lasciarli asciugare per ~ 24 ore.
Si consiglia un accendino per torcia. Gli accendini a fiamma morbida possono fondere la plastica. Regolare la fiamma al punto di accensione affidabile più basso possibile.
Una volta che la colla è indurita, sigilla i magneti con un nuovo tubo termoretraibile. Quando il termoretraibile è sigillato, uccidi la fiamma.Pesticide spills: Be prepared
There are five steps that farmers should follow when a spill occurs.
Spills do happen. It may be a small spill that you can handle with a spill kit or one that you are not able to handle yourself. In either case, the trick is to be prepared. When a spill occurs, follow the following steps of proper spill response:
- CAUTION - Always assess the dangers of a spill or release first. If a spill cannot be controlled or contained without endangering life or safety, call 911 immediately.
- CONTROL - If possible, control the source of the spill. Shut valves, plug leaks or set container upright. Note: don’t attempt to control the spill if you don’t have the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) needed to handle dangerous chemicals.
- CONTAIN - Stop the spread of the spill and contain it to as small of an area as possible and away from groundwater, surface water, wells, storm drains or floor drains. Use a shovel to make a soil berm around the spill or apply an absorbent material such as cat litter.
- CONTACT - Contact the appropriate authorities. If the spill is a danger to health or safety, immediately call 911. Farmers should contact the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development hotline, 1-800-405-0101.
- CLEAN UP- For a dry spill, use the broom and dustpan to sweep up the product and then dispose of it property or use it as intended. For a wet spill, use cat litter, activated charcoal, soil or sawdust to absorb the chemical, then sweep it up and dispose of it material properly. Take contaminated materials to a Clean Sweep collection site or spread on labeled fields at agronomic rates. Never wash a spill down a drain as most drains lead directly to lakes, rivers or streams.
If a spill does happen, the safety of yourself and others should be considered first. If proper personal protective equipment is not at hand secure the area, stop the spill, contact MDARD and then obtain PPE.
Related Michigan State University (MSU) Extension News article: Keep a spill kit handy in case of a chemical spill.未来型居住区
Mannheim, 德國, 2009 - 2010
- 客户: City of Mannheim
- Timeframe: 2009 - 2010
- 主要应用范围: 住宅
曼海姆市委托进行研究，其目标在于在"居住·空间·城市"住宅市场发展行动方案的背景下，增加该城市对注重生活质量的目标居民群体的吸引力和凝聚力。通过该研究项目中的主题研究，对现有住宅区的营销策略进行深入分析。
本次评估对相关目标群体进行定位，并对选定的城区小空间开发区的潜力和适用性进行分析。本次评估的委托方为曼海姆市政府和 GBG-Mannheimer Wohnungsbaugesellschaft mbH，此次评估对曼海姆的未来定位提出了战略建议，认为曼海姆对以家庭和事业为导向的知识型工作者和希望从周边地区迁居的人群具有吸引力。此过程需要有利于实现城市的整体发展目标、尤其是"加强城市化"以及"人才战略"方面。
AS+P 对 11 个城区进行了分析并针对 5 个选定的区域制定了试点规划草案。本次研究的一项结果是：通过对此类相对较小的区域进行的设计，曼海姆作为住宅区的吸引力获得了很大提升。* Prices may differ from that shown
'Up You Go' is a short story aimed at young children who are just learning to read. Written by Roderick Hunt, illustrated by Alex Brychta, and featuring the familiar characters from the Oxford Reading Tree scheme, Biff, Chip and Kipper, this is another firm favourite in our house.
The story is about a sunny day spent in the garden at home. The kids have rigged up the slide to go straight into the paddling pool, which is a great game till Dad gets involved. Poor Dad can't seem to get it right in these level one stories.
My son aged 5 is the perfect age for this book. He is just learning to read at school. The short story is only 8 pages long. Each page is predominantly covered with a large and colourful illustration. Underneath is a sentence of between 1 and 4 words that encourages confidence in a new reader.
