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Art therapy is a form of therapy that uses creative expression to help individuals work through emotional and psychological challenges. The therapeutic approach is based on the belief that the creative process can help individuals explore their inner thoughts and emotions, as well as provide a means of communication that is not limited to words.
This type of therapy encompasses a wide range of mediums, including painting, drawing, sculpture, and collage. It can be used in a variety of settings, including hospitals, prisons, schools, and community centers.
History of Art Therapy
Art therapy has a rich history stretching back to the ancient Greeks. It was pioneered in the 20th century by Margaret Naumburg, who founded the Walden School and believed in the therapeutic benefits of art.
This work was further developed by other pioneers, such as Edith Kramer and Florence Cane, who helped shape modern practice.
How Art Therapy Works
This works by tapping into one’s imaginative mind to help individuals explore their inner thoughts and emotions. The therapist may provide prompts or exercises to guide the individual in their creative expression or allow the individual to create freely. The therapist will then work with the individual to interpret their artwork, helping them to gain insight into their emotions and experiences.
The focus of art therapy is not on the final product but on the process of creating. The therapist will encourage the individual to explore their thoughts and feelings as they work and may ask questions or provide feedback to help the individual better understand their artwork.
These sessions can be conducted individually or in a group setting. Group sessions can be particularly beneficial, as they provide a space for individuals to connect with others and share their experiences.
Benefits of Art Therapy
Several studies found art therapy to be effective in treating a wide range of emotional and psychological conditions, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse.
Art therapists can provide a safe and non-judgmental space for individuals to explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Creating art can help individuals gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their emotions, as well as develop coping skills and strategies for dealing with difficult situations.
The therapeutic process involves verbal and non-verbal communication, which is advantageous for individuals who struggle to express themselves verbally. Thus, art can provide a means of communicating their thoughts and emotions to others. This can be particularly helpful for children and adolescents who may not have the words to express their feelings.
Art therapy can also help individuals dealing with physical health issues such as chronic pain, cancer, and other illnesses. Art-making can reduce stress, improve self-esteem, and increase their sense of well-being. Research has shown that creative activities can also lower blood pressure and improve immune function.
Let Yourself Heal One Artwork at a Time
Art therapy is a powerful tool for emotional and psychological healing. Whether used in hospitals, schools, or prisons, art therapy has the potential to transform lives and provide a path toward healing and self-discovery.
If you need help but feel uncomfortable talking to someone, perhaps art therapy can be an alternative for you. Here at Crossroads Collective, we offer counselling, behavioural consultation, and other types of therapy in Langley and Kelowna. We also have virtual counselling Canada-wide for those who can’t visit our clinic. Start your healing process and book an appointment with us now!
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What are Kant’s 3 categorical imperatives?
Kant’s CI is formulated into three different ways, which include: The Universal Law Formulation, The Humanity or End in Itself Formulation, and The Kingdom of Ends Formulation (Stanford) .
What are the 4 categorical imperatives?
To illustrate the categorical imperative, Kant uses four examples that cover the range of morally significant situations which arise. These examples include committing suicide, making false promises, failing to develop one�s abilities, and refusing to be charitable.
What are the two formulations of Kant’s categorical imperative?
Here are two formulation of Kant’s Categorical Imperative: CIa: Always treat persons (including yourself) and ends in themselves, never merely as a means to your own ends. CIb: Act only on that maxim that you can consistently will to be a universal law.
What is the theory of Immanuel Kant?
Kant’s ethics are organized around the notion of a “categorical imperative,” which is a universal ethical principle stating that one should always respect the humanity in others, and that one should only act in accordance with rules that could hold for everyone.
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Numbers 25-50 Tracing
In this tracing numbers 25-50 worksheet, students trace dotted examples of the numbers from 25 to 50 eight times each. Examples are small in size.
3 Views 3 Downloads
Math in English Skills I Exercise Book: Addition and Subtraction
Whether your pupils need extra help or they simply need to practice their basic computation skills, this packet will do the trick. It includes a written rationale, answer key, and over 10 pages of double-digit addition and subtraction...
1st - 6th Math
Songwords & Activity Sheets for Under the Sea
Take young learners on an undersea adventure with this fun collection of primary grade activities. Intended to accompany the Kids Under the Sea CD, this resource includes lyrics as well as counting and tracing activities that complement...
Pre-K - 1st Math CCSS: Adaptable
Number and Operations: Place Value
If your learners are learning about place value and number value comparisons, this set of engaging activities and worksheets will make your job easy! Scholars use math manipulatives to estimate and then determine how many seeds a colony...
1st - 3rd Math CCSS: Adaptable
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Throughout WW2, the Desert Air Force or DAF was made up of flying and ground units from the RAF, South African Air Force (SAAF), the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), the US Army Air Force (USAAF), and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).
These units flew a large variety of aircraft from fighters, bombers to light aircraft in taking the war to the enemy using a range of types such as Hurricanes, Spitfires, Mustangs, Kittyhawks, Hudsons, Marylands, Beaufighters etc.
The Australian contribution from the Commonwealth perspective included fighter and bomber squadrons, with perhaps the most well known squadron been 3 Sqn which arrived in North Africa in late 1940 with P-40 Kittyhawks and served with the DAF until the closing stages of the war in Europe by which time the aircraft had been upgraded to P-51 Mustangs. By early 1945, 3 Sqn had the most substantial service record of any DAF combat unit, including the greatest number of air to air kills at 217 claims. Many Australian pilots also flew with other RAF or SAAF squadrons in the DAF as part of personnel exchanges or operational requirements.
The Desert War took its toll on men and machines over the long war. The sand, heat along with the wind was harsh elements to battle against after the allies took on the Germans and Italian forces.
Due to the nature of flying in a desert environment pilots at times became lost because of no easy way to navigate or track their flight plan in a featureless terrain. Many crews died from lack of water and dehydration if they did have a forced land.
During WW2 the Royal Australian Air Force flew in the Northern African campaign in one of its area of operations for a few years using a variety of aircraft. Its role in North Africa was part of the larger Desert Air Force (DAF), which was also known as the Western Desert Air Force or the First Tactical Air Force (1TAF). The DAF was, as an Allied force created initially under RAF Middle East Command in North Africa during 1941 to provide Close Air Support (CAS) to the British 8th Army. The Desert Air war started in 1940 in Africa in Egypt then also grew to encompassed Libya, Tunias and Sicily and by 1945 ended in mainland Italy.
SOUTH AFRICAN AIR FORCE IN DESERT WAR
To coincide with the recent P-40 wreck finding in Eqypt, a photo review of the Desert Air War has been put together to show some of the unseen images of the Desert Air War. Australian Pilot has been allowed access to a large collection of black and white/sepia photos from the Tinus le Roux collection.
This SAAF collection of photos which Tinus acquired, has come from a range of South African Air Force (SAAF) pilots who flew in the WW2 Desert War / Northern Africa campaign and who took photos when they could between mission or on operational sorties.
Tinus’s actions will ensure these pilots photos of their time at war will be preserved for the future. This is a rarely seen insight into the Desert Air war of 70years ago.
The SAAF provided over a dozen squadrons to the DAF. North Africa was their main theatre of operations, as the South African government had decided their military should not operate outside Africa. Between April 1941 and May 1943, the eleven SAAF squadrons flew 33,991 sorties and destroyed 342 enemy aircraft. The South Africans had the distinction of dropping the first and last bombs in the North African conflict – the first being on 11 June 1940 on Moyale in Abyssinia and the last being on the Italian 1st Army in Tunisia.
FLIGHTGEAR – The flightgear worn in the desert war was initially of European type gear but over time specific Desert designed flightgear arrived for service with the units, which saw the gear designed having special modifications to make them suitable in the sand and heat.
In the photos you see early examples of the desert flightgear in use such as B type flight helmets with communication cords with bell plugs, Mk 8 goggles, cotton tan shirts and pants and flight suit overalls, 1936 black flying boots, seat parachute harnesses, Mae West life preserver vests, mess dress and Irvin flight jackets as it was cold air temperatures once a pilot left the hot desert ground …
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Have you ever thought about how much better our lives are compared to our ancestors? In the book “The Great Escape” by Angus Deaton, you can learn about the technological and political developments that have made our prosperity possible. However, not everyone has benefited equally from these advancements.
The book takes a deep dive into historical and modern inequality, providing valuable insights on how to reduce the gap between the privileged and disadvantaged.
If you’re wondering whether the book is worth your time, this review will help you decide. So, let’s get started without any delay.
Table of Contents
Lesson 1: Hunter-gatherer’s balanced diet can promote long, healthy lives.
Let’s take a journey back in time to the days of the earliest humans. These resilient hunter-gatherer groups may have had a low average age, but they lived long, healthy lives. Despite the constant search for food and shelter, their diet was incredibly nutritious and well-balanced.
How did they achieve this? By discussing what they found, they were able to diversify their meals with highly nutritious wild plants and animals. It’s safe to say that their diet was probably healthier than what we consume today, and they were able to thrive without the need for sanitation.
As time went on, humans began to settle down and develop agriculture. However, this led to a decline in living standards and a dramatic increase in disease-related mortality. Who would have thought that the very thing that should have improved their quality of life would end up dampening their happiness?
Living in a fixed location made them less dependent on weather fluctuations and constant movement, but it also led to the rapid spread of disease and unclean living conditions. People ate alongside the waste of their livestock, which resulted in devastating famines caused by droughts.
As a result of the Neolithic Revolution, life expectancy and quality of life declined. People died at younger ages due to epidemics, and happiness was elusive. It’s a stark reminder that progress doesn’t always equate to a better life. Sometimes, the simplest way of living can be the best.
Perhaps we could all benefit from taking a page out of our ancestors’ book and strive for a balanced diet and a nomadic lifestyle. It may not be the most glamorous way of life, but it worked for our forefathers.
Lesson 2: In the last 250 years, mortality rates have sharply decreased due to social, political, economic, and scientific advancements.
In wealthy countries such as the United Kingdom, life expectancy has increased by 30 years in the last century alone. How did this development come about? This remarkable improvement in life expectancy can largely be attributed to the decline in infant mortality.
Until recently, infant mortality rates were extremely high and life expectancy was low. Yet many countries have reduced infant mortality to less than 1% thanks to advances in medical technology and disease prevention. This progress is particularly remarkable when compared to the fact that just a few centuries ago, three-quarters of children didn’t reach the age of five.
Thanks to advances in nutrition, health care and education, most modern babies in industrialized countries can expect to live to see their grandchildren and, in some cases, even their great-grandchildren.
The dissemination of scientific information and other breakthroughs have also contributed significantly to lowering mortality and morbidity rates. Health and mortality rates have improved and decreased in many countries thanks to scientific breakthroughs such as germ theory, stable governments, better sanitation, and increasing research into disease prevention and treatment.
By the end of the nineteenth century, for example, London had improved its sanitation to the point where the government could more effectively combat the cholera epidemic that broke out there in 1854.
However, it wouldn’t be accurate to say that everything went smoothly. Between 1959 and 1961, for example, some 30 million Chinese fell victim to the Great Famine. And then there are the 34 million people who died from HIV/AIDS. Nor should we forget that children around the world are still getting sick and dying from easily preventable causes such as cholera, measles and diarrhea.
Lesson 3: In developing countries, infant mortality rates remain alarmingly high.
We may be living in the 21st century, but infant mortality rates in some of the world’s poorest countries remain alarmingly high. And why is that? Don’t we already know that diseases and epidemics can be easily prevented with good hygiene and affordable vaccinations? Of course, we do! But sometimes, governments lack the backbone to implement such changes, and locals lack the education to comprehend the significance of these minor adjustments.
Picture this: children dying of easily treatable diseases like diarrhea or starving for years before succumbing to an infection because of their weakened immune systems. It’s heartbreaking! And to make matters worse, many low-income countries don’t offer universal access to government-funded medical care, leaving millions without adequate healthcare. It’s no secret that countries like the United Kingdom invest a much larger share of their GDP in healthcare than countries like Zambia and Senegal. It’s high time that these countries realize that the health of their citizens should be a top priority.
But here’s the kicker: the world is filled with undemocratic states that put themselves above their people. Only the wealthy have access to quality healthcare, while the poor suffer and lose their children to preventable diseases. Many people aren’t even aware of their rights as citizens or that their government can and should help them improve their health. It’s time to wake up and educate ourselves!
Let’s get one thing straight: healthcare should be a top priority for every government. According to the Gallup World Poll, people around the world believe that creating new jobs should be a top priority for their governments. Healthcare? It ranks dead last. We need to change this mindset and make people realize that good health is the foundation of a prosperous nation. It’s time for governments to step up and take responsibility for their citizens’ health.
Lesson 4: Caring for the aging population is a significant challenge faced by industrialized nations.
As a society, we have made tremendous strides in increasing life expectancy, but it’s time to acknowledge that we may be approaching a limit in our strategies. While we have succeeded in increasing the average life expectancy of young people, we are struggling to do the same for older people.
One of the biggest challenges we face is chronic diseases. Cancer, heart disease, and pneumonia are the top three killers of older people in developed countries. And while billions of dollars are invested in finding cures and preventing these diseases, we must recognize that increasing spending in this area may not be the best solution.
For example, in the United States, healthcare accounts for more than 18% of taxable income, double the global average. Yet, life expectancy in the U.S. falls short of many other wealthy nations. Instead, we need to focus on improving education and increasing the standard of living. These two factors have proven to be crucial in preventing disease.
Moreover, modern lifestyle is one of the most significant social and medical innovations of our time. Our society is much healthier now than it was in the 1970s and 1980s, and we are less dependent on tobacco use. People are working longer hours because they understand the benefits of living long, happy lives.
Ultimately, we need to shift our focus from merely pouring money into health programs and hoping for the best. Instead, we must take a holistic approach to prevent chronic diseases and promote healthy living. By prioritizing education and the standard of living, we can work towards a healthier future.
Lesson 5: Inequality exists in every country, with the greatest gap between nations.
Inequality is a term that gets thrown around a lot, but what does it actually mean? When most of us hear the word, we think of the gap between the rich and the poor in our own country. And yes, that’s a problem. But if we want to really understand the scale of the issue, we need to zoom out and look at it on an international level.
It’s true that inequality exists in every country, but the differences between countries are where we see the starkest contrasts. Before the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, most countries were relatively equal – the main economic divide was between wealthy landowners and impoverished peasants. But with the rise of the middle class and the decline of aristocracy, those enormous gaps began to close.
Unfortunately, not every country has been able to keep up with the times. Some nations have benefited greatly from technological advances and intellectual innovation, while others have fallen behind. Many countries in Africa and East Asia, for example, are still struggling to develop while the US and much of Europe enjoy a high standard of living.
In fact, the number of people living in extreme poverty more than doubled in Africa from 1981 to 2008 – from 169 million to 303 million. And the wealth gap between countries has not been completely eliminated, even in wealthy nations like the US. While it’s true that America is a wealthy nation, it also has serious inequality problems.
Most of the wealth in the US is held by the top one percent of incomes, leaving the rest of the population struggling to make ends meet. Even affording basic necessities like housing and food can be a challenge. And living in poverty has far-reaching consequences beyond just making ends meet – it can make it more difficult to participate in civic and political life and drastically reduces the likelihood of completing post-secondary education.
On the other hand, the top 0.01 percent of incomes – who control a staggering 4.5 percent of total US revenue – are getting even richer thanks to tax breaks and other preferential treatment. In some ways, it feels like we’re creating a new aristocracy.
So what can we do? We need to keep pushing for progress and fighting for policies that promote equality. That means supporting education and job training programs that provide real opportunities for people to build better lives. It means reforming our tax system so that everyone pays their fair share, not just the working and middle classes. And it means challenging the status quo and standing up for what’s right.
We’ve come a long way since the days of aristocracy, but there’s still work to be done.
1. Capturing a Picture of Human Progress
Deaton’s ability to capture a picture of human progress is perhaps one of the most impressive aspects of the book. He does this by examining the world through the lenses of economics and public health, and identifying the big heroes of the story – sanitation, germ theory, industrialization, and literacy. Through his analysis, Deaton shows how these factors have been essential in the escape from abject poverty by hundreds of millions of people over the past three decades.
2. An Optimistic Assessment of Progress
Another aspect of the book that we liked is Deaton’s optimistic assessment of the progress that has been made in terms of human well-being. Despite acknowledging the challenges that currently confront us, Deaton demonstrates how hundreds of millions of people have managed to escape abject poverty in recent years. He is a master at using data to make his points, and his prose is as lucid as his charts.
3. A Balanced Discussion on Foreign Aid
Deaton’s critique of foreign aid is perhaps the most controversial aspect of the book. While he raises valid concerns about the effectiveness of aid, he also acknowledges that the evidence on aid effectiveness is inconclusive, largely due to the poor quality of the data.
However, his even-handedness and open-mindedness about other economic matters in other areas of the book does mean that we are more willing to fully consider his arguments on this issue than we might have been from someone who had not demonstrated such qualities on other issues.
1. Slow and Repetitive
One of the most significant frustrations with the book is its slow pace. The author takes a long time to make his points, often repeating them multiple times. While it is understandable that some readers may appreciate the level of detail, others may find it tedious and repetitive.
2. Ridiculous Analogies
Another frustration with the book is the use of ridiculous analogies. For example, the author compares wage inequality to the idea of children earning different amounts of allowance according to how tidy they keep their rooms. This analogy is not only confusing but also unhelpful in illustrating the complex concept of inequality.
3. Lack of a Defined Thesis
The book covers many topics, but it lacks a clear thesis. The author spends a significant amount of time discussing concepts that are easy to understand, but without a clear direction, the reader may feel lost. While the book may be informative for those who are unfamiliar with the subject matter, it is not revolutionary and does not add much to the existing body of knowledge.
To sum up, I highly recommend The Great Escape to anyone interested in economics. It’s a thought-provoking book that, with some reflection, can positively impact your life.
While many people in wealthy countries now enjoy a high standard of living thanks to technology and government progress, there are still many nations that require assistance to achieve even a basic level of development.
Princeton University professor Angus Deaton, who teaches at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economics. Among his other works are The Analysis of Household Surveys and Economics and Consumer Behavior.
Buy The Book: The Great Escape
If you want to buy the book The Great Escape, you can get it from the following links:
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What is the Whippoorwill bird?
The Whippoorwill bird, also known as the Eastern Whip-poor-will, is a fascinating creature with a rich spiritual meaning, symbolism, and totem.
This nocturnal bird is native to the eastern parts of North America and is characterized by its distinctive call that sounds like ‘whip-poor-will’.
In various cultures and folklore, the Whippoorwill is often associated with mystery, magic, and spiritual connection. It is believed to be a messenger between the physical and spiritual realms, carrying messages from the divine.
The Whippoorwill is also seen as a symbol of transformation, change, and the power of voice.
Its presence is said to bring guidance, intuition, and the ability to navigate through the darkness of life.
Overall, the Whippoorwill bird holds a special significance in many spiritual practices and is revered for its mystical qualities.
Historical significance of the Whippoorwill
|Culture/Tradition||Spiritual Meaning||Symbolism||Whippoorwill Totem|
|Native American||Love, affection, guidance||Change, transitions||Wisdom, direction in the night|
|Soul’s journey, afterlife||Omen of death, cycles of life||Connected to the spirit world|
|Healing, harmony in ceremonies||Loyalty, commitment||Guardian during life’s transitions|
|European folklore||Omen of impending death||Loneliness, yearning||Offering insights in the darkness|
|Connection to magic||Supernatural elements||Encouraging introspection and emotional growth|
|African folklore||Ancestral spirits, guidance||Protection, wisdom||Mediating between the living and the dead|
|Unity, community ties||Vigilance, awareness||Conveying messages from ancestors and spirits|
|Cycle of life, rebirth||Symbol of hope||Strengthening bonds within the community|
|Aboriginal||Connection to nature, land||Call to action, responsible stewardship||Encouraging harmony with the environment|
|Balance of life and nature||Ancient wisdom, learning||Drawing on ancestral knowledge and traditions|
|Resilience, adaptability||Spirit guide in the wilderness||Thriving in diverse conditions|
The Whippoorwill has a rich historical significance in various cultures and traditions.
In Native American folklore, the Whippoorwill is often considered a spiritual messenger and a symbol of transformation.
It is believed to bring messages from the spirit world and guide individuals through their spiritual journeys.
The Whippoorwill is also associated with the concept of rebirth and renewal, as its distinctive call is often heard during the twilight hours, symbolizing the transition between day and night.
Additionally, the Whippoorwill holds significance in literature and poetry, often representing solitude, mystery, and the beauty of nature.
Overall, the historical significance of the Whippoorwill encompasses its spiritual and symbolic importance in different contexts, making it a fascinating creature with a deep-rooted cultural significance.
Cultural references to the Whippoorwill
The Whippoorwill holds significant cultural references across different societies and belief systems.
In Native American folklore, the Whippoorwill is often associated with messages from the spirit world. It is believed that the song of the Whippoorwill can carry important messages from ancestors or spirits.
In some cultures, the Whippoorwill is considered a symbol of protection and guidance. It is believed to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits.
In literature and poetry, the Whippoorwill is often used as a symbol of melancholy and longing. Its haunting call is seen as a representation of lost love or a yearning for something unattainable.
Overall, the Whippoorwill holds a rich cultural significance and continues to inspire various interpretations and meanings.
Symbolism of the Whippoorwill
The spiritual symbolism of the whippoorwill is deeply rooted in Native American culture. It is often seen as a messenger from the spirit world, bringing important messages and guidance to those who are open to receiving them.
The whippoorwill is also associated with transformation and change, symbolizing the need to embrace new beginnings and let go of the past. Its haunting call is believed to connect the earthly realm with the spiritual realm, bridging the gap between the physical and metaphysical.
In Native American mythology, the whippoorwill is revered as a powerful totem animal, representing intuition, wisdom, and spiritual awakening.
Symbolism in Native American culture
In Native American culture, symbolism plays a significant role in understanding their spiritual beliefs and traditions. The whippoorwill holds a special place as a symbol of spiritual guidance and connection to the divine.
It is believed that the whippoorwill’s haunting call carries messages from the spirit world, serving as a messenger between the earthly realm and the spiritual realm.
This bird is often associated with wisdom, intuition, and the ability to navigate through the darkness. Its presence in Native American folklore and mythology represents the importance of listening to one’s inner voice and following the path of enlightenment.
The whippoorwill’s symbolism in Native American culture serves as a reminder to embrace the spiritual aspects of life and seek guidance from the unseen forces that surround us.
Symbolism in literature and art
Symbolism in literature and art has long been a powerful tool for conveying deeper meanings and emotions.
It allows writers and artists to express complex ideas and themes through the use of symbols, which can represent abstract concepts or evoke specific emotions.
In the case of the whippoorwill, its symbolism in literature and art often revolves around themes of mystery, spirituality, and the connection between the natural world and the human experience.
Whether depicted in poems, paintings, or other forms of artistic expression, the whippoorwill serves as a symbol of the unseen, the unknown, and the ethereal.
Its haunting call and elusive nature make it a fitting representation of the spiritual realm, inviting contemplation and introspection.
Through its symbolism, the whippoorwill invites us to explore the depths of our own souls and embrace the mysteries of life.
Whippoorwill as a Totem Animal
Characteristics of the Whippoorwill as a totem
The Whippoorwill is a powerful spiritual symbol and totem that carries a variety of characteristics.
As a totem, it represents intuition, wisdom, and the ability to navigate through the darkness. The Whippoorwill is known for its distinctive call, which is believed to be a message from the spirit world.
This bird is often associated with the night and the moon, symbolizing the hidden aspects of ourselves and the mysteries of life. Those who resonate with the Whippoorwill as a totem are often highly intuitive and have a deep connection to their inner wisdom.
They have the ability to see beyond the surface and understand the deeper meaning behind events and situations. The Whippoorwill teaches us to trust our instincts and follow our inner guidance, even when the path may be uncertain.
It reminds us to embrace the darkness and find the light within ourselves. The Whippoorwill is a symbol of transformation and rebirth, reminding us that even in the darkest times, there is always the potential for growth and renewal.
Whippoorwill as a spirit guide
The Whippoorwill, as a spirit guide, holds a significant spiritual meaning, symbolism, and totem. It is believed to be a messenger from the spiritual realm, bringing messages of wisdom, guidance, and protection.
The Whippoorwill is associated with the night and darkness, representing the hidden aspects of ourselves and the mysteries of life.
Its haunting call is often considered a symbol of transformation and the ability to navigate through challenging times.
Connecting with the Whippoorwill as a spirit guide can help us tap into our intuition, deepen our spiritual connection, and gain insight into our life’s purpose.
Connecting with the Whippoorwill as a totem
Connecting with the Whippoorwill as a totem allows us to tap into its deep spiritual meaning and symbolism.
As a nocturnal bird known for its haunting call, the Whippoorwill represents the unseen and the mysterious. It serves as a reminder to embrace the unknown and trust in our intuition.
The Whippoorwill also symbolizes transformation and rebirth, as it undergoes a remarkable metamorphosis from an egg to a fully-fledged bird.
By connecting with the Whippoorwill as a totem, we can learn to navigate through life’s transitions with grace and resilience.
This sacred bird encourages us to listen to our inner voice and follow our true path, even when it may seem unconventional or unfamiliar.
Embracing the Whippoorwill as a totem can bring us closer to the spiritual realm and help us cultivate a deeper connection with nature and our own inner wisdom.
Whippoorwill in Folklore and Mythology
Whippoorwill in Native American folklore
The Whippoorwill holds significant meaning and symbolism in Native American folklore. According to Native American tribes, the Whippoorwill is often associated with spiritual guidance and communication with the spirit world.
It is believed that the haunting call of the Whippoorwill is a way for the spirits to communicate with humans and provide guidance and protection.
In some tribes, it is considered a totem animal, representing wisdom, intuition, and connection to the spiritual realm. The Whippoorwill is also believed to bring messages from ancestors and serve as a reminder of the importance of listening to one’s inner voice and intuition.
Overall, the Whippoorwill holds a special place in Native American folklore, symbolizing the bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds.
Whippoorwill in European mythology
Whippoorwill in European mythology has been associated with various symbolic meanings and beliefs. In ancient folklore, the whippoorwill was often seen as a messenger between the human world and the spirit realm.
It was believed that the haunting calls of the whippoorwill at night were actually the voices of departed souls seeking to communicate with the living.
Additionally, the whippoorwill was considered a symbol of mystery and magic, representing the hidden and unseen forces of the natural world.
Its nocturnal nature and elusive behavior further added to its mystique, making it a creature of fascination and intrigue in European mythology.
Whippoorwill in other cultural mythologies
In addition to its significance in Native American folklore, the whippoorwill holds a special place in various other cultural mythologies around the world.
In Greek mythology, the whippoorwill was believed to be a messenger of the gods, bringing important news and omens. In Celtic mythology, the whippoorwill was seen as a symbol of transformation and rebirth, representing the cycle of life and death.
In Hindu mythology, the whippoorwill was associated with the goddess Saraswati, the deity of knowledge, music, and the arts.
These diverse cultural interpretations highlight the universal appeal and mystical nature of the whippoorwill in different mythological traditions.
Whippoorwill in Popular Culture
Whippoorwill in literature
The Whippoorwill holds a significant place in literature, appearing in various works as a symbol of mystery, solitude, and the natural world. In many stories, it is portrayed as a harbinger of change or a messenger from the spiritual realm.
Its enchanting call and nocturnal nature often evoke a sense of melancholy and longing, creating a captivating atmosphere in the literary world.
From classic novels to modern poetry, the Whippoorwill has become a powerful motif that adds depth and symbolism to storytelling, leaving readers intrigued and inspired by its mystical presence.
Whippoorwill in music
The Whippoorwill has long been a source of inspiration in music. Its haunting and melodic call has captivated artists across different genres. In folk music, the Whippoorwill is often associated with themes of longing and loneliness, symbolizing the search for solace and connection.
In country music, the Whippoorwill is a symbol of the rural landscape and the simplicity of life. Many songwriters have incorporated the Whippoorwill’s call into their compositions, adding a touch of natural beauty to their music.
Whether it’s a melancholic ballad or an upbeat tune, the Whippoorwill’s presence in music brings a sense of enchantment and a connection to the natural world.
Whippoorwill in films and TV shows
The Whippoorwill, with its haunting call and mysterious presence, has also made appearances in various films and TV shows.
Its symbolic significance and spiritual associations have made it a popular choice for adding an air of mysticism and intrigue to storytelling.
In some films, the Whippoorwill is depicted as a harbinger of impending doom or as a messenger from the spirit world.
In TV shows, it is often used to create an eerie atmosphere or to symbolize a connection to the supernatural. The Whippoorwill’s presence in films and TV shows serves to amplify the spiritual and mystical themes explored in these visual mediums.
Summary of the Whippoorwill’s spiritual meaning and symbolism
The Whippoorwill is a bird that holds significant spiritual meaning and symbolism in various cultures and belief systems. It is often associated with mystery, wisdom, and the spiritual realm.
In Native American traditions, the Whippoorwill is considered a messenger from the spirit world, bringing important messages and guidance to those who are open to receiving them. Its haunting call is believed to be a sign of impending change or transformation.
In some cultures, the Whippoorwill is also seen as a symbol of protection and good luck.
Overall, the Whippoorwill’s spiritual meaning and symbolism remind us to stay connected to our intuition, embrace change, and trust in the unseen forces that guide us on our spiritual journey.
Personal reflections on the Whippoorwill
The Whippoorwill holds a deep spiritual meaning and symbolism in many cultures around the world. It is often seen as a messenger from the spirit realm, bringing important messages and guidance to those who are open to receiving them.
Personally, the Whippoorwill has always been a symbol of hope and connection for me. Its haunting call in the night reminds me to stay connected to my own inner wisdom and intuition, and to trust the guidance that comes from within.
Whenever I hear the Whippoorwill’s song, I am reminded to slow down, listen, and pay attention to the signs and messages that the universe is sending my way.
It serves as a powerful reminder that there is a deeper meaning and purpose to life, and that we are all connected to something greater than ourselves.
Final thoughts on the Whippoorwill as a spiritual guide
In conclusion, the Whippoorwill serves as a powerful spiritual guide, offering profound symbolism and meaning.
Its haunting call represents the connection between the physical and spiritual realms, reminding us to listen to our inner voice and trust our intuition.
As a totem, the Whippoorwill encourages us to embrace solitude and introspection, allowing us to find peace and clarity within ourselves. Its presence reminds us to slow down, be present in the moment, and appreciate the beauty of the natural world.
The Whippoorwill’s spiritual significance is a reminder that we are never alone and that there is always guidance and support available to us, if only we are willing to listen and open ourselves up to the wisdom of the universe.
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If you are a part of the programming world, you must have heard about them. Today we’re going to talk about the evolution of both Ruby and the Rails framework and the unique purpose they serve in the domain of Web development.
Ruby is an object-oriented programming language that dates way back to 1995. It was developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto. Although it is written in the C programming language, Ruby also contains certain characteristic features of other languages like Perl and Python. Ruby comes loaded with useful features and is extensively used for Web app development. With a simple and neat syntax (just like C and Perl), Ruby is easier to both understand and write, and is hence, a great language choice for beginners.
Despite fashioning a simple and elegant syntax, Ruby was not really a hit with programmers in the past. The real moment of fame for Ruby came with the development of the Rails framework that was built on the core aspects of Ruby. It allows for the smooth and convenient integration of high-level abstractions (for instance, metaprogramming) which further helps in developing a domain specific language.
Ruby on Rails
The Rails framework strictly abides by two fundamental concepts. The first one is the DRY (don’t repeat yourself) and the second one is the COC (convention over configuration). Don’t Repeat Yourself, as the name suggests, stresses on the fact that one should never have to repeat the same lines in a code again and again. COC ensures that a code is concise and readable as in it should not contain big configuration files. Instead, it allows you to use a set of default configuration files. Both these principles make sure that a code written on the Rails framework is clean, well-designed, and scalable.
How Is Ruby Different From Ruby On Rails?
Here are the basic differences between Ruby and the Rails framework:
- Ruby is a programming language that was built on C. Ruby On Rails is a web application framework built on Ruby.
- Ruby is mainly used to build and develop desktop applications. As mentioned before, RoR is used to develop Web-based applications.
- While Ruby drew inspiration from languages like C, Perl, and Smalltalk, RoR took inspiration from PHP as well as Django and Laravel of Python.
- At the core of Ruby lies the principle of user interface design whereas RoR upholds the principles of DRY and COC.
- The syntax of Ruby is similar to that of C, Perl, and Python. The syntax of RoR is similar to Laravel in PHP, Django in Python, and Phoenix in Elixir.
To conclude, it can be said that both Ruby and Ruby On Rails have specific features that are best suited for particular domains of application development. However, it is advised that before breaking the ice with Ruby On Rails, it is essential to building a good foundational knowledge of Ruby. and if you’re ever stuck in between the two, carefully assess the requirements of your project at hand, and your dilemma will be solved!
To read more about ruby, click here.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Preventive Antibody: Immunization Information Statement (IIS)
What You Need to Know
Current Edition Date: 9/25/2023
A respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) preventive antibody can prevent severe lung disease caused by RSV.
RSV is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms but can also affect the lungs. Symptoms of RSV infection may include runny nose, decrease in appetite, coughing, sneezing, fever, or wheezing.
Anyone can become infected by RSV, and almost all children get an RSV infection by the time they are 2 years old. While most children recover from an RSV infection in a week or two, RSV infection can be dangerous for infants and some young children, causing difficulty breathing, low oxygen levels, and dehydration. In the United States, RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) and pneumonia (infection of the lungs) in children younger than 1 year of age. Children who get sick from RSV may need to be hospitalized, and some might even die.
The RSV preventive antibody (generic name nirsevimab, trade name Beyfortus) is a shot that prevents severe RSV disease in infants and young children. Antibodies are proteins that the body’s immune system uses to fight off harmful germs. Like traditional vaccines, preventive antibodies are immunizations that provide protection against a specific pathogen. While both are immunizations, the way they provide immunity is different. Nirsevimab is an immunization that provides antibodies directly to the recipient. Traditional vaccines are immunizations that stimulate the recipient’s immune system to produce antibodies.
Infants born during the RSV season (typically fall through spring) should receive a single dose of the RSV Immunization within 1 week after birth. Most infants whose mothers got the RSV vaccine don’t need to get nirsevimab, too. Both protect infants from severe RSV by providing antibodies, either from the mother to the infant or directly to the infant. Most infants will likely only need protection from either the maternal RSV vaccine or nirsevimab (not both). However, there may be some situations in which nirsevimab would be recommended for an infant after the mother received an RSV vaccine.
Infants born outside of the RSV season who are younger than 8 months should receive a single dose of the RSV Immunization shortly before their first RSV season (typically the fall), but infants who are younger than 8 months who have not yet received a dose may receive a dose at any time during the season.
Some infants and young children who are at increased risk for severe RSV disease may need a single dose of the RSV antibody before or during their second RSV season.
RSV preventive antibodies can be given at the same time as vaccines routinely recommended for infants and young children.
Tell your health care provider if the person getting the preventive antibody has a:
- History of serious allergic reactions to an RSV preventive antibody (nirsevimab) or any of its components,
- Bleeding disorder, or
- Moderate or severe acute illness.
In some cases, your child’s health care provider may decide to postpone giving RSV preventive antibodies until a future visit.
People who have a minor illness, such as a cold, can safely receive an RSV preventive antibody. People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover.
Your health care provider can give you more information.
After getting an RSV preventive antibody, your child might have temporary pain, redness, swelling where the injection was given, or a rash.
As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance that RSV Immunization could cause a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death.
An allergic reaction could occur after your child leaves the hospital or clinic. If you see signs of a severe allergic reaction (for example, hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, or weakness), call 9-1-1 and get your child to the nearest hospital.
Call your health care provider if you see any other symptoms that concern you.
If your child got an RSV preventive antibody without getting a vaccine at the same time, and you suspect an adverse reaction, you or your health care provider can submit a report through https://www.fda.gov/medwatch or by phone at 1-800-FDA-1088.
If your child got an RSV preventive antibody and a vaccine at the same time and you suspect an adverse reaction, you or your health care provider should report it to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) https://vaers.hhs.gov/ or call 1-800-822-7967. In your report, note that your child got an RSV Immunization along with a vaccine.
Note: MedWatch and VAERS are only for reporting reactions. MedWatch and VAERS staff members do not give medical advice.
- Ask your health care provider.
- Call your local or state health department.
- Visit U.S. Food and Drug Administration website at Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs.
- Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
- Call 1-800-232-4636(1-800-CDC-INFO) or
- Visit the CDC website https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/prevention.html
Immunization Information Statement
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Preventive Antibody
Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office Use Only
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Range and pasture lands are diverse types of land where the primary vegetation produced is herbaceous plants and shrubs.
These lands provide forage for beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, goats, horses and other types of domestic livestock. Also many species of wildlife, ranging from big game such as elk to nesting song birds such as meadowlarks, depend on these lands for food and cover.
Primary economic outputs include livestock production, but wildlife values are also a major economic consideration for these lands, especially range lands. Environmental values of these lands are extensive and provide many essential ecosystem services, such as clean water, wildlife and fish habitat, and recreation opportunities. Scenic, cultural, and historic values of these lands provide not only economic benefits, but also quality of life values cherished by many.
Conservation Technical Assistance with Inventory, Planning, and Monitoring
- National Range and Pasture Handbook
- Major Land Resource Area Map
- Web Soil Survey
- Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems
- North Dakota Noxious Weed Lists
- Ecological Site Information System (ESIS)
- National Plants Database
- Drought Calculator
- National Drought Monitor
- North Dakota State University
- News Release - Management Considerations For Drought Effected Livestock Producers
- Plant Materials Program
- Environmental Quality Incentives Program
- Grassland Reserve Program
- Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program
- Wetland Reserve Program
Rangeland and Pastureland Wildlife
Mark A. Hayek
Rangeland Management Specialist
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Like COVID-19, there are multiple life-threatening diseases which if detected late can be debilitating. One of these diseases is breast cancer. Globally, more than 1.38 million new cases of breast cancer are reported and nearly 458,000 patients succumb to it every year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)1.
As October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, it provides a good opportunity to talk about the disease and raise awareness especially at a time like this when most of us are isolated and are feeling less connected to our support systems.
Do not let COVID-19 become an impediment to breast health
The COVID-19 pandemic has discouraged many from undergoing regular screening, treatment, counseling and follow-ups, which are critical steps to fight breast cancer.
Cancer specialists across the globe are fearing a deluge of patients with advanced cancer as a fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic.
It is important to understand that cancer is deadlier than COVID-19, therefore, the pandemic should not be a deterrent to seeking treatment on time and adhering to therapy.
Barriers to early screening and optimal treatment
Cancer experts recommend that women should go for regular breast screening after the age of forty. This is because early detection and timely treatment play a huge role in preventing deaths from this deadly cancer. Treatment is easier and less invasive in newly diagnosed cancers, ensuring a better quality of life for the patient.
A study published in the journal Cancer of the American Cancer Society reported that between 384,000 and 614,500 deaths related to breast cancer could be prevented by screening through mammography and applying improved treatment options2.
Talking about breast health should not be a taboo
As women, we gain so much from sharing our worries and problems with friends, often over a cup of tea or a meal. Having these conversations is often incredibly challenging, especially in India, because of cultural taboos. Women in India are less likely to talk openly about their breast health. However, if we want to win over this cancer we will need to speak up.
