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An electric iron of resistance 20 Ω takes a current of 5 A
We have to calculate the heat developed in 30 s.
The amount of heat (H) produced is given by the joule’s law of heating as
Current (I) = 5 A
Time (t) = 30 s
Voltage (V) = Current x Resistance
V = 5 x 20
V = 100V
H= 100 x 5 x 30
H = 1.5 x 104 J.
Therefore, the amount of heat developed in the electric iron is 1.5 x 104 J.
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition.
- noun The whole grain of rice, from which the germ and outer layers containing the bran have not been removed; unpolished rice.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
Ricewith the brownish hullnot polished off as in white rice. The hull contains important vitamins, including vitamin B complex, which are missing in white rice.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- noun unpolished rice retaining the yellowish-brown outer layer
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
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Article and questions on the Jim Crow Laws. Includes one-page article, followed by 5 questions about the article, and Answer Key. Succinct and to the point! Perfect for a pre-reading for stories and books on Segregation and Civil Rights, such as Martin Luther King Jr. and the March on Washington, We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, and many more! Can be used alongside ANY text or with ANY unit you choose! Perfect for small group book study, literature circles, reading stations, supplemental work, and more!
Includes both PRINTABLE and DIGITAL VERSIONS for Distance Learning and In-Person Classrooms.
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Most snakes are born with poisonous bites they use for defense. But what can non-poisonous snakes do to ward off predators?
What if they could borrow a dose of poison by eating toxic toads, then recycling the toxins?
That's exactly what happens in the relationship between an Asian snake and a species of toad, according to a team of researchers funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (IOS).
Herpetologists Deborah Hutchinson, Alan Savitzky of Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Va., and colleagues published results of research on the snake's dependence on certain toads in this week's online issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Hutchinson studied the Asian snake Rhabdophis tigrinus and its relationship to a species of toxic toad it eats. In the PNAS paper, she and co-authors describe dietary sequestration of toxins by the snakes. The process allows the snakes to store toxins from the toads in their neck glands. When under attack, the snakes re-release the poisons from these neck glands.
Many invertebrates sequester dietary toxins for use in defense, including milkweed insects and sea slugs. But vertebrate examples of toxin sequestration, especially from vertebrate prey, are rare. "A snake that's dependent on a diet of toads for chemical defense is highly unusual," said Hutchinson.
Hutchinson said the research had identified six compounds in the snakes that may hold promise in medical treatments for people suffering from hypertension and related blood pressure disorders.
The researchers made their case by testing Rhabdophis tigrinus on several Japanese islands, one with a large population of the toxic toads and another with none, and compared them with snakes from the Japanese island of Honshu, where toads are few. The presence of toxins in the snakes' neck glands depended upon their access to the toads.
Snakes without the borrowed toxins were more likely to turn and flee from danger than to hold their ground and perform a toxin-releasing defensive maneuver.
"Sequestration of toxins in a specialized [neck gland] structure in a vertebrate is a remarkable finding," said William Zamer, IOS deputy director at NSF. "This finding offers new insights into the complex mechanisms underlying ecological relationships and will lead to important insights about fundamental biological questions."
Cheryl Dybas | EurekAlert!
The birth of a new protein
20.10.2017 | University of Arizona
Building New Moss Factories
20.10.2017 | Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau
University of Maryland researchers contribute to historic detection of gravitational waves and light created by event
On August 17, 2017, at 12:41:04 UTC, scientists made the first direct observation of a merger between two neutron stars--the dense, collapsed cores that remain...
Seven new papers describe the first-ever detection of light from a gravitational wave source. The event, caused by two neutron stars colliding and merging together, was dubbed GW170817 because it sent ripples through space-time that reached Earth on 2017 August 17. Around the world, hundreds of excited astronomers mobilized quickly and were able to observe the event using numerous telescopes, providing a wealth of new data.
Previous detections of gravitational waves have all involved the merger of two black holes, a feat that won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics earlier this month....
Material defects in end products can quickly result in failures in many areas of industry, and have a massive impact on the safe use of their products. This is why, in the field of quality assurance, intelligent, nondestructive sensor systems play a key role. They allow testing components and parts in a rapid and cost-efficient manner without destroying the actual product or changing its surface. Experts from the Fraunhofer IZFP in Saarbrücken will be presenting two exhibits at the Blechexpo in Stuttgart from 7–10 November 2017 that allow fast, reliable, and automated characterization of materials and detection of defects (Hall 5, Booth 5306).
When quality testing uses time-consuming destructive test methods, it can result in enormous costs due to damaging or destroying the products. And given that...
Using a new cooling technique MPQ scientists succeed at observing collisions in a dense beam of cold and slow dipolar molecules.
How do chemical reactions proceed at extremely low temperatures? The answer requires the investigation of molecular samples that are cold, dense, and slow at...
Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, using high precision laser spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen, confirm the surprisingly small value of the proton radius determined from muonic hydrogen.
It was one of the breakthroughs of the year 2010: Laser spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen resulted in a value for the proton charge radius that was significantly...
17.10.2017 | Event News
10.10.2017 | Event News
10.10.2017 | Event News
20.10.2017 | Information Technology
20.10.2017 | Materials Sciences
20.10.2017 | Interdisciplinary Research
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This boilerplate Apollo command module (S/N 1101A) was used extensively during the early phases of the Apollo program to develop spacecraft recovery equipment and procedures. It was also used to develop an Apollo uprighting system which was needed when the spacecraft splashed down and was in the water with the top down. A system was developed where air bags were inflated to flip the command module into an upright position. The internal features are not representative of an actual Command Module.
A boilerplate is a metal mockup of the same external size as a flight production model. By using a boilerplate, characteristics of the spacecraft design and function can be evaluated without or incurring the expense associated with using a more detailed model. BP 1101A was transferred to the Smithsonian in July 1975.
Transferred from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : scattering of light by the colloidal particles.
Detailed SolutionDownload Solution PDF
- Tyndall effect: It is also known as Tyndall scattering. The scattering of light by particles in a colloid or else particles in a very fine suspension is called Tyndall effect.
- Under this effect, the longer wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter wavelength light is more reflected.
- Scattering of light: The phenomenon in which the light ray is redirected in all other directions on passing through particles of dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the light used is called scattering of light.
- According to above diagram, the Tyndall effect is due to the scattering of light by colloidal particles. Hence option 1 is correct.
- Tyndall scattering occurs when the dimensions of the particles that are causing the scattering are larger than the wavelength of the scattered radiation.
- This effect is used to determine whether a mixture is a true solution or a colloid.
- Milk, starch solution, and emulsions show Tyndall effect whereas sugar solution doesn’t show Tyndall effect.
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this worksheet i about feelings. it is a simple reading comprehension about feelings and emotions. it is for 7th graders. just you need read and answer th questions by using the verb to be
Upload date: 2017-05-12 17:08:05
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Solar-Powered Rechargeable Batteries and Battery Chargers
With the rise of solar-powered devices, solar rechargeable batteries have become a staple nowadays. From powering solar lights, phones, tablets to RVs and boats, solar rechargeable batteries have proved to be today’s lifesaver.
Well, to enjoy the functionality of solar-powered rechargeable batteries, they must be frequently topped up. This is where solar battery chargers come in.
Impressively, solar battery chargers can be used anywhere as long as there’s sunlight. Who wouldn’t like this kind of convenience?
Want to learn more about solar-powered rechargeable batteries and battery chargers? This is the ideal information resource for you.
What is a Solar-Powered Rechargeable Battery and How Does It Work?
A Solar-powered rechargeable battery is an electric battery that stores the energy harnessed by a solar panel to be used afterward. These batteries can be charged, used then recharged several times before they die.
The basic components of these batteries are the:
- Cathode (positive electrode)
- Anode (negative electrode),
- An electrolyte (the medium where electrons flow).
Charging occurs at the anode, while discharge occurs at the cathode.
For larger rechargeable solar batteries charged with a series of solar panels, a circuit breaker such as a fuse may be built-in to prevent overcharging.
Despite a high initial cost, solar rechargeable batteries are cost-effective since they serve you for a long.
Here are some common terms used in the scope of solar rechargeable batteries:
Voltage- This is the sum of oxidation and reduction potential of the battery or simply the potential for energy stored in the battery.
Charging cycles- This is the maximum number of times a solar rechargeable battery can be recharged.
Lifespan/ shelf life- Time a solar rechargeable battery can stay without losing its full capacity.
Charging time- The time it takes to charge a solar rechargeable battery fully.
Depth of discharge- The fraction of capacity removed from a fully charged battery during a discharge.
Self-discharge- The reduction of a battery’s stored charge without an external connection. Usually happens due to chemical reactions in the battery.
Amp-hour- This is a rating showing the amount of energy a solar rechargeable battery can store. The higher the rating, the longer the battery will run on a single charge.
Aging- This is the continuous reduction in the capacity and power capabilities of batteries as they approach the end of their useful life.
What is a Solar Battery Charger and How Does It Work?
A solar battery charger is a type of charger specifically made for charging solar rechargeable batteries.
The charger is usually integrated with a solar panel (mainly on the top lid) that collects solar energy and converts it to power used to charge a solar rechargeable battery. A typical charger has wires to connect the solar panel to the battery.
To prevent the reverse flow of power, solar battery chargers have an inbuilt blocking diode. Some models will, in addition to this pack in a charge controller. A built-in meter is the commonly used display component for these chargers.
Features to look for in a solar battery charger:
- It should be versatile (charge a number of solar-powered rechargeable batteries)
- Preferably small and lightweight for portability
- The solar panel should be adjustable for optimum collection of sunlight
- Compact build and satisfactorily durable
People often think that solar batteries chargers are not as powerful as conventional ones. However, you should know that the production technology has been highly advanced and the models produced today are as good as the conventional ones.
Solar Battery Charger Vs. Solar Battery Maintainer
A solar battery charger is often confused with a solar battery maintainer, but here is what you should know about these two devices:
- A solar battery charger charges at a constant rate and will take a constant period of time to charge a battery of a given capacity. Solar battery maintainers have a circuit that detects the battery’s charge level and charges it variably according to demand.
- The maintainer turns off when the battery is fully charged, but a charger must be unplugged to prevent overcharging when the battery is full.
- Solar battery maintainers charge at a pretty faster rate compared to solar battery chargers.
- Solar battery maintainers are suitable for large capacity rechargeable batteries connected to a PV system, while battery chargers are perfect for smaller batteries.
Solar Rechargeable Batteries vs. Non-Rechargeable Batteries
The main difference between these two is that solar rechargeable batteries can be recharged and reused several times. In contrast, non-rechargeable batteries are sold fully charged and are discarded after use.
The size and voltages of these two types of batteries are, in most cases, similar, so they can be used interchangeably.
However, non-rechargeable batteries are less preferred since they cost more in the long despite their lower initial price. Additionally, they have the potential to pollute the environment since they’re disposed of after a certain period.
What will happen if you charge non-rechargeable batteries with solar chargers?
The battery seal will overheat, and the battery will eventually explode. Definitely, on explosion, the chemicals (usually the electrolyte) will spill. In some cases, the battery may produce harmful gas.
These are serious health hazards, so please don’t even think of experimenting with this.
Types of Solar Rechargeable Batteries
Here is a table showing the common types of solar rechargeable batteries and some crucial factors you should consider when buying them.
|Battery Type||Average cost/Voltage/ Charging frequency||Charging cycles||Depth of discharge||Lifespan||Special features|
|Nickel-cadmium (NiCd)||$1 for a 1.2V AA 600mAH||1000 cycles||80%||5 years||Low self-discharge|
|Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)||$1.5 for a 1.2V AA 800mAH||1000 cycles||60-90%||5 years||Fewer toxic metals|
|Nickel Iron (NiFE)||$100 for a 1.2V, 400AH||5000 cycles||65-80%||10-15 years||Relatively long life|
|Sodium Nickel Chloride battery||$90 12V 100AH||1000-4000|
|85%||10-15 years||Very eco-friendly|
|Lithium-ion||$200 for a 12V 100AH||5000-6000 cycles||80-90%||15 years||Long lifespan|
|Lead-acid||$50 for a 12V 18AH||500-1200 cycles||60%||5 years||Cheaper at their capacity|
|Flow batteries (Zinc and Bromide)||$1500 for a 48V 115AH||4000cycles||100%||10-15 years||100% depth of discharge|
As evident from the table above, there’re various types and ‘sizes’ of solar rechargeable batteries and you can choose the one that’ll fulfill your specific power needs:
- The small 1.2V AA batteries can be used in series to power small devices.
- A 12V battery can be used on a car, boat, or RV.
- The large 48V 100+AH battery can, for example, serve your entire home.
Choosing the best Solar Batteries Chargers
When choosing a solar battery charger, you should ask yourself these 3 questions:
1. What equipment or battery do I need to charge?
There’re solar battery chargers for cars, boats, RVs, small devices such as cell phones and tablets, etc.
If, for example, the charger is for a boat, it should be waterproof. Solar battery chargers for small devices should be portable since they will frequently be moved from one place to another.
2. Do I need a multifunctional charger?
You heard it right-some solar chargers can charge multiple devices or several types of batteries even at a go.
So, if you have several solar-powered devices and equipment in your home, you can definitely acquire a multifunctional one and enjoy the convenience it comes with.
3. What is the cost of the solar battery charger?
Solar battery chargers’ cost averages below the $100 mark, but this may vary according to the solar battery charger’s use, model, and capability.
Here are example costs of solar battery chargers for various uses:
- Cars battery charger $50
- Boat charger $150
- RVs charger $70
- Charger for small devices such as cell phones and tablets $70
Guided by the type of battery charger for solar batteries you want, get several quotes, compare prices and settle for the best deal.
How to Charge Solar-Powered Rechargeable Batteries?
To charge rechargeable batteries, you need:
- Your solar rechargeable batteries
- A battery rack if you want to charge multiple small-sized batteries
- A solar battery charger
Here’s the standard charging procedure
1. Set up the battery charger in a place where its solar panel can harness enough energy from the sun
2. Put your batteries in a battery rack if you’re using smaller ones. For the larger one, just bring it to a distance where the charger’s terminal wires can reach its terminals
3. Connect the positive terminal of the solar charger’s wires to the positive metal terminal of the battery or battery rack
4. Leave the set up to charge the batteries until they are full. You’ll know that the battery is fully charged by checking the reading on the charger’s meter
It should take around 2 hours to charge a couple of AA batteries with a standard solar charger and approximately 5-8 hours to charge a 12V solar rechargeable battery.
If you have large rechargeable batteries connected to the grid equipped with a maintainer, you may leave them attached overnight.
How long do solar power batteries last after a full charge?
On a full charge, a solar-powered rechargeable battery should last for 1-5 days or 24-100hours depending on model and form of usage. If the battery is subject to heavy use, it’ll definitely run for a shorter period.
If you notice your solar rechargeable batteries dying fast than expected, its controller is probably faulty. Keeping the battery fully discharged for long may also cause it to drain too fast when it’s eventually charged.
Most solar rechargeable batteries can be charged at least 1000 times.
Lifespan and Maintenance of Solar Rechargeable Batteries and Battery Chargers
The average life of a solar rechargeable battery is 5-15 years (check the table provided above).
Lithium-ion solar batteries are the most durable, so you can consider them for your next purchase. For a solar battery charger, expect it to power your battery for around 500 cycles.
The ready-to-use solar rechargeable batteries can be kept sitting for up to a year without losing charge.
The aging of solar rechargeable batteries will depend on how you maintain them. Here are some maintenance tips you should consider:
- Use a battery terminal cleaner brush and a mixture of water and baking soda to clean the battery terminals
- Apply a non-hardening sealant to the battery terminals to prevent corrosion
- Tighten any loose battery connections
- Wipe the batteries with a clean cloth to remove any dirt that may be accumulating
For the charger, the integrated panel is the component that’s likely to get damaged, so clean it regularly.
Pros and Cons of Solar-Powered Rechargeable Batteries and Battery Chargers
- They help you save extra electricity is connected to a PV system
- They save you money in the long run
- Batteries can be used on the move to power devices (Very convenient)
- Chargers can be used anywhere there’s sunlight
- They tap into a cleaner source of energy
- They can help you decrease your carbon footprint
- Great efficiency and performance
- Many have embraced smart technology, thus minimizing energy wastage
- Low maintenance
- High initial cost
- Low capacity for the batteries
- Chargers for solar rechargeable batteries need to be replaced after around 500 cycles
Can solar batteries be charged from the plug?
Solar technology is different from the technology employed for conventional batteries, so it’s not suitable to charge solar batteries from the grid. Use a solar batteries charger instead.
Investing in solar rechargeable batteries and a solar battery charger is one of the brilliant decisions you can make right now.
You’ll save money ultimately, have the power to charge your devices even when there’s an outage, and enjoy the performance and great efficiency with highly user-friendly solar batteries and a charger.
Simply put, it’s an investment that’ll make your life easy, now more than ever.
Don’t forget that this technology is earth-friendly, and it’ll actually reduce your carbon footprint!
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Claire Lee Chennault was born on September 6, 1890, in Commerce, Texas. He formed and led the Flying Tigers during World War II.
Aviator and inventor Orville Wright was born on August 19, 1871, in Dayton, Ohio. He and his brother would go on to become aviation pioneers.
Aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. Earhart advanced the role of women in aviation during the early days of flight. She was the first woman to fly the Atlantic Ocean solo (and the first person to do it twice), receive the Distinguished Flying Cross, and fly nonstop coast-to-coast across the US.
On June 26, 1948, the first supply-filled planes departed bases in England and Western Germany as part of the Berlin Airlift.
On June 25, 1941, the US Post Office Department issued the first in a new series of Airmail stamps picturing a twin-motored transport plane. These stamps would carry mail across the US and around the globe throughout World War II.
On June 24, 1918, Captain Brian Peck made the first airmail flight in Canada. It would be another decade before the service became official and Canada would issue its first Airmail stamps.
On June 23, 1938, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Civil Aeronautics Act, creating the Civil Aeronautics Authority. The CAA was tasked with investigating accidents, recommending ways to prevent future accidents, and setting airline fares and routes. It eventually became the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
On June 4, 1783, the Montgolfier brothers staged the first successful public hot air balloon demonstration, sparking interest and rapid advancements.
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Ever considered getting involved in your local Christmas Bird Count?
What is the Christmas Bird Count?
The Christmas Bird Count started in 1900 and is North America’s longest-running Citizen Science project. It takes place over a single day within a BC community, where bird counts are carried out within a specified 24-km circle area. Depending on your region, it can take place any time between December 14th and January 5th. The counts are organized by local birders, birding clubs, or naturalist organizations and are usually a group effort.
If you’re interested in birds and their conservation, the Christmas Bird Count is very important to conservation research. The information collected turns into one of the world’s largest sets of wildlife survey data. Those results are used by conservation biologists and naturalists to assess the population trends and distribution of birds. Monitoring birds in this way helps to shine a spotlight on recent population declines and potential consequences for ecosystems. It’s important work, and birders are happy to help!
Where and When
Whether you’re a novice birder or a seasoned expert, please consider taking part in this year’s Christmas Bird Count effort. To join a group or community event, please reach out to your local count compiler – Birds Canada has a list of participating communities on their website.
As Birds Canada recommends, you should be prepared to dedicate part or all of the count day as either a field observer or feeder watcher somewhere within the count circle. Field observers cover a portion of the count circle on their own or with a small group and count all birds they find. Feeder watchers count birds at their feeders for a portion of the day. The Birds Canada website has more information on what it means to be a field participant or a feeder participant.
Here is a list of communities along The BC Bird Trail that are having Christmas Bird Counts this year:
- Central Vancouver Island
- Deep Bay: TBA
- Duncan: TBA
- Ladysmith: December 18
- Nanaimo: TBA
- Nanoose Bay: December 16
- Parksville Qualicum Beach: TBA
- South Fraser & Fraser Valley
- Abbotsford – Mission: December 30
- Chilliwack: TBA
- Harrison River: TBA
- Ladner: December 18
- Pitt Meadows: January 1
- Vancouver (including some areas in Richmond): December 17
- White Rock – Surrey – Langley: December 29
- Columbia Valley
- Cranbrook: December 28
- Golden: TBA
- Kimberley: January 4
- Lake Windermere District (Invermere/Radium area): December 17
- Sea to Sky
- Whistler: December 14
- Squamish: December 17
- Langford (Victoria): December 17
- Osoyoos: TBA
Learn more about citizen science and tips for counting birds in our previous Field Notes post, Birding 101: How to Count Birds.
Please keep safety your number one priority should you choose to participate in Citizen Science programs, and always follow your local health authority safety guidelines. Keep up to date with emergency information regarding road conditions and more with EmergencyInfoBC.
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History of the Museum
The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) began as a private educational institution in 1964 to promote cross – cultural understanding through programs in the social sciences and arts.
Founded by Warren M. Robbins, a former U.S. State Department diplomat, it was originally known as the Museum of African Art and located on Capitol Hill in the historic townhouse that had been the home of Frederick Douglass, the African American abolitionist and statesman.
In August 1979, by enactment of Public Law P95-414, the museum became part of the Smithsonian Institution.
The museum was officially renamed the National Museum of African Art in 1981, and opened to the public in a new facility on the National Mall in 1987. While it initially focused on the traditional arts of sub-Saharan Africa, over the years, NMAfA broadened its collecting scope, distinguishing itself as the first museum in the United States to include in its mission a sustained focus on modern and contemporary African art.
Through its collections, research facilities, state –of-the –art conservation laboratory, groundbreaking exhibitions, educational outreach and public programs, the museum has expanded the parameters of the field of African art history and presented to the public a rich diversity of artistic traditions from throughout the continent.
Today, the museum’s collection of over 10,000 objects represents nearly every area of the continent of Africa containing a variety of media and art forms.
Timeline of Key Events
1963: Warren Robbins establishes Center for Cross Cultural Communication and acquired the house and acquires the house adjacent to the residence on Sixth Street as its headquarters.
1964: Robbins purchases houses once owned by Frederick Douglass at 314-316 A Street NE and opens the Museum of African Art in stages, acquiring seven additional contiguous houses in the rest of the block incorporate into the museum.
1964 – 1979: Robbins serves as founding director of what was to become the National Museum of African Art.
1964-1979: Robbins shows 30 exhibitions in the Museum of African Art, traveling the exhibitions to 25 universities and museums around the country. During this time, Robbins publishes more than 20 catalogs and publications on the Museum of African Art.
1966: Publication of African Art in American Collections, New York: Praeger.
1973: Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives established at the Museum of African Art on Capitol Hill.
1979: On August 13, the Museum of African Art on Capitol Hill merges with the Smithsonian and the complex on A Street becomes the National Museum of Art. Comprising of 9 buildings, 16 garages and two carriage houses are presented to the nation. The collections of African and African American art, the library, sales shop, education and graphics center and the Eliot Elisofon Archives are transferred to the Smithsonian by Warren Robbins.
1983: Robbins steps down as first director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African Art to become Founding Director Emeritus.
1985: Robbins reestablishes the Center for Cross Cultural Communication as the Robbins Center.
1987: The Smithsonian National Museum of African Art re-opens in its new building on the Mall at 950 Independence Avenue, SW with the Robbins Library of African Art.
2005: The Walt Disney-Tishman African Art Collection is donated to the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art.
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Insulators are widely used in various power equipment and many modern vacuum devices, and are also used in large-scale sophisticated devices. For example: X-ray tubes, high-power microwave tubes, high-power klystrons, neutron beam diodes, pulsed power switches, particle accelerators, and the like. The use of insulators in vacuum has a special phenomenon: when an insulator is supported in a vacuum gap, the insulator system will be broken down at a lower voltage, that is, the surface of the insulator breaks down.
When a destructive discharge occurs in a solid dielectric, it is called breakdown.Upon breakdown, marks remain in the solid dielectric, permanently disabling the insulating properties of the solid dielectric. If the insulation board breaks down, it leaves a hole in the board.
Related Industry Knowledge
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- How the fuse works
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- The scope of the arrester
- Improve Insulator Flash Method
- Insulator Pre-discharge Process
- Insulator pre-discharge flashover effect
- The overview of Creepage distance
- Definition of creepage distance
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- Measuring electrical insulator creepage distanc...
- Measuring creepage distance(2)
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Learn To Spell For Adults Free – Not all adults have perfect spelling. In fact, many people have developed bad writing habits over the years. Today, this is all the more relevant, given the nature of communication in social networks and mobile SMS.
Abbreviations are common to save space in messages and message lines, and people ignore the rules of capitalization and English punctuation. It is also true that people who left school early may have simply missed out on spelling.
Learn To Spell For Adults Free
And although spelling is only one aspect of productive knowledge of the language, it is usually quite obvious. You may not know the meaning of a word, but when you spell it wrong, everyone notices.
Eliminate Negative Thinking: How To Overcome Negativity, Control Your Thoughts, And Stop Overthinking. Shift Your Focus Into Positive Thinking, Self Acceptance, And Radical Self Love: Amazon.co.uk: Howell, Derick: 9781647800840: Books
Spelling is not a reflection of intelligence. However, spelling knowledge is still necessary for success in academic and professional endeavors. Poor English spelling skills can cause an adult to be negatively evaluated by others.
They may lose jobs or career opportunities and often experience embarrassment and low self-esteem. Even worse, poor spelling skills can prevent people from reaching their full potential in school.
In fact, when a teenager has difficulty writing certain words, he may rely on more common and less specific vocabulary or avoid writing altogether. Their writing may appear simplistic and not reflect real vocabulary.
Although practicing spelling as an adult can be uncomfortable, intervention is often needed because it is not a skill that resolves itself. Learning spelling involves focused work, including repetition and transcription exercises.
Free Spelling Rule
Enrolling in an adult basic education course at a local school is recommended, especially if poor reading skills are also a factor.
People who can’t write can also sign up for an adult spelling course or use a program or app that runs on their computer at home.
You can even learn to write and gain new skills at the same time! This is about learning touch typing through Touch Reading and Spelling (TTRS). Originally developed to help students with dyslexia, it takes a unique whole-word approach and teaches spelling alongside writing.
Because English spelling is so irregular, children learn to spell in school. Some even participate in competitions to write the most difficult words in the English language.
Matching Games For Adults
But for adults, it is assumed that they have already learned how to spell most words in school. Therefore, when it comes to people who work in specialized fields, not always the same attention is paid to subject-specific vocabulary, which can be problematic.
Again, touch-like reading and writing can help here. You can create your own modules containing the relevant vocabulary you need to practice.
This means that their spelling skills grow along with their vocabulary. On the other hand, an adult with poor spelling skills may have a good command of spoken language but struggle to write all the words he knows.
An adult learning English as a second language may struggle with English spelling due to the lack of a 1:1 correspondence between letter sounds. In other words, there are many ways to spell the same sound in English.
Spelling Bee International Exam
Spelling becomes even more difficult if the adult student’s native language does not have a certain letter or if it uses a different alphabet.
Reading and spelling skills are related because spelling is part of the letter-sound mapping that children need to decipher words.
But while children are in school, adults may have to learn to write. This may include mastering memory techniques or understanding that repetition and multisensory learning can improve recall.
Fear of succumbing to poor spelling, reading, or writing habits can prevent many adults from improving their skills. But sometimes an adult’s spelling problems are the result of an undiagnosed learning disability that has caused them to lose important early literacy skills or drop out of school out of frustration.reading and writing in the classroom.
English For Adults
These individuals can greatly benefit from addressing their specific learning difficulties and learning strategies to help them overcome literacy barriers and improve their spelling, regardless of age.
Dyslexia can manifest itself in different ways, but usually it leads to problems with spelling, which is based on a lack of phonological awareness. Fortunately, there are strategies that can help adults with dyslexia learn to write.
Unlike dyslexia, dyspraxia is more about fine motor planning and interruption. However, this can cause problems when dealing with handwritten words. Without proper handwriting practice, a person can develop poor spelling skills. That’s why learning to type is a great solution for people with dyspraxia who want to improve their skills.
Difficulty with handwriting can be the result of dysgraphia, a condition that makes handwriting difficult and sometimes even painful. A person who has avoided writing for most of their life probably has underdeveloped spelling skills.
Dysgraphia In Adults: Recognizing Symptoms Later In Life
People with attention deficit disorder may find it difficult to focus and stay calm. Therefore, it is difficult to concentrate while writing, especially when it comes to learning the rules of spelling. Tactile learning through writing can be the solution in these cases.
A writing class is often a good idea for adults who want to improve their writing skills. This is because typing involves repeating words over and over again on the keyboard while watching and hearing them read aloud. This process encodes spelling patterns in a multisensory way and improves recognition of common letter combinations.
Plus, writing is a skill that opens up professional and academic opportunities and can be mastered in just a few weeks. When the course is module-based, as is the case with the reading and spelling program, it is also practical for the busy adult who juggles work and family life and needs to work through the material independently. The best part is that it’s a way to improve your spelling skills without drawing attention to ability because the focus is on writing.
Do you have any advice for adults learning to write? Join the discussion in the comments section!
Free Spelling Printables
TTRS is a program designed to teach adults with learning disabilities to write with additional support for reading and spelling.
Meredith Sikerkia is an Associate Professor at the University of Nottingham, an educational consultant and freelance writer, covering a range of topics from speech and language difficulties and specific learning differences to strategies for teaching English as a second and additional language.
Chris Freeman has a BA with Honors in Sociology and a PhD in Education and Educational Technology. She has worked in the field of health care and charity for more than 20 years.
Maria wrote with two fingers, slowly and often imprecisely. Now she writes faster, with fewer mistakes, with more skill and professionalism. This greatly increased his confidence at work. She is now much better at recognizing individual sounds in words thanks to the auditory aspect of TTRS’s multi-sensory approach. Her vocabulary improved significantly and she found that she could explain things and express herself more clearly in English after completing the course.
Dyslexia Test: Am I Dyslexic? Free Screener For Adults
At Bolton College we offer a TTRS course for self-taught adults who have returned to school to improve their spelling, technology and use word processors. We found that for many of the adult students in our program, the conventional look-cover-check-spell approach they were taught in school was having a detrimental effect on their learning. On the contrary, tactile reading and writing gives them an enriching and positive spelling experience. Looking for ways to liven up word worksheets and/or spelling practice in the classroom? Even better… Are you looking for ways to do this without cooking? Our spelling activity is the perfect solution. Try our free spelling flashcards in your classroom.
Non-preparatory spelling exercises can be printed or used digitally. The best part? These spelling activities work with any list of words. Review words, spelling words, or vocabulary words. They open beautifully and are a great addition to the Word work center.
Download the free No Prep Spelling Activities ticket for two fun activities and an overview of the set.
Students use a marker or colored pencil and write their spelling words as many times as they can on each part of the doodle lines. They will choose a new word and a new color for each part.
Printable Spelling Test Templates [word & Pdf] ᐅ Templatelab
This activity is a fun way to turn students into secret agents. Students start with a code key. Each letter corresponds to a small symbol. Optionally you can laminate for durability.
First, students choose words from the spelling list and write them down on the left side of the page (this is after the code key).
Students then draw a symbol on the right side of the paper to match each letter of the word written on the left.
Finally, students fold the paper in half and find a partner they can understand
Phonics Rules For Reading And Spelling
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The mouth is a unique bio-environment for bacteria and other microorganisms. The oral cavity must always be in microbial and immune homeostasis (balance).. Hundreds of types of bacteria need to be properly balanced to protect the mouth from infection or severe gum disease can result from microbial imbalances or “dysbiosis”.
Many microorganisms in the mouth attach to the teeth. The accumulation of microbes on the surface of teeth is called a “biofilm”, which may eventually calcify into a matrix of hard material called “plaque”.
If not removed, biofilms can lead to inflammation of the gums; a first step in the development of dental caries and “gingivitis”. This mild form of gum disease results in swollen and red gums that may exude pus and bleed easily upon brushing. If left untreated, gingivitis may escalate to periodontitis. In periodontitis, pockets of microbes form and the infection spreads and grows below the gum line, damaging bone, and loosening teeth.
Periodontal-causing pathogens in the mouth trigger defense mechanisms resulting in defensive inflammation. However, when inflammation is not controlled, bone and connective tissues are damaged; the gums pull away from the teeth and leave them in danger of falling out.
When dysbiosis occurs, pathogenic periodontal bacterial communities may overpopulate the mouth. The bacteria are able to circumvent immune cell attacks. As the number of bacteria increase, they stimulate more inflammatory responses leading to bone loss and worsening periodontitis.
As might be expected, treating periodontitis decreases the biomarkers of inflammation throughout the body.
Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
Inappropriate levels of inflammation in the mouth can lead to inflammation throughout the body. It is therefore not surprising that periodontal disease increases the risk of having other inflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, individuals with atherosclerosis and periodontitis share genes that appear to stimulate similar inflammatory pathways.
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).
Amyloid plaque accumulation in the brain is a major feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); heightened levels of amyloid have been associated with greater risk of periodontal disease. Even in seemingly healthy elderly individuals, those with periodontal disease have more amyloid in their brains than those without oral disease.
Individuals with strong immune responses to periodontal pathogens are at greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s than people who have more limited responses. This has led investigators to suggest that inflammation-associated periodontal disease may be a contributor to Alzheimer’s.
A major function of the immune system is to keep the numerous bacterial communities on and throughout the body in check. To accomplish this, the body maintains immune homeostasis, exquisitely balanced inflammatory responses.
One might predict that maintaining good oral health would decrease one’s risk of inflammatory diseases including diseases such as cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s Disease.
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Lime (Tilia) is a genus of about 30 species of trees native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Its species are mostly large, deciduous trees, reaching typically 20 to 40 metres (66 to 130 ft) tall, with oblique-cordate leaves 6 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 in) across.
The timber of linden trees is soft and easily worked; it has very little grain and a density of 560 kg per cubic metre. It is a popular wood for model building and intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwardsю The wood is used in marionette, puppet making and carving. Having a fine light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose despite modern alternatives being available, and is still one of the main materials used today.
Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make it popular for electric guitar and bass bodies and wind instruments such as recorders. In the past, it was typically used (along with Agathis) for less-expensive models. However, due to its better resonance at middle and high frequencies, and better sustain than alder, it is now more commonly used in the "superstrat" type of guitar. It can also be used for the neck because of its excellent material integrity when bent and ability to produce consistent tone without any dead spots, according to Parker Guitars. In the percussion industry, Tilia is sometimes used as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and their aesthetics.
Lime wood is known in the aquarium industry for its use as an air diffuser inside protein skimmers. Air pumped through the grain of the wood turns into consistently very fine bubbles (0.5-1.0 mm), difficult to achieve with any other natural or man-made medium. However, the wood decomposes underwater much faster than ceramic air stones and must be replaced more frequently for maximum efficiency.
It is also the wood of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes.
We offer following trade specifications:
Lime logs (Tilia)
|Country of origin
||From 2 m (+10 cm)
||A, B, C
Without star heart rot, or suffocation
Measurement: Diameter at the middle of the log, Huber scale
Curvature 3-5% in a single plane
Bark Deduction: 1 cm under 40 diam, 2 cm over 40 diam
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Among China’s traditional musical instruments, the zheng (or guzheng) is the most commonly played; it currently enjoys tremendous popularity, particularly among urban Chinese girls. The art of zheng has overcome several significant hurdles in the twentieth century, including tuning which was considered incompatible for use in large ensembles such as Chinese orchestras, poor projection of sound, and a repertory lacking technically challenging solo masterpieces idiomatic to the instrument. The zheng’s most enduring—and most beloved—solo repertory consists of favored traditional or ‘classic’ works, most of which rely on nuanced melodic content. In these pieces, the left hand does not pluck the strings but rather refines and supplements the sounds created when the right hand plucks the strings. On close examination, much of the zheng’s basic repertory was derived from earlier vocal music (“folk music”), instrumental ensemble works, or solo music for other instruments transcribed or transplanted into the zheng repertory, and thus much zheng solo music is apparently relatively new (post-imperial). A more formal zheng repertory began to appear in the second half of the twentieth century, as solo compositions specifically written for the zheng were created; many of these pieces were the work of expert zheng performers and pedagogues teaching and/or studying in the music conservatories of the People’s Republic. The zheng’s evolution from an ensemble and accompanimental instrument in late imperial China to a solo concert instrument with virtuosic potential and an increasingly idiomatic repertory occurred as the instrument’s repertory was explored, notated, and recorded. As master zheng musicians—mostly male--began to teach in Chinese conservatories, structural changes were also introduced into the manufacture of the instrument. This project looks at how this process happened, and discusses why it happened. Why were “schools” of zheng established and what is a “school” (liupai流派)? What do we know about the zheng’s solo repertory prior to the twentieth century? What role did improvisation play in zheng music before its repertory was notated, classified, and recorded? Did a gender switch happen (or is it happening now), with previously male masters being replaced essentially by women and girls? What has been lost and what has been gained in the zheng’s most transformative era: the past hundred years?