This particular story always makes us chuckle when we read it together. The expressions on the faces of the characters are brilliant, from distraught Kipper, to Mum who wants to tear her hair out, and a slightly remorseful Dad, to Biff thinking it is hilarious. I find there is a lot to talk about with my kids as we go through it.
The words featured in this book are go, no, I, Dad, and up. These are all words very relevant to any child I feel. As an added interest, there is a bee hidden in each picture to find. I find it is quite tricky in this book as they are well camouflaged against the background.
At the end of the book there are 4 questions related to the plot of the story for reading with your children, varying from a quick recall such as 'who went down the slide first?' to more open ended questions such as 'why is Biff laughing at Dad? and 'Which games do you like to play in the garden?' I think this is a lovely touch, and I have had some lovely answers from my kids. Surprisingly, the answers can change depending on what we have recently been doing ourselves, such as a specific ball game, or writing in chalks.
The book ends with a spot the difference puzzle. There are two pictures of Kipper sat in the paddling pool. The child needs to spot five differences between the 2 images. We practise our counting as we tick off on our fingers what they have found. I hold up fingers as they tell me. I find they get quite competitive over which of my boys is first to find the next difference. Quite motivating for them.
I love the Biff, Chip and Kipper books. They are really colourful and amusing, and very motivating to my boys to keep reading. It is lovely to see them both growing in confidence as we read them together, and the progress has been quite quick with so much repetition of the same simple words they see elsewhere. Highly recommended by us.fenilketonüri muzdarip temel nedeni (PKU) fenilalanin hidroksilaz açığıdır. Bu, fenilalaninin, tirozin haline dönüştürülmesinin değiştirildiği ve bu nedenle fenilalanin ve ürünlerinin kanında, özellikle fenilasetat ve fenilastatta bir artış olduğu durumlar. PKU'lu hastalarda tirozin seviyeleri normal veya düşük kalabilir.
Bu metabolik değişimin sonuçları, yüksek seviyelerde fenilalaninin, beynin büyümesinde ve olgunlaşmasında, sinir vericilerinin üretiminde ve miyelinasyonda (sinir bağlantılarının düzgün çalışması için temel bir madde) olumsuz yönde etkileyeceğidir.
Nörolojik ve serebral gelişim aynı zamanda yüksek fenilalanin metabolitleri (fenilasetat ve fenilasetat) tarafından engellenir. İstenilen değerlerin üzerindeki bütün bu maddeler entelektüel gelişimde değişiklik.
Entelektüel gelişim ve beyin olgunluğu çocuklukta ortaya çıktıkça, bu aşamadadır ve tarif edilen değişikliklerin bir sonucu olarak fenilketonüri semptomlarının giderilmesi söz konusudur.
贝加尔湖是全世界最深、蓄水量最大的淡水湖。该湖平均水深730米，最深1637米，湖水可供50亿人饮用半个世纪。
其总蓄水量23.6万亿立方米，在贝加尔湖周围，总共有大小336条河流注入湖中，而从湖中流出的则仅有安加拉河，年均流量仅为1870立方米/秒。
从出口流量来看，贝加尔湖的实际可利用流量还不如福建闽江，
闽江年平均流量达1930立方米/秒，年平均径流大约是620亿立方米。
也就是说，从贝加尔湖调水不可能超过600亿方，否则就会把湖里的存量水抽走，
湖面就会逐年下降，终究被抽干，又导致另一场生态灾难。علیرضا پزشکپور، رئیس کمیسیون فرهنگی، اجتماعی، ورزشی شورا
جوانان احتیاج به محیط های شادی آفرین دارند
رئیس کمیسیون فرهنگی، اجتماعی، ورزشی شورای شهر گرگان در شصت و پنجمین جلسه این کمیسیون که با حضور جمعی از جوانان برگزیده در حوزه های مختلف و به مناسبت روز جوان برگزار شده بود بر ضرورت اعمال سیاست های تشویقی و عوامل انگیزشی استعدادهای جوان تاکید کرد.