The need of the hour is to normalize these conversations at home so that a child grows up in an atmosphere where breast health is taken seriously, and girls are more likely to come forward with a health issue at the earliest.
Breast cancer is a serious problem, please do not associate it with pink retail therapy
Since the last few years, the real purpose of dedicating the month of October to Breast Cancer Health is getting defeated. The intent behind dedicating an entire month was to disseminate awareness about breast cancer, support and honor the patients and survivors, and encourage women to go for screening. Unfortunately, marketing seems to have overtaken awareness creation.
We need to be more aware and sensitive as a community. We can gift a mammogram to ourselves or our loved ones this year. One could also get associated with an NGO and donate to some charity or research organization, which could actually help address the problem.3
At Biocon, we are sensitive and proactive toward breast health
Biocon has been at the forefront of a long-running crusade against breast cancer. The company introduced the world’s most affordable follow-on Trastuzumab (CANMAb®) in 2014, which enhanced access to a more affordable treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer in India. CANMAb®, which is the No.1 brand of biosimilar Trastuzumab in India, has made a significant difference in the lives of over 20,000 patients.
In its mission to increase awareness and early diagnosis of breast cancer, Biocon engages with its stakeholders through various initiatives targeted at sensitizing them about this deadly disease. Biocon also organises screening camps for the under privileged in rural and semi-urban India.
- IARC Globocan, 2008
- Hendrick RE, Baker JA, and Helvie MA. Breast Cancer Deaths Averted Over 3 Decades. Cancer 2019;0:1-7.
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On a network, one can think of any given connection as a long wire, stretched between two points. Lots of stuff can happen along the length of that wire - routers, switches, network address translation, and so on, but that is usually invisible to the application passing data across it. Twisted strives to make the nature of the “wire” as transparent as possible, with highly abstract interfaces for passing and receiving data, such as ITransport and IProtocol.
However, the application can’t be completely ignorant of the wire. In particular, it must do something to start the connection, and to do so, it must identify the end points of the wire. There are different names for the roles of each end point - “initiator” and “responder”, “connector” and “listener”, or “client” and “server” - but the common theme is that one side of the connection waits around for someone to connect to it, and the other side does the connecting.
In Twisted 10.1, several new interfaces were introduced to describe each of these roles for stream-oriented connections: IStreamServerEndpoint and IStreamClientEndpoint. The word “stream”, in this case, refers to endpoints which treat a connection as a continuous stream of bytes, rather than a sequence of discrete datagrams: TCP is a “stream” protocol whereas UDP is a “datagram” protocol.
In both Writing Servers and Writing Clients, we covered basic usage of endpoints; you construct an appropriate type of server or client endpoint, and then call listen (for servers) or connect (for clients).
In both of those tutorials, we constructed specific types of endpoints directly. However, in most programs, you will want to allow the user to specify where to listen or connect, in a way which will allow the user to request different strategies, without having to adjust your program. In order to allow this, you should use clientFromString or serverFromString.
Each type of endpoint is just an interface with a single method that takes an argument. serverEndpoint.listen(factory) will start listening on that endpoint with your protocol factory, and``clientEndpoint.connect(factory)`` will start a single connection attempt. Each of these APIs returns a value, though, which can be important.
However, if you are not already, you should be very familiar with Deferreds, as they are returned by both connect and listen methods, to indicate when the connection has connected or the listening port is up and running.
IStreamServerEndpoint.listen returns a Deferred that fires with an IListeningPort. Note that this deferred may errback. The most common cause of such an error would be that another program is already using the requested port number, but the exact cause may vary depending on what type of endpoint you are listening on. If you receive such an error, it means that your application is not actually listening, and will not receive any incoming connections. It’s important to somehow alert an administrator of your server, in this case, especially if you only have one listening port!
Note also that once this has succeeded, it will continue listening forever. If you need to stop listening for some reason, in response to anything other than a full server shutdown (reactor.stop and / or twistd will usually handle that case for you), make sure you keep a reference around to that listening port object so you can call IListeningPort.stopListening on it. Finally, keep in mind that stopListening itself returns a Deferred, and the port may not have fully stopped listening until that Deferred has fired.
Most server applications will not need to worry about these details. One example of a case where you would need to be concerned with all of these events would be an implementation of a protocol like non-PASV FTP, where new listening ports need to be bound for the lifetime of a particular action, then disposed of.
connectProtocol connects a Protocol instance to a given IStreamClientEndpoint. It returns a Deferred which fires with the Protocol once the connection has been made. Connection attempts may fail, and so that Deferred may also errback. If it does so, you will have to try again; no further attempts will be made. See the client documentation for an example use.
connectProtocol is a wrapper around a lower-level API: IStreamClientEndpoint.connect will use a protocol factory for a new outgoing connection attempt. It returns a Deferred which fires with the IProtocol returned from the factory’s buildProtocol method, or errbacks with the connection failure.
Connection attempts may also take a long time, and your users may become bored and wander off. If this happens, and your code decides, for whatever reason, that you’ve been waiting for the connection too long, you can call Deferred.cancel on the Deferred returned from connect or connectProtocol, and the underlying machinery should give up on the connection. This should cause the``Deferred`` to errback, usually with CancelledError; although you should consult the documentation for your particular endpoint type to see if it may do something different.
Although some endpoint types may imply a built-in timeout, the interface does not guarantee one. If you don’t have any way for the application to cancel a wayward connection attempt, the attempt may just keep waiting forever. For example, a very simple 30-second timeout could be implemented like this:
attempt = connectProtocol(myEndpoint, myProtocol) reactor.callLater(30, attempt.cancel)
If you’ve used ClientFactory before, keep in mind that the connect method takes a Factory, not a ClientFactory. Even if you pass a ClientFactory to endpoint.connect, its clientConnectionFailed and clientConnectionLost methods will not be called.
Directly constructing an endpoint in your application is rarely the best option, because it ties your application to a particular type of transport. The strength of the endpoints API is in separating the construction of the endpoint (figuring out where to connect or listen) and its activation (actually connecting or listening).
If you are implementing a library that needs to listen for connections or make outgoing connections, when possible, you should write your code to accept client and server endpoints as parameters to functions or to your objects’ constructors. That way, application code that calls your library can provide whatever endpoints are appropriate.
If you are writing an application and you need to construct endpoints yourself, you can allow users to specify arbitrary endpoints described by a string using the clientFromString and serverFromString APIs. Since these APIs just take a string, they provide flexibility: if Twisted adds support for new types of endpoints (for example, IPv6 endpoints, or WebSocket endpoints), your application will automatically be able to take advantage of them with no changes to its code.
For many use-cases, especially the common case of a twistd plugin which runs a long-running server that just binds a simple port, you might not want to use the endpoints APIs directly. Instead, you may want to construct an IService, using strports.service, which will fit neatly into the required structure of the twistd plugin API. This doesn’t give your application much control - the port starts listening at startup and stops listening at shutdown - but it does provide the same flexibility in terms of what type of server endpoint your application will support.
It is, however, almost always preferable to use an endpoint rather than calling a lower-level APIs like connectTCP, listenTCP, etc, directly. By accepting an arbitrary endpoint rather than requiring a specific reactor interface, you leave your application open to lots of interesting transport-layer extensibility for the future.
The parser used by clientFromString and serverFromString is extensible via third-party plugins, so the endpoints available on your system depend on what packages you have installed. However, Twisted itself includes a set of basic endpoints that will always be available.
Supported arguments: host, port, timeout. timeout is optional.
For example, tcp:host=twistedmatrix.com:port=80:timeout=15.
All TCP arguments are supported, plus: certKey, privateKey, caCertsDir. certKey (optional) gives a filesystem path to a certificate (PEM format). privateKey (optional) gives a filesystem path to a private key (PEM format). caCertsDir (optional) gives a filesystem path to a directory containing trusted CA certificates to use to verify the server certificate.
For example, ssl:host=twistedmatrix.com:port=443:caCertsDir=/etc/ssl/certs .
Supported arguments: path, timeout, checkPID. path gives a filesystem path to a listening UNIX domain socket server. checkPID (optional) enables a check of the lock file Twisted-based UNIX domain socket servers use to prove they are still running.
For example, unix:path=/var/run/web.sock.
Supported arguments: host, port, timeout. host is a hostname to connect to. timeout is optional. It is a name-based TCP endpoint that returns the connection which is established first amongst the resolved addresses.
endpoint = HostnameEndpoint(reactor, "twistedmatrix.com", 80) conn = endpoint.connect(Factory.forProtocol(Protocol))
Supported arguments: port, interface, backlog. interface and backlog are optional. interface is an IP address (belonging to the IPv4 address family) to bind to.
For example, tcp:port=80:interface=192.168.1.1.
All TCP (IPv4) arguments are supported, with interface taking an IPv6 address literal instead.
For example, tcp6:port=80:interface=2001\:0DB8\:f00e\:eb00\:\:1.
All TCP arguments are supported, plus: certKey, privateKey, extraCertChain, sslmethod, and dhParameters. certKey (optional, defaults to the value of privateKey) gives a filesystem path to a certificate (PEM format). privateKey gives a filesystem path to a private key (PEM format). extraCertChain gives a filesystem path to a file with one or more concatenated certificates in PEM format that establish the chain from a root CA to the one that signed your certificate. sslmethod indicates which SSL/TLS version to use (a value like TLSv1_METHOD). dhParameters gives a filesystem path to a file in PEM format with parameters that are required for Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Since the this is required for the DHE-family of ciphers that offer perfect forward secrecy (PFS), it is recommended to specify one. Such a file can be created using openssl dhparam -out dh_param_1024.pem -2 1024. Please refer to OpenSSL’s documentation on dhparam for further details.
For example, ssl:port=443:privateKey=/etc/ssl/server.pem:extraCertChain=/etc/ssl/chain.pem:sslmethod=SSLv3_METHOD:dhParameters=dh_param_1024.pem.
Supported arguments: address, mode, backlog, lockfile. address gives a filesystem path to listen on with a UNIX domain socket server. mode (optional) gives the filesystem permission/mode (in octal) to apply to that socket. lockfile enables use of a separate lock file to prove the server is still running.
For example, unix:address=/var/run/web.sock:lockfile=1.
Supported arguments: domain, index. domain indicates which socket domain the inherited file descriptor belongs to (eg INET, INET6). index indicates an offset into the array of file descriptors which have been inherited from systemd.
For example, systemd:domain=INET6:index=3.
See also Deploying Twisted with systemd.
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Take a look at the similar writing assignments
Table of contents:
- How did Parmenides influence Plato?
- Who thought change is an illusion?
- Why world is an illusion?
- Is change real or an illusion?
- Is change an illusion?
- What is the theory of Heraclitus?
How did Parmenides influence Plato?
Parmenides' considerable influence on the thinking of Plato is undeniable, and in this respect, Parmenides has influenced the whole history of Western philosophy, and is often seen as its grandfather.
Who thought change is an illusion?
Why world is an illusion?
Maya means that the world is not as it seems; the world that one experiences is misleading as far as its true nature is concerned." Lynn Foulston states, "The world is both real and unreal because it exists but is 'not what it appears to be'." According to Wendy Doniger, "to say that the universe is an illusion (māyā) ...
Is change real or an illusion?
"We can portray our reality as either a three-dimensional place where stuff happens over time," said Massachusetts Institute of Technology physicist Max Tegmark, "or as a four-dimensional place where nothing happens ['block universe'] — and if it really is the second picture, then change really is an illusion, because ...
Is change an illusion?
It is now a small step to conclude that change is an illusion, on the grounds that a change in a thing implies that there was a time when the thing-as-changed did not exist.
What is the theory of Heraclitus?
3. The Doctrine of Flux and the Unity of Opposites. According to both Plato and Aristotle, Heraclitus held extreme views that led to logical incoherence. For he held that (1) everything is constantly changing and (2) opposite things are identical, so that (3) everything is and is not at the same time.
- Who started humanism?
- Which virtue does Franklin say is most difficult for him to acquire?
- What language did Adam speak?
- What is self in the perspective of Eastern and Western thought?
- What is simple foreknowledge?
- What is your philosophy in life explain?
- Why did Europe hate Napoleon?
- What was before existence?
- When was Rules for Radicals published?
- What is the meaning of self according to philosophers?
You will be interested
- Which act could be considered an acceptance of the social contract?
- Whats is a goal?
- Why do people paint mandalas?
- How do you prove soundness?
- What is holistic point of view in your own words?
- What is the contribution of philosophy to human life?
- What do you we study in political theory?
- How do you develop human values?
- What is the 3 domains of life?
- Does Grendel believe in God?
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|| Checking for direct PDF access through Ovid
Social media use is on the rise. With a 10-fold increase in use over the last decade, it is estimated that over 69% of adults now use social media on a regular basis. Social media has been identified as a key resource for health professionals, including psychologists, to learn new knowledge, interact with others, keep up-to-date on the latest research, and get tips on how to integrate evidence-based information into their clinical practice. The objectives of this article are to (a) summarize professional opportunities in the area of social media and outline the various ways that pediatric psychologists can use social media in their research, practice, and advocacy; and (b) provide practical suggestions for pediatric psychologists on creating, sharing and interacting over social media. Recommendations for participating in activities such as live tweeting, video streaming, and social media evaluation are discussed. Common barriers, potential pitfalls, and ethical issues associated with use of social media by pediatric psychologists are also addressed.
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Access to on-demand lighting is a given for many of us, but some developing countries don’t have the proper electrical grid set up to allow even a basic light bulb to turn on. Solar power is a popular way to address this problem, a concept we recently explored in our FLAP bag project series. Now Danish researcher Frederik Krebs has designed an ultra-cheap lamp that combines LEDs, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic cells.
Printed sheets of photovoltaic cells aren’t new, but Krebs is the first to stick LEDs inside the panels, which resemble a lamp when rolled up. The LED/PV combo is cheap–a single unit is expected to cost just $7–though it isn’t particularly efficient. Krebs claims, in fact, that he uses the worst PV technology available. But that’s precisely what makes the lamp so cheap.
Even though the lamp only lasts for a year, villagers can afford to replace it, especially since the lamp can cut annual lighting costs in villages by up to 75%. Considering that average off-grid villagers in Africa, Asia, and Latin America spend an average of $40 to $80 yearly on soot-dispersing kerosene lights and candles, Krebs’ lamp is a sustainable bargain.
Krebs already tested his lamp successfully in Zambia this summer, and further testing will begin in Mali and Malawi this winter. The lamp will hit store shelves next year.
[Via Popular Science]
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17,000 years ago, during the ice age, Woolly Mammoths walked the grasslands from here to Alaska, across to Siberia and continued to western Europe. Man hunted the huge animal as it roamed about. Imagine just looking at one, let alone meeting it eyeball to eyeball.
We have evidence of their travel from Oregon, Washington, Canada then across the Bering land bridge to Siberia and beyond. On Halloween, Peggy and I were getting blood tests for upcoming doctor appointments; I was reading the Smithsonian magazine article “A Mammoth Journey”, while we were waiting to be called. A few minutes later I was through and joined Peg as she was finishing with hers.
Our attendant was dressed as a squirrel, so I thought she might appreciate more information about animals and remarked, “Did you know that the woolly mammoth walked roughly twice the circumference of the earth?” She asked, “The actual circumference or total?”
We all three laughed and I just said, “Total”. I feel proud when I’m able to walk around the block. The article was interesting and I suggest you stop in at one of our local libraries that have magazine subscriptions and read it in the Nov-Dec 2023 issue. Or, you could subscribe to the Smithsonian yourself. We guarantee all of the articles are interesting.
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Legislator. Whipper was one of the most influential African American politicians in South Carolina’s Reconstruction government. He was born free in Philadelphia, the son of a prominent lumber merchant who was an active Pennsylvania abolitionist. Early in the Civil War, Whipper was working as a clerk in an attorney’s office. During the war he joined a Michigan volunteer regiment. At the end of the war Whipper was among the federal occupation forces in South Carolina. He read law and passed the South Carolina Bar to enter practice in Charleston in 1865. He then moved to Beaufort and became the town’s most prominent Reconstruction lawyer. Along with Robert Smalls and Richard Howell Gleaves, he founded the Beaufort Republican Club at the Steven’s House in Beaufort on March 26, 1867. This was the first Republican political organization in South Carolina.
In autumn 1867 Whipper was elected as a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1868, where he took a leading role. He was among the most progressive delegates, supporting free public education for all South Carolinians and the widest possible voting franchise. Whipper even introduced a resolution to add a woman-suffrage provision to the state constitution, declaring, “The systems of legislation have been laid on insecure foundations, and they will never be permanent until women are recognized as the equal of men and . . . permitted to enjoy the privileges which appertain to the citizen.” However, this provision was too extreme even for the “radical” convention of 1868 and was defeated.
Whipper represented Beaufort County in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1868 to 1872 and from 1875 to 1876. While he was in Columbia, his talent and intellect made him one of the most influential members of the Reconstruction legislature. In 1872 Whipper challenged Robert Smalls for the state Senate. Whipper was soundly defeated, and the spirited campaign divided the loyalties of Beaufort County freedmen and began a lasting rivalry between the two men. In 1875 Whipper was elected a circuit judge by the legislature but fell victim to the corruption scandals of the state government. Governor Daniel Chamberlain refused to sign his commission, blocking him from taking his seat on the bench. Whipper returned to Beaufort and served for twelve years as Beaufort County probate judge. He was finally ousted by a white Democratic office seeker in 1888 as part of the “People’s Ticket,” a fusion government compromise between Beaufort County’s black Republicans led by Robert Smalls and white Democrats led by William Elliott and William J. Verdier.
Part of Whipper’s special influence in the Reconstruction state government derived from his marriage on September 17, 1868, to Frances Ann Rollin, the daughter of a wealthy and prominent free-black family of Charleston. Whipper’s last political duty was as a delegate from Beaufort County to the state constitutional convention of 1895, where he tried to head off moves by Democrats to disenfranchise African American voters. When their efforts failed, Whipper and the entire Beaufort County delegation refused to sign the new constitution. He retired from politics and died in Beaufort in 1907.
Holt, Thomas. Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
Miller, Edward A. Gullah Statesman: Robert Smalls from Slavery to Congress, 1839–1915. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
Powers, Bernard E. Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822–1885. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994.
Taylor, Alrutheus A. The Negro in South Carolina during the Reconstruction. 1924. Reprint, New York: Russell and Russell, 1969.
Tindall, George Brown. South Carolina Negroes, 1877–1900. 1952. Reprint, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003.
Underwood, James L. The Constitution of South Carolina. 4 vols. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1986–1994
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In 1918, shortly after the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson proposed the founding of an international organization dedicated to fostering cooperation among nations and the crafting of peaceful resolutions to international disputes. Although the inspiration for the League of Nations, as it would become known, was homegrown in the U.S., America never became a member.
At the time, popular support for the League was robust. However, opposition to membership, particularly among Republicans in Congress led by Senate Majority Leader Henry Cabot Lodge, was shrill and effective. Opponents at the time raised the frightening specter of new, constraining foreign commitments. They successfully stoked fears of governance by international fiat, loss of freedom and sovereignty, and the diminishment of American laws.
The vocabulary of fear mongering should sound all too familiar to us. The arguments opposing the League almost one hundred years ago echo the objections today of Republicans and the conservative movement to the successor to the League—the United Nations—and the humanitarian and human-rights treaties promulgated by its member nations.
And even though statements over the years from the White House and Congress purport to share many of the goals of treaties hashed out along the East River in New York, the political will to ratify those commitments has been sorely lacking.
It was surprising then that concerning one such treaty—the Ottawa Convention (or, as it’s more popularly known, the Land Mine Treaty)—the U.S. has finally come in from the cold.
At a conference of signatories in Maputo, Mozambique [June 2014], leaders announced something that anti-land mine activists have been advocating for since passage of the Land Mine Treaty in 1999. An American observer delegation at the conference released a statement indicating that the U.S.:
…will not produce or otherwise acquire any anti-personnel land mines in the future, including to replace expiring stockpiles. The White House press office went on to clarify that “the United States is diligently pursuing solutions that would be compliant with and that would ultimately allow the United States to accede to the Ottawa Convention.
What this means is that the U.S. is now on the road to officially banning the production, stockpiling, and use of anti-personnel land mines, and to committing the country to the total destruction of its remaining stockpiles.
This announcement brings the U.S. officially in line with policies that the American government has been quietly pursuing since the 1990s. According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), the last recorded use by the U.S. of land mines was during the 1991 Gulf War. An export ban on anti-personnel land mines has been in place and enforced since 1992. Since 1997 there has been no known U.S. production of the mines. Add to that record that the U.S. has become the world’s largest contributor of financial assistance for global mine clearance and programs for victims of land-mine accidents, and the argument for not acceding to the treaty becomes almost nonexistent.
Still, this belated, official policy shift comes after fifteen years of intense pressure from determined international grassroots organizations, such as the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and HRW.
In statements pressuring the U.S. to bring its policy into line with its behavior, Steve Goose, arms director at HRW, observed that:
It is nonsensical that the U.S. has spent billions of dollars to clean up the messes caused by land mines but insists on the right to use them again in the future. Throwing money at the problem is not enough. A permanent solution is needed, and the mine ban treaty provides it.
For the past five years, the Obama administration has been parsing the treaty’s provisions. Real progress under Obama’s watch comes after the failure of the Clinton and Bush administrations to move forward on committing to a treaty that bans these indiscriminate weapons designed to kill or maim people rather than disable military machinery.
Although during his time in office President Clinton signaled that he and his administration shared the treaty’s goals, Clinton was unable to craft a workable solution to the problem of existing land mines in the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea that effectively scuttled any effort at the time to accede to the treaty.
The Bush administration—ever committed to the profits of corporations such as Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Alliant, General Electric, and Motorola—proposed that the U.S. deal with the problem of the 15,000 to 20,000 innocent noncombatants who are killed or lose a limb each year to land mines not by signing the treaty but by manufacturing and stockpiling only “smart” land mines designed to self-destruct after fifteen days.
President Obama, stepping boldly away from the concept that the world is just too dangerous a place for the U.S. to give up even a single weapon in its massive arsenal—no matter how inhumane—has now committed the U.S. to joining the 161 countries that already have signed on to the treaty. This vital policy shift from the world’s largest stockpiler of anti-personnel land mines (with the number estimated at between 4 and 10 million) sends a powerful message to the thirty-one nonsignatory nations, including China, Cuba, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North and South Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam.
For the sake of the innocents whose lives and limbs are on the line, let’s hope those thirty-one get the message.
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Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) > Cypriniformes
(Carps) > Xenocyprididae
(East Asian minnows)
Etymology: Atrilinea: Latin, atro = black + Latin, line = row (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Freshwater; benthopelagic. Subtropical
Asia: Qiantang River, China.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 15.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. ); common length : 12.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 35840)
Morphology | Morphometrics
Body color dull black on back and upper sides of body, silvery white on lower sides and belly; with a markedly black stripe along lateral line. Origins of dorsal and pelvic fins opposite each other and located at the center of body; pectoral and pelvic fins short and small. Head small, pointed and slender; mouth large, corners reaching front edge of eyes and slit slanted (Ref. 45563).
Adults live in upper reaches of rivers, often in groups in search for food. They feed on larvae of aquatic insects, diatoms and filiform algae (Ref. 45563). Utilized for food (Ref. 80318).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Luo, Y., 1998. Leuciscinae. p. 61-112. In Chen, Y.-Y. and et al. (Eds). Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Cypriniformes II. Science Press. Beijing. 1-531. (Ref. 33783)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 123251)
CITES (Ref. 123416)
Threat to humans
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00268 - 0.01234), b=3.10 (2.92 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic level (Ref. 69278
): 2.4 ±0.20 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 120179
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (25 of 100) .
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Lace up new skills! Kids get a hands-on introduction to letters, shapes, and numbers with the Learning Laces Skill Boards. Each of the set's three durable lacing cards is packed with toddler lacing activities - practice lacing shapes in a colorful street scene, travel towards new letter skills in an airplane, boat, or car, and head to the farm to count up the one barn, two hay bales, and three smiling ducks. These fun illustrations keep kids' attention while they thread the set's lacing laces through the holes in the lacing cards, building new fine motor skills as they go. Learning Laces Skill Boards includes nine durable lacing laces, so kids never have to remove laces from one board to complete the activities on another! Perfect for rainy days, long car rides, or just because, Learning Laces Skill Boards store flat for easy clean-up and on-the-go play.
You understand and acknowledge that by purchasing products for children, it is the responsibility of the parent/s or legal guardian/s of the child to determine the appropriate and suitable products for their child. While Nerd's Box Toys is committed to providing safe toys from safe third party Suppliers to the public, it disclaims any and all liability arising from the mishandling of products and wrong usage of the same. Avoid using toys with with small parts on kids less than 3 years old and always follow the manufacturated minimum age recommendation.
What is a small part?
A small part is any object that fits completely into a specially designed test cylinder 2.25 inches long by 1.25 inches wide that approximates the size of the fully expanded throat of a child under three years old. (See figure). See 16 C.F.R. 1501.4 A small part can be:
A whole toy or article
A Separate part of a toy, game, or other article
A piece of a toy or article that breaks off during testing that simulates use or abuse by children
If a small part fits completely into the cylinder, and the toy or product from which it came is intended for use by children under three, the toy or product is banned because the small part presents a choking hazard.
Nerd's Box Toys has the permission thru the Puerto Rico distributors AZ international, Friend Smith and Healthtex to sale LEGO, Hasbro ,LOL ,Poopsy and other brands available. If you have any question feel free to contact us.
To provide happiness to your child and an excellent service to you will be always our priority.
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By Kendra Cherry
As you sit hunched over your bowl of Cheerios, you may find yourself wondering, “Will eating this really help me get better grades?” Put the question to the test in the following psychology experiment.
According to many experts, eating breakfast can have a beneficial influence on school performance. One study found that children who ate a healthy breakfast had higher energy levels and better learning ability than similar students who did not eat breakfast. 1 Another study conducted by Harvard researchers found that students who ate breakfast were “…significantly more attentive in the classroom, earned higher grades in math, and had significantly fewer behavioral and emotional problems.” 2
Conduct your own psychology experiment by examining the impact that breakfast has on academic performance or school behavior. The first step in developing your project is to develop a research question that can be used to create a testable hypothesis.
Possible Research Questions:
Will students who eat breakfast perform better on a math test than students who have not eaten a morning meal?
Do students who do not eat breakfast before school have a more difficult time staying on task?
Does the content of the meal have an impact on school performance? For example, does eating a Pop Tart have the same beneficial effects as eating a bowl of oatmeal?
What effect does eating breakfast have on performance on a vocabulary test?
Does eating breakfast provided by the school produce different results than eating a breakfast prepared at home?
Develop a Hypothesis
After you have selected a research question that you would like to investigate, the next step is to create a hypothesis . Your hypothesis is an educated guess about what you expect will happen. For example, you hypothesis might be one of the following:
Students who eat breakfast will perform better on a math test than student who do not eat.
Students who do not eat breakfast will spend more time off-task than students who do eat breakfast.
Students who eat a nutritious breakfast will perform better on an academic test than students who consume unhealthy foods for breakfast.
Choose Participants, Develop Study Materials and Identify Your Key Variables
Talk to your instructor about finding possible participants for your experiment. In some cases, other students in your class may act as participants, or you may be required to post ads looking for subjects. Be sure to get permission from your instructor before advancing any further.
Once you have some participants, create the materials you will use in your study. For example, you may need to create a survey to ask students about their eating habits or a quiz to test students on academic performance.
Finally, identify the key variables in your experiment. These variables will differ depending on the hypothesis you choose to investigate. For example, your independent variable might be “Breakfast Consumption” and your dependent variable might be “Performance on a Math Test.”
Collect Data, Analyze and Report on Results
After collecting the data for your experiment, analyze your results. Did the independent variable have an impact on the dependent variable? Were the results significant? Prepare to report and present the results in the manner suggested by your instructor, such as a lab report or other type of psychology paper.
Learn more about How to Conduct a Psychology Experiment
References and Further Reading:
1 Crockett, S., & Sims, L. (1995). Environmental influences on children’s eating. Journal of Nutrition Education, 27, 235-245.
2 Kleinman, R. (1998 March). New Harvard research shows school breakfast program may improve children’s behavior and performance. KidSource Online. Available at: http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content4/breakfast.html
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Roatan is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a part of Honduras, lying about 50 miles from the northern coast of the Honduran mainland. Roatan has a colorful history that weaves in stories of Indians, invaders, pirates, buried gold, and a blend of races and languages.
When Columbus discovered a neighboring island named Guanaja in 1502, the islands were already populated. Artifacts and caves left by these early inhabitants remain today. Other Spanish explorers came after Columbus. The
Spaniards began mining both gold and silver on the mainland of Honduras. They enslaved native Indians and brought slaves from Africa to work in the mines. The Spaniards established cattle ranches to provide food for the miners.
Both Spanish and English settlers came to Roatan. William Claibourne of Virginia was given a patent by the Providence Company authorizing him to establish a colony on the island in 1638. There were a number of Spanish
ships moving through the Bay of Honduras and there were Spanish settlements on Roatan. Pirates attacked the ships and raided the settlements. Van Horne, a Dutchman, raided Spanish-Indian settlements in 1639. English and French pirates also terrorized the area. In 1642, English raiders from modern day Belize had occupied old Port Royal in Roatan, which is a little to the east of modern Port Royal. A number of white descendants with English names and heritage live on the island today.
The Spanish, desiring to rid the area of pirates so they could transport the New World gold to Spain in peace, attacked Port Royal with four war ships under the command of Francisco Villalva Toledo in 1650. The pirates successfully defended Port Royal, Roatan, forcing the Spaniards to return to the mainland for reinforcement. With the pirates greatly outnumbered and with fierce fighting, the pirates were conquered. The Spaniards gathered the remaining Indians on the island and moved them to Guatemala.
In 1742, the English once again settled on Roatan. Major Caulfield was in control of the island. His letter to Mr. Trelawry, Governor of Jamaica, documents Spanish attempts to regain Roatan. The
English settlements that were drawn by the Geographer to His Majesty, Thomas Jeffreys, included settlements that still bear the same names today. Calkett’s Hole was shown, but it is now called Coxen Hole. Coxen Hole is the largest village on Roatan. Falmouth Harbout is now called Oak Ridge.
The English lost Roatan in March of 1782. The Spanish positioned troops and cannons against the forts and defeated the English. The Spanish destroyed about 500 homes. The English left the island completely in 1788. In 1797, the English forced about 5000 Black Caribs from the Windward Island of St. Vincent, moving them from island to island, finally leaving them on Roatan. Black Caribs are a mixture of people of African descent and Carib and Arawak Indians.
Europeans began settling on Roatan once again with the return of English between 1827 and 1834. With slavery being outlawed in English colonies in 1833 and with the soil in the Grand Cayman Island being depleted by cotton farming, some English families left the grand Cayman and settled on Roatan and neighboring Utila. Many of descendants of Joseph Cooper, one of the settlers of Utila, still live on Utila. The Jackson family, a wealthy and influential family on Roatan today, came from the southern United States in the 1800’s, descending from confederate soldier who refused to surrender to the Union. A southern accent is still discernable in their speech.
Approximately 200 white people lived in “Coxen’s old kay” in 1840. Ten years later, the population of the island had risen to five or six thousand people. In 1852, the British leadership appealed to Her Majesty, Queen Victoria to establish Roatan along with other islands to become a British colony. The United States objected, citing a treaty signed to create the Panama canal that forbad the United States and Britain from establishing new colonies in the Western Hemisphere.
In 1859, England relinquished control of the Bay Islands. The Republic of Honduras accepted the Bay Islands as the “Departemente de las Islas de la Bahia”, officially making the islands a part of Honduras. For many years after coming under Honduran rule, islanders of English descent continued to claim English citizenship, although those born in Honduras after 1861 are legally Hondurans.
Although Spanish is the national language and is spoken on Roatan, the English language also lives on Roatan. Roatan is a colorful mixture of people, languages, and culture. Today, tourism is the primary industry on Roatan. Cruise ships and planes bring thousands of tourists each year. Roatan is known around the world for its scuba diving.
Legends continue of ghosts of the past. Ghosts, or “duppees”, reportedly have been sighted by various locals. They tell that men burying gold would kill a man, leaving his body with the gold to “watch” the gold. After centuries, the ghost is reportedly tired of watching, and will give someone specific directions on how to find the gold. If those instructions are followed exactly, the seeker reportedly can find the gold. One local tells of a ghost blowing in his ear when he was in a remote area of the wilderness hunting crabs late at night.
Roatan’s history is rich, spanning from the days of Indian inhabitants, to the days of piracy and looting, to fighting over which nation owns the island, to independence and modern times.
This is a small part of the east end of Roatan where we still can taste and feel the history where time stands still, the only thing that moves fast here are rumors.
Article Contributed By Captain Ed of Roatan East End Divers Come and dive with us, take a break. You know that work is for people that don’t dive.
“William Claiborne (1600 – 1677)” by Appletons 1880 Cyclopedia of American Biography.. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons
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Types of muscle
Cardiac muscle : found exclusivley round the heart
Smooth muscle : found in the walls of blood vessels and the gut
Skeletal muscle : makes up bulk of body muscle; attached to bone.
Individual muscles are made up of millions of tiny muscle fibres called myofibrils.
To overcome weakness between cells, mucles cells have become fused together into fibres which share a nuclei and cytoplasm, called sarcoplasm. Within the sarcoplasm is a large number of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Each muscle fibre is made up of myofibrils, which are made up of two types of protein filament:
- actin ; which is thinner and consists of two strands twisted around one another.
- myosin ; which is thicker and consists of long rod-shaped fibres with bulbous heads that project to the side.
myosin filaments appear striped due to their alternating light-coloured and dark-coloured bands. The light bands are called isotropic bands ( I-bands ). These appear lighter because the actin and myosin filaments do not overlap in this region. The dark bands are called anisotropic bands ( A-bands ). these appear darker because actin and myosin filaments overlap in this region.
At the center of each anisotropic band is a lighter coloured region called the H-zone. At the center of each isotropic band is a line called the Z-line. The distance between adjacent Z-lines is called a sarcomere. When a muscle contracts, these sarcomeres shorten and the pattern of light and dark bands changes.
Types of Muscle Fibre
- slow-twitch fibres : these contract more slowly and provide less powerful contractions over a longer period of time. They are adapted to endurance work. In humans they are more common in the calf muscle ( needed to remain contracted to keep us upright ). Adaptions such as a large store of myoglobin (stores oxygen), a supply of glycogen (source of metabolic energy), a rich supply of blood vessels & numerous mitochondria make slow twitch fibres well adapted for aerobic respiration.
- Fast-twitch fibres : these contract more rapidly and produce powerful contractions but only for a short period. Theyre adapted to intense exercise such as weight lifting. As a result they are more common in muscles like the upper arm. Thicker, more numerous myosin filaments, high concentrations of enzymes involves in anaerobic respiration and a store of phosphocreatine which can produce ATP from ADP in anaerobic conditions make these fibres adapted to their role.
This is the point where a motor neurone meets a skeletal muscle fibre. There are many such junctions along the muscle as otherwise, it would take time for a wave of contraction to travel across the muscle, and the movement would be slow. All muscle fibres supplied by a single motor neurone act together as a single functional unit and are known as a motor unit.
When a nerve impulse is recieved at the neuromuscular junction, the synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their acetycholine. The acetylcholine diffuses to the postsynaptic membrane, altering its permeability to Na+ ions, which enter rapidly depolarising the membrane.
The sliding filament mechanism
When a muscle contracts, the following changes occur to a sarcomere:
- the I-Band becomes narrower
- The Z-lines move closer together or in other words, the sarcomere shortens
- the H-Zone becomes narrower.
The A-band remains the same width. As the A band is determined by the length of the myosin filaments, it follows that the myosin filaments have not become shorter. This discounts the theory that muscle contraction is due to the filaments themselves shortening.
The sliding filament mechanism is the hypothesis that the acin and myosin filaments slide over one another and is supported by the changes seen in the band pattern on myofibrils.
The sliding filament mechanism part II
The bulbous heads of the myosin filaments form cross-bridges with the actin filaments. They do thi by attaching themselves to the binding sites on the actin filaments and then flexing in unison, pulling the actin filaments along the myosin filaments. They then become detached and using ATP as a source of energy return to their original angle and reattach further along the actin filaments.This process is repeated up to 100 times per second.
- An action potential reaches many neuromuscular junctions simultaneously causing calcium ion channels to open and calcium to move into the synaptic knob
- The calcium ions cause the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their acetylchlorine into the synaptic cleft.
- Acetylchlorine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing it to depolarise.
- The action potential travels deep into the fibre through a system of tubulesthat branch throughout the cytoplasm of the muscle (sarcoplasm)
- The tubules are in contact with the endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle which has actively absorbed calcium ions from the cytoplasm of the muscle
- the action potential opens up the calcium ion channels on the endoplasmic reticulum and calcium ions flood into the muscle down a diffusion gradient
- the calcium ions cause the tropomyosin molecules that were blocking the binging sites on the actin filament to pull away
- The ADP molecule attached to the myosin heads means they are now in a state to bind to the actin filament and form a cross-bridge
- Once attached to the actin filament the myosin heads change their angle pulling the actin filament along as they do so and releasing a molecule of ADP
- An ATP molecule attaches to each myosin head causing it to become detached from the actin filament
- The calcium ions then activate the enzyme ATPase which hydrolyses the ATP to ADP. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP provides the energy for the myosin head to return to its original position.
- The myosin head, once more attached with an ADP molecule reattaches itself further along to actin filament and the process is repeated.
- When nervous stimulation ceases, calcium ions are actively transported back into the endoplasmic reticulum using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
- This reabsorption of the calcium ions allows tropomyosin to block the actin filament again
- Myosin heads are now unable to bind to actin filaments and contraction ceases.
Energy supply during muscle contraction
Energy is supplied from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP & inorganic phosphate. The energy released is needed for
- The movement of the myosin heads
- the reabsorption of calcium ions into the endoplasmic reticulum via active transport
Phosphocreatin is stored in muscle and kept as a reserve supply of phosphate which is available immediately to combine with ADP and form ATP when needed.
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Research question: How can DNA be extracted from a Typical onion tissue in sufficient quantity to be seen and spooled? Hypothesis: In order to extract DNA from onion cells, a soap detergent, is used as a fat breaker, and used to break through the phosphoric bilateral of the onion cells hence splitting open the cells and spilling their contents out then an alcohol can be used to precipitate the DNA out. Materials: 2 Measuring cylinders Sharp knife Funnel Hot water bath ICC ICE water bath Distilled water Soap detergent Large Onion
NASAL, table salt 1 test tube 95% Ethanol Beaker Method: Set up hot water bath at 55-off C and an ice water bath.
For each onion, make a solution consisting of one tablespoon (10 ml) of liquid dishwashing detergent or shampoo and one level 1/4 teaspoon (1. 5 g) of table salt. Put in a I-cup measuring cup (250 ml beaker). Add distilled water to make a final volume of 100 ml. Dissolve the salt by stirring slowly to avoid foaming.
Coarsely chop one large onion with a knife and put into a 4-cup measuring cup (1000 ml). For best result TTS, do not chop the onion too finely.