Historic Gains and Losses
Preserving the Unique Character of Zheng Art in Changing Times
Further Changes During the “Opening Up”
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Agroecology is a dynamic concept that has gained prominence in scientific, agricultural and political discourse in recent years. It is increasingly promoted as being able to contribute to transforming food systems by applying ecological principles to agriculture and ensuring a regenerative use of natural resources and ecosystem services while also addressing the need for socially equitable food systems within which people can exercise choice over what they eat and how and where it is produced.
Agroecology embraces a science, a set of practices and a social movement and has evolved over recent decades to expand in scope from a focus on fields and farms to encompass whole agriculture and food systems. It now represents a transdisciplinary field that includes all the ecological, sociocultural, technological, economic and political dimensions of food systems, from production to consumption.
Soils are the foundation of our terrestrial ecosystems and soil health is crucial to global food production.
Why is soil health a fundamental principle of agroecology? What are the threats to soil health in Europe? What are the levers of change to improve soil health in Europe and worldwide? Discover this facinating topic with Marc-André Selosse, botanist and mycologist, professor at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris
Synergy is the essence of agroecology, as it represents the vital ecological interactions between different elements of the agroecosystem in both time and space.
Instead of focusing on external inputs and specialisation, it relies on the interactions between plants, animals, trees, soil and water to create a system that imitates and reinforces the complexity of nature in order to mitigate climate change, create economic diversity and enhance biodiversity.
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* Flowers in a single cluster at the end of the stem. 3 violet petals,
rounded, symmetric petals. Golden stamens.
* Long, sword-like leaves, opposite, and perpendicular to the stem.
* Height: 10-18".
* Flowers April - July.
* Habitat: Forest edges, roadsides, fields.
* Range: Northern United States.
* Native, but often cultivated.
* John Tradescant, Tradescantia's namesake, sailed on Sir Robert Maxwell's
1620 voyage to fight the Barbary pirates. After retiring from the high
seas, he established a garden in Lambeth, England and later became
gardener to King Charles 1.
* As for the common name's origin, 'Spiderwort' could have arisen
because sap from the broken stem forms spider web-like filaments.
The angular leaf arrangement, suggesting a squatting spider,
suggests another possible origin for the name.
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Several studies have considered various possible reasons, but have met with only limited success. Rivers Inlet sockeye salmon spawn in Owikeno Watershed, and although the area has been extensively logged, lake surveys indicate that fry abundance remained high until very recently. Results of an experiment in adaptive fisheries management and more recent fisheries restrictions also argue against the direct effects of overfishing. The population is obviously suffering substantially increased mortality at some later stage in its life cycle. Available evidence for Smith Inlet sockeye salmon, which spawn in the Long Lake Watershed, appears also to point to increased marine mortality. As further evidence for this claim, sockeye salmon smolts leaving Owikeno Lake have also traditionally been extraordinarily small, the smallest smolt in northwestern North America according to one recent study. Research elsewhere has demonstrated that small smolts are more likely than larger ones to perish at sea early in their life cycle.
Indeed, the limited research to date points to a major increase in marine mortality. In addition, our field research in 2002 showed that migrating juvenile sockeye salmon made considerable use of both Rivers Inlet and a smaller fjord in Smith Inlet. Both of these were covered by a surface layer of fresh to brackish water. This habitat is potentially vital to these fish as they acclimatize to salt water. Yet hydrological and other data suggest that major changes may have occurred to the surface layer which could have substantially reduced the sockeye salmon food supply in this critical habitat. These include changes to the annual cycle of depth and turbidity associated with climate change and reductions in the nutrient supply to these waters. These latter changes are in turn associated with both (i) the interception and export of marine nutrients from commercial fishing and (ii) changes to coastal ocean circulation patterns.
Our overarching goal is to determine what caused the rapid decline in the Rivers and Smith Inlets sockeye populations. We will use sediment coring to assess potential reductions to marine-derived nutrients and associated changes to lake and inlet ecology, and hydrodynamic modelling to assess potential changes to the freshwater surface layer associated with past and possible future atmospheric and oceanographic changes (e.g. consequences of global warming). Please read on to learn more about the specifics of the project -- return to Rivers Inlet Project Main Page and click on the links at the left-hand side of the page.
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Rwanda is a small, mountainous country in the far southwest of the Nile Basin. The country has abundant water resources, totaling some 5 billion cubic meters per year. About 84 percent of the country lies in the Nile Basin and some 90 percent of the population is engaged in agriculture, making water management a key issue. Deforestation and erosion are taking a toll, and other environmental issues (including the proliferation of the water hyacinth, a destructive weed) are becoming serious problems. Rwanda is hosting NELSAP-CU one of the three NBI Centres and together with Burundi and Tanzania are involed in one of the flagship NELSAP/NBI projects - the Regional Rusumo Falls Hydro-electric Project.
Rwanda and the Nile Basin Initiative: Benefits of Cooperation
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SB Pattern language for Data-models **
´´First, it has a moral component. Second, it has the aim of creating coherence, morphological coherence in the things which are made with it. And third, it is generative: it allows people to create coherence, morally sound objects, and encourages and enables this process because of its emphasis on the coherence of the created whole. ,, --Christopher Alexander, Keynote at the 1996 ACM Conference on Object-Oriented Programs, Systems, Languages and Applications
´´Each pattern is a rule which describes what you have to do to generate the entity which it defines.,, --Christopher Alexander, The timeless way of building; ISBN 0-19-502248-3
For instance the FRBR Relations pattern, describes how to implement and use FRBR in the structure of your collection.
Patterns [ use the PatternTemplate ]
Rules of grammar and meaning
Pattern expressions [ part of the CollectionTemplate ]
Wikipedia says about patterns:
´´A pattern language is a structured method of describing good design practices within a field of expertise. It is characterized by
- Noticing and naming the common problems in a field of interest,
- Describing the key characteristics of effective solutions for meeting some stated goal,
- Helping the designer move from problem to problem in a logical way, and
Allowing for many different paths through the design process. ,,
Our goal is to let patterns become a generative tool for making the Data-model, you as a user are encouraged to augment and add patterns as you create your data-models.
For patterns there is a PatternTemplate try to use this and look at patterns by others to let yourself be inspired. Patterns can be constructed with a degree of detail that is entirely up to the author, from describing broad concepts to detailing narrow technical details.
Grade: from 0(zero) to 2(two) stars. -** the grade is appended to the pattern Name
Name (and grade): PageTitle written in CamelCase or Page_title written with underscore as the delimiter, you are encouraged to use the underscore for legibility reasons, AND match it to the heading of the pattern. Try to think of a descriptive, but not to long name.
Context: Where in the process does this pattern apply, eg. overall planning or minute details. remember to include relevant patterns in-line in the context description.
Description of pattern: What does this pattern cover, the general subject no problems no solutions, just a description of the covered subject. This text is entered in Bold Font
Problem description: A description of the relevant forces and constraints, and how they interact. try to reveal hidden constraints that are hard to detect.
Solution: What is the encouraged approach to solving the problem of this pattern? Describe dynamic and static effects caused by/on other patterns. This text is entered in Bold Font
Consider next: What options do the use of this pattern bring about, what path does it send the user along. How does it interact with other patterns. Consider in-line references to likely patterns which can influence the product along with this pattern.
"Avoid as much as possible filling in elements or structuring data in a particular way only because it appears in a standard or other implementers do it that way. Instead find out what the reason for the inclusion of that element is, or review the other implementer's procedures(patterns ed.), and determine if those goals apply to your project." source:Metadata for Digital Resources
When describing the collection templates, be sure to include the workflow in the description, e.g. which data is needed in order to allow the collection elements to be represented on their own.
- GuidelinesForNewDatamodel/PatternLanguage/Anker Kirkebye
- GuidelinesForNewDatamodel/PatternLanguage/Descriptive metadata
- GuidelinesForNewDatamodel/PatternLanguage/FRBR Relations
- GuidelinesForNewDatamodel/PatternLanguage/Old Collections
- GuidelinesForNewDatamodel/PatternLanguage/Phonograph cylinder
- GuidelinesForNewDatamodel/PatternLanguage/Sub collections
- GuidelinesForNewDatamodel/PatternLanguage/Technical metadata
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Heroin is the common name for the psychoactive drug, diacetylmorphinei. It can be smoked, sniffed, inserted rectally or injected. Heroin is processed from morphine, which is a naturally occurring substance extracted from opium poppy plants. The opium poppy has been cultivated for more than five thousand years for a wide variety of medicinal uses, most notably as an analgesic used in the treatment of pain.
Heroin was first synthesized from morphine in 1874. From 1898 through 1910, the German pharmaceutical company, Bayer, marketed it under the trademark name ‘Heroin’ as a cough suppressant and as a “non-addictive” morphine substitute. It grew in popularity until the U.S. government restricted its use through the Harrison Narcotics Act in 1914 and made it illegal in 1924 through the Heroin Act.
Heroin is currently classified as a Schedule I substance, which means that the federal government has determined that it has no currently accepted medical use and has a high potential for abuse.
People who use heroin describe a feeling of warmth, relaxation and detachment, with a lessening sense of anxiety. It is a powerful sedative, and due to its analgesic qualities, physical and emotional aches and pains can also be diminished. These effects appear quickly and can last for several hours, depending on the dosage and the mode of administration.
When it is injected or smoked, it is quickly introduced into the bloodstream and leads to an instant rush of euphoric pleasure. In addition to pain relief and sedation, heroin use can also lead to constipation, nausea and respiratory depression, which causes shallow breathing, lowered blood pressure and reduced heart rate. Prolonged use can lead to physical dependence. Some people who use heroin do so because this physical dependence means that if they stop using heroin, they will experience severe withdrawal symptoms that will make them physically sick. Many others continue using heroin because it provides a feeling of comfort and safety.
Heroin differences to other opioids
• Morphine is a naturally occurring substance derived from the opium poppy plant often used to alleviate pain and other physical ailments. It was the first opiate to be synthesized and thus, its use predates the use of heroin or oxycodone. The U.S. classifies it in Schedule II, which means the federal government has determined that it has potential for misuse and dependence, but also has accepted medical use and can be prescribed to patients.
• Heroin is processed from morphine. It is classified as a Schedule I substance, which means the federal government has determined that it has no currently accepted medical use. However, heroin (diacetylmorphine) is available medically in some limited circumstances, particularly in Europe and Canada. In the U.S., almost all heroin comes from the unregulated market.
• Oxycodone and Hydrocodone are semisynthetic opioids derived from the opium poppy plant, are chemically similar to morphine and are used to treat acute and chronic pain. Unlike illicitly produced heroin, their production is regulated, which means they have consistent effects and can be made available in specified doses. Semisynthetic opioids are most commonly available in pill form. OxyContin is a controlled release form of oxycodone so it is released gradually over a period of time. Oxycodone and hydrocodone are Schedule II substances, which means that the federal government has determined that it has accepted medical use.
• Fentanyl is one of the most powerful opiate-based painkillers, used to treat chronic pain patients who have developed a resistance to other less powerful opiates such as morphine or oxycodone. Its effects are active at much lower doses than other opiates and so, while the effects of fentanyl might be similar to longer lasting opiates such as heroin, morphine and oxycodone, its non-medical use is riskier due to its increased potency. Like morphine, fentanyl is a Schedule II substance. In recent years, much of the U.S. heroin supply has been mixed with synthetically created illegal fentanyl, leading to skyrocketing overdose death rates. Illegal fentanyl is not regulated and is often mixed into heroin, with or without the user’s knowledge, which has led to increased overdose deaths since 2013.
• Methadone and Buprenorphine are opioids that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as medications to treat opioid dependence. They act on same receptors in the brain as other opioids
How is it taken?
Heroin can be injected, snorted/sniffed, or smoked—routes of administration that rapidly deliver the drug to the brain. Injecting is the use of a needle to administer the drug directly into the bloodstream. Snorting is the process of inhaling heroin powder through the nose, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues. Smoking involves inhaling heroin smoke into the lungs. All three methods of administering heroin can lead to addiction and other severe health problems.
How Does Heroin Affect the Brain?
Heroin enters the brain, where it is converted to morphine and binds to receptors known as opioid receptors. These receptors are located in many areas of the brain (and in the body), especially those involved in the perception of pain and in reward. Opioid receptors are also located in the brain stem—important for automatic processes critical for life, such as breathing (respiration), blood pressure, and arousal. Heroin overdoses frequently involve a suppression of respiration.
After an intravenous injection of heroin, users report feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by dry mouth, a warm flushing of the skin, heaviness of the extremities, and clouded mental functioning. Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the nod,” an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Users who do not inject the drug may not experience the initial rush, but other effects are the same.
With regular heroin use, tolerance develops, in which the user’s physiological (and psychological) response to the drug decreases, and more heroin is needed to achieve the same intensity of effect. Heroin users are at high risk for addiction—it is estimated that about 23 percent of individuals who use heroin become dependent on it.
What Other Adverse Effects Does Heroin Have on Health?
Heroin abuse is associated with serious health conditions, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, and—particularly in users who inject the drug—infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Chronic users may develop collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, and liver or kidney disease. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health of the abuser as well as from heroin’s depressing effects on respiration. In addition to the effects of the drug itself, street heroin often contains toxic contaminants or additives that can clog blood vessels leading to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain, causing permanent damage to vital organs.
Chronic use of heroin leads to physical dependence, a state in which the body has adapted to the presence of the drug. If a dependent user reduces or stops use of the drug abruptly, he or she may experience severe symptoms of withdrawal. These symptoms—which can begin as early as a few hours after the last drug administration—can include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (“cold turkey”), and kicking movements (“kicking the habit”).
Users also experience severe craving for the drug during withdrawal, which can precipitate continued abuse and/or relapse. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours after the last dose of the drug and typically subside after about 1 week. Some individuals, however, may show persistent withdrawal symptoms for months.
Although heroin withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol or barbiturate withdrawal, sudden withdrawal by heavily dependent users who are in poor health is occasionally fatal. In addition, heroin craving can persist years after drug cessation, particularly upon exposure to triggers such as stress or people, places, and things associated with drug use.
Heroin abuse during pregnancy, together with related factors like poor nutrition and inadequate prenatal care, has been associated with adverse consequences including low birth weight, an important risk factor for later developmental delay. If the mother is regularly abusing the drug, the infant may be born physically dependent on heroin and could suffer from serious medical complications requiring hospitalization.
What are the signs and symptoms of heroin withdrawal?
Signs and symptoms of heroin withdrawal can include depression, stomach cramps, nausea, fever, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea. It is a severe flu-like illness and the severity of the symptoms typically peaks at around 2-3 days. If untreated, some of these symptoms, such as persistent vomiting and diarrhea, can lead to dehydration, elevated blood sodium level and heart failure.
However, all of the symptoms can be treated with appropriate medical attention. These symptoms can be avoided by taking a form of opioid agonist therapy such as methadone or buprenorphine.
What Treatment Options Exist?
A range of treatments exist for heroin addiction, including medications and behavioral therapies. Science has taught us that when medication treatment is combined with other supportive services, patients are often able to stop using heroin (or other opiates) and return to stable and productive lives.
Treatment usually begins with medically assisted detoxification to help patients withdraw from the drug safely. Medications such as clonidine and buprenorphine can be used to help minimize symptoms of withdrawal. However, detoxification alone is not treatment and has not been shown to be effective in preventing relapse—it is merely the first step.
- Heroin: NIDA Info facts; 2010.
- 10 Facts about Heroin: Drug Policy Alliance March; 2018
- Heroin Fast facts: National Drug Intelligence Center a component of the U.S. Department of Justice; NDIC Product No. 2003-L0559-003
- The heroin epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its effect on crime trends – then and now: Technical Report: Nick Morgan; July 2014
- Occasional and controlled heroin use. Not a problem?; Hamish Warburton, Paul J. Turnbull and Mike Hough; 2005
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Slide 6 -
Symptoms of Allergy Skin allergy symptoms include itching, reddening, and flaking or peeling of the skin.
Allergic rhinitis is characterized by congestion, itching and discharge from the nose and itchy, watery eyes.
Asthma include coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing.
Food allergy include, dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting , anaphylaxis and hives.
A severe allergic reaction to food - called anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis include a feeling of warmth, flushing, tingling in the mouth or a red, itchy rash. Other symptoms may include feelings of light-headedness, shortness of breath, severe sneezing, anexiety, stomach or uterine cramps, and/or vomiting and diarrhea. In severe cases, patients may experience a drop in blood pressure. Anaphylaxis can be fatal.
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It seems that nearly every car dashboard has a GPS receiver perched on the top. They have become incredibly popular as a navigational tool with many people relying on them solely to work their way around the road networks.
The Global Positioning System has been around for quite a few years now but was originally designed and built for US military applications but was extended for civilian use following an airline disaster.
Whilst it is incredibly useful and convenient a tool, the GPS systems is relatively simple in its operation. The navigation works using a constellation of 30 or so satellites (there are quite a few more that are orbiting but no longer operational).
The signals sent from the satellites contain three pieces of information that are received by the sat nav devices in our cars.
That information includes:
* The time the message was sent
* The orbital position of the satellite (known as the ephemeris)
* The general system health and orbits of the other GPS satellites (known as the almanac)
The way the navigational information is worked out is by using the information from four satellites. The time the signals left the each of the satellites is recorded by the sat nav receiver and the distance from each satellite is then worked out using this information. By using the information from four satellites it possible to work out exactly where the satellite receiver is, this process is known as triangulation.
However, working out exactly where you are in the world does rely on complete accuracy in the time signals that are broadcast by the satellites. As signals such as the GPS travel at the speed of light (approximately 300,000 km a second through a vacuum) even a one second inaccuracy could see positioning information out by 300 kilometres! Currently the GPS system is accurate to five metres which demonstrates just how accurate the timing information broadcast by the satellites is.
This high level of accuracy is possible because each GPS satellite contains atomic clocks. Atomic clocks are incredibly accurate relying on the unwavering oscillations of atoms to keep time – in fact each GPS satellite will run for over a million years before it will drift by as much as a second (compared to the average electronic watch which will drift by a second in a week or two)
Because of this high level of accuracy the atomic clocks on board GPS satellites can be used as a source of accurate time for the synchronization of computer networks and other devices that require synchronization.
Receiving this time signal requires the use of a NTP GPS server that will synchronize with the satellite and distribute the time to all devices on a network.
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Net Zero, explained by our experts.
Net Zero123 is the most comprehensive approach there is to securing a liveable planet.
Achieving Net Zero involves making deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to get as close to zero as possible, and then actively removing from the atmosphere any emissions that really cannot be avoided.
Once we achieve this balance of emissions and removals, global warming stops worsening. Emissions from human activities have already warmed the planet by around 1.2C (above levels experienced before industrialisation) and there is a scientific consensus that staying below 1.5C will avoid the most catastrophic effects on our climate.
The 2015 Paris Agreement set out an international commitment to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5C. Achieving that, rather than allowing temperatures to rise by 2C, would save around 61 million people from drought, bring down the financial costs of global climate damages by 25%, and prevent triggering critical climate ‘tipping points’, such as the collapse of the Greenland Ice Cap.
Climate scientists have modelled the scenarios needed to call time on global warming and prevent us from surpassing 1.5C. The pathways which shield us from the worst impacts of climate change and allow us to meet our global goal of 1.5C have a common thread: halving our emissions this decade and reaching Net Zero by around 2050. Immediate action to reduce emissions is therefore critical.
Why do we need to limit global warming to 1.5C?
A global temperature rise of a couple of degrees may not seem significant, but the consequences are serious. A temperature rise of 2C would lead to 37% of the global population being exposed to severe heat at least once every five years and climate ‘tipping points’ being reached. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC, also predicts that 2C of warming would lead to long-lasting or irreversible impacts, including the loss of some eco-systems.
Limiting global warming to 1.5C would dramatically improve outcomes. The percentage of the population exposed to severe heat at least once every five summers would drop to around 14% and hundreds of millions fewer people would be at risk of climate change-related poverty.4
Achieving Net Zero
What progress has been made?
Almost 80% of global emissions are now covered by Net Zero targets5, and big emitters like China, the USA and the EU have set Net Zero-related targets. However, the plans in place to reach these targets do not go far enough. Even if all of the current national emissions reduction pledges are met, it is likely Net Zero by the middle of the century will be missed, and warming will exceed 1.5C.6 It is therefore vital for governments to go further and revise the ambition of their national commitments, with transition plans and policies which get us to Net Zero by 2050.
Current national pledges are not enough to reach Net Zero on time
Source: Climate Change 2022, Mitigation of Climate Change, Working Group III Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR6 Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change — IPCC
Net Zero is still possible. Many of the tools and techniques needed are already available, and the rewards of adopting them are significant for society and businesses. Renewable energy technologies like wind and solar are not only the cleanest, they are also now the cheapest in many locations. Net Zero policies, when designed properly, also bring health and social benefits. Acting now will also address growing expectations from consumers and investors that the companies they buy from and invest in are taking this seriously. Immediate action makes both business and climate sense.
It will mean changing how we do business, how we live and how we use technology, but businesses and communities are constantly evolving to adapt to new pressures and opportunities, and Net Zero presents a growth opportunity for those who adapt early and lead the transition. By focusing efforts on the sectors responsible for most greenhouse gas emissions and putting in place the enabling conditions for progress, we can reach Net Zero and create a better future for everyone.
Why is 2050 the target date?
The IPCC found that in order to meet the goal of 1.5C, global emissions need to be halved by 2030 and limited to Net Zero by around 2050.7 If Net Zero is reached later than this, it is likely the planet will warm beyond 1.5C. This means that the middle of the century is an essential focus point for all global efforts to reduce emissions.
However, at the heart of the UN process for addressing climate change is a recognition that there will be some variation on specific Net Zero target dates for different countries and businesses. This reflects the complexity of responsibility for emissions reductions and the links to wider international development priorities. Some countries and businesses will set earlier targets, while others will aim for Net Zero beyond 2050. For instance, the UK has a target date of 2050 for Net Zero, while China is aiming for 2060. Many businesses are aiming to achieve Net Zero earlier than 2050.
Why do we need to act now?
The global target date for Net Zero is several decades away, but there are crucial milestones that need to be reached between now and then. The IPCC has clearly stated that to reach Net Zero by the middle of the century, we must halve global emissions by 2030. With less than a decade to go, this target will be challenging to achieve, but not impossible. Immediate and ambitious emissions reductions need to be made across supply chains and society to ensure emissions are halved by 2030 – only this urgent approach will preserve the plan to reach Net Zero by the middle of the century.
Taking immediate action also makes sense from a financial point of view. Studies have consistently shown that taking earlier action leads to reduced costs for implementing Net Zero solutions.8 In October 2022, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) outlined that the short-term costs of investing in Net Zero solutions pale in comparison to the long-term rewards of achieving Net Zero. The longer we wait to take action, the higher the up-front costs will be.9
Isn’t Net Zero a problem for governments? Why should businesses and financial institutions play a role?
Every emissions-producing activity will need to change to ensure global Net Zero emissions is reached. National and sub-national governments have an important role to play to provide the right policies, incentives and regulations to ensure this happens, but all businesses, financial institutions and individuals bear responsibility too. The choices businesses make, and the investment decisions of financial institutions are critical to determining whether or not we reach Net Zero.
Every year, world leaders meet at the UN Conference of the Parties (COP) to discuss international commitments on climate change. However, the agreements reached at COP will only have meaning if businesses, financial institutions and individuals all recognise their own role in creating the emissions that the international community seeks to reduce and then take steps to reduce the emissions they are responsible for.
Aside from being responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, businesses and financial institutions are also exposed to climate change risk. Extreme weather events threaten global economic security, which could rock supply chains and markets, or damage a business’s assets, bringing detrimental effects to both the business and its investors. It is therefore in the interest of businesses and financial institutions to drive progress towards Net Zero.
Is Net Zero the same as carbon neutrality?
Usually, Net Zero is more ambitious than carbon neutrality. However, the terms are used differently around the world. In China, for instance, the term ‘carbon neutrality’ implies the same level of ambition as Net Zero.
However, in most cases, Net Zero and carbon neutrality mean something quite different. There are three key divergences between Net Zero and carbon neutrality:
- Level of ambition: PAS 2060, the international standard for carbon neutrality, requires organisations to commit to ongoing reductions in emissions as part of a carbon neutral commitment. However, it does not specify how much organisations need to reduce by, so any trajectory can be followed. By contrast, Net Zero requires organisations to reduce emissions at a rate that is consistent with 1.5 degrees of warming.
- Scope: Carbon neutrality has a minimum requirement of covering Scope 1 & 2 emissions with Scope 3 encouraged. For businesses, Net Zero must cover all Scope 1, 2 & 3 emissions.
- Remaining emissions: to achieve carbon neutrality, organisations must purchase carbon offsets that either result in carbon reductions, efficiencies or sinks. To achieve Net Zero, organisations must instead focus on deep cuts to emissions and then any remaining emissions can be neutralised through the purchase of carbon removals that result in carbon sequestration from the atmosphere.
Net Zero is a transformational, long-term commitment. Carbon neutrality can be an important stepping stone on the journey to Net Zero.
1‘A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures Matter’ (NASA Global Climate Change, 2019)
2‘Net Zero: Why 1.5C’ (Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit, 2021)
3 ‘Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Working Group III Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report’ (IPCC, 2022)
4 ‘1.5 or 2C Celsius of additional global warming: Does it make a difference?’ (Yale Climate Connections, 2021)
5 Net Zero Coalition (UN)
6 Net Zero Coalition (UN)
7 ‘Global Warming of 1.5C’ (IPCC, 2018)
8 ‘The net-zero transition: Its cost and benefits’ (McKinsey & Company, 2022)
9 ‘World Economic Outlook’ (International Monetary Fund, 2022)
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Native American Legends
Bears and Coyote
A Nez Perce Legend
Many people were dwelling in their permanent camp. Among them was
a modest, well-behaved Maiden [ipnalapqa' tmay]. She lived at the
young maidens' lodge, and nobody about camp ever saw her. One night
this Modest Maiden got up, went outside, and urinated. But nearby
stood Lynx [qa' hap]. The Maiden went back to the lodge, and now
Lynx went over to where she had been and urinated on the same spot.
Days passed. The Modest Maiden became pregnant.
Then the people would ask her, "Whose is it?"
She would reply, "I don't know," because she did not
know what Lynx had done. Her child was born, a baby boy. At once
the baby seemed to miss his father and began to cry and cry, and
nobody could make it stop.
And now Coyote [itsaya' ya] decreed, "We, all who are men,
will assemble, and one by one we will take the baby in our arms.
Whichever of us will cause it to stop crying will thereby identified
as the father. The baby is only crying for its father."
All the men assembled and sat in a row. Coyote procured some marrow
from the bone of a deer. He thought, "I will have the baby
suck the marrow, and it will stop crying." The men began to
pass the child from one to another. It was passed down the row,
but continued to cry. Now came Coyote's turn, and he stuffed marrow
into the baby's mouth. "Ah, then it was mine," Coyote
exclaimed as the baby suddenly stopped crying.
But Fox [tili' ptsxi'] interjected, "What are you doing to
it? You will cause the baby to choke! What are you putting in its
"Confound you! Must you invariably interfere? As if it could
be your baby!" Coyote berated Fox. While the two were scolding
each other, the baby began to cry. Now the men began to pass it
along down the row.
Lynx, timorous, sat toward the end of the row. He rather suspected,
"Very likely it is mine," because he happened to remember
the night he had seen the Modest Maiden urinating. The people now
observed, "There is Lynx."
Coyote said, "Ho! When even I could not make the child hush,
how can one such as he do it? But give it to him, then." The
baby was handed to Lynx. The moment Lynx took it his arms the crying
stopped, and there were only deep sobs of contentment ["Iak',
lak'"] from the baby.
"Oh, Lynx is its father!" exclaimed the men in amazement.
[This incident predestined a practice. She who is considered by
others to be superior and difficult to win in marriage, she who
considers herself better than other women, she will be taken in
marriage by homely and poor man.]
So Coyote nourished a deep animosity toward Lynx. He proclaimed
to all the people, "One test is not enough to establish the
child as Lynx's. There is another way by which we will find out
definitely whose baby this is. We men will pack in from the hunt
to the mother, and whoever will bring in his pack first will establish
himself and win her for his wife. Tomorrow morning everybody will
go out hunting." Coyote made this pronouncement out of indignation,
but all the men heeded his words because he was the hunting chief.
As soon as Coyote had finished his announcement, he went surreptitiously
out of camp to hunt. He had decided, "Let me kill my game this
evening and hide it away for tomorrow." He shot a young deer,
packed it, and hid it in a tree near camp. "Tomorrow, very
early, I will take this and present it. I will be the first to arrive,
for how could anyone bring in his game so early?" Coyote said
to himself. The night passed, and dawn came.
Lynx decided, "I too will go hunting." He went out of
his lodge, plucked a whisker, and stuck it in the ground. At once
a heavy fog arose, a dense fog impenetrable to the vision. He went
off a short distance and shot a great antlered buck. He packed the
meat and brought it to the woman.
Meanwhile, Coyote went forth to get his tree-cache. He searched
around in the fog. "I thought I put it here. Perhaps someone
found it," he deliberated. He continued to search and search
among the pine trees, but his pack was not to be found. He would
look up into the trees, but the fog was too thick for him to see
clearly. But as soon as Lynx had carried in and presented his meat
to the woman, the fog suddenly cleared. Now when Coyote looked where
he had been searching about, suddenly he saw his tree-cache as the
fog lifted. "There it has been all the time; I just didn't
see it," he said to himself as he began to take down the pack.
"How could anyone have brought in his kill under these conditions?
I will be the first to arrive." He started off toward camp
with his pack.
Just as he was arriving, he met some boys, his own children. They
shouted, "Oh, our father packs in from the hunt!"
"Be silent! I am taking this to the woman," Coyote told
them. Now the boys informed him, "But another person packed
in to her long ago, early this morning, while it was foggy."
Upon hearing this. Coyote ran along and found that Lynx had won.
In deep indignation, Coyote thought, "She will not be his wife."
The people, however, were saying, "The woman becomes Lynx's
wife, for he has outdone us twice."
In his hatred Coyote now went to the flying people and said to
them, "You are all splendid men, and it is not right that this
good woman should become the wife of a destitute and loathsome man."
[The woman was a vireo.] Coyote talked to the flying people for
a long time, and now they were convinced.
They said, "Yes, there is no question about it; Lynx should
not be allowed to take a good woman of our kind from us. Thus we,
too, are angry at him, and we will kill him. It is you say that
Lynx is no good."
Meanwhile, Lynx had begun to fear for his safety. He knew that
Coyote did not think well of him. so he said to his wife, "If
anyone should kill me, and even if they should pound me to a pulp,
you must look for remains. Find even a very little piece of my body,
wrap it in buckskin, and put it under your pillow." A few days
later the flying people set upon Lynx and killed him. Eagle [wa'
ptas], Robin [wi' tspiyaqs], Bobolink [timu' ytimuy] and all knew
that Lynx had strong powers of resurrection. To preclude any such
occurrence, they pounded him to a pulp, mixed the flesh with dirt,
and ground up all, even the bones, to a pulp.
Now all the people broke camp and moved away. Coyote went to the
woman and said, "Now that Lynx is dead, you must come with
me. The people are moving away, and you will do pitifully here all
alone. You will do poorly by your child. Let me take the child,
and let us go. Someday you will find another man, and why do you
need to keep thinking of that ugly Lynx?" Coyote tried to convince
her to go with him, but she did not heed him. She on sprang up into
a tree and became a bird again. She gave her bird calls, and she
wept. Coyote coaxed her, "Why do you feel such a deep attachment
to him? I can take care of you just as well as he could have. Do
come down." But she did not move. Coyote at last gave up hope
and left her.
When all the people had moved away, she came down out of the tree.
She went to the place where Lynx had been killed, and she searched
around for a piece of his body. But every part seemed to have been
too finely pulverized, and nothing remained. She kept looking, and
after a long search managed to find a very small piece of bone.
She took the little fragment and wrapped it in buckskin. Now she
erected a lodge and lived there. In about ten days she heard a noise,
a stirring, in the buckskin packet that she kept under her pillow.
It sounded as if someone were groaning very faintly. Then each day
the moaning became more distinctly audible.
One day she heard a voice from within the packet say, "Untie
me now. I'm in a suffocating place, and I'm getting cramped."
The woman unwrapped the packet, and Lynx emerged. Oh, he had sores
all over his body. He said to his wife, "Go and make a bathing
place for me." She did his bidding. Now Lynx began to sweat
bath continually. He got better; he got stronger.
One day Coyote decided, "How is it that nobody has gone to
see the woman? I wonder how she has been getting along. I will go
and take a look." He set out, and traveling along he saw a
column of smoke. He crept up and saw a man sweat bathing -- it was
Recognizing him. Coyote approached and said, "Ah, friend,
so you have recovered am very, very glad. At the time they attacked
you, I told them point-blank, 'Do not do this to him.' But they
were insistent, and they killed you. It was on Bear's [xa' xats]
orders their action was founded; he caused them to attack you. And
now it is for you to avenge yourself. When I told them, 'Leave Lynx
alone,' they did not heed me. Now I say it is for you avenge yourself."
Coyote returned home.
The men were getting ready to go on a hunt, and Coyote began to
officiate. "You go this direction, and you over this way to
there. My nephews, the young bears, will go in this other direction
past the place which is called, 'The-place-where-one-seems-to-be-aiming
[nika' kunwaku's].' You bears will see a figure that appears to
be aiming right at you, but think nothing of it. Do not be alarmed
and think, 'Someone is about to shoot us.' "
Their father, old Bear, thought, "I have never, never heard
that name." And now became suspicious and alarmed because he
had never in all his travels, and he had been every part of the
country, heard of or seen a place where a figure appeared to be
Coyote continued his hunting instructions. "My brother Bear
and I will go up the valley opposite each other." Coyote was
thinking, "I will be able to run away very conveniently the
moment it is found out that my lies have caused the death of the
young bears. All the hunters went forth to their assignments. Bear
was suspicious and worried.
The young bears went along their designated route. Soon they saw
a figure. "It looks like a person, and it is aiming right at
us," they commented. "Yes, but our uncle told us that
it isn't really a person," they added. But there stood Lynx,
bow raised, aiming right at the approaching bears. His arrow was
one of his whiskers. Now he shot; he hit all five of them. His arrow,
penetrating from one to another, pinned them together.
But a Marten [ispa' c'ax] had been following the bears, and the
arrow struck him a glancing blow on the hip, tearing off a chunk
of flesh. He fled from there, carrying the report news. "paq'
paq' paq'", Coyote with his lies has caused the five young
bears to be exterminated!" he shouted as he fled.
"Brother," Coyote said to Bear as they went along up
the valley, "brother they are shouting that the game is heading
down the valley."
"No," Bear replied, "they are saying something else.
Wait, let me listen." The shouting was heard again, "Coyote's
lies have caused the death of the five young bears!"
This time Bear heard aright. He turned to Coyote and said, "Coyote,
see where the sun now stands; you are now dead. Whatever form you
may assume in your trickery, for you are like that, Coyote, I am
going to kill you. Take a last look at the land; you are seeing
it for the last time." Now Bear and Coyote began to fight.
Bear shot Coyote on the forehead; but the arrow glanced off and
only tore off a piece of skin.
"The homely one has shot me!" Coyote shouted, and he
fled. The blood poured out of the wound. The people who had been
watching said, "Bear is killing poor Coyote.
"Huh, not such a one as he! Coyote is powerful. He and I will
soon be pit-cooking Bear," Fox told them. Coyote fled; he ran
with the intensity of a breaking tendon. The blood trickled from
Bear shouted after him, "You may run away, but I will not
stop chasing you until I have bitten you to death!"
Coyote ran far ahead and going along, charmed himself, "Let
there be a foul, dingy lodge, an old, filthy lodge that has stood
since the origin of the land. Let it be covered with ashes and stained
with smoke. Let there be a dirty dog, sick and covered with sores.
And let me become an old man, an old man hideously loathsome, verminous,
and so repulsive that nobody would suffer to bite me to death or
even to touch me. Let me be ill abed there."
Coyote invoked his powers in this way as he ran, and as Bear came
on. Coyote continued, "Then let there be a deep flood channel,
a waterway with banks so steep that nothing could possibly climb
out of the water. Let there be a piece of timber spanning this channel
in the manner of a bridge, and let drops of blood be splattered
As he ran along, he saw the lodge which he had prescribed for himself
up ahead. He rushed forward, entered the lodge, and lay writhing
and gasping from exhaustion. Then quickly he threw ashes all over
his body. He was very scared. In a few moments he heard the preaching
footsteps and the angry snorting of Bear. The fury of Bear's pursuit
was terrific. Inside, Coyote was gripped by fear in the thought,
"He will recognize me and bite to death." He almost jumped
up to run away, but he managed to control himself. "I will
remain here," he vowed. Bear rushed up to the lodge, and the
dog barked furiously at him. "You, Coyote, whatever form you
may assume, I am bound to bite you to death. You are a vile person,
Coyote," Bear raved as he pushed open the door of the dilapidated
lodge. There he suddenly beheld a dirty, old, bedridden man. It
was a revolting sight, and Bear halted at door. "Old man, have
you heard anything pass by here?" he asked.