به گزارش مرکز اطلاع رسانی شورای شهر گرگان، علیرضا پزشکپور در این جلسه که با حضور اعضای شورای اسلامی شهرگرگان،مشاورین کمیسیون،کارشناسانی از شهرداری،مسئول دبیرخانه کانونهای فرهنگی هنری مسجدهای استان گلستان،جمعی از جوانان دانشگاهی و جوانان نخبه ورزشی در سالن جلسات شورای اسلامی شهر گرگان برگزار شد، گفت: جوانان قشر پرشور و شعف جامعه هستند و در عرصه های مختلف اجتماعی نقش موثر و سازنده ای دارند و آینده نظام نیز در دست جوانان است.
وی با اشاره به نیازهای قشر جوان افزود: یکی از مهمترین نیازهای این قشر شادی و سرگرمی های سالم است که در این خصوص مدیریت شهری می تواند با ایجاد محیط های شادی آفرین در سطح شهر از جمله جنگ های شادی، جشنواره های وِیژه جوان در حوزه های مختلف و گسترش فعالیت های ورزشی و فرهنگی به بخشی از این نیاز پاسخ دهد.
این عضو شورای شهر گرگان با تاکید بر اینکه مهمترین مشکل جوانان کشور در حال حاضر اشتغال و ازدواج است، از مسئولان و دولتمردان خواست برای حل این دو معضل اصلی جوانان اقدامات و تسهیلات ویژه ای در نظر بگیرند.
وی ادامه داد: جوانان حاضر در این نشست نیز بر ضرورت تشویق استعدادهای جوان در رشته های ورزشی و علمی و چاره اندیشی بر حل مشکلات بیکاری جوانان تاکید کردند.
رئیس کمیسیون فرهنگی، اجتماعی، ورزشی شورای شهر گرگان با اشاره به حضور نماینده شرکت داده کاو ۲۱ در خصوص معرفی و ارائه تکنولوژی تور مجازی جهت ارتقاء صنعت گردشگری استان در این جلسه، خاطر نشان کرد: نماینده این شرکت به معرفی فعالیت خود در حوزه معرفی جاذبه های گردشگری استان به صورت مجازی پرداخت و روند تولید معرفی جاذبه ها را بر اساس تصویربرداری پانوراما ۳۶۰ درجه از محیط، نماهای سه بعدی، ویدئو و صوت عنوان کرد.
پزشکپور ادامه داد: پس از طرح این موضوع مقرر شد طی مکاتبه ای با سازمان فرهنگی ورزشی و روابط عمومی شهرداری در خصوص توسعه این طرح در مرکز استان بحث و تبادل نظر و هم اندیشی انجام شود.
وی خاطر نشان کرد: در ادامه این جلسه همچنین مسئول دبیرخانه کانون های فرهنگی هنری مسجدهای استان پیرامون فعالیت های این کانون و همکاری متقابل بین شورا و سازمان فرهنگی ورزشی شهرداری گرگان و انتظارات متقابل مطالبی را با اعضای شورا بحث و تبادل نظر و آمادگی خود را در خصوص همکاری های بیشتر با شورا و شهرداری و اداره ورزش و جوانان اعلام کردند.