The size tot the pieces should be like those used in making spaghetti. Cover chopped onion with the 100 ml of solution from step 2. The detergent dissolves the fatty molecules that hold the cell membranes together, which releases the DNA into the solution. Put the measuring cup in a hot water bath at 55-off C for 10-12 minutes. During this time, press the chopped onion mixture against the side of the measuring cup with the back of the spoon. Do not keep the mixture in the hot water bath for more than 15 minutes because the DNA will begin to break down.
Cool the mixture in an ice water bath for 5 minutes. During this time, press the chopped onion mixture against the side of the measuring cup with the back of the spoon. Filter the mixture through a #6 coffee filter or four layers of cheese cloth placed in a strainer over a 4-cup measuring cup. When pouring the mixture into the strainer, avoid letting foam get into the measuring cup. Dispense the onion solution into a test tube. The test tube should contain about 1 teaspoon of solution or be about 1/3 full, whichever is less.
For better results, stir the solution recently when dispensing it into the tubes. Add cold alcohol to the test tube to create an alcohol layer on top of about 1 CM. For best results, the alcohol should be as cold as possible. The alcohol can be added to the solution in at least three ways. (a) Fill a Pasteur pipette with alcohol, put it to bottom of the test tube, and release the alcohol. (b) Put about 1 CM of alcohol into the bottom of a test tube and add the onion solution. (c) Slowly pour the alcohol down the inside of the test tube with a Pasteur pipette or medicine dropper.
Results: A white precipitate is formed into the alcohol layer in a ring form. Conclusion and Evaluation: The white precipitate is the DNA, this supports the hypothesis because the liquid detergent broke the lipid bilateral of the onion cells pouring out its contents and since DNA is insoluble in alcohol every other component in the mixture except from DNA stayed in the solution while DNA (the white precipitate) is precipitated into the alcohol layer. And if the experiment was carried out accordingly there should be enough DNA to spool onto a glass rod or any similar device.
Cite this Introduction to Biology and Essential Clinical Skills Essay
Introduction to Biology and Essential Clinical Skills Essay. (2017, Oct 19). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/biology-lab-report/
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Credit & Copyright: A. Noriega-Crespo (SSC/Caltech) et al., JPL, Caltech, NASA (Inset: Digital Sky Survey)Explanation: High-speed outflows of molecular gas from a young stellar object glow in infrared light, revealing themselves in this recent false-color image from the Spitzer Space Telescope. Cataloged as HH (Herbig-Haro) 46/47 the infrared source is lodged within a dark nebula or Bok globule - near the lower right corner of the dark nebula in the optical inset - that is largely opaque when viewed in visible light. The energetic outflow features extend for nearly a light-year, burrowing into the dark interstellar material, and are attributed to early stages in the life of a sun-like star. They may well represent a phase of our own Sun's evolution which took place some 4.5 billion years ago, along with the formation of our solar system from a circumstellar disk. A tantalizing object to explore with Spitzer's infrared capabilities, this young star system is relatively nearby, located only some 1,140 light-years distant in the nautical constellation Vela.
NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers
NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
Based on Astronomy Picture Of the Day
Publications with keywords: Herbig-Haro object - bok globule - young stars
Publications with words: Herbig-Haro object - bok globule - young stars
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By Amatul Ameen | 6th Mar 2023
Bloating is characterised by abdominal fullness, pressure, the sensation of trapped gas, and an increase in abdominal size. In case of a bloated stomach, one may feel severe abdominal pain and constipation. Bloating occurs in almost all patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and constipation. However, the history of bloating is yet to be completely understood.
The five Fs usually refer to causes of abdominal bloating:
Symptom-based diagnostic tests for abdominal bloating include the following.
A clear clinical history and physical examination are vital to understanding the cause of bloating and distention.
Breath tests are a safe and non-invasive way to measure carbohydrate malabsorption. Breath tests are of two kinds:
SIBO can cause symptoms like bloating, abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhoea. Though jejunal fluid analysis is the gold standard test for SIBO, The breath test is an inexpensive, non-invasive method that is the best alternative to the jejunal fluid test.
Malabsorption of gluten and wheat will lead to bloating, distention, and death in cases of untreated celiac disease. Serological testing using tissue transglutaminase and IgA is suggested for celiac disease.
When a celiac serological test is positive, later, upper endoscopy and small bowel biopsies should be performed to confirm celiac disease.
It is recommended when patients show alarming symptoms. Symptoms include recurrent vomiting and nausea, unexplained anaemia, hematemesis, weight loss that is greater than 10% of body weight, and gastric outlet obstruction. The upper endoscopy also allows biopsies of the small intestine and stomach.
This method is used to treat constipation symptoms. Other cases where abdominal imaging is warranted are those with prior abdominal surgery or Crohn’s disease. A CT scan of the abdomen and a CT or magnetic resonance imaging enterography are two abdominal imaging techniques used.
Bloating is prevalent in patients with gastroparesis (a condition where abdominal muscles do not function normally or spontaneously). A four-hour scintigraphic gastric emptying study is used to test gastroparesis.
Patients with severe bloating, constipation and a characteristic rectal exam will be advised to undergo an anorectal function test. Anorectal manometry with balloon expulsion is the test used for anorectal disorders.
Treatment options for bloating include:
A study has shown that reducing fermentable carbohydrates in the diet significantly reduced bloating and improved irritable bowel syndrome. In severe conditions, a strict diet including water, broth, boiled chicken, and egg whites is recommended. Some patients reported significant improvement after reducing their intake of wheat and carbohydrates.
Simethicone, an anti-foaming agent, helps reduce bloating; apart from this, alpha-galactosidase helps improve flatus and gas production.
Probiotics can be defined as living organisms that have health benefits when given in the recommended amounts. Probiotics like Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis have also shown good effects in improving severe bloating cases.
Rifaximin has been one of the most widely studied antibiotics for bloating and is the most commonly prescribed medication. It is given in a dosage of 400mg/ three times daily.
Tricyclic antidepressants are indicated when there is associated abdominal pain. It also helps in improving bloating conditions.
Osmotic laxatives like PEG (polyethylene glycol) are best for treating chronic constipation.
Neostigmine is a potent cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat acute colonic obstruction.
The other drugs prescribed selectively and with imitations are domperidone, cisapride, metoclopramide, and Tegaserod.
Lubiprostone is the most effective drug indicated to improve the symptoms of bloating.
Linaclotide is effective against abdominal bloating, pain, and strain. It also helps with the frequency of passing stool.
Patients with surgery in the past for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis show the growth of microorganisms outside the intestine that leads to bloating. Irritable bowel syndrome occurs due to a slightly high accumulation of gas inside the stomach and may also lead to abdominal cramps.
Gastroenterologists can treat the underlying cause of the disease which may result in bloating.
Abdominal Bloating is a bothersome and embarrassing disorder. Still, its symptoms and causes are well-defined, making it simple to identify and treat at home or with the help of a doctor. The severity and duration of the disorder determine treatment options. One may try home remedies to treat the disease if symptoms are mild. Do seek consultation from a physician if the symptoms do not go away quickly. Severe bloating conditions are uncommon and need expert treatment from medical professionals. Avail teleconsultation from our expert doctors on our online pharmacy while ordering for medicines or you can also download our Truemeds app to do the same. Get branded as well as generic medicines by uploading your prescription on Truemeds. When placing an order for medicines online, you may save more money by selecting alternative or generic medicine advised by Truemed’s expert doctors. And also, save up to 72% on your purchase and get free home delivery pan India.
Disclaimer– Truemeds’ sole intention is to ensure that customers have access to information which is accurate & trustworthy. However, the information here should not be used directly and it cannot act as a substitute for the advice of a doctor. The information provided is only to stay informed. The information on side effects, drug interactions or warnings, and alerts are not exhaustive. Please consult your doctor for the right advice on diseases & medication information.
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If you have a slow and often irregular heartbeat, or if your heartbeat is sometimes normal and sometimes too fast or too slow, blood isn't pumped around your body well. In that case your doctor may recommend an artificial pacemaker.
A pacemaker will make your heart beat more regularly and help ensure that enough oxygen and nourishment get to your body's cells.
An artificial pacemaker system has two parts: a generator and wires (leads). The pacemaker generator is a small battery-powered unit that is implanted under your skin through a small incision. It produces the electrical impulses that start your heartbeat.
The generator is connected to your heart through tiny wires that are implanted at the same time. The impulses flow through these leads to your heart and are timed to flow at regular intervals just as impulses from your heart's natural pacemaker would.
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(n.) the sound made by walking in wet shoes
The word chorking popped up on the HH feed this week and proved surprisingly popular:
Apparently, waterlogged footwear is a longstanding problem: the Oxford English Dictionary has unearthed its earliest record of the verb chork as early as 1440.
Chork, as you can probably imagine, was coined onomatopoeically to echo what the Scottish National Dictionary describes as “the sound made when walking with water-filled shoes.” But both the OED and SND point out that chorking was probably also influenced by chirking, an even older dialect word for any kind of strident, grating sound, like the gnashing of teeth, the creaking of a door, or the harsh frictional squealing of two solid objects rubbing against one another.
Chirkling, meanwhile is the sound of grinding teeth (as, apparently “sheep are in the habit of doing”). Jirging or girging is the sound made by walking across muddy ground. And jappling is another word for the sound made by wet shoes, probably derived from the older use of jaup or japp to mean “to splash in puddles” or “to spill or shake a water-filled container”.
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Mental health and well-being are essential aspects of our lives, and finding enjoyable ways to enhance them is a priority for many. Roller skating, often seen as a recreational activity, has been gaining recognition for its positive impact on mental health.
Beyond the fun and physical benefits, roller skating can be a powerful tool for boosting mental well-being. In this article, we’ll explore how roller skating can contribute to improved mental health and overall well-being.
The Mind-Body Connection
1. Physical Exercise and Mood
Roller skating is an excellent form of physical exercise. Engaging in physical activities like roller skating has been linked to the release of endorphins, commonly known as “feel-good” hormones. These endorphins can help reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, promoting a more positive mood.
2. Stress Reduction
Roller skating provides a unique opportunity to disconnect from the stressors of daily life. Skating allows you to focus on the present moment, encouraging mindfulness and reducing stress. The rhythmic motion of skating can have a calming effect, similar to meditation, helping to alleviate tension.
1. Achieving Goals:
Setting and achieving goals in roller skating can boost self-esteem. As skaters progress and master new skills, they gain a sense of accomplishment. This sense of achievement can have a positive impact on self-confidence and self-worth.
2. Overcoming Challenges:
Roller skating, like any sport, comes with challenges. Overcoming these challenges and persevering through the learning process can enhance resilience and self-esteem. When skaters conquer obstacles and improve their skills, it reinforces a sense of personal capability.
1. Building Connections
Roller skating often takes place in social environments, such as roller rinks and skate parks. Skaters have the opportunity to connect with others who share their passion. Social interaction is crucial for mental well-being, as it combats feelings of isolation and loneliness.
2. Supportive Communities
The roller skating community is known for its inclusivity and support. It welcomes skaters of all backgrounds and skill levels. This supportive environment fosters a sense of belonging, which is essential for mental health. Feeling a part of a community can reduce feelings of alienation and increase overall well-being.
1. Mindfulness Benefits
Mindfulness involves being fully present in the moment, which can lead to reduced stress and improved mental clarity. Roller skating encourages mindfulness, as skaters must focus on their movements and balance. This mental engagement can alleviate racing thoughts and promote relaxation.
2. Creative Expression
Roller skating allows for creative expression through movements and personal style. This creative outlet can be therapeutic, enabling skaters to express their individuality and emotions. The freedom to be oneself and enjoy creative expression contributes to overall well-being.
1. Positive Emotions
Roller skating is an inherently joyful activity. The experience of gliding on wheels and the sensation of freedom can trigger positive emotions. Engaging in activities that bring joy and pleasure can boost overall well-being.
2. Stress Relief
The sheer enjoyment of roller skating provides an effective way to relieve stress. When individuals participate in activities they love, their stress levels tend to decrease. This stress relief is a significant contributor to better mental health.
Roller skating is more than just a recreational activity; it’s a valuable tool for improving mental health and overall well-being. The mind-body connection facilitated by physical exercise, the boost in self-esteem from setting and achieving goals, and the positive impact of social interaction all contribute to better mental health.
Roller skating promotes mindfulness and creative expression, allowing individuals to escape from the stresses of everyday life and experience joy.
By integrating roller skating into your routine, you can experience the holistic benefits it offers, enhancing your mental well-being and leading to a happier, healthier you. So, lace up those skates, hit the rink or the trail, and enjoy the mental health benefits of roller skating.
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Cases of Leptospirosis Have Surged in New York City—What to Know About This Infectious Disease Spread by Rats
New York City's health department has reported an unusually high number of cases of a rare and potentially fatal bacterial disease often spread by rats.
As of late September, the city has seen 14 cases of leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease) in 2021, according to an advisory issued by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, with one confirmed death from the disease.
While that doesn't sound like a lot, the department points out that it's more than the total number reported to the agency in any previous year. City health officials only have 57 cases of leptospirosis on record between 2006 and 2020, with up to seven cases reported each year. This year, "cases have been identified in all boroughs except Staten Island, with no obvious clustering," the health department advisory says.
Thirteen of the 14 people were hospitalized with kidney and liver failure, and two of them had lung issues as well. Aside from the person who died from the infection, all of the hospitalized patients were treated and discharged.
The people afflicted with leptospirosis didn't necessarily catch the disease out of the blue. "One person acquired their infection while traveling," the advisory stated. "Among the thirteen locally acquired cases, most cases had a clear history or risk factor which exposed them to an environment with a severe rat infestation. Three cases reported homelessness."
Symptoms of leptospirosis tend to be flu-like and can be confused with many other health conditions, which is why New York City public health officials are urging health care providers to be on the lookout for the disease.
Never heard of leptospirosis before? Though cases appear globally, it's rare in the US. Still, whether you live in New York City or not, you're probably curious about this infectious disease and whether you're at risk. Here's what you need to know.
What is leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, which means it can spread from animals to humans. It's caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and can spread through the urine of an infected animal, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Leptospirosis can be transmitted by many different animals, including dogs, cattle, pigs, horses, and other wild animals. New York City public health officials are pointing the finger at rats in the particular cases identified there.
How do people get leptospirosis?
People can become infected with leptospirosis after having direct contact with urine or other bodily fluids from infected animals, or contact with water, soil, or food that's been contaminated by an infected animal. If a person gets the bacteria in their eyes, nose, mouth, or through broken skin like a cut or scratch, they can develop the disease.
What are the symptoms of leptospirosis?
People can become sick anywhere from two days to four weeks after they've been exposed, according to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Some people have no symptoms, while others may experience symptoms that mimic a cold or the flu, such as the following:
- Muscle aches
- Red eyes
- Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
In rare situations, people can develop kidney failure, liver failure, meningitis, which is inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes. As in one of the New York City cases, the disease can be fatal.
How is leptospirosis treated?
Leptospirosis is treated with antibiotics like doxycycline or penicillin which, ideally, are given earlier on in the infection, per the CDC. People with more severe symptoms will need IV antibiotics, though, the agency says.
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Water and climate change among the main alarms of International Mother Earth Day
- The UN and the FAO warn of a tangible reality: the planet is in danger.
The Secretary General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, makes a call to recover harmony with nature.
The preservation of the forests is fundamental for the fight against the degradation of the climate.
Since 2009, the General Assembly of the UN has marked the 22nd of April as International Mother Earth Day. The day took shape as a practical consequence of the spirit of the Rio Declaration of 1992: reflecting on the importance of taking care of the unrenewable resources of the planet and recover harmony with the environment as a basis to solve the serious problems that humanity is facing due to the degradation of the biosphere.
The message launched this year by the Secretary General of the UN, Ban Ki-moon, is clearly explicit about the aim of the day: "International Mother Earth Day is a chance to reaffirm our collective responsibility to promote harmony with nature at a time when our planet is under threat from climate change, unsustainable exploitation of natural resources and other man-made problems."
This year the slogan and the campaign has been "The Face of Climate Change ", since the alteration of the planet's climate affects all the inhabitants of the globe, which the UN sees as agents of the problem but also the solution. Through this proposal of awareness-raising and promoting participation, the UN hopes to focus on the environmental impact this year; specifically, its harmful effects on people, animals, ecosystems and natural resources.
International Earth Mother Day is set within the effort made by the UN to achieve the 2015 goals in the fight against poverty, known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), and emphasises the post-2015 agenda and the spirit of the Rio +20 agreements. To do this, the General Assembly has planned a series of events to boost the immense amount of work already being undertaken.
One of those launched is the Think. Eat. Save project, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Its aim is to reduce the loss of food which, apart from the waste, represents a useless expenditure of energy and water – the "hydric footprint" – that have been necessary to produce it. On the other hand, according to the Executive Director of UNEP, Achim Steiner, this problem affects climate change since "the food thrown away into the globe's landfills produces small but significant amounts of methane – a powerful greenhouse gas – are also added to the emissions of the livestock necessary to produce the food."
This activity fully falls within the initiative of the We Are Water Foundation of raising awareness about the hydric footprint of food through its Weeatwater application, for iOS telephones and tablets, which provides information about the water necessary to obtain each food product and to prepare the most typical recipes of each continent.
The importance of preserving the forests
Additionally, the FAO, aware of the importance of preserving the forest mass of the planet to avoid alteration of the water cycle, among other objectives of ecological balance, announced on International Earth Mother Day its first Global Action Plan for the conservation, sustainable use and development of the forests' genetic resources. This plan, pending final approval by the next FAO conference, which will be held in Rome in June 2013, will be developed by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the FAO (CGRFA), the aim of which is the improvement in the availability and access to information about the genetic resources of the forests and the development of the conservation strategy around the world, as well as promoting the sustainable use of the forests' genetic resources.
The estimations of the numbers of species of trees in the world vary from 80,000 to 100,000, according to the UNEP. The forests' ecosystems are essential refuges for biodiversity, and 12% of the forests in the world are designated primarily to preserving biological diversity.
Raising awareness about the reality of the danger
The UN wishes to express on International Earth Mother Day its conviction that, to achieve a fair balance between the economic, social and environmental needs of the present and future generations, it is essential to face up to the hard truth that our planet is under threat. In this respect, the President of the UN General Assembly, Vuk Jeremic, stated: "The irreversible torrent of physical and ecological transformations across the globe is threatening us with a future reality that is profoundly different from anything that we have experienced until now."
According to the UN, the unsustainable use of the natural resources is eroding the fragile ecosystems, destroying biodiversity, exhausting the fishing grounds due to abusive commercial fishing and threatening the marine food chains on increasing the acidity of the oceans.
One of the most dramatic consequences of this loss of balance with nature is the serious problem of lack of water due to the overexploitation of resources, pollution, and above all due to climate change. The unfavourable evolution of the climate has been one of the central themes of the activities undertaken on International Earth Mother Day around the world. Climate change is directly related to the degradation of arable land, which today suffers a loss of 2,000 million hectares per year, and with the lack of water in extensive areas of the planet, which increase every year. Today it is a growing cause of population displacement in sub-Saharan Africa and the Horn of Africa, where drought has caused a lot of damage over the last decades.
According to UN data, the dry lands now occupy 41.3% of the whole earth's surface and house 34.7% of the world's population. Moreover, more than 50% of agricultural land is in moderate to serious conditions of degradation.
According to information of UN Water, about 1,600 million people depend on the forests for their subsistence. The forests are also the source of 75% of the planets freshwater, and they help control the impact of storms, slow down erosion and flooding, and store a large part of the atmosphere's CO2. One of the goals of the projects in which the We Are Water Foundation collaborates with the Vicente Ferrer Foundation in India has been to help in forest regeneration by means of creating small reservoirs like that of Ganjikunta (see the project) which has transformed the lives of farmers and livestock breeders.
About the We Are Water Foundation
The We Are Water Foundation, promoted by the Roca company, has as objectives, on the one hand, to raise awareness amongst the general public and the administrations about the need to promote a new culture of water and, on the other hand, relieve the negative effects related to the lack of hydric resources, through the development of cooperation and aid programmes alongside diverse organisations such as Education without Frontiers, the Vicente Ferrer Foundation, Intermón Oxfam and UNICEF.
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11. Soaring geyser Nevada
This geyser in Nevada is one of the most bizarre sights of the United States. It was created in 1916 by accident during the drilling of oil wells: water heated by geothermal energy, it came to the surface, triggering a colorful spectacle. Geiser includes various minerals and thermophilic algae which emit jets of water of 1.5 m in the air and give it a variety of colors and appearance of plastic. This terrace is made up of about 40 water basins in the territory of 30 hectares.
Fly Geyser, also known as Fly Ranch Geyser is a man-made small geothermal geyser located in Washoe County, Nevada approximately 20 miles (32 km) north of Gerlach. Fly Geyser is located near the edge of Fly Reservoir in the Hualapai Geothermal Flats and is approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) high, by 12 feet (3.7 m) wide, counting the mound on which it sits.
The source of the Fly Geyser field’s heat is attributed to a very deep pool of hot rock where tectonic rifting and faulting are common. Fly Geyser was accidentally created during well drilling in 1964 while exploring for sources of geothermal energy. The well may not have been capped correctly, or left unplugged, but either way, dissolved minerals started rising and accumulating, creating the travertine mound on which the geyser sits and continues growing. Water is constantly released, reaching 5 feet (1.5 m) in the air. The geyser contains several terraces discharging water into 30 to 40 pools over an area of 74 acres (30 ha). The geyser is made up of a series of different minerals, but its brilliant colors are due to thermophilic algae.
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Collection of educational word search puzzles covering important historical events.
A puzzle on World War II for use in history class.
Find all of the words hidden in the letter grid which relate to US Presidents
Find all the words associated with secession and the Civil War.
"Escape From Alcatraz" by finding all of the words connected with the history of the island prison.
Find all of the words hidden in the letter grid which relate to the Titanic and it's tragic sinking
All words are associated with the Great Fire Of London, including where it happened, when and why.
Legends, Tales and Conspiracies of the Civil War
Solve the game by finding all of the words which relate to The American Revolution
Names or nicknames of many famous WWII-era aircraft.
Find all of the words that relate to the Cold War.
A wordsearch about the Vietnam War
A word search game covering the topic of King Arthur
Leonardo da Vinci was an artist, scientist, and inventor during the Italian Renaissance. Hidden in this word search are some of his works, inventions and areas of interest.
Solve the game by finding all of the words which relate to The Ancient Egyptians and their lifestyle
Try and find all of the words in the game which are connected with Black History Month
A word search puzzle all about the history of the Reformation
A word search game covering the important people, events and terms connected with the Vietnam War
Look up the important words, events and persons connected with the French revolution.
The Great Depression was a rough time economically, socially, culturally, and politically. Find some of the key words, people and events of the Great Depression.
To solve the word search puzzle you must find all of the words which relate to Claude Monet
Word search on the people and events connected with the 1916 Rising in Ireland.
Although he wasn't famous during his lifetime, today he is considered one of the greatest and most influential artists of his time. Try and locate all of the words which relate to his life and works.
This is a wordsearch based on the battle in 1066. How many can you find?
To complete the word search puzzle you must find all of the words which relate to the history of US president, Theodore Roosevelt
Words about the Roman army and what the Romans left behind.
Find all of the words hidden in the letter grid which relate to the first World War
During the 14th century, a deadly out break of plague knows as the Black Death spread across Asia, Europe and Africa.
To solve the word search puzzle you must find all of the words which relate to Lewis and Clark
People and places during the Tudor period.
Find the following key words from the chapter about Ancient India.
Find the following key words in the word search. Remember to refer back to this to check the spelling of these key words.
Find the words in the puzzle below.
Word search using words centered on World War II, particularly D-Day.
The Life and Accomplishments of Albert Einstein
Hidden in the puzzle grid are words which relate to The Victorians, try and find as many as you can as fast as you can.
A puzzle all about the history of Egypt and the Egyptians
Solve the game by finding all of the words which relate to the second World War
All the facts about Hades
To solve the word search puzzle you must find all of the words which relate to The Industrial Revolution
This is a brief outline on what i have learnt recently in History so far. These are about The League of Nations, Treaty of Versailles and The Cold War.
Try and find all of the words in the game which are connected with The Twelve Labours of Heracles
A word search puzzle based on words associated with the American Civil War
This is a puzzle on the Battle of Yorktown, The last battle in the Revolutionary War.
A word search all about Aztec society and their beliefs.
This word search contains people that have affected the Civil War. Find the names of the people in the word search and cross them off if you'd like.
Facts about the great Renaissance artist and inventor Leonardo Da Vinci
Hidden in the puzzle grid are words which relate to the many works of Leonardo da Vinci, try and find as many as you can as fast as you can.
Try and find all of the words in the game which are connected with The Industrial Revolution
Find Aztec words inside the big word search, they cover a small array of the history of the Aztec people.
A word game on the historic American Civil War battle.
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Experts in this subject field are ready to write an original essay following your instructions to the dot!Hire a Writer
Three people—Richard Elliott, Barry Black, and Virginia—were each given a distinct sentence in the Virginia v. Black case for breaking Virginia's law against cross-burning. According to the law, burning a cross in a public or private space is prima facie proof that someone intended to frighten others.
Black objected to the claim that burning a cross is adequate evidence from which to infer intent to intimidate during the trial, citing the First Amendment as support for his position. Along with actual speech, the first amendment also limited or protected symbolic or expressive behavior. O'Mara on the other hand pleaded guilty to violating the cross burning statute but reserved the right to contest the legality of the law. At the trial of responded Elliott, the judge instructed the jury on the provision of the Commonwealth but failed to provide instruction of the meaning prima facie evidence or intimidation.
The supreme court of the United States consolidated the three cases and held that the cross-burning statute is unconstitutional in its current form. The judges argued that the law was not different from ordinances found in the case of R. A. V. v. St. Paul. The judgment rendered it discriminative on it viewpoints and content because it selectively picks on the burning of the cross because of its distinctive message. The judges also argued that the prima facie evidence also renders the law overbroad since the likelihood of prosecution under the provision chills the utterance of protected speech.
In the Supreme Court trials, the judgment was vacated in part, affirmed in part, remanded. In the trial, Justice O'Connor delivered the opinion of the court in three sections namely I, II, and III. In the first part, the judges recalled the provision of the First Amendment that offers protection for actual speech and symbolic or expressive conduct for general public interest. They argued that even if the message inferred from cross burning was political or meant to intimidate, it represented a symbol of hate. According to the court, cross burning had been used by Ku Klux Klan to perpetuate intimidation and threat, and its use is of public concern. The court thus affirmed that even though cross burning may not depict fear, but when used can symbolize an intent to create fear or threat. In the second part of the opinion, the justices basing their argument on R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 found that the Virginia cross-burning statute did not run afoul on the First Amendment. They argued that the law imposed restrictions based on the content of a particular type of speech likely to impose fear or harm to the body. In the last part, the justices held that the provision of prima facie rendered the Virginia statute unconstitutional because it established the unacceptable risk of quashing the burning of the cross as part of a genuine form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment, such as symbol of solidarity in a group or statement of ideology.
In agreement with the three opinions, the judges concluded that the Court should remand and vacate the judgment of the Virginia Supreme Court regarding O'Mara and Elliott so that the court can have an opportunity to adequately construe the provision of prima facie evidence as applied in cross-burning statute. They also agreed that the Virginia statute was unconstitutional and could not rely on the exception under R. A. V. v. St. Paul. Therefore, they held that court judgment of Black should be invalidated
The constitution set the standard of protection for symbols that may be racist in nature. The law bases it the protection of symbols based on the intended meaning of the used symbol rather than the prima facie evidence as mention in Virginia statute. It requires that one considers whether the symbol used aims at creating anger and resentment or intimidation. The symbol must have been used to show racial discrimination or hatred and is known by the public to depict fear or intimidation. Besides, the constitution requires that judges looked at the consent on the use of the symbols. If an individual consent to the use of a particular symbol then such symbol does not qualify to be racial to him of her. The justices in the Supreme Court agree with these standards by asserting that using the provision of prima facie could distort justice to the respondent and it is on this ground that they reject the conviction of Black.
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A’ Adam’s Bairns? is an educational resource pack produced in 2007 by a partnership of the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish Development Education Centre (Scotdec). The project explored equality and diversity both past and present, and looked at the attitudes and behaviours which underpinned slavery then and now, such as racism, sectarianism, prejudice and ignorance. The resources and reference materials are aimed at school children and also community and adult learning groups. They made use of material held by the National Library of Scotland and the National Archives of Scotland, and also included contemporary and traditional music produced by Scottish music expert Dr Fred Freeman, including a rendition of 'The Slave's Lament' by Robert Burns. Modules on the programme included slavery, forced movement of people and taking action for change.
This exhibition at the Museum of Edinburgh explored the city's links to the slave trade and, in particular, trading connections with the Americas. Imports to the Port of Leith from North America and the West Indies included tobacco, rum, sugar, cotton, rice and indigo. The exhibition looked at Scots who sought fortunes in the West Indies, as well as Black residents who made their homes in Edinburgh. It also explored Edinburgh's connections to the abolition movement.
A programme of events to mark the bicentenary was organised by Edinburgh Inter-Faith Association. This included a slavery walk in the footsteps of Robert Wedderburn, a commemoration and thanksgiving service at St John's Church in Edinburgh, and a debate and discussion on the theme 'Trading People - Then and Now'.
This photographic exhibition focused on human trafficking was produced by a partnership of Panos Pictures, Anti-Slavery International, Amnesty International, Eaves and UNICEF. Photographer Karen Robinson’s portraits and tales of women trafficked into prostitution explore the devastating impact on their lives. Also on display were David Rose's panoramic photographs of the ordinary British streets where the stories of modern-day slavery have been played out. The photographs were mounted on a cage-like structure which was specially designed for the exhibition at St Paul's Cathedral. The exhibition was also shown in Edinburgh, Hull and Warsaw, and in 2008, in York.
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Python for Entrepreneurs Transcripts
Chapter: User accounts and identity
Lecture: Concept: Hashing passwords
0:02 Let's review creating strong hashes and following the best practices
0:06 around storing passwords with passlib.
0:10 So remember, it starts by importing some kind of handler,
0:13 some kind of hash, from passlib, so passlib.handlers
0:17 and here we're getting the sha2, like you saw you can use becrypt
0:20 you can use a number of recommended hashes there.
0:24 So we're using sha512 nice and large, hard to guess and so on.
0:28 To create an encrypted password, we are going to just call "encrypt",
0:32 remember, this is one-way encryption, this is hashing,
0:35 we can never get this password back but given the plain text again
0:39 we can validate if running the same operation on it
0:42 actually generates the same hash.
0:44 This not only applies the hash as you saw
0:46 but it uses a 150 thousand password hash folds, so the way it works is
0:51 we take the password and we want to hand it off to the hashing algorithm,
0:55 of course, we are going to mix in some salt,
0:57 so that no matter what the word is, the actual thing that gets hashed
1:00 is not that word it's that word, plus some other random characters
1:04 that we again, mix in when we validate it.
1:06 So we are going to take this and we are going to do it again, and again, and again,
1:10 and eventually, what pops out is a much stronger password,
1:14 not this long, but in fact this great long thing as we saw right here
1:18 and it even has a little bit information about the number of times
1:21 so it's folded in the algorithm, so that when we later want to validate
1:24 it we know how to do that. This creates the hash.
1:27 Now, if we were given this hash, and a plain text password,
1:30 we would want to answer the question is well, if I were to hash it again,
1:35 is this valid, is this actually generated from the same plain text input
1:39 as the original hash was? We can do that with "verify",
1:44 so we say sha512_crypt.verify
1:47 and then we give it the secret or plain text password
1:50 and then the hash which we stored in the database.
1:52 We're not storing the plain text no, no store the hash.
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Air Pollution II. Types of Air Pollutants. Carbon Oxides Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Oxides Suspended Particulate Material Ozone (in troposphere). Carbon Oxides. Top two products of pollution. Produced by motor vehicles and industries, especially power plants.
Suspended Particulate Material
Ozone (in troposphere)
Carbon monoxide results from incomplete combustion of fuel and is emitted directly from vehicle tailpipes. Incomplete combustion is most likely to occur at low air-to-fuel ratios in the engine.
These conditions are common during vehicle starting when air supply is restricted ("choked"), when cars are not tuned properly, and at altitude, where "thin" air effectively reduces the amount of oxygen available for combustion (except in cars that are designed or adjusted to compensate for altitude).Carbon Monoxide
VOCs are generated by power plants, municipal waste combustors, motor vehicles, solvent use, and the chemical and food industries. They are also emitted from natural sources like forests. VOCs in the atmosphere have two major health impacts: some are directly toxic, and they can combine with nitrogen oxides to form ozone.
Persistent and Volatile, so transported by water cycle.
Pristine areas have dangerous levels of persistent toxins.
NOx, is the generic term for a group of highly reactive gases, all of which contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts.
Many of the nitrogen oxides are colorless and odorless. However, one common pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) along with particles in the air can often be seen as a reddish-brown layer over many urban areas.
NOx and the pollutants formed from NOx can be transported over long distances, following the pattern of prevailing winds in the U.S.
Ground-level Ozone (Smog) - is formed when NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of heat and sunlight. Children, people with lung diseases such as asthma, and people who work or exercise outside are susceptible to adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function.
NOx and sulfur dioxide react with other substances in the air to form acids which fall to earth as rain, fog, snow or dry particles. Some may be carried by wind for hundreds of miles.
NOx reacts with ammonia, moisture, and other compounds to form nitric acid and related particles.
Human health concerns include effects on breathing and the respiratory system, damage to lung tissue, and premature death.
Small particles penetrate deeply into sensitive parts of the lungs and can cause or worsen respiratory disease such as emphysema and bronchitis, and aggravate existing heart disease.
Increased nitrogen loading in water bodies, particularly coastal estuaries, upsets the chemical balance of nutrients used by aquatic plants and animals.
Additional nitrogen accelerates "eutrophication," which leads to oxygen depletion and reduces fish and shellfish populations.
One member of the NOx, nitrous oxide, is a greenhouse gas.
SO2 can be transported over long distances.
SO2 and the pollutants formed from SO2, such as sulfate particles, can be transported over long distances and deposited far from the point of origin.
SO2 contributes to respiratory illness, particularly in children and the elderly, and aggravates existing heart and lung diseases.
Causes particulates to be trapped in a dome over the city because the air is warmer than the surrounding area.
Component of photochemical smog;reacts with cell components, destroying cells - emphysema.
Spring Air Ozonators provide mountain fresh air anywhere you like, anytime your like.(NEW!! REAL WOOD CABINET - not pine but real oak, cherry, walnut.Produces Ozone through Corona DischargeOzonators
Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. Methane traps over 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide.
All of the major greenhouse gases have increased in concentration since the beginning of the industrial revolution. As a result of these higher concentrations,
global mean surface air temperature has increased between approximately 0.3 and 0.6ºC (0.5 and 1.1ºF) since the late 19th century.
Tobacco smoke pollution contains over 4,000 chemicals; 200 are poisons; 43 cause cancer. Tobacco smoke pollution has been classified by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known cause of cancer in humans (Group A carcinogen).
The EPA estimates that secondhand smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 37,000 heart disease deaths in nonsmokers each year.
EPA estimates that secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age annually, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year.
Lung from baby of mother who smokes
Tobacco smoke pollution can make healthy children less than 18 months of age sick; it can cause pneumonia, ear infections, bronchitis, coughing, wheezing and increased mucus production. According to the EPA, tobacco smoke pollution can lead to the buildup of fluid in the middle ear, the most common cause of hospitalization of children for an operation.Secondhand Tobacco Smoke
Lung from non-smoker living in city.
Lung from smoker (with cancer).
Lead, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone.
Lead: 98% decrease
Cities that do not meet the Clean Air Act recommendations are listed as “nonattainment areas.”
5. Restricts the power of states to call for an end to pollution from upwind sources in other states.
6. Delays enforcement of smog and soot regulations until 2115
Chemical contaminants from outdoor sources - e.g., motor vehicle exhausts.
Chemical contaminants from indoor sources - e.g., adhesives, carpeting.
Biological contaminants – e.g., pollen, bacteria, viruses, and molds.
Illness - fatigue, eye irritation, skin rash, respiratory problems, headaches and nausea.
Mary Beth Smuts, a toxicologist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, estimates that indoor air pollution costs corporate America up to $150 billion annually in lost productivity.
Medical costs in USA exceed $1 billion/year.
Corrective construction costs exceed $2 billion/year.
The dirty dozen - Twelve indoor air-contamination sources affecting homes and businesses:
Inadequate maintenance of heating and cooling systems.
Car exhaust, pollen, mold, pollution and bird droppings from outside.
New carpet, paint, paneling and furniture.
The dirty dozen - Twelve indoor air-contamination sources affecting homes and businesses (cont):
Lack of housekeeping.
Pests such as cockroaches and mice.
Cleaning supplies and other household chemicals.
Pollen and plant debris.
Excess water that allows mold and fungi to grow.
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- Difficulties with Communication Could Signal Hearing Loss - June 30, 2021
- Dealing with Noise Pollution in Your Neighborhood - June 22, 2021
- How Hearing Aids Can Change Your Life - June 14, 2021
Wearing hearing aids can transform your daily life and health. Communication is part of the foundation that shapes our lives. It is critical for developing and sustaining relationships, engaging in social activities, work, and navigating life independently and comfortably. Hearing loss, one of the most common medical conditions that people experience today, strains communication which creates various challenges that take a toll on all aspects of life. Hearing aids alleviate this, not only improving hearing but offering countless benefits that can change your life.
Strengthens Hearing & Communication
Hearing loss reduces a person’s capacity to absorb and process sound which creates a range of symptoms that makes communication difficult. This includes: tinnitus – a buzzing or ringing like noise in the ears, sounds are slurred or muffled, unable to hear clearly when sound is at lower volumes etc. These symptoms reduce a person’s ability to easily distinguish words and understand all parts of a conversation. This often results in asking others to repeat themselves, speak louder and/or slower, having to increase the volume on electronic devices, needing to move to quieter areas to have a conversation etc. These constraints strain communication which can lead to miscommunication, missing parts of what someone is saying, and unpleasant interactions.
Hearing aids alleviate these symptoms, allowing people to navigate conversations with greater support and ease. These devices are designed to collect and process sound which significantly maximizes hearing. People can hear sounds and speech that they previously experienced difficulty processing. Being able to hear much more clearly results in effective communication – people are able to better understand and express themselves. This helps people live life more fully and independently, increasing wellness and confidence.
Strengthened hearing and communication improves relationships in a variety of ways. Effective communication is crucial for nurturing healthy relationships. Oftentimes, untreated hearing loss creates frustration and tension in relationships because people have a difficult time having conversations. Loved ones can feel ignored or not listened to when in reality, a person with hearing loss simply cannot hear. This can lead to having simple interactions that require less communication which diminishes quality time and sense of closeness. Hearing aids allow people to engage more easily which creates space to spend quality time with others. This makes intimacy and connection more possible which are key aspects of sustaining close relationships.
Enhances Social Life
One major impact of untreated hearing loss is social withdrawal. The strain on communication and relationships that symptoms of hearing loss causes often leads to social withdrawal. Engaging with others can require so much labor and energy which leaves people feeling drained and frustrated. To avoid this, people with untreated hearing loss can avoid conversations altogether. This includes skipping out on social gatherings, activities, and spending less time with loved ones. Social withdrawal can have major effects on mental health by contributing to anxiety, stress, loneliness, and depression. This impacts one’s wellness as well as their relationships. Treating hearing loss and wearing hearing aids helps people socialize much more easily. They prevent having to overextend oneself to hear what others are saying, guessing at what is being communicated, and feeling stressed about engaging. This allows people to be more relaxed, participate more fully, and with greater presence.