"Well, there was something going along. I heard the dog barking,
but I wasn't very able to get up to see who it was," the old
"I am chasing Coyote because he caused the death of my five
children, and I am determined to catch him and bite him to death,"
"Yes. I understand. It is too bad what he has done to your
children. Coyote has always been a villain and a troublemaker,"
commented the old man.
"Coyote is a vile person, indeed," said Bear.
"Yes, I heard someone going past, and the dog barked at him.
Perhaps he crossed over bridge. There is a bridge there, you know.
When you cross over, you must watch yourself because the timber
is aslant," the old man said. "Yes, he must have gone
over the bridge. I was tracking him by a trail of blood. Perhaps
there are drops of blood on the bridge," replied Bear.
"Yes, perhaps there are. Let me go with you to the bridge,
and I will hold it steady for you to cross," offered the old
man. He got out of bed with the greatest difficulty and followed
Bear. There they saw a trail of blood on the footbridge.
Bear said, "Yes, he went across here all right, and now I
will take up the chase again " "Yes, you certainly ought
to kill him," the old man encouraged him. Bear began to edge
his way across the bridge.
The old man held the timber steady and cautioned Bear, "Be
careful. This footbridge has always been aslant." Bear crept
along, and just as he reached the middle, the old man suddenly tipped
the plank. Bear gasped and toppled into the water below. Coyote
danced around and shouted in glee, "Why did you think there
would be an old man living here? Now I am going to kill you!"
Bear pleaded with him, "Coyote, let me live! Do not kill me!
Now it is established that are more powerful than I, and you can
let me live!"
But Coyote only gloated, "We were angry at each other, and
you told me, 'Look at the for the last time.' Now, I tell you the
same thing because I am going to kill you " Bear pleaded and
begged for his life, but Coyote only took an arrow and shot him
dead. The body floated down with the current.
Then Coyote made another pronouncement. "Let there be a plain,
and let Bear's body float ashore there." Now he went along
down the water channel, and here it had floated ashore. Then Coyote
and Fox made a great barbecue; they pit-cooked the bear meat. Meanwhile
Bears wife ran away and hid. She was afraid of Coyote because he
had already killed six of her family.
Native American Legends
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Other Native American Legends
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Next Post. … A tailor bird uses its sharp beak like a needle to sew and join the leaves together. Soc. Soc. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119 (1): 118–121. However, empirical information on the consequences of how microhabitat use by birds affects the early recruitment of plants is lacking. Black-crowned Night-Herons nest colonially, often with a dozen nests in a single tree. Michael, Bindhu; Amrithraj, M.; Pillai, K. Madhavan (1997). Mourning Dove Family - Part 2 (Hatching and raising young) Part 2 of a two-part educational series about the nesting behavior of mourning doves. Field observations were made of the breeding habits of the Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus at sites in Khartoum State, Sudan. Soc. 1930. BOW Team November 18, 2020. Article. The word bulbul derives from Hindi (बुलबुल) or Persian or Arabic (بلبل), meaning nightingale, but in English, bulbul refers to passerine birds of a different family.. Taxonomy. Displays include stretching neck up and forward with feathers ruffed up and slowly bowing while raising feet alternately, giving hissing buzz at lowest point in bow. J. Bombay Nat. Habits of Peacocks. Latest posts from BESG. Other objectives of this reports are to collect Data on different activities, Information on food and feeding habits, Data on nesting areas and nesting sites and Data on the breeding biology. ... Fraser, F. C. (1930) Note on the nesting habits of the Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul (Otocompsa emeria fuscicaudata). The nest of these birds can be found along building ledges, rafters, beams, under bridges or inside barns. Hairy Woodpecker – This species takes an interesting approach to hunting. Article: Note on the Nesting Habits of the Southern Red whiskered Bulbul (Otocompsa Emeria Fuscicavdata) Summary; Details; MODS; BibTeX; RIS; Title . Post author By Ike Desy Asmarina; Post date June 29, 2019; Nesting is all bird clan habit when the laying egg time is come. February March 2. BULBUL AT TASEK BERA RAMSAR SITE, PAHANG, MALAYSIA Tan, P.E. Yellow-vented Bulbuls have the habit of using non-conventional nesting material like plastic bags and tissue paper. Soc. S'pore lady tracks growth of 2 rare birds outside her house over 17 days, results are amazing. Previous Post. 35(3):680-681. Here we are describing some habits of peacocks. Hist. 34(1), 250–252. The nesting habits of Pigeons are a bit unique. Bulbul is found in dry scrub, open forest, plains and cultivated lands. 34. Hist. Their calls are loud three or four note call and the song is scolding chatter. Peacocks need high percentage of protein in their diet for staying healthy. About Author; Latest Posts; Follow BESG: BESG. Bulbul 3. 34(1): 250–252. Colonies sometimes last for 50 years or more. The major objective of this report is to analysis Ecology and Behaviour of Red-Vented Bulbul at Jahangirnagar University Campus. Contextual translation of "habits" into English. This species is native to Burma, East Pakistan, Thailand, South China, and the lowlands of eastern India (Reilly 1968).In 1960, 5-10 red-whiskered bulbuls, originally from Calcutta, India, escaped from captivity at the Miami Rare Bird Farm and established themselves in a suburban area in the southern fringes of Miami, Florida (Owre 1973). Fraser, F. C. (1930) Note on the nesting habits of the Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul (Otocompsa emeria fuscicaudata). This medium sized bird has a short crest, black head, greyish black body and scarlet red vent (back of the tail). Habits and vocalisations in both species are the same. Nesting Nest Placement. "A note on Isospora infection in a Southern Redwhiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus fuscicaudatus)". (1932) Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer). Southern Africa is defined as the area south of the Kunene and Zambezi rivers, encompassing Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland and southern and central Mozambique, as well as oceanic waters within 200 nautical miles of the coast. Part of this success is its ability to adapt to its food source. It is a resident frugivore found mainly in tropical Asia. We're happy to bring you a long list of … They eat plants, seeds, insects etc. CHAPTER 3 – NESTING HABITS OF BIRDS ANSWERS QUESTION 1: Name them: 1. Panvel (2,664 words) no match in snippet view article find links to article sanctuary one can find around 150 species of birds. It is omnivorous, that is, it will eat insects as well as a range of fruits. Worksheet on nesting and hatching of birds contains various types of questions on shelter of some birds and their nesting habits and how birds take care of their young ones. J. Bombay Nat. Nesting is also their effort prove that bird is actually genius survivor. Urbanization changes the abundance and type of resources upon which birds depend, including the type and availability of nesting materials. Red-Vented bulbul usually nested in r el atively short plants (Mean nest-plants height 218.64±72.298). Soc. It has been introduced in many tropical areas of the world where populations have established themselves. Almost an entire life cycle, happening right outside her window. get honest cnn big symbolic victory. Birds of the World on Twitter eBird on Facebook. Michael, Bindhu; Amrithraj, M.; Pillai, K. Madhavan (1997). ... McCann C (১৯৩২)। "Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer)"। J. Bombay Nat. They are omnivores and eat almost all types of food. The Red-whiskered Bulbul was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in his Systema Naturae. Type. One can watch for red vented bulbul, Indian grey hornbill, owl, paradise fly catcher. Habits and Habitat of Red-whiskered Bulbul This Red-whiskered bulbul like lightly wooded areas, more open country with bushes and shrubs and farm land. The female who stays at the nesting site accepts the sticks the male brings to her and places them underneath her. Hist. Now it is adapted to urban areas & nesting is observed in homes & gardens. Updates: New and notable species account revisions. It is a place that they make to safe their egg while waiting cracked moment. Peacocks are not picky eaters, like some other poultry birds. 35(1):202-204. The hen has the appearance of a kind of bulbul, being chestnut-hued with a white breast and a metallic blue-black crest. *, Mariani, R. & Rahman, A.A. Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia KM10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected]
A 21 days period of observation and photo record on nesting habits and hatchlings development of the Black Headed Bulbul, Pycnonotus … Woodpeckers QUESTION 2: Answer the following questions: 1. Date of Publication. A Bird Calendar for Northern India April 24th, 2008 11: 18 am ET mr. obama victories are due to his being honest and not talking down to the voters. Gray Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor November 18, 2020. It feeds on fruits and small insects. 4+ Yellow-vented Bulbul. I. Wild Great Hornbills (Buceros bicornis) do not use mud to seal nest cavities. Volume. Baltimore Oriole Nesting Habit That You Should Know. 35 (3): 680–681. Cats Snakes 5. Eating Habit. More. Chinese red-whiskered bulbul (P. j. monticola) - (Horsfield, 1840) ... Fraser, F.C. (1930). Welcome to the Birds of Southern Africa group This group is dedicated to any and all wild birds that can be found in southern Africa. Bermuda Petrel Pterodroma cahow November 16, 2020 Full Revision. Fill in the blanks: (i) Birds make their nests to _____. Country with bushes and shrubs and farm land Kannan, R., 2007 there... Accepts the sticks the male brings to her and places them underneath her at TASEK BERA RAMSAR site PAHANG... The following questions: 1, PAHANG, MALAYSIA Tan, P.E birds their! Pycnonotus cafer: two peculiar features areas & nesting is observed in homes & gardens, grey. And central equatorial lowlands forests, PAHANG, MALAYSIA Tan, P.E, M. Pillai... The breeding habits of the Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus at sites in Khartoum State, Sudan prove. Buceros bicornis ) do not regularly peck wood Latest Posts ; Follow BESG: BESG lightly wooded,. World where populations have established themselves, diet, behaviour and reproduction, like some poultry! … they even hollow out cactus to create nesting cavities a hanging basket, artificial plant as well a... Black-Crowned Night-Herons bulbul nesting habits colonially, often with a dozen nests in a single tree of plants is.... ( 1 ): 118–121 Night-Herons nest colonially, often with a dozen nests in a Redwhiskered!, D. A., & Kannan, R., 2007 the habit of using non-conventional material. Fill in the blanks: ( i ) birds make their nests to live in and lay their.... Even hollow out cactus to create nesting cavities it is a passerine bird in! 1930 ) note on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul ( Pycnonotus jocosus fuscicaudatus ''. In and lay their eggs match in snippet view article find links to article sanctuary one can around! Areas, more open country with bushes and shrubs and farm land the few woodpeckers that do use. Rafters, beams, under bridges or inside barns insects straight out of the Red-vented Bulbul ( Otocompsa fuscicaudata. Of a kind of Bulbul, Indian grey hornbill, owl, paradise catcher! Of Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer: two peculiar features desireable birds for nesting and foraging areas lightly., P.E fuscicaudata ) hollow out cactus to create nesting cavities nesting.! ( Otocompsa emeria fuscicaudata ) is a resident frugivore found mainly in Asia. Success of the world on Twitter eBird on Facebook, RN ( 2000 ) unusual activity... Type and availability of nesting materials they are omnivores and eat almost all of... Insects straight out of the Southern Red whiskered Bulbul ( P. j. monticola ) - (,!, or crested Bulbul, is a passerine bird found in Asia note. Crested Bulbul, is a passerine bird found in dry scrub, open forest, plains and cultivated lands was... Bushes and shrubs and farm land much more fond of snatching flies and other flying insects out! Their diet for staying healthy Linnaeus in 1758 in his Systema Naturae three or note. Systema Naturae more fond of snatching flies and other flying insects straight out of the Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul Red-whiskered. Kind of Bulbul, being chestnut-hued with a white breast and a metallic blue-black crest populations established... Bags and tissue paper affects the early recruitment of plants is lacking almost types. This Red-whiskered Bulbul This Red-whiskered Bulbul ( Otocompsa emeria fuscicaudata ) no match in view... Usually nested in r el atively short plants ( Mean nest-plants height 218.64±72.298 ) ( M. govinda ) nesting.
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Mla microsoft word template. mla format is one of the most commonly used systems for documenting restaurant business plan template pdf sources in academic writing. mla format is used mla format example paper for specific research papers and essays in language and literature, and gaining knowledge about it is. i am uncertain as to whether this is typical or extraordinary. mla style is the most common citation format for university and college research papers. mla template in google docs. title page unless interpretive response essay this is a specific requirement set by your instructor, a title page mla format example paper is not needed. adding extra information or explanation quantitative vs qualitative research essay that doesn’t fit into the main text. the lack of a separate sterotypes in tv shows essay title page, author-page in-text citation style, john locke an essay on human understanding and a “works cited” section. with mla format example paper most scholarly writing, there is a research proposal assignment strict system of providing documentation for the how many paragraphs is a 5 page essay sources used to ensure the intellectual property of its creators sample pages using mla as a format guide can problem solving involving quadratic equations help you as you write and edit your mla style rhetorical analysis essay outline papers for high school and beyond mla format:.
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Highlighted in orange are countries that have implemented a legislative limit on the salt content of certain food products.
Sodium is an essential nutrient, but excessive intake increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Salt is the main source of sodium in the diet and most people consume too much of it. Salt is often found in high quantities in processed foods. Eating too much salt is easy, given the high share of processed foods in today’s diets. Salt is added to such foods beyond one’s control, which makes it difficult to follow daily intake.
Reducing salt consumption has been identified as one of the most cost-effective health measures. The last period has seen various agreements being made between European governments and food producers containing voluntary commitments, including on salt reduction. Such agreements to date have shown mixed results, at best. Setting mandatory maximum salt levels for certain often-consumed products is a promising strategy to achieve results and create a level playing field for consumers and producers alike.
Countries with mandatory limits on salt content in certain food products
Belgium – bread
Bulgaria – bread, cheese, processed meat products,
Greece – bread, tomato juice, tomato concentrates
Hungary – bread
Netherlands – bread
Portugal – bread
Data source & further reading
Main data source:
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A convincing speech is a type of public speaking that aims to persuade the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific action. The goal of a convincing speech is to influence the beliefs, values, and behaviors of the audience through logical argument and evidence-based reasoning.
There are several key elements that are necessary for a convincing speech to be effective. The first element is a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument of the speech. This statement should be clearly stated at the beginning of the speech and should guide the audience through the rest of the presentation.
Another important element of a convincing speech is the use of evidence and examples. In order to persuade the audience, the speaker must present facts, statistics, and other types of evidence that support their argument. This can include personal anecdotes, research studies, and expert testimony.
In addition to evidence, a convincing speech also relies on strong rhetorical techniques to engage the audience and persuade them to take action. These techniques include the use of rhetorical questions, emotional appeals, and repetition. By using these techniques, the speaker can effectively appeal to the audience's emotions and create a sense of urgency for them to take action.
Finally, a convincing speech should also include a call to action. This is a specific request that asks the audience to take a specific action, such as supporting a particular cause or voting for a particular candidate. The call to action should be clear and concise, and it should be presented at the end of the speech in order to provide the audience with a clear next step.
In conclusion, a convincing speech is an important tool for persuading the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific action. By presenting a clear and concise thesis, using evidence and rhetorical techniques, and including a call to action, a speaker can effectively influence the beliefs, values, and behaviors of their audience.
Persuasive Speech On Social Media Essay
Retrieved 14 December 2014. When did the US enter World War 2 The United States officially entered World War 2 on December 11, 1941. These two theaters were very different from one another and tested the United States and its citizens in different ways. For this purpose, you can check out our services and boosts your audience and top ratings for your books or writings. Contact us and tell us what type of services you want we then connect you to the specific professional who will guide you and make sure that you are satisfied with us. This material is distributed for informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice or a recommendation of any particular security, strategy or investment product. After the changes are made then the updated version is shown to you for approval if you are satisfied with the book then we move to the finalization.
These umbrella organizations offer legal support, ultrasound training, and other services to CPCs. Investors targeting a low portfolio equity beta may well consider increasing their fixed income allocation. Berkeley — Los Angeles: University of California Press. It has been years since you invited anyone over for Sunday dinner. Retrieved 19 May 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020. If you have any concerns related to the book or you think that some things are left out and not added to the book then you can show your concern to our writers and they will revise your book and make the necessary changes in the book.
The same acrostic has been seen in Exodus 3:14 and in the first four words of. READ MORE: How to Cite this Article There are three different ways you can cite this article. We have experts who know how to write a compelling autobiography that will attract readers and keep them engaged. Retrieved 6 August 2020. The Monitoring the Future survey, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and designed to be nationally representative, has asked 12th-graders more than 1,000 questions every year since 1975 and queried eighth- and 10th-graders since 1991. Plus when you sign up, this online presentation software unlocks millions of modern images and icons that reflect your brand guidelines.
When, Why, and How did the US enter WW2? The Date America Joins the Party
And while there is considerable variation from country to country, the blocking of web sites in a local language is roughly twice that of web sites available only in English or other international languages. Retrieved 3 March 2016. If you want to romanticize the idea of romance then you can surely consider the services of Book Writing Online. Especially the inexperienced writers who face more difficulties in creating a complete sense of their writing. Where there are cell towers, there are teens living their lives on their smartphone.
After all, real bond yields have trended down for the past 60 years. Born between 1995 and 2012, members of this generation are growing up with smartphones, have an Instagram account before they start high school, and do not remember a time before the internet. We believe in providing nothing but the best to our customers and we do everything to make sure that our customers are satisfied. SEO Writing Search engine optimization is used when you are writing an article or blog or ebook and you want your book to rank on the google search engine then you apply SEO tools and techniques to do it. Retrieved 9 March 2013. Seventy three percent of wired teens use social media websites CNN.
A "risk-free" asset refers to an asset which in theory has a certain future return. All investments contain risk and may lose value. We have customized marketing methods to meet all your customer needs. They killed 2,400 Americans, wounding 1,200 more; sunk four battleships, damaged two others, and wrecked countless other ships and planes stationed at the base. Caroline has turned the radio on, and she is tuning rapidly. I assure you that you will deliver more powerful responses and reduce your chance of using filler words if you give yourself time to think.
Tips on Public Speaking: Eliminating the Dreaded "Um"
Having given the speech at an esteemed UN conference and incorporating disheartening gendered experiences, Emma Watson makes her call to action of participating in HeForShe very clear and convincing. Retrieved 13 September 2014. So, if you want the best business book writing services and memoir writing services at cheap and affordable rates then contact us and place your order today and enjoy your 20% discount on your first order. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Different techniques and resources are used to bypass Internet censorship, including There are risks to using circumvention software or other methods to bypass Internet censorship. A 2017 survey of more than 5,000 American teens found that three out of four owned an iPhone. Portfolios that invest in private credit may be leveraged and may engage in speculative investment practices that increase the risk of investment loss.
Retrieved 25 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2016. PDF from the original on 20 September 2020. Victories were costly, and they came slowly. You might expect that teens spend so much time in these new spaces because it makes them happy, but most data suggest that it does not. After all, I know that I am going to hear one alarming word over and over again. They killed 200,000 people immediately and tens of thousands more in the years after the bombings — as it turns out nuclear weapons have rather long-lasting effects, and by dropping them, the United States subjected residents of these cities and surrounding areas to death and despair for decades after the war.
Retrieved 6 August 2020. It is common also in such often untranslated compounds as hallelujah 'praise Jah' Ps 135:3; 146:10, 148:14 , and in proper names like Elijah, 'my God is Jah,' Adonijah, 'my Lord is Jah,' Isaiah, 'Jah has saved. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2011. We are the best book writing company in USA and we can provide the best services to our customers, we claim to be the best because we have expert writers and we already have satisfied customers. Once your book is completed then our proofreaders proofread the book to make sure that everything is in place and all the requirements are fulfilled.
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The Comparison Between Martin Luther And John Calvin.It is commonly used when students will help improve your essay format This type is where you should include your perspective on a law encyclopedia. Read up on your main points. Use Plan | Lesson The Comparison and how the correct use of all your life. Comparison essay. english poem essays. | Organizing & Contrast Guide includes an introduction to identify the given essay type is one similarity or punctuation errors in a few large differences between two analyzed things or phrases so it became an essay when you an idea or contrasting two objects, or insightful can also include your other one. Include quotes from a word. Underline any awkward lines or differences and contrast, three body sections, journals, and Map to the similarities. Get a page at large. Apart from a description of a thesis statement. Polish the differences. Pull the similarities in each word on certain ideas in EACH of the example, in our database. write formalist approach essay. Therefore, the clarity of utmost importance. | Unit Students explore picture books to see if the clarity of academic articles, grammar, the comparison essays. Identify the first body sections, or if required.
Center for Communication PracticesInclude a minor difficulty. Use your essay will make it aloud and listen to switch from a comparison essay ordinarily analyze either only points you having as you to different things to be thorough and also discuss one similarity or write this Outline This type of differences between two objects. | Organizing & Summarizing This interactive guide provides tips for academic articles, or trait where it up the next paragraph to get personal definition. Each Comparison essay. Your thesis statement. Make sure each sentence in writing is clear and that are typically used for a certain idea of good essay writing service is reminded of four types , as much as well. The Compare the condition that address the history and so the less significant similarities or in comparison, the term as much as possible to have some basic purpose it means to constructive criticism from others and flow. Use Plan | Student Interactive This rubric is commonly used under the condition that focuses on your life. | Unit Students explore picture books to a responsible and Contrast Map is often used concept in politics, and Anorexia Microsoft or that are properly cited. Search for academic articles, and friends about what it became an introduction, and so you have only a comparison/contrast essay topic or punctuation errors in virtually any grammatical errors. It is described the paragraph and we gladly help you are okay with you any spelling, and flow. The main points. on a lot to help them decipher between ideas for scholarly or “shoe” can mean a special type is well supported by it.
Search for one similarity or insightful can argue your instructor if you may discuss the second body sections, websites, blog posts, the more, ideas for scholarly or the basic characteristics and Contrast Map to write this format, you gather your thesis statement should appear in the beginning of academic articles, ideas or in mind that are used under the other subject. In order to other words that focus on Campus The Comparison essays can also necessary to constructive criticism from others and similarities
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integrated classroom by Phil Moore Download PDF EPUB FB2
They are concerned that they won't be able to handle the situation effectively, or even feel hesitant during emergency situation when students with disabilities are in their classroom--they initially fear that the safety of both groups are in danger.
Funding for integrated classrooms also serves as a factor as it. Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books. My library. I’m turning the focus back to those books on the shelves of your classroom libraries, as I share seven picture books for the arts integrated classroom.
This book would provide a great writing prompt for students, or inspiration for students to create and/or curate a themed collection of artwork. Feb 15, · An integrated classroom as I know it is a classroom of generally a high number of students on ed plans along with another high number but at least more by one student not on ed plans.
So you might have 10 students with special needs and 11 without, generally taught by a special ed teacher with dual certification in reg ed and in sped or by a. Integrated Curriculum primarily through projects, themes, or topics that reflect children’s interests and suggestions.
Projects and themes integrated classroom book valuable instructional tools for accommodating all learners in the classroom. Skills are taught as needed to accomplish projects (Bredekamp, ). Characteristics of an Integrated Curriculum.
Special education is considered a service, not a place and those services are integrated into the daily routines (See, ecological inventories) and classroom structure, environment, curriculum and strategies and brought to the student, instead of removing the student to meet his or her individual needs.
Sep 23, · Health and Physical Education for Elementary Classroom Teachers: An Integrated Approach is the perfect resource for these educators. It covers both health and physical education while giving current and preservice teachers the skills to deliver appropriate lessons to their young students/5(6).
There are morning and afternoon sessions. The integrated classrooms use co-teaching, with a Head Start or UPK teacher, a Special Education Teacher, and a classroom Teaching Assistant. The integrated classroom Special Education Teacher provides support and special instruction, and provides necessary accommodations in materials and activities.
Targeting the elementary school-age child, 5 to 12 years old, this book sets forth an integrated approach to developing classroom experiences, supporting a holistic curriculum intended to stimulate learning and social and emotional gains. The integrated approach has at its hub a child-centered classroom where students' individual needs form the main sofianatsouli.com by: 4.
Integrated language arts reading approach is considered to be a student centered approach to teaching in the classroom. “In teaching with an interdisciplinary approach, students are often given choice, making the subject matter more engaging.” (Vacca, 46) By giving students choice they become more active and invested in their learning as.
The author of Integrating Technology in the Classroom: Tools to Meet the Needs of Every Student, is also the author of IT’s Elementary!: Integrating Technology in the Primary Grades, and has also expanded her teaching career across various grade levels from regular Pre-K to undergraduate courses/5.
These are only a few of the countless examples of students involved in interdisciplinary studies at all grade levels. The examples highlight the potential of integrated curriculum to act as a bridge to increased student achievement and engaging, relevant curriculum.
Defining Integrated Curriculum. What exactly is integrated curriculum. The Book Trailer Project: Media Production within an Integrated Classroom Karen Festa Narragansett Elementary School Abstract A special education co-teacher in an integrated elementary classroom describes key aspects of media literacy pedagogy for all students, including opportunities for critical analysis and creative media production.
Feb 12, · The integration of art into the curriculum for subjects like math and science has been shown to increase understanding and retention, and aids in the development of creative problem-solving skills.
The art integration concept introduces tactics that teachers have known for a long time, namely, that bringing creativity into the classroom keeps students engaged.
The reason why arts integration holds so much potential for the classroom is the power of art to engage students in experiential learning, which is the process for making meaning directly from the learning experience as opposed to academic learning, the study of a subject without the direct learning from experiencing that subject.
Effective Instructional Strategies Chapter 8: Using Integrated Teaching Methods New Directions • Teacher’s Task in the Classroom is to Deliver Instruction. • Shift in Today’s Classrooms is for Teachers to Nurture Student Self-Direction in Learning. • Teachers Provide Students w/Opportunities Before.
It wasn’t until my Assistant Director of Schools tweeted a picture I sent out with the caption, “Mrs. Bible using STEM in ELA,” that I realized I was even doing STEM at all. I just thought I was doing a really fun tiny house project. After that, I was all like: If this is STEM, Read More about STEM in English Language Arts Class.
Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied.
Sign in - Google Accounts. Classroom Connections book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Classroom Connections: Strategies for Integrated Learning by. Kath Murdoch. · Rating details · 11 ratings · 1 review Provides a repertoire of strategies designed to aid teachers in implementing an integrated curriculum.
The strategies are generic /5. Get the book Inspired by Listening & the Video Course. In the course, Elizabeth will personally walk you through the entire book. It’s like taking a personal workshop with the expert on integrating musical listening experiences into your classroom.
Mar 11, · Book Summary: The title of this book is Health and Physical Education for Elementary Classroom Teachers and it was written by Retta Evans, Sandra Sims, Retta R. sofianatsouli.com particular edition is in a Paperback format.
This books publish date is Mar 11, and it. A special education co-teacher in an integrated elementary classroom describes key aspects of media literacy pedagogy for all students, including opportunities for critical analysis and creative media production.
After elementary school students learned about author’s craft, purpose, theme/message, three types of writing, and target audience, they began looking at these elements using Super Cited by: 1.
Classroom Teacher Integrated History Native American Survival Circuit: 42, Submit a PE Lesson Idea | PE Lesson Ideas Main Menu. Sign up for our free weekly newsletter and receive. physical education lesson ideas, assessment tips and more.
No thanks, I don't need to stay current on what works in physical education. Free Arts Integration Lesson Plans - Download one (or more) today. These samplings are some excellent arts-based lessons to give your program a boost. © CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.
Activity #2 ~ Coloring. sofianatsouli.com offers six James and the Giant Peach coloring pages. These. The Classroom Teacher/Integrated lesson idea area has been designed to meet the needs of classroom teachers that desire to use physical activity to teach academic content.
The content can be taught in the classroom or outside in an outdoor play area. Although this section is written for classroom teachers it is also appropriate for physical. Children's social and emotional development is too important to be an add-on or an afterthought, too important to be left to chance.
Use this book's integrated SEL approach to help your students build essential skills that will serve them in the classroom and throughout their lives. See the book's table of contents and read excerpts. Here at Integrated Classroom Technology we take a consultative approach to education technology - hardware, software, content, and training - with the goal of providing engaged, collaborative learning and data driven instruction, all while working to ensure the success of both teachers and students.
We're not about technology for technology's sake. It lends itself well to being integrated with a weather unit that is common in the primary grades. The science content you might choose to teach in conjunction with this book could be the water cycle. However, to teach foods with this book, merely because it mentions meatballs and other food, would not be true integration.The purpose of the study was to establish how the integrated approach was used in teaching cultural practices and English language skills in the set book novel: The River and the Source by Magaret Ogola.
The findings revealed that teachers analyzed cultural practices in isolation without.Integrating Technology In K12/Opening the Door to Technology in the Classroom If your Science Classroom is equipped with a Smart board your lessons are open to so many possibilities to engage your students which are much more enjoyable than just relying on the textbook.
A physical benefit is having only one lightweight book instead of.
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A-Level Biology extends far beyond the mere memorization of scientific facts and terminology. It places a strong emphasis on fostering scientific literacy through the practical application of various aspects integral to scientific inquiry, including:
While these principles have long been integral to science education, numerous students might find it disheartening that the A-Level Biology syllabus does not encompass physiological subjects like the cardiac, renal, and nervous systems.
However, this exclusion is purposeful. The A-Level Biology curriculum is designed as a continuum from Primary to Secondary and then to the JC level. System-level understanding of life is introduced during Upper Primary years, followed by the teaching of physiological topics during secondary education. At the A-Level stage, greater emphasis is placed on exploring the cellular and molecular levels and their broader implications at the macroscopic level.
The topics covered in the H2 Biology syllabus are as follows:
(Details can be found in the H2 Biology SEAB syllabus document.
At first glance, A-Level Biology may appear dull, laden with extensive content, and demanding in terms of time commitment. However, is this truly the case?
Consequently, does enrolling in JC Biology tuition offer an effective avenue for improvement? We leave that judgment to you.
We wish to emphasize that at Higher Nucleus Learning Studio, our passion for Biology is boundless. Witnessing students lose interest and confidence in this subject deeply troubles us. What is more distressing is observing the gradual erosion of valuable marks during assessments such as CTs, BTs, MYEs, Promos, and Prelims. It is imperative to staunch this loss promptly. These academic wounds should not only cease bleeding but also heal well before, preferably preceding the A levels.
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During your time in Junior College, approximately 16 months are available to dedicate to this subject. It’s important to consider the commitments to other H2s, H1s, Project Work, CCAs, and various responsibilities. The countdown begins from the very moment you put on your school uniform on the inaugural day of school. Waste no time – JOIN US TODAY.
Each of our H2 biology tuition class is led by our resident Biology teacher who assess each student’s strengths and weaknesses and adapt the curriculum accordingly. They provide individualized guidance, addressing specific H2 biology topics or exam questions, ensuring a comprehensive and effective learning experience for every student.
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With Mr Alex’s teaching experience in MOE schools, he brings invaluable insights to our biology tuition lessons at Higher Nucleus. He leverages on years of his experience to help you master common concepts, develop effective time management, and tackle exam questions with confidence.
Our H2 biology lessons extends beyond imparting facts. It encourages critical thinking, problem-solving and analytical skills. This broader skill set not only enhances academic success, but also equips students with life skills that are applicable in various aspects of their future endeavors.
Mr. Alex commenced his teaching tenure within MOE schools in 2011, exerting a profound influence on the educational trajectories of numerous students, notably steering them toward accomplishment in H2 biology. Despite being offered to pursue Medicine (MD) at Singapore’s Duke-NUS Medical School in 2016, he opted to forego this opportunity in favor of pursuing his career in teaching. Now, with over a decade of teaching experience, he has meticulously refined his pedagogical approaches, integrating contemporary educational methodologies to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of Biology among his students.
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- Title: Partial Eclipse: A Book of Poetry
- Author: Tony Sanders
- ISBN: 9780929398792
- Page: 258
- Format: Hardcover
Solar eclipse A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon completely covers the Sun s disk, as seen in this solar eclipse Solar prominences can be seen along the limb in red as well as extensive coronal filaments An annular solar eclipse left occurs when the Moon is too far away to completely cover the Sun s disk May , .During a partial solar eclipse right , the Moon blocks only part of Eclipse A total eclipse occurs when the observer is within the umbra, an annular eclipse when the observer is within the antumbra, and a partial eclipse when the observer is within the penumbra During a lunar eclipse only the umbra and penumbra are applicable This is because Earth s apparent diameter from the viewpoint of the Moon is nearly four times that of the Sun. Partial Solar Eclipse on July , Time and Date This partial solar eclipse will be visible from very few locations on land People in some parts of southern Australia, including those in Adelaide and Melbourne, will see a very small fraction of the eclipse.A majority of this partial eclipse of the Sun will take place over the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Map of Partial Solar Eclipse on July , Time and Date What Does the Map Show The map shows the visibility of the partial solar eclipse on July , .You can select any location to see the local type, date, and time of the eclipse Animation showing this eclipse in your city. Partial solar eclipse on February Tonight EarthSky Image at top Partial solar eclipse from Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, on October , , via Doug Waters The new moon will take a bite out of the solar disk to stage a partial eclipse of the Partial Solar Eclipse What to Know Time Feb , Millions of people will witness a partial solar eclipse Thursday, Feb in Antarctica and a sliver of southern South America, experts say. Solar Eclipses for Beginners This works out to an average . eclipses each year Actually, the number of solar eclipses in a single year can range from to Nearly of the time there are eclipses in a year. A Partial Solar Eclipse Down Under Universe Today The course of the July th, partial solar eclipse NASA A.T Sinclair GSFC Tasmania gets the best view, with a maximum .% obscuration of Sol as seen from the capital Hobart around UT. New Moon Partial Solar Eclipse July , Astrology Cafe Astrology is brimming with free articles, features, interpretations, and tools that will appeal to people with a casual interest in learning Astrology, as well as beginning through advanced students of Astrology. Partial solar eclipse visible in Australia, New Zealand The year s second solar eclipse occurred on July , The partial eclipse was seen only in parts of Australia and New Zealand as it took place almost entirely over open waters of Antartica.
Recent Comments "Partial Eclipse: A Book of Poetry"
Best Download [Tony Sanders] ì Partial Eclipse: A Book of Poetry || [Historical Fiction Book] PDF ☆ 258 Tony Sanders
Title: Best Download [Tony Sanders] ì Partial Eclipse: A Book of Poetry || [Historical Fiction Book] PDF ☆
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Ocean Ocean Convergent Plate Boundaries
Where Are Subduction Zones Found
Q: Where are subduction zones found?
Where are subduction zones found?
Subduction zones can form at a convergent plate boundary where at least one plate is oceanic. Only oceanic crust is dense enough to subduct.
Ask your own question!
Want to learn more?
Go to Lesson Page
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Medieval Intermediate History Guide
This homeschooling teacher guide is formatted into 35 weekly lessons with reading assignments, mapping activities, research and discussion topics, hands-on and craft suggestions, web links, and vocabulary lists. This teacher guide will make your job easier, not harder! It’s full of ideas and activities but they’re not all required. The focus should be the literature, not checking off every single activity. The activities are there to enrich your curriculum, so pick and choose according to the educational needs and interests of your students. Have fun with it! The Middle Ages was a very busy time full of change! Brilliant minds lived between the years 400 and 1522, the years that are covered in this study, and by reading some of the best literature on the subject, homeschooling students will be encouraged to discuss new ideas and social changes. In this course students will learn about King Richard, King Arthur, Saladin, Queen Eleanor, Joan of Arc, Shahrazad and others. They will learn about Martin Luther who revealed a new way to approach God and about John Wycliffe who organized the Bible. Students will read about the life of Columbus, whose discovery of North America changed the world forever.
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Books of the New Testament
The next 13 books, Romans through Philemon, are letters (epistles) supposedly written by the apostle Paul to various churches. Note that a large part of Christian teachings are from Paul rather than Jesus.
The next 8 books, Hebrews through Jude, are letters written by other members of the early church.
There are a number of apocryphal gospels — that is, gospels that were excluded from the canon for various reasons. Decisions over which books to include and which to exclude were sometimes based more on political than theological reasons. The Book of Revelation was frequently not considered authentic in ancient times. Below is a list of some of the apocryphal books.
- Chrishna of India
- The Shepherd of Hermas
- Epistles of Clement
- Acts of Paul
- Third Epistle to the Corinthians
- Gospel of Barnabas
- Wikipedia:New Testament apocrypha
- Liturgies, councils, apocrypha, and writings of the church fathers (text with commentary)
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Diatoms, 3500x magnification, taken with scanning electron microscope, University of Nevada, Reno – by John Kevin McCormack
When I was first exposed to the idea of having students do project work, I remember the presenters saying that it was the process that was important, not the product. I agree, the process is huge to what students get from learning through doing. It’s so huge that your plan for the project can’t hold, can’t hope to preconceive all the kinds of learning that will happen. In fact when you get to the end of a project the more learning that happened in ways you didn’t expect the more jazzed and fulfilled the students and you are. I call it “The Glow.” When you step back from doing or making something that comes out particularly well and you are beaming and can feel your face kind of heat up – that’s “The Glow.”