رئیس کمیسیون فرهنگی، اجتماعی، ورزشی شورای شهر گرگان با اشاره به درخواست مسئول دبیرخانه کانون های فرهنگی هنری مسجدهای استان در حوزه تبلیغات شهری تصریح کرد: این کانون از شهرداری درخواست دارد که برای کار تبلیغی و اطلاع رسانی فرهنگی به شهروندان با همکاری سازمان فرهنگی ورزشی، سهولت بیشتری صورت بگیرد که مقرر شد در این خصوص نیز با سازمان فرهنگی ورزشی شهرداری مکاتبه شود.目前利用波浪作用平衡方程式為基礎發展的風浪數值模式，幾乎沒有考慮波浪受透水效應的影響。為了使模式應用更加廣泛，本文以Hsu et al (2005) 所提出的 WWM (Wind Wave Model) 風浪模式為基礎，並根據Lan et al (2015) 所提出具有含透水效應影響之緩坡方程式理論，在動量平衡方程式 (action density equation) 中加入能量消散係數的方法，本文提出一個半經驗公式，求出透水效應能量消散係數及給予權重值，導入WWM風浪模式源項中，藉此改良WWM風浪模式，
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overhaul of farming could be 'game-changer' for global food security
Stockholm, Sweden (SPX) Aug 25, 2011
According to the authors of new research released at the World Water Week in Stockholm, a radical transformation in the way farming and natural systems interact could simultaneously boost food production and protect the environment-two goals that often have been at odds. The authors warn, however, that the world must act quickly if the goal is to save the Earth's main breadbasket areas-whe ... read more
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2011 - Space Media Network. AFP and UPI Wire Stories are copyright Agence France-Presse and United Press International. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement|Personal Finance Courses are about managing financial matters to secure a better financial future for you and your family. They could be particularly useful to people, whose financial requirements or priorities have recently changed – having a child, getting close to retirement, becoming self employed, etc. However, the topics don’t derive from the circumstances; rather they are about tackling financial matters before they become an urgency and put you under pressure.
This introductory course is designed to provide a personal assessment of existing knowledge (and gaps) in a variety of subject areas. It will also provide guidance on which course topics you should explore further. It looks at risk preference, investment concepts and budgeting, for instance.
Piggy banks are not just for kids. This course look at how investing small amounts regularly over a long period of time can add up to funding big things such as your child’s university education. It gives examples of regular savings accounts starting at £10-25 per month.
There is a school of thought that says 10% of what you earn you should save, and another 10% you should give away. That leaves you 80% to live on. This course hones in on personal budgeting and using priorities to allocate available income.
Life often gets in the way of big dreams. To help you bankroll your dreams, this course looks at identifying clear goals, setting priorities and steps toward achieving them in the context of balancing your financial liabilities and expenses against your financial assets and income.
Using real life examples and internet research this course looks at key characteristics of financial assets and delves into financial liabilities as they apply to the business and the business owner. The impact of interest and the time value of money will be a particular focus.
You work hard. So should your money! Money sitting in a bank account may be safe, but with interest rates so low, it’s losing it’s value by the day. This course looks at basic investment products and how to invest in them.
Starting with a Grocery Shopping game, this short course focuses on assessing options from the mundane to selecting advisors and investments. Whether it’s apples or advice, it’s all a cost to you!
Did you know that the government wants you to save and invest in small businesses? Not just that, but there are some pretty good tax incentives to do just that. Why would you not take advantage???
More and more people are supporting green and social causes. You can do that when you invest, as well. There are now savings accounts, green and charity bonds, renewables funds and many more options available. This course looks at the phenomenon and how to find such investments.Chapter 9: Conservation in the USA: legislative milestones
Conservation Biology in the USA has a foundation in many federal (and state) laws that protect wildlife and habitats. The gradual shift in focus of legislation from a narrow spectrum of charismatic and valued vertebrates to nearly all creatures and ecosystems reflects the major changes in knowledge and public attitudes that took place over a roughly 150 year period. Thus. the protective legislation inspired by the wanton destruction of wildlife in the 19th century was the first of a long line of legislative efforts that eventually led to modern endangered species legislation (Table 9.1). In this chapter, we discuss major federal actions in the USA that have given us a broad spectrum of protection, arguably on paper the most extensive protection of wildlife of any country in the world.