Improves Work Life
Hearing aids also improve navigating work life. Job performance can be impacted by hearing loss and the strained communication it produces. Being able to interact with coworkers, participate in meetings, complete tasks etc. are critical components of work that could be made more difficult by untreated hearing loss. Hearing aids improve communication and the associated stress around hearing others. Additionally, diagnosing and treating hearing loss allows people to access workplace accommodations that create more of a conducive work environment where your hearing can be maximized.
Leads to Better Overall Health
Untreated hearing loss can increase the risk of developing other health conditions and concerns. This includes cognitive decline, accidental injuries, and depression. Treating hearing loss and wearing hearing aids not only improves hearing but also increases spatial awareness, enhanced mood, and strengthens cognitive abilities. These benefits reduce the risk of experiencing other health risks. Additionally, hearing aids contribute to greater happiness and wholeness, improving overall quality of life!
If you are ready to experience the life changing benefits of hearing loss treatment, we’re here to help! Contact us today to schedule an appointment.
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Letter J Tracing Worksheets – These worksheets can be an excellent tool for getting hold of your handwriting in order to improve your handwriting. The self-contained 27-page pack is able to be carried wherever you go. You can work at your desk or even in the plane or car using it. These alphabet sheets for free are perfect for practicing handwriting particularly.
Get Letter J Tracing Worksheets here
Alphabet tracing worksheets include a variety of engaging exercises for children to assist learn to spell. Through working at all levels, they’ll build phonemic awareness, eye hand coordination, and spelling memory. They will be able to work at their own pace through working at various times during the day. These are great gifts for students who need additional assistance with homework.
The alphabet tracing worksheet includes several fun and engaging activities. Children learn new names, sounds and concepts by changing the color and number of the letters. The activities in the worksheet challenge different areas of the child’s brain that result in enhanced learning skills.
There are two choices for alphabet trace worksheets There is a cover-letter option as well as an image-letter option. The cover letter option the page is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is divided into a different colour (red blue, yellow, blue, green). For the letters to let the different colors shine through it is suggested to use a transparent protector for your page or a plain white background. This worksheet will help you understand the letters that you can match and which colours to match.
In the opposite direction you can make the letters from the pictures that are provided on the worksheet. Alphabet worksheets using images are ideal for introducing the concept of new words to your child. Take your child’s toys of choice or photos of objects they enjoy looking at. To create your own worksheets simply color in the images. Alphabet worksheets may also be used to help you practice spellings and reading, since they permit you to observe the way that letters are spoken.
It is also possible to utilize the worksheets to help your child trace the alphabet as well as learn the basic sounds. You can use the worksheet to teach your child how you pronounce “dog” using the dry erase board as well as a dry erase marker. Then ask him to trace the alphabet from left to right with dry erase markers. Next, he will need to make a sound, and then take the board off. You will be able to correctly pronounce the word when you repeat this. Alphabet tracing can be a lot of fun and aid your child in getting ahead in school. Therefore, whether you’re teaching children to write or read, you can use a dry erase boards and alphabet worksheets to help your kids learn to read a new alphabet.
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Seminal figures in the areas of philosophy, literature, and political science like Dante, Machiavelli, and Boccaccio, for example, have influenced Western thought in these areas since the middle-ages. In the history of art, Italian achievement is unparalleled. The political structure and engineering feats of the ancient Romans allowed them to wield their influence over a vast swath of the globe. Likewise, Italian land use and systems of agriculture have produced one of the world’s most iconic cuisines - one that is truly remarkable in its regional diversity- and its wines are second to none.
The deep respect – and love - with which the Italian people regard their land and sea provide some of the greatest examples of sustainable agriculture in human history and still make Italy unique. In science, the achievements of Italians like Galileo are fundamental to the way we understand our world and the universe. All of these achievements combined with its rich history and one of the most beautiful of human languages make Italy one of the most visited countries in the world and its culture one of the most studied.
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Howell Living History Farm’s sheep shearing program introduces students to the hand production of natural fiber for textiles. Howell Farm’s living history approach draws students back to a time period when most people in America were familiar with natural fibers and handiwork. During the spring sheep shearing season, Howell Farm welcomes school groups to participate in this unique event and to learn the great traditional skills of making things by hand.
Shearing: Watch up close as a farmer hand shears one of Howell Farm’s sheep. Everyone will be given a piece of raw wool from the sheep being sheared to feel the texture and the natural oils.
Lamb Visits: Visit the sheep barn and pet the lambs.
Carding: Help process wool using Howell Farm’s hand-cranked carding machine to prepare it for spinning. Lean about the many uses for wool products on a 1900 family farm.
Spinning: See Howell Farm’s spinner make yarn using a spinning wheel and learn about the tools and techniques of spinning. Everyone will be given clean wool to try their own hand at finger spinning while our spinner explains how the yarn is dyed and woven into cloth. Learn about the properties of wool and see finished woven or knitted products.
Weaving: Learn how yarns and threads are woven into cloth. Everyone will take a turn “shooting the shuttle” and “beating” the yarn into place as they weave on a circa 1900 floor loom. Learn about different types of looms as you finger weave your own weaving project to take home with you.
Offered the end of March through April, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10am until noon. For First Grade and up.
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Fall Web Worm
About Fall Web Worm
Can live on elm, plum, chokecherry, poplar, willow, and other hardwoods.
Larvae are about 25 mm long, and are either pale yellow with red heads and reddish-brown spots or yellow-green with black heads, a broad dark dorsal stripe and black spots. Moths are white, with reddish-orange front legs and a wingspan of 30 to 42 mm.
Pupae overwinter in cocoons in soil or duff. Moths emerge in late spring or early summer and lay eggs in hair-covered masses on the undersides of leaves. Larvae emerge about 10 to 14 days later and feed in groups of webbed nests constructed around leaves at branch ends. By late summer the unsightly nests may be 1 m across and contain excrement, dried leaf fragments, and cast skins of larvae. There are one to two generations per year.
Ornamental trees may become severely defoliated and unsightly.
When webs first appear, spray foliage with Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), carbaryl, acephate, chlorpyrifos, methoxychlor, or diazinon. Except for B.t., these insecticides also will kill beneficial natural enemies of fall web worms. Remove and burn branches with webs.
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A federal pilot program offering free fruits and vegetables to school kids has been a success by most accounts. But federal lawmakers aren't sure they can foot the bill to keep the program afloat, much less to expand it.
The one-year pilot program, which was tested in 107 schools, has students eating healthier foods _ voluntarily. Students ate the fresh produce and were even willing to try unfamiliar foods. Though it's too early to measure the program's long-term health effects, a U.S. Department of Agriculture report states that the program visibly reduced obesity, promoted healthier overall diets and raised health awareness. Congress passed legislation extending the pilot program earlier this year, but only provided enough funds to continue it for a couple months.
While finalizing the 2004 budget for the Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services department _ the USDA branch through which the program is funded _ Congress should at least fully fund the pilot for another year and then assess the results.
With child and adolescent obesity increasing at alarming rates in the United States, expansion would be well worth the cost. The American Obesity Association reports that 15 percent of 6-year-olds to 19-year-olds were obese in 2000. All told, the direct cost of obesity in the United States is was more than $100-billion a year in 1999, according to the most recent study conducted for the AOA. The cost of the prevention program is inexpensive by comparison.
Prevention efforts for schoolchildren, like the free fruit and vegetable program, are crucial because eating habits develop in childhood. Obese kids turn into obese adults. If parents will not or cannot enforce healthy eating habits, then schools should do what they can to fill that role.
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Every year, the world comes across different disease outbreaks that take away the lives of several people and India is no behind in the list. In 2019, outbreaks of various diseases all over the world could not be ignored hence, it should be highlighted so that more preventions and precautions would be taken as it is said, “Prevention is better than cure”.
India is no stranger to disease outbreaks of its own, therefore, communicable diseases such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis is circulating for many years. The recent instance is the Nipah virus, the horrific outbreak which occurred in Kerala both last year and this year. There were no fatalities reported this year.
Some of the disease outbreaks in 2019 are listed below-
The deadly Nipah virus has resurfaced in the south Indian state of Kerala this year and last year it claimed 17 lives in the Kozhikode and Malappuram districts of Kerala.
A 23-year-old student in Ernakulam district had tested positive for the disease on June 4. 338 people were kept under observation and seventeen individuals were isolated. Past outbreaks were in West Bengal’s Siliguri district, as well as in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Singapore.
According to the health department report, 321 cases were confirmed in Kochi of dengue until October 2019. Out of the total cases, 52 were confirmed. The suspected cases of dengue reported were 882. Kochi comes across with fever cases numbering 15,644 in October.
In areas with waterlogging, spraying of chemicals to destroy larvae of mosquitoes was also undertaken.
Several cases of chickenpox have also been detected in most parts of the Kochi. In October, 110 chickenpox cases were reported including 30 mumps cases.
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) declared the 10th outbreak of Ebola virus in 40 years on August 1, 2018which was centred in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
During the first eight months of the epidemic, that is, until March 2019, more than 1,000 cases of Ebola were reported. However, between April and June 2019, this number doubled. Between June to August, the number of new cases observed was high. Since August, the number of cases has been slowly declining, with just 70 cases detected throughout October this year.
AES (Acute Encephalitis Syndrome):
In June 2019, an outbreak of AES occurred in Muzaffarpur and the adjoining districts in Bihar.
Due to the outbreak, since 1 June 2019, 85 children died at the Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital (SKMCH), the largest state-operated hospital in Bihar, while 18 children died at the Kejriwal Matrisadan, a trust-run hospital.
A total of 440 cases of AES were admitted to hospitals since 1 June 2019. As of 18 June 2019, 154 were being treated in hospitals.
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Yes, carbon filters are effective at removing chloramine from water. Chloramine is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants.
Carbon filters are effective at removing a wide range of contaminants from water, including chlorine and chloramine. These filters work by using a process called adsorption, where contaminants in the water are attracted to the surface of the carbon filter and stick to it. This allows the filtered water to be free of contaminants and safe to drink.
The average carbon filter will not reduce or remove traces of chloramine. Some carbon filters will only reduce the chloramine content by 50%. Some filters contain charcoal, which will not reduce the chemical content. The filters will simply remove the chlorine smell and slightly improve the taste.
A multi-level water filter can remove chloramine by a high percentage, although the better purifiers will include vitamin C to increase the percentage of reduction to nearly 99%.
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Do you want a brief description of when were backpacks invented? You are reading the right article because I am going to describe the purpose of use and the modern era of backpacks that how it’s being involved in everyday life routine and became the most essential part of our daily life.
When were Backpacks Invented?
The term backpack is a new name of a rucksack, book sack, or knapsack. A simple definition of the backpack is a cloth sack carrying behind a person’s back and holding it with two straps that go over the shoulders.we will tell you today what is the story of the backpack and when were backpacks invented. Let’s start by knowing its history first.
From history, we know that the first-ever backpack was named rucksack at that time and it was invented in 3300BC. Initially, it was called a rucksack but later on, it was renamed as a backpack.
In earlier times, the idea of inventing the backpacks was for fulfilling the Military requirements only but with the passage of time, the backpacks became the need of everyone either military-man or civilian.
It’s a story about Otzi in 3000BC, the iceman who was traveling through Italy. Unfortunately, he was killed during his journey. But the interesting thing which happened that his remains and belongings were taken care of in the glaciers.
After some centuries later in September 1991, some German hikers stumbled upon his remains at Otztal Alps. After finding his traveling gear, researches found substantial evidence that human has been carrying things on his back since 3000BC.
It has been confirmed that Backpacks were introduced a lot earlier than we thought. Its shape and style have been modified time by time and now the backpack has become the need of every person.
The modern backpack was invented in 1952 by Asher Kelty. He loved to hike, and that’s where he created the whole idea of a contemporary backpack in his mind. In one of his journeys, he gave up on a backpack that he was carrying at that time.
He came up with this idea and invented the modern backpack. He was an aircraft engineer, and his experience helped him a lot in creating a modern backpack. From there, the modern backpack started and later transformed with many different shapes and stuff.
Origin of word “backpack”
The name “Backpack” officially appeared in prints the first time in 1910. Before this name, the word “Knapsack” was used to call a similar bag-like thing. The term “Knapsack” originated from Germany and used since 1603. This word was not describing its functions well. Eventually, from 1910 this name became very popular till the name backpack was introduced.
Kinds of Backpack
Well, now, in the modern era, when I say the word “Backpack” different categories pop out in your mind, right? Like outdoors, school or hiking, but believe me backpacks mean more than that. There have been a lot of updates in the backpack. The two generic kinds of a backpack are:
Academic Backpacks are specially made for students. While the outdoor backpacks, on the other hand, are used for any activity held outside, including fun, Traveling, Adventures, etc.
Why the Backpacks were invented?
Before the Backpacks were invented, people had to rely on different things to transport their material from one place to another. For instance, Leather Satchels were prevalent in most of the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. Many shreds of evidence proved that the backpack became a necessity at that time.
Apart from the design, backpacks were required to be more comfortable and easy to carry around. Some people needed backpacks for their daily activities as well. The different purposes for which the people use backpacks are explained in the next section.
Why we need backpacks?
When we think about backpacks in earlier days, it didn’t seem much more than a simple bag, which is not the case now. From the start, backpacks were used to transport many items from one place to another. From older days, backpacks were not as comfortable as these are today.
From that time, Backpacks has gone through several transformations in shape and quality as well. Innovators were always trying to make it more comfortable as they could make.
Every backpack has a different purpose, such as shopping, traveling, school, etc. Therefore you can see how much a backpack has become a need of every person today. These were just a few uses for backpacks, which led the humans to a more magnificent invention.
Backpacks were invented many years ago, but still not reached a final destination. Backpack makers are trying their best to improve the quality and design frame, so people can feel more comfortable.
It’s an intense and long story of how and when backpacks were invented. But I shortly explained about backpacks’ invention and their purposes.
But now in this century, every kind of backpack is available for fulfilling the different needs of a person, so people can choose one best backpack out of thousands.
Backpacks are also a part of the fashion and glam world. The stylish backpacks are more popular today, by keeping the standards of comfort and quality with style. But as the fashion world and designs are changing day by day, we will see more innovations in the designs of backpacks also.
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- Look at the people in the photos. What makes them happy? (p. 47).
- What makes you happy?
- Read the text “What makes you happy?” on p. 47.
- Look at the pictures on p. 48-9 and relate them to the text.
- Read the text “The Colours Blog” on p. 48.
- Pronounce these words of the text: absolutely, mood, definitely, created, discover, psychology, positively, grumpy, cheerful, dynamic, done, favourite, anxious, unless, instead, both, studying, exhibition, apparently, opponent, positive, decision.
- Make a summary of the text “The Colours Blog” on p. 48:
· Jessica Roberts:
2. Research: colour-mood
3. Blog’s aim: people-colour
1. Teacher. Colour psychology.
2. Influence students positively:
1. Yellow: open up, cheerful
2. Red: + dynamic mood. Corridors-class on time
· Cool Guy:
a. favourite: hospital, relax
b. think again
a. Experts: studying + relaxing
b. Light blue. Reason: dark blue-room (cold, small)
1. ‘Food and colour’ exhibition-learn++
1. Blue bread: eat-no.
2. Much blue food?-no. Reason: bad
3. Blue light in fridge: cut down on food
· Rainbow Harry:
1. Basketball coach- funny ideas:
1. Opponents’ changing room-pink (reason: slow down). Club-yes
2. Club colours: yellow→ red.
Reasons: win +, referees (decisions)
8. Make a shorter summary of the text without the hints.
9. Make sentences in the first, second and third conditional (p. 49).
10. Write or speak about your ideas, giving a reason for each idea (p. 49):
· If you decorated your room
· If you designed the school sports kit
· If you had to paint the school
- Look at the picture on p. 50 and relate it to the listening.
12. Read the text of ex. 2 and 3 (p. 50).
13. Name 5 sports injuries or problems you can have (p. 50).
14. Write or say one expression to agree and another one to disagree (p. 50).
15. Write or speak about Claire Lomas (p. 51):
· Horse riding accident (27)-use of legs.
· London Marathon-robotic legs-17 days.
· £210,000 for medical research.
· Later, 400-mile charity cycle ride (England).
- Look at the picture on p. 54 and relate it to the listening.
17. Read the text on page 54.
18. Speak about it:
· Regular breaks + physical exercise
· No stress
19. Read the text of ex. 3 (p. 54).
20. Give one tip of advice for each of the following topics:
· Balancing work and play
· Eating healthy
· Getting a good night’s sleep
· Staying safe on the internet
- Look at the picture on p. 56 and relate it to the listening.
22. Read the text on page 56.
23. Write or speak about the blogger’s experience:
· Week 1:
1. Join Urban Farmers: green space-concrete cities
2. Volunteer: 1afternoon/week
3. People-friendly, farm-chill out
4. 1st afternoon-. Vegetables-sore knees
· Week 2:
1. Young kids:
1. Feed-open up, enjoy
2. Move materials, tools-tired
· Week 3:
1. excited-omelettes (farm chickens) + vegetables (farm)
3. Urban Farmers:
a. teach (food from)-respect animals, environment + eat healthily.
b. She: =
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Overview of Chronic Vomiting in Dogs
Vomiting and chronic vomiting in dogs is a common symptom of sicness or poisoning in dogs. Vomiting is the forceful ejection through the mouth of the contents of the stomach. Occasionally material from the duodenum of the small intestine also accompanies the stomach (gastric) contents. Chronic vomiting is characterized by persistent or recurrent vomiting for more than two weeks.
An occasional bout of vomiting is common in dogs; however, persistent, chronic vomiting is usually indicative of an underlying disease. Chronic vomiting often leads to decreased absorption of nutrients and subsequent weight loss. Diarrhea may also accompany the vomiting.
General Causes of Canine Vomiting
Dietary indiscretion (eating inappropriate food/material)
Infectious agents, such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites
Drugs and certain toxins
Obstruction/blockage of the stomach or intestinal tract
Metabolic diseases such as liver and kidney disease, or hypoadrenocorticism
Abdominal disorders such as pancreatitis, abdominal tumors and adhesions, etc.
Motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that prevent the posterior movement of food
Inflammatory bowel diseases
Miscellaneous conditions such as gastric/duodenal ulcers, hiatal hernia, constipation, etc.
Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract
What to Watch For
Presence of blood in the vomitus or stool
Diagnosis of Chronic Vomiting in Dogs
Obtaining a thorough medical history with details on the timing and material vomited is very important. A thorough physical examination is performed, including careful palpation (examining by hand) of the abdomen. Additional diagnostic tests may include:
Complete blood count (CBC)
Chest and abdominal radiographs (X-rays)
Multiple fecal examinations
Treatment of Chronic Vomiting in Dogs
Chronic vomiting is difficult to treat symptomatically, because effective treatment usually depends on the underlying cause. There are several steps your veterinarian might recommend, however, while diagnostic testing is underway. The goals of symptomatic therapy are to initially rest the gastrointestinal tract and then introduce easily digested materials. Symptomatic treatments include:
Withhold all food for 12 – 24 hours, then gradually introduce a bland diet.
A trial of a hypoallergenic diet may be started, for a minimum of six weeks, if dietary hypersensitivity is suspected.
Antiemetic drugs that symptomatically decrease the frequency of vomiting may be tried.
Antacids (drugs that block acid production by the stomach) may also be administered.
Gastric protectants, which are drugs that coat and sooth the GI tract, may also be considered.
Administer only the prescribed medications and diet recommended by your veterinarian. Observe your pet very closely. If clinical signs are not improving, and/or your pet is getting worse, have your pet evaluated at once.
In-Depth Information on Vomiting in Dogs
Although vomiting is common in dogs due to their indiscriminate eating habits, chronic, protracted vomiting is not normal. Vomiting is often preceded by restlessness, salivation, and retching, and requires forceful abdominal contractions to expel the stomach contents. One must differentiate acute from chronic vomiting. One must also differentiate vomiting from regurgitation, which is the effortless evacuation of fluid, food, or mucus from the esophagus. The causes, diagnostic tests, and treatments for regurgitation are quite different from those for chronic vomiting.
Chronic vomiting generally does not respond to symptomatic therapy, and most often necessitates a full diagnostic work-up to determine the underlying cause. If the patient continues vomiting despite being kept off food, if the vomiting is recurrent, and/or if blood is present in the vomitus, your veterinarian should examine the animal. In addition, if your pet appears to be in distress, seems painful, lethargic, or sick in any other way, you should contact your veterinarian at once.
Causes of Chronic Vomiting in Dogs
Chronic vomiting can be caused by diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or can occur secondary to other systemic diseases. It is important to try to establish the cause of chronic vomiting. If the underlying cause is not removed or treated, it is unlikely the vomiting will resolve.
Chronic, recurrent dietary indiscretion can include eating spoiled food, overeating, ingesting foreign material, and sudden dietary changes.
Dietary intolerance is a reaction to some normal food component. It is most often a response to a particular protein, but can be associated with lactose, diets high in fat, and certain food additives.
Bacterial causes of chronic vomiting include Salmonella and Helicobacter.
Fungal causes of chronic vomiting include histoplasmosis, aspergillosis and phycomycosis.
Parasitic causes of chronic vomiting include roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, Giardia, and Physaloptera.
Administration of certain drugs and/or exposure to toxins can cause chronic vomiting by directly irritating the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, certain antibiotics, insecticides, heavy metals, and lawn and garden products, etc.
Slowly developing obstruction or blockage of the gastrointestinal tract may cause chronic vomiting. Obstruction may be secondary to foreign bodies, tumors, intussusceptions (telescoping of the bowel into itself), parasites, and other structural abnormalities.
Metabolic diseases, such as kidney and liver diseases, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease), may cause vomiting, although it is more common for these diseases to cause acute episodes of vomiting.
Some abdominal disorders may result in chronic vomiting. Examples include chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), kidney infections, tumors in other abdominal organs, adhesions of the abdominal organs, etc.
Motility disorders of the stomach and small intestines are an important cause of chronic vomiting. With these diseases food does not leave the stomach and intestines as it normally does and builds up in the stomach where it induces vomiting.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammation of the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, and may be an immune disorder in some animals. Chronic vomiting with IBD may be accompanied by diarrhea, weight loss, and a change in appetite.
Certain maldigestion and malabsorption problems, such as lymphangiectasia cause chronic vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.
Gastrointestinal ulcers associated with intestinal diseases and tumors, liver disease, and kidney disease may result in chronic vomiting, but such ulcers are uncommon.
A hiatal hernia is the sliding of first portion of the stomach into the chest cavity through the diaphragm, and allows foodstuffs to move back up towards the mouth
Constipation is infrequent, incomplete, or difficult defecation with the passage of hard, dry feces. Vomiting may occur secondary to constipation.
Slow growing tumors of the gastrointestinal tract may produce intermittent vomiting that tends to get worse with time.
Diagnosis In-depth of Chronic Vomiting in Dogs
Obtaining a complete medical history, and performing a thorough physical examination are necessary in order to create an appropriate diagnostic plan for the vomiting patient.
A complete blood count (CBC) evaluates the presence of infection, inflammation, anemia, etc.
A biochemical profile evaluates kidney, liver, and pancreas function, as well as electrolyte, protein, and blood sugar levels.
A urinalysis helps evaluate the kidneys and hydration status of the patient.
Multiple fecal examinations are important to rule out gastrointestinal parasites as a cause of vomiting.
Abdominal radiographs (X-rays) evaluate the abdominal organs, and may detect the presence of fluid, a foreign body, tumor or structural abnormality.
Chest X-rays are an important part of the diagnostic work up if cancer is suspected, in order to look for metastasis (spread) to the lungs.
Your veterinarian may recommend additional tests to insure optimal medical care. These are selected on a case-by-case basis.
An abdominal ultrasound evaluates the abdominal organs and helps assess the presence of tumors, thickening of the walls of the intestine, foreign bodies, etc.
An ACTH stimulation test may be recommended to rule out hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) if certain electrolyte abnormalities are seen on the biochemistry profile.
Bile acids assays may be performed if liver disease is suspected.
A blood lead test may be indicated in the vomiting patient when there has been possible lead exposure, if material compatible with lead chips is seen on the abdominal x-rays, or if there are changes in the blood count suspicious of lead poisoning.
An upper gastrointestinal (GI) barium (dye) series may be considered in those cases where the initial tests do not confirm a diagnosis, especially if vomiting persists. Barium is administered and sequential x-rays are taken to watch its passage through out the intestines. It is also sometimes viewed under video x-rays, especially when motility disorders are suspected.
Gastroduodenoscopy (upper GI endoscopy) is often of benefit in the chronically vomiting patient. It involves the passage of a flexible viewing scope into the stomach and duodenum. It facilitates the removal of foreign bodies in the stomach, helps detect the presence of tumors and ulcers, and allows samples to be taken for culture and biopsy.
If other diagnostic tests fail to reveal a cause, or if surgical correction is required for the chronic vomiting, then an exploratory laparotomy is performed.
Therapy In-depth for Vomiting in Dogs
Your veterinarian may recommend one or more of the diagnostic tests described above. It is difficult to treat the patient with chronic vomiting symptomatically. It is very important with chronic vomiting that an underlying cause be identified, so that specific therapy can be instituted.
While diagnostic testing is underway the following nonspecific (symptomatic) treatments may be tried in some pets. These treatments may reduce the severity of symptoms or provide temporary relief for your pet. However, nonspecific therapy is not a substitute for definitive treatment of the underlying disease responsible for your pet’s condition.
Withholding food and water for several hours allows the GI tract to rest. Gradual reintroduction of small amounts of bland food is instituted after the fast, and should be continued for several days to ensure the vomiting does not return.
Antiemetics (drugs that stop vomiting) should be used with caution. It is best to identify and treat the underlying cause of vomiting, but in selected cases these drugs may be recommended.
Antacids (drugs that decrease acid production by the stomach) such as Tagamet (cimetidine), Pepcid (famotidine), or Zantac (ranitidine) may be of benefit in some cases.
Gastrointestinal protectants and adsorbents, which are medications that protect or sooth, may coat an irritated intestinal lining and bind noxious or harmful agents. They include such drugs as Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate, etc.
Specific therapy for chronic vomiting is highly variable and depends on the underlying cause. It may involve the administration of medications, changes in diet, and surgery.
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Coal trains in Ordos, Inner Mongolia. Part of a collection of images showing a devastated land and the effects of water shortage on people in the Ordos grasslands in Inner Mongolia. For ten years, the Chinese state-run organisation Shenhua Group, the world's biggest coal producer by volume, has sucked this land dry, exploiting water resources at a shocking scale to use in its coal-to-liquid project (also known as coal liquefaction, a process for producing liquid fuels from coal) and illegally dumping toxic industrial waste water. Shenhua's operations have sparked social unrest and caused severe ecological damage including desertification, impacting farmers and herders who are facing reduced water supplies in what was once an abundant farming area.
© Bo Qiu / Greenpeace
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The trick is to first decide what you want to write about, followed by making one compelling argument about that subject. Your context for quotes should answer basic questions. The genre of the text is tied to its form, or how it appears on the page. The reason for doing so is that lectures always have to grade a large number of literary analysis papers. The purpose of the conclusion is summing up your ideas. For example, the poem is an Italian sonnet and follows the abbaabbacdcdcd rhyme scheme.
Read through your commentary backwards - it will give you a new perspective that could make any errors stand out! With it, a student will not get stuck in the middle of the process. Read the poem aloud at least once, as well as multiple times to yourself. If you notice any literary devices in the text, discuss them in the literary commentary. Their basic purpose is to fully and logically develop and support your thesis statement, and each one should focus only on one key idea. The introduction ends with the thesis statement. A poetry analysis is a literary essay that focuses on the reader's understanding of a poem.
This is when a literary analysis outline will come in handy. You also have to organize your paper according to a thesis; it should not be simply a line-by-line commentary on the poem. These two authors discuss the theme of mortality. So be careful when you. In this way, the writer could explore the implications of the dramatic situation even further: why does the speaker ask a question of a mute object? Thus it is best to make yours stand out by making it a good reading experience.
In essence, these essays require an in-depth analysis of all parts that were used to form a work of poetry. The poem is based on a real-life car crash. Some have chosen to do so either by posting a brief question, writing a startling statement or opening with a relevant anecdote. Main Tips for the Whole Writing Process: Remember that writing a literary essay resembles the writing of many college essays. Poetry Explications What this handout is about A poetry explication is a relatively short analysis which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem.
Step 2: Know who the speaker is The speaker in a poem can be an elderly person, a child, a shepherd, a student, a swordsman, a sailor, a milkmaid, an animal or an object such as a chair, a place or a mountain. We have Professional Writers that will handle your writing problems and provide you with highly qualified Poetry Analysis Essay. Different steps involved in writing poetry analysis essay, these are briefly discussed below. Who or what is the text focusing on? Write down how the poet uses figures of speech such as metaphor or imagery that strike you, or whether you sense a particular theme. State the title, author, date of publication, and genre of the text. A on the other hand is a form of writing that takes the nature of a song and a speech and it is almost rhythmical in most cases and usually metaphorical exhibiting different formal elements which include a stanzaic structure, rhyme and meter. Literary analyses are scholarly essays and should be written more conservatively than other types of essays.
Summarizing your points is necessary, but the conclusion needs to synthesize all the different elements of the work you analyzed. This type of academic papers is not the easiest one to deal with. Observe this infographic to have an understanding: Here is a basic structure to follow for your outline: Following an outline for a poetry research essay is recommended to make sure you organize all your thoughts and statements you want to say. Cite some points made by famous critics which are relevant to your argument. Body The bulk of ideas and comparisons need to be explored here in a clear, focused way.
If you want to make the process of writing a literary analysis productive, a consequent plan of action is a must-have for every student. Any literary analysis essay features a pretty straightforward structure. Typically, this review is conducted and recorded within the structure of a. The fact that the poet chooses to write a sonnet about London in an Italian form suggests that what he says may not be actually praising the city. You can divide each point by using the corresponding letter from the outline.
Writing the explication The explication should follow the same format as the preparation: begin with the large issues and basic design of the poem and work through each line to the more specific details and patterns. To go beyond a simple poetry analysis for middle school try to show how it links to broader themes and the outside world. Additionally, the number of stanzas and lines in the poem may contribute to its rhythm and overall tone and theme. Summarize and extend your major argument. However, an always contributes their ideas and observations, making the work unique.
The mood is the atmosphere of the text, or how the text makes you feel as you experience it. Below we will highlight the elements that should be present and help define each section individually from the other. However, point out instances where the author is inconsistent or not clear and then provide concrete advice to the writer. One should read, understand and develop a thesis. In fact, we may be tempted, especially when reading aloud, to stress the first two syllables equally, making the opening an emphatic, directive statement. All those successful personal essay examples out there would show you that it is not just a simple short story and it is not just a resume. A student should choose between several different subject areas within the poem, and experts recommend selecting the fields a student feels competent in.
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Taking Inspiration from Nature
Currently, there is a need for improved materials which can overcome traditional problems faced by device design in areas like flat screen panels. Materials that mimic natural structures have been the focus of research in many industries, such as biomedicine, robotics, and wearable tech.
One such organic structure which can provide flat panel displays with enhanced functionality is the eye of a moth. Moths are nocturnal insects, and as such, have evolved eye structures that help them see in low light levels. This allows them to evade predators and find food.
On the surface of the eye, microscopic bumps uniformly arranged into rows give this organic structure the ability to take in small amounts of light without reflecting it. Each bump is smaller in size than visible light wavelengths. Their curved, spindle-shaped structure allows them to absorb incident light from multiple angles. The refractive index can continuously change, meaning that almost no light is reflected.
Effectively imitating this natural structure provides innovative coverings for flat display panels, touchscreen interfaces, mobile phone lenses, PDAs, and electroluminescent lamps which are both anti-reflective and anti-glare. This ability helps to overcome conventional issues with light flare and iridescence faced by these devices.
Anti Reflective Vs. Anti Glare
Anti-reflective and anti glare coatings are similar, but there are some key differences between the two. Anti-glare coatings reduce the impact of external sources of light by roughening the surface of the display, converting specular reflection into diffuse reflection. Etching and dip-coating methods can be used to prepare these coatings. However, due to the roughness of these coatings, an anti-fingerprint film is generally applied.
Anti-reflective coatings take into account both external and internal light sources that impact readability by reducing the amount of light transmitted through the display. Cumulative reflections can cause an image to become “washed-out” and therefore largely unreadable. These coatings achieve destructive interference in reflected light and enhance the incidence of transmitted light.
Constructing films for flat display screens and other key optical device components which possess both anti-glare and anti-reflective properties are therefore central to improving the quality of image output and readability, especially in environments with high levels of ambient light or sunlight.
MothEye Anti Reflective Anti Glare Films
MothEye Anti Reflective Anti Glare (MARAG) films are a novel and innovative type of biomimicking anti glare films and anti reflective coating material for use in applications such as flat panel displays and mobile phones. Incredibly durable, they reflect virtually no visible light, improving their use in environmental conditions such as bright sunlight.
The Autoflex MARAG (MothEye Anti-Reflective Anti-Glare) film was developed by UK manufacturers Autoflex and the Fraunholer Institute for Solar Energy, Germany.
The material has a hard coat finish and is tough and durable, resistant to scratches and fingerprints. Less than 1% of visible light is reflected by this material. Moreover, it possesses an exceptional level of optical clarity.
Companies such as Dexerials and Molex have also developed anti-reflective and anti-glare coatings in recent years based on the structure of moth eyes. In Dexerials’ material, resin bumps are formed which are smaller than visible light wavelengths.
The technology used by Dexerials to manufacture these films is the same as that used in Blu-ray discs. Pits are formed on a rolled master disc which correspond to the moth-eye structures using a method known as laser lithography. Nanoimprinting is then used to transfer the structures to films, and the entire process is precisely controlled by advanced software, which allows intimate control of microstructural patterns.
Another key benefit of Dexerials’ product is its anti-fogging capabilities, and it can easily be wiped clean. Aside from imparting electronic displays with enhanced anti-reflective and anti-glare capabilities, Dexerials’ film can be used in medical shields.
Benefits of MARAG Films
There are a number of key benefits with MARAG films for applications such as displays, optics, and so forth. These include mitigating problems such as cracking on flexible surfaces, low manufacturing costs, creating A/R layers which retain properties over a wide array of angles, and eliminating the need for complex, multi-layered coatings.
MARAG films represent a next-generation, innovative solution to common problems in the fields of displays, optics, and associated application areas. Durable, easy to manufacture, cost-effective, and with high-performance capabilities, these moth-eye inspired film coatings offer enhanced read clarity compared to other materials, even in direct sunlight.
More from AZoM: Biomimetic Imprinted Polymers - A Guide to Their Possible Applications
Microcontinuum (website) Moth-eye Anti-Reflective Surfaces [online] Microcontinuum.com. Available at:
Dexerials (2022) Moth-Eye Structures: The Ultimate Anti-Reflection Technology [online] techtimes.dexerials.com. Available at:
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இந்திய அஞ்சல்துறை வரலாறு
Indian postal service also known as Indian post office is a most widely distributed postal system in the world (second is china). Indian postal service is run by Indian government. It is a part of Ministry of communications and information technology.
1. The first post office in India was established by British East India company in Bombay in 1764.
2. Postage stamps were first used in India in 1852 at district of scinde (also known as scinde dawk). On 1st October 1854, the first all India stamp was issued. Post independence, India's first postal stamp was issued on 21 November 1947. Independent India's first postal stamp depicted the picture of national flag of India. Mahatma Gandhi was the first person whose picture was depicted on free India's stamp (1948).
3. India is divided into 23 postal circles. Each circle is divided into regions. Regions are also further divided into divisions and subdivisions. Beside 23 circles, there is also a base circle. Which provides postal services to Indian armed forces. Each circle is headed by chief postmaster general and region is headed by postmaster general.
4. Pincode system was introduced in India on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar. In 1880 money order service was first started.
5. Indian pincode is six digits long. The first digit represents the region, second digit represents the subregion, the third digit identifies the district of the region and last three digits are assigned to the post offices.
6. On 18 February 1911, world's first official airmail flight was started. World's highest post office is located in Hikkim, Himachal Pradesh, India ( height is 4,700 m).
7. Due to the increase of digital services, Indian Post had terminated two important services - Telegram (in 2013) and Money order (in 2015).
8. In 2008, Project Arrow was launched to reform the Indian Postal Services to make it more people friendly and digital.
9. Beside postal services, Indian post offices also offers different financial services too.
QUICK INFORMATION ABOUT POSTAL SERVICES
Bombay in 1774
Governor General Lord Dalhousie
Sinde Dawk in 1852
From Allahabad to Naini in 1911
Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica in 1983
IMPORTANT YEARS OF INDIAN POSTAL SERVICES
First post office of India was established in Bombay
First postal stamp was introduced
First Railway mail service was started
First Post Card was introduced
Money Order service was started
Airmail service was started
Pin code was adapted
Speed Post service was started
E post service was started
Electronic Money order and Instant Money Order services were started
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Date of Award
Curriculum and Instruction
P. Bruce Uhrmacher
Creativity, Elementary, Innovation, Practice of Teaching, Public School
Limited resources in public education and a focus on the “basics” have resulted in a narrowing of the curriculum, which, in turn, has led to a dramatically minimized role for the arts and creativity (Mishook & Kornhaber, 2006). Our world and the ways in which we access and share knowledge continue to evolve at an alarming rate. With this, complex issues arise- issues that will need fresh, innovative eyes that can cultivate creative solutions. The success of our society is fueled by creative and flexible minds that can generate innovative and authentic solutions to some of our most complex problems (Craft, 2003; Parkhurst, 1999; Pink, 2005; Robinson, 2011). Through this study, I hope to reveal that today’s teachers, even with the many constraints and limitations they face, can still prepare our youth for the diverse world they will inherit by fostering student creativity through their approach to teaching. I propose that even the most mundane standards and learning objectives can be constructed into meaningful learning experiences when our imaginations are included in the conversation (Uhrmacher, Conrad, & Moroye 2013). This study seeks to ignite that conversation.
The purpose of this study is to examine the practice of teaching for four public elementary teachers who have been identified as teachers who work toward cultivating creativity and innovation in their students. Four questions guided this study: 1) What are the intentions of teachers who cultivate creativity and more specifically, creative habits of mind in students? 2) How does the classroom organization and structure of physical space help to foster creativity and creative habits of mind in students? 3) How does the teacher’s pedagogical approach help to cultivate creativity and creative habits of mind in students? 4) What is the educational significance of these ideas and practices for students, teachers, and administrators? Educational Connoisseurship and Criticism, an arts-based qualitative research method (Eisner, 1998) is used in this study. Data collection consisted of observations and interviews lasting approximately two to three weeks in each participating teachers’ classroom.
Colley, Karin M., "Cultivating Creativity: The Practice of Teaching for Creativity in the Elementary Classroom" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 134.
Recieved from ProQuest
Karin M. Colley
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Importance Of The Human Microbiome Project
The human microbiome makes up about one to two percent of the body mass of an adult. It has been likened to a body organ. But, unlike say a heart or a liver, the importance and function of the microbiome is just starting to be appreciated.