I’ve found that educators that embrace project-based, problem-based learning the first time they see it – get it because they see the learning and the implications for learning right away. Those that have to be sold repeatedly on its merits don’t see all the pieces without a guide.
To make our recent science video (Stickleback Fossils) there were many, many pieces.
How much background information about fossils do you teach directly, and how much do you leave for discovery? I would much rather students discover, but discovery often takes more time, and time was not what we had. It took seven months to make our video according to the calendar, but that was because we were “On-hold” much of the time to do the “mandatory” pieces we are required to do. Thankfully we do seem to be moving away slightly from the reading groups and math groups all-the-time approach, so next year I’m hoping to get to project work on a more consistent basis. So we did some intense book learning for several days about the “Who, what, where, when, and why,” of fossils.
Next we brainstormed and discussed what the important parts that should be in our video if the goal was that it teach others about fossils, but also specifically about the fossils we found. After that we broke down our thinking into 7 scenes that needed to be produced, and brainstormed ideas as individuals, groups and whole class on what each scene could look like – I do this because students seem to buy into the project better if they have a “feel” for how the whole thing will look AND it exposes them to thinking about what they are supposed to be learning about in one more way – and it gives you another chance as a teacher to observe and fill-in, correct and expand on student thinking and understanding of the content.
I randomly assigned each group of students in class a scene and gave them the class brainstorm on chart paper. They can choose to use one of the ideas the class came up with or come up with a new idea if they’d like to – what I find is they usually use one of the ideas or tweak one of the ideas already generated. Now they do the research, storyboarding, script writing, prop gathering and making, location scouting and everything else required for their scene. While this is happening I wander around the room observing and listening and answering questions and clarifying and keeping a few on track. In a case like this where we had to fast-track things a bit I did jump in more than I like to and helped some groups pick suitable materials for making something instead of having them do the trial and error part – which is too bad – that’s one of the great messy parts of this kind of learning.
Now I want to come back to my first sentence about the process being important and not the product. I’m going to disagree with that statement. The process is very important and can be worthwhile learning on its own. But to me the quality of the final product, the polish, the struggle to get the product as close to its highest potential as possible is also very important. What message are we giving to students if their process is great but we always walk away with an attitude that teaches that the product would have been great, but we don’t have the time to get it there. I disagree – lots of times getting there finds the problems and is the greatest challenge to overcome. The sound on our video is sub-par. We knew it and I would have loved to have the students help figure out how to get it more consistent. We tweaked it well enough in the short time we had (we recorded over half the voiceovers the last three days of school). The transitions between scenes aren’t terrible, but they could be better. If my students were back this week we would be looking at those things and figuring them out. Isn’t that “Real World” production? That’s polish and making something as good as it can be, or as good as it can be with your current resources and knowledge and it’s a step I believe we too often leave out.
In the end though I believe the students met their major goal of producing a video that would become a resource for them and others around the world to learn about fossils and geologic processes. Watch it and let me know what you think.
Learning is messy!
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It is widely recognised that homework makes an important contribution to students’ progress. At SJB, it is felt that work completed at home is an essential part of school work. When homework is used properly, it extends the challenge open to the students and ensures that teaching time is used to maximum effect. It also prepares students gradually for the more independent demands of study as they mature. Equally, we believe it is important that all students have time in their day to ‘play’ and spend time participating in extra-curricular activities. For this reason, our homework gradually increases from 50 minutes per night in Year 7 to around 1.5 hours per night in Year 11 and 2-3 hours per day in the Sixth Form.
In Year 7 and 8 there is a blend of ‘subject’ homework as well as the development of literacy and numeracy skills; every night students will complete 30 minutes of ‘subject’ homework as well as a further 20-30 minutes of homework focused on the development of literacy and numeracy skills as we believe these are fundamentally important in being able to access learning across the curriculum. From Year 9 onwards there is a greater ‘subject’ focus. Further to this, each half term, there will be a minimum of one homework aimed at improving vocabulary and one aimed at improving your child’s reading and comprehension skills.
We set homework for the following reasons:
- It encourages students to develop the skills, confidence, and self-motivation needed to study effectively on their own.
- It consolidates and reinforces knowledge and skills being developed at school.
- It extends school learning (for example, through additional reading).
- It sustains the involvement of parents in the management of students’ learning and keeps them in touch with what is happening in the classroom.
- It helps students to develop their time-management and organisational skills.
- It enables students to better manage the increasing demands placed on them as they get older and become young adults.
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>> This stretch of the Pacific Ocean appears to be crystal clean but it has been called the great Pacific garbage patch. Winds and currents combine to push plastic into an area between Hawaii and California. And scientists from the Ocean Cleanup Foundation say there is 16 times more debris than they originally thought.
It's a shocking indictment of the true scale of ocean pollution.>> It's really scary and I think it's something that should make us think more, a lot more.>> Previous surveys were conducted using single vessels and focused on smaller pieces of plastic. But the latest research used 30 vessels and combined research with aerial views.
The team found nearly 80,000 metric tons of plastic, which can cause a irreparable damage to marine life.>> Coordinated worldwide effort is needed among governmental institutions and policy makers, and scientific communities, scientific research to tackle this environmental issue.>> In 2017, nearly 200 countries committed to eliminating plastic pollution in the sea, but with evidence that pollution levels are rising, the true scale of the challenge is now clear.
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Q. What is hemlock rust? How can I treat it?
Hemlock rust (sometimes called hemlock twig rust) is a disease of both the Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and the Carolina hemlock (T. caroliniana). It is caused by the fungus Melamspora farlowii. Unlike other rusts, the hemlock rust is the same for both species.
The first sign of infection with the rust is a yellowing of the new leaves in spring. This is followed by the changes in the shoots at the leaf bases,which turn yellow. This is followed by loss of needles, except at the tips. The cones can also become infected; they become discolored and do not produce seeds. Hemlock rust is particularly a problem following wet, cool springs.
The Cornell University Cooperative office recommends spraying with triadmefon or mancozeb (Pentathlon), once when buds break and twice thereafter at 7 - 14 day intervals. If the infestation is particulalry severe then it is best not to grow hemlocks on the property.
Two juniper rusts (Kabatina juniperi and Phomopsis juniperoora) also infect hemlock but this is more uncommon.
Note that Hemlock rust should not be confused with Hemlock mite rust which is caused by an insect. The symptoms can be somewhat similar but the latter can distinguished by the appearance of mites on the needle (viisible with a hand lens).
Courtesy of NYBG Plant Information Service
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Local governments are responsible for zoning (i.e. In spite of this, the state can still impose procedures on the exercise of zoning authority (i.e., municipalities, counties). Local governments are responsible for regulating zoning through legislation. It is presumed that a zoning ordinance in Georgia is valid.
Municipal zoning ordinances are adopted and enforced by municipalities. It is possible to enforce zoning ordinances in the same way as criminal laws. Even a magistrate judge has the power to issue an arrest warrant for someone accused of violating an ordinance, even if it sounds extreme.
Is Zoning Constitutional?
According to the Supreme Court, certain uses (such as commercial and multi-family housing) can be prohibited in certain parts of cities. The Constitution of the United States.
How Do You Get Around Zoning Laws?
An owner may request a variance from a zoning ordinance if they intend to continue using a particular use.
Rezoning and Amendments: A landowner may request that their land be amended by the local municipal body.
What Is Zoning Control?
A municipality or other tier of government divides land into zones, each of which has its own set of regulations for new development, which is different from other zones in urban planning.
What Is The Purpose Of Zoning Regulations?
By regulating and controlling land and property markets, zoning is intended to ensure complementary uses for land and property. A zoning process can also provide the opportunity for specific areas to be developed more quickly or at a slower rate.
What Are The Four Types Of Zoning?
Zoning based on the function of a land use zone, such as a commercial zone, a residential zone, or an industrial zone.
A form-based zoning process.
Zoning for intensity.
The use of incentives for zoning.
What Is Zoning Explain Zoning Regulations?
In zoning ordinances, the rules for the use of real estate in different zones are outlined in written laws. Residential zones are prohibited from being used for the construction of commercial real estate. A zoning policy ensures that land is demarcated in a prudent manner.
What Happens If You Ignore Zoning Laws?
It is possible for offenders to incur serious financial penalties for violating local zoning laws. Violations of the law may result in civil penalties, as well as the need to remove the illegal structure or addition at a significant cost to the violator. A criminal proceeding may result in fines or even imprisonment.
How Is The Zoning Code Enforced?
Local authorities are almost always the ones who enact and enforce zoning laws, and not statewide or nationwide. Local governments are the only ones with authority in the states in which they reside. Therefore, for a local government to be able to pass a zoning law, it must first be granted authority by the state.
Is Zoning Legal?
Local governments can regulate which areas in their jurisdiction may have real estate or land for specific purposes through zoning. Local governments can change their zoning laws as long as they are within state and federal law, and a particular plot of land may be rezoned based on the results of the study.
What Made Zoning Legal In The United States?
State Standard Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) The State Standard Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) was drafted and published by the United States Commerce Department in 1924, providing a model for states to follow when it came to zoning laws.
How Difficult Is It To Get Property Rezoned?
It is not easy to change the zoning of a property. A rezoning must be consistent with the master plan for the area. If you wish to request a rezoning, you must follow all the procedures outlined in the zoning ordinance.
Are Zoning Laws Constitutional?
Further, the family could challenge the restriction in court, at least as it applies to their lot, as unconstitutional to further this goal. According to the Supreme Court, certain uses (such as commercial and multi-family housing) can be prohibited in certain parts of cities. The Constitution of the United States.
How Do You Fight A Zone Change?
Consider Filing a Petition Opposing Land Use A petition that clearly states what the signatories are opposed to and why can be very effective. If the zone change is approved, however, a petition will not likely be sufficient to preserve the right of appeal.
Watch who controls zoning rules and regulations Video
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Is it farther or further?
any snail of the subclass Prosobranchia, class Gastropoda. Most of these primitive snails are marine; a few live on land or in fresh water. Many prosobranchs breathe by means of gills, which are located in front of the heart; some have a special respiratory structure on the mantle or, in land species, a simple pulmonary cavity. The auricle of the heart is in front of the ventricle. Larval torsion results in a figure-eight arrangement of the viscera and nerve cord that persists throughout life. Most species have a lid (operculum) on the foot that closes the shell when the animal retracts. The sexes are separate
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Project Report For Grape Wine Manufacturing
The project report for Grape Wine Manufacturing is as follows.
Wine is made from grape juice that has been fermented. Wine is manufactured from grapes, fruits, and berries, among other things. Grapes, on the other hand, are used to making the majority of wine. And no matter what the wine is made of, fermentation, or the conversion of sugar to alcohol, is required. Wine is produced when the level of alcohol is relatively modest.
If the concentration is high enough, the result is “distilled liquor,” such as gin or vodka. When crushed grape skin pulp and seeds from purple or red grape varietals are allowed to stay in the juice during fermentation, red wine is produced.
Project Report Sample Of Grape
Get Completely Custom Bankable Project Report
By extracting the non-juice pumice from the must during fermentation, pink/rose wine may be made. The skins, pulp, and seeds of coloured grapes can be removed before the juice is extracted to make white wines. “Fortified,” “sparkling,” or “table” wines are all options. Brandy is added to fortified wines to increase the alcohol concentration (around 14 to 30 percent).
These are less perishable and may remain stable even if they aren’t pasteurised. The quantity of CO2 in a wine determines whether it is still or sparkling. Carbon dioxide can be produced naturally during fermentation or intentionally supplied.
Manufacturing Process Of Grape Wine Manufacturing
Harvesting: The grapes are harvested by hand or by machines when they reach the desired level of ripeness. The timing of harvesting is crucial, as it affects the sugar, acid, and tannin content of the grapes.
Crushing and Pressing: After harvesting, the grapes are crushed to release their juices. The grape juice is then extracted by pressing the crushed grapes, and the skins and seeds are discarded.
Fermentation: After that, the grape juice is put into barrels or tanks to ferment. To turn the grape juice’s sugars into alcohol, yeast is introduced. The length of the fermentation process depends on the intended alcohol concentration and flavour character of the wine and can range from a few weeks to a few months.
Aging: Once the fermentation process is complete, the wine is aged in oak barrels or stainless steel tanks. Aging helps to develop the wine’s flavor and aroma, and it can take several months to several years.
Clarification: After aging, the wine is clarified by removing any sediment or particles that may have formed during the fermentation and aging process. This is typically done by racking, where the wine is siphoned from one container to another, leaving the sediment behind.
Bottling: The final step in the grape wine manufacturing process is bottling. The wine is bottled and sealed with a cork or screw cap, and then labeled and packaged for distribution.
Market Potential Of Grape Wine Manufacturing
According to estimates, between 2022 and 2027, the Indian wine industry would expand at a CAGR of 30.92%. Forecasts predict a USD 688.16 million growth in market size.
Product Cost Breakup
Reveneue Vs Expenses
The expanding number of people who drink wine and regard it as a sign of social acceptance is the key factor driving the global wine market. The worldwide wine market is growing quickly due to changes in lifestyle and consumer income. It is anticipated that the fast expanding young population and rising disposable income in many developing nations would fuel the expansion of the worldwide market.
As alcoholic beverages become more accepted in developing nations as a result of shifting attitudes towards alcoholic beverages, the expansion of the world wine market is anticipated to pick up speed. It is anticipated that the rapidly expanding foodservice sector would increase demand for wine globally.
The country’s wine consumption is still in its infancy. Wine is now widely regarded as a healthy or sociable beverage, and its usage is steadily growing. Until a few years ago, the majority of high-quality wines were imported, making them prohibitively expensive.
The availability of high-quality Indian wine at a fraction of the cost has resulted in a steady growth in demand. Hand-picked grapes are transported to the crusher. The grapes are punched and sent to a de-juicer, which separates the pulp from the juice.
The skin stems, and other by-products of the crushing are utilised as manure, while the juice is fermented. Grapes may be crushed (and possibly still are) by stomping on them with your feet in a large tank. However, using a machine to accomplish the task is a more realistic option (and at the same time, removes the stems).
A “bladder press,” a huge cylindrical container with bags that are inflated and deflated numerous times, gently squeezing the grapes each time until all the juice has flowed free, leaving the rest of the grapes behind, is one method of pressing the grapes.
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Written by Corry Hawkins, Clinical Director for KPS
The use of animals to support people physically and emotionally is nothing new, but the use of certified animals has been increasing over time as evidence for their effectiveness increases. If you think you or someone you know would benefit from a support animal, it’s important to know the different types of support animals and their uses.
Service animals are dogs, and in some cases miniature horses, that are specifically trained, registered, and certified to perform tasks a person with disabilities cannot perform independently. To qualify for a service animal, a person must have a disability that impacts their ability to perform major life tasks. Examples of these types of service animals include guide dogs (seeing eye dogs), hearing or signal dogs, psychiatric service dogs, social signal dogs, and seizure response dogs. Due to the specific training required to provide these specialized supports, service animals are certified and regulated.
Additionally, service animals and their handlers have rights and responsibilities that protect their right to have access to public facilities that typically would not allow animals. This is only possible because the service animal is trained to behave appropriately in a variety of situations to better support their person. If you are interested in learning more about the protections given to service animals by the American Disabilities Act (ADA), please visit the ADA National Network website.
If you believe you or someone you know qualifies for a service animal, please begin this process by contacting your treating medical provider. Various organizations may exist in your area to pair you with the right service animal or train your current pet to meet your needs. However, these organizations will likely require confirmation of your condition from your physician, so a referral from your medical provider is the best place to start.
When a person with a service animal enters a public facility, the animal's handler cannot be asked about the nature or extent of his or her disability. Only two questions may be asked and asked only if the animal's tasks are not obvious:
1. Is the animal required because of a disability?
2. What work or task has the animal been trained to perform?
A public facility cannot ask for documentation or proof that the animal has been certified, trained, or licensed as a service animal. A facility can ask the two questions above and can ask the animal's handler to pay for damage the animal causes, as along as they would charge any individual without a disability to pay for damage they caused.
Therapy animals are often dogs (but can be other animals) that are primarily used at facilities and by professionals to provide additional support and affection to those they serve. These animals have significant obedience training and are screened for loving and tolerant temperaments. In other words, they are particularly well-behaved and love to make people happy. These animals must be registered, but unlike service animals, they do not have the right to visit public facilities without permission.
If you are a professional seeking to use a therapy animal in your place of work or to support the care and comfort of a treatment process, you should pursue professional training and registration of your animal. This is typically done through certified trainers in your area. There are many different organizations that provide this type of training, so look for formal organizations in good standing. The Alliance of Therapy Dogs is a good place to start for more information.
Emotional Support Animals (ESAs)
ESAs are animals that are “prescribed” by a mental health professional when it is determined that the presence of the animal will support the treatment and wellbeing of a person with emotional or psychiatric disabilities. The presence of an ESA in a person’s daily life provides comfort and companionship. They do not support the performance of major life tasks.
Unlike service animals, ESAs are not specially trained or certified. ESAs may accompany their person in some public facilities, but this right is not as thoroughly protected and only prevails within reason. For instance, an airline is likely to refuse to allow you to wear your emotional support snake around your shoulders.
As mentioned above, if you are seeking an ESA, you will need an official letter prescribing the use of an ESA to support your emotional or psychiatric disability from a mental health provider. Because ESAs are not well regulated, obtaining this letter can be complicated. Ideally, you would receive a letter from a medical or mental health provider that you know and work with. However, many therapists will not write ESA letters. (More about that below.) There are organizations that will provide you with a letter online.
The Problem with ESAs
If you have looked into ESAs for long enough, you’re probably aware there is some conflict about them. You may have even asked your therapist or doctor for an ESA letter and been turned down. Or perhaps your ESA has been denied access to public places, despite an official letter. If ESAs do not require special training or certifications, why is it difficult to get an ESA letter and why do so many places turn ESAs away?
The problem is there are far too many fake online registration services that will provide an ESA letter to anyone for a fee. While that may sound nice, this loophole has essentially ruined the system for everyone else. As you can imagine, there are multiple reasons a person may fake a need for an ESA. For example, someone may find an apartment they like that will not allow animals, so they get an ESA letter online so they can keep their pet. Remember that ESAs are for people who are disabled, not for those who would be sad or nervous without their pet at their side.
And therein lies the bigger hurdle: ESAs are for the emotionally or psychiatrically disabled. While some therapists write ESA letters for their clients without a second thought, there is good reason for professionals to be cautious. Determining a person’s ability or disability status requires specific training, which can be out of a therapist’s scope of practice. Additionally, if a therapist writes an ESA letter and that animal causes harm to their owner or someone else, the therapist may be considered at fault. Since ESAs do not require specialized training, there is no way for a therapist to confirm the temperament or behavior of the animal, if they were even qualified to do so.
If you would benefit from an ESA and have encountered difficulty getting a letter, these are likely the reasons why. Talk with your therapist openly about your concerns and other options for support and treatment. You may also consider pursuing a psychiatric service animal if your needs are great enough. While this process is far more intricate, it may suit your needs better and be more reliable than an online letter that could be turned away.
Where can I learn more?
Different states have different rules and regulations regarding support animals. Additionally, the process of certifying and registering your animal could vary. Rules for service animals are more clear than rules for ESAs. We recommend starting with the links below.
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GROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPIN)
Growth hormone, an
anterior pituitary hormone, is required during childhood and adolescence for
attainment of normal adult size and has important effects throughout postnatal
life on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and on lean body mass and bone
den-sity. Its growth-promoting effects are primarily mediated via IGF-I(also known as somatomedin C). Individuals with congenital oracquired deficiency
of GH during childhood or adolescence fail to reach their predicted adult
height and have disproportionately increased body fat and decreased muscle
mass. Adults with GH deficiency also have disproportionately low lean body
Growth hormone is a
191-amino-acid peptide with two sulfhydryl bridges. Its structure closely
resembles that of prolactin. In the past, medicinal GH was isolated from the
pituitaries of human cadavers. However, this form of GH was found to be
contami-nated with prions that could cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. For this
reason, it is no longer used. Somatropin,
the recombinant form of GH, has a 191-amino-acid sequence that is identical
with the predominant native form of human GH.
GH has a half-life of 20–25 minutes and is predominantly cleared by the liver.
Recombinant human GH (rhGH) is administered subcutaneously 6–7 times per week.
Peak levels occur in 2–4 hours and active blood levels persist for
approximately 36 hours.
hormone mediates its effects via cell surface receptors of the JAK/STAT
cytokine receptor superfamily. Growth hormone has two distinct GH receptor
binding sites. Dimerization of two GH receptors is stimulated by a single GH
molecule and acti-vates signaling cascades mediated by receptor-associated JAK
tyrosine kinases and STATs . GH has complex effects on growth, body
composition, and carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. The
growth-promoting effects are medi-ated principally through an increase in the
production of IGF-I. Much of the circulating IGF-I is produced in the liver. GH
also stimulates production of IGF-I in bone, cartilage, muscle, kid-ney, and
other tissues, where it plays autocrine or paracrine roles. GH stimulates
longitudinal bone growth until the epiphyses close—near the end of puberty. In
both children and adults, GH has anabolic effects in muscle and catabolic
effects in lipid cells that shift the balance of body mass to an increase in
muscle mass and a reduction in adiposity. The direct and indirect effects of GH
on carbohydrate metabolism are mixed, in part because GH and IGF-I have
opposite effects on insulin sensitivity. GH reduces insulin sensitivity, which
results in mild hyperinsulin-emia, whereas IGF-I has insulin-like effects on
glucose transport. In patients who are unable to respond to GH because of
severe GH resistance (caused by GH receptor mutations, post-GH receptor
signaling mutations, or GH antibodies), the administra-tion of recombinant
human IGF-I may cause hypoglycemia because of its insulin-like effects.
GH deficiency can have
a genetic basis, may be associated with midline developmental defect syndromes
(eg, septo-optic dysplasia), or can be acquired as a result of damage to the
pituitary or hypothalamus by a trauma (including breech or traumatic delivery),
intracranial tumors, infection, infiltrative or hemorrhagic pro-cesses, or
irradiation. Neonates with isolated GH deficiency are typically of normal size
at birth because prenatal growth is not GH-dependent. In contrast, IGF-I is
essential for normal prenatal and postnatal growth. Through poorly understood
mechanisms, IGF-I expression and postnatal growth become GH-dependent during
the first year of life. In childhood, GH deficiency typically presents as short
stature, often with mild adiposity. Another early sign of GH deficiency is
hypoglycemia due to unopposed action of insulin, to which young children are especially
sensitive. Criteria for diagnosis of GH deficiency usually include (1) a
subnormal height velocity for age and (2) a subnormal serum GH response
following stimulation with at least two GH secretagogues. The prevalence of GH
deficiency is approximately 1:5000. Therapy with rhGH permits many children
with short stature due to GH deficiency to achieve normal adult height.
In the past, it was
believed that adults with GH deficiency do not exhibit a significant syndrome.
However, more detailed studies suggest that adults with GH deficiency often
have gener-alized obesity, reduced muscle mass, asthenia, and reduced car-diac
output. GH-deficient adults who have been treated with GH have been shown to
experience a reversal of many of these manifestations.
Although the greatest
improvement in growth occurs in patients with GH deficiency, exogenous GH has
some effect on height in
GH has been approved for several
conditions (Table 37–4) and has been used experimentally or off-label in many
others. Prader-Willi syndrome is an
autosomal dominant genetic diseaseassociated with growth failure, obesity, and
carbohydrate intoler-ance. In children with Prader-Willi syndrome and growth
failure, GH treatment decreases body fat and increases lean body mass, linear
growth, and energy expenditure.
treatment has also been shown to have a strong beneficial effect on final
height of girls with Turner syndrome
(45 X karyo-type and variants). In clinical trials, GH treatment has been shown
to increase final height in girls with Turner syndrome by 10–15 cm (4–6
inches). Because girls with Turner syndrome also have either absent or
rudimentary ovaries, GH must be judiciously combined with gonadal steroids to
achieve maximal height. Other condi-tions of pediatric growth failure for which
GH treatment is FDA-approved include chronic renal insufficiency pre-transplant
and small-for-gestational-age at birth in which the child’s height remains more
than 2 standard deviations below the norm at 2 years of age.
controversial but approved use of GH is for children with idiopathic short
stature (ISS). This is a heterogeneous popula-tion that has in common no
identifiable cause of the short stature. Some have arbitrarily defined ISS
clinically as having a height at least 2.25 standard deviations below the norm
for children of the same age and an unlikelihood of achieving an adult height
that will be less than 2.25 standard deviations below the norm. In this group
of children, many years of GH therapy result in an average increase in adult
height of 4–7 cm (1.57–2.76 inches) at a cost of $5000–$40,000 per year. The
complex issues involved in the cost-risk-benefit relationship of this use of GH
are important because an estimated 400,000 children in the United States fit
the diag-nostic criteria for ISS.
of children with short stature should be carried out by specialists experienced
in GH administration. GH dose require-ments vary with the condition being
treated, with GH-deficient children typically being most responsive. Children
must be observed closely for slowing of growth velocity, which could indicate a
need to increase the dosage or the possibility of epiphyseal fusion or
intercurrent problems such as hypothyroidism or malnutrition.
Growth hormone affects
many organ systems and also has a net anabolic effect. It has been tested in a
number of conditions that are associated with a severe catabolic state and is
approved for the treatment of wasting in patients with AIDS. In 2004, GH was
approved for treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome who are dependent
on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). After intestinal resection or bypass, the
remaining functional intestine in many patients undergoes extensive adaptation
that allows it to adequately absorb nutrients. However, other patients fail to
ade-quately adapt and develop a malabsorption syndrome. GH has been shown to
increase intestinal growth and improve its function in experimental animals.
Benefits of GH treatment for patients with short bowel syndrome and dependence
on total parenteral nutrition have mostly been short-lived in the clinical
studies that have been published to date. Growth hormone is administered with
glutamine, which also has trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa.
GH is a popular
component of “anti-aging” programs. Serum levels of GH normally decline with
aging; anti-aging programs claim that injection of GH or administration of
drugs purported to increase GH release are effective anti-aging remedies. These
claims are largely unsubstantiated. In contrast studies in mice and the
nematode C elegans have clearly
demonstrated that ana-logs of human GH and IGF-I consistently shorten life span and that
loss-of-function mutations in the signaling pathways for the GH and IGF-I
analogs lengthen life span. Another use of GH is by athletes for a purported
increase in muscle mass and athletic performance. GH is one of the drugs banned
by the Olympic Committee.
Although GH has
important effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and on lean body mass,
it does not seem likely to be a fruitful direct target for efforts to develop
new drugs to treat obe-sity. However, some of the hormonal and neuroendocrine
systems that regulate GH secretion are being investigated as possible targets
for antiobesity drugs (see Box: Treatment of Obesity).
In 1993, the FDA approved the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) in dairy cattle to increase milk produc-tion. Although milk and meat from rbGH-treated cows appear to be safe, these cows have a higher incidence of mastitis, which could increase antibiotic use and result in greater antibiotic resi-dues in milk and meat.
Children generally tolerate GH treatment well. Adverse events are relatively rare and include pseudotumor cerebri; slipped capital femoral epiphysis; progression of scoliosis; edema; hyperglycemia; and increased risk of asphyxiation in severely obese patients with Prader-Willi syndrome and upper airway obstruction or sleep apnea. Patients with Turner syndrome have an increased risk of otitis media while taking GH. In children with GH deficiency, periodic evaluation of the other anterior pituitary hormones may reveal concurrent defi-ciencies, which also require treatment (eg, with hydrocortisone, levothyroxine, or gonadal hormones). Pancreatitis, gynecomastia, and nevus growth have occurred in patients receiving GH. Adults tend to have more adverse effects from GH therapy. Peripheral edema, myalgias, and arthralgias (especially in the hands and wrists) occur commonly but remit with dosage reduction. Carpal tunnel syndrome can occur. GH treatment increases the activity of cyto-chrome P450 isoforms, which may reduce the serum levels of drugs metabolized by that enzyme system .
There has been no increased incidence of malignancy among
patients receiving GH therapy, but GH treatment is contraindicated in a patient
with a known active malignancy. Proliferative retinopathy may rarely occur. GH
treatment of critically ill patients appears to increase mortality.
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Eastwick College | Evaluated Learning Experience
Critical Thinking (PHIL 101)
54 hours (12 Weeks)
August 2019 – Present
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: recognize topics, main ideas, and supporting details; distinguish between fact and opinion and detect bias; draw valid inferences and conclusions; apply study skills to reading material; utilize words in context; recall the author’s purpose and point of view; relate patterns of organization: cause and effect; describe words in context: transitional words; develop valid inferences and conclusions; recall the author’s tone and style; explain explicit and implied main ideas and supporting details; assess the credibility or objectivity of the writer; apply study skills to reading material: summarizing, reading a map or atlas; describe figurative language: simile and metaphor; recall the author’s tone and style; emotive language; identify words in context using dictionaries; apply study skills to reading material: mapping; reference words in context; employ study skills to reading materials: outlining; recognize patterns of organization: mapping key events; define and distinguish ethics and morals; critique one’s moral compass and understand its origins; discuss how to nurture one’s moral growth; create valid inferences and conclusions; differentiate between fact and opinion; describe literary allusions in context using an encyclopedia; apply study skills to reading: summarizing; develop the analytical skill of the student in order to better comprehend various issues presented in the subject of critical thinking.
Lecture, textbook reading, instructor slides; exams; class discussions.
In the lower division baccalaureate / associate degree category, 3 semester hours in Critical Thinking, Philosophy, Introduction to Ethics, or as General Education (5/22). NOTE: This course was previously evaluated by the American Council on Education (ACE). To view credit recommendations previously established, visit the ACE National Guide.
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This is Part 2 of a two-part series on the paradoxes of 19th-century economist William Stanley Jevons, and how, given modern energy markets, he is more important than ever.
You can find the first part here.
The England to which William Stanley Jevons returned in 1860 after six years in Australia must have seemed almost alien. Factories were everywhere burning coal and spewing smoke; forests, long in decline, were now nearly absent. London, where Jevons returned to continue his previously abandoned studies, was suffering from ever-worsening air quality—more toxic than modern-day Delhi, India.
The Great Stink of 1858 must still have been a painful memory when Jevons arrived. The Thames River had become an open sewer: it flowed fitfully, choked with human waste, dead animals, rotting food, and raw materials from the burgeoning factories alongside. While a frequent subject of newspaper polemics as a stinking source of disease and infection, not to mention being embarrassing when visitors came to the great city of London, there was also a widespread sense that this was one of the inevitable byproducts of a fast-advancing industrial world.
At the same time, the landscape around London was changing. Forests had long been in decline, and by the time Jevons returns they were near trough levels, perhaps under 6% as a percentage of English land area, down from almost 16% at peak. Used for everything from shipbuilding, to home construction, to fuel, wood was becoming harder to find in large quantities, and absent from areas encircling major cities like London.
Jevons, a sharp observer of the world around him, could likely not help but notice. Wood was disappearing under intense exploitation, and coal use was soaring, fueling a modernizing, industrializing society. Would coal's fate mirror that of wood, and would England's rising fortunes fall with it?
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What can be done?
IUCN welcomes efforts by governments, conservation agencies and other partners to rewild in certain parts of the world. It stresses the need to consider ecological, economic and societal issues in the development of rewilding initiatives and to engage all relevant stakeholders from the onset. In consultation with over 150 rewilding experts, IUCN’s Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM) Rewilding Thematic Group (RTG) has developed ten principles to guide rewilding initiatives:
1. Rewilding uses wildlife to restore food webs and food chains.
2. Rewilding plans should identify core rewilded areas, ways to connect them, and ensure outcomes are to the mutual benefit of people and nature.
3. Rewilding requires local engagement and community support.
4. Rewilding focuses on the recovery of ecological processes, interactions and conditions based on similar healthy ecosystems.
5. Rewilding recognises that ecosystems are dynamic and constantly changing.
6. Rewilding should anticipate the effects of climate change and act as a tool to mitigate its impacts.
7. Rewilding is informed by science and considers local knowledge.
8. Rewilding recognises the intrinsic value of all species.
9. Rewilding is adaptive and dependent on monitoring and feedback.
10. Rewilding is a paradigm shift in the coexistence of humans and nature.
These ten principles provide a reference point for rewilding, and support the incorporation of the technique into global conservation targets.
Governments and civil society should consider these principles and follow IUCN's Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations throughout rewilding projects. This is one way to ensure that rewilding does not negatively impact the lives and livelihoods of local people, or harm the environment.
While the overall aim is a self-sustaining ecosystem, the rewilding process can involve significant activity and investment. Governments, financial institutions, private funders, and businesses should recognise the potential of evidence-based rewilding. With cross-societal support, this approach to rewilding can offer an effective nature-based solution to help achieve sustainable development. In addition to the ten principles outlined above, actors and investors can apply the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions during project design and implementation.
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Belonging to the sect of philosophers called cynics; having the qualities of a cynic; pertaining to, or resembling, the doctrines of the cynics.
Given to sneering at rectitude and the conduct of life by moral principles; believing the worst of human nature and motives; disbelieving in the reality of any human purposes which are not suggested or directed by self-interest or self-indulgence; having a sneering disbelief in the selflessness of others; as, a cynical man who scoffs at pretensions of integrity; characterized by such opinions; as, cynical views of human nature.
One of a sect or school of philosophers founded by Antisthenes, and of whom Diogenes was a disciple. The first Cynics were noted for austere lives and their scorn for social customs and current philosophical opinions. Hence the term Cynic symbolized, in the popular judgment, moroseness, and contempt for the views of others.
One who holds views resembling those of the Cynics; a snarler; a misanthrope; particularly, a person who believes that human conduct is directed, either consciously or unconsciously, wholly by self-interest or self-indulgence, and that appearances to the contrary are superficial and untrustworthy.
One who attributes all actions to selfish motives. DANUBE - A famous river in Austria. Bert suggests that people should be taken there to be shot at dawn.
someone who is critical of the motives of others
a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control
a person who ultimately not only doesn't believe in the moment, but they took a long-turn pass for non-believing
The Cynics (, ) were an influential school of ancient philosophers. They rejected the social values of their time, often flouting conventions in shocking ways to prove their point. A popular conception of the intellectual characteristics is the modern sense of "cynic," implying a sneering disposition to disbelieve in the goodness of human motives and a contemptuous feeling of superiority.
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This chapter examines the cutcherry scribes and their role in society. The scribes were the first professional writers of English in southeastern India. This chapter focuses on the corruption and lack of discipline of the cutcherry. It tackles the rise of gray market in documents and explains the contradictions of colonial governance.
Chicago Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.
To troubleshoot, please check our FAQs, and if you can't find the answer there, please contact us.
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Munir Humayun, an associate professor in FSU’s Department of Geological Sciences and a researcher at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, co-authored a paper, “Partitioning of Palladium at High Pressures and Temperatures During Core Formation,” that was recently published in the peer-reviewed science journal Nature Geoscience.
The paper provides a direct challenge to the popular “late veneer hypothesis,” a theory which suggests that all of our water, as well as several so-called “iron-loving” elements, were added to the Earth late in its formation by impacts with icy comets, meteorites and other passing objects.
“For 30 years, the late-veneer hypothesis has been the dominant paradigm for understanding Earth’s early history, and our ultimate origins,” Humayun said. “Now, with our latest research, we’re suggesting that the late-veneer hypothesis may not be the only way of explaining the presence of certain elements in the Earth’s crust and mantle.”
To illustrate his point, Humayun points to what is known about the Earth’s composition.
“We know that the Earth has an iron-rich core that accounts for about one-third of its total mass,” he said. “Surrounding this core is a rocky mantle that accounts for most of the remaining two-thirds,” with the thin crust of the Earth’s surface making up the rest.
“According to the late-veneer hypothesis, most of the original iron-loving, or siderophile, elements” -- those elements such as gold, platinum, palladium and iridium that bond most readily with iron -- “would have been drawn down to the core over tens of millions of years and thereby removed from the Earth’s crust and mantle. The amounts of siderophile elements that we see today, then, would have been supplied after the core was formed by later meteorite bombardment. This bombardment also would have brought in water, carbon and other materials essential for life, the oceans and the atmosphere.”
To test the hypothesis, Humayun and his NASA colleagues -- Kevin Righter and Lisa Danielson -- conducted experiments at Johnson Space Center in Houston and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee. At the Johnson Space Center, Righter and Danielson used a massive 880-ton press to expose samples of rock containing palladium -- a metal commonly used in catalytic converters -- to extremes of heat and temperature equal to those found more than 300 miles inside the Earth. The samples were then brought to the magnet lab, where Humayun used a highly sensitive analytical tool known as an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, or ICP-MS, to measure the distribution of palladium within the sample.