Table 9.1 Major federal legislation and actions protecting ecosystems, habitats, and species
1872 Yellowstone National Park founded
1897 Organic Act (Forest Management Act)
1900 Lacey Act
1903 Pelican Island Wildlife Refuge established
1906 Preservation of American Antiquities Act
1911 Fur Seal Treaty
1913 Weeks-McLean Act
1916 Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1916 National Parks Act
1934 Duck Stamp Act
1937 Pittman-Robertson Act
1950 Dingell-Johnson Act
1955 Clean Air Act
1964 Wilderness Act
1966, 1969 Endangered Species Acts
1969 National Environmental Policy Act
1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act
1972 Clean Water Act
1973 Endangered Species Act
1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
As it became apparent in the late 19th century that relentless exploitation was eliminating wildlife and forests, the first attempts to protect them were made. Yellowstone Park was the first major wild area to be protected by the federal government in good part because it was both still in pristine condition and undeniably spectacular, despite its remoteness. Even it had to be protected from exploitation by the US Army. The first forest reserves were set aside, on paper, by the Organic Act of 1897, which led eventually (through additional legislation) to the founding of the National Forest system. The Lacey Act, sponsored by Representative John F. Lacey of Iowa, was passed by Congress in 1900 as a direct response to public outcry over the slaughter of herons and other birds to furnish plumes for ladies hats. The Lacey Act made interstate transportation of illegally killed game animals a federal offense (see Chapter 2). This effectively curbed market hunting, as the market for the plumes was in the Northeastern states while the birds lived in the Southern states. The Lacey Act also sought to limit importation of exotic wildlife, such as the house sparrow and mongoose whose introductions were detrimental to native wildlife. This law was significant as the first to bring the federal government unequivocally into the business of protecting wildlife. Because of its wide scope, the Lacey Act was supported both by sport hunters and by the increasing number of bird protectionists who were organizing across the country.
As a direct result of the campaign against plume hunting, President Theodore Roosevelt issued an executive order in 1903 declaring a small nesting area in Florida—Pelican Island—as the first federal bird sanctuary. Roosevelt's order unleashed a flood of nominations of other sites to be protected, and by the end of his first term in 1904, there were 51 wildlife refuges. In 1906, Congress confirmed the President' authority to set aside areas to protect wildlife and also passed the Preservation of National Antiquities Act, which gave the President power to create National Monuments. Today the National Wildlife Refuge System, originated by Roosevelt, includes almost 450 sites, encompassing nearly 90 million acres in 49 states and 5 trust territories. In California alone there are 32 such refuges. One of the most recent refuges to be established is in the Yolo By-pass, next to Davis (Yolo Basin Wildlife Refuge).
In the 19th and early 20th century, market hunting (large scale shooting of waterfowl for sale) caused major declines in populations of wild ducks and geese. Sport hunters became alarmed at this and began pressing for conservation measures. Federal protection specifically for waterfowl began in 1913 with the Weeks-McLean Act, which established federal control over migratory birds and ended spring waterfowl hunting. This was an important step in protecting breeding birds. The Act allowed the Secretary of Agriculture to set closed seasons when it would be illegal to capture or kill migratory birds. Passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1916, signed by the United States and Great Britain, established formal cooperation between the United States and Canada for the protection of both game and nongame birds. In 1937 the Migratory Bird Treaty Act was amended to include Mexico. While this treaty was originally designed to protect waterfowl for sport hunting, a major result was the protection of all other migratory birds.
In 1934 the Duck Stamp Act, passed at request of duck hunters, required all waterfowl hunters to purchase an annual federal stamp. The first Duck Stamps were sold at one dollar each, and a total of 635,000 were sold. Duck Stamps today cost ten dollars each and are bought by stamp collectors as well as hunters. Proceeds from the Duck Stamps are used to protect critical wetlands for breeding, migration stopover, and wintering of waterfowl. The first Duck Stamp was drawn by J. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist who frequently focused on environmental issues (Figure 9.1).