It has long been known that bacteria are involved in certain body processes, such as digesting food and producing vitamins, but the microbiome appears have a much broader impact on our health than was previously realized. The community of microbes in an individual may influence the susceptibility to certain infectious diseases, as well as contribute to disorders such as obesity and diabetes. It may also contribute to the development of some chronic illnesses of the gastrointestinal system such as Crohn’s disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Some collections of microbes can determine how one responds to a particular drug treatment. The microbiome of the mother may even affect the health of her children.
A more complete understanding of the diversity of microbes that make up the human microbiome could lead to novel therapies. For example, it may be possible to treat a bacterial infection caused by a “bad” bacterial species by promoting the growth of the “good” bacteria. Microbiome transplants are already being used to combat certain illnesses, such as Clostridium difficile infections, to establish more healthful bacterial populations.
Weight Gain And Obesity
Gut dysbiosis has also been associated with weight gain and obesity through a range of mechanisms, including .
- Altered energy regulation
- Altered gut hormone regulation
- Promotion of inflammation due to pathogens entering the bloodstream via the intestinal wall .
Interestingly, overweight and obese people have been found to have lower gut microbial diversity compared with lean people .
One study compared 154 identical twins, one of whom was obese and the other whom was lean. The twins had significant differences in their gut microbiome composition, including the classes of microbes present and bacterial diversity. This suggests that differences in the microbiome are not genetic .
A similar study analyzed four pairs of twins. The gut microbiome from each twin was then introduced into mice. Despite the mice eating the same low-fat, high-fiber diet, the mouse hosting the obese twins microbiome gained more fat mass and presented more obesity-associated metabolic markers than the mouse hosting the non-obese twins microbiome .
Meanwhile, a long-term human study of 1,632 women found that low gut microbial diversity, especially in those with low dietary fiber intake, was associated with a higher degree of weight gain compared with those women who had a high microbiome diversity and fiber intake .
What Does The Microbiome Do
The microbiome plays a key role is some very important bodily functions. It assists with immune system regulation, mental health and digestion. Though we are only at the beginning of understanding what other roles the microbiome plays in the body, scientists are clear that it does affect the following systems. ;
Read Also: Can Probiotics Make Me Constipated
How To Help Your Microbiome
Simple daily habits make a difference. What you eat can change the microbes that live in your body. High-fiber foods feed the helpful bacteria in your colon. They also discourage the growth of some harmful ones. Probiotic foods, such as yogurt and pickled vegetables, also deliver helpful bacteria to your gut. Getting enough sleep, easing stress, and exercising may also improve your microbiome.
Whos There Surveying The Microbiome In Humans
The National Institutes of Healths Common Fund established the decade-long Human Microbiome Project in 2007. The HMP project was designed to be a community resource to galvanize research, in what was then a young field. The main aim was to create a toolbox with datasets and analytical and clinical protocols for the larger research community to be able to study the microbiome in specific diseases and populations.
The first phase of the project catalogued a reference dataset of the types of microbes that are associated with five specific body regions: skin, oral cavity, airways, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract, using samples collected from 300 healthy adult men and women.
They used DNA sequencing technologies adapted from those first developed during the Human Genome Project to analyze these microbial communities. Microbiome-associated diseases are usually not infectious, but have a proportion that can be explained by the human microbiome.
Researchers used the reference dataset as a roadmap to identify the kinds of microbial community differences that might be associated with such non-infectious diseases or conditions.
There is an important caveat here.
Researchers dont yet know if a change in a microbial community leads to a disease or if a microbial community changes in response to the development of a disease.
The researchers would need to, in effect, make a video of the microbiome and the human body.
Read Also: How To Tell If Yogurt Has Probiotics
The Gut Microbiome May Affect Your Weight
There are thousands of different types of bacteria in your intestines, most of which benefit your health.
However, having too many unhealthy microbes can lead to disease.
An imbalance of healthy and unhealthy microbes is sometimes called gut dysbiosis, and it may contribute to weight gain .
Several well-known studies have shown that the gut microbiome differed completely between identical twins, one of whom was obese and one of whom was healthy. This demonstrated that differences in the microbiome were not genetic .
Interestingly, in one study, when the microbiome from the obese twin was transferred to mice, they gained more weight those that had received the microbiome of the lean twin, despite both groups eating the same diet .
These studies show that microbiome dysbiosis may play a role in weight gain.
Fortunately, probiotics are good for a healthy microbiome and can help with weight loss. Nevertheless, studies suggest that the effects of probiotics on weight loss are probably quite small, with people losing less than 2.2 pounds .
Gut dysbiosis may lead to weight gain, but probiotics can potentially restore gut health and help reduce weight.
Preterm Birth And Neurodevelopmental Trajectories
Despite technology-enabled increases in the survival of extremely preterm infants in the United States, cognitive outcomes in these individuals are often severely impaired . Preterm babies born into low-SES families and/or minoritized populations often have poorer cognitive outcomes . While a number of factors, including access to early life education , likely contribute to these patterns, variation in inflammatory markers in infant serum is a key area of interest .
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Evidence Linking Gm To Health Inequities
To date, most studies of the human GM have a narrow biomedical focus or describe broad population-level trends in response to environmental variation. Few studies have assessed GM variation in relation to structural inequities, and fewer have attempted to link socially attributed variation in the GM to host health . Nevertheless, the existing literature provides growing evidence that the social and environmental gradients that contribute to health inequities also predict GM traits . For example, across globally diverse populations, measures of SES have been associated with distinct GM traits in both adults and children . Similarly, the GM consistently varies with race and/or ethnicity/ancestry in adults and children .
Overview of published literature linking the microbiome to pathways of health inequities
Your Microbiome And Disease Prevention
According to a study published in The Guardian, microbes can actually help prevent specific disease states. For example, researchers got rid of four different strains of bacteria in lab rats and were able to trigger changes in the animals metabolism that led to obesity.
Another study, this one published in PLOS , shows that autistic children have different microbiomes than children who are not autistic. Autistic children have less beneficial bacteria in their gut, the ones that influence our immune responses. These responses start in the gut and travel to the brain, sending signals to the rest of the body.
The research suggests that your microbiome can actually be a preeminent factor in determining your overall longevity. The findings also suggest that if we reevaluate what our idea of a healthy diet is, it could have far-reaching effects on our health. Improving our gut health could have a major impact on our longevity, our body makeup, and our brain function.
A healthy diet, then, is not just one that gives us the right nutrients. The food you eat should also help support a healthy microbiome.
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Behavioural Changes Are Likely To Be A By
A recent paper titled ‘Why does the microbiome affect behaviour?’ examined the theory that the gut microbiome has evolved to manipulate its human host for its own success, much like parasites, by making the host more sociable in order to be transmitted.
The paper argued, however, that this theory is unlikely, and behavioural changes are likely to be a by-product of processes that help microorganisms grow and compete in the gut, such as fermentation.
“The gut microbiome is so diverse that, even if there was a type of bacteria producing active chemicals to manipulate our behaviour, this bacteria would quickly be outcompeted by other bacteria not investing any extra energy to produce the compound,” says Johnson, one of the paper’s authors.
Science has not yet defined what a healthy microbiome looks like, and a conclusion appears some way off yet. But there is growing consensus that environmental factors, such as diet and antibiotics, affect our microbiome more than our genes, and that a more diverse microbiome is better for us.
“While we can change our microbiome with our diet, they seem to have a set point to which they often return after a temporary disturbance,” says Johnson. “But one thing we can do is eat more fibre, to increase the diversity of the gut, which is frequently associated with health.”
While there have been many advancements within microbiome research in recent years, there also remain some challenges.
Other Ways To Change Gut Bacteria
There may be other ways to change your gut microbiome and treat things tied to its balance. For example, fecal transplants change your gut bacteria to treat things like;C. diff;and ulcerative colitis. A device called deep transcranial magnetic stimulation uses a coil put on the scalp to stimulate the brain and change gut bacteria. It shows promise for treating obesity.
9) Jose Luis Pelaez Inc. / Thinkstock
11) AntonioGuillem / Thinkstock
12) ; olgakr / Thinkstock, skyjo / Thinkstock, MartinFredy / Thinkstock
UConn Today: How Bactera Keep Us Healthy.
Integrative Medicine: A Clinicians Journal: Part 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease.
ACP Microbe Institute: Microbe Magic, The Good Bacteria.
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Prebiotics and Probiotics: Creating a Healthier You.
Crohns & Colitis Foundation: Gut Microbiome Points To Cures and Treatment for IBD.
International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Gut Bacteria and IBS.
Cleveland Clinic: How Gut Bacteria May Help Curb Your Heart Disease.
University of California, Los Angeles: Changing Gut Bacteria Through Diet Affects Brain Function, UCLA Study Shows.
Journal of Neuroscience: Gut Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm Shift in Neuroscience.
Endocrine Society: Magnetic Brain Stimulation Causes Weight Loss By Making Gut Bacteria Healthier.
Mayo Clinic: What Are Probiotics?
Also Check: Does Tramadol Make You Constipated
The Role Of Probiotics
If microbiota are so vital to our health, how can we ensure that we have enough or the right types? You may be familiar with probiotics or perhaps already using them. These are either foods that naturally contain microbiota, or supplement pills that contain live active bacteriaadvertised to promote digestive health. Probiotic supplement sales exceeded $35 billion in 2015, with a projected increase to $65 billion by 2024. Whether you believe the health claims or think they are yet another snake oil scam, they make up a multi-billion dollar industry that is evolving in tandem with quickly emerging research.
Because probiotics fall under the category of supplements and not food, they are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. This means that unless the supplement company voluntarily discloses information on quality, such as carrying the USP seal that provides standards for quality and purity, a probiotic pill may not contain the amounts listed on the label or even guarantee that the bacteria are alive and active at the time of use.
Preterm Birth And Missing Bacteria In The Vaginal Microbiome
Preterm birth, a condition where women give birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy, is the second most common cause of neonatal death worldwide. Preterm birth instances also vary significantly by population. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2016, the rate of premature birth among African-American women was 14% compared to white women at 9% — a nearly 50% difference.
Because a pregnant womans healthy vaginal microbiome is closely associated with the healthy birth of an infant, the iHMPs first model system, the Vaginal Microbiome Consortium Multi-Omic Microbiome Study: Pregnancy Initiative , sought to characterize the vaginal microbiomes of pregnant women to gauge their risk for preterm birth, with a particular focus on African-American women.
The project enrolled and followed a group of pregnant women that included a total of 45 preterm births and 90 full-term births. By looking at microbiome data, as well as other features, including gene expression, protein and metabolite levels from both the microbiome and the subjects, the researchers came upon something surprising.
However, by the end of the first trimester, the vaginal microbiomes of these women tended to return to a normal, Lactobacillus-dominated community. The researchers now want to know why this microbe effectively disappears from the mothers vagina during the earliest days of her pregnancy.
Read Also: Can Prenatal Vitamins Cause Diarrhea
What Is A Microbiome And How Does It Affect Gut Health
How Severe Is Your Lack Of Energy?TAKE THE QUIZ
What is a microbiome? Living in your intestinal tract is your gut microbiome. Its made up of trillions of microorganisms that are mainly bacteria.
These bacteria are extremely important to your health and wellbeing. They live in your digestive system, where their role is to help digest the food you eat. They also help with absorbing all the nutrients from your food, too.;
The microbiome is also involved with several other processes beyond just your digestive system. These include your metabolism, body weight, immune regulation, brain functions, and mood.;
Several factors play a part in the type and amount of bacteria each person has. Its interesting to note that each person has their own unique bacteria.
How To Improve The Gut Microbiome
;Fortunately, you can improve the composition and diversity of your gut microbiome by making changes in your diet.
Consuming a varied and diverse diet is important for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome .
A study comparing the diets and gut microbiomes in people from Europe and rural regions of Africawhere a more diverse and predominantly plant-based diet is consumedfound a significant difference in the gut microbiome. People from Africa had greater diversity of microbes and less harmful bacteria in their guts compared with Europeans .
In particular, you want to focus on consuming high-fiber foods.
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The Human Gut Microbiome And Health Inequities
A New Area Of Medicine
Scientists are looking for ways to improve the microbiome to help people avoid certain diseases or respond to treatments better. But some medicines can harm it.Â; One round of antibiotics can change your microbiome for up to a year. And a study of more than 1,000 drugs showed that 1 in 4 affected bacteria growth. These included blood pressure, cancer, and diabetes medications.
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Types Of Bacteria And Other Microbes
Each microbiome has a unique makeup and the combination of microbes in the body can hugely impact someones health. Certain bacteria in the body can make the difference between getting sick or not. Though the exact relationship between certain bacteria and illnesses not yet fully understood, there remains an appreciation for their roles in some human illness.
The More Diverse Our Gut Bacteria The Better
While the debate over whether infants are born with gut bacteria continues, it seems scientists are in agreement about one thing: from birth until old age, our gut bacteria are constantly evolving.
As mentioned previously, two thirds of the gut microbiome is unique to each person, and what makes this unique is the food we eat, the air we breathe and other environmental factors. Some studies have even suggested the makeup of the gut microbiome is influenced by genes.
But how does this unique gut bacteria affect our health? This is a question that researchers have become increasingly interested in answering.
Past research has suggested that a broader diversity of bacteria in gut is better for human health. A recent study reported by MNT, for example, found that infants with less diverse gut bacteria at the age of 3 months were more likely to be sensitized to specific foods including egg, milk and peanut by the age of 1 year, indicating that lack of gut bacteria diversity in early life may be a driver for food allergies.
But the implications of a low-diversity gut microbiome do not stop there. You may be surprised to learn how lack of or overpopulation of specific bacteria may impact your health.
Recommended Reading: What Toxin Causes Leaky Gut
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The fig tree, also known as the Weeping Fig and Indian Rubber Plant, produces fruit that is generally healthy for people to eat but deadly for felines to swallow. Proteolytic enzyme and psoralen are both poisonous chemicals found in fig leaves that can destroy the DNA of your cat’s cells. While cats can be poisoned by all parts of the fig tree, the milky sap generated by the plant’s leaves and branches contains the largest quantity of harmful chemicals.
What Is Fig?
Figs, scientifically known as ficus benjamina, are popular indoor and outdoor ornamental plants that have been grown for millennia. Their tall, glossy green leaves are eye-catching indoors. They are known to have originated in Western Asia and distributed throughout the Mediterranean region.
The fig tree is a small tree with numerous spreading branches and a trunk that is rarely more than 7 inches in diameter that develops to be 10 to 30 feet tall. Its root system is shallow and spreads out over up to 50 feet of the ground. The palmate deciduous leaves of fig trees are deeply divided into three to seven primary lobes, with the margins more shallowly lobed and sporadically serrated, and the blade can be up to ten inches long and wide, thick, rough on top, and pleasantly hairy on the bottom. Its fruit is a syconium, which is a fleshy, hollow receptacle with a small opening at the apex partly closed by minute scales.
Clinical Signs of Fig Poisoning in Cats
Early veterinary intervention is important in plant poisoning. If your cat is showing the following symptoms, take him to the veterinary office for a better diagnosis.
- Shaking of the head
- Skin irritation
First Aid and Treatment of Fig Poisoning in Cats
A specific fluid solution injected with a small proportion of hydrogen peroxide is usually administered to induce vomiting. Unless under the supervision of a veterinarian, you should never attempt to induce vomiting in your cat at home. If your cat is not thoroughly observed throughout the treatment, vomiting might result in potentially life-threatening side effects such as aspiration pneumonia.
The vet may also deliver activated charcoal through a tube placed into your cat’s mouth and then down their throat directly into their stomach, depending on the amount of fig your cat has eaten. Many poisons can be neutralized with activated charcoal, which absorbs dangerous compounds and neutralizes their effect, allowing them to pass through your cat’s digestive system safely.
Additional drugs and treatments may be required due to your cat’s condition. In some cases, administering specialized drugs to help regulate the cat’s cardiac rhythm and respiration may be necessary. During these procedures, your cat may need to be hospitalized, and he or she may need to stay for many nights or until his or her condition stabilizes.
Recovery from Fig Poisoning in Cats
The symptoms of fig poisoning are usually mild, and most cats recover completely. If your cat is vomiting or has diarrhea, it may take many days of special food and medication for his systems to heal enough and resume a regular diet.
Your cat will have the best chance of recovering from fig poisoning if you were able to seek prompt veterinary assistance as quickly as possible after exposure, as with all cases of poisoning.
Prevention of Fig Poisoning in Cats
It is not advisable to grow fig trees if you have cats at home. If you have fig fruits, be sure to put it somewhere out of your cat’s reach. If you are eating fig, do not leave it unattended to prevent your curious cats from nibbling on it.
Your cat may still be exposed to fig trees in your neighborhood, thus, it is recommended to keep your cats safe and secured indoors. Restrict your cat from wandering far from your house by utilizing cat cages and installing additional fences and safety nets.
If you love plants but have cats at home, check out these lists:
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DistributionRead full entry
DistributionMore info for the terms: cover, natural
Perennial sowthistle is of European [53,109] and western Asian origin and was probably introduced into North America as a seed contaminant . Sonchus arvensis spp. arvensis was first reported in 1814 in Pennsylvania . The earliest collection of S. a. ssp. glabrescens in North America was from Maine in 1894. Additional collections were reported from Massachusetts and Ohio as early as 1902 .
Perennial sowthistle is reported throughout most of the United States, with the exception of Hawaii, Arizona, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. It occurs throughout Canada. Sonchus arvensis spp. arvensis has the same distribution as perennial sowthistle, but it is not recorded in Nebraska, Kansas, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, or Alaska. Sonchus arvensis spp. uliginosus occurs across the northern portion of North America, from Alaska south to Oregon and Utah, and east to Virginia and North Carolina; but it is not reported in New Hampshire, Kentucky, British Columbia or the far northern territories of Canada .
No specific mention of perennial sowthistle in Mexico occurs in the literature. Since it occurs in Texas and New Mexico, it is reasonable to assume it may also occur in northern Mexico.
Plants database provides a state distribution map of perennial sowthistle and its infrataxa.
The following lists include North American ecosystems, habitat types, and forest and range cover types in which perennial sowthistle may occur. Perennial sowthistle grows well in wet and even saturated soils. Consequently, perennial sowthistle may occur in riparian areas or wetlands within these habitats. Additionally, perennial sowthistle often occurs in cultivated areas, especially small grain and row crops, so it may occur in cultivated areas within these communities, with the potential to spread into adjacent, undisturbed areas.
These lists are not necessarily inclusive or exhaustive. More information is needed to determine particular ecosystems and plant communities where perennial sowthistle is likely to occur in natural areas.
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Blind rivets are used to join two components together by driving the fasteners through previously drilled holes of the adjoining surfaces. Whether the installation tool is manual, pneumatic or hydraulic, the key factors to successful riveting depends on the quality of rivet, the hole drilled and the force of the tool installing the rivet.
What’s a Blind Rivet?
Blind rivets or blind-installed rivets are named as such because there is only access to the front side of the parts to be connected, as the backside or “blind side” is inaccessible. The first blind rivet was invented and manufactured by POP® which revolutionized the non-construction industry as the first fastener to be used on blind assemblies.
Although POP® was the first blind rivet manufactured, today there are many other manufacturers of commercial blind rivets including Huck, Cherry, and Avdel.
Common Types of Blind Rivets
Closed End – water tight, stem retention
Open End – large flange, wide load spread
Micro – very small for micro-electronics
Pull-Thru – low clearance, flush mount
What Tools Install Blind Rivets?
Although manual rivet drivers get the job done, when time, ease and preciseness are key factors, power tools are the preferred method to installing rivets. Pneumatic rivet tools or pneumatic hammers are fairly simple to use.
The blind rivet is driven into a pre-drilled hole when the user places the fastener into place – whether on the end of the driver, or in the pre-drilled hole. Once the rivet is in place, the installer presses the trigger which pops the fastener into place by the force of compressed air. The tail of the rivet compresses and locks the fastener into place.
How Are Blind Rivets Installed?
Depending on the application, both pneumatic and hydraulic rivet installation tools get the job done by popping the rivet into place with compressed air. As the trigger is pulled, hydraulic pressure in the tool forces the piston and collet to begin to retract (Figure 2)
As this action first occurs, the jaws do not retract, instead they are continually forced forward by the jaw spring and follower. As the collet further retracts, the jaws are pulled back away from the nose tip. As this opposing movement occurs, the cone angle in the collet causes the jaws to close onto the rivet pintail.
Once the jaws have a firm grip on the pintail (Figure 3), the pulling action on the pintail pulls the pintail head into the core of the rivet body causing the rivet body to expand.
As this movement continues, the pintail head reaches a certain resistance that is greater than that of the break-neck. At this point, a strong, tight joint is formed. The pintail breaks away and the rivet is set. (Figure 4) The rounded head on the blind side of the material is the set rivet.
When the trigger is released, the piston, collet, jaws, jaw spring, and jaw follower are returned forward by air pressure to their full forward position. The jaws still grip the broken pintail until they contact the back of the nose tip. They are then forced open and release the pintail. Vacuum (if equipped) then pulls the broken pintail out of the nose assembly.
Applications for Blind Rivets
Blind Rivet Installation Tools
Gage Bilt manufacturers a large variety of pneumatic and hydraulic blind rivet installation tools. As a master distributor, Advance has the stock and service to help our customers select the right tool for the job. We also stock Gage Bilt nose assemblies and other components to compliment the blind rivet tool line-up. Gage Bilt tools are a economic and ergonomic solution for installing blind rivets. Discover the “Tough Tools for Tough Jobs” at Advance. Buy online 24/7, or contact the Advance sales team for more information and application support.
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A global community of nature enthusiasts
photographing and learning about wildlife
The Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura) is a species in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae), found mainly in east-central South America. Most authorities place it in the monotypic genus Eupetomena, although some place it in Campylopterus based on song and the thick shafts of the males' first primaries. Its common name and specific epithet (which means "large-tailed") both refer to the long, deeply forked, somewhat swallow-like tail.
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The U.S. Geological Survey's Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) is divided into seven regions. The south-central region includes the States of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. We are currently conducting research projects designed to monitor amphibians on Federal lands in these States and to research possible causes of declines in amphibian populations. These potential threats include loss or degradation of habitat, disease, and contamination or pollution.
As part of our monitoring effort for amphibians in Louisiana, we have developed the following pages as a guide to the amphibian species of Louisiana. The amphibians have been divided into the order anura, which includes the frogs and toads, and the order caudata which includes our salamanders. We have provided a description of each species along with a range map and pictures of the species when available. Check the glossary for an explanation of the terms used in these descriptions. We have relied very heavily on the works of Conant and Collins (1991), Dundee and Rossman (1986), and Mount (1975) for the descriptions of these species. If you decide you would like to learn more about Louisiana's amphibians, these guides (listed under references) are excellent sources of further information.
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Doctors in the United States tend to be too quick to prescribe drugs. Almost half of all people in the United States have been prescribed and used at least one prescription drug in the past month. The doctors prescribing these drugs usually do not give much thought to the side effect of what they are prescribing or any non-drug alternatives. Many patients are exposed to these side effects, which can be fatal, while they receive little or no lasting benefit from the drugs.
The average person in the United States between 19 and 64 takes more than 11 prescription drugs. Children between the ages of 0 and 18 take almost 4 prescriptions while seniors aged 65 and over can average more than 31 prescriptions. Over-prescription is a product of a medical system that does not offer much in the way of disease prevention or non-drug alternatives. Doctors tend to be quick to prescribe drugs because they have a limited time to deal with each patient or both the doctor and the patients have seen many ads for the drugs that will stop the effects of their illness.
However there is often not any good evidence that some of these drugs help people in the long run. One example of this is prescription opioids. In 2007 there were nearly 11,500 deaths related to prescription opioids. Additionally, the side effects of opioids can range from addiction to constipation to sleepiness.
In an attempt to counter the over-prescription of drugs, doctors have been urged to think beyond the drugs and to prescribe new drugs with more caution. New drugs have often only been tested on a few thousand patients when they first go on the market and those patients were often healthier and younger than the ones doctors usually see in their office. Since this is the case there are a lot of questions about the safety of the new drugs, especially if the patient is already taking several drugs and it is unknown how they will react if mixed. Additionally, information on the drugs that is unbiased is difficult to find.
There are several ways doctors can avoid over prescribing drugs. Doctors can begin by thinking beyond drugs and trying non-drug therapy, treating the underlying causes, and prevention. Doctors should also be very aware of potential adverse effects such as drug reactions and withdrawal symptoms. Patients also should not automatically be given a drug if they request it. Along with this doctors should not restart a drug treatment that was previously unsuccessful, discontinue medications when they are no longer needed, and if patients have reservations about using drugs doctors should respect them. When considering whether to prescribe a drug doctors should consider the long-term broad impacts of the drug on the patient’s health.
But what do you think? I would love to hear from you! Leave a comment or I also welcome your phone call on my toll-free cell at 1-866-889-6882 or you can drop me an e-mail at [email protected] . You are always welcome to request my FREE book, The Seven Deadly Mistakes of Malpractice Victims, at the home page of my website at www.protectingpatientrights.com.
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Water conservation at home
Water conservation is more critical than we all could imagine. It is not only a favor you are doing to the society but also contributing to less fossil fuel burning. I know this is surprising, but hey, when we run out of water, it is electricity which is used to pump it up to our overhead tanks. And where does this electricity come from? In today’s post, I will discuss a few ways of conserving water at home.
Image courtesy : www.schertz.com
The above image maybe a graphical representation of water usage patterns outside India, but I think, this is also applicable to India with a minor change in the percentage values involved.
Before I even come to suggesting change of habits, here are a few things which are mandatory for water conservation in every home:
- Make sure that you do not have dripping taps or faulty taps.
- Ensure that your flush tanks are not faulty. I have known cases where people don’t even realize that this could be a potential problem and silently the flush tank looses litres of water, hour after hour.
- If you change the parts in the tap, make a note of the date when it was changed and ask your plumber what is the expected life span on this new part. This way you would know how long before you can replace it pro-actively.
- Use quality parts while replacing. If possible, invest in good quality fittings to start with.
- Inculcate habits of effective water usage to children (and adults). Children are going to run the show tomorrow. They ought to learn the importance of good potable water.
- Investigate methods by which you could reuse water at home.
- If you building/home does not have a rain water harvesting system, please deploy this. You would be surprised at the amount of good which it does to ground water levels.
Besides these points mentioned we could also adopt the following measures:
- Do not let the water running while brushing teeth or shaving.
- Use shower if possible instead of the bucket/mug based bath. You may not believe it but shower helps reduce water consumption. And it is refreshing too.
- In the kitchen, plug the basin and reuse water. Traditionally we let the water run through for each and every vessel washed/rinsed.
- Try to consolidate clothes for one “large” lot of wash instead of two or three cycles in medium setting.
Each drop counts. So lets do our best to conserve water for our coming generations.
More from my site
Short URL: http://aavaas.com/?p=73
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The initial step in learning how to manage your glucose levels is to make healthy options for treats and meals. Prevent sugary foods and sodas, as these are normally high in calories and low in minerals and vitamins. Rather, stock your cooking area with vegetables and fruits. And, be sure to measure food parts appropriately. You can discover serving sizes on the Nutrition Facts label. A normal serving size of meat or salad is about the size of your palm. Endocrine Gland That Controls Levels Of Sugar In Blood.
Table of Contents
Low-glycemic index foods
The very first step in finding out how to control your glucose levels is to make healthy choices for treats and meals. Prevent sugary foods and sodas, as these are normally high in calories and low in vitamins and minerals. And, be sure to measure food parts effectively.
The glycemic index is a tool that can assist you make healthier food options. The dietary standards for Americans recommend focusing on foods that consist of plenty of fiber and low glycemic index.
These foods are also frequently extremely processed. Consuming unprocessed food can assist you control your glucose levels.
Eating a diet high in low-glycemic foods can also benefit your heart health. This type of diet also helps you lose weight and support your mood.
Taking note of the glycemic index of your food can help you plan meals and part sizes. The ideal blood glucose level is less than 180 mg/dL2 hours after eating a meal. Your physician can help you establish a much better diet plan to achieve that objective.
The GI is a ranking system that shows how carbs affect your blood sugar level. A low-GI food will raise your blood sugar level levels slowly, while a high-GI food will trigger a spike and fall. The GI worth of a food depends upon lots of elements including its sugar type, starch structure, and cooking technique.
It is important to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables if you are diabetic. These are low-glycemic foods and can be an exceptional source of fiber and healthy fats. Your physician may even suggest that you eat five parts of vegetables and fruits daily.
If you are diabetic, it is crucial to eat plenty of veggies and fruits. These are low-glycemic foods and can be an exceptional source of fiber and healthy fats.
One of the most crucial tips for controlling your blood sugar is to avoid dehydration. It also harms the kidneys, blood vessels, and nerves.
It is really important to stay hydrated, no matter what time of day it is. Keeping your body hydrated can help you stay healthy and active. Increase your fluid consumption before working out and drink every 20 minutes during exercise. You can likewise bring a water bottle wherever you go.
Sugary drinks can make you thirstier and lead to higher blood sugar levels. Extreme dehydration can lead to low blood pressure, a weak pulse, and confusion.
Preventing dehydration is particularly important if you have diabetes. Dehydration can affect the supply of your insulin, which is required to keep your blood glucose stable. If you ‘re diabetic, beverage plenty of water, especially in hot weather. Moreover, ensure you evaluate your blood sugar regularly.
Consuming a lot of water is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Increasing your water consumption and preventing sweet drinks can help everyone fight dehydration. In addition, a healthy diet and workout will help you maintain stable blood sugar level levels, which will avoid dehydration.
The quantity of water you drink per day depends on your lifestyle and your environment. A general rule is to drink 4 to six cups of water per day.
A stable state of workout assists your body burn fat for energy, which decreases blood glucose levels. On the other hand, high-intensity workouts surge your blood sugar and can damage blood vessels.
One research study found that vigorous walking could successfully manage blood glucose after a meal. Another research study discovered that steady-state aerobic exercise helped control blood glucose levels after meals, even amongst people with metabolic conditions.
In addition to lowering blood sugar level levels, workout can also assist increase insulin level of sensitivity, which implies your body is better able to utilize the sugar in your blood stream for energy. This will enable your muscles to use blood sugar level more effectively for contraction. You must check your blood sugar prior to and after exercise to ensure that it isn ‘t too high. For those with diabetes, a pre-workout snack containing 15 to 30 grams of carbs is an excellent idea to help control blood sugar level throughout exercise. Endocrine Gland That Controls Levels Of Sugar In Blood.
If you have diabetes, it is important to get your physician ‘s approval before starting any type of exercise. Your medical professional will have the ability to explain to you which exercises are safe for you and which ones are risky. Your medical professional can also suggest the best time of day and kind of exercise you need to perform.
Keeping a record of your blood sugar levels
If you have diabetes, it is essential to get your physician ‘s approval prior to beginning any type of exercise. Your physician will be able to describe to you which workouts are safe for you and which ones are risky.
Keeping a day-to-day record of your blood sugar levels is essential if you suffer from diabetes. Monitoring your blood sugar level can also assist you avoid long-lasting problems.
Your healthcare team will probably inform you how frequently you need to check your blood glucose levels. Keep a record of them if they advise more frequent checks. Keeping a record of your blood sugar levels can likewise assist you make decisions concerning what to consume.
Your blood sugar levels might fluctuate a lot. When your blood glucose levels are too low or too high, it can be harmful for your health. If your blood glucose levels are too high, you might be at danger of developing diabetes complications. If your blood sugar level is too low, you may not be able to operate correctly.
Endocrine Gland That Controls Levels Of Sugar In Blood
Understanding your target blood sugar levels will help you treat high blood sugar levels as soon as they occur. You must call your health care team if your blood sugar regularly remains above your target level.
It is also important to keep a record of your blood glucose levels. The majority of blood sugar meters have a function that conserves results. You can likewise download apps to keep track of your blood sugar level levels. If you wear ‘t have a smart phone, you can also keep a composed record of your everyday blood glucose levels. If you ‘re concerned about your blood sugar level, you can bring your record with you to the medical professional. You can change your medication based upon the outcomes.
Changing the timing of insulin injections
It is likewise vital to keep a record of your blood glucose levels. You can likewise download apps to keep track of your blood sugar levels. If you don ‘t have a clever phone, you can also keep a composed record of your everyday blood sugar levels.
Handling the timing of your insulin injections is important for managing your blood glucose. Depending upon the amount of insulin you need and the timing of your meal, you might require to take your insulin before, throughout, or after consuming. Your healthcare provider will advise the appropriate timing based on your individual glucose pattern and medical history.
A simple method to change your insulin dose is to take a look at your blood glucose levels. Your target blood sugar level is between 70 and 80 grams per deciliter. The lower your blood sugar level, the less insulin you should use. This is done by evaluating your blood glucose before each meal. For instance, if you take supplemental insulin prior to lunch, the insulin should lower your blood sugar by 30 to 50 mg/dL.
A low-GI food will raise your blood sugar levels slowly, while a high-GI food will cause a spike and fall. In addition, a healthy diet and exercise will help you preserve steady blood sugar levels, which will prevent dehydration.
On the other hand, high-intensity workouts spike your blood sugar and can harm blood vessels. In addition to lowering blood sugar levels, workout can likewise help increase insulin sensitivity, which indicates your body is better able to utilize the sugar in your bloodstream for energy. Knowing your target blood sugar levels will assist you treat high blood sugar levels as quickly as they take place. Endocrine Gland That Controls Levels Of Sugar In Blood.
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- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
Last edited 20 Oct 2020
In classical architecture, ‘rustication’ is a type of decorative masonry that provides a purposefully rough or patterned surface for exterior masonry walls. The technique used for rustication is to cut the visible face of each individual masonry block back at the edges to a plane surface, leaving the central portion of the face projecting outwards. Rustication is typically used on the ground floor level, often as a means of contrasting visually with smoothly-finished masonry surfaces known as ashlar.
As a technique, rustication was used in ancient Greek, as well as Roman and medieval, architecture. It was later revived for the period of Italian Renaissance architecture where it can be seen on palaces such as the Pitti Palace and the Medici-Riccardi Palace, both in Florence, Italy. Inigo Jones was responsible for introducing rustication to England in the 17th century, and it became a common feature in English stonework during the 17th and 18th centuries.
In this common variation, the external face of the block is smooth, but differs from ashlar in that the horizontal joints are cut back while the vertical joints are minimised. This is commonly seen on the ground level of buildings such as the Palace of Versailles or the Foreign Office on Whitehall.
Vermiculation leaves the surface rough but with worm-like casts or tracks chiseled into it in different patterns. This requires a large degree of skill from a mason. Where the patterns join together to form a network the style is known as ‘reticulation’.
Prismatic rustication involves beveling the edges of the block at an angle so that its faces rise to a ridge-like point in the centre like a prism, or to a single point like a low pyramid. This was a common feature of Baroque architecture.
Feigned rustication is an imitation style, often used to make a timber façade appear like a rusticated stone surface by cutting and sanding beveled grooves. This became a popular feature of American architecture during the 18th century.
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January 30, 2015
Rapid City High School art and language teacher Gabrielle Seeley has developed a family of K-12 lesson plans that use Passage of Wind and Water to spark learning about literature, history, science and Lakota, Nakota and Dakota history and culture.
Passage to Schools are interdisciplinary lessons dual-aligned to Common Core and Oceti Sakowin standards. The lessons are free to download, don’t require any additional materials or even a trip to The Sculpture Project.
Learn more about this wholly unique curricula and the extraordinary teacher behind them in the Q&A below.
Passage to Schools is funded through Destination Rapid City, the John T. Vucurevich Foundation, the Rapid City Public Schools Foundation and the South Dakota Arts Council.
Q: Please describe how getting students into their communities affects learning?
A: Passage to Schools lessons use a current community project to connect students' classroom learning to their wider community. When teachers link community events and projects to what their students are learning in the classroom, students are motivated to think at high levels because the learning feels relevant.
Q: Do these lessons stretch or go a little deeper than traditional lessons? How are they different than traditional classroom lessons?
A: These lessons are innovative in several ways. First, they spring from a public art project, but they are lessons about literacy, science, and social science; thus, they are truly cross-curricular. Next, the lessons contain informational and primary source texts for students to read in class: teachers do not need to dig for texts or buy anything. Additionally, the critical thinking questions are written to respect student thinkers; they elicit high-level thinking from students and increase the quality of student work. Also included are graphic organizers that students use to prepare for meaningful discussions about the texts. Finally, the lessons are dual-aligned with state literacy standards and with Oceti Sakowin Essential Understandings and Standards.
Q: Many of the lessons take common ideas but present them on a deeper level – like “We Eat Food From Nature”. What is the purpose of this and why do you think it’s important for students to “take a second look” around them.
A: I know how well students can think when they are engaged at deeper levels. I have enormous amounts of student learning data that shows this result. A respect for student thinking is embedded in each of these K-12 lessons, and students really respond to that respect and impress adults when they write about experiences and values that all people have in common. Adults all over the state have been moved to use the lessons because of the student thinking that I have shown them. All of these great educational results spring from Passage of Wind and Water at Main Street Square.
Q: When people think art, they typically think of something that is tangible. I see many of your lessons focus on poetry and writing. Can you explain how this are also art?
A: Poetry and literature are art forms that students really respond to. The lessons engage K-12 students with literary non-fiction, poetry, and fiction that many people do not encounter until they get to college or other post-secondary training. Furthermore, learning to write is also about learning to think clearly. The lessons get students to express their own original thinking through their writing, and this expressiveness can be seen as its own art form.
Q: Are students making in-person trips to the Square regularly?
A: Students from RCAS and from BHSU and Mines regularly take field trips to the square, and many of these students use the "Field Trips!" lesson to enrich their experience. There is a text to read before the day of the field trip, and then students use the critical thinking exercises while they are at the Square. Some of the questions have students drawing pieces of The Sculpture Project, and some of them have students walking the perimeter of the sculptures and describing their impressions. There are informational boards at the Square that students read and respond to. hen, back at the classrooms, teachers use the included graphic organizer to let students prepare for great discussions about the field trip. It is an all-inclusive multi-day lesson that over 1,000 students have used and loved.
Q: Several of the lessons also address South Dakota Oceti Sakowin Essential Understandings and Standards. Can you explain what this means? I’m assuming most readers won’t know.
A: Oceti Sakowin Essential Understandings and Standards contain essential learning for all South Dakotans about Lakota, Nakota, and Dakota culture. They were adopted by the SD BOE in 2011. I started using them in early 2012 with students.
The OSEU provides teachers with enormous leverage for several reasons. First, Oceti Sakowin authors like Luther Standing Bear and Ella Cara Deloria wrote rich primary source texts that engage students from all backgrounds. SD students find Lakota origin stories riveting because they are both geographically relevant and exciting to read. When teachers start with great texts, student engagement soars.
Next, every aspect of Oceti Sakowin culture is based on showing and earning respect. Respect for the self, for the group, for the natural world, for youth, and for elders is the essence of Oceti Sakowin culture. Students crave and deserve respect, so learning about the culture affects them deeply. Students make connections between self-respect and taking control of their own learning; they see how respect for others and for nature are extensions of self-respect.
Without exception, every group of students I have taught using dual-aligned instruction grew in their cultural knowledge, their acceptance of differing viewpoints, and their critical thinking skills. I have tremendous amounts of student learning data that supports this.
Q: Anything else worth noting?