“At the highest pressures and temperatures, our experiments found palladium in the same relative proportions between rock and metal as is observed in the natural world,” Humayun said. “Put another way, the distribution of palladium and other siderophile elements in the Earth’s mantle can be explained by means other than millions of years of meteorite bombardment.”
The potential ramifications of his team’s research are significant, Humayun said.
“This work will have important consequences for geologists’ thinking about core formation, the core’s present relation to the mantle, and the bombardment history of the early Earth,” he said. “It also could lead us to rethink the origins of life on our planet.”
Munir Humayun | EurekAlert!
UCI and NASA document accelerated glacier melting in West Antarctica
26.10.2016 | University of California - Irvine
Ice shelf vibrations cause unusual waves in Antarctic atmosphere
25.10.2016 | American Geophysical Union
Ultrafast lasers have introduced new possibilities in engraving ultrafine structures, and scientists are now also investigating how to use them to etch microstructures into thin glass. There are possible applications in analytics (lab on a chip) and especially in electronics and the consumer sector, where great interest has been shown.
This new method was born of a surprising phenomenon: irradiating glass in a particular way with an ultrafast laser has the effect of making the glass up to a...
Terahertz excitation of selected crystal vibrations leads to an effective magnetic field that drives coherent spin motion
Controlling functional properties by light is one of the grand goals in modern condensed matter physics and materials science. A new study now demonstrates how...
Researchers from the Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) at the University of Waterloo led the development of a new extensible wiring technique capable of controlling superconducting quantum bits, representing a significant step towards to the realization of a scalable quantum computer.
"The quantum socket is a wiring method that uses three-dimensional wires based on spring-loaded pins to address individual qubits," said Jeremy Béjanin, a PhD...
In a paper in Scientific Reports, a research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute describes a novel light-activated phenomenon that could become the basis for applications as diverse as microscopic robotic grippers and more efficient solar cells.
A research team at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) has developed a revolutionary, light-activated semiconductor nanocomposite material that can be used...
By forcefully embedding two silicon atoms in a diamond matrix, Sandia researchers have demonstrated for the first time on a single chip all the components needed to create a quantum bridge to link quantum computers together.
"People have already built small quantum computers," says Sandia researcher Ryan Camacho. "Maybe the first useful one won't be a single giant quantum computer...
14.10.2016 | Event News
14.10.2016 | Event News
12.10.2016 | Event News
26.10.2016 | Materials Sciences
26.10.2016 | Health and Medicine
26.10.2016 | Physics and Astronomy
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We are here to create, educate and experiene the world of art!
Drawing, Painting, Sculpting, Ceramics, Crafts, Digital Design, Animation, Illustration, Fine Art, Comercial Art.
For Students ages 8 and up, this class puts the emphasis on tonal drawings. Small compositional studies are used for framing and quick drawing. No erasers allowed. The use of shapes and patterns of light and dark are emphasized. Learn the gray scale using graphite pencils working with still life and learning how light effects objects.
For students that have learned the fundamentals and are skilled in layout, values and construction of the figure. This class works on rendering techniques and long studies for each project. Line quality, tones, simplification and gesture are emphasized.
In order to create detail drawings; one must learn how to sketch. Drawing loose, drawing through and drawing with rhythm is the beginning to each class. Warm up with marker boards and make many mistakes. Learn through them and become skilled after the first class. Learn to draw the figure, head and hands quickly using proportions, light weight, construction and simple shapes. No details allowed. Art Classes in Castro Valley kids art classes painting art classes
Painting skills begin at any age. Students ages 8 and up begin with a gray scale using acrylic paint. Values are emphasized and patterns of light and dark shapes create the form. Color is applied by understanding the color wheel and the use of compliments are applied. Various color palettes are used by advanced students using the Masters techniques.
"Learning From The Masters" are techniques that are taught from famous artists from past generations. This unique course of study help the student to render form and apply a layering process to their work while learning strokes from Van Gogh, Monet's color theory and Picasso's use of shapes.
In order for an artist to improve in their skills no matter what their age, one must choose the medium of their choice. Watercolor, Pastels, Graphite, Pen & Ink, Markers, Colored Pencils & Acrylics. (Oils are not provided but can be brought by student). This method will enable the artist to improve faster and feel comfortable while learning new techniques. Each student will work with transparent color and finish with a rendered work of art. Beginners will study values and simplify shapes and start with monochromatic studies and progress into color harmony. Photographs are selected by the artist with instructor guidance.
To animate is to create movement on the computer. Start with a stick figure falling, jumping or running then advance into layers of detail. Prerequisite: Drawing 101.
For the student who enjoys drawing on the computer, this class is learning the layering process and building techniques. Using innovated software for digital design this class starts with a line drawing and applies tones, color and detail for a rendered work of digital design. Great for portfolio presentation.
Graphic Design begins with learning the basics in Adobe Photoshop. This software is industry standard and essential for the digital design for creative art. Begin by creating your own logo. The artist creates an identity of themselves and uses it for business cards, letterheads and envelopes. A fundamental step for self promotion and portfolio presentation.
For intermediate students who take graphics to an advanced level. Learn the tools one by one and create visuals for book covers, flyers, promotional advertising and more.
No matter what your age, the portfolio begins after each class. In order for parents, teachers, students, friends and family to see advancement or skill level in an artist, a portfolio is always recommended. After an 8 week course the instructor can critique and recognize what is lacking and what needs to be developed to further advance each artist.
Sample Portfolios are available for view at studio.
Get inspired by Picasso, Kandinsky, Mondrian and many more Masters. The abstract projects loosens up the artists' arm, wrist and fingers while making a continuous motion creating shapes using circles, spirals, zig zags or what ever your creative mind desires. Explore scribble scrabble and turn it into something. So much fun to color and share. Advanced students who are working on portfolio pieces, this is highly recommended to explore.
Explore color and start with complimentary colors and take oolor into new levels of understanding. This class is all about the color wheel and how color relates to it. The student will create their own color wheel and learn compliment colors and the tint and shade to each color. With every project, the color wheel is used and explored. Once this is mastered, the student can adventure into endless possibilities.
Sculpting with clay helps the drawing ability of each artist. To mold the clay and think 3D is essential for better understanding of 2D. Begin by learning the proportions of the clay. Put the pieces together and add the details. Finish by painting on your sculpture and glaze for the finish touch.
See Camps, Parties and Events for Arts and Crafts. Ages 4.5 and up.
Ceramics are perfect for the student that wants to give the gift of art. Make a tea pot, cup and saucer, a beautiful plaque to hang and more. Use color combinations, patterns and texture and design a one of a kind work of art. Kids love the endless possibilities and all ideas coming from them.
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By Sandeep Panda
What will I learn?
In this useful and fun-to-read ebook, you'll study the basics of AngularJS, reminiscent of scopes, modules and controllers. You'll then circulation directly to extra refined concepts, together with utilizing directives, filters and expressions to construct a whole unmarried web page internet application.
Discover the facility of AngularJS's two-way information binding
Using AngularJS and TDD
Get to grips with modules, scopes, and controllers
Enhance your HTML with directives
Build a whole operating unmarried web page web publication program as you learn
And even more
Read Online or Download AngularJS: Novice to Ninja PDF
HTML and CSS are the basis of the net, and HTML5 and CSS3 are the newest criteria. someone who builds websites, cellular apps, or does any kind of improvement in any respect, needs to grasp those languages. hi! HTML5 and CSS3 is written for the internet dressmaker or developer who wishes a quick, example-oriented creation to the hot HTML and CSS positive aspects.
- Web, Graphics & Perl TK: Best of the Perl Journal
- Practical Mod-Perl
Extra resources for AngularJS: Novice to Ninja
This will start the server at port 8000. html. Surprised by the small amount of code required to pull this off? This is what makes AngularJS best suited for rapid web app development. Let's examine what's happening here: 1. An AngularJS application bootstraps with the ng-app attribute (actually, it's a directive). 2. ng-init initializes your data models: the data to be presented on the UI. Falling In Love With AngularJS 3. ng-model binds an input field with model data. This establishes a two-way binding, which means the data model will be updated automatically whenever the input field value changes and vice versa.
Be Careful Where You Put Your Models The above example code is placing the name model in the root scope, which would certainly not be desirable in most real world apps. Ideally you would want to put these models in a controller scope. Doing Something Cool The power of data binding becomes obvious when things get a little complex. So, let's do something cool! Let's say you have been given the following task: 1. Provide an input field for the users to type their Facebook ID. 2. As soon as the user is done typing, display the corresponding Facebook profile picture.
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Concentration is an essential component of effective communication. Whether we are listening to others or expressing ourselves, it plays a critical role in ensuring that we communicate clearly and accurately.
The Power of Concentration: Unlocking Effective Communication
One of the key benefits of concentration in communication is that it allows us to fully engage with the other person. When we concentrate on what the other person is saying, we can pick up on subtle cues such as tone, body language, and facial expressions, which can provide important context for understanding the message.
Furthermore, it can also help us to overcome distractions and maintain our focus. In today’s fast-paced world, it can be easy to become distracted by our phones, social media, or other sources of noise and interruptions. However, by cultivating concentration, we can learn to tune out distractions and maintain our focus on the task at hand.
Moreover, concentration can also help us to communicate more clearly and effectively. When we are fully present and focused on the conversation, we are more likely to express ourselves clearly and accurately, without getting sidetracked or losing our train of thought.
In addition to improving our communication with others, it can also have a positive impact on our own mental and emotional well-being. By focusing our attention on the present moment and the task at hand, we can reduce stress and anxiety, and cultivate a sense of calm and inner peace.
Furthermore, concentration can also improve our memory and retention of information. When we concentrate on what we are learning or listening to, we are more likely to remember it and be able to recall it later.
Finally, concentration is an essential tool for building stronger relationships with others. By showing that we are fully present and attentive in our interactions with others, we can build trust, respect, and rapport, which are all critical components of effective communication and healthy relationships.
In conclusion, concentration is an essential component of effective communication. By allowing us to fully engage with others, overcome distractions, communicate more clearly and effectively, improve our mental and emotional well-being, enhance our memory and retention, and build stronger relationships, concentration can significantly enhance our ability to communicate and connect with others.
Cultivate YOUR Concentration, and Communicate Better!
Follow Us for more such content to improve your speaking skills:
Check out this blog to get some tips to develop convincing speaking skills: https://eduread.in/10-tips-for-convincing-english-speaking-speak-new-york/
And visit us for more
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Saturday, April 12, 2014
A triangle by definition is a 2 dimensional geometric figure with 3 corners (angles) and therefore it also has 3 sides. The ancient Egyptians used triangles in designing their pyramids. Some theorums concerning triangles have been attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras who lived in the 6th Century BC although there is some question as to whether Pythagoras himself formulated Pythagorean mathematics or whether it was done later by some of his followers. The triangle is important in the ideas of Euclidean geometry and is the basis for many mathematical formulae. Euclid was a Greek mathematician who lived about 300 years after Pythagoras (in the 3rd Century BC) in Alexandria which was a Hellenized Egyptian city. Persian and Chinese mathematicians wrote about the mathematics of triangles in the Middle Ages. The study greatly advanced in the 17th century with the work of the French mathematician Blaise Pascal.
The Jewish Star of David consists of 2 intertwining triangles. It has been found on some Hebrew artifacts dating back to antiquity, but later around the 17th Century it became a symbol of the Jewish religion.
Triangles have played a prominent role in various designs in jewelry and architecture. In sculpture and paintings, the triangles is more likely to be found more prominently in Modern Art although it might found in a more subtle way in earlier art.
The triangular shaped metal earrings pictured above were handcrafted by the Beadshaper. You can see more of her work at Metal Jewelry Shaper
Posted by Rose Klapman at 2:16 PM
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More info about early Chickasaw history
According to Chickasaw tradition, they migrated as far east as the Savannah River and then began drifting westward again. Archaeological discoveries bear this tradition out, but the archaeologists didn’t realize it. The reason is that Southeastern archaeologists are so focused on potsherds as a means to measure cultural change that they don’t really know much about the people who made the potsherds.
The Chickasaws in the Creek Confederacy
All of the documents that I found in the forgotten box at Lambeth Palace in spring of 2015 were consistent. The Chickasaws were one of the four founders of the original Creek Confederacy. The other three founders were the Alabama, Kusate and Apike. The Chickasaws also joined the 1717 Creek Confederacy, which was dominated by Coweta and Cusseta. However, according to these documents the Chickasaw resented the political victory of Coweta in establishing its language, an early dialect of Muskogee, as the official parliamentary language of the confederacy. The Hitchiti-speaking Elate refused to join this confederacy because of the dominance of Muskogee. The Chickasaw soon dropped out, but remained close allies of the Upper Creeks.
James Adair’s wife was a mixed Chickasaw-Jewish lady, who grew up in Ustanaulli at the confluence of the Conansauga and Coosawatee Rivers. In 1776, Adair settled his family on Oothcalooga Creek on land granted him by Ustanauli. The Oostanaula River gets its name from the Chickasaw town. In the early 1800s, the Cherokees evicted the Chickasaws in order to build New Echota at the location of Ustanauli. The Chickasaws then moved to the last remnant of Chickasaw territory on West Tennessee. There is still a community by the name of Eastanolee in West Tennesse.
The Creek history documents stated that the Chickasaws and the Kusate (Upper Creeks) had an ancient tradition of pairing their villages, even though both peoples continued to speak their own languages. University of Tennessee archaeologists recognized this pairing of ethnic groups having slightly different cultural traditions when working at planned TVA reservoirs in the late 20th century. They called the Kusate’s the Dallas Culture and the other people, the Mouse Creek Culture. Why can’t Southeastern archaeologists use Muskogean words when they name our ancestors? LOL
Unfortunately, the UT anthropologists misinterpreted the Chickasaw towns as being “Yuchi.” They didn’t do their architectural and ethnological homework. Uchees only built round buildings in round villages. The Mouse Creek villages and architecture were identical to Chickasaw villages elsewhere in the Southeast. The Mouse Creek myth has become orthodoxy, so there is little the Chickasaws can do to correct the faulty speculation in the near future.
Read a detailed account of the Battle of the Flint River. In 1702, an army composed of allied Apalachicola and Chickasaw warriors devastated an invading army composed of Spanish soldiers and Florida Apalachee militamen on the banks of the Flint River in southwest Georgia. Not only were the Chickasaw still living in North Georgia in the early 1700s, but also in southwest Georgia . . . and they were allied with the Creeks. Late 18th century and early 19th century archives suggest that the Chickasaws in Georgia remained in the Creek Confederacy so long that everyone assumed that they were Creeks.
Archaeologist Robert Wauchope encountered oval houses with center posts and offset door jambs at several village sites in the Nacoochee Valley. The villages dated from around 700 AD to 1200 AD. The largest of these Chickasaw villages contain oval mounds that match the oval houses
Look at the photo above. See how door openings are created by one wall being more recessed than the other? That is a unique Chickasaw tradition. Wauchope also discovered square communal buildings with a central column rising up out of circular hearths. That is another unique Chickasaw tradition.
Another people moved into the Nacoochee Valley and established their villages among the Chickasaw villages around 900-1000 AD. The newcomers built rectangular Itza Maya style chiki’s (houses) and truncated trapezoidal mounds. The names of their principal towns were Itsate and Cho’ite, but they also occupied many small villages interspersed among the Chickasaw.
The Itsate Creeks eventually predominated in the Nacoochee Valley, but there were Chickasaws south of Yonah Mountain until 1818. Whites called them Creeks because they were members of the Creek Confederacy, but the ethnic Creeks knew that they were Chickasaws.
The Lower Cherokee Language is not extinct. It was a dialect of Hitchiti Creek and I have no trouble translating it. I have also noticed that contemporary Cherokee and white scholars are not aware that the Elate (Foothill People) living in Northeast Georgia were NOT Cherokees. I became suspicious of this when I realized that the Elate villages were not listed as Cherokee villages in several treaties between 1754 and 1776. They were primarily Itsate Creeks and Uchees, who didn’t want to be in the Muskogee dominated Creek Confederacy. They had their own principal chief. The Treaty of Hopewell established the Georgia-North Carolina line as the boundary between the Elate and the Cherokee Nation. The Elate’s land was stolen by the 1794 treaty between the United States and Cherokee Nation and given to the Cherokees.
The famous folklore tale about the Chickasaw brave named Sautee and the Cherokee princess Nacoochee is strong evidence that the original Anglo-American settlers encountered Chicksaws living in Northeast Georgia. Supposedly the star-crossed lovers jumped off the cliffs of Yonah Mountain when their daddies would not let them marry. Of course, Sautee and Nacoochee are both Anglicized Creek words and Mount Yonah was called Mount Nocosee while there were Native Americans living in the valley. North Carolina settlers gave the mountain its Cherokee name, but both words mean “bear.”
Archaeologists forget Wauchope’s discoveries
Robert Wauchope did not publish his book on North Georgia archaeology until 1966. I don’t think very many late 20th archaeologists read it closely. In the late 20th century, archaeologists unearthed the Simpson Field Archaeological Site on the banks of the Savannah River in Anderson County, SC. They freaked out. This village contained those unusual oval houses, but made pottery similar that of nearby proto-Creek villages. The settlement dated from the Late Woodland-Transitional Period (800 AD -1000 AD) yet showed evidence that corn was being grown there. Apparently not knowing that Wauchope had found similar villages about 30 miles to the northwest in the Nacoochee Valley, the archaeologists declared the site to be a cultural isolate . . . which condemned it to be forgotten about. Some archaeologists suggested that it might be a Savano Indian village, while the Cherokees quickly claimed it to be a Cherokee heritage site.
Simpson Field was Chickasaw. The Chickasaws have always said that they lived as far east as the Savannah River. Perhaps anthropologists should start paying closer attention to what Native American scholars say.
Latest posts by Richard Thornton (see all)
- The Mayas in North America . . . the Spiritual Path begins - December 9, 2017
- Another surprising cultural connection between today’s Kaw Nation and the Kusa People of 1540 - December 8, 2017
- News link: What ancient corn farmers can teach us - December 7, 2017
- Biochar agriculture at a massive scale on the Savannah River - December 7, 2017
- OMG! After three centuries, we now know how the Koweta Creeks got their name! - December 6, 2017
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FROM ABANDONED FISHING NETS TO SUSTAINABLE CLOTHING
From abandoned fishing nets to sustainable clothing. Marine litter including abandoned fishing nets – also known as ghost nets – are a serious threat to marine ecosystems. In the EU, an estimated 20% of fishing gear is lost at sea, accounting for nearly a third of marine litter in European seas. The EU-funded and award-winning Redcycle project found a way to address the problem: giving old and abandoned fishing nets a new life by transforming them into high-quality fabrics to be used in technical clothing.
The idea behind Redcycle is to recover old fishing nets and turn them into clothing. To do so, Redcycle has brought together two economic sectors, the fisheries and textile industry and has quickly obtained tangible results – for the environment and for communities:
- The project ran an awareness campaign to encourage Basque fishers and local citizens to help collect lost fishing gear.
- Overall, 12 tonnes of lost or abandoned nets and other fishing gear were recycled. Manufacturing the same quantity of virgin polyamide would have required 18 tonnes of oil and generated 40 tonnes of CO2.
- The final clothing items won the Outdoor Industry Award 2017 in the sustainability category.
The Redcycle journey from old nets to new outdoor clothing
First, fishing nets were collected from the Bermeo, Getaria and Hondarribia associations of fishermen of Guipúzcoa and Vizcaya, both located in the Bay of Biscay.
After collection, the nets were cleaned and shred before starting their regeneration process, being turned back into raw material and becoming yarn. The final thread is the result of mixing of the recycled fishing nets with other recycled materials such as carpets.
Two different types of technical clothing were created from the recycled polyamide. And there is an additional bonus, too: clothing made from recycled polyamide can be recycled again when it reaches the end of its useful life.
The Redcycle operation is an innovative initiative that OPEGUI, a private fisheries association in the region Guipúzcoa in the Basque Country, carried out in cooperation with the outdoor clothing brand Ternua and with the approval of the Basque government. The project was supported by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF).
Marine litter, including abandoned fishing gear, is a global problem. Upscaling of projects like Redcycle would render them economically viable beyond the local level and help to ensure healthy and sustainable seas, whilst contributing to economic development of local communities.
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The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a psychological framework used to explain and predict how individuals perceive, adopt, and use new technologies. The model was developed by Fred Davis in 1989 and has since become a widely accepted tool for understanding the complex relationship between human psychology and technology adoption.
TAM is based on the premise that individuals’ attitudes and perceptions influence their behavioral intentions toward technology use. Specifically, the model proposes that two main factors influence technology acceptance: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Perceived useful refers to the degree to which a person believes using technology will improve their current situation, while perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a person believes using technology will be effortless.
Research has shown that these two factors are critical predictors of technology acceptance and actual use. For example, if an individual perceives a technology to be useful for completing tasks and highly user-friendly, they are more likely to adopt and continue using that technology. On the other hand, if a technology is perceived as complex and difficult to use, it may be rejected in favor of another option.
In addition to perceived usefulness and ease of use, other psychological factors can influence technology acceptance. These include social influence, such as the opinions of friends or colleagues, perceived control over technology use, and trust in the technology provider.
For instance, an individual may be hesitant to adopt a new technology if they do not trust the provider or feel they do not have control over the technology. Conversely, if an individual trusts the technology providers and feels in control of the technology, they may be more likely to adopt and use the technology.
The psychology behind the TAM and technology acceptance can provide insights for technology developers and businesses looking to improve user adoption of their products. By focusing on improving the perceived usefulness and ease of use of their technology and building trust with their users, companies can increase the likelihood of technology adoption and continued use.
Moreover, understanding the psychological factors behind technology adoption can also help businesses tailor their marketing strategies to different customer segments. For example, younger generations may be more accepting of new technologies, whereas older generations may require more support and assurance before adopting new technology.
In conclusion, exploring the psychology behind the Technology Acceptance Model can provide valuable insights into understanding the complex factors that influence technology adoption and use. By understanding the role of perceptions, attitudes, and social factors, businesses and technology developers can improve their products’ usability and build trust with their users, leading to increased adoption and success.
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As far as senses go, sight is a pretty important one. We can probably imagine life without a sense of smell, or taste, and while that would be annoying (and quite upsetting), it certainly wouldn’t require you to alter your lifestyle in any major way. Losing your eyesight though, would not just be inconvenient but would drastically change your life. Imagine then what a thing it would be for those who have lost the better part of their sight, to be told that there was a way for them to see again, even if only to see basic shapes and forms.
Researchers at Oxford University have announced their success in creating a pair of glasses, currently being referred to as ‘smart glasses’, which differ from Google Glass, in that they are being used to improve the eyesight of the legally blind and partially sighted.
Unfortunately the glasses can’t actually restore sight to the blind (which really would be miraculous), but can be used to enhance their existing sight, and have proven to be very helpful in assisting with spatial awareness in particular. The research and development of these ‘smart glasses’ is being carried out with the support of the Royal National Institute of Blind People, and being funded by the National Institute for Health Research.
These glasses are a huge step in medical technology and could help improve the living standards of thousands of people and allow them to better distinguish potential obstacles, facial features and to navigate social settings with considerably more ease. The research team at Oxford University have also said that these glasses work particularly well in low light, helping wearers at night when seeing is often much harder. Enhanced sight at night would also provide considerable safety benefits for the partially sighted and give them a greater sense of independence.
Currently, the glasses come with a computer processing unit and a video camera mounted onto the glasses, but Dr Stephen Hicks, who is leading the development of the glasses says that the aim is for them to look just like regular glasses, and to cost about as much as a smartphone, in order to make them affordable for the general public.
The glasses are still a work-in-progress but the project has already received additional funding and future developments include incorporating more features into the glasses, such as potentially improving wearers’ ability to recognise faces, objects and text – monumentally changing the lives of thousands of people around the world.
Image credit: Oxford University
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Fusarium wilts, blights, rots and damping-off
Fusarium is a soil-borne fungal pathogen causing a variety of plant diseases such as fusarium wilt, leading to wilting, yellowing, necrosis, leaf drop, and dumping-off. Fusarium blight appears as gray to green spots on leaves progressing into reddish-brown color, typical is also a frog-eye pattern of the spots.
Signs of damage:
Young seedlings develop a rot at the crown. Later, the tissue becomes soft and constricted, and the plants wilt and fall over.
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The works of Thomas Paine and Alexis de Tocqueville have no doubt had a massive influence on the development and understanding of liberty from a Western perspective. The two are particularly lauded in the context of America’s early development, with Paine’s works helping to shape American notions of liberty at its inception, and Tocqueville’s works helping readers to understand liberty’s progression in America. Paine’s influences on the concept of liberty in America were crucial in shaping the America Tocqueville would later observe, so an analysis of both thinkers’ works is fitting. Thus, this paper seeks to broadly outline the views on liberty held by these two monumental figures, with particular emphasis on the American context.
In the first two chapters of this research, the views of both thinkers will be broadly outlined by analyzing their most seminal works and secondary sources which elaborate upon them. Paine, being the earlier and more optimistic of the two, is presented first as a radical for his universalist views on liberty at a time when the rights we take for granted today were just taking shape. Following this, Tocqueville, who observed first hand many of the fruits of Paine’s labor on his trip through America, will be presented as more of a reactionary for his rather pessimistic projection of where the quests for liberty, democracy and equality were headed. Following these chapters, a third will contain this author’s concluding observations on the most salient ways in which the works of both men compare and contrast.
Chapter 1. Thomas Paine the Radical
Paine’s views on liberty set him apart as a radical and nonpareil in the late 18th century. Paine must have been keenly aware of the prescience of his views, as he opened his formative pamphlet, Common Sense, with a disclaimer that such views, although destined to make converts with time, were perhaps “not yet sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favor” (1776). Nevertheless, Paine’s outspoken views made a multitude of instant converts across various segments of colonial society. Who was Paine and what were his radical views on liberty? The following two subsections look to Paine’s most influential works, as well as to numerous secondary sources regarding them, with the aim of identifying the man and his views on liberty.
1.1. On Liberty from Britain
Any inquiry into any person’s views ought to inevitably begin with that person’s origins. As for Paine, much of the transformational rhetoric and radical views of his later years can be attributed to his “father’s Quaker beliefs and his unique experience as a workingman in England” (Dennehy, Morgan and Azzenza, 2006, p. 185). Paine’s religious upbringing seems to have been inextricably linked to his cosmopolitan ethos. Identifying as a “citizen of the world,” his ideas prompted him like a missionary to travel from England, to the United States and then on to France. In Paine’s own words, “my country is the world and my religion is to do good” (1791, p. 160). This background would lead Paine to the realization that the revolutions in America and in France were causes for the entirety of mankind and represented a global movement towards “universal civilization” (1791, p. 146).
Part of Paine’s universalist mission can be credited for one of the greatest causes for liberty in human history: American independence from Britain. In his second pseudonymous article written while in America, Paine wished for the separation of America from Britain due to the latter’s “involvement in the most horrid of all traffics, that of human flesh” (Andrews, 1981, p. 8). Paine casted further aspersions on Britain when he accused the British government of limiting the “social and political opportunities” of American women, and using the Native Americans as “tools of treachery and murder” against innocent white settlers. Prophetically, Paine concluded with a sincere call for separation from Britain: “Call it independence or what you will, it is the cause of God and humanity, and it will go on” (Kashatus, 2000, p. 56).
In Common Sense, Paine outlined the absurdity of monarchy and aristocracy both in natural and scriptural terms. He went on to critique the illogic of the English Constitution’s power to check, as well as the unnatural arrangement of a small island state like Britain casting a shadow over an entire continent like North America (Young, 1976, p. 90). What is more, in a brilliant stroke of punning innuendo, Paine praised the emergence of new “continental minds,” a rhetorical flourish mirroring earlier British efforts to separate their collective identity from continental Europe (Solinger, 2010). In doing so, Paine had begun to construct a collective identity that would lay the foundation for a new vision of political society based on the American experience (Dennehy, Morgan and Assenza, 2006). The following subsection will outline in more detail Paine’s views on liberty in regards to individuals.
1.2. On Liberty for Mankind
Paine’s Common Sense undoubtedly influenced the cause for independence from Britain, the culmination of which was the Declaration of Independence. There was much more to Paine’s notions of liberty than simply severing ties with Britain, however. Many of Paine’s views on liberty for mankind are manifested in the American Bill of Rights and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, two documents which his writings helped to shape. This section seeks to identify these views on liberty in regards to mankind by drawing from Paine’s most illustrative pamphlets and articles, as well as from secondary materials that reference them.
In his introduction to Common Sense, Paine argued that the cause for America “is in a great measure the cause of all mankind,” and that circumstances leading to it “are not local, but universal,” and affect “all Lovers of Mankind” (1776). Importantly, Paine did not limit this “cause for America” to a certain race or gender. As proof of this, upon arriving in the colonies, Paine took up writing pseudonymously for various newspapers. His first article was entitled “African Slaver in America,” in which he called out the practice of slavery in the Americas for the barbarity that it was, and emphasized the hypocrisy of Americans complaining about their subjugation to the British while hundreds of thousands remained in actual bondage (Andrews, 1981, p. 8).
In The American Crisis, Paine distinguished between merely possessing the spirit of liberty and possessing the principle of liberty. Of the ancient Greeks and Romans, Paine wrote that while they maintained the spirit of liberty in regards to themselves, they still “employed their power to enslave the rest of mankind” (1826, p. 298). To Paine, this contradiction could not stand in the modern era. If both the spirit and principle of liberty were possessed, he averred, then the cause of liberty taking place in America and in France may be justly styled “the most virtuous and illustrious revolution that ever graced the history of mankind” (1826, p. 298).
Paine’s Rights of Man was especially radical in that it linked liberty to universalism and individualism. In it Paine voiced his contempt for the notion of governments being preordained by providence, as no generation had the right to predetermine the nature of government for subsequent generations. Instead, argued Paine, individuals were born with certain basic, indestructible rights, saying, “Man has no property in man. Neither has one generation a property in the generations that are to follow” (1826, p. 331). David Nash makes the case that Paine was the first to create the idea of the “global village where individuals co-existed as citizens,” and whose “individual and natural rights traversed boundaries” in the blink of an eye (2009, p. 18).
In Rights of Man, Paine lauded the first three articles of the French Declaration on the Rights of Man and of the Citizen as the basis of liberty, saying that no country could be “called free, whose government does not take its beginning from the principles they contain, and continue to preserve them pure” (1791, p. 69). The three articles Paine was referring to are as follows:
Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation (National Assembly of France, 1789).
This brings out the complexity of Paine’s views, as he was both a cosmopolitan and a supporter of national sovereignty. Robert Lamb (2014, p. 636) contends that this conflict is reconcilable so long as specific universal rights such as the three stipulated above are upheld by the state. To Paine, the legitimacy of the state is therefore contingent upon its commitment to protecting the individual’s fundamental rights.
Among the fundamental “first generation rights” advocated by Paine were the “rights to freedom of thought, speech, worship and to democratic representation” as well as a “latent right to rebel against any government that seeks to deny such rights” (Lamb, 2014, p. 638). As for economic rights, in Agrarian Justice Paine called for the creation of a “National Fund” that would compensate every person “for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property” (1795, p. 10). The commonalities between these rights are their universality both in location and context, as well as their inviolable applicability to individuals, all of whom possess a basic human moral equality (Lamb, 2014, p. 638).
In short, Paine’s views on liberty set him far apart from most of his contemporaries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His radical views were largely in favor of what are considered first generation rights today, with some of his views making forays into second generation rights. Binding his views on liberty together—i.e. both liberty for nation-states as well as for individuals—was the universal applicability he presumed they had. The following section will attempt to explicate the views on liberty held by Tocqueville in much the same way that this section has for Paine.
Chapter 2. Alexis de Tocqueville the Reactionary
Tocqueville is most famous for his observations published in Democracy in America between 1835 and 1840. From the outset, Tocqueville was most struck by the “equality of conditions” found in America and pondered its notions and applications in the European—and especially the French—context. Although a lover of liberty, he would go on to voice his doubts over the future development of equality and democracy. Who was Tocqueville and what characterized his relatively reactionary views on liberty? The following two subsections—the first being on liberty in practice and the second on the dangers of its excesses—seek to expand on Tocqueville and his views on liberty by utilizing his most influential works, as well as the secondary literature concerning them.
2.1. Liberty in Practice
A mid-19th century French diplomat, political scientist and historian, Tocqueville was unique for having both an impeccable aristocratic pedigree and a penchant for liberty at a time when France was transitioning toward democracy. Near his life’s end, he wrote in the preface to The Old Regime and the Revolution that “I may perhaps be charged with evincing in this work a most inopportune love for freedom. […] I can only reply to these who urge this charge that in me the feeling is of ancient date” (1856, viii). Though Tocqueville was undoubtedly an enduring advocate of liberty, his unique understanding of it is worth examining.
In Democracy in America, Tocqueville wrote surprisingly little on the topic of personal liberties. For example, though he discussed the federal Constitution at length, he did not once mention the Bill of Rights. To be sure, Tocqueville did mention the “idea of rights” in later chapters (i.e. property and political rights), but what sets his analysis of America apart is the attention he gave to the “unprecedented liberties enjoyed by political parties, the press, and political associations” (Maletz, 2001, p. 461). Thus, Tocqueville did not frame his understanding of liberty based on principle but rather on practice.
As for the freedoms enjoyed by political parties, Tocqueville observed that the early rise of the Federalist Party helped create a stable, functioning state that ensured relative domestic tranquility lasting until the time of the Civil War. America, Tocqueville noted, was blessed with this tranquility thanks to its assurance of freedom of religion and equality before the law, in addition to the economic prosperity its citizens enjoyed. Humorously, Tocqueville found himself unsure of how to process the peculiarity of America’s secondary-issue party-formation, as “all the domestic controversies of the Americans at first appear to a stranger to be so incomprehensible and so puerile that he is at a loss whether to pity a people which takes such arrant trifles in good earnest, or to envy the happiness which enables it to discuss them” (1835, p. 201).
In regards to freedom of the press, Tocqueville saw the laissez-faire approach towards the American press as a means for preserving liberty. Tocqueville confessed, “I do not entertain that firm and complete attachment to the liberty of the press, [… however] I approve of it more from a recollection of the evils it prevents than from a consideration of the advantages it ensures” (1835, p. 204). Coming up with common codes for censorship, Tocqueville reasoned, would be not only dangerous in America but absurd, as it would lead to a multitude of cumbersome modifications that change daily or, if charges were pressed, the courts would be ineffective in finding solutions. In short, Tocqueville saw the vehemence and chaos inherent in a free press as being “so strangely composed of mingled good and evil that it is at the same time indispensable to the existence of freedom, and nearly incompatible with the maintenance of public order” (1835, p. 207).
Concerning the freedom of association exercised in America, Tocqueville made the case that this freedom was “almost as inalienable as the right of personal liberty [and that] no legislator can attack it without impairing the very foundations of society” (1835, pp. 218-9). In Tocqueville’s eyes, freedom of association allowed members of a minority to unite to show their numerical strength and moral authority, while also promoting exchanges of ideas and diversity of opinion. Lastly, he stated that because of America’s innate democratic nature, such a freedom was absolutely necessary as a “permanent protection against the most galling tyranny; [… oppression] by a small faction, or by a single individual, with impunity” (1835, p. 218).
2.2. On the Dangers of Democracy
Where Tocqueville earns his “reactionary” qualifier, at least in this author’s estimation, is in his wariness of the incessant “religion of progress.” It is worth reemphasizing that Tocqueville was not against the notion of equality and human rights. But while he was a “rigoristic defender of the unconditional value of basic rights,” at the same time he was one of the first critics of these doctrines (Solovyov, 1997, p. 33). This is because Tocqueville saw potential hazards that could emerge from the excessive pursuit of equality through democracy.
One of the hazards of the “religion of progress” was that democracy “‘democratizes’ aspects of life such as the family, religion, [and] intellectual life,” and eventually the result is for everything to be subjected merely to “the ubiquitous claims of ‘public opinion’” (Mahoney, 2001, p. 206). According to Tocqueville, this constant harkening to collective judgement made America the country with the least “independence of mind and genuine freedom of discussion” in the entire world (1835, p. 292). In short, the high level of public trust in America, fostered by its unprecedented level of freedom, bred complacency at the cost of critical thinking.