While market hunting was devastating to many species, sport hunting rarely endangers species and, in fact, provides a good source of revenue for wildlife protection and habitat improvement, as exemplified by the Duck Stamp Act and the Pittman-Robertson Act. The passage in 1937 of the Pittman-Robertson Act, also known as the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, created a major source of funds for wildlife restoration by placing a 10% tax on the manufacture of sporting arms and ammunition. Additionally, this act stipulated that all money raised from the sale of hunting licenses must be used for wildlife projects. Prior to the Pittman-Robertson Act, money intended for wildlife conservation often got redirected to fund other local projects such as schools or road repairs.
When federal funds first became available, much of the attention of state wildlife agencies was concentrated on the larger ungulates (hoofed mammals) whose populations had been decimated during the days of market hunting. In the first ten years following the Pittman-Robertson Act, thirty-eight states acquired nearly 900,000 acres of refuges and wildlife management areas. Extensive replantings of trees and grasses were undertaken and massive restocking efforts transplanted deer, pronghorn, elk, mountain goats, and mountain sheep to these restored areas. The Pittman-Robertson Act was so successful that 13 years later the Dingell-Johnson Act of 1950 was modeled after it to generate similar funds for fisheries projects.
THE FUR SEAL TREATY OF 1911
The northern fur seal was nearly exterminated by a century and a half of seal hunting on the Pribolof Islands by Russian, American, Canadian, and British sealers. After the United States purchased Alaska and the Pribolofs from Russia in 1867 there was an attempt to limit harvesting of fur seals, but there was no regulation on the open seas where the hunt continued. In 1911, the Fur Seal Treaty was signed by the United States, Russia, Japan, and Great Britain. The treaty provided protection for fur seals and sea otters on the high seas (outside the 3 mile limit) from the four signatory nations. Each of the countries agreed to prohibit pelagic sealing by its nationals and to manage populations of fur seals within its own territorial waters.
The treaty was upheld until the beginning of WWII when it was terminated by Japan's entry into the war. From 1942 until 1957 the Pribolof fur seals were protected under a provisional agreement between the United States and Canada. In 1957, the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention was signed by Canada, Japan, Russia, and the United States. This interim treaty, which was similar to the 1911 Fur Seal Treaty, was followed by the Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals signed in 1963. These treaties called for intensified research programs and the establishment of a North Pacific Fur Seal Commission to study and make recommendations for management procedures and harvest quotas.
Fur seal populations have benefited from the protection and management provided by these treaties. From a low of about 125,000 in 1911, the population approached its former size of an estimated 2 to 3 million animals (Trefethen 1975). Today less than 2000 animals are harvested each year, entirely by native peoples for subsistence purposes. However, the populations of seals are now threatened by loss of their food supply, because heavy fishing depletes the fish they depend upon.
THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACTS OF 1966 and 1969
Although legislation designed to protect birds and game animals has a long history in the United States, the first act specifically focusing on species threatened with extinction was the Endangered Species Act of 1966. This Act was fairly innocuous, simply authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to maintain a list of rare and endangered species. No legal protection or federal aid resulted from the 1966 Act. In 1969, the Endangered Species Conservation Act expanded the original legislation to include all species of vertebrates and some species of invertebrates as well. Importation of endangered species or their products was prohibited, and the addition of foreign species to the United States list was authorized by this legislation. The Endangered Species Act is a landmark in wildlife protection because the legislation was created specifically for the benefit of wildlife rather than for human motives (maintaining populations for sport or future market use, for example).
THE 1973 ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
Legislation was passed and signed by President Richard Nixon in 1973 that replaced the two previous endangered species laws with a comprehensive and prohibitive policy that went far beyond the earlier versions. Three important things to note about the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA) are: 1) the protection of habitat designated as critical to the survival of a species, 2) the inclusion of plants as well as animals as species that can receive federal protection, and 3) the inclusion of subspecies and isolated populations of species regardless of their global status.