A: Yes-- there is statewide interest in these lessons because they are unique. When we look around the country at other public art projects, we cannot find any that have this strong educational link in place. The Sculpture Project: Passage of Wind and Water is the largest privately-funded public art project underway in the United States, and it is right here in our own city. The dual-alignment aspect is really of interest statewide as well, because teachers want to use the Oceti Sakowin Essential Understandings and Standards, but they may not have had the time to build lessons yet. They may worry that they are not exposing students to the literacy or social science learning they need if they add the Oceti Sakowin content. But my data shows that the Oceti Sakowin content is high-interest content, very geographically relevant, and that students soar with it. These lessons really kill several birds with one stone, and kids do amazing thinking with the work that is included. So, really, there is this tremendous resource that is now expanded to 14 lessons, completely free to schools and teachers. It's a win-win.
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Some roads in the Pacific Northwest were damaged by last weekend's deadly heat wave. In blistering heat, workers ventured out to repair cracked asphalt and concrete byways. To ensure that steel drawbridges wouldn't collapse under the heat, water was used to douse them with water.The heat dome, which sat above the region, put roads through a rigorous stress test. Some of them couldn't withstand record-breaking temperatures for multiple days. This has happened in Washington, Wisconsin and South Dakota before.Here's an example showing how heat can cause road pavement to buckle. Our crews are busy fixing SR 544 in Whatcom County and trying to open it by the afternoon. https://t.co/53XoBDBOMZ Traffic (@wsdot_traffic), June 28, 2021It doesn't matter if you want something to work at very high temperatures. Steve Muench, an assistant professor of civil engineering at Washington University says that this is not the problem. The problem is that current heat doesn't meet engineering expectations. This larger problem can only be solved with engineering, planning, public willpower, and a lot of public willpower.These roads can't withstand the heat.Different types of roads react differently to heat. The roads in the United States are usually made from asphalt or concrete.Muench states that concrete roads are usually made from portland cement. It is formed into large slabs that can measure approximately 15 feet in length and 4 feet in width to make a road. These concrete slabs expand and contract with temperature fluctuations. The cement's composition determines how much it expands or contracts.All of this is normal. The average driver will not notice the difference in expansion and contraction between slabs. When it is hot and humid, concrete slabs can become too narrow, especially if sand or other debris gets in between them.Heat equals expansion. Here's a view of a concrete panel that popped out on NB I-5 near Tukwila (I-405). Crews are working to remove the panel damaged and put it back in. There is no time estimate for opening the ramp and lanes. There is not much backup at this time. pic.twitter.com/OLd1Ewf6Kt (@wsdot_traffic), June 28, 2021It expands to the extent that it touches another slab when it is really, really hot. They push against each other, and there's no room for expansion.Asphalt is an entirely different beast. Asphalt is a viscoelastic, temperature-dependent material. Muench states that asphalt is fluidier the hotter it gets. Asphalt roads that are too hot can turn to Play-Doh and become brittle or deformable, creating ruts for trucks and cars as they drive over them.Both concrete and asphalt roads can be made to withstand heat. Muench states that we already know how to modify materials to perform in hotter environments. Phoenix isn't falling apart, it's not Armageddon because it's hotter.Problem is, when these roads were built in Washington, they used those materials and design techniques. Phoenix doesn't get as hot as Washington so it was unnecessary to consider extreme heat. This may be changing.Prepare for a future that is different from the pastEngineers can use historical weather records to determine what is normal when designing roads. What is the average amount of rain this area gets? What is the temperature range? What is the likelihood that the river near you will flood within the next 50-years? This information will help engineers choose the right materials and designs. It might not be enough.You need to be careful about the climate change and ask yourself if you are really relying on past information that may not be relevant anymore. Muench suggests that I should design it based upon what we see for the future.Roads are durable and can last a lifetime. Therefore, it makes sense to plan for the future. Engineers can use climate modeling to predict the future and plan for it.Even roads based on these models will not be perfect. It is impossible to design for all. Muench states that some things can cause damage to your infrastructure. No matter how well-designed, things can be damaged by a major storm, earthquake, or other natural disaster. Muench said that at that point, the question is how to quickly recover. This requires planning and different resources, such as making sure materials are readily available and staff are properly trained to respond quickly. These contingency plans are essential during major disasters to ensure that a community can face the worst.It is impossible to design for all. You might have to make some changes in order to maintain your infrastructure.Both building for the future as well as preparing for future emergencies is possible. It is possible with the right information and technology. Muench believes the bigger question is whether people will be willing to invest in infrastructure that can withstand future storms. Muench said that it was a good feeling to be able to cross that bridge, no pun intended.Many transit departments in the United States have had to deal with shrinking budgets while trying to keep a aging infrastructure together that was designed for a different climate. While future planning is vital, it often gets overlooked in favor of more immediate issues like maintaining heat-stressed roads that buckle. Crews are sent out to repair asphalt or concrete slabs and get traffic moving again. This is not a permanent solution.Muench states that it is just a matter of waiting for something to fail and then fixing it when it does. It is better to be ahead of the curve than you are now and look forward to what's next.
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Revealing Scotland’s most important buildings
What are the most important buildings from the last 6000 years of Scottish history? A panel of experts revealed the buildings they believe have left a lasting impression. (Published 16 February 2016)
Dr Tanja Romankiewicz, Leverhulme Early Career Fellow in Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh, and two colleagues were set the challenge at a recent event as Scotland celebrates the Year of Innovation, Architecture and Design in 2016.
From roundhouses and brochs to abbeys and castles, Dr Romankiewicz, along with John Lowry of Edinburgh and Professor Richard Oram from the University of Stirling, chose the buildings they believe have left a lasting impression on Scotland’s landscape.
Dr Romankiewicz was tasked with a search that covered 4500 years of Scottish history, from the earliest settlements up to 600AD. Her top picks included Middle Bronze Age roundhouses, Iron Age brochs and the Neolithic village of Skara Brae.
About Dr Romankiewicz’s research
Tanja is researching the prehistoric architecture of Scotland as part of her Leverhulme project “Building (Ancient) Lives”.
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Students require clear, accessible literacy teaching guidelines and an explicit supportive pedagogy to help them develop the necessary skills and knowledge to successfully construct (and interpret) multimodal meaning.
When asking students to create multimodal texts, the literacy focus is to ensure students have access to the literacy knowledge and skills required to make considered decisions in designing meaning. This means, students (and us as their teachers) need to know how different communication modes makes meaning, separately and together.
How can we do this?
We can begin by identifying the literacy requirements of the multimodal creating tasks we set. What specific literacy knowledge and skills do our students need to create this text, in this context? What prior knowledge and experience, do students have? What is the purpose of the text? Who is it for? What is the content? From this basis, we can then design teaching and learning activities to develop these specific literacy outcomes. Working through this process will build students’ knowledge of how to use the different meaning making resources available to them, and it also helps develop a metalanguage to talk about it.
An introduction to visual literacy provides resources for understanding more about how the different visual elements work to create meaning; particularly visual knowledge of still images which is influenced by the language of visual art, and of moving image through film and media studies.
In practice, a lot of learning about how a multimodal text can communicate meaning through each of the modes and in combination, occurs through close analysis of examples and guided discussion. For example, a student asked to create a comic strip or graphic novel needs to understand how the visual resources such as line, shape, colour, framing, characterisation, social distance, angle and perspective can work to create meaning in this format; how the linguistic resources such as dialogue through speech, monologue via thought bubbles, and narration work; and how the visual and linguistic resources work together to create meaning.
Use examples of comic strips and graphic novels to teach and extend students’ knowledge and understanding of these different contributing visual elements. An e-version of the comic strip means sound effects and voice can be added so a teaching focus here would need to extend to developing knowledge of the meaning using different aspects of sound as well.
Reading (and deconstructing) examples of these texts shows how this is a critical component in the process of developing student knowledge of the meaning making resources available to multimodal authors.
The Teaching/Learning cycle
This three step process: Deconstruction of sample texts, Joint construction of a new text as a model, and Independent construction of a new text; comes from Genre-based pedagogy. As depicted in this diagram, the aim is to make the entire learning task very explicit through building up student knowledge about the meaning making modal systems in a shared metalanguage.
The cycle features a deconstruction stage, where models of the target genre are presented, a joint construction stage, where teachers scribe another model text in the same genre based on suggestions from students, and an individual construction stage, where students write in a genre for the first time on their own. All stages involve setting context and building up field (shared knowledge about content) and a critical orientation to the genre (with respect to its function in the culture).
Martin, J,R. Genre and language learning: A social semiotic perspective Linguistics and Education, Volume 20, Issue 1, 2009: 16
Linguistics and Education, Volume 20, Issue 1, 2009: 16
This resource for implementing the Genre Teaching and Learning Cycle for Writing offers detailed information on the stages of text construction and explores the genre teaching and learning cycle in depth. While it is specifically focused on print texts, the same process can be applied to multimodal text construction.
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The Sharpeville Massacre of 21 March 1960, which left 69 unarmed black South Africans dead, and more than 180 injured, drew the world’s attention to the evil of the apartheid system practiced within South Africa.
The protest at Sharpeville, a black township about forty miles south of Johannesburg, on 21 March 1960 was part of a campaign against the so-called Pass Laws. The law required South Africa’s black population to carry around at all times an identity book which contained pertinent information about themselves, such as name, address, employer details and even their tax code. Those caught without the books were liable to immediate arrest.
The demonstrations against the Pass Laws were organised and led by the PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress), an off-shoot of the ANC (African National Congress). The march on Sharpeville was to be the first in a series of non-violent actions due to take place over a five-day period. Participants on the march were to present themselves at the police station at Sharpeville without their pass books and demand to be arrested. If enough blacks were arrested and kept from going to work, the country’s economy would collapse. That, at least, was the theory according to Robert Sobukwe, leader of PAC.
Sobukwe fully informed the police beforehand of the Sharpeville demonstration, emphasising the non-violent intention of the marchers.
Down with the passes
Frederik Willem de Klerk was born 18 March 1936 in Johannesburg and obtained a law degree in 1958 from Potchefstroom University. He practiced law until he was elected to Parliament as National Party MP for Vereeniging in 1972.
In 1976, FW de Klerk was appointed Minister in the government of BJ Vorster. In 1978 when PW Botha became Prime Minister, De Klerk was appointed to a succession of ministerial posts. In 1985, he became chairman of the Minister’s Council in the House of Assembly. On December 1, 1986, he became the leader of the House of Assembly.
As Minister of Education his position was to support segregation in universities although advocating equal expenditure on pupils of all races. When he became leader of the Transvaal branch of the National Party he gave no indication of wishing to promote reform. At the time PW Botha was firmly entrenched as State President. Following Botha’s departure due to a mild stroke, De Klerk was somewhat unexpectedly elected to lead the National Party and the country. In 1989 De Klerk was elected State President.
Oliver Tambo was born on 27 October 1917 in the Eastern Cape where he attended primary school. He completed his high school education in Johannesburg and went on to study at Fort Hare University where he obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in 1941. As a result of joining a student boycott he was expelled and was unable to complete his honours degree.
Programme of Action
Oliver Tambo returned to his high school in Johannesburg as a teacher of science and mathematics and joined the African National Congress (ANC) becoming a founding member of the ANC Youth League. Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela and others advocated a spirit of militancy in the ANC, and in 1948 he and Sisulu were elected onto the National Executive Committee of the ANC. This position allowed Tambo to impart impetus to the Youth League’s agenda at the top level of the ANC’s senior body. Tambo served on the committee that drew up the Programme of Action which was adopted as ANC policy in 1949. The Programme of Action included civil disobedience, strikes and other forms of non-violent resistance.
Soon after the adoption of the Programme of Action Tambo left his teaching post and set up a legal partnership with Nelson Mandela, forming the first black law firm in the country.
Campaign of Defiance
BJ Vorster (Balthazar Johannes Vorster) was born 13 December 1915 and attended school in Uitenhage in the Cape Province. He was the fifteenth son of a sheep rancher. He studied law at Stellenbosch University and graduated in 1938. He became registrar to the judge president of the Cape Division of the Supreme Court and shortly thereafter entered practice as an attorney in Port Elizabeth and subsequently in Brakpan.
The Second World War saw Vorster become active in the Ossewabrandwag, a movement that was responsible for various acts of sabotage designed to hinder South Africa’s aid to the Allied Forces. Vorster rose to the rank of general. In September 1942 he was interned in a detention camp until February 1944 when he was released under restrictions. The experience of internment served to increase his anti-British attitude.
Vorster’s first attempt to run for parliament in 1948 failed by a narrow margin, but in 1953 he won the constituency of Nigel for the National Party and took his seat in parliament. He became known for his prowess in debate and rose to deputy minister. In 1961 he became a full minister, responsible for justice, social welfare and pensions. Following the Sharpeville Massacre of the previous year and faced with further underground activities of extra-parliamentary opposition, Vorster developed a formidable security police force supported by harsh legislation that gave wide powers to the police such as detention without trial. His activities as minister of justice bestowed a ‘strong-man’ image on Vorster and after the assassination of HF Verwoerd in September 1966, Vorster was unanimously elected leader of the National party and became prime minister. Continue reading
Former South African President, Nelson Mandela, was born in the Eastern Cape on 18 July 1918. His father died when he was nine and Mandela was placed in the care of the acting regent of the Thembu tribe.
‘He who shakes the branch of the tree’
Universally known as ‘Nelson’ Mandela, this was not his birth name. In his autobiography, The Long Walk to Freedom (1996), Mandela describes how he became known as Nelson: ‘No one in my family had ever attended school [...]. On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea.’ Mandela’s birth name, Rolihlahla, means ‘he who shakes the branch of the tree’ or ‘troublemaker’ for short, an appropriate name for one who was destined to overturn a regime and change the direction of the nation.
Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1943, first as an activist, then, together with Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu, as a founder and president of the ANC Youth League, becoming its general secretary in 1947.
Walter Sisulu was born in Eastern Cape on 18 May 1912, the same year as the founding of the African National Congress (ANC). He was the son of a white father, Albert Dickenson, and a Xhosa mother named Alice Mase Sisulu. His father had little input into his upbringing and Walter was raised by his mother’s family who were related to Nelson Mandela’s first wife, Evelyn Ntoko Mase.
Despite having a white father, young Walter was initiated into the Xhosa tradition, his uncle being a local chief. Sisulu attended a local missionary school after which he moved to Johannesburg in 1928 and worked in various manual jobs, jobs which included a stint in a Johannesburg gold mine, a bakery and in domestic service.
African National Congress
Anthony Holmes summarises the life of PW Botha (Pieter Willem), president of South Africa during the apartheid era, from 1984 to 1989.
PW Botha’s father had fought against the British in the Second Anglo-Boer War and his mother had been interned in a British concentration camp. Botha attended school and university in the Orange Free State where he read law, dropping out before graduation to pursue a political career.
In 1939 South Africa entered the Second World War. Anti-British factions coalesced to form the Herenigde (Re-united) National Party which became the National Party (NP). In that year Botha became the leader of the Cape Town branch of the pro-Nazi Ossewabrandwag but was expelled for accusing the newspaper ‘Die Burger’ of interference in national politics. The expulsion was fortunate for Botha who thereby avoided internment.
Today, 7 October 2012, is the Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s 81st birthday. Anthony Holmes summarizes his life.
Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal and moved to Johannesburg at the age of 12, where he went to the Johannesburg Bantu High School. He expressed a wish to become a physician, but his family could not afford the fees for medical school. Instead he followed his father into a teaching career, undertaking his training at Pretoria Bantu Normal College, following which he graduated from the University of South Africa in 1954.
The National Party had come into power in South Africa in 1948 promising strict segregation of the races. The education system proposed for black students was not only separate but distinctly inferior. Tutu resigned his teaching post after three years in protest to the promulgation of the Bantu Education Act which denied black persons the prospects of a good education. On the advice of his own Bishop, Tutu commenced his studies in theology and was ordained as an Anglican priest in 1960.
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CLASS POLYCHAETA (Poly, many + chaise, hair)
Polychaeta is the largest of the annelid classes. Polychaetes are mostly marine. They are 5 to 10 en– long. They have more than 5.300 species. Polychaetes are adapted to a variety of habitzts. Many live on the ocean floor, under rocks and shells. Some live within the crevices of coral reefs. Other polychaetes are burrowers. They move through their substrate by peristaltic contractions of the body wall. Other polychaetes construct tubes of sand trains or secreted organic materials. Mucus lines the tubes. This mucous is used tbr protective retreats and feeding.
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE AND LOCOMOTION
Parapodia and setae
The polvchaetes develop parapodia. Parapodia are lateral extensions of the body wall. Chitinous rods support the parapodia. Numerous setae project from the parapodia. The name of class is derived form presence of numerous setae. Setae are bristles structures. They are secreted by the invaginations of the distal ends parapodia. The setae dig into the substrate. Therefore they help in locomotion. Setae also hold a worm in its burrow or tube.
Prostomium (pro, before + stoma, mouth)
The prostomium of a polychaete is a lobe like structure. It projects dorsally and anteriorly from the mouth. It contains numerous sensory structures like eyes, antennae, palps. It also contains ciliated pits or grooves called nuchal organs. The first body segment is peristomium. It surrounds the mouth and it bears sensory tentacles or cirri.
The epidermis of polychaetes consists of a single layer of columnar cells. These cells secrete a protective, nonliving cuticle. Some polychaetes have epidermal glands that secrete luminescent compounds.
Fig: Polychete Locomotion. (a) Dorsal view of a primitive polychaete, showing the antagonism of longitudinal muscles an opposite sides of the (b) Both the period and amplitude of locomotor waves increase as ‘a potychaete changes from a slow walk to a swimming mode.
Mechanism of locomotion
Various species of polychaetes can walk, fast crawl, or swim. Their longitudinal muscles of one side of the body act antagonistically to the longitudinal muscles of the other side of the body. Thus they produce undulatory waves. These waves move along the length of the body from the posterior end toward the head. The parapodia and setae act against the substrate or water and they produce propulsive force. The longitudinal muscles of one side of the segment contracts. The muscles of parapodia of that side lso contract. It stiffens the parapodia. Therefore it protrudes the setae for the power stroke. The period and amplitude of undulatory waves increases when polychaetes changes from a slow crawl to swimming.
Burrowing polychaetes push through sand and mud by contractions of the body wall. They make burrow during eating substrate. For this purpose, the polychaetes digest organic matter in the substrate. It eliminates absorbed and indigestible materials through the anus.
FEEDING AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive tract of polychaetes is a straight tube. Mesenteries and septa suspend the digestive tube in the body. The anterior region of the digestive tract is modified into a proboscis . The proboscis has special protractor muscles. These muscles and coelomic pressure -an protrude the proboscis through the mouth. Retractor muscles bring the proboscis back into the peristomium. In some polychaetes the proboscis protrudes and paired jaws are opened. These jaws are used for capturing prey. Predatory polychaetes do not leave their burrow or coral crevice. When prey approaches a burrow entrance, the worm quickly extends its anterior portion. It pulls the prey back into the burrow. Some polychaetes have poison glands at the base of the jaw. Other polychaetes are herbivores and scavengers and use jaws for tearing food. Deposit-feeding polychaetes ingest organic matter from the marine sediments.
The digestive tract consists of a pharynx a crop (storage sac) and a grinding gizzard. They have a long, straight intestine. These are similar to the digestive organs of earthworms. Organic matter is digested out side the cells. The inorganic particles are passed through the intestine and released as castings.
Many sedentary and tube-dwelling polychaetes are filter feeders. They lack a proboscis. But they possess other specialized feeding structures. Some tube dwellers like fan worms, possess radioles. Radioles form a funnel-shaped fan. Cilia on the radioles circulate water through the funnel shaped fan and trap the food particles. Trapped particles are carried through groove at the axis of the radiole. A sorting mechanism rejects the largest particles and transports the small particles to the mouth. Another filter feeder, chaetopterus lives in a U-shaped tube. It s cretes a mucous bag. Mucous bag collects food particles which are I pm small. The par odia of segments 14 through 16 are modified into fans. This fan creates filtration urrents. Finally the mucous bag is ingested.
Elimination of digestive waste is a problem for tube-dwelling polychaetes. Some polychaetes live in-tubes that open at both. Circulating water carry away the waste. Some live in tubes that open at one end. They must turn around tube to defecate . They use ciliary tracts to carry feces to the tube opening.
Some polychaetes live in substrates rich in dissolved organic matter. They can absorb 20 to 40% of their energy requirements through their body wall in the form of sugars and other organic compounds.
GAS EXCHANGE AND CIRCULATION
Respiratory gases diffuse through the body wall. The parapodia increase the surface area for gases exchange. In many polychaetes, parapodial gills further increase the surface area for gas exchange.
Polychaetes have a closed circulatory system. Oxygen is carried by respiratory pigments. The respiratory pigments are dissolved in the plasma. They are present in the blood cells in other animals. Blood is colorless, green. or red, depending on the respiratory pigment. It has following circulation pattern:
- Dorsal aorta: The dorsal aorta of polychaetes circulatory systems acts as contracting elements. Dorsal aorta lies just above the digestive tract. They propel blood from rear to front. In the front, the blood moves into ventral aorta.
- Ventral aorta: It is present ventral to the digestive tract. It propels blood from front to rear.
- Segmental vessels: Two or three sets of segmental vessels are present between dorsal and ventral vessels. Segmental vessels receive blood front the ventral aorta and break into capillary beds in the gut and body wall.
- Capillaries: Capillaries unite– again into segmental vessels. These vessels deliver blood to the dorsal aorta.
NERVOUS AND SENSORY FUNCTIONS
The annelid nervous system includes a pair of suprapharyngeal ganglia. It is connected to a pa r of subpharyngeal ganglia by circumpharyngeal connectives. These connectives run dorsoventrally along both side of the pharynx. A double ventral nerve cord run throughout the length of the worm. Ventral nerve cord has a paired segmental ganglion is in each segment. Lateral nerves emerge from each segmental ganglion. These nerves connect muscles of the body wall and other structures of that segment. Followings are functions of different parts of nervous system.
- Segmental ganglia: They coordinate in swimming and crawling movements. Each segment acts separately. But they are closely coordinated with the neighboring segments.
- Subpharyngeal ganglia: They coordinate the distant segments for locomotion.
- Sup pharyngeal ganglia: They control motor and sensory functions. These functions are feeding and sensory functions associated with forward locomotion.
- Ventral nerve cord: It has small-diameter fibers. These fibers coordinate locomotion. The ventral nerve cord also contains giant fibers. These giant fibers are involved in escape reactions. For example. a harsh stimulus like fish hook causes rapid withdrawal from the stimulus. Giant fibers are approximately 50 m in diameter.
They conduct nerve impulses at 30 in/second.
Fig: (a)Nervous System of a Polychaete. (a) Connectives link suprapharyngeal ganglia. (b) Cross section of the ventral nerve cord, showing giant fibers.
1. Eyes: Polychaetes have various sensory structures. Two to four pairs of eyes are present on the surface of the prostomium. They vary in complexity. They may be a simple cup of receptor cells. Or they may have structures made up of a cornea, lens. and vitreous body. Most polychaetes react negatively to increasing light intensities. Fan worms react negatively to decreasing light intensities. If shadows cross them, fan worms retreat into their tubes. This response protects fan worms from passing predators.
2. Nuchal organs: These are pairs of ciliated sensory pits or slits in the head region. Nerves from the suprapharyngeal ganglia supply nuchal organs. Nuchal organs are chemoreccptors for food detection.
3. Statocysts: They are present in the head region of polychaetes.
4. Tactile senses: Ciliated tubercles. ridges, and bands contain receptor for tactile senses. They cover the body wall.
Fig: Annelid Nephiridia. (a) Protonephridium. (b) Metanephridium (c) In modern annelids, the gonoduct and the nepbridial tubules undergo varying degrees of fusion. (d) Nephridia of modern Annelids.
Annelids excrete ammonia. Ammonia diffuses readily into the water. Nitrogen excretion occurs through the body wall. Excretory organs of annelids are more active in regulating water and ion balances. Most marine polychaetes cannot survive in dilute marine environments. It cause osmotic influx of water and the resulting loss of ions. Efficient osmoregulatory abilities are present in a few polychaetes. Such polycha es are adapted in freshwater.
Excretory organs of annelids are called nephridia. Annelids have two types of nephridia.
1. Protonephridium: It consists of a tubule. One bulb like end of the tube is closed. The other end is connected to the outside of the body. Protonephridia have a tuft of flagella in their bulb end. It drives fluids through the tubule. Some primitive polychaetes possess paired, segmentally arranged protonephridia. Their bulbular end projects through the anterior septum and passes into an adjacent segment. It opens through the body wall by a nephridiopore.
2. Metanephridium: Metanephridium is present in most polychaetes. A metanephridium consists of an open ciliated funnel called nephrostome. Nephrostome projects through an anterior septum into the coelom of an adjacent segment. The other end of tubule opens through the body wall at a nephridiopore. Sometimes, it may open through the intestine. There is one pair of metanephridia per segment. It tubules is extensively coiled. Its posterior end dilated into a bladder. A capillary bed is present around the tubule of a metanephridium. It is used for active transport of ions between the blood and the nephridium.
Some polychaetes also have chloragogen tissue. They are associated with the digestive tract. This tissue functions in amino acid metabolism in all annelids.
REGENERATION, REPRODUCTION, AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Asexual reproduction
All polychaetes have remarkable powers of regeneration. They can replace lost parts of their body, Some species have breaking points. These breaking points allow the worms to break themselves when a predator captures them. Lost segments are later regenerated. Some polychaetes reproduce asexually by budding or by transverse fission.
2. Sexual reproduction
Sexual r production is more common in them. Most polychaetes are dioecious.
Gonads develop masses of gametes. They project from the coelomic peritoneum. Gonads occur in every body segment in primitive animals. But most polychaetes have gonads limited is specific segments. Gametes are shed into the coelom. They get mature there. Mature female worms are packed with eggs. Gametes enter the nephrostome of metanephridium. These are released through the nephridiopore or they may be released after the rupturing of worm. In these cases, the adult soon dies. Only a few polychaetes have separate gonoducts. It is primitive condition.
Fertilization is external in most polychaetes. A few species copulate and fertilization is internal. A unique copulatory habit is found in Platynereis megalops. The male and female worms stop feeding at the end of their lives. Their intestinal tracts degenerate. Gametes accumulate in the body cavity. The male and female worms coil together for transferring sperm. The male inserts its anus into the mouth of the female. The digestive tracts of the worms have degenerated. Therefore, sperm transfer directly from the male’s coclom to the egg-Idled coelom of the female. Fertilization of a large number of eggs takes place by this method, Then the female sheds eggs from her anus. Both worms die soon after copulation. The formation of a reproductive individual is called Epitoky. An epitoke is difterent from the non reproductive form of the species called an atoke. The body of epitoke is modified into two body regions. Anterior segments carry on normal maintenance functions. But the posterior segments are enlarged and tilled with gametes. The epitoke may have modified parapodia for more efficient swimming.
Release of many gametes by a large number of male and female at the same time is called swarming. Swarming takes place in many of the polychaetes like Eunic. Zoologists believe that swarming of epitokes does three things.
1. The non reproductive individuals remain safe below the surface waters. Therefore predators cannot destroy an entire population.
2. The individuals become reproductively active at the same time tor external fertiilzation. They must also be closer to one another. Swarming ensures that large members of individuals are present in the right place at the right time.
3. Swarming of vast numbers of individuals for brief periods provides a great chance to the predators. However, vast numbers of prey are available for only short periods during the year. Therefore, predator populations cannot increase beyond the limits of their normal diets. The predators still leave epitokes that will yield the next generation of animals.
Spiral cleavage takes place in fertilized eggs. It produces trochophore larvae. Trochophore larva budded to form segments from anterior to the anus. Larvae settle on the substrate. New segments are continuously added posteriorly. Thus, the anterior end of a polychaetes is the oldest end. Many other polychaetes lack a trochophore. Therefore, they hay direct development. Some are metamorphosed from another larval stage.
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Graded readers are an important component in teaching and learning language. Graded readers strengthen the language skills learned in class. They give reading material at the level of the grade and at the level of the language learned, following the flow of the syllabus, particularly in structure, tenses and vocabulary. The stories in the readers are based on events that are familiar to the pupils. The children characters in the stories are of their age. They go to school like them. Therefore, the pupils enjoy reading these stories, while they are at the same time strengthening their language skills. Teachers are advised to use the readers in the class as reading practice. It is recommended that pupils read these readers outside the class so that they can practice the skills they have acquired..
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Mercedes Gonzalez & Nuria Garcia
Pasture-based milk production systems are seasonal, requiring cows to become pregnant every 365 days to take advantage of fresh grass as an economic feed source. Grazing cows are more vulnerable to negative energy balance than cows in intensive systems since they are more likely to suffer nutritional imbalances, resulting in worse reproductive performance and lower farm profitability.
To strengthen economic sustainability, peaks of maximum grass growth during spring must be aligned with the highest animal requirements. The short time period (about 85 days) during which cows in seasonal grazing systems must conceive to maintain reproductive efficiency, leaves little room for delays, and therefore postpartum pathologies should be minimized.
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Biofuels pose several environmental and social risks. Therefore, to be truly a part of the green economy, biofuels need to comply with a set of safeguards along the entire production chain. Any bioenergy development strategy must
such safeguards at all levels, from policy to investments and the project itself. Achieving this will contribute to:
• sustainable management of natural resources, allowing for long-term use and resilience of the sector’s development;
• managing reputational risk which may severely impact the sector’s growth; and,
• avoidance of unintended consequences.
Such safeguards ultimately enhance the acceptability and competitiveness of the bioenergy sector.
Technically achievable potential must be matched with a comprehensive assessment of sustainable – socially and environmentally desirable – potential.
The good news is that integrated planning and management of key concerns can minimise risks
and create additional opportunities. Furthermore, it
should be possible to gradually bridge the
difference between the technical and the sustainable potential of biofuels by further implementing best agricultural practices and developing better technologies.
To date, safeguards have mainly concentrated on GHG balances of various feedstocks, conversion processes, and end-use chains (pathways). Biodiversity and water impacts, however, have received relatively little attention.
Figure 3.1 Abandoned land, Food insecurity index, Water scarcity 16
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Production of Sulphur carried out in three basic ways:
"Crude" sulfur is produced from the Frasch process or recovered from "sour" natural gas or petroleum. Although termed "crude", this sulfur possesses a minimum purity of 99.5 percent and is suitable for a majority of uses. The impurities consist primarily of trapped organic matter.
In some regions of the world the sulfur occurs at depths of 500 to 3,000 feet in domes subterraneously up-thrust by columns of salt. This native sulfur associated with the caprock of salt domes and in sedimentary deposits was mined by the Frasch hot-water method, in which the native sulfur was melted underground and brought to the surface by compressed air. The Frasch process utilizes a steel tube made up of three concentric pipes that are driven underground to reach the sulfur deposit. Superheated water is then pumped down under great pressure in the outermost pipe to melt the sulfur. Air pressure from the innermost pipe forces the sulfur up the third pipe to the surface where it cools and solidifies.
In 1900, Herman Frasch was trying to perfect his hot water melting process for producing sulfur. Domestic production was about 3,200 metric tons of sulfur valued at $88,100. Native sulfur deposits in Louisiana, Nevada, Texas, and Utah were mined with conventional mining methods. Domestic sulfur production, including mined elemental sulfur and pyrites, supplied about one-quarter of the U.S. sulfur demand of about 415,000 tons. Most sulfur and pyrites, domestic and imported, were used to produce sulfuric acid that was consumed in many different industries. Virtually all elemental sulfur imports came from the Italian island of Sicily, and pyrite imports were from unspecified locations. Pyrites remained a significant raw material for sulfuric acid until 1982. When the Frasch process was successfully commercialized in 1903, the U.S. sulfur industry took a turn for the better. By about 1915, the United States surpassed Italy as the world’s leading producer of sulfur, a situation that continued throughout the century, during which eight companies produced nearly 340 million tons of sulfur from 36 mines in Louisiana and Texas. Frasch sulfur production hit its peak in 1974 when 12 mines produced 8 million tons.
Recovered elemental sulfur, a nondiscretionary byproduct from petroleum refining, natural gas processing, and coking plants, was produced primarily to comply with environmental regulations that were applicable directly to emissions from the processing facility or indirectly by restricting the sulfur content of the fuels sold or used by the facility.
Recovered sulfur tonnages are expected to increase as the demand for clean-emission fuel continues.
Sulfur recovery refers to the conversion of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide is a byproduct of processing natural gas and refining high-sulfur crude oils. The most common conversion method used is the Claus process. Approximately 90 to 95 percent of recovered sulfur is produced by the Claus process. The Claus process typically recovers 95 to 97 percent of the hydrogen sulfide feedstream.
Sulfur removal facilities are located at the majority of oil and gas processing facilities throughout the world. The sulfur recovery unit does not make a profit for the operator but it is an essential processing step to allow the overall facility to operate as the discharge of sulfur compounds to the atmosphere is severely restricted by environmental regulations. Oil and gas producers are attempting to maximise production at minimum cost. This often means debottlenecking existing upstream facilities and may result in extra sulfur recovery capacity being required. Oil refiners are also increasingly being forced to comply with legislation reducing the levels of sulfur in products. Combine this with the ability or need to process sourer crude oils and many refiners find that their existing sulfur recovery units do not have sufficient capacity. Furthermore, in many countries environmental legislation is demanding higher recoveries from sulfur recovery units.
Crude natural gas recovered from wells contains fairly high concentrations of H2S and SO2 gases that are separated and converted to elemental sulfur in gas processing companies via different processes (usually Claus process). This process is called gas sweetening process. Condensations or petroleum cuts also could contain sulfur compounds (e.g. mercaptans) that are separated via various processes and are converted to elemental sulfur. According to the industrial reports, more than 45% and 48% of global sulfur is produced in petroleum and gas industries, respectively.
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Saint of the Day: St. Thomas Aquinas – January 28
St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor (c. 1225 – 1274), has been and continues to be one of the most influential forces shaping Catholic theology and philosophy. He was born at Roccasecca castle, the home of his father, Count Landulf, in the Kingdom of Naples. His mother was Theodora, Countess of Theate, and was related to the Hohenstafuen dyanasty of Holy Roman emperors. St. Thomas’s uncle, Sinbald, was the abbot of the first Benedictine monastery, Monte Cassino, and the family planned for him to succeed his uncle as abbot.
At the age of 5, St. Thomas was sent to Monte Cassino to begin his studies. At 16 he was sent to the University of Naples, where he came under the influence of the Order of Preachers – the Dominicans -who were innovators in a new style of religious life very different from that of traditional orders such as the Benedictines. St. Thomas upset his family by announcing his intention of joining the Dominicans. This action not only destroyed the family’s ambition to retain the power and prestige of Monte Cassino, but it was almost akin to running off with a band of hippies. Unable to convince him to renounce this foolishness, his family kidnapped him and held him for a year in the family castle of San Giovanni. Finally, Pope Innocent IV intervened and St. Thomas joined the Dominicans at 17.
St. Thomas and the Dominicans of his time introduced an entirely new way of approaching the faith. For 12 centuries, the Church teachers of the faith appealed to the authority of the scriptures and previous teachers such as St. Augustine or other Fathers of the Church. The scholastic movement, embodied by St. Thomas and his teacher St. Albert the Great, began with an open inquiry based on logic and reason. The traditional Faith was accepted as true, but thoughtful and logical reason were presented as to why it might not be true. Ultimately, various statements of belief were upheld, not only on the authority of the Church or tradition, but by reason and logic as well.
The format of the scholastic argument is the back bone of St. Thomas’s two major works, The Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles. It is hard for us as post-modern people to imagine what a daring and threatening approach this was for the time. In fact the 1200s were a time of immense change in Europe. Trade and communications with the East had been reopened and with them came a flood of new and ancient knowledge. Trade and commerce increased the power and prestige of market towns at the expense of the countryside. Monastic schools gave way to early universities. The great Cathedrals began to dominate the landscape. The traditional clergy were overshadowed by the two great orders of mendicant friars (the begging brothers) – the Dominicans and the Franciscans.
St. Thomas, and his contemporary members of the scholastic movement, absorbed and transformed Islamic and Greek philosophy, science, technology, and mathematics. In particular, the Thomistic school of scholasticism is known for reviving the philosophy of Aristotle and its logic.
Over the centuries, scholastic philosophy would evolve and change in a variety of ways and St. Thomas – contrary to his own method – became the authority. Instead of being a fresh and bold inquiry, scholasticism degenerated into a catalog of arguments and answers to be memorized and repeated. In the Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, scholasticism and Thomism were disregarded by secular philosophies reliant only on reason. Thomism was also marginalized in training programs for priests.
In the late 1800s, there was a movement to restore Thomism as a defense against the secular philosophies of the Enlightenment and to renew some intellectual vigor in Catholic circles. It was an attempt to come to grips with the modern world and met heavy resistance. In the early 1900s, Thomism began to assume some prominence and neo-Thomism emerged with a renewed interest in the relationship between faith and reason. It is a long and complicated story, but it reflects the enduring importance of the work of St. Thomas and the changing moods of society and philosophy.
The core question persists. What can we know of God through reason? The second question follows. How reasonable is our faith?
If we want to honor a man who was a mystic, a saint, and an intellectual, it seems that we have to take on the openness of his inquiry and the wonder he beheld in faith.
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Total internal reflection is a complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium. It only occurs when both of the following two conditions are met:
- A light ray is in the more dense medium and approaching the less dense medium.
- The angle of incidence for the light ray is greater than the so-called critical angle.
The critical angle is the angle of incidence, for which the angle of refraction is 90°. If light enters a denser medium from a comparatively rarer medium, then the direction of light changes and the light ray bends towards the normal.
One can witness an effect by opening his or her eyes while swimming just below the surface. If the water is still, the surface outside the critical angle appears mirror-like, reflecting objects below. The region above the water cannot be seen except overhead. The hemispherical field of view is compressed into a conical field known as Snell’s window, whose angular diameter is twice the critical angle.
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After initial months, the parents finally realize how active and energized a one-year-old can be! Consistently, developing kids life is full of exploration and learning. And it is safe to say that the new parents are uncertain of what is healthy for children of this age? So, investigate these achievements or the baby milestones, and you’ll have a superior feeling of what’s in store.
Major Baby Milestones
There are numerous ways or achievements that indicate the growth of the baby. And these skills can be physical, psychological, or lingual. The parents need to observe and correct these. And the baby will develop into a healthy, happy, and responsible one.
Physical Baby Milestones
The baby will try to sit without bending or taking any support. The movement of the child will be fast-paced. And the baby will try to do things independently like the effort to stand. Moreover, he or she will also start walking with the support of nearby objects. However, the struggle to dress up the kids also increases. Because they are now able to move their hands and feet freely. Apart from that, all of these movements require alertness in parents. As the kids often try to climb stairs and crawl to different places.
The kid’s mental achievements are also many. And these include the manners by which the baby figures out how to think, investigate, learn, and take care of new issues. A youngster somewhere in the range of one and two years will generally :
- Know the ways to use some natural objects like a spoon, a toothbrush, or even a telephone.
- Begin to follow some straightforward mannerisms. For example, “make a gesture of blowing a kiss” or “plunk down.”. And the baby will begin to imagine and play with the toys.
- Start to relate between the word and its image in a book. Moreover, the baby will demonstrate a response to well-known melodies and stories.
- Begin testing the situations and the logical result for an action.