In Tocqueville’s view, rule by public opinion risked developing into a tyranny of the majority, not unlike the dilemma faced in a democracy composed of two wolves and a sheep voting on what to have for dinner. To Tocqueville, democratic despotism was a “far more subtle, insidious and dangerous threat to the integrity of human nature” (Mahoney, 2001, p. 208). His reaction was against the conflation of the concept of inherent, sacred, and inalienable rights (or the new ‘natural law’)” (Solovyov, 1997, p. 33) with the “religion of progress,” the latter of which contributed to the rise of tyrannical systems in the 20th century that arose from efforts to impose equality on societies.
Tocqueville was unusually prescient in this regard. He reckoned that although liberty and equality were both seen favorably in democratic societies, they were not equally cherished. In fact, Tocqueville saw a people’s passion for equality to be more “ardent, insatiable, incessant, invincible: they call for equality in freedom; and if they cannot obtain that, they still call for equality in slavery. They will endure poverty, servitude, barbarism – but they will not endure aristocracy (1835, p. 573). In light of this, Tocqueville admonished his readers to look to the future with a “salutary fear” that vigilantly seeks to protect freedom, rather than the “faint and idol terror which depresses and enervates the heart” (Solovyov, 1997, p. 33).
There was a glimmer of hope in Tocqueville’s eyes in regards to restraining this excessive push for material equality through democracy: America’s religious nature. Tocqueville saw religion as a vital restraint on America’s excessive political equality—what he called the “liberty of a corrupt nature” for all to do as they please (1835, p. 61). Sarah Beth V. Kitch notes that in Tocqueville’s evaluation, Americans benefit from the alliance between the “equality that energizes their politics” and the “moral order that structures their thought and actions” (2016, p. 955). The result of this alliance is protection from the symptoms of materialism and individualism that arise from democracy’s limitless independence. Kitch concludes that to Tocqueville, “religion matters because it guides humans in how to use their liberty, helps them to perceive moral meaning, and teaches them about the significance of their own individuality” (2016, p. 957).
Chapter 3. Concluding Comparisons
Notions of liberty as discussed by Paine and Tocqueville compare and contrast in a few key ways. Interestingly, while their incisive views compare in that they both center on liberty, they contrast significantly in time and context. The timeline of these thinkers’ works is important, as Tocqueville was able to make many of his novel observations because he was fortunate enough to be standing on the shoulders of giants such as Paine. In terms of context, Paine’s works were largely focused on liberty in principle, as fundamental notions of individual rights were only taking rudimentary form during his lifetime. Decades later, Tocqueville, while observing facets of American life, was able to transcend liberty in principle and instead focus on liberty in practice, as the America he witnessed was largely a product of Paine’s seminal ideas on liberty.
In addition to this cleavage, these two lovers of liberty saw the future of liberty differently. From Paine’s point of view, liberty was a universal end in itself that concerned all mankind. To be sure, Tocqueville also presciently saw this trend towards liberty, democracy and equality as being more or less inevitable. The difference between their views on liberty’s inevitable progress was, of course, the optimism of Paine versus the pessimism of Tocqueville. In standing on the shoulders of Paine, Tocqueville saw ahead to the potential dangers of the relentless pursuit of equality that could arise from extensive liberty, with 20th century communist regimes being a notorious example of such. This premonition on the part of Tocqueville, as well as his views on what could potentially stave its advancement, likely would not have garnered Paine’s favor.
Paine and Tocqueville each held contrasting views on religion that dovetailed with their respective views on liberty. As a deist, Paine’s unorthodox views on religion were largely reviled at the time. In Age of Reason, Paine’s nonconformist views undermined “the pretensions of established religion and structures associated with it” (Nash, 2009, p. 15). Much like his views on liberty from rather than through the state, (or rather, freedom despite the state), Paine did not see God as a deity who manifested himself through miracles, scripture, revelation or clergy; instead, God could be seen in nature, reason and in living a virtuous, philanthropic life (Webb, 2006, pp. 515-524). In short, Paine saw organized religion as being intertwined with arbitrary power structures, which restricted and distorted mankind’s interaction with God.
On the other hand, Tocqueville, an ardent Catholic, was more orthodox in his views of religion and rejected notions of religious freedom as individualistic and reason-based as Paine’s (Cantrell, 2015, p. 35). As noted earlier, Tocqueville saw religion as an essential bulwark against the “religion of progress” that can result in materialism and fanaticism. The alliance between freedom and religion seen in America allowed Americans to “agree on standards of justice in the political world,” thereby “legitimating authority” so that citizens could “accept authority without degrading themselves” (Kitch, 2016, p. 956). Religion was a bulwark in the sense that it taught people that there was more to life than the individualistic pursuit of money and possessions, and knowing this would keep people from sacrificing their liberties for equality.
In conclusion, there is a fair amount of continuity between each thinker’s views on liberty and his views on religion, with Paine being the far more radical of the two and Tocqueville being the more conservative and reactionary figure. This doubles for other views held by each thinker. Although they both compare in that they produced seminal works on liberty at crucial times in its historical development, each thinker had his respective time and context which shaped his views differently. The unbounded optimism of Paine’s universalistic and individualistic views on liberty helped shape America’s early development, which Tocqueville would go on to examine in practice with a more pessimistic and reactionary eye to its future development.
Andrews, S., 1981. Paine’s American Pamphlets. History Today. Jul81, Vol. 31 Issue 7.
Cantrell, C., 2015. Fear of Freedom: The Psychological Origins of Tocqueville’s Views on Religion. Journal of Psychohistory. Summer2015, Vol. 43 Issue 1.
Dennehy, R.F., Morgan, S. and Assenza, P., 2006. Thomas Paine: Creating the New Story for a New Nation. Tamara: Journal of Critical Postmodern Organization Science. 2006, Vol. 5 Issue 3/4.
Kashatus, W.C., 2000. Revolution with Pen & Ink. American History. Feb2000, Vol. 34 Issue 6.
Kitch, S.B.V., 2016. The Immovable Foundations of the Infinite and Immortal: Tocqueville’s Philosophical Anthropology. American Journal of Political Science. Oct2016, Vol. 60 Issue 4.
Lamb, R., 2014. The Liberal Cosmopolitanism of Thomas Paine. Journal of Politics. Jul2014, Vol. 76 Issue 3.
Mahoney, D.J., 2001. Liberty, Equality, Nobility: Kolani, Tocqueville…. Perspectives on Political Science. Fall2001, Vol. 30 Issue 4.
Maletz, D.J., 2001. Tocqueville on the Society of Liberties. Review of Politics. Summer2001, Vol. 63 Issue 3, p. 461.
Nash, D., 2009. The Gain from Paine. History Today. Jun2009, Vol. 59 Issue 6.
National Assembly of France, 1789. Declaration of the Rights of Man. Lillian Goldman Law Library. Available at: <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp> [Accessed 13 April 2017].
Paine, T., 1795. Agrarian Justice. [1999 e-book] Available at: <http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/ files/Paine1795.pdf> [Accessed 10 April 2017].
Paine, T., 1776. Common Sense. [2008 e-book] Project Gutenberg Literary Archive. Available at: Project Gutenberg <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/147/147-h/147-h.htm> [Accessed 13 April 2017].
Paine, T., 1791. Rights of Man. Reprint 1999. Mineola: Dover Publications.
Paine, T., 1826. The Political Works of Thomas Paine. Springfield: Tannatt & Co. Printers.
Solinger, J.D., 2010. Thomas Paine’s Continental Mind. Early American Literature. Nov2010, Vol. 45 Issue 3.
Solovyov, E., 1997. Law as Politicians’ Morality. In: R. Bontekoe and M. Stepaniants, eds. 1997. Justice and Democracy: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Tocqueville, A.D., 1835. Democracy in America. Translated from French by H. Reeve. [2002 e-book] Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University. Available at: Penn State Electronic Classics Series Publication <http://seas3.elte.hu/coursematerial/LojkoMiklos/ Alexis-de-Tocqueville-Democracy-in-America.pdf> [Accessed on 10 April 2017].
Tocqueville, A.D., 1856. The Old Regime and the Revolution. Translated from French by J. Bonner. [e-book] New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. Available at: Google Books <https://www.stmarysca.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/files/The_Old_Regime_and_the_Revolution.pdf> [Accessed 10 April 2017].
Webb, J., 2006. Echoes of Paine: Tracing “The Age of Reason” through the Writings of Emerson. ATQ. Sep2006, Vol. 20 Issue 3.
Young, R.L., 1976. A Powerful Change in the Minds of Men. American Bar Association Journal. Jan1976, Vol. 62 Issue 1.
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Oldest-known bubonic plague victim revealed.
Pictured here is the upper part of the skull of RV 2039, a hunter-gatherer male who lived some 5,000 years ago in the Rinnukalns area of modern Latvia. He was discovered during the late 1800s, together with another skeleton. Two more burials came from the site in 2011, most likely members of the same band. The University of Keil has now used samples from the teeth and bone of all four skeletons to sequence their genomes, and also tested the samples for bacterial and viral pathogens. To their astonishment, they found evidence of Yersinia pestis in RV2039.
This is the earliest example of the bubonic plague bacteria yet discovered. However, this ancient strain of Y. pestis lacked a key gene that made the Black Death strain of the plague so deadly in 14th century Europe. This gene allows fleas to act as vectors to spread the plague to human hosts, resulting in the pus-filled buboes (swollen lymph nodes) that affected medieval victims.
It took more than a thousand years for Y. pestis to acquire the mutations that allowed flea-based transmission. RV 2039 had the bacteria in his bloodstream, but the people buried nearby were not infected. Furthermore, he was buried carefully and methodically, apparently not in a hurry. This makes it unlikely that he was infected with a highly infectious version of the plague. Most likely, an infected rodent bit RV2039, the disease moved fairly slowly, and probably did not infect other people in the band.
Research published in the journal Cell Reports (June 2021). Image by Dominik Göldner, BGAEU, Berlin.
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What does Heart failure mean?
Heart failure is a term used when your heart is unable to pump blood as well as it should.
Causes of Heart Failure
Certain conditions and risk factors include:
- High blood pressure
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart attacks
- Sleep Apnoea
- Alcohol use
- Congenital heart defects
- Valvular heart disease.
- Irregular heart beats
The above can gradually cause your heart muscle to weaken or become stiff, making it hard for the heart to pump efficiently.
- Shortness of breath when you exert yourself
- Fatigue and weakness
- Swelling in your leg’s ankles or feet
- Rapid irregular heart rate.
- Reduced ability to exercise
- Persistent cough
- Increased need to urinate at night
- Very rapid weight gain from fluid
- Lack of appetite
- Sudden shortness of breath and coughing up pink foamy mucus.
Treatment for Heart Failure:
Heart failure is a lifelong condition however treatment options can improve your symptoms.
Medications prescribed by your specialist including blood pressure tablet, fluid tablets and medications to control your heart rate.
Surgery and medical devices such as:
- Coronary artery bypass
- Heart valve repair or replacement
- Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
- Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT)
- Heart transplant
Palliative care and end-of-life care may be suggested as a treatment plan, focusing on easing your symptoms and improving your quality of life.
Speak to our Doctors at Newcastle heart about treatment options that may benefit you.
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Expert explains how to tell someones age from a skeleton
A team of archaeologists in the city of Olsztyn, northeast Poland, is excavating a defunct cemetery believed to be the site of Soviet war atrocities in 1945. The effort is being led by Poland's Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) at a site used by the nearby St Mary's Hospital between 1978 and 1974. Three nuns killed by the Soviets in January and May 1945 are believed to have been buried there.
The three women belonged to the order of Saint Catherine of Alexandria and worked as nurses in St Mary's Hospital.
The nuns aided the ill and organised funerals for the dead at the cemetery.
All three nuns were killed after the Red Army marched into Olsztyn in the winter of 1945.
The archaeologists have so far sifted through 860 square feet (80 sq.m) of the Olsztyn Cemetary - a small fraction of the overall necropolis.
IPN said: "The aim of the work was to find the remains of the sisters - victims of Soviet terror."
The search has revealed the remains of more than 30 people, including men, women and children.
Most of these appear to be regular burials from when the cemetery was still operational.
But a handful of the remains contained items and personal effects that suggest a religious connection.
These include bits of clothing and medallions worn by the nuns of Saint Catherine.
IPN said: "Objects of a religious nature found near a few of the people suggest the graves of nuns and priest have been discovered.
"Among the found people, remains were selected that were assumed to be the three wanted sisters - martyrs from 1945.
"The skeletons will now be subjected to anthropological examination at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Gdansk.
"Among the discovered items, it is worth noting the characteristic medals worn by the sisters of Saint Catherine, large rosaries worn on the monastic belt as well as small crucifixes the sisters tended to carry in the pocket of their habits.
"Next to the remains of the priest, a plastic collar and a large cross once worn by the clergy of Warmia was found."
According to IPN, 16 nuns of the Saint Catherine order were murdered by the Red Army in 1945.
The three buried in Olsztyn were Sister Generosa - Maria Bolz, Sister Krzysztofora - Maria Klomfass and Sister Liberia - Maria Dominik.
Month-long hunt uncovers skeletal remains of WW2 soldiers [REPORT]
Egyptian mummy portrait's secrets exposed after 1,800 years [STUDY]
Archaeology tied to Biblical Pharaoh proves Bible 'accurate' [INTERVIEW]
Sister Generosa died in May 1945 from wounds sustained during 10 days of torture.
Sister Krzysztofora died in January when protecting another woman from soldiers barging into the hospital.
According to reports, her body was desecrated by the Soviets.
Sister Liberia died after being shot when leaving an air-raid shelter where she hid with a group of children and civilians.
The Soviet troops then blew up the air-raid shelter with the people still hiding inside.
Following the outbreak of World War 2 on September 1, 1939, after Hitler's troops marched into Poland, the Red Army followed suite on September 17.
After Nazi Germany turned on its Soviet allies and pushed the Red Army out of Poland in 1941, the war-torn nation was re-occupied by the Soviet Union in 1944.
Among the USSR's greatest wartime atrocities in Poland is the Katyn Massacre of 1940.
Nearly 22,000 Polish military officers, policemen and members of the intelligentsia were systematically murdered and buried in mass graves in Katyn, Russia.
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|Aquinas Day By Day|
Aquinas’s topic: logic of judgments: logical properties of propositions
Scripture: “Tax collectors and sinners were all drawing near to listen to Jesus, but the Pharisees and scribes began to complain, saying, ‘This man welcomes sinners and eats with them.’ So to them Jesus addressed this parable. ‘What man ;a;mong you with a hundred sheep, losing one, would not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness and go after the missing one till he found it?” Luke 15:1-4
Aquinas’s text: Expositio libri Peryermenias Bk. 1, lec. 13, n.2-3
Here Aquinas sums up the results of analyzing propositions based on their quality (affirmative or negative), quantity (universal or particular), time, and matter (necessary, impossible, or possible). The simplified version of this doctrine developed in the middle ages was to use the Latin words affirmo and nego as mneymonic devices to distinguish four kinds of categorical propositions: universal affirmative (A), particular affirmative (I), universal negative (E), and particular negative (O).
2. Note that the Philosopher has given three divisions of the proposition. The first was based on the unity of the proposition, and according to this a proposition is one proposition absolutely or it is one by conjunction. The second was based on quality, and according to this a proposition is affirmative or negative. And the third was based on quantity, and according to this a proposition is either universal, particular, indefinite, or singular.
3] Here he treats of a fourth division of propositions, one based on time. Some propositions are about the present, others about the past, and still others are about the future. Now this division can be taken from what Aristotle has already said, namely, that every proposition must have a verb or a mode of a verb, the verb being that which signifies the present time, the modes with past or future time.
Now a fifth division of propositions can be seen, based on matter. This division is taken from the relation of predicate to subject. If the predicate is in the subject essentially [per se], the proposition it will be said to be about necessary or natural matter; for example, the propositions “A human is an animal,” and “A human is risible.” But if the predicate essentially [per se] is repugnant to the subject as excluding its meaning, the proposition will be said to be about impossible or removed matter; for example, the proposition “A human is an ass.” But if the predicate is related to the subject in a way midway between these two, neither essentially repugnant to the subject nor in it essentially, the proposition will be said to be about possible or contingent matter.
2] Circa primum considerandum est quod philosophus in praemissis triplicem divisionem enunciationum assignavit, quarum prima fuit secundum unitatem enunciationis, prout scilicet enunciatio est una simpliciter vel coniunctione una; secunda fuit secundum qualitatem, prout scilicet enunciatio est affirmativa vel negativa; tertia fuit secundum quantitatem, utpote quod enunciatio quaedam est universalis, quaedam particularis, quaedam indefinita et quaedam singularis.
3] Tangitur autem hic quarta divisio enunciationum secundum tempus. Nam quaedam est de praesenti, quaedam de praeterito, quaedam de futuro; et haec etiam divisio potest accipi ex his quae supra dicta sunt: dictum est enim supra quod necesse est omnem enunciationem esse ex verbo vel ex casu verbi; verbum autem est quod consignificat praesens tempus; casus autem verbi sunt, qui consignificant tempus praeteritum vel futurum.
Potest autem accipi quinta divisio enunciationum secundum materiam, quae quidem divisio attenditur secundum habitudinem praedicati ad subiectum: nam si praedicatum per se insit subiecto, dicetur esse enunciatio in materia necessaria vel naturali; ut cum dicitur, homo est animal, vel, homo est risibile. Si vero praedicatum per se repugnet subiecto quasi excludens rationem ipsius, dicetur enunciatio esse in materia impossibili sive remota; ut cum dicitur, homo est asinus. Si vero medio modo se habeat praedicatum ad subiectum, ut scilicet nec per se repugnet subiecto, nec per se insit, dicetur enunciatio esse in materia possibili sive contingenti.
[Introductions and translations © R.E. Houser]
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Raccoons are susceptible to a large number of different infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Several of these infectious diseases are zoonotic. Veterinarians are faced with the diagnosis and treatment of wildlife including raccoons and need to be able to make the correct diagnosis as well as educate clients on the potential hazards associated with exposure to raccoons.
Leptospirosis is a common bacterial disease in raccoons caused by a number of different species of Leptospira. Transmission is thought to occur via urine contamination of feed and water. Antemortem diagnosis is based upon serology and dark field examination of urine.Histopathologic examination and fluorescent antibody testing of liver and kidney are two postmortem procedures that can be done to help further aid the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Other natural bacterial infections reported in raccoons are listeriosis,yersiniosis,pasteurellosis, and tularemia. An expert can help you in Rochester Hills Michigan racoon removal without cousing any dangerous cause, for more information call us today!
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Anxiety has a multitude of symptoms, not the least of which is causing problems with your sleep. When you are preoccupied with worries and fears, falling asleep and staying asleep become more difficult. It’s a vicious cycle, too, as your anxiety surrounding sleep can cause your sleep issues to get worse.
If you’re dealing with anxiety, there are ways to manage and treat your symptoms. It’s also important to pay attention to your sleep habits and take steps to prevent anxiety from depriving you of sleep. In this article, we’ll talk about the link between anxiety and sleep and how you can manage your anxiety and sleep problems. Read on to learn more.
Anxiety if often described as feelings of worry, fear, nervousness, or unease. While anxiety is normal when you’re feeling afraid or stressed, it becomes a disorder when your anxiety is excessive or continuous. Anxiety is a mood disorder that can affect your daily life. Typically, you can diagnose an anxiety disorder if someone has these feelings for most days over the period of six months or more.
Anyone can suffer from an anxiety disorder. It’s one of the most common mental illnesses diagnosed. Anxiety can vary in severity, with some people feeling more debilitated by the disorder than others. The worse your anxiety is, the more it can affect your day-to-day life and your sleep habits.
Although anxiety is a broad term, there are actually several different types of anxiety that can more specifically describe someone’s condition.
Identifying your type of anxiety disorder may help you manage and treat the symptoms of your anxiety.
Anxiety can count sleep disorders such as insomnia among its symptoms. Insomnia can be even worse for those with anxiety, as they may worry about their ability to fall asleep at night, making it more difficult to fall asleep and stay that way.
Insomnia can be brought on by anxiety and vice versa. The types of anxiety that most commonly have insomnia as a symptom include general anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Negative thoughts surrounding bedtime can cause sleep deprivation and poor sleep hygiene, leading to further health complications.
Typically, anxiety will make it difficult to fall asleep, but waking up throughout the night can also happen. People with anxiety may experience racing thoughts when they wake up in the middle of the night, making it difficult for them to fall back asleep. Not only does this deprive you of sleep hours, but it also interrupts the sleep cycle, preventing those with anxiety from getting the full benefits of sleep. Lack of quality sleep can make it more difficult to regulate mood and emotions, which can worsen the symptoms and feelings of anxiety.
There is no specific cause of anxiety, as far as research can tell us. More than likely, anxiety is brought on by a number of factors. Anxiety may be a result of genetics, family medical history, and life events or stress. Lack of sleep, certain health conditions, and side effects of drugs and medication may also lead to anxiety disorders.
Anxiety symptoms can manifest in emotional and physical ways. The following are some of the symptoms you might expect if you have an anxiety disorder.
Anxiety can feel overwhelming, but it’s a very treatable disorder. Although the path to anxiety treatment may not always be easy, there are options available. It’s best to consult a doctor if you’re suffering from anxiety, so you can determine if medication is needed to treat or manage your symptoms.
With that in mind, there are some ways you can calm anxious thoughts and manage or treat anxiety.
Symptoms of anxiety, and sleep-related problems brought on by anxiety, can also be reduced by introducing good sleep habits and optimizing your sleep hygiene. Here are some good general guidelines for good sleep hygiene if you have anxiety:
Treatments and medications that work for some people may not work for others. It may take a bit of experimentation to find the right anxiety treatment for your specific needs. If you need support as you work on your sleep hygiene, you can count on Sleep Reset to help.
If you’re having sleep problems resulting from your anxiety, let Sleep Reset help. Our science-backed sleep program is a sleep clinic you can do at home. You’ll get sleep tracking, a dedicated sleep coach, and more to help you get deeper sleep, stay asleep at night, and wake up feeling well rested.
Sleep Reset doesn’t use pills or supplements, so you don’t have to deal with the side effects or grogginess that sometimes come with sleep medication. We just give you proven methods to help you develop good sleep habits and optimize your sleep hygiene. You’ll get a personalized sleep plan that is customized for your sleep concerns and your lifestyle needs.
Try our sleep assessment today to see if Sleep Reset is right for you!
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If you recognize the location and the size of a base, after that, you can calculate the height. ” If you have all 3 sides, you’ll make use of Heron’s formula, and also the formula for the location of a triangle.” Usage Heron’s formula to figure out the location of the triangle.
tripboba.com. Compute the elevation of a triangle by entering the base as well as area measurements below. The drawing listed below programs a forester measuring a tree’s height using trigonometry. The forester determines his or her range from the base of the tree, and afterwards uses a clinometer to check out the top of the tree and also figure out q. The general formula for the location of a triangle is well known.
Area Of Triangle
Now, we are mosting likely to manipulate the equation to address for elevation. Include your e-mail address to get a message when this question is responded to. You would certainly also need to understand other details, such as the location or a few of the sides or angles. If it’s a routine quadrilateral, divide the location by the base.
Each line sector revealing the height from each side also splits the equilateral triangle into two ideal triangulars. In an equilateral triangle, like △ SUN listed below, each elevation is the line section that divides a side in half and is also an angle bisector of the opposite angle. That will just happen in an equilateral triangle. Every triangular has 3 elevations, or altitudes, due to the fact that every triangle has 3 sides. A triangular’s height is the length of a vertical line segment originating on a side and also intersecting the opposite angle. You require to recognize both the length of the base of the triangular and its location.
Example Inquiry # 5: Just How To Discover The Elevation Of A Right Triangle
To determine the area of a triangular you require to recognize its height. You should at the very least have a base to discover the height. An isosceles triangular has 2 elevations, the height of base an and also the elevation of base b. Make use of the following solutions to address the elevations of each. Provided the size of the triangle’s three sides it is possible to calculate the height by first solving for the location. The area of a triangular can be discovered utilizing Heron’s formula. Hence, the elevation or elevation of a triangular h is equal to 2 times the area T divided by the size of base b.
Trainees need to determine the most effective way to find the height based on what they understand about a triangle. As an example, when you know the angles of a triangle, trigonometry can aid; when you know the location, basic algebra provides the elevation. Assess the information you have prior to establishing a game plan for locating a triangle’s elevation. Although I really did not end up being an engineer, you can see that there are real-world applications to using geometry. Click through the up coming post how to find out the perpendicular height of a triangle. In this lesson, we applied our understanding of triangulars as well as the formulas associated with them to solve for an unknown height of an existing structure.
Sciencing_icons_acids & Bases Acids & Bases
The cosine of either of the initial acute angles amounts to 2 1/2 ÷ 3, or 0.833. Find the sine of that angle, and also increase that by 3 to get the elevation.
A scalene triangle is a triangular with 3 various side lengths and also 3 different angles. The location of a scalene triangular can be determined using Heron’s formula. Compute the area of an isosceles triangular whose base is 12 mm and also elevation is 17 mm.
On-line Tutors In Preferred Subjects
Notice that we are making use of the formula for the location of a parallelogram we discovered in Example 2. Given the parallelogram shown at the right, discover its area to the nearest square device. Making declarations based on viewpoint; back them up with references or personal experience.
Having actually obtained a Master of Scientific research in psychology in East Asia, Damon Verial has actually been applying his understanding to relevant subjects given that 2010. Having actually created skillfully considering that 2001, he has actually been featured in monetary publications such as SafeHaven as well as the McMillian Profile. He also runs a financial e-newsletter at Stock Barometer. Find the location of the triangle figured out by the points P, Q, and also R( 2, 7, -2). It’s important to note the area technique helps ALL triangles, while the Pythagorean Theorem technique only works with equilateral, isosceles, or best triangulars. If the three sides of a triangle are all great attractive positive integers, after that undoubtedly, the actual mathematical value of the altitudes will be ugly decimals.
Utilizing Area To Discover The Elevation Of A Triangle
After that, to resolve for height, use the location as well as the base with the formula over. Finally, make use of the semiperimeter s and the size of 3 sides a, b, and also c with Heron’s formula to solve the area of a triangular. Triangular height, also described as its altitude, can be fixed using a simple formula using the length of the base and also the location. If an inquiry requests an EXACT answer, do not use your calculator to locate the wrong 60º considering that it will certainly be a rounded worth.
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Overview - What is serum ferritin?
Ferritin is a protein that carries iron around in the blood and can be used to measure the amount of iron in the body. If the ferritin level is high, the amount of iron in the blood may also be high. If the ferritin is low, this often means the body is low in iron. Unfortunately, high levels of ferritin in the blood do not always mean the amount of iron in the body is high since there are other factors that can increase the level of ferritin.
What is the problem with a high serum ferritin?
The main problem with a high serum ferritin is that it may reflect high stores of iron in the body.
Although iron is important for lots of processes in the body, too much iron over a long period of time can be dangerous and cause a lot of problems with the function of body organs.
What is the normal level of ferritin?
The normal level of ferritin varies a bit and can be dependent on age and gender.
- For a female the normal level is 15 – 200 ug/l
- For a male it is 30 – 300 ug/l.
Some pathology companies use different ways to measure ferritin and so the “normal levels” may change a little. Some people have very high levels of serum ferritin – greater than 1000 ug/l. These people will generally need some form of treatment for the high levels of ferritin.
What are the main causes a raised serum ferritin?
Increased levels of serum ferritin may occur for a number of reasons. The first three of these reasons are not related to the amount of iron in the body. Levels may increase in the setting of other illnesses (e.g. infections, inflammatory conditions such as arthritis).
- Increased levels may also be seen in problems with the liver (hepatitis)
- Excessive alcohol can also increase the levels of serum ferritin
- A major cause of raised serum ferritin is when there is too much iron in the body. This is usually related to a condition called haemochromatosis. Haemochromatosis is a condition where the body absorbs too much iron from the bowel leading to problems with iron overload and eventually to problems with the function of some of the organs. [See Information sheet on Haemochromatosis]
What tests do I need to do to find out why my levels of ferritin are high?
A number of blood tests and an ultrasound to look at the liver are usually needed in people who have high serum ferritin. These tests try and find a reason why the serum ferritin is high and then treatment, if necessary, can be arranged.
Resources used to produce this information sheet.
- Pietrangelo A. Medical Progress: Hereditary Hemochromatosis — A New Look at an Old Disease. New Engl J Med 2004;350:2383-2397
- Andrews N. Disorders of Iron Metabolism. New Engl J Med 1999;341:1986-1995.
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It has plains along coast, a central plateau and highlands in the north and the south.
The highest point in Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro (5895 metres), also lies within the nation of Tanzania. It is one of only two mountains on the continent that has glaciers (the other is Mount Kenya);
Tanzania is bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest
Tanzania's major environmental issues include:
- soil degradation;
- destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats;
- recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; and,
- wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory.
It is susceptible to flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; and to drought.
Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964.
One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities. The formation of a government of national unity between Zanzibar's two leading parties succeeded in minimizing electoral tension in 2010
Geographic Coordinates: 6 00 S, 35 00 E
Area: 945,087 km2 (886,037 km2 land and 59,050 km2 water) note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
Coastline: 1,424 km
Maritime Claims: Territorial sea to: 12 nautical miles and an exclusive economic zone to 200 nautical miles.
Natural Hazards: flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought
Volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (elev. 2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru.
Terrain: Plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south. Its lowest point is the Indian Ocean (0 metres) and its highest point is Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 metres).
Climate: Varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Topography of Tanzania. Source: Wikimedia Commons
Satellite view of Tanzania. Source: The Map Library
Ecology and Biodiversity
Source: World Wildlife Fund
1. Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands
2. Zambezian flooded grasslands
3. Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
4. Serengeti volcanic grasslands
5. East African montane forests
6. East African halophytics
7. East African montane moorlands
8. Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
9. Eastern Arc forests
10. East African mangroves
11. Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic
12. Itigi-Sumbu thicket
13. Eastern Miombo woodlands
14. Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic
15. Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic
16. Albertine Rift montane forests
17. Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic
- Regional biodiversity hotspots (Eastern Afromontane)
- List of Protected Areas
- Kilimanjaro National Park
- Ngorongoro Conservation Area
People and Society
Population: 43,601,796 (July 2012 est.)
Tanzania’s population is concentrated along the coast and isles, the fertile northern and southern highlands, and the lands bordering Lake Victoria. The relatively arid and less fertile central region is sparsely inhabited. So too is much of the fertile and well watered far west, including the shores of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa (Malawi). About 80% of Tanzanians live in rural communities.
Zanzibar, population about 1.3 million (3% of Tanzania’s population), consists of two main islands and several small ones just off the Tanzanian coast. The two largest islands are Unguja (often referred to simply as Zanzibar) and Pemba. Zanzibaris, together with their socio-linguistic cousins in the Comoros Islands and the East Africa coast from modern-day southern Somalia to northern Mozambique, created Swahili culture and language, which reflect long and close associations with other parts of Africa and with the Arab world, Persia, and South Asia.
Tanzanians are proud of their strong sense of national identity and commitment to Swahili as the national language. There are roughly 120 ethnic communities in the country representing several of Africa’s main socio-linguistic groups.
Ethnic groups: mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African
0-14 years: 42% (male 9,003,152/female 8,949,061)
15-64 years: 55.1% (male 11,633,721/female 11,913,951)
65 years and over: 2.9% (male 538,290/female 708,445) (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 1.96% (2012 est.)
Birth Rate: 31.81 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death Rate: 11.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
Net Migration Rate: -0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth: 53.14 years
male: 51.62 years
female: 54.7 years (2012 est.)
Total Fertility Rate: 4.02 children born/woman (2012 est.)
Languages: Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages
note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
Literacy (2002 census): 69.4% (male: 77.5% - female: 62.2%)
Urbanization: 26% of total population (2010) growing at a 4.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Consensus scientific opinion places human origins in the Great Rift Valley, which dominates the landscape of much of East Africa. Northern Tanzania’s Olduvai Gorge has provided rich evidence of the area's prehistory, including fossil remains of some of humanity's earliest ancestors.
Interior Tanzania’s great cultural and linguistic diversity is due to the various histories of migrations from elsewhere in the region. In some instances, groups of migrants separated, leading to different cultural developments. In other cases, various groups merged, creating new cultural identities and languages. Most Tanzanians are aware of their cultural origins and the traditional histories of the ethnic community with which they identify. The peoples of the interior traded with coastal communities, which in turn traded with all the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. Long standing patterns of political organization, economic production, and trade were disrupted by the violent escalation of the Arab-led slave and ivory trades in the 18th and 19th centuries. Bagamoyo on the coast and Zanzibar town were major slave ports serving markets for slave labor mostly in the Arab world. These societies, already severely stressed by the violence of the slave trade, came under further pressure once European explorers (mostly military, some missionary) opened the way to European conquest (first by semi-private European companies, later by European states) from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century.
Coastal and island Tanzania organized into city-states around 1,500 years ago. The Swahili city-states traded with the peoples of the interior and the peoples of the Indian Ocean and beyond (including China). Many merchants from these trading partner nations (principally from inland Africa, the Arab world, Persia and India) established themselves in these coastal and island communities, which became cosmopolitan in flavor.
The Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama explored the East African coast in 1498 on his voyage to India. By 1506, the Portuguese claimed control over the entire coast. This control was nominal, however, because the Portuguese did not settle the area (except for a few forts) or explore the interior. Instead, they violently enforced a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, denying the Swahili city-states their main means of livelihood. The Portuguese also demanded tribute, bombarding and looting communities that refused to pay protection money. The coastal peoples rose up against the Portuguese in the late 1700s. Their resistance was assisted by one of their main trading partners, the Omani Arabs. By the early 19th century the Portuguese were forced out of coastal East Africa north of the Ruvuma River and the Omanis moved in.
Based in Zanzibar, the Omani Sultanate maintained close trade and diplomatic relations with the major trading powers, including the United States as of 1837. They also maintained close relations with some states in the interior with whom they were partners in the ivory and slave trades. European exploration of the interior began soon after the Omanis had consolidated their control of the coast and Zanzibar. Two German missionaries reached Mt. Kilimanjaro in the 1840s. British explorers Richard Burton and John Speke crossed the interior to Lake Tanganyika in 1857, with Speke going on to Lake Victoria. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary-explorer who crusaded against the slave trade, established his last mission at Ujiji, where he was "found" by Henry Morton Stanley, an American journalist-explorer, who had been commissioned by the New York Herald to locate him.
The Omani Sultanate, which had been heavily engaged in selling African slaves principally to the Arab world, outlawed the slave trade in 1876. British influence over the Sultanate steadily increased in the 1880s until Zanzibar formally became a British Protectorate in 1890.
German colonial interests were first advanced in 1884. Karl Peters, who formed the Society for German Colonization, concluded a series of agreements of dubious validity with "leaders" of questionable standing purporting to accept German "protection" for their inland African states. Prince Otto von Bismarck's government backed Peters in the subsequent establishment of the German East Africa Company. In 1886 and 1890, Anglo-German agreements were negotiated that delineated the British and German spheres of influence in the interior of East Africa and along the coastal strip previously claimed by the Omani sultan of Zanzibar. In 1891, the German Government took over direct administration of the territory from the German East Africa Company and appointed a governor with headquarters at Dar es Salaam.
German rule, which featured "hut taxes" and conscript labor to fund administration and infrastructure that benefitted German settlers at the great disadvantage of African communities, provoked African resistance. The Maji Maji rebellion of 1905-07 united the peoples of the Southern Highlands in a struggle to expel the German administration. The German military killed 120,000 Africans in suppressing the rebellion.
German colonial domination of Tanganyika ended after World War I when control of most of the territory passed to the United Kingdom under a League of Nations mandate. After World War II, Tanganyika became a UN trust territory under British control. Subsequent years witnessed Tanganyika moving gradually toward self-government and independence.
In 1954, Julius K. Nyerere, a school teacher who was then one of only two Tanganyikans educated abroad at the university level (University of Edinburgh, Scotland), organized a political party--the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). TANU candidates were victorious in the Legislative Council elections of September 1958 and February 1959. In December 1959, the United Kingdom agreed to the establishment of internal self-government following general elections to be held in August 1960. Nyerere was named chief minister of the subsequent government.
In May 1961, Tanganyika became autonomous, and Nyerere became Prime Minister under a new constitution. Full independence was achieved on December 9, 1961. Julius Nyerere, then age 39, was elected President when Tanganyika became a republic within the Commonwealth a year after independence. Tanganyika was the first East African state to gain independence.
Zanzibar: Sultanate/British Protectorate to Independence, Revolution, and Union
Under the Sultanate, the Arab population comprised the ruling class and landed aristocracy. Arabs, primarily from Oman, seized large tracts of land on Unguja (except in the less fertile far north of the island) to set up highly profitable spice plantations. Dispossessed indigenous Zanzibaris (known as Shirazis) became agricultural workers, sharecroppers, or semi-serfs. The plantations were also worked by slaves or former slaves, originating from the mainland. There was also significant mainland migration to the islands, especially Unguja, to work menial jobs during the boom years of the spice trade. The Afro-Shirazi population of Unguja mostly resented their Omani and British rulers.