In contrast to earlier legislation that provided protection to endangered species only on federal land, the 1973 Endangered Species Act prohibits any taking (a broad term including killing, harming, collecting, trapping, confining, and a whole range of similar activities) of endangered species. The 1973 ESA also extends protection to "almost endangered" species, now referred to as "threatened." Individual states are permitted to adopt more restrictive legislation.
The 1973 ESA recognizes species as components of ecosystems, and stresses that the integrity of ecosystems must be maintained. The stated purpose of the Act is to protect and enhance populations of endangered species through a variety of conservation steps. These steps include 1) official listing of species as threatened or endangered, 2) prohibition of taking of listed species, 3) acquisition of habitat for listed species, and 4) the development and implementation of recovery plans for listed species. Unfortunately, each of these steps comes with a variety of stumbling blocks that makes the reality of endangered species protection quite different from the theory of the ESA.
According to the 1973 ESA, the Secretary of the Interior is required to establish a list of threatened or endangered species. The criteria for endangerment include any reason—natural or human caused—for the decline of a species. The official status of a species which has undergone a population decline can be divided into three overlapping categories: "endangered," "threatened," and "of special concern." Endangered species are those whose populations have declined to a point where extinction is imminent if action is not taken to protect the species. Threatened species are those whose numbers are declining and are likely to become endangered in the near future if protective action is not taken. Species of special concern are those in decline, or of very limited range, but not known to be faced with extinction in the immediate future.
The process of listing a species may be initiated by any individual, agency, or group by submitting a petition to the Secretary of the Interior. The weight of the supporting evidence supplied by the petitioner is judged by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), or if a marine or anadromous species is involved, by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Of the 661 species on the endangered and threatened list in 1982, the NMFS had regulatory authority over 14, and the USFWS over the rest. Some criteria for designating a species as threatened or endangered include: 1) habitat destruction, 2) overexploitation, 3) potential eradication due to disease or predation, and 4) inadequate protective regulations.
The formal listing process has four steps. First, a species is nominated for review of its status. The second step is an evaluation of the petition to determine whether it warrants further review. A nomination is then either rejected, which rarely occurs, or is accepted for a second review. This second review is a holding action during which further information is collected and evaluated. This step is often used in controversial cases to slow down the listing process. Third, the agency staff then solicits data and prepares a status report to determine whether a species should be listed, or given a change in status. This report is then evaluated by numerous USFWS offices, and must be approved by each office before further action is taken. The final step in the listing process is a notice of proposed listing which is published in the Federal Register. At least 60 days must be provided for public comment. During this time outside parties can request a public hearing on the proposal. If no further review is required, the species then receives its final listing in the Federal Register.
In theory, listing a species should require a total of 195 to 255 days between the time a petition is received and its final listing in the Federal Register. In practice, listing takes at least two years, sometimes much longer. For many species, the grossly understaffed agencies file a report saying they cannot list the species because they have inadequate time or information to do a proper evaluation.
The 1973 Endangered Species Act mandates that recovery plans be developed for all species listed as endangered. Recovery plans are intended to identify the causes of a species' decline and to specify actions needed to reverse the decline, including the designation of critical habitats necessary to facilitate their recovery. The ultimate goal of the ESA is the eventual removal of a species from the endangered species list.
During the first 16 years of the Act only 533 species, of more than 3,900 candidates, have actually been listed as threatened or endangered, and only 242 recovery plans were approved (Blair 1989). A mere five species had been de-listed. Two of these species—the brown pelican and the American alligator—have recovered in only parts of their historic range, and the other three species—the Palau dove, Palau fantail, and Palau owl—owe their "recovery" to the discovery of other previously unknown populations, and not to successful recovery efforts. Ten more species have been "down-listed" from endangered to threatened, but for five of these species it was to allow regulated hunting, fishing, or capture, and not because of improvement in their status (Blair 19
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