Language at this age isn’t just about the sounds that the kid makes. It is also about how well the youngster interprets whatever is said state. Furthermore, it is also about how the baby reveals its needs. At some point somewhere in the range of 12 months and two years, a baby can regularly:
- Make such sounds like talking or attempt to speak with others.
- Perceive relatives’ names and the words for regular things like food, toy, etc..
- Raise arms when he or she needs to be taken in arms. Moreover, the kid will also point at things he needs. And shake the head for a no or a yes.
- Understand the necessary instructions to stop or come.
- Express satisfaction and dissatisfaction with various sounds or by crying.
Remember that every child develops variably. So, one’s kid may meet these baby milestones or achievements somewhat prior or somewhat later. In any case, it is also possible that the baby isn’t meeting the majority of milestones. So, it is advisable to consult a counselor rather than stressing over the situation. Sometimes the parents have a superior thought of the kid’s way of growing. Therefore, they start establishing their own baby milestones. However, they need to discuss early medication techniques and different approaches to take help.
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Orchids have one of the largest plant families comprising of 20,000 orchid species. This is more than all mammal species in the world. Quite a significant number of orchids are terrestrially making them relatively easy to grow at home. Light is essential when growing orchids since this will determine whether the orchids will flower or not.
Adequate light will have the orchids produce flowers rather fast. But, how much light do orchids need?
Orchid species suitable to grow at home
As much as there are over 20,000 species of orchids not all are suitable to grow at home. Most people shy off from growing orchids since they are delicate. One wrong move and you might wake up to a dead plant.
To successfully grow orchids you have to replicate their natural habitat. Here are some of the orchid species suitable to grow at home or in the office.
This is one of the most famous orchid species owing to the fact that it is readily available and highly adaptive. Phalaenopsis also known as moth orchids flower all year round and are ideal for beginners.
This one is long and slender with over 100 varieties of dendrobiums to choose from and given the fact that they are easy to grow this will suit you even as a beginner.
This species requires relatively more light and there are 113 species to choose from.
Thrive in relatively low light but easy to grow hence making it ideal for beginners.
Onadium orchids are characterized by small and clustered beautiful flowers that are delicately attached. Not suitable for beginners given the high-intensity care required.
Have waxy flowers and thrive well in cold environments. Requires more light ideally a minimum of 8hrs of light.
How to check how much light our orchids are getting?
What makes orchids such delicate plants is due to the fact that everything has to be as its natural environment. When it comes to lighting you have to hit the balance and provide just enough light, not too much and nothing less! As much as you should know, how much light do orchids need, you should also be in a position to check how much light the orchids are getting. But, how do you go about it?
- Measuring the amount of shadow that will fall on the leaves of the orchids. This is done by holding your hand a few feet from the orchids. A shadow should form on the leaves; if it happens to be a dark shadow then the orchids are getting too much light.
- Alternatively, you can use a lux meter which is an instrument specifically designed to measure the amount of light received. Lux measures light intensity in lumens per square meter. An ideal measurement should be 10700-16000 lux.
Effects of too much light on orchids
Different orchid species react differently to too much light. Some species have the leaves turn pale then yellowish. With prolonged exposure to light, the leaves may turn brown or even start wilting.
Effects of low light on orchids
Low light is difficult to detect since the orchids will appear healthy. The leaves won’t wilt, instead, they turn dark green in attempts to form more chlorophyll that will maximize the absorption of the little light available. Overall, the orchid will look healthy but it won’t produce any new flowers. Inadequate light delays flowering or the orchid might never bloom at all.
What do you after discovering that your orchids are not getting enough light? You should proceed with caution since moving orchids from low light to high-intensity light might kill them. Ideally, you should transfer the orchids to an area with moderate light before relocating to high light intensity.
How much light do orchids need?
Orchids are highly adaptive plants and can be grown both indoors and outdoors. They can also be grown using natural sunlight or artificial lights depending on where stationed.
If you choose to rely on the sun, the orchid should be stationed in an area with adequate light. Ideally, this should be near a window. Different orchid species vary when it comes the amount of light required. Orchids that require more light should be placed on southern windows while those with average light requirements should be placed near western or eastern windows.
The orchid can be stationed in the living room, bathroom, office, bedroom or dining room as long as there is adequate light.
Can orchids grow in artificial light
We haven’t yet fully answered the question of how much light do orchids need without discussing growing orchids with artificial light.
If you know a thing or two about artificial lights of which I know you do then the term LED lights is not new to you. Orchids can grow under LED lights as long as the temperatures are light. Most LED lights are known to overheat if not regulated this might cause problems. A full spectrum light is recommended with a minimum of 10-12hrs of light every 24hrs.
There are those who argue that HID lighting is rather way too bright for growing orchids. This is not the case; orchids can be grown under HID lights only that the exposure time will be a maximum of 10hrs in a day. The lights should not be too close to the orchid. Well, unless you want it to have burn spots on the leaves.
Fluorescent lack the red and blue spectrum hence not recommended for growing orchids
So, how much light do orchids need?
It is my hope that we have answered this question to your satisfaction given in mind that lighting is one of the most challenging aspects when growing orchids indoors.
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As parents, it’s important to know that if you have more than one child, sibling rivalry is always almost inevitable. It’s normal for families to have problems because no family is perfect. The best thing to do when your children are fighting is to stay calm and neutral, minimize your yelling, avoid favoritism, encourage communication and understand and allow children to deal with their conflicts alone at times. Even though it can’t be prevented, it’s crucial to consider the key factors that can contribute to sibling rivalry.
Here are some of the key factors!
1. Parenting styles
Many parents underestimate the influence their parenting styles may have on their children. Children learn from what they see in their environment. If you, as a parent, have a more authoritarian style, your children are more likely to model your rigid and strict temperaments, which can result in more chaos, whereas an authoritative parent might have children with less aggressive behaviors. Parenting style also affects how your children might handle conflict due to the extent of how restricted they feel to express their feelings and emotions.
2. Birth order
As a parent, you may not think the birth order of your children might affect their behavior, but it does! Your first born is typically the more mature one, because they feel the pressure of responsibility for their younger siblings. Naturally, most first born children have also dealt with the most discipline. Your younger child is often more spoiled and babied than the others. They usually get their way and don’t feel as much familial pressure as their older siblings do because they don’t have as many responsibilities. Your first child was in a way your first shot at parenting, so after learning from experience, you will often change certain aspects for your next child.
The more years apart there are between your children, the more likely they are to have differences. For example, let’s say you have a preschooler and a child that just started first grade; they’re likely to butt heads because both are in two different developmental stages of their lives. Keep in mind that your preschooler is fresh out of the terrible twos stage, which is a period of tantrums, oppositions, and mood swings, while your first grader might be starting to develop a sense of maturity and wanting to follow certain rules.
Children with siblings of a different gender are more likely to fight than those who have the same. Girls tend to be calmer and more sensitive, while boys are more aggressive and rowdier. Girls also often feel that their boy siblings have more freedom and flexibility than they do, which may cause them to act out.
Most parents unconsciously treat each gender differently, due to preconceived notions before each child was born. For example, as a parent, you might have wanted to have a girl or boy as your first child but ended up with the opposite. It’s normal for your parenting experience to turn out differently from what you expected because you already had specific things in mind.
At Parker-Chase Preschool, we encourage harmony in all our students of different ages and genders. We believe that teaching your preschool child how to effectively communicate with their peers teaches them how to maintain better relationships outside of the classroom environment. Children are encouraged to socialize with each other and form lasting friendships with their peers.
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Bats will get help avoiding wind turbines thanks to a $1 million grant from the Department of Energy, which announced Thursday it’s giving the Golden-based National Renewable Energy Lab funding to study how light from the enormous structures impacts bats and research ways to keep the mammals from flying into them.
It’s all part of the DOE’s plan to lower costs and address barriers to deployment of wind energy in all its applications — offshore, land-based and distributed — across the country. NREL was among 15 projects chosen to receive grants totalling $27 million, and one of five dealing with bats in particular that received $7.5 million.
When it comes to wind energy and wildlife, bats are a big concern, said Joy Page, Environmental Research Manager at the DOE’s Wind Energy Technologies Office. And a study by The Ecological Society of America confirms as much.
Awareness of the impact of wind energy production on wildlife in the U.S. arose in the late 1980s when attention focused on turbine collision fatalities of raptors at one of the nation’s first large-scale wind energy facilities, in California, the study says. As wind energy development expanded across the country, research showed habitat impacts and fatalities among grassland songbirds and grouse species in the Great Plains and forest interior birds in the East were common. And after 2003, when wind energy had expanded further, studies showed a dramatic increase in fatalities when an estimated 1,400 to 4,000 bats died in a six-week period at the Mountaineer Wind Energy Center in West Virginia.
Nine years later, the University of Colorado Denver reported that 600,000 bats were killed that year by wind energy turbines, “a serious blow to creatures who pollinate crops and help control flying insects.” And a recent NREL report showed the average wind energy related bat fatality is approximately four to seven bats per megawatt of installed wind energy capacity per year.
Page said available data indicates that migratory tree-roosting bats, such as the eastern red bat, hoary bat and silver-haired bat, are most at risk in Colorado. Approximately one-third of all reported bat fatalities are hoary bats, which live everywhere from the state’s mountains to plains. And several studies indicate a high probability that wind energy is contributing to a population decline, Page said.
NREL’s project will evaluate whether visual stimuli including bright aviation lights, silhouettes and light reflecting off a turbine’s surface attract bat species, assess the strength and scale of these effects and evaluate ways to decrease the attraction with things like changes in lighting and turbine surface reflectance.
Other DOE-funded projects include one testing whether lighting systems designed to alert aircraft to wind farms can minimize bat fatalities by turning on only when necessary; one project is using scientific studies about bat hearing, echolocation and ultrasonic sound propagation to develop and test more effective “playback sounds” to deter bats from turbines; and one is designed to determine whether ultraviolet light can be used to alter bats’ perception of turbines and thus prevent them from potentially associating these with their food source — the millions of flying bugs that congregate around lights and make great feeding grounds for nocturnal fliers, according to the National Institutes of Health.
DOE said eagles and prairie grouse are also considered priority species when it comes to regulatory protection and/or vulnerability to wind energy impacts. But the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service says migratory songbirds are the fliers most killed in wind turbines. They often migrate during the night at altitudes generally above rotor swept areas when weather conditions are favorable, but risk may be greatest during takeoff and landing where wind facilities abut stopover sites, the service says.
But bats are the current focus of research NREL coordinates through The Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. That alliance of experts from government agencies, private industry, academic institutions and other organizations works on mitigating wind turbines’ impact on bats, while promoting the development of wind energy.
NREL’s headquarters are not far from the Golden cliffs, where some of Colorado’s 18 species of bats, which can eat more than 150 mosquitos in 15 minutes, hang out.
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Common (Translated Scientific) Name: Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation Subclass
Colloquial Name: Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation
Hierarchy Level: Subclass
Type Concept: Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs in shallow to deep water habitats where emergent vegetation is <10% cover, and submerged or floating aquatic plants have >1% cover, occurring around the globe from the equator to the polar regions. The upper limits of salinity are set at approximately 0.5 ppt, above which it is typically considered saltwater. They are transitional between those wetlands that are saturated or seasonally wet (i.e., bog, fen, marsh or swamp) and permanent, deep waterbodies (i.e., lakes). Submerged or floating-aquatic plants usually dominate the vegetation. Open surface water up to 2 m deep is present for all or most of the year. Water levels are seasonally stable, permanently flooded, or intermittently exposed during droughts, low flows or intertidal periods.
Diagnostic Characteristics: Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs in shallow to deep water habitats where emergent vegetation is <10% cover, and submerged or floating aquatic plants have >1% cover, with the upper limits of salinity set at 0.5 ppt, above which it is considered saltwater. Water levels are seasonally stable, permanently flooded, or intermittently exposed during droughts, low flows or intertidal periods. Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs around the globe from the equator to the polar regions in freshwater habitats.
Rationale for Nominal Species or Physiognomic Features:
Classification Comments: The concept of this subclass extends to deeper water habitats (i.e., deeper than 2 m in lakes) and to riverine bottoms, but in practice, freshwater aquatic classifications may supersede this one from a user standpoint [see Formation Class]. That is, it may be desirable to first assign a lake or river type to the aquatic system, and secondarily note the NVC vegetation type present. Vegetation found in many urban and agricultural ponds may be very similar to natural freshwater aquatic vegetation, because agricultural and urban ponds typically manipulate the physical setting, not the vegetation itself. There are distinct cultural aquatic vegetation types, but these should be limited to situations in which the vegetation itself is manipulated for horticultural (e.g., aquatic gardens) or agricultural (e.g., water chestnuts grown in impoundments, rice paddies) that are parallel with terrestrial cultural vegetation. However, many agricultural ponds may actively prevent vegetation from forming. For practical applications of classification and mapping of freshwater aquatic vegetation, the agricultural and urban ponds may be initially placed within the 7. Agricultural & Developed Vegetation Cultural Class (CCL01), and, where evidence is gathered to show they have a natural composition, they may be reclassified.
Similar NVC Types:
S09 Saltwater Aquatic Vegetation, note:
CSC03 Herbaceous & Woody Developed Vegetation, note:
CSC04 Agricultural & Developed Aquatic Vegetation, note:
S44 Shrub & Herb Wetland, note:
Physiognomy and Structure: Submerged or floating aquatic plants usually dominate the vegetation, with <10% of the surface water area covered by standing emergent or woody plants. Open surface water up to 2 m or more deep is present for all or most of the year (National Wetlands Working Group 1997).
Dynamics: No Data Available
Environmental Description: Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation is subject to aquatic processes typical of upper limnetic or infralittoral lake zones, such as nutrient and gas exchange, oxidation and decomposition. Ionic composition of waters varies widely. The upper limits of salinity for Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation are set at 0.5 ppt, above which the vegetation is considered 5.A ~Saltwater Aquatic Vegetation Subclass (S09)$$. Dissolved minerals, acid-base balances, and nutrient levels are influenced by the hydrology, underlying geological materials, nutrient fluxes, and plant communities. Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation is usually situated on substrates of limnic peat, mixed limnic organic-mineral material, and marl in stable-water regimes. Little sediment accumulation occurs in high-energy shallow waters such as tidal regimes, rivers or large lakes. In semi-arid regions, shallow waters dry up intermittently, often leaving evaporite alkaline salt deposits. Except in highly saline or acidic waters, these deposits provide a substrate for rooted submerged and floating macrophytes, algae and aquatic mosses (National Wetlands Working Group 1997).
Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation is found in shallow water that usually has standing or flowing water <2 m deep in mid-summer. Water levels are seasonally stable, permanently flooded, or intermittently exposed during droughts or low flows. Shallow-water vegetation may also occupy bays and margins of profundal zones of lakes (National Wetlands Working Group 1997).
Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs in ponds, pools, shallow lakes, oxbows, sloughs, natural and artificial impoundments, or channels. Boundaries are determined by water-eroded shorelines, beaches or landward margins of mudflats, recent limnic deposits, floating mats, emergents or hydrophytic trees or shrubs. Bordering mats of rooted emergent vegetation, including inundated trees, may occupy up to 10% of the shallow-water area. Shallow waters are found in all hydrogeomorphic settings, but are usually associated with lacustrine, fluvial, stream, river, and permafrost systems (National Wetlands Working Group 1997).
Geographic Range: Freshwater Aquatic Vegetation occurs in shallow to deep freshwater habitats around the globe from the equator to the polar regions.
Nations: CA, US
Confidence Level: Moderate
Confidence Level Comments:
Synonomy: >< Freshwater Marshes (Mitsch and Gosselink 2000) [Both tropical and temperate marshes are treated together, and inland saline marshes are included here too, as are emergent and aquatic vegetation.]
>< Shallow Water Wetland Class (National Wetlands Working Group 1997) [The authors include both saltwater aquatic and freshwater aquatic vegetation in their concept and restrict the type to wetland aquatic vegetation, whereas the concept used here could extend to deeper water habitats.]
>< Tidal Freshwater Marshes (Mitsch and Gosselink 2000) [Both tropical and temperate marshes are treated together, as are emergent and aquatic vegetation.]
Concept Author(s): Hierarchy Revisions Working Group, Federal Geographic Data Committee (Faber-Langendoen et al. 2014)
Author of Description: D. Faber-Langendoen, after National Wetlands Working Group (1997)
Version Date: 17Oct2014
- Faber-Langendoen, D., T. Keeler-Wolf, D. Meidinger, C. Josse, A. Weakley, D. Tart, G. Navarro, B. Hoagland, S. Ponomarenko, J.-P. Saucier, G. Fults, and E. Helmer. 2015c. Classification and description of world formation types. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-000. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
- Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink. 2000. Wetlands. Third edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 920 pp.
- National Wetlands Working Group. 1997. Wetlands of Canada. C. D. A. Rubec, editor. Ecological Land Classification Series No. 24. Environment Canada, Ottawa, and Polyscience Publications, Inc., Montreal. 452 pp.
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Macbeth essay love and possessiveness in a macbeth essay shakespeare is revered as the bard and one of the most important english writers of all time. Read macbeth by shakespeare free essay and over 88,000 other research documents macbeth by shakespeare macbeth was written by shakespeare in the early 1600s it is in some aspects a relatively simple play like numerous. Thesis statement in william shakespeare’s “macbeth”, macbeth is a tragic hero who causes suffering by committing murder and distress, exemplifying the negative effects of a bloodthirsty desire for power. Macbeth by william shakespeare in the play macbeth by william shakespeare, lady macbeth unconsciously uses macbeth and others as a shield for guilt when she wants something but doesn't have the guts to perform the task herself, she calls upon anyone but herself to do it she thinks that this will erase her conscience of any guilt it has on. Explanation: lady macbeth showed no fear or guilt when she came back from the crime scene and macbeth was shocked to see her react as if nothing had happened f supports structure of thesis 1 statement: lady macbeth is no longer herself near the end because she breaks down and develops some kind of illness. 100% free papers on macbeth and lady macbeth essays sample topics, paragraph introduction help, research & more class 1-12, high school & college. The theme of ambition in “macbeth” – essay bookmarks notebook forum flashcards videos notes dashboard tweet the theme of ambition in “macbeth. Get free homework help on william shakespeare's macbeth: play summary, scene summary and analysis and original text, quotes, essays, character analysis, and filmography courtesy of cliffsnotes in macbeth , william shakespeare's tragedy about power, ambition, deceit, and murder, the three witches foretell macbeth's rise to king.
These thesis statements offer a short summary of william shakespeare's macbeth in terms of different elements that could be important in an essay you are, of course, free to add your own analysis and understanding of the plot or themes to them for your essay. I thesis statement: lady macbeth’s desire for power prompts her interest in controlling macbeth’s actions however, she loses control which contributes to her tragedy. Hundal 1 kavya hundal ms ferracci eng3u1-03 16 december 2015 correlation between macbeth and adolf hitler men rise from one ambition to another: first, they seek to secure themselves against attack, and then they attack others- niccolo machiavelli the tragedy of macbeth by william shakespeare highlights the themes of ambition and. Macbeth: essay topics macbeth by shakespeare has been written approximately between 1603 and 1607 it is his shortest tragedy, but it. Macbeth essay writing tips format quotations formal literature essay style themes : key vocabulary techniques : key vocabulary characters : key vocabulary essay cohesion : key vocabulary essay structure thesis statement you must use the present tense when discussing literature.
Macbeth this essay macbeth and other 63,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom autor: reviewessays • april 2, 2011 • essay • 1,050 words (5 pages) • 1,583 views. 1) the macbeth’s appearance and what kind of king was he 2) macbeth's changing viewpoints and state of mind during the play 3) macbeth’s ambition essay introduction should include your main statement, summing up what you intend to prove brainstorm and stick each thought, example or argument to support your thesis statement.
Best answer: thesis statements: below you will find five outstanding thesis statements for macbeth by william shakespeare that can be used as essay starters or paper topics. Free macbeth papers, essays, and research papers these results are sorted by most relevant first (ranked search) you may also sort these by color rating or essay length.
Macbeth is one of the most famous plays written by william shakespeare the play tells the story of macbeth, thane of glamis whose dark ambition will lead him to murder the king and take his crown. Develop a thesis and find supporting quotations from the play research essay prompts these prompts require students to research macbeth using secondary sources each prompt is appropriate for high school or college students writing 5-7 page essays shakespeare based macbeth very loosely on historical figures and events research. Final essay on william shakespeare’s the tragedy of macbeth choose one of the prompts listed on the next page, and write an organized and critical essay in response. You are here: best essay » free essays » essays on w shakespeare's plays » the character of macbeth the character of macbeth macbeth's character was illustrated.
Lady macbeth essay by lauren bradshaw april 29, 2009 sample essays also i get the picture that nothing will stop lady macbeth since she dreams of being queen and. In william shakespeare's dramatic tragedy, 'macbeth,' the scottish nobleman macbeth is overcome by his own desire his eventual downfall and destruction was a product of his blind ambition the regal ambitions of macbeth began a tragic downward spiral from which the tragic hero could never recover macbeth's vaulting, escalating ambition is his.
Essay/term paper: macbeth's tragic flaw essay, term paper, research paper: macbeth see all college papers and term papers on macbeth free essays available online. Free essays on macbeth available at echeatcom, the largest free essay community. Macbeth essays / macbeth essay macbeth - tragic villain or victim of fate the story of macbeth, by william shakespeare, is one of. Good thesis for macbeth essay we are experts with more than 10 years of experience get resume writing tips along with essay, cover letter or resume we are experts with more than 10 years of experience get resume writing tips along with essay, cover letter or resume. Macbeth | analysis | morality print reference this published: 23rd march, 2015 last edited: 16th may, 2017 disclaimer: this essay has been submitted by a student. Thesis macbeth’s own hubris is the most powerful force of his downfall, as his overvaulting pride and arrogance cause him to put great faith in the witches’ prophecies, combined with lady macbeth's manipulation, which all serve to convince macbeth that the throne awaits him sending him on a killing spree.
Of course, if you have very little writing experience you have to look for essay examples on shakespeare’s macbeth to make sure you learn essay writing abc besides, you can learn much about potential essay topics you can write about macbeth’s personality or major problems in this drama. Macbeth - themes of ambition 3 pages 827 words february 2015 saved essays save your essays here so you can locate them quickly. Essays: over 180,000 macbeth essays, macbeth term papers, macbeth research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and. Macbeth: essay topics 1) the supernatural plays an important role in macbethto what extent does it motivate macbeth's actions 2) discuss king duncan and examine what contribution he makes to the play 3) in constructing macbeth, shakespeare dramatically altered historical characters to enhance certain themesexamine shakespeare's.
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Clinton's History and Growth
Clinton, Iowa is a city in eastern Iowa with a current population of 24,469 residents. The land that encompasses the state of Iowa and current day Clinton was part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. In September 1832 the U.S. Government purchased about 6 million acres of land in eastern Iowa from the Sac/Fox Indian tribes. At this time there were an estimated 15,000 native American Indians living in the state of Iowa.
Known at the Black Hawk Purchase the government paid about $640,000 dollars for this land or about 11 cents per acre. In June of 1833 the government allow settlers for the first time to homestead on this land.
Several early settlers moved into this portion of eastern Iowa with the hopes of land acquisitions and business opportunities. Elijah Buell 1835 settled at Lyons Iowa. John Baker 1835 settled at Fulton, IL Both recognized that the “Narrows” on the river would make a great place for their business and ferry boat operation. Dr. George Peck 1836 viewed Camanche as being the ideal place to own land and a ferry boat.
Soon after Clinton was platted by Joseph Bartlett in 1836. Bartlett believed that the region was rich with gold deposits. Bartlett operated a trading post and a ferry boat operation. Bartlett laid claim to hundreds of acres and platted the land near the river into town lots. He called the place New York.
Bartlett’s gold deposits never materialized. In 1938 Bartlett sold most of his land assets to Captain R.G. Pearce, Colonel Jennings, and Colonel Randall. In 1839 the future area that would become Clinton consisted of a few cabins, two stores and a tavern. The area was slow to develop and did not change much in the 1840’s.
The Iowa Land Co. purchased 500 acres of Bartlett’s former land in 1855. In August the company platted the land and started to sell lots. November 10, 1855, the first plat of the city of Clinton was signed. Surveyors were Charles B. Stuart and William Rumble. On January 26, 1857 the city was granted a charter.
The future of Clinton was secured by location, location, & location. First the River Boats & Ferry Boats transported the early settlers and their goods to the Clinton area. Next came the Railroads and the Lumber Industry. The main route for westward railroad expansion went directly through Clinton and across Iowa. Soon the goal would be the west coast. In 1913 highway 30 the first transcontinental highway, came thru Clinton.
Today, Clinton has a Mayor / Council form of government. The city is a full service government with a Police, Fire, Transit, Public Works, Building Inspection, Finance, Engineering & Parks departments. The Community also has a Library, & Airport. A city administrator is employed by the city council to run day-to-day affairs.
Ferry Boats 1835 – 1855: Buell and Baker knew the “Narrows” on the Mississippi river was an ideal place to operate a ferry boat. Land grants, low priced land and business opportunities all contributed to early growth for settlers moving into the area. River boats and local ferry boats provided the main source of transportation and goods at that time. The rapid growth from the 1855 arrival of the railroads and the sawmill industries was about to take place bringing thousands of new people, new jobs, and new business opportunities to the area.
Railroads 1855 – 1870: In 1855 the Galena & Chicago Union railroad arrived in Fulton, IL. Westward travel on the G&CU railroad from Chicago to Fulton was now possible. Another key event in 1855 shows the eastern investors of the Iowa Land Company purchased most of Bartlett’s original land, re-platted the site, and changed the name from New York to Clinton. Talk of railroad fever and western expansion was in the air.
1856: The Chicago Iowa & Nebraska railroad was formed by most of the same people that owned the Iowa Land Company. Clinton’s population quickly grew to over 1000 people. The CI&N railroad soon started laying rail to Cedar Rapids. In 1857 the CI&N people formed the Albany Bridge Company and leased the ABC to the CI&N railroad. In 1858 the CI&N railroad started construction two miles south of Fulton, on the 1400 ft. bridge that would cross the east channel of the Mississippi River to Little Rock Island.
1859: The east bridge was completed. The G&CU now ran from Fulton to Little Rock Island. Passengers and merchandise were then transferred to the CI&N ferry boat from Little Rock Island to the Clinton, CI&N railroad depot that was located at the foot of 4th, Avenue south on the river.
1864: Soon, a series of railroad merges and leases occurred that resulted in the CI&N railroad merging with the G&CU. On February 15, 1865 the G&CU railroad was acquired by the Chicago & Northwestern railroad.
January 6, 1865: The bridge was completed across the west channel of the Mississippi River by the CI&N railroad and the first trains to cross the river arrived in Clinton. Note: The Civil War started in April 1861 and ended in April 1865 westward progress proceeded slowing during this time. Once the Clinton bridge was operational and the Civil War was over western railroad expansion and travel accelerated quickly.
January 22, 1867: The race across Iowa was over and the Chicago & Northwestern railroad had completed the journey to Council Bluffs, Iowa. The C&NW would soon have more track in Iowa than any other railroad.
May 1869: The Union Pacific / Central Pacific railroad transcontinental line from San Francisco to Omaha was completed. The C&NW transcontinental now ran from Chicago to Omaha and the west coast. This new line would dominate passenger and freight traffic across America for the next 90 years. Clinton played an important part on this strategically important shipping route and was a key division point on the C&NW railroad.
Sawmills & Lumber 1865 – 1900: The lumber industry in the great lakes area grew rapidly during the second half of the 19th century. Sawmills and lumber related businesses sprang up in nearly every town and city in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Soon the sawmills appeared along the Mississippi River. Clinton was a community that quickly capitalized and expanded from the lumber industry mainly because of its vital rail service.
1854/1855: George W. Stumbaugh is credited with opening Lyons’ first sawmill. Other companies that entered the business included Chancy Lamb and W.J. Young at Clinton in the 1850’s. David Joyce came to Lyons 1856. Wadleigh, Welles, & Company in Lyons later became Gardiner, Batchcldcr & Welles. Clinton Lumber Company was started. Culbertson & Smith had a sawmill in Fulton. The lumber & sawmill industry continued to grow in the area.
1869: Iowa ranked ninth among states in lumber production. Clinton produced more than 60 million feet of lumber, 24 million. shingles, and 14 million laths that year. No city on the Mississippi south of St. Paul produced more. Clinton was ideal situated with rail service going east to Chicago and to the west coast. Numerous secondary businesses developed in Clinton related to the lumber and railroad industry.
With the growth of the sawmill firms, there arose machine shops, cabinet shops, wagon factories, planning mills, box factories, and furniture factories. Clinton also had Curtis Brothers Company, manufacturers of sash, doors, blinds, moldings, stairwork, and other wood finishings. Clinton became a thriving community with a strong railroad, lumber, and sawmill industry.
1870: Clinton manufactured approximately 72 to 80 million feet of lumber. This exceeded every city on the Mississippi except Minneapolis. The sawmills furnished more employment in Clinton than any other industry. Clinton's population in 1870 was 6,129 people,'" and approximately 800 men worked in the mills. In the 1880’s W.J. Young’s updated mill had a record sawing capacity of 450,000 board ft. per eight-hour shift. Clinton's population in 1890 was 13,619 and more than 1000 workers were employed in the Chancy Lamb mills.
1870 to 1900: During this time period the foundation for the city having strong growth was established. Clinton had a water company. Gas and electricity. Street Cars. Ringwood was annexed 1878. Clinton & Lyons telephone company 1878. The Fulton / Lyons bridge was built 1891. The Clinton high bridge 1892. Chancy was annexed 1892. Agatha Hospital 1889. The 1894 annexation of Lyons. Wartburg College. Iten Bakery & Cracker Factory came to Clinton. George Wilson acquired the Clinton Bridge Works. Numerous small businesses and retail shops opened. Jobs and business opportunities were here.
1900 – 1945: The 1893 – 1897 depression hit. It was wide spread with many causes. There was a run-on gold. The railroads had over built. The upper Midwest Logging Industry was coming to an end. The last logging raft arrived in Clinton in 1906. Most of the sawmills and lumber yards on the Mississippi were closing down. The end of the sawmill industry in Clinton was near. Economic pain was everywhere. The United States would soon face two wars in Europe. The great depression would last from 1929 until 1941. How would Clinton respond?
Clinton business leaders and community leaders faced the challenges head on. They focused on attracting new industrial and new manufacturing companies. The retail sector transformed into new downtown development. New construction started on the Wilson Building, the Van Allen Building, the Howes Building, the Weston Building, the Lafayette Hotel, and the Coliseum Building. All contributed significantly to increased downtown growth. Clinton’s population in 1900 soon grew from about 22,500 to around 25,500 in 1910.
More development came from new and existing companies like Clinton Corn, Central Steel in Camanche, Collis, Curtis Company, Lubbers & Bell, Swift Company, Clinton Lock Company, and the Clinton Bridge Works all added new employees. New housing units exploded. Schools were constructed throughout the community. Clinton had several hundred acres of parks. The 1930 swimming pool and the 1938 Midwest League Baseball Stadium only added to summer fun in Clinton. Clintonians met the challenges of two depressions and two world wars head on with vision, persistence, and hard work.
1945 into the Twenty-first Century Industrial & Retail Growth: The wars in Europe were over. The men and women that would make up the “Great Generation” would come home and rebuild. The automobile factories started up again. College enrollment started to increase. The Interstate highway system was being built. Shopping centers were springing up across the country. Satellites were flying into orbit.
Clinton businesses and stores regrouped in the downtown area. DuPont built a new plant in Camanche. Walgreens, J.C. Penney, Klines, Woolworths, and Wards were all open downtown. Sears built a new store. New banks popped up downtown. Rastrelli’s moved to Lyons. McEleney Motors in Lyons was humming with new business. The C&NW built a massive car repair shop in Clinton. Once again Clinton was busy.
Over the years the population in Clinton has bounced up and down. The city’s population peaked in 1970 at 34,719 and today is around 24,412. The economy of Clinton employs around 11,400 people. The largest industry employing people is manufacturing 2,397 people. Health Care and Social Assistance employ 1997 people. Retail employs 1573 people. There are several major industries located in the community. There is a stable workforce with a demand for new employees.
Today the city has made recent investments in numerous new schools. The city has a 300-acre Industrial Park. The city has invested heavily in new streets and roads. There is a new storm water system, sewer system, and treatment plant. Developers have invested heavily in recent years in new rental housing in the western part of the community and the downtown area. There are plenty of shops and restaurants in the historic downtown.
Clinton’s Parks are second to none with a first-class swimming pool. There is a great baseball stadium. Summertime theatrical productions are held on a former riverboat. A beautiful marina and RV campground next to the best river view in America. The walking & biking trails are outstanding. A county museum and a Sawmill Museum. There are 17 Historic Buildings listed on the National Historic Register of Places. Visitors and tourist are welcome in Clinton where they offer the best in Midwest living with a wide variety of things to do.
Information provided by: Gateway History Club
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The Pharoah of the 18th dynasty who enslaved the Hebrews was very close to Moses, born to Hebrews and raised as an adopted child in the palace.
One could understand Pharaoh for presiding over the system of slave labour, but not forgive him for cruelty with which it was inflicted.
Whether this Pharoah was Ramses II, Tutenkamun or Akhnatan is not possible to confirm, mainly because the Torah insists on titles of respect.
However, such respect is even more insisted upon as due to the Almighty Creator.
Until Pharaoh admitted that he could not override God’s will, the slaves could not be freed.
The Torah’s depiction of Egyptian slavery outlines the relationship Israelites have had with the law of the land.
No law ought to enslave or supress, yet rebellious uprising without trying every available legal channel of appeal is not promoted by the Torah.
The ruler, however cruel, is addressed respectfully and given a chance to recognise God.
Even Pharoah was given 10 chances before the Hebrews left Egypt. As Pharoah failed to take advantage of the chances handed to him by the Almighty, he and his people complicit in the slavery were punished before being petitioned again.
Sadly, even after the final plague which killed Pharoah’s own child, he agreed to chase after the Israelites, drowning his army in the sea doing so.
The later prophetic view of Pharaoh is of an arrogant despot who believed that he was so omnipotent that he had created himself and that the Nile was the eternal cradle of his creation.
Ultimately, the Exodic Pharoah is said to have alone survived the drowning at sea, returning to Egypt to tell his people of the miracles by the God of Israel, thus confirming His supremacy over the self-worshipping Pharaonic dynasties.
Rabbi Ariel Abel is Padre to HM Armed Forces and Rabbi of the Liverpool Old Hebrew Congregation
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Do you have concerns about someone being radicalised?
Call the Anti-Terrorist Hotline on 0800 789 321
or email [email protected]
What is Prevent?
Prevent is about safeguarding people and communities from the threat of terrorism. Prevent is 1 of the 4 elements of CONTEST, the Governments counter-terrorism strategy. It aims to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism.
CONTEST has four strands often known as the four P’s:
PREVENT: To stop people becoming terrorists or supporting violent extremism.
PURSUE: To stop terrorist attacks through disruption, investigation and detection.
PREPARE: Where an attack cannot be stopped, to mitigate its impact.
PROTECT: To strengthen against terrorist attack, including borders, utilities, transport infrastructure and crowded places.
The Prevent Strategy:
- Responds to the ideological challenge we face from terrorism and aspects of extremism, and the threat we face from those who promote these views.
- Provides practical help to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism and ensure they are given appropriate advice and support
- Works with a wide range of sectors (including education, criminal justice, faith, charities, online and health) where there are risks of radicalisation that we need to deal with.
Prevent covers all forms of terrorism and extremism ad some aspects of non-violent extremism. The Home Office works with local authorities, a wide range of government departments, and community organisations to deliver the Prevent strategy. The police also play a significant role in Prevent, in much the same way was as they do when taking a preventative approach to other crimes.
For further information, please click on the following links:
Prevent Strategy -the Government Prevent Strategy
Contest – The UK’s Strategy for Counter-Terrorism
Prevent uses a range of measures to challenge extremism including:
- Supporting people who are at risk of being drawn into terrorist or extremist activity through the Channel process
- Working with and supporting community groups and social enterprise projects who provide services and support to vulnerable people
- Working with faith groups and institutions to assist them in providing support and guidance to people who may be vulnerable
- Supporting local schools, local industry and partner agencies through engagement, advice and training.
Let’s Talk About It
Let’s Talk About It is an initiative designed to provide practical help and guidance to the public in order to stop people becoming radicalised or supporting terrorism.
STOP Terrorists’ & Extremists’ Online Presence – Report it:
Tackling extremist material is important to protect the public and prevent offences that incite or promote terrorism and extremism. The internet and social media provides many opportunities for those with extreme views to target young or vulnerable individuals. The Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit put considerable effort into removing terrorist and extremist material however communities defeat terrorism, which is why we must maintain the strong relationship between the public and police. The police depend on information from the public in our efforts to keep us all safe and we are asking anyone who has concerns about online content to report it by clicking the STOP Terrorists’ & Extremists’ Online button.
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The MANOVA Game
What Does MANOVA Mean?
There are numerous benefits of MANOVA over one-way ANOVA. To begin with, by measuring several dependent variables within an experiment, there's a better likelihood of discovering which factor is really important. So some time must be spent on filtering in the appropriate output.
Therefore, testing might not always yield positive outcomes. This test enables us to think about the parameters of several populations at the same time, without getting into a number of the issues that confront us by conducting hypothesis tests on two parameters at one time. For instance, the test may be used. This test is used while the variety of response variables is two or more, though it can be used whenever there is just one response variable. This test used is known as the t-test. Typically a total test suggests that there's some kind of difference between the parameters we're studying. The general multivariate test is significant, meaning that differences between the amount of the variable group exist.
The entire procedure can be produced clear with the aid of an experiment. Many procedures contain three times more than that which you will need to understand about that segment. Thus, this technique is used whenever an alternate procedure is required for testing hypotheses concerning means whenever there are many populations. The methodology used to finish a discriminant analysis is comparable to logistic regression analysis. The analysis might be carried out using robust estimation procedures. Discriminant function analysis is only one kind of multivariate statistical analysis. The truth is the report shows there aren't any possible outliers.
Proceed to Adobe's website if you wish to download a complimentary copy of Acrobat Reader. This table will help to quickly recognize the ideal analysis of variance to choose in various scenarios. By way of example any pairs that have USD as the quote currency eg majors like EURUSD GBPUSD is going to have the very same pip. MANOVA and repeated measure ANOVA are employed in rather different scenarios. The MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is a kind of multivariate analysis executed to appraise details that is composed of over 1 reliant variable at one time.
Because the output is very long, we'll break this up and explore different sections individually. To run the analysis, step one is to recognize the categorical variable which you would love to like to predict. Ideally, you would like your dependent variables to be moderately correlated with one another. Last, the dependent variables ought to be largely uncorrelated. Quite simply, an individual would determine the particular dependent variables that contributed to the considerable general effect. In addition, there are two functions specifically created for visualizing mean differences in ANOVA layouts. It is among the vital capabilities of Manova is its wisdom and experience in regulatory compliance practice for healthcare solutions.
The aim of the 1 sample t-test is to find out if the null hypothesis ought to be rejected, given the sample data. Whenever there are two or more means, it's possible to compare each mean with each other mean utilizing many t-tests. It's utilised to compare the means of over two samples. Additionally, it's easy to interpret. Please be aware that the contrast isn't always the mean of the pooled groups! Therefore, the differences or variations which exist within a plot of land may result from error.