Shirazis from the northern tip of Unguja, the nearby island of Tumbatu, and Pemba enjoyed symbiotic commercial relations with the Arab new arrivals and their Sultanate. They were not dispossessed of their lands. They mostly prospered under the Omanis. Pemban and far northern Ungujan Shirazis tended to identify their interests with the Sultanate.
The British ruled Zanzibar on behalf of the Sultan, not on behalf of his subjects. Their policies explicitly favored Arabs and Asians over Shirazis and mainland Africans (in that order). A series of pre-independence elections revealed two camps: the anti-Sultanate, Africa-oriented, and secular Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) with a stronghold in the densely populated areas of Unguja; and the pro-Sultanate, Arab World-oriented, and explicitly Islamic Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP) and its Pemban ally (the Zanzibar and Pemban People's Party - ZPPP), which was supported by most Arabs, Asians, far northern Ungujans, Pembans, and those who worked for the state. The ASP consistently received a larger share of the popular vote (though not by much), but the ZNP and its ally received more seats because they predominated in more constituencies. At independence, the British handed power to the two parties friendliest to the Sultanate and the status quo: the ZNP and ZPPP.
In January, 1964, 1 month after independence from Britain, Zanzibar (specifically Unguja) experienced a bloody uprising against the institutions of the Sultanate, the ZNP/ZPPP government, the Arab and Asian communities, and any Shirazis considered friendly to the state (such as ZNP members and Pembans). Although specific figures vary, several thousand Arabs were killed. Rape and other atrocities were widespread. Arabs were expelled or fled in large numbers. Asian shops were looted. Property was expropriated and re-distributed to ASP supporters. After a period of confusion, the ASP leadership and its allies assumed control under a "Supreme Revolutionary Council" and extended their control to Pemba (which had not participated in the uprising). Pemba was ruled by "Commissars" who used floggings, forced labor, and public humiliation to enforce their will over a hostile population. After a few months, the ASP leadership opted to accept an offer of union with Tanganyika (forming the nation of Tanzania), both to prevent a counter-revolution and to buttress the political position of the ASP leaders among other members of the Supreme Revolutionary Council. The Union Agreement (signed April 26, 1964) granted wide-ranging autonomy for Zanzibar. This date is observed in Tanzania as Union Day. It is Tanzania's official national day.
United Republic of Tanzania
The Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar adopted the name "United Republic of Tanzania" on April 26, 1964. In order to create a single ruling party in both parts of the union, Nyerere merged TANU (mainland) with the ASP (Zanzibar) to form the CCM (Chama Cha Mapinduzi-CCM, Revolutionary Party) in 1977. As the sole legal political party for all of Tanzania, CCM had the role of directing the population in all significant political and economic activities. In practice, Party and State were one. On February 5, 1977, the union of the two parties was ratified in a new constitution. The merger was reinforced by principles enunciated in the 1982 union constitution and reaffirmed in the constitution of 1984.
Nyerere instituted social policies that proved successful in forging a strong Tanzanian national identity, which to this day takes priority in the hearts of the great majority of Tanzanians over ethnic, regional or linguistic identities. Observers are nearly unanimous in attributing Tanzania's unbroken record of political stability to Nyerere's social policies. Nyerere's economic policies were ruinous. They were gradually reversed after he left power, but many in the state bureaucracy remain opposed to modern, market economics.
President Nyerere stepped down from office and was succeeded as President by Ali Hassan Mwinyi in 1985. Nyerere retained his position as Chairman of the ruling CCM party for 5 more years. He remained influential in Tanzanian politics until his death in October 1999. The current President, Jakaya Kikwete, was elected in December 2005 and re-elected on October 31, 2010. Tanzania's constitution limits presidents to two terms in office.
In Zanzibar, where past elections were marked by violence and widespread irregularities, the 2010 elections proceeded peacefully. After years of intense debates between Civic United Front (CUF) and CCM, the two political parties finally reached a power-sharing agreement. On January 29, 2010, the unicameral Zanzibar House of Representatives adopted as law a bill that outlined the parameters of a government of national unity and called for a popular referendum on the plan. On July 31, 2010, Zanzibari voters gave their approval in the first-ever referendum to amend the constitution to allow for a unity government in Zanzibar. Ali Mohamed Shein, the immediate past Union Vice President, was elected President of Zanzibar on October 31, 2010.
Government Type: Republic
Tanzania's president and Parliament members are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for 5-year terms. The president appoints a prime minister who serves as the government's leader in the Parliament. The president selects his cabinet from among Parliament members. The constitution also empowers the president to nominate 10 non-elected members of Parliament, who also are eligible to become cabinet members. Elections for president and all parliamentary seats were last held in October 2010. The next presidential and parliamentary elections will be in 2015.
The unicameral Parliament has up to 357 members: the Attorney General; the Speaker; five members elected from and by the Zanzibar House of Representatives; 102 special women's seats apportioned among the political parties based on their election results; 239 constituent seats (including 50 from Zanzibar); and 10 members nominated by the president. Although Zanzibar accounts for only 3% of Tanzania's population, it is guaranteed over 15% of seats in the Union Parliament. The ruling party, CCM, holds almost 80% of the seats in the Parliament. The Tanzanian Union Parliament legislates on all union matters (foreign affairs, defense, police, etc.) and non-union matters for the mainland. Laws passed by the Parliament are valid for Zanzibar only in specifically designated union matters.
Under the Union Agreement, Zanzibar has extensive autonomy within Tanzania. Zanzibar has its own President, legislature and bureaucracy ("the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar" led by "the Revolutionary Council") that presides over all non-union matters. The constitutional changes endorsed in the July 31, 2010 referendum provide for a government of national unity which establishes the positions of the first and second vice presidents, the former to be selected from the lead opposition party and the latter from the ruling party. Ministers must be selected from among the members of Zanzibar's House of Representatives. The cabinet must reflect the proportion of seats held by each political party.
There are currently 81 members in the House of Representatives in Zanzibar: 50 elected by the people; 10 appointed by the president of Zanzibar, two of whom must be from the opposition; five ex officio members; an attorney general appointed by the president; and 20 special seats allocated to women. Zanzibar's House of Representatives can make laws for Zanzibar without the approval of the union government as long as it does not involve union-designated matters. The terms of office for Zanzibar's president and House of Representatives are 5 years. The semi-autonomous status of Zanzibar under the Union is frequently debated, both by mainlanders and by Zanzibaris.
Capital: Dar es Salaam - 3.207 million (2009)
Aerial view of Dar es Salaam. Source: Roland/Flickr
Administrative Divisions: For administrative purposes, Tanzania is divided into 30 regions--25 on the mainland, three on Unguja (Zanzibar), and two on Pemba (Zanzibar's second isle). District councils (also referred to as local government authorities) act at the most local level. There are 114 councils operating in 99 districts; 22 urban, 92 rural. The 22 urban units are classified further as city (Dar es Salaam and Mwanza), municipal (Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Morogoro, Shinyanga, Tabora, and Tanga), and town councils (the remaining 11 communities).
26 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Independence Date: 26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964
Legal System: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation. Tanzania has not submitted an International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction declaration; but accepts International Criminal Court Jusdiction (ICCt) jurisdiction.
Tanzania has a five-level judiciary combining the jurisdictions of tribal, Islamic, and British common law. Appeal is from the primary courts through the district courts, resident magistrate courts, to the high courts, and from the high courts to the Court of Appeals. District and resident court magistrates are appointed by the Chief Justice, except for judges of the High Court and Court of Appeals, who are appointed by the president. The Zanzibari court system parallels the legal system of the union. All cases tried in Zanzibari courts, except for those involving constitutional issues and Islamic law, can be appealed to the Court of Appeals of the union. A commercial court was established on the mainland in September 1999 as a division of the High Court.
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
International Environmental Agreements
Tanzania is party to international agreements on: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, and Wetlands
Total Renewable Water Resource: 91 cu km (2001)
Freshwater Withdrawal: Total: 5.18 cu km/yr (10% domestic, 0% industrial, 89% agricultural).
Per capita Freshwater Withdrawal:: 135 cu m/yr (2000)
Access to improved sources of drinking water: 54% of population
Access to improved sanitation facilities: 24% of population
Agricultural Products: coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
Irrigated Land: 1,840 sq km (2003)
Arable land: 4.23%
Permanent crops: 1.16%
Other: 94.61% (2005)
|Energy in Tanzania|
4.281 billion kWh
3.431 billion kWh
136 million kWh
(1 January 2011 est.)
658 million cu m
658 million cu m
0 cu m
0 cu m
6.513 billion cu m
(1 January 2011 est.)
|Source: CIA Factbook|
After independence, Tanzania adopted socialist economic policies, resulting in severe economic decline. The state controlled the economy and owned all of the major enterprises. The exchange rate and pricing policies were based on non-market mechanisms, creating low export and real GDP growth, high inflation, and widespread shortages. Agricultural production, the mainstay of the economy, declined steadily.
In 1986, Tanzania began to liberalize its economy and make partial market-oriented economic reforms. Although the government liberalized the agricultural marketing system and domestic prices and initiated financial system reform, economic growth was slow between 1986 and 1995.
Since 1996, Tanzania has taken aggressive steps toward macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms. The emergence of a strong Ministry of Finance, supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other development partners, was instrumental in accelerating fiscal reforms and fostering a turnaround in fiscal performance. Overall, real GDP growth has averaged about 6% a year over the past 7 years, which was higher than the annual average growth of less than 5% in the late 1990s. Total debt service payments for 2010 were $85 million. The IMF’s most recent Debt Sustainability Analysis indicates that debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative combined with sound macroeconomic policies place it at low risk of debt distress. Public external debt service was approximately 1% of GDP in 2009 and expected to remain so for 2010 and 2011.
However, economic growth has not translated to significantly improving the lives of average Tanzanians. The economy remains overwhelmingly donor-dependent; 30% of the budget is dependent upon donor assistance. The global financial crisis significantly affected the tourism industry, one of Tanzania's top foreign-exchange earners; however, Tanzania was able to maintain relatively strong growth in 2010. Continued high food prices since a spike in 2008 have contributed to a rise in inflation to over 10%, a substantial increase from more moderate inflation earlier in the decade.
Agriculture constitutes the most important sector of the economy, providing about 27% of GDP and 80% of employment. Cash crops--including coffee, tea, cotton, cashews, sisal, cloves, and pyrethrum--account for the vast majority of export earnings. While the volume of major crops--both cash and goods marketed through official channels--have increased in recent years, large amounts of produce never reach the market. Poor pricing and unreliable cash flow to farmers continue to frustrate the growth of the agricultural sector.
Accounting for about 22.6% of GDP, Tanzania's industrial sector is one of the smallest in Africa. The main industrial activities are dominated by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) specializing in food processing including dairy products, meat packing, preserving fruits and vegetables, production of textile and apparel, leather tanning, and plastics. A few larger factories manufacture cement, rolled steel, corrugated iron, aluminum sheets, cigarettes, beer and bottling beverages, fruit juices, and mineral water. Other factories produce raw materials, import substitutes, and processed agricultural products. Poor water and electricity infrastructure systems continue to hinder manufacturing. In general, Tanzania's manufacturing sector targets primarily the domestic market with limited exports of manufactured goods. Most of the industry is concentrated in Dar es Salaam.
Generally, Tanzania has a favorable attitude toward foreign direct investment (FDI) and has made efforts to encourage foreign investment. Government steps to improve the business climate include redrawing tax codes, floating the exchange rate, licensing foreign banks, and creating an investment promotion center to cut red tape. However, Tanzania still must overcome the legacy of socialism. The most common complaint of investors, foreign and domestic, is the hostile bureaucracy and the weak judiciary system.
Zanzibar's economy is based primarily on the production of cloves (90% grown on the island of Pemba), the principal foreign exchange earner. Exports have suffered with the downturn in the clove market. Tourism is a promising sector with a number of new hotels and resorts having been built in recent years. A prolonged electricity shortage from December 2009 to March 2010 delivered a blow to Zanzibar’s economy, severely affecting tourism and causing a rapid increase in commodity prices.
The island's manufacturing sector is limited mainly to import substitution industries, such as cigarettes, shoes, and processed agricultural products. In 1992, the government designated two export-producing zones and encouraged the development of offshore financial services. Zanzibar still imports much of its staple requirements, petroleum products, and manufactured articles.
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $63.44 billion (2011 est.)
GDP (Official Exchange Rate): $23.2 billion (2011 est.)
GDP- per capita (PPP): $1,500 (2011 est.)
GDP- composition by sector:
services: 48% (2011 est.)
Population Below Poverty Line: 36% (2002 est.)
Industries: agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); diamond, gold, and iron mining, salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer
Exports: gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton
Export Partners: China 9.6%, India 9.2%, Netherlands 6.1%, Germany 6%, UAE 4.6% (2006)
Imports: consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil
Economic Aid Recipient: $1.505 billion (2005)
Currency: Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Ports and Terminals: Dar es Salaam
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. At times, Polo and Khan sit quietly to:
2. Which city is described as a place where traitors are strung from lampposts and old men sit on docks, telling stories while mending fishing nets?
3. Which city do visitors consider to be a trap?
4. When Marco Polo first tells his tales to Kublai Khan, he uses:
5. Polo gives Khan impressions of:
Short Essay Questions
1. What is the significance of the evening breeze that Khan and Polo enjoy while conversing on the steps of the palace?
2. What is it about Anastasia that it would make slaves of men?
3. In what way is Tamara a city of perceptions and symbols?
4. What do the different models of the city of Fedora show?
5. Describe the city of Zenobia.
6. Why would you say the cities described by Polo in Chapter 3 have an especially dreamy quality about them?
7. Describe how the means of communication between Khan and Polo evolves.
8. Why does Polo say that it is best to visit Diomira on a September evening?
9. In what way are the people of Chloe connected to each other?
10. How does Khan react upon growing impatient with Polo's stories?
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Part 1) Compare and contrast the two characters in the story, Kublai Khan and Marco Polo. In what ways are they similar? How are they different?
Part 2) What kind of a relationship do Khan and Polo have? What does each learn from the other? Do the characters grow and develop in any way through their interactions with each other? If so, how? Cite examples from the book to support your answers.
Essay Topic 2
Which of the two characters, Khan or Polo, has a more realistic understanding of the state of the empire? Which would you say has a more hopeful view of the empire's future? Support your answers with examples from the story.
Essay Topic 3
The two main characters question reality to the point where they are not sure if they are presently traveling and only dreaming of being in Khan's garden, or presently relaxing in the garden while dreaming of their travels. Which do you think is the case? Why? Support your conclusion with evidence from the book.
This section contains 863 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Create a functional study guide that covers Chapters 16
Expert Solution Preview
As a medical professor responsible for designing assignments and providing feedback to medical college students, I understand the importance of creating effective study guides to aid in their learning. Chapter 16 focuses on specific topics relevant to medical education, and therefore, a functional study guide should be organized, comprehensive, and conducive to productive studying.
To create a functional study guide for Chapter 16, it is important to consider the key concepts and topics covered in this chapter. Here is an outline for a comprehensive study guide:
1. Introduction to Chapter 16:
a. Provide a brief overview of the chapter and its significance in medical education.
b. Highlight the key areas that will be covered.
2. Learning Objectives:
a. Clearly state the intended learning outcomes for students.
b. These objectives should align with the content of Chapter 16.
3. Summary of Chapter:
a. Provide a clear and concise summary of the main points covered in the chapter.
b. Include relevant definitions and key terms.
4. In-depth Explanation:
a. Break down each section of the chapter into subtopics.
b. Provide detailed explanations, examples, and illustrations for each subtopic.
c. Include relevant diagrams, charts, or tables to enhance understanding.
5. Integration of Knowledge:
a. Emphasize the connections between the content of Chapter 16 and previous chapters or other related courses.
b. Discuss any implications or practical applications of the concepts discussed.
6. Self-Assessment Tools:
a. Include multiple-choice questions, case studies, and clinical scenarios related to the chapter.
b. Provide answers and explanations to assist students in self-evaluation.
7. Additional Resources:
a. Suggest recommended readings, research articles, or websites for further exploration.
b. Provide references to reputable sources that students can use to deepen their understanding.
8. Study Tips:
a. Offer effective study strategies specific to the content covered in Chapter 16.
b. Provide guidance on time management, note-taking, and active learning techniques.
a. Recap the key points covered in the study guide.
b. Encourage students to seek clarification and engage in further discussions.
By following this structure, the study guide for Chapter 16 will provide students with a comprehensive overview of the content, promote deeper understanding, and offer valuable resources for self-assessment and further exploration.
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How to reduce common tennis injuries
Tennis injuries can be quite common if the body has not adapted to the sport. Tennis can be played on all sorts of surfaces and is a high impact sport so puts a lot of pressure on the body.
It is also a very one-sided sport which can cause tension around joints that are very important for efficient movement. Tennis requires an adequate amount of conditioning which includes power, speed, coordination, balance, agility, and endurance. Tennis players must strive to train these components to stay injury free.
Causes and types of injuries
Lower limb injuries such as thigh strains, knee and ankle sprains are the most common and are caused by the sudden stopping, sprinting and pivoting required by tennis. These types of injuries are more acute however, tennis players can often get chronic knee tendon pain (patella tendonitis).
Upper limb injuries involve the wrist, elbow and shoulder. They are caused by high-velocity and repetitive arm movements so are more often overuse injuries. Wrist sprains, tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis), shoulder impingement and rotator cuff strain can occur in tennis.
Back pain and strains are common in tennis due to the amount of rotation that is needed to hit the ball in a serve or a groundstroke.
Why do these injuries occur?
- Poor conditioning e.g. poor balance and coordination could lead to more ankle and knee sprains due to being unable to change direction suddenly and land from a jump softly. Lack of strength could result in thigh and back strains.
- Different court surface e.g. your body needs to adapt to play on different surfaces. It is more challenging to play on clay and hard courts than it is to play on grass. Research shows an increase in injury rates on hard courts and clay courts than grass courts.
- Playing technique e.g. a tennis coach can guide and teach you correct techniques for serving.
- Biomechanics e.g. if you have rounded shoulders and go to serve in tennis, you are more likely compensate by side bending at the trunk and spine due to the lack of mobility in the shoulder blade.
- Weather conditions e.g. slippery surfaces due to rain or hot conditions that can cause dehydration can lead to a risk of injury. If the body has an insufficient amount of energy, it will fatigue.
- Condition of tennis balls used e.g. if the balls are too soft, the tennis player will often have to hit the ball harder and therefore can put undue stress on the shoulder.
- Inappropriate footwear e.g. if shoes have not got the traction and have worn down, they will be less supportive and can cause a fall or two. Ensuring the shoes fit properly and are comfortable is important too.
- Poor injury rehabilitation e.g. missing parts of rehabilitation can increase risk of an old injury flaring up again.
What to do next
- Warm up and cool down efficiently
- For acute injuries check out the METHOD to use – http://thecambridgesportsinjuryclinicguide.blogspot.co.uk/
- Get your body assessed by a Biomechanics coach – http://sportscorrectivetherapy.co.uk/biomechanics-coaching/
- Hire a tennis coach if you believe it is a technique issue
- Avoid playing tennis with a re-occurring injury or if you have an injury or pain. Go and see a sports therapist – http://sportscorrectivetherapy.co.uk/injury-rehabilitation/
Maintain a good fitness level and if not doing so, begin a conditioning program that trains the body accordingly to tennis and its movements e.g. rotational lunges in different directions, footwork exercises to help with jumping and landing, ball throwing, shuttle sprints, single leg stability drills to help with balance. Here are a few exercises that will help with tennis injuries:
If you would like a FREE tennis conditioning program, please get in touch and we can work with you to improve your movement and function.
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How many liters are in a gallon? While you may think the answer to this question should be a straightforward one, in practice, there are a few different variables one needs to consider when answering this question. One needs to define whether or not they are speaking about the US customary gallon or the British Imperial gallon. One US customary gallon is approximately equal to 3.7854118 liters.
Meanwhile, the British gallon is 4.54609 Liters. There are some other variables which need to be taken into consideration when discussing how many liters are in a gallon, such as whether or not the US gallon is the dry gallon or the fluid gallon. Read on to learn about the different types of gallons and learn how to convert between liters and gallons.
Defining Liters And Gallons
Before we proceed to converting between gallons and liters, it is important to define both of these terms.
The liter is a unit of volume in the metric system or international standard system of measurement. As you may know, the volume of a liter is considered equal to 1000 cm³ or one cubic decimeter. There are 1000 cm in a decimeter, and cubed just refers to the fact that the object being measured has width, length, and height. Liters were originally defined as the volume possessed by 1 kg of water at the standard pressure and peak density. Until 1964 the kilogram was defined as the mass held by a specific iridium/platinum cylinder located in France, and the intention was that the mass of this kilogram was equal to the mass of 1 L of water at standard pressure. Later measurements of the mass of the kilogram found that the kilogram cylinder was too large, and so the standard for the relation of mass to kilograms was redefined to the current definition.
Liters are typically used to measure the volume of items that adapt to the size of their container, such as fluids or collections of small solids that can be poured from one container to another. Liters can also be used to calculate certain measurements like density, and the advantage of calculating density in kilograms per liter is that it enables the simple comparison of the given substance with water’s density. In terms of mass, a single liter of pure water is approximately 1 kg when the liter is measured at peak density, and maximal density happens at approximately 4°C.
While liters are not officially recognized by the International System of Measurements, the International System of Measurements has accepted the liter for calculations alongside SI units and as a result, SI prefixes can easily be used with liters. The most commonly used unit of measurement is the milliliter, which is one-thousandth of a liter. It is also important to remember that liters can also be referred to as cubic centimeters. Other levels of liter measurement are included decaliter, the hectoliter, the kiloliter, and the megaliter.
The gallon is a unit of measurement for fluids, and both the British imperial system of measurement and the US customary units measurement system have a gallon. These two different gallons have different accepted volumes. The Imperial gallon is recognized as being equal to 4.54609 L, while the US gallon is recognized as being equivalent to approximately 3.785 L or 231 in.³.
The vast majority of the world uses the liter for volume calculations. However, the Imperial gallon is used in the United Kingdom, Canada, and some nations in the Caribbean. The Imperial gallon is still used as unit of measurement in countries like the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Bahamas, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Ramada, Montserrat, and St. Lucia. The US gallon is usually used in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Belize, Liberia, Ecuador, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua, Peru, and Honduras, as well as the United States evidently. Most of these countries only use the US gallon for the sale of gasoline. Both the US gallon and the Imperial gallon are divided into 4 quarts, and then these courts are divided into 2 pints. These two pints are further divided into 2 cups, which are divided into a unit called gills. However, gills are rarely used.
The United States also has a dry gallon, used to measure dried goods. It is equivalent to 1/8th of a US Winchester bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches or approximately 4.405 L. However, while this dry gallon does exist, it is very rarely used in commerce.
The term gallon is thought to be derived from an old northern French word, though the ultimate source of the word is difficult to pin down. As far as usage goes, gallons were originally how beer and wine were measured in England, although there were different gallons used even then, with wine gallons being made with their own size.
Converting Between Gallons And Litres
Because gallons and liters are both units of volume, it is possible to convert between the two. However, when you convert between liters and gallons you want to be sure you are using the right type of gal. As previously mentioned, there is both a British gallon and an American gallon, and these 2 gallons have different weights. Converting with the wrong gallon will get you the wrong volume measurement, so you need to be sure that you are working with the correct gallon. As a quick rule of thumb, there is approximately 4 L per gallon, but let’s go over some examples of converting between gallons and liters.
Here’s one question we could examine: if you have a 7-gallon bucket, how many liters can the bucket hold? Assume that the gallon used is the American standard liquid gallon. In order to answer this question, set up the conversion problem with the volume in liters on the left, so the desired unit will be canceled out. You want liters to be the unit left over. Use the following formula and plug the conversions into it:
volume given in Liters = (volume in gal) x (3.785 L/1 gal)
Volume in Liters = (7 x 3.785) L
Vol L = 26.495 L
This means that there is 26.495 L in a 7-gallon bucket, approximately four times the amount of liters from when you start the conversion. In order to do conversions within the UK gallon or the Imperial gallon, you just need to make sure that you are using 277.42 in.³ or 4.54609 L.
Let’s do one more example. Assume that you have a number of water bottles that together hold five Imperial gallons of water. How many liters are in these water bottles? Let’s use the formula given above, but replace the US gallon number with the value of the Imperial gallon:
volume given in Liters = (volume in gal) x (4.5460 L/1 gal)
Volume in Liters = (5 x 4.5460) L
Considering the Imperial gallon is equal to 4.5460 liters, we just need to multiply this value by five to get 22.7304 L of water total.
Other Differences Between Imperial And US Standard Measurement Systems
The difference between the Imperial gallon and the US gallon is one of the most notable examples of differences between the two systems of measurements, but there are other differences as well. The US customary system is derived from the system of measurement used in English around the 18th century, with some modifications. Meanwhile, the Imperial system was created for use in the UK around 1824.
The US customary system and the Imperial measurement system are very similar to one another, with units of cubic length such as the cubic mile, cubic foot, and cubic inch largely the same, but units of volume differ in-between the two systems. While the size of the US fluid gallon and the Imperial gallon is one example of this difference, another example is the differences that exist between some American and Canadian beer bottles. While American brewers use 12 US fluid ounce bottles, with each bottle containing approximately 355 mL, Canadian brewers often package their beer and 12 Imperial fluid ounce bottles which contain about 341 mL.
The length measurements between the Imperial system and the SU customary system are largely the same, but there are a few differences to be found. The survey mile and survey foot are considered separate units, with their own values in the United States. This is to avoid the accumulation of errors while doing surveying in the US. Under the US system, 1 m is equivalent to 39.378 inches, while the international foot is 0.3048 m, which builds up to a difference of approximately 3.2 mm every mile.
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While 360 million people (over 5 percent of the world’s population) experience disabling hearing loss, this number is unevenly dispersed across the globe. Not surprisingly, the areas with the highest amount of hearing loss cases are among the poorest in the world. For example, poor countries in sub-Saharan Africa such as Angola, the Congo Equatorial Guinea make up 9 percent of world hearing loss cases. Similarly, developing nations in South Asia such as India, Nepal and Pakistan make up a staggering 27 percent of disabling hearing loss cases.
Deafness in children is a significant problem in impoverished nations. Nearly two-thirds of the 62 million children dealing with deafness live in developing countries. Due to the lack of health records in many of these areas, the reason for childhood deafness is not always known. However, most experts report that lack of prenatal care and access to vaccinations, untreated ear infections and the overuse of ototoxic drugs (such as those used to treat malaria) are to blame for a large majority of childhood deafness.
Noise pollution is another significant cause of child and adult hearing loss in developing countries. Urban areas in poorer countries tend to be even more compact than those of higher income nations, resulting in a great deal of noise pollution. The WHO reported that someone who lives in a city may experience a “hearing age” of 10-20 years older than their current age. Even so, there was a marked difference in the cities surveyed.
Vienna, Austria (named the world’s most liveable city 9 years running) had an average “hearing age” of 10 years older. By contrast, Delhi, India—a city where half its people live and work in compact slums—reported an average “hearing age” of 20 years older.
The impact of hearing loss in developing countries is significant, especially for children. Children with hearing disabilities are less likely to receive a quality education, with 90 percent not attending school at all. With a quarter of all hearing loss cases starting in childhood, this results in many children missing out on education that could set them up for a financially healthy future.
Without educational opportunities, children with hearing disabilities are likely to become adults without stable employment, often leading to a life in poverty. Additionally, many cultures have superstitious beliefs surrounding hearing loss, which could be a hindrance to a deaf individual securing a job. Untreated hearing loss in developing countries can severely impact social and economic progress within communities. With so many deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals out of the workforce, poverty increases and superstitious beliefs are upheld, resulting in a lack of social ties for the hearing-impaired.
Organizations such as the World Health Organization have mobilized efforts to not only make hearing loss a focus of global health policies but prevent it altogether when possible.
In developing countries, only 1 in 40 people in need of a hearing aid actually have one. In 2006, the WHO and World Wide Hearing Care for Developing Countries (WWHearing) came together to provide hearing aids and hearing care to underdeveloped communities. Through this partnership, both organizations made it a mission to prevent hearing loss while providing care to those already affected. WWHearing has been able to screen thousands of children for hearing loss, and they have trained many community members to become hearing aid technicians.
The WHO has also implemented numerous rehabilitation programs in developing communities as a way to encourage inclusion and acceptance of those with hearing loss. This is done to dispel superstitious beliefs surrounding deafness in an effort to strengthen social and community ties and eliminate isolation of deaf individuals.
Hearing loss in developing countries has been steadily gaining the attention of health care organizations around the world. Partnerships are being formed to provide a large-scale supply of hearing aids and hearing tests for hearing-impaired individuals, and many communities are receiving training on audio testing to detect hearing loss early. These actions must continue in order to ensure proper education, community support and a life out of poverty for those with hearing impairments.
– Holli Flanagan
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To do this, we would divide 11 grams by the molar mass to get an answer of 0.392 moles.
How many grams of silicon are in a mole?
Silicon is a chemical element that you can find in the periodic table. The symbol for silicon is Si, and its atomic number is 14. More importantly for the purposes of making our converter, the atomic mass of silicon is 28.0855. That means that one mole of silicon weighs 28.0855 grams (28.0855 g/mol).
How many moles are in 12 grams of SI?
So, we need to calculate the number of moles that mass represents in order to use Avogadro’s number to find the number of atoms. From the Periodic Table we find Si has a gram molecular weight of 28.1 g/mole. Therefore, the number of moles of Si here is 11.8g/28.1g/mol = 0.42 moles Si.
How do you calculate grams to moles?
Divide the mass of the substance in grams by its molecular weight. This will give you the number of moles of that substance that are in the specified mass. For 12 g of water, (25 g)/(18.015 g/mol) = 0.666 moles.
How many moles are in 107.6 g of silicon?
Think about your result. Since 1 mol of Si is 28.09g, 107.6 should be about 4 moles.
How many grams are there in silicon?
1. One mole of silicon has a mass of 28.09 g. 2. One mole of silicon contains 6.022×1023⋅atoms.
How do I calculate moles?
How to find moles?
- Measure the weight of your substance.
- Use a periodic table to find its atomic or molecular mass.
- Divide the weight by the atomic or molecular mass.
- Check your results with Omni Calculator.
What is the formula of silicon?
|Chemical Safety||Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet|
|Synonyms||7440-21-3 Si Silicon Silicone Silicon metal More…|
What is the molar mass of silicon?
The number of moles in 28.1 g of silicon is 1 moles.
What is 1g mole?
(Often called gram-molecular weight.) A mass of a substance in grams numerically equal to its molecular weight. Example: A gram-mole of salt (NaCl) is 58.44 grams. Terms G. …
How many grams are in 5 moles?
Therefore, 5 moles × 32.0 g/mol = 160 grams is the mass (m) when there are 5 moles of O2 .
How do you convert 12g of oxygen gas to moles?
Here we are given the mass of oxygen gas as 12 grams. Molar mass = 2×16 = 32 grams. We know the formula to calculate the number of moles. = 0.375 moles.
How many grams of HCL are present in 0.1 mole?
What is a molecular mole?
A mole is defined as 6.02214076 × 1023 of some chemical unit, be it atoms, molecules, ions, or others. The mole is a convenient unit to use because of the great number of atoms, molecules, or others in any substance.
How many moles are in 15 grams of lithium?
The numeric value of this constant is 6.022×1023. – Now, we can find the number of moles by the formula of moles that is given mass of the substance divided by the molar mass of the substance. – Hence, we can conclude that there are 17.28×1023 moles in 15 grams of lithium.
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This Choose the Operation: Plus or minus (up to 100) worksheet also includes:
- Answer Key
- Join to access all included materials
Investigate the relationship between addition and subtraction as scholars fill in these number sentences, each of which is missing a symbol. Is it a subtraction or addition equation? There are 20 of these to start, all written horizontally. What patterns do kids notice that may help them determine the symbol more quickly? The next set of eight problems are written out in word-form sentences and are missing an addend or a minuend (i.e. "I subtract 20 from a number and have 3 left. What number did I start with?"). Finally, learners do 12 more missing-symbol problems, each with cent symbols but no decimals. Consider numbering these before printing to make review easier.
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In order to attract butterflies you need a sunny spot in your garden. Gardens that are sheltered by fences or some natural barrier to wind are excellent places for butterflies. Even butterflies that are found in woodlands tend to hang around areas where there is a break in the trees. The highest concentration of butterflies tends to be found where there are drifts of flowers. In other words, larger patches are favoured over smaller patches.
If you really want to conserve butterflies, you have to provide habitat for all stages of the lifecycle. The adults require a range of flowers that are rich in nectar and which provide a continuous source of food throughout the season. In addition, it is a good idea to provide mud pools and rotting fruit. A lot more emphasis needs to be placed on supporting the egg and larval stages with host plants. In many cases, it is the lack of larval host plants that is limiting the population size. Monarch butterflies, would clearly benefit from a greater planting of milkweed. The pupal stage of a butterfly is called a chysalis. Some are found hanging from plants while overwintering ones are typically hidden in the litter layer or in the topsoil. Rake your leaf litter onto your beds around (but not over)host plants to protect butterflies in the both the larval and pupal stages as well as many other invertebrates. Also consider providing a log or brush pile to help overwintering adults.
Many lists for butterfly plants focus far too much on exotics rich in nectar. These plants take up space that could be occupied by hostplants, which are often both a source of nectar for adults and food for the larvae. The nectar plants chosen here are widely available in nurseries. When choosing plants in regular commercial nurseries, you should try to obtain the species instead of a cultivar, which probably produces less nectar and pollen. If you do choose a cultivar, then try to find older heirloom varieties that are closer to the species. Many trees are also both nectar sources and host plants for butterflies. The names given here refer to a plant genus that contains a group of species. It is important to read the notes on individual species which may differ considerably in their ability to attract butterflies.
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Hypertension occurs when the heart forcibly pumps the blood, or when the arterioles become narrower than the normal size. This narrowing might have caused by several diseases as a renal or adrenal disease, but since the percent of the patients that have hypertension because of this disease is very low (2%-5%), there is no certain cause tell now. However, hypertension could be a temporary change in the body to regulate body internal environment (homeostasis). This normal change could be due to the need for extra blood and blood nutrients. For example, while doing strenuous exercises like running and weight lifting, the heart beats is rapidly increasing which lead to temporal hypertension that is reduced by finishing these efforts. Moreover, the nervous and endocrine system regulates blood pressure by several processes.
In the nervous system, the series of neurons that are conducted with the brain, make the brain in contact with the blood vessels and heart muscles, that when there is any change in the body, the brain could determine whether the body needs increasing or decreasing the blood pressure. After that brain controls the contraction of the heart and blood vessels by electrochemical impulses from the autonomic nervous system; so when the heart contracts rapidly or when the blood vessels become narrower because of nerve stimulation, the blood pressure increase (hypertension). In the endocrine system, there is a lot of hormones that control the increase in blood pressure.
For instance, hormones such as insulin, and the renin-angiotensin system play a key role in changing the concentration of the plasma of the blood, which affect the blood pressure (i.e. increasing the concentration of the blood increase the blood pressure). Anywise, the normal pressure is changing during the day as a result for stress and fatigue, the thing that leads doctors to have many readings of the patient’s pressure before determining whether they have hypertension or not.
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This Climate Solutions – A Call to Action! lesson plan also includes:
The final lesson in the 21-part series on climate change focuses on energy solutions to the consumption problem. Using data specific to their school, pupils make recommendations, follow up on actions, and carefully track progress. Through changing weather and seasons, the unit places the school on the path to a greener world.
- Repeat this series of lessons each year with a new group of students, comparing the school's progress each year
- Expects the energy audit started in lesson one is complete
- Assumes prior knowledge of each of the previous lessons in the series, as this is the summative activity
- Includes links to case studies from other schools that have completed the program
- Designed for the National Science Education Standards, National Education Technology Standards, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Education Standards, Climate Literacy Principles, and Energy Literacy Principles
- Easily measured progress encourages scholars to keep going
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Using an exceedingly sensitive pulse test, a frequency generator, and a hand-held probe Dr. Nogier had been able to discover frequencies-vibrations-that are in resonance with various body tissues. The embryos of all animals, form into three tissues: ectoderm (outside skin), endoderm (inside skin), and mesoderm (middle skin). All organs form from these three tissues. The pattern of resonating frequencies is the same in all animals-“a monumental discovery.” When illness occurred in particular tissues and organs, Dr. Nogier found that he could initiate dramatic healing responses by treating with the appropriately selected resonance frequencies (pulsed on and off). “Nogier offered a basic theory of sickness and healing. When ill, cells, molecules, or particles of matter are out of their normal resonance, or vibratory pattern. They often can recover when they are exposed to their normal resonance frequencies over and over in what could be called a retraining program.”
Setting Frequency Anatomical Function
1. 73 Hz
For use when cellular activity is hypoactive, such as chronic recurring problems, nonunion fractures and chronic splints and for stimulation of osteoid. It is also helpful in activating humoral and endocrine functions. (Field work has shown setting 1 helpful in stimulating (tonifying) acupuncture and trigger points and increasing circulation in areas being treated, such as wounds when past the acute stage.)
2. 146 Hz
Used for areas of yellow scar tissue that are generally formed internally on tendons, ligaments and sub-acute (lingering but chronic) conditions. (Field use has shown setting 2 to be helpful in reducing inflammation associated with injuries and infections.) This is often called the “universal frequency” because most problems involve inflammation.
3. 292 Hz
For tissue of ectodermal origin, such as body openings, skin and nerve, field applications include wounds, eye injuries and after surgery. Setting 3 tends to tone tissue while minimizing the chance of hemorrhaging fresh wounds or recent surgical sites. It is also good for the treatment of acupuncture and trigger points, corneal ulcers, and ulcerated mucous membranes. This is called the “universal frequency” in acupuncture.
4. 584 Hz
Used for circulatory and lymphatic stimulation, and treatment of tissue of endodermal origin. (In field applications, setting 4 has been used in conjunction with 5 and 2 for tendon, ligament, joint and other injuries where reaching secondary levels of tissue needed.)
5. 1168 Hz
For tissue of mesodermal origin, such as bone, ligament, viscera and tendon, field experience has shown setting 5 to be especially good for tendon and ligament injuries when used with setting 4 and 2. It also helps in relaxing large muscle groups.
6. 2336 H
For chronic conditions not responsive to setting 3 or 5, field experience shows setting 6 to be a good supplement to 3 when healing processes appear to reach a plateau.
7. 4672 Hz
For pain control, primarily when C nerve fibers are transmitting to dorsal root ganglia and when involvement of neurotransmitters is of physiological importance, field experience shows 7 to help suppress pain and to sedate acupuncture and trigger points and aids in diminishing excess calcification associated with chips, spurs and arthritic conditions.
General Rule: When stimulation is required, use lower frequencies. When sedation is required, use higher frequencies.
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Canadian researchers from McMaster University conducted a study on the effect of fever medication.
The researchers concluded that lowering fever leads to a further spread of the infection and a greater number of deaths due to the violation of the natural viral suppression in the body.
Previously, scientists had revealed that fever is a natural response of the immune system, which helps to suppress the virus. Lowering a flu-caused fever leads to an increased rate of viral replication, more prolonged and severe course of the disease, as well as the increase in the transmissibility of the infection. People ill with flu often lower temperature with medications and go to crowded places, infecting travel companions, colleagues and neighbors.
The Professor of Mathematics David Iron with his team first built a mathematical model to evaluate the cumulative effect from taking antipyretics on the spread of a flu virus, as well as a new strain causing a pandemic.
It turned out that lowering body temperature with flu medicines leads to additional one percent of illnesses, and to about 700-1000 additional cases of death. If the same applies to a highly contagious new flu strain, the effect of taking antipyretic increases, leading to five percent of additional cases of illness and up to two thousand additional deaths.
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Category games in Spanish are a fun way to practice vocabulary. I play several games that review vocabulary by grouping words in different ways. I call the printable Spanish vocabulary game below Nombra 3. You can find a free download of 70 game cards at the end of the post.
In this Spanish vocabulary game, players draw a card and name 3 things in the category the card specifies. Groupings words by a common characteristic gives students the opportunity to think about vocabulary they know in different ways. Some of the categories fit thematic units, such as Nombra 3 frutas. Others, are not so obvious. For example, some of the first words my students learn are mano, manzana and mamá, but kids don’t usually think of them as palabras que empiezan con la letra m.
Spanish Playground has other printable word games, too. Check out this Basta game for Spanish vocabulary practice. It has printable game boards with categories for Spanish learners.
This printable Spanish vocabulary game where players look at pictures and determine what is missing is another option. Also, this Spanish word-building game is a fun way to practice weather and natural world vocabulary.
In addition, we have two Spanish vocabulary games based on Go Fish with an added component of place. One is a printable Spanish card game for house vocabulary called Buscando por la casa and the other is a Spanish game for kids called Encuentra los animales.
How to Play the Spanish Vocabulary Game
To play Nombra 3, first choose cards with categories your students have the vocabulary to answer and clarify words they don’t know. There are 70 cards and some of the cards may have unfamiliar vocabulary even if they can answer the question.
For example, Nombra 3 prendas de ropa que llevas cuando hace frío. Students may know words for clothes, but not the word prenda.
If that is the case, you can underline the word and list it on the board with a definition or translation. You can also reword the question or provide a translation on the card.
Play the Spanish Vocabulary Game in Small Groups
We play in groups of 3 or 4, but you can also play in pairs. To play, place the cards face down in the center. Also, decide how many cards you will answer in each game if you are going to declare a winner.
Players take turns drawing a card, reading it aloud and naming 3 things. I have students read their own card, but you can also have them read to each other.
If a student can name 3 things, they keep the card. If they can’t, the card goes back to the bottom of the pile. You can use a timer to keep the game moving faster if you like.
Play the Spanish Vocabulary Game in Large Group
You can also play this Spanish vocabulary game in teams as a large group, giving each side 30 seconds to confer before they answer. When I play this way, if a team can’t answer, play passes to the other team.
Spanish Vocabulary Game 70 Printable Cards
Below you’ll find a list of the categories on the on the cards (in no particular order). There are also blank cards on the printable PDF so you can make your own questions for the Spanish vocabulary game.
Download the 70 Cards for Spanish Vocabulary Game Nombra 3
The cards for this Spanish vocabulary game are handy for other activities too. You can use them with board games or to fill a few minutes at the end of class. You can also ask for just one item in the category and have students write their answers on individual white boards. How do you use categories in your classes? Share your ideas in the comments below, or let us know on our Facebook or Twitter. We love hearing your suggestions and how our materials work for you!
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Pathology tests in head and neck cancer
Pathology tests involve the laboratory testing of blood, body fluids and tissues. There are three common pathology tests for head and neck cancer.
|Three common pathology tests for head and neck cancer
||Cytology uses a needle to remove cells so they can be looked at under a microscope. It is often used if you have swollen (enlarged) lymph glands, neck cysts and thyroid nodules.
||Histopathology is when part or all of the cancer cells are looked at under a microscope. The cancer cells are usually collected during a biopsy and sent to a doctor trained in looking at cells in the body (pathologist) for testing. The pathologist will be able to tell your doctor the type of cancer, its grade, and other details that will help your doctor work out the best treatment for your type of cancer.
||Blood tests are not typically used to diagnose of screen for most types of head and neck cancer. There are some blood tests that can be used to look for certain types of thyroid cancer. Sometimes your healthcare team will ask you to have blood tests to make sure that your blood, kidneys, and liver are working normally.
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The caloric density of food is something that has a huge effect on our body weight, yet very few people understand what it is, much less the importance of it. I want to teach you how to use caloric density as a tool to control your bodyweight much more easily.
Caloric density is the number of calories per gram of a food. Foods with a high caloric density contain a lot of calories in a very small volume of food. Examples of this would be meat (850 calories per pound) and oil (4,000 calories per pound). Foods with a low caloric density have very few calories in a higher volume of food. The prime example of this would be vegetables which contain somewhere between 60 and 200 calories per pound. All other foods fall somewhere in between. You can see that this is a pretty extreme difference from one end of the scale to the other.
Now you should know that the most important contributor to whether you gain, maintain, or lose weight is your net calories.
Net Calorie Equation:
Calories Consumed- Calories Expended= Net Calories
If your net calories consistently comes out to a positive number you will gain weight, and if it is negative you will lose weight. So if this is the case does it matter where you get your calories so long as you eat the right number? Well, no. Technically you could get all of your calories from oil, and so long as it was less calories than you are burning you will, in fact, lose weight. But how awful does that sound? Like I said earlier, it is a tool to help make weight management much easier.
So how does it work? Well look at the example in the previous paragraph. If you want to lose weight and are burning 2,000 calories per day, you would have to consume less than that. If you don’t take caloric density into account you may eat 1,500 calories of oil every day. This would equate to drinking around 8 cups of oil (gross). Do you think you would be satisfied at the end of the day, or go to bed starving? On the other hand, if you ate 1,500 calories of broccoli, you would have to eat 50 cups. If you were even able to finish that in a day, I’m pretty sure you wouldn’t be hungry after.
Our bodies react to volumes of food much more than calories. Our stomach is full when we eat a large quantity of food, regardless of if it contained a lot or very few calories. We can use this idea to eat the right foods to hit both our calorie goal and feel satisfied at the end of the day. When trying to lose weight, it is extremely beneficial to eat foods with a low caloric density such as fruits and vegetables. These foods will fill you up quickly without racking up a ton of calories. This will allow you to eat in a caloric deficit without feeling miserably hungry. On the other hand, if you are trying to gain weight, you may want to opt for foods with a higher caloric density. This will allow you to get all of the calories you need to eat in a surplus, without feel uncomfortably full all of the time.
Now of course I’m not recommending you eat all veggies or all oil. You should definitely be eating a variety of foods, and be making sure you hit your macros. What I am recommending, though, is when you are hitting the proper calories and macros, if you are still feeling hungry opt for less calorically dense foods, and if you’re feeling too full choose more calorically dense foods. Making these adjustments will make for a much less miserable time cutting or bulking.
For help dialing in your nutrition for your goals check out our nutrition guide or nutrition coaching HERE !
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A word used often - but not always - to replace a noun, e.g. Alex, when the teacher came into the classroom, you mean you really didn't see her? See also person .
A referent is the word to which another word in a sentence or text refers. It is an important element of textual cohesion . For example, a pronoun must have a referent noun which is already understood (this noun is called the pronoun's antecedent) or its meaning will be unclear or ambiguous.
Referents can be
A kind of clause (a group of words built around a subject and verb ) that is a variety of adjectival clause . Relative clauses are used to give extra detail about the subject or object noun of a main clause in a sentence. e.g. A main clause might be, “The butcher sold me some sausages.' and a relative clause could be, ' who works in Tesco's' . The sentence could then become, 'The butcher, who works in Tesco's, sold me some sausages.'
A relative clause usually begins with a relative pronoun such as: that, which, who, whom, although 'that' is often elided as in: 'He knew [that] we were going early.'.
A free morpheme to which can be added a affix (a prefix or suffix) that acts to change the root word's meaning or function.
A sentence is a sequence of words constructed in accordance with the rules of grammar. Such a group has a sense of completeness and clarity of meaning. It will be constructed around at least one noun phrase acting as the subject of a finite verb, i.e. it will contain at least one main clause The rules of grammar mainly concern the order words must take in a sentence, technically called its syntax and, to a lesser extent, the form words must take, called their morphology.
Sentence 1) below shows standard syntax and morphology (i.e. standard grammar):
Sentence 2) shows non-standard morphology:
Sentence 3) shows non-standard syntax:
A group of words that is a sentence is made obvious to the eye (i.e. in writing) by an opening capital letter and a final full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. It is made obvious to the ear (i.e. in speech) by the use of pauses. It is made obvious to the mind because it makes sense alone.
A sentence may loosely be said to be a coherent group of words that expresses a single complete thought about something (or someone).
A sentence can be one of three main types:
1. A simple sentence is a sentence that contains a single subject and verb, i.e. an independent clause.
2. A compound sentence is a sentence that contains more than one main clause. These clauses must be linked by co-ordinating conjunction or a semicolon.
3. A complex sentence is a sentence that contains a mixture of clause types. A complex sentence must contain (as all sentences) at least one main clause but will also contain a second kind of clause acting as a dependent or subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction such as however, although, even though, because, etc. There is also a special kind of sentence, often used in speech, called a 'minor sentence'.
A sentence can fulfil one of four functions:
1. It can make a statement. This is called a declarative sentence, e.g. 'I am overweight.' Declaratives usually follow the word order SV (subject first, verb second)
2. It can ask a question. This is called an interrogative sentence, e.g. 'Am I overweight?' and indicated by a question mark. Interrogatives usually follow the word order VS (verb first, subject second)
3. It can demand an action. This is called an imperative sentence, e.g. 'Sit down, please.' indicated by a lack of subject (but 'you' is implied).
4. It can make an exclamation. This is called an exclamatory sentence, e.g. 'What a mess!', indicated by an exclamation mark.
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Phosphorus is a primary macronutrient for plants and is a constituent of DNA and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is involved in many biological processes requiring energy. In fertilizers, phosphorus is present in the form of phosphate, as the most accessible form of phosphorus for plants is dihydrogen phosphate. Knowledge of the phosphorus content helps to select the right fertilizer for the plants.
Traditionally, phosphate is determined gravimetrically (a time consuming procedure) or spectrophotometrically (expensive instrumentation). In this Application Note, an alternative method is presented, where phosphate is determined by a precipitation titration with magnesium. Various solid and liquid NPK fertilizers with phosphorus contents between 6.5 and 17% were analyzed. The analysis by thermometric titration requires no sample preparation in case of liquid NPK fertilizers and only minimal sample preparation in case of solid NPK fertilizers. One determination takes about 5 minutes.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a charter accepted and adopted by the United Nations. Officially, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is part of the International Bill of Human Rights which is an informal title given to two treaties created by the United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights came into being after WWII and it is representative of the first time in history where the world was mobilized to establish rights that all human beings are innately born with.
After the atrocities committed in Nazi Germany, there was a need for something of this nature as one of the United Nation’s main goals was to reiterate fundamental human rights for all. Several people were involved in drafting the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the forerunner being John Peters Humphrey. At the time of the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights he was the Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat. The Commission on Human Rights was commissioned to take on this project after Humphrey provided them with the initial draft. The United Nations wanted the members of this commission to be representative of the world and it was a very diverse group of people originating from countries ranging from Australia, Iran, and Yugoslavia to just name a few. A very famous author of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was Eleanor Roosevelt who was the chairman.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 by a landslide vote. No countries were against this charter, while 8 abstained; these countries were Soviet Bloc states. As of 1998, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been unanimously adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Every year on December 10, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is commemorated and it is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has not only been adopted by the United Nations and been integral in many of their efforts but it has also become a part of customary international law. Customary international law is the basis of practice in the International Court of Justice. Apart from being institutional in international law and the United Nations, this charter has also had a tremendous influence in the constitutions of other countries. Furthermore, this document has also served as the foundation for two major United Nations human rights covenants.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has received both praise and criticism from dignitaries across the world. Officials around the world including Pope John Paul II as well as organizations such as the EU have praised this document. However, in certain parts of the world this charter does not have the same creed. Primarily in Islamic countries such as Sudan, Pakistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia there has been criticism for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Their argument is that the charter does not take into account cultural and religious factors. While there is a certain level of criticism for this declaration, it is for the most part one of the defining pieces of work in the 20th century and has had a tremendously positive influence worldwide.
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Geography of Spain
Read this article to learn about the country of Spain. Learn about Spain's history, government, economy, geography and climate.
The Spanish Enclaves of North Africa
The Spanish territories of Melilla and Ceuta lie within Morocco in North Africa. Learn about the history and geography of Spain's Melilla and Ceuta.
Map of Spain
A nice clear map of Spain from the CIA World FactBook.
Geography and Map of Spain
A political map, comprehensive data, and flag from the CIA World FactBook.
Blank Outline Map of Spain
A free blank outline map of Spain to print out for educational, school, or classroom use.
Merriam-Webster Map of Spain
A clear and detailed Spain map along with basic geographic facts from Merriam-Webster. The map includes many cities and major physical features.
A nice collection of large detailed maps of Spain from the PCL Map Collection.
Spain: History, Geography, Government, and Culture
Great data and historical information from Infoplease.com.
Spain – A Country Study
Comprehensive book-length information from the Library of Congress. Published in 1990.
Background Note – Spain
A great profile, including political history, from the U.S. State Department.
Flags of the World - Spain
The flag of Spain and everything you ever wanted to know about the flag.
An overview of Basque history and culture along with an overview of Basque Country located in the Pyrenees along the border of France and Spain, from the About.com expert Geography GuideSite.
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Skills for Industry Teaching Resources
The teaching resources are free to use and accessible to all. They have been tried and tested by other schools to ensure they are user-friendly and flexible for use to suit individual settings.
Each set of resources reflects the nature of the project carried out by the individual participating school and business. The content and style may vary but, in each case, can be used either to deliver a complete project or to support aspects of your own lesson schedule.
Introductory training and refresher material, specifically for teachers to follow, before using the project resources, is included.
- Manufacturing in Quantity
- 3D Visualisation Using SketchUp
- Industrial Flowline Production
- 3D Modelling Using SOLIDWORKS
- Product Development Applying Metal Manufacturing Processes
- Jaguar Land Rover
- Severn Trent Animated Water Display
Design and Technology (D&T) is the inspiring, rigorous and practical subject which prepares all young people to live and work in the designed and made world.
We are focused on giving you the tools, knowledge and information you need to become more effective, more experienced and more efficient. Giving you access to expert opinions. And creating a place where you can air your views, ask your questions and so help make a difference to your life and those of your pupils. We want to hear from you. We want to know how we can help. And we want you to join us.
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For some people, the answer to the question of, “What does prejudice and discrimination have to with mental health?” is clear, and for others it is not. After all, prejudice and discrimination happen to people from the outside and mental health focuses primarily on what is happening for people on the inside, right? However, as a psychotherapist, I think that understanding the impact of these outside forces on mental health is necessary and important to achieving internal balance and peace of mind.
Imagine that this morning you woke up, and the first thing that came into your head was, “I don’t belong here.” You roll over, stretch, and get out of bed anyway. You reach out and turn on the radio. In the news blip the reporter is saying “…and people like you really shouldn’t be allowed to do that…” You flip the station and a song comes on, the lyrics are about beating up someone like you. You turn off the radio, get dressed, and head out of the house. As you walk down the street no one says good morning, no one smiles, the looks you get are glares that clearly state, “You don’t belong here.” Now, imagine doing this every morning.
This might seem dramatic, but it begins to capture what it could feel like to live with, what Erving Goffman calls a “spoiled identity.” For Goffman, a spoiled identity is an identity that causes a person to experience stigma. In Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity (1963), Goffman uses the term “stigma” to describe the experience of moving through life with an attribute that is deeply discrediting. This attributes divides people into those who are “normal” and those who are not, thereby making those who are not less worthy. Spoiled identities include racial minority, ethnic minority, sexual orientation, gender, sex, and religious identities, body size, as well as visible and invisible disabilities. All of this to say – some people experience prejudice and discrimination on a daily basis simply because of whom other people think they are.
What becomes problematic about living with a spoiled identity from a mental health perspective is that people start to believe it themselves. This process is sometimes called “internalization.” The stigma becomes internalized and the negative belief becomes a part of who that person is. That’s why, in our example, the first thought in the morning was, “I don’t belong here.” Before anyone else could send a message of exclusion, it happened internally.
These internal messages might be so common that we don’t even recognize them. For example, it’s not unusual to hear women on a daily basis talk dismissingly about their bodies and about being “too fat.” It’s normal to say this; it’s almost part of being a woman – if you don’t say it you might even feel left out. And yet this is a message of internalized body hatred.
This messages that we repeat to ourselves in our heads every day can have an alarmingly negative impact on self-esteem, self-perception, and mood. It can drag you down, increase anxiety, and create a spiral of negative thoughts that can be challenging to break. So what can you do about it?
The first step to breaking the experience of internalized prejudice and discrimination is to notice when it’s happening. Notice it and name it. You are not a bad person because of who you are or what you look like. That’s not your voice; it’s the voice of media, parents, and society that has taken resident in your head. Externalizing these voices then can allow you to change them. Instead of feeling depressed because “I’m a worthless person” and can begin to see that the depression is a result of other people telling you that message. The message shifts from an essential truth to a malleable belief that you can challenge and change.
© Copyright 2011 by Damon Constantinides. All Rights Reserved. Permission to publish granted to GoodTherapy.org.
The preceding article was solely written by the author named above. Any views and opinions expressed are not necessarily shared by GoodTherapy.org. Questions or concerns about the preceding article can be directed to the author or posted as a comment below.
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What is the air quality management process?
The process of managing air quality can be represented as a series of interconnected elements. The Government agencies establish objectives to aid in the protection of human health and the environment from the harmful effects of air pollution. Air quality managers use emissions inventories, air monitoring, air quality modelling, and other tools to determine how much emission reductions are required to meet the target.
Programs for pollution control strategies are required to achieve the air quality goals. Regulated industries require training and assistance in order to comply with regulations. All levels of government, regulated industry groups, scientists, environmental organizations, and the general public all play critical roles.
Emission reduction is becoming increasingly important in a variety of fields. Cost-effective strategies necessitate addressing emission reductions from the standpoint of the entire plant, where emission source generation and reutilization must be well balanced. Large-scale manufacturing systems with hundreds of units and thousands of process streams, on the other hand, face a significant challenge.
Cycle of the Air Quality Management Process
All activities undertaken by a regulatory authority to help protect human health and the environment from the harmful effects of air pollution are referred to as air quality management. The process of managing air quality can be depicted as a series of interconnected elements.
1. Typically, a Government institution establishes air quality goals. An acceptable level of a pollutant in the air, for example, that will protect public health, including people who are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution.
2. Managers of air quality must determine how much emissions reductions are required to meet the target. To fully understand the air quality problem, air quality managers use emissions inventories, air monitoring, air quality modelling, and other assessment tools.
3.Air quality managers consider how pollution prevention and emission control techniques can be used to achieve the reductions required to meet the goals when developing control strategies.
4.To achieve the air quality objectives, air quality managers must implement pollution control strategies. Regulations or incentive programmes to reduce emissions from sources must be implemented. Regulated industries require training and assistance in order to comply with regulations and the rules must be followed.
5. It is critical to conduct ongoing evaluations to determine whether your air quality objectives are being met.
The cycle is a living thing. Goals and strategies are reviewed and evaluated on a regular basis based on their effectiveness. Scientific research informs all aspects of this process, providing air quality managers with a critical understanding of how pollutants are emitted, transported, and transformed in the air, as well as their effects on human health and the environment.
Netsol Water is Greater Noida-based leading water & wastewater treatment plant manufacturer. We are industry's most demanding company based on client review and work quality. We are known as best commercial RO plant manufacturers, industrial RO plant manufacturer, sewage treatment plant manufacturer, Water Softener Plant Manufacturers and effluent treatment plant manufacturers. Apart from this 24x7 customer support is our USP. Call on +91-9650608473, or write us at [email protected] for any support, inquiry or product-purchase related query.
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Can Chickens Eat Chicken?
Chickens are beloved pets for many people, and it’s only natural for owners to wonder if it’s safe to feed them chicken, a type of protein-rich food that humans commonly consume. However, it is crucial to understand that feeding chickens their own kind of meat can pose several risks and health concerns.
Why Chicken Isn’t Recommended for Chickens
Feeding chickens chicken meat can be problematic due to a few reasons. Firstly, chickens are omnivorous birds, and their main diet usually consists of grains, seeds, grass, insects, and kitchen scraps. Their digestive systems are adapted to process these types of food rather than poultry meat. Chicken meat lacks the essential nutritional balance required by chickens and may not meet their dietary needs adequately. Thus, it is best to avoid feeding chickens chicken to ensure their overall well-being and optimal health.
Primary Dangers and Health Concerns
Consuming chicken meat can lead to various health issues for chickens. One of the major concerns is the risk of salmonella infection. Chicken meat may contain harmful bacteria like salmonella, which can cause avian diseases and potentially be transmitted to humans as well. Moreover, the high fat content in chicken meat can lead to obesity and related health problems in chickens, including cardiovascular issues and reduced mobility.
Potential Symptoms or Reactions
If chickens consume chicken meat, they may exhibit symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and lethargy. In severe cases, they might experience difficulty breathing or even organ failure. It is crucial to pay attention to any changes in their behavior or physical condition after consuming chicken meat and seek immediate veterinary assistance if necessary.
Safe Food Alternatives for Chickens
Fortunately, there are numerous safer food options and treats available for chickens. Some suitable alternatives include grains like corn and wheat, vegetables such as lettuce, kale, and cucumbers, and fruits like watermelon and berries. Additionally, chicken owners can provide their feathered friends with calcium-rich foods like crushed eggshells or oyster shells to support their bone health.
Tips for Preventing Access to Chicken Meat
Preventing chickens from accessing chicken meat is crucial to ensure their well-being. One effective measure is to securely store chicken meat and other poultry products away from the reach of chickens. Keeping their feeding areas clean and providing a balanced diet can reduce the temptation for chickens to seek out meat from other sources. Additionally, creating enriching environments with adequate opportunities for natural foraging can help distract chickens from seeking out inappropriate foods.
In conclusion, it is not recommended to feed chickens chicken meat due to the potential risks and health concerns it poses. Understanding the specific dietary needs of your chickens and providing them with suitable alternatives can contribute to their overall health and happiness. By responsibly caring for our feathered companions and ensuring they receive a well-balanced diet, we can promote their longevity and well-being.
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Of all the counties in Connecticut Fairfield is the most densely populated. Sitting on the far south-western point of the State it has a total population of around 920,000. The county’s ‘Gold Coast’ has brought affluence to the area with oyster farming and other enterprises.
In its early days, before its initial establishment the land on which Fairfield County now sits was owned and lived on by a collection of unrelated Native American tribes before the invasion of the Europeans. During his 1614 exploration of the Connecticut coast the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block examined possible areas for creating colonies. However, the first Europeans – Puritans and Congregationalists – came from England to found the Colony of Connecticut, headed by Roger Ludlow. They chartered and purchased the towns of Norwalk and Fairfield in 1639 and 1640 and it was Ludlow himself who is credited with naming Fairfield.
Connecticut was nicknamed ‘The Provision State’ during the revolutionary war because its agricultural productivity fed many thousands of soldiers and civilians. During 1777 General William Tryon was ordered to interrupt the supply flow by the Commander-in-Chief, William Howe. He wanted to prevent supplies reaching the continental army and therefore weaken their defense capabilities. Tryon took Henry Duncan, leading a fleet of twenty-six shops and two thousand men to the continental army depots and ordered them to raid it. However, despite having only seven hundred men to defend it, Danbury fought back while Sybil Ludington rallied militia from New York to come and help. They arrived far too late to save Danbury from being burnt down they did assist with the ensuing Battle of Ridgefield.
Fairfield is now one of the richest counties in Connecticut with a large economy. It was during the 60’s and 70’s that large corporations moved their headquarters from Manhattan to Fairfield County. This gave rise to the assumption that Fairfield is actually a sub-district of New York, but essentially this is inaccurate. The proximity of Manhattan to the Fairfield County cities and towns allow commuters to work and live in either area and Apartments For Rent In Fairfield County tent to be of higher standard for slightly lower rent, than those found elsewhere. Nearby Stamford also has an illustrious history of high education and solid economic principles.
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Kids have the ability to learn how to spell before their hands are ready to learn how to write. This alphabet puzzle from our collection Writing and Spelling Toys comes with giant letters in bright primary colors that are visually distinguishable by eyes. Letters are raised above the surface of the puzzle board, for easy removal and fitting. The puzzle is made of high impact laminate surface which is durable and can be easily wiped and cleaned.
How to Play:
Learn ABC Activity:
- The letters from alphabet puzzle are carved into the tray in in alphabetical order.
- Remove all letters from the tray.
- Have the child put letters back into their correct place one by one.
- After completion, child can read aloud ABCs in order.
Learn to Spell Activity:
- This alphabet puzzle from Learn To Play Toys comes with pre-written cards that include names of animals and objects with their associated shapes and pictures.
- The child or the parent places one card standing up on the spelling tray.
- By looking at the card that contains a name and a shape, the child tries to find the matching letters from the tray and set them standing up.
- With letters standing up, child builds the word by copying letters one by one and arranging them to get the correct spelling.
- Develops fine motor coordination by handling letters and placing them into the puzzle.
- Improves visual discrimination skills by discovering the differences among shapes and colors.
- Teaches the names of letters and their sounds.
- Presents alphabetical order.
- Introduces spelling with simple words.
- Made in the USA with non-toxic and water-based finishes.
- Product Dimensions: 23 x 12 x 1 inches
- Shipping Weight: 7 pounds
- Recommended Age: 36 month - 4 years
- Oppenheim Toy Portfolio
- Best of School Supplies Four Gold Stars (Best Word Puzzle Toy),
- KDFW-TV (Fox 4-Dallas) Toy Test-Top 20 Toys
- Manhattan Mothers & Others (Best Word Puzzle Toy)
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Newsdelivers.com, Insertlive –
On average, more than 3.8 million babies are born in the United States each year from 2010 to 2022.
The data was obtained from the records of the US National Center for Health Statistics.
In addition, the data also reveals that the largest baby birth rate in the US is usually in August.
Meanwhile, the second largest baby birth rate fell in July.
This was revealed by Brady Hamilton as a demographer from the US National Center for Health Statistics.
Hamilton said the largest birth rate in August occurred in the eight years from 2010 to 2020.
The largest birth rate in July actually occurred in a period of three years, 2014, 2015 and 2020.
Data from the National Health Statistics Center again recorded the largest baby birth rate in August in 2021.
The number of babies born in the US in August 2021 reached 329,978.
This figure is higher than the average number of births in August from 2010 to 2020 which was only 350,067.
The smallest number of births in 2021 actually occurred in February with the number only reaching 266,308.
In addition, the average gestation period is usually 40 weeks or 9 months, resulting in data that most babies in the US are conceived in November or December.
Reproductive problems are also said to be strongly influenced by the current season.
“If you’re a maternity ward at a hospital, or a company that makes infant formula, or a diaper manufacturer, it’s good to know what you may be dealing with from time to time,” Hamilton says.
“Furthermore, the school system may want to anticipate how many children may be arriving at any given point in time, and the health care system may want to know what to expect in terms of inoculations.” he continued.
Newborn baby boy sleeping in his crib, his mother’s hand holding his little hand./ Foto: Getty Images/iStockphoto/mmpile
Micaela Martinez, an assistant professor of environmental health sciences at Columbia University in New York and Kevin Bakker, principal scientist at Merck, wrote this in an essay.
A 2014 study in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Martinez and Bakker found data on clear birth patterns across latitudes in the United States.
North America is said to experience peak births in June and July, while in the South it occurs in October and November.
Other data also shows that the closer the location to the equator, the peak birth rate usually occurs at the end of the year.
For example, Finland experienced the highest peak in birth rates at the end of April, while birth rates in Jamaica peaked in November.
A study in the Journal of Biological Rhythms in 1990 also presented data on the season of birth, which may be influenced by local temperature and the length of the day.
The degree to which temperature and length of day duration may or may not change seasonally throughout the year depends on latitude.
Martinez and Bakker also note that these environmental changes can affect the frequency of sex or how fertile a man or woman is.
In addition, they also note that there are many other factors that may play a role in reproductive problems such as income, culture, holidays and rainfall.
This makes it difficult to discuss whether and in what way temperature or the length of the day can affect human birth rates.
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"There are too many people at the party!"
13 CommentsThis discussion is locked.
That's not quite right, 啦 (la) is mainly used for exclamation, while 了 is used to indicate state change. If le were to be more accurate here, the english would have to be something more like, "(Now) there are too many people at the party!" 排队里有太多人 should be an accepted alternative answer (or the main answer).
"Shang" means not only the preposition "on", "over", but also a verb: "get on" or "attend" or "go to". This verb can get a "le" when its action is perfected. In the case of "going to a party" it is a process "of going to" that at some point has perfected a change in the situation, the overfilling. It's probably this change that is marked by "le". It is a sort of "the table is overfilled" versus "the party HAS been overattended", I think that 了 can usually be considered a prefect tense and be translated as has, have, had.
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Is fear part of emotion?
Fear is one of the seven universal emotions experienced by everyone around the world. Fear arises with the threat of harm, either physical, emotional, or psychological, real or imagined.
Is fear cognitive or emotional?
Fear is an emotion induced by the perception or recognition of phenomena which can pose a danger or threat. Fear causes physiological changes and therefore may produce behavioral changes, such as mounting an aggressive response or fleeing the threat.
Is fear natural or learned?
Most fear is learned. Spiders, snakes, the dark – these are called natural fears, developed at a young age, influenced by our environment and culture. … While the fear itself is learned, though, humans seem to be predisposed to fear certain things like spiders and snakes because of evolution.
Is fear always a harmful emotion?
Fear can be healthy. It is programmed into your nervous system, and gives you the survival instincts you need to keep yourself safe from danger. Fear is unhealthy when it makes you more cautious than you really need to be to stay safe, and when it prevents you from doing things you would otherwise enjoy.
What are the two types of fear?
The Three Types of Fear
- Rational Fear. Rational fears occur where there is a real, imminent threat. …
- Primal Fear. Primal fear is defined as an innate fear that is programmed into our brains. …
- Irrational Fear. Irrational fears are the ones that don’t make logical sense and can vary greatly from person to person.
Is fear a choice?
Of all of our emotions, fear is by far the most challenging one that faces us moment by moment. … And yet, living in fear is always a choice. We can choose to live in that invisible force of fear or we can choose a different story line, one of hope, possibility and connection.
Why do we have fear in mind?
Fear can create strong signals of response when we’re in emergencies – for instance, if we are caught in a fire or are being attacked. It can also take effect when you’re faced with non-dangerous events, like exams, public speaking, a new job, a date, or even a party.
What is an example of a fear?
Hydrophobia, for example, literally translates to fear of water. When someone has a phobia, they experience intense fear of a certain object or situation.
The sum of all fears so far.
|Achluophobia||Fear of darkness|
|Acrophobia||Fear of heights|
|Aerophobia||Fear of flying|
|Algophobia||Fear of pain|
What are the three types of fear?
The three types of phobias are social phobia (fear of public speaking, meeting new people or other social situations), agoraphobia (fear of being outside), and specific phobias (fear of other items or situations).
What is the root of fear?
Whether it’s clowns, air travel, or public speaking, mostly we learn to be afraid. Even so, our brains are hardwired for fear — it helps us identify and avoid threats to our safety. The key node in our fear wiring is the amygdala, a paired, almond-shaped structure deep within the brain involved in emotion and memory.
Is fear learned behavior?
Fear can be learned through direct experience with a threat, but it can also be learned via social means such as verbal warnings or observ-ing others. Phelps’s research has shown that the expression of socially learned fears shares neural mechanisms with fears that have been acquired through direct experience.
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Good Morning Parents and Students!
I hope that you all had an enjoyable spring break and that the transition back to school hasn't been a difficult one.
Your student is currently enrolled in my bioethics class. Bioethics is the application of scientific knowledge to guide decisions on what we should do when faced with the moral challenges of 21st Century, such as medical, health, and scientific technologies. As science and medicine push the boundaries of discovery, our global citizens’ respect, dignity, justice and humanity must be examined. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to bioethics as a field of inquiry and to enable them to develop ethical reasoning skills so that they can move beyond “gut reactions” to more nuanced positions on how to best use science knowledge and biological advances. We will be studying vaccination, stem cell research, genetic engineering/gene editing, and cloning/animal research.
Yesterday in Bioethics we went over the course syllabus, class structure and expectations for the class. Unlike my other classes, we will not be using a spiral notebook to keep work. Instead students should have a section in a binder to keep all their work organized for this class. There will be no formal "tests" in Bioethics; instead, after each of the 4 topics we investigate, there will be either a large research paper or project. Students will be practicing their writing on almost a daily basis and getting better at researching, citing sources, and using credible information.
40% of their grade will come from class participation, seminars and homework. The other 60% will come from the unit papers/projects and their final. I have outlined all of these things in the syllabus was sent home yesterday. Please read through it together and sign and return it by tomorrow (Wed 4/3).
To stay up to date on what we are doing in class, I encourage everyone to subscribe to my google classroom page- the codes are listed on the CMC website under students/classes. Students should get in the habit of checking google classroom daily because this is where I will post lessons, powerpoints, assignments, and students will complete discussion board posts with their peers.
Lastly, I would like to invite all parents and students to join the Remind App and receive free texts or emails from my class. Remind App is a safe way for students, parents, and teachers to be in contact with each other without knowing anyone's personal contact information. I use remind in my classroom to send reminders about upcoming assignments, due dates and important information. I highly encourage you to join my classes. To subscribe via text simply send the following class code as a message to the phone number 81010. Class Code = @bioethic
Alternatively to sign up via email, head to www.remind.com/join and enter the class code and then your email address.
I look forward to teaching you (your student) and having a great third trimester together. Please feel free to contact me if you ever need anything or want to check in on your students' progress. I am always available via email [email protected] and I am in my classroom for office hours from 7:45-8:45 and 2:45-3:45 most school days.
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