When you opt to analyse your data utilizing a two-way MANOVA, part of the practice involves checking to make sure the data that you want to analyse can actually be analysed employing a two-way MANOVA. When you decide to analyse your data employing a one-way MANOVA, part of the procedure involves checking to make certain that the data that you want to analyse can actually be analysed utilizing a one-way MANOVA. When data is in the shape of a time collection. Actually, don't be surprised if your data violates at least one of these assumptions. The data utilized in this example are from the subsequent experiment.
In the event the variances in both groups are not the same as one another, then adding the two together isn't appropriate, and won't yield an estimate of the frequent within-group variance. Just bear in mind that in the event that you do not run the statistical tests on such assumptions correctly, the outcomes you get when running a two-way MANOVA may not be valid. Just keep in mind that in case you do not run the statistical tests on such assumptions correctly, the outcomes you get when running a one-way MANOVA may not be valid. You've got to check your data meets these assumptions because if it doesn't, the outcomes you get when running a one-way MANOVA may not be valid. There are four primary assumptions utilised in ANOVA. The alternate hypothesis can assume one of 3 forms based on the question being asked. There are two types of hypotheses for a 1 sample t-test, the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis.
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Curriculum, Instruction, & Assessment
What do we want kids to know and be able to do?
Curriculum is determined by the district teachers based on the state standards and is what guides what we teach to our students. Lexington Public School's curriculum for all subjects has been written and piloted by the teachers in our district. A standards based approach has been incorporated and implemented to ensure that all students meet the objectives set by the district.
Key Concepts and Essential Skills have been identified by groups of teachers. They identify what we want kids to know and be able to do at each grade / subject level and are aligned with the Nebraska State Standards.
Lexington Public Schools believes the primary purpose of assessment is to assist teachers and administrators in instructional and curricular design to ensure that students achieve the skills and knowledge contained in state standards.
A secondary purpose of assessment is to provide accountability, a means for reporting progress to all the stakeholders in the educational process. The assessment program is utilized by the Board of Education, teachers, administration, and support staff for making informed decisions designing curricular and instructional programs that meet the diverse needs of the entire student population. The assessment system will yield accurate information only when standards, instruction, and assessment are aligned, which is the case in Lexington Public Schools.
Assessment also directly yields data, which is used to aid in the overall Continuous and Integrated School Improvement process. Long and short-term goals are based on the data derived from district wide assessment. Strengths and areas of growth focus, are determined and serve as a means to measure progress. Assessment guides and improves instruction. Continuous Improvement serves to increase excellence in education. It is through the assessment and the school improvement process, that Lexington Public Schools remains committed to promote student achievement.
The district's mission statement: "...to create capable and lifelong learners"
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Summarize Written Text
On a starry night in Padua 400 years ago, Galileo first turned a telescope toward the sky. It might seem the most natural of actions—after all, what else does one do with a telescope? But in 1609, the instrument, which had been invented only the year before by Dutch opticians, was known as a "spyglass," in anticipation of its military uses. The device was also sold as a toy. When Galileo read of it, he quickly set about making a much more powerful version. The Dutch telescopes magnified images by 3 times; Galileo's telescopes magnified them by 8 to 30 times. At the time, astronomy, like much of science, remained under the spell of Aristotle. Almost 2,000 years after his death, the giant of Greek philosophy was held in such high regard that even his most suspect pronouncements were considered unimpeachable. Aristotle had maintained that all celestial objects were perfect and immutable spheres, and that the stars made a dizzying daily journey around the center of the universe, our stationary Earth. Why scrutinize the sky? The system had already been neatly laid out in books. Astronomers "wish never to raise their eyes from those pages," Galileo wrote in frustration, "as if this great book of the universe had been written to be read by nobody but Aristotle, and his eyes had been destined to see for all posterity." In Galileo's day, the study of astronomy was used to maintain and reform the calendar. Sufficiently advanced students of astronomy made horoscopes; the alignment of the stars was believed to influence everything from politics to health.
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India has been underrepresented in genome-wide surveys of human variation. We analyze 25 diverse groups to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the “Ancestral North Indians” (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans, while the other, the “Ancestral South Indians” (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other. By introducing methods that can estimate ancestry without accurate ancestral populations, we show that ANI ancestry ranges from 39-71% in India, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers. Groups with only ASI ancestry may no longer exist in mainland India. However, the Andamanese are an ASI-related group without ANI ancestry, showing that the peopling of the islands must have occurred before ANI-ASI gene flow on the mainland. Allele frequency differences between groups in India are larger than in Europe, reflecting strong founder effects whose signatures have been maintained for thousands of years due to endogamy. We therefore predict that there will be an excess of recessive diseases in India, different in each group, which should be possible to screen and map genetically.
The first systematic surveys of human variation in India focused on anthropometric traits, and found that India is structured along lines of ethnicity as well as geography1, a result that has since been confirmed by blood group, protein polymorphism2,3 and genetic analysis4. Genetic studies have further documented differences in relatedness to West Eurasians5,6,7,8, while mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have shown that India harbors deep rooted lineages that share no common ancestry with groups outside of South Asia for tens of thousands of years9. The most comprehensive survey of genetic variation in India to date analyzed 405 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 55 groups and identified distinct clusters correlated to language and geography10, while another study analyzed 1,200 polymorphisms in 15 Indian American groups11. However, neither study analyzed enough data to more finely discern patterns of genetic variation.
We genotyped 132 Indian samples from 25 groups. To survey a wide range of ancestries, we sampled 15 states and 6 language families (including 2 language families from the Andaman Islands12) (Table 1 and Figure 1). To compare traditionally “upper” and “lower” castes after controlling for geography, we focused on castes from two states: Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. We genotyped all samples on an Affymetrix 6.0 array, yielding data for 560,123 autosomal SNPs after filtering (Methods). Allele frequency differentiation between groups was estimated with high accuracy (FST had an average standard error of ±0.0011; Tables Sl and S2). For some analyses, we also merged our data with HapMap13 and the Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP)14,15 (Methods).
We analyzed these data to address five questions. Does India harbor more substructure than Europe? Has endogamy been long-standing in Indian groups? Do nearly all Indians descend from a mixture of populations? Is the ancestry of tribal groups systematically different from castes? What is the origin of the indigenous Andaman Islanders?
We applied principal components analysis (PCA)16,17 to identify outlier groups (Figure S1). The first PC shows that the Siddi have African ancestry, consistent with their origin involving the Arab slave trade18. The second shows that the Nyshi and Ao Naga cluster with the Chinese (CHB), consistent with them speaking Tibeto-Burman languages. The third and fourth show that the Great Andamanese are dispersed, suggesting gene flow from the mainland in the last few generations19, but that the Onge cluster tightly, making them more useful for studying the relationship of the indigenous Andamanese to groups worldwide (Note S1). The Chenchu are a sixth outlier because of their high minimum FST of 0.052 from all other groups (Table S3).
The average pairwise FST of the remaining 19 groups is 0.0109. This is much larger than the 0.0033 in a recent study of 23 European groups20, although a strict comparison is difficult, since European studies have focused on cosmopolitan samples20,21, which could underestimate differentiation relative to our village-centered sampling. We considered the possibility that the high FST could be an artifact due to marriage between close relatives, which is known to be common in southern India22 and can exaggerate measurements of frequency differentiation. However, when we recalculated FST correcting for consanguinity23 (Appendix), the average differentiation decreased only marginally to 0.0100. We also determined that the high FST was not due to our strategy of sampling diverse groups. Restricting to the 9 pairs of groups that were from the same state and traditional caste level, the average inbreeding-corrected FST was 0.0069; much higher than the analogous 0.0018 in Europe when comparing within regions (Table S3).
We propose that the high FST among Indian groups could be explained if many groups were founded by a few individuals, followed by limited gene flow8,24. This hypothesis predicts that within groups, pairs of individuals will tend to have substantial stretches of the genome where they share at least one allele at each SNP. We find signals of excess allele sharing in many groups (Figure S2), which as expected tend to occur in the groups that have the highest FST’s from all others (P=0.002 for a correlation). To estimate the age of founder events, we measured the genetic distance scale over which allele sharing decays, a procedure that we verified by simulation (Figure S3). Six Indo-European and Dravidian speaking groups have evidence of founder events dating to more than 30 generations ago (Figure S2), including the Vysya at more than 100 generations ago. Strong endogamy must have applied since then (average gene flow less than 1 in 30 per generation) to prevent the genetic signatures of founder events from being erased by gene flow. Some historians have argued that “caste” in modern India is an “invention” of colonialism25 in the sense that it became more rigid under colonial rule26. However, our results suggest that many current distinctions among groups are ancient and that strong endogamy must have shaped marriage patterns in India for thousands of years24,27.
The high frequency differentiation among Indian groups is medically significant as it shows that “population stratification” (systematic ancestry differences between cases and controls that can lead to false-positive disease associations) may be a confounder in gene mapping studies. This is superficially at odds with a recent report that in Indian Americans, allele frequency differentiation is lower than among Europeans11. A potential explanation for the discrepancy is that the previous study pooled samples by state of origin, which can mask substructure. For example, when we performed PCA on an independent set of 85 Gujarati Americans28, we found that they separate into two distinct clusters with high differentiation (FST = 0.005) (Figure S4). Similarly, pairs of Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh groups in our data (excluding the outlying Chenchu) have an average FST of 0.0107, but their differentiation decreases to 0.0033 when we first pool by state. It was recently suggested that to correct for stratification in India, it may be adequate to adjust for membership in five broad genetic clusters10. However, our results show that many Indian groups have a degree of allele frequency differentiation from their neighbors that is at least as large as that between northern and southern Europeans, which is known to be sufficient to cause false positives associations if uncorrected29.
The widespread history of founder events in India is also medically significant because it predicts a high rate of recessive disease. In Finland, there is a high rate of recessive diseases that has been shown to be due to a founder event, and that has resulted in a minimum FST of 0.005 with other European groups20. Our data show that many Indian groups have a minimum FST with all other groups at least as large (Table 1). Haldane wrote 45 years ago that “if inter-caste marriages in India become common, various… recessive characters will become rarer”30. However, it has not been generally appreciated that this applies to groups throughout India, and not only to groups in the south where consanguinity is common22. We hypothesize that founder effects are responsible for an even higher burden of recessive diseases in India than consanguinity. To test this hypothesis, we used our data to estimate the probability that two alleles from a group share a common ancestor more recently than that group’s divergence from other Indians, and compared this to the probability that an individual’s two alleles share an ancestor in the last few generations due to consanguinity23. Nine of the 15 Indian groups for which we could make this assessment had a higher probability of recessive disease due to founder events than to consanguinity, including all the Indo-European speaking groups (Table 2). It is important to systematically survey Indian groups to identify those with the strongest founder effects, and to prioritize them for studies to identify recessive diseases and map genes.
An additional reason why some diseases are expected to occur at elevated frequencies in India is shared descent from a common Indian ancestral population9,10. An example is a 25 base pair deletion in MYBPC3 that increases heart failure risk by about 7-fold, and occurs at around 4% throughout India but is nearly absent elsewhere31. It has recently been shown that power to discover disease risk variants can be increased by modeling Indian genetic variation using a reference panel of European and Chinese chromosomes32. However, the example of MYBPC3 shows that this is an imperfect solution, since clinically significant alleles that are rare outside of India cannot be imputed by studying non-Indian genetic variation. It is important to specifically characterize Indian variation to permit full powered gene mapping in India, instead of relying on catalogs of variation compiled in distantly related groups.
To better understand the genetic ancestry that is only found in India, we carried out a PCA of Europeans (CEU) and Chinese (CHB) along with 22 Indian groups (Figure 3). The first PC distinguishes CEU from CHB, and the second reflects ancestry that is unique to India31. The most remarkable feature of the PCA is a gradient of proximity to West Eurasians (Figure S5) (an analogous PCA in Europeans did not produce a gradient of proximity to India; Figure S6). We call this the “Indian Cline”, and hypothesize that it reflects the fact that different Indian groups have inherited different proportions of ancestry from “Ancestral North Indians” (ANI) related to West Eurasians, and “Ancestral South Indians” (ASI). To model ANI-ASI mixture, we selected a subset of 18 groups that formed tight clusters along the Indian Cline, and included the Pathan and Sindhi from Pakistan14 since they were consistent with the Indian Cline in the PCA but showed greater proximity to West Eurasians (Note S2), providing additional information about ANI-ASI mixture.
To test whether any of the 18 Indian Cline groups is consistent with all ANI or all ASI ancestry, we applied a novel 3 Population Test (Methods). If group X is related to groups Y and W by a simple tree (through a history of divergence without subsequent mixture) then if we define the SNP allele frequencies as pX, pY, and pZ, the quantity (pX-pY)(pX-pW) averaged over SNPs, should be proportional to the variance in allele frequency since group X split from Y and Z and thus should be positive. However, this quantity can be negative if X descends from a mixture event (Note S3 and Appendix). We applied this test to each of the 18 Indian Cline groups in turn using CEU=Y and Santhal=W, and obtained significantly negative scores for 16 groups (Table 2) as assessed by a jackknife analysis33 (Methods). These results do not mean that the Indian groups descend from mixtures of European and Austro-Asiatic speakers, but only that they derive from at least two different groups that are (distantly) related to CEU and Santhal.
We verified the evidence of mixture by carrying out a 4 Population Test34. For any four groups there are 3 possible simple trees. If ((A,B),(C,D)) is correct, the allele frequency differences between A and B should be uncorrelated with those between C and D, which we can assess by averaging the quantity (pA-pB)(pC-pD) across SNPs (Appendix) and testing for consistency with 0 (Methods). No Indian Cline group could be related simply to CEU, Onge and West Africans (YRI) after testing all trees (Table S4).
We developed a model to study the historical relationship of Indian groups to those worldwide, based on the hypothesis that most groups can be approximated as a mixture of two ancestral populations followed by group-specific drift. To fit the model to the data, we computed the squared allele frequency difference between all pairs of groups, and chose parameters by minimizing the difference between observation and expectation (Note S4). The idea of fitting allele frequency differentiation to historical models was first explored by Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards35 and here we extend it to trees with mixture. This approach contrasts with the STRUCTURE algorithm, which fits data without a tree36, or a tree in which many groups split simultaneously from an ancestral population followed by mixture37. While STRUCTURE is accurate for estimating individual mixture proportions in recently mixed groups, it is not clear whether its estimates of ancient mixture are biased because it does not model hierarchical relationships among groups, leading to inaccurate modeling frequencies in ancestral populations. By contrast, we use a more realistic tree model, and provide a test of fit.
Applying our model-fitting procedure, we find that the tree (YRI,(CEU,ANI),(ASI, Onge))) provides an excellent fit to the data from Indian groups. In particular, when the Pathan, Vaish, Meghawal and Bhil are modeled as mixtures of ANI and ASI (Figure 4), the observed allele frequency differentiation statistics are all consistent with the theoretical expectation within three standard deviations (Note S4).
Two features of the inferred history are of special interest. First, the ANI and CEU form a clade, and further analysis shows that the Adygei, a Caucasian group, are an outgroup (Note S4). Many Indian and European groups speak Indo-European languages, while the Adygei speak a Northwest Caucasian language. It is tempting to hypothesize that the population ancestral to ANI and CEU spoke “Proto-Indo-European”, which has been reconstructed as ancestral to both Sanskrit and European languages38, although we cannot be certain without a date for ANI-ASI mixture.
Second, our analysis shows that the Onge form a clade with the ASI (Note S4), which we verified by running the 4 Population Test on ((YRI,Papuan)(Dai,X)), and finding that it is consistent when X=Onge (Z=1.7) but inconsistent for all Indian Cline groups (Z-9) (Table S4). Previous mtDNA analyses suggested that the Onge do not share any maternal ancestry with groups outside India within the last ~48,000 years19,39. While they do share ancestry with some rare haplogroups in some Indian tribal populations within the last ~24,000 years 39,40, this is consistent with our inferred Onge-ASI clade, as long as the gene flow predated the ASI-ANI mixture that later occurred on the mainland.
We caution that “models” in population genetics should be treated with caution. While they provide an important framework for testing historical hypotheses, they are oversimplifications. For example, the true ancestral populations of India were probably not homogeneous as we assume in our model but instead were likely to have been formed by clusters of related groups that mixed at different times. However, modeling them as homogeneous fits the data and appears to capture meaningful features of history.
Estimating the proportions of ANI and ASI ancestry in India is challenging, since we are unaware of any published methods that produce unbiased estimates of mixture proportion in the absence of accurate ancestral groups. We developed three methods for estimating ancestry, which we verified were accurate even in the face of SNP ascertainment bias and some inaccuracies in our phylogenetic model (Note S5), and which we found provided consistent estimates (Table S5). The 18 Indian Cline groups all have between 39% and 77% ANI ancestry based on f3 Ancestry Estimates (Methods), which we quote because it has the smallest standard errors (Table 2). ANI ancestry is significantly higher in Indo-European than Dravidian speakers (P=0.013 by a 1-sided test)5,6,7,8,41, suggesting that the ancestral ASI may have spoken a Dravidian language before mixing with the ANI42. We also find significantly more ANI ancestry in traditionally upper than lower or middle caste groups (P=0.0025)5,6,7,8,41, and find that traditional caste level is significantly correlated to ANI ancestry even after controlling for language (P=0.0048), suggesting a relationship between the history of caste formation in India and ANI-ASI mixture.
We compared our autosomal estimates of ANI ancestry to Y chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. Y chromosome analysis has shown that traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speaking groups have elevated frequencies of alleles that are also common in West Eurasians5,6. However, mtDNA analysis shows elevated frequencies of haplogroups common in West Eurasians only in northwest India7,8,43. Comparing the autosomal estimates of ANI ancestry to the frequencies of haplogroups characteristic of West Eurasians, we find a significant correlation on the Y chromosome (P=0.04) and a more marginal correlation in mtDNA (P=0.08) (Table S6 and Figure S7). The stronger gradient in males, replicating previous reports, could reflect either male gene flow from groups with more ANI relatedness into ones with less, or female gene flow in the reverse direction. However, extensive female gene flow in India would be expected to homogenize ANI ancestry on the autosomes just as in mtDNA, which we do not observe. Supporting the view of little female ANI ancestry in India, Kivisild et al.44 reported that mtDNA ‘haplogroup U’ splits into two deep clades. ‘U2i’ accounts for 77% of copies in India but ~0% in Europe, and ‘U2e’ accounts for 0% of all copies in India but ~10% in Europe. The split is ~50,000 years old, indicating low female gene flow between Europe and India since that time.
We have documented a high level of population substructure in India, and have shown that the model of mixture between two ancestral populations ASI and ANI provides an excellent description of genetic variation in many Indian groups. A priority for future work should be to estimate a date for the mixture, which may be possible by studying the length of stretches of ANI ancestry in Indian samples45,46, and will shed light on the process leading to the present structure of Indian groups. A second priority should be to discern the details of the history of the ANI and ASI before they mixed, including the date of their separation and their history of expansion and contraction; this may be possible by analyzing allele frequency spectrum47 and linkage disequilibrium data45,48,49. Our findings finally have medical implications. By showing that a large proportion of Indian groups descend from strong founder events, these results highlight the importance of identifying recessive diseases in these groups and mapping causal genes.
Blood samples were collected with informed consent from volunteers. We designate groups by their anthropological name as well as their geographic location, since it has been shown that both are required to specify an effectively endogamous group in India1. All DNA samples were genotyped on Affymetrix 6.0 arrays. We restricted most analyses to samples that appeared to be unrelated, and to 560,123 autosomal SNPs for which there was good genotyping completeness and for which there were no signs of problematic genotyping. For some analyses we also intersected our data with Illumina 650Y genotyping of the Human Genome Diversity Panel14 and HapMap13,28, which produced a merged data set of 119,744 autosomal SNPs14. We carried out PCA using the EIGENSOFT software17, assessed allele frequency differentiation among groups using FST, assessed inbreeding in each group using Wright’s Fixation Index F23, and computed standard errors using a Block Jackknife33. To detect the signature of founder events in linkage disequilibrium data, we studied all possible pairs of samples for each group, and recorded whether they share 0, 1 or 2 alleles at each SNP (at SNPs where both individuals were heterozygous, we recorded 1 allele to be shared to account for the ambiguity in the haplotype phase). Long stretches of allele sharing can reflect regions that are shared identical by descent from a common founder, and by measuring the exponential decay of allele sharing with distance, we inferred the age of the founder event (Figure S3). To test for a history of mixture, we applied 3 and 4 Population Tests (Note S3). To infer the proportion of ancestry in each Indian Cline group in the absence of accurate ancestral populations, we used f3 Ancestry Estimation (Note S5).
We thank the volunteers from throughout India who donated DNA; A.G. Reddy, A. Shah and R. Tamang for generating the Y chromosome and mtDNA data; J. Neubauer for sample preparation; and A. Tandon for data curation. We thank B.N. Sarkar and A.G. Roy for helping with group census size estimates, and D. Falush, J. Novembre, A. Ruiz-Linares, and S. Watkins for comments on the manuscript. D.R., N.P. and A.L.P. were supported by NIH grant HG004168, and D.R. was supported by a Burroughs Wellcome Career Development Award in the Biomedical Sciences. K.T. and L.S. were supported by grants from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of the Government of India, and K.T. was supported by a UKIERI Major Award (RG-4772).
Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature.
Author Contributions All authors collaborated in designing the study. K.T. and L.S. collected the DNA samples, D.R., K.T. and L.S. collected the genetic data, N.P. developed the mathematical theory for f-statistics, and D.R., K.T., N.P. and A.L.P. analyzed the data. D.R. wrote the manuscript and supplementary information with input from all authors.
Author Information The data used in this study are available on request from D.R. or L.S. Reprints and permission information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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2 Exit Competencies: In this course the students will discover a variety of simple and easy-to- follow piano techniques designed for adult learners without any previous music background or experience. Students will be introduced to an innovative “Sinclair Piano-Forte Method” of learning the piano basics. In only ten, 2-hr. lessons, the participants will be able to play professionally arranged piano pieces, as well as some of their own favorites. Explore a wonderful world of adult piano by simply following step-by- step techniques presented by the professor.
4 THE MUSICAL ALPHABET: NAMING THE WHITE KEYS Whoever named the keys of a piano (I'll call him Adam ) was a genius! I'm sure Adam had a full size piano (88 keys). Starting at the far left side of the instrument, Adam might have said something like, "I'll call the first white key A, the next white key B, then C, D, E, F, G..." As the next white key following G was about to be named, Adam noticed something VERY IMPORTANT. The sound of what would have been called H, sounded identical to the previous A, except that H had a higher pitch. Instead of continuing to add more alphabetical letters, Adam decided to repeat the alphabetical sequence with A, then B, C, D, E, F, G...then again ABCDEFG, and again, etc. Thanks to the musical insight of our genius Adam, EACH WHITE KEY GETS ITS NAME STRAIGHT OUT OF THE ALPHABET, AND FOLLOWS ALPHABETICAL ORDER! The musical alphabet is seven (7) letters long (ABCDEFG) and repeats itself as many times as is necessary to cover the entire length of ANY keyboard instrument. Unfortunately, because keyboard instruments come in a variety of sizes, the first white key on the far left is NOT always "A." Fortunately, the alphabetical name of each white key can ALWAYS be identified by how it appears in relation to the black keys. Say the following aloud as many times as it takes to remember it: The WHITE key "C" is ALWAYS to the LEFT of the TWO black keys.
5 If you can identify just ONE of the white keys, you can locate all the others. As long as you pay attention to the pattern of the black keys, each white key looks unique. POINTS TO REMEMBER: The musical alphabet uses only the first seven letters of the English alphabet (ABCDEFG). The keyboard is laid out in ALPHABETICAL ORDER from left to right. The WHITE key "C" is ALWAYS to the LEFT of the TWO black keys. If you can identify just ONE of the white keys, you can locate all the others.
6 CHORDS Most common piano chord combinations: Am, A, Bm, B, Cm, C, Dm, D, Em, E, Fm, F, Gm, G A Chord is three or more tones played together at one time. Chords tell what tones are used to play both melody (the tune) and harmony. Chords are the blood & guts backbone of almost all music that has a recognizable tune or melody. This is true of symphonies, choral groups of all kinds, rock bands, country, jazz, pop, gospel, hymns, etc. SPELLING CHORDS USING THE ALPHABET (ABCDEFG) In the same way one counts odd numbers by skipping over even numbers, chords are spelled alphabetically by skipping over even letters. ODD LETTERS = CHORD TONES 1 - (skip 2) - 3 - (skip 4) - 5 C - (skip D) - E - (skip F) - G
7 A A – C b – E Am A – C – E B B – D # – F # Bm B – D – F # C C – E – G Cm C – D # – G D D – F # – A Dm D – F – A E E – G # – B Em E – G – B F F – A – C Fm F – G # – C G G – B – D Gm G – A # – D
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Ever ponder why C is still so well-like? Java and Python are the two dominant programming languages on the market right now. But neither of these two factors has an impact on the demand for the C programming language. What makes C so unique? Why do businesses hire C specialists? By talking about the features of the C language, all of these questions can be answered.
You can learn about the C programming language’s features and special characteristics below. Therefore, don’t waste your time and investigate the benefits of learning C.
Best C Programming Language Features
Every programming language has characteristics that set it apart and help us distinguish between them. These are some of the key characteristics of C programming that make it challenging in the IT industry.
It speaks of a piece of code’s adaptability to many situations. C programmes can be written to run on one platform and then transferred to another with or without changes. Let’s use an example to help you understand: Suppose we wrote a programme on CodeBlocks in the C programming language to calculate the area of a right-angled triangle. The same code can be written or modified on Turbo C3 to generalise any triangle using Heron’s formula; it will still function as long as the modification is error-free.
You should be familiar with the C/C++ idea of functions before continuing.
2. Modularity/Structured Language
With the use of functions, the C language’s feature enables the programme to be divided (split) into smaller sections and run separately. Modular programming, to put it simply, is a method of creating software that multiplies the amount of smaller pieces of the same code. For instance, you might want to determine the areas of a triangle, square, and rectangle. Instead of writing the code all at once, we may break it up into three distinct functions, one for each of the three shapes: square, rectangle, and triangle. It ensures fewer risks of error, improves the aesthetics, and organises the information.
3. Simple and Efficient
Assembly language-based apps can now be created using the simple-to-understand syntax of the C programming language. C is typically taught as an introductory programming language in high schools and colleges since it is a well-known truth that mastering C makes learning any other programming language easier in the long term.
It is quicker than interpreter-based programming languages like Python or Java since it is a compiler-based language. A compiler treats the complete programme as input and creates an output file containing the object code, whereas an interpreter takes the program’s instructions one at a time as input and creates output but not a file.
It is one of the languages that is most frequently used in the creation of embedded and operating systems. It goes without saying how well-liked it is.
6. Existence of Libraries
The library that comes with the C programming language offers a large number of built-in functions. The C library can even receive user-defined functions added to it. It allows the user a lot of freedom to create custom functions for implementing problems for use and implementation in the future.
It features the DMA (Dynamic Memory Allocation) technology, which aids in memory management and use. Dynamism stands out among all of C’s traits as special. Some predefined functions in the C library, such as malloc(), calloc(), free(), and realloc, can modify the size of a data structure while it is running utilising DMA ().
8. Case Sensitive
Uppercase and lowercase characters are handl differently. For instance, if we type ‘X’ instead of ‘x’ while declaring a variable of integer type, it would imply a completely different meaning.
The C language’s features are still being develop. We are going to now learn the secret to its success.
Why is C Popular?
The C language, which appeared after Unix was created, transformed the field of science and technology. The popularity of C is due to its many features. Every programmer or software developer in the modern world who has reached significant career milestones is well-versed in the idea of C programming. It is a permissive language that is also fundamental in character. As it has the characteristic of dynamic memory allocation, which makes it considerably faster than any other language, it enables the user to manage programme memory. Today, “C Programming” is a term that every computer knowledgeable person is familiar with. If you want to do c language classes in surat then you must visit simba institute in surat.
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5.P.1.2/5.P.1.3 Force and Motion Quiz Study
Terms in this set (15)
Look for the shortest time. The shortest time is fastest.
Think of the speed formula: speed = distance/time. You need tools for finding distance and time.
speed is increasing
Remember to draw a line dividing the curve in half. If the flatter part of the curve is first, then turns in to an almost-vertical, the motion starts out slow and increases.
Speed = distance/time; 150/2=75mph
between 6 and 7 seconds
The incline (slant) is steepest between 6 and 7 seconds. This means the distance in increasing a lot while little time is passing, so the speed is higher than other places on the graph.
travels at a constant speed, then suddenly stops
The diagonal line indicates a constant speed; the horizontal line shows a stop.
segment CD shows a time when the motion stopped
The horizontal line indicates a stop. Distance is not increasing, time is continuing to pass.
Mandy won the race
Mandy's incline is steeper. This shows that she traveled the same distance in less time. A steeper incline is a faster speed.
Crystal is decreasing; Lisa is increasing
Draw lines through the middles of the curves. Check to see if the curves start out more horizontal (slow) or more vertical (fast). Move from there to see if the curves end fast or slow.
Carlos won the race.
His incline is steeper, indicating a quicker amount of time.
a diagonal is a constant speed
the horizontal begins at 10 seconds (horizontals indicate a stop in motion)
it traveled 30 meters, stopped and returned to its starting point
there are diagonals with increasing distance, then a period of horizontal lines, followed by diagonals with decreasing distance
car 1 moved at a constant speed while car 2 stopped for 10 minutes
car 1 maintained diagonal lines the entire time, while car 2 had a 10 minute period of horizontals
the horizontal (indicating a stop in motion) begins at the 4th second
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August is Cataract Awareness Month…Learn How to Protect Your Eyes
People from around the country write or call Prevent Blindness America daily seeking help affording the sometimes expensive treatments that can save their sight and improve their quality of life. Cataracts, a clouding of the eye’s naturally-clear lens, generally appear as we grow older. Over time, cataract formation in one or both eyes can cause vision impairment and blindness. Did you know that cataracts affect more than 22 million people in the U.S.? That’s one in six Americans over the age of 40.
The only treatment for cataracts is removal of the natural lens. Most cataract patients receive an artificial lens, called an intraocular lens implant. This treatment can be costly. Prevent Blindness America estimates that the annual cost of cataract surgery for all patients to be more than $6.8 billion annually.
We enjoy working with EPA because their public health mission aligns with our own mission of preventing blindness. EPA just issued a report that reminds us that long-term ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun is an important cause of cataracts. Additionally, people of all skin types are at risk for cataracts. We partner with EPA’s SunWise Program to remind both adults and children to always use eyewear that absorbs ultraviolet rays and to wear a wide-brimmed hat.
We hope that as a result of our prevention efforts, many people will never face vision loss from cataracts or the costs of cataract surgery and will be more likely to enjoy a lifetime of healthy vision.
About the Author: Ken West is Senior Director of Communications with Prevent Blindness America, the nation’s leading volunteer eye health and safety organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight.
The views expressed here are intended to explain EPA policy. They do not change anyone's rights or obligations. You may share this post. However, please do not change the title or the content, or remove EPA’s identity as the author. If you do make substantive changes, please do not attribute the edited title or content to EPA or the author.
EPA's official web site is www.epa.gov. Some links on this page may redirect users from the EPA website to specific content on a non-EPA, third-party site. In doing so, EPA is directing you only to the specific content referenced at the time of publication, not to any other content that may appear on the same webpage or elsewhere on the third-party site, or be added at a later date.
EPA is providing this link for informational purposes only. EPA cannot attest to the accuracy of non-EPA information provided by any third-party sites or any other linked site. EPA does not endorse any non-government websites, companies, internet applications or any policies or information expressed therein.
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How Physicians Can Improve Public Perception of Vaccines
IN A NUTSHELL:
- Large amounts of misinformation concerning vaccines
- Primarily disseminated via social media
- Physicians can offer expertise, enter discussion
Though evidence shows vaccines are safe and successful in the prevention or elimination of diseases, hesitancy surrounding their use continues to exist in the general public.
Public immunization has made substantial progress over the last few decades. In order to avoid any setbacks, physicians are focusing on how to improve communication concerning vaccines with their patients.
This task has proven to be difficult due to dissemination of vaccine misinformation, primarily on social media. There isn’t an all-encompassing approach to combating misinformation. However, physicians can take certain steps to make an impact.
Dr. Peter Hotez, professor of pediatrics and molecular & virology and microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine, offered the following suggestions:
Physicians sometimes fail to realize their ability to advocate on issues related to health in a passionate and authoritative manner, while combating misinformation.
Identify misinformation, enter the discussion
One reason there has been a decrease in vaccinations is an unfounded belief that there is a link between vaccines and autism. Physicians can share their personal stories and expertise in order to counter the anti-vaccine movement.
Dr. Hotez recommends that physicians take the time to learn how to speak to the public in a way that’s not too technical, uses simple direct language, and is easy for anyone to understand.
Information From: The American Medical Association
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Aquaculture and fishing provide about 15% of the average animal protein consumed by 2.9 billion people worldwide and is still growing. Approximately 43.5 million people are employed directly in these sectors and 520 million people indirectly earn their livelihoods from the aquaculture and fishing industries. Nanotechnology is no longer an appropriate field for researchers, but an important economic sector that is growing very fast and having a big impact, new nanoscale products with functionalities. new and original. Newly fabricated, nanoparticle modified (NPs) nanostructured products are key to the success of the nanotechnology industry. With sizes between 1 and 100 nm in at least one dimension, nanosilver (SNPs) exhibit unique physical and chemical properties that differ from their bulk materials, such as the ratio of surface area to large volume. more, leading to greater response. Due to their remarkable properties, SNPs have been widely used in various fields such as energy and electronics, wastewater treatment, personal care products, medicine, and agriculture.
1. Application of nanosilver in aquatic feed production
One of the most important nanotechnology applications in aquaculture is in feed production where the use of nanotechnology has been shown to be effective for (i) micronutrient distribution (e.g., NP). chitosan), (ii) the amount of feed produced per unit time (e.g. single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), fulleren (C 60) and nTiO 2), and (iii) promoting growth growth (eg, nanoFe, nanoSe, nanoTiO 2 and nanoZnO), destroying mycotoxins (eg nanosilver)
2. Control diseases in aquaculture species
The aquaculture industry has faced many problems with pathogens (bacteria, fungi and viruses) commonly controlled with chemical disinfectants and antibiotics. Traditional disinfectants (e.g. hydrogen peroxide and malachite green), antibiotics (eg, sulfonamide and tetracycline), and worm removers (e.g., pyrethroid and avermectins) are commonly used. In large quantities, there are some limitations such as high drug costs, negative effects on non-target organisms, and increased resistance to pathogens.
Numerous studies indicate that the use of nanosilver (SNPs) as a potential antimicrobial agent, emphasizes antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture, nanoparticle-based vaccines, and the development of specific and sensitive tools. colds to diagnose bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in aquaculture.
Disease prevention and control is very important for aquaculture from an economic and environmental point of view. Therefore, vaccination plays an important role in large-scale commercial fish farming. Nano-coated vaccine against Listonella anguillarum in Asian carp (Rajeshkumar et al. 2009), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious myoncronis virus (IMNV) (i.e. shrimp culture) (Rajeshkumar et al. 2009; Chalamcheria 2015) was developed.
In the process of adding food directly to the water, nutrients can be transferred from the pellet to the water. The nanosilver solution can be used as a coating agent for nutrients that are readily degradable when in contact with water. A study by Klinkesorn and Mcclements (2009) in vitro and demonstrated that encapsulation of tuna oil droplets, with chitosan SNPs, increases physical stability and then reduces fatty acids released from emulsion. similarity.
4. Nanotechnology in wastewater treatment, aquaculture waste
Water pollution is one of the biggest threats to aquaculture production. Recently, the application of nanoparticles based on aerogels, polymers and composites, hydrophobic organoclays and magnetically engineered nanoparticles for water treatment and filtration has been investigated.
Au nano, nanosilver Ag CNTs, nano Fe, lantan (La) and nano TiO 2 are used to remove pesticides, ammonia, heavy metals and phosphates from water and wastewater. Quantum dots due to their unique optical properties (Vázquez-González and Carrillo-Carrion2014) have been proposed for the detection of heavy metals in aquaculture media.
5. Using nanosilver in the packaging helps to preserve seafood longer
Plastic particles are mixed with nano silver to create antibacterial resin particles. Packaging made from antibacterial plastic particles can help increase the shelf life of seafood, thanks to the mechanism by which silver nanoparticles escape from the pores on the packaging.
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SCARF, a narrow wrap for the neck or shoulders; the term is a wide one, ranging from a light band of silk, muslin or other material worn by women as a decorative part of their costume to a warm knitted muffler of wool to protect the throat from cold. The O. Eng. scearfe meant a piece or fragment of any- thing, and is to be referred ultimately to the root skar-, to cut, seen in Dutch scherf, shred, Ger. Scherbe, potsherd, " scrap," a piece or fragment; " scrip," a piece of leather, hence a pouch or wallet. The particular meanings in English are to be referred to Fr. escharpe, pilgrim's wallet, also scarf. The ecclesiastical " scarf " was originally a loose wrap or muffler (band) to be worn round the neck out of doors. In the English Church, in post-Reformation times, the minister wore over the surplice the " scarf," which was a broad band of black silk with fringed ends arranged like the stole round the neck, but falling nearly to the feet. Its use has been almost entirely replaced by that of the stole (?..), with which it has sometimes been wrongly confused.
Ultimately from the same root, but directly adapted from the Scandinavian, cf. Swed. skar}, joint, is the use of the word " scarf," in carpentry and joinery, for a joint by which two timbers are fastened together longitudinally so as to form a continuous piece (see JOINERY).
Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)
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18 Feb How to write a process essay? – essay writing service australia
The process essays also known as the how-to essays are the type of papers that provide information to the readers on how something is to be done. Includes the steps that the readers need to follow in order to achieve a certain goal. A process essay can be on cooking something, writing something, building or manufacturing an object etc. A proper process essay should serve to lead its reader through the task and ensure certain success. In most cases, it is used to inform people who are new or inexperienced in the task. In order to write a brilliant essay, one needs to understand that it is different from the traditional essay writing but the basic structure of the essay remains the same. The steps to be followed for writing a process essay are:
- Decide the audience
Before you begin writing a process essay make sure that you know who the audience is and what they expect from the paper. This will help you in determining what is to be addressed in the essay and what language can you use for it.
- Begin with the list of materials
The process essay would include the details regarding the materials are the tools that are required to complete the process. Begin with providing a complete list of tools and materials that the readers would require in order to finish the task included in the essay.
Fill The Form – Get Assignment Help
- Prepare an outline
Once the topic of the essay and the target audience has been decided, start writing notes and prepare a rough outline of the essay. Plan the content that you wish to include and make sure that you go through the task yourself so that you do not miss out on any steps.
- Begin writing
Every essay follows the basic structure of introduction, main body and conclusion. The introduction should be concise yet creative and should be able to draw the readers in and get them interested. Make use of transitions between the various sections of the essay and group the steps that the readers need to follow in paragraphs. Provide detailed description of the end product so that they are able to visualise it and also offer some ideas for future action are the steps that they can take to improve the process. The completion of the task does not necessarily have to be the end of the process essay.
- Reiterate in conclusion
When writing the conclusion of the process essay provide the readers with a summary of everything that has been achieved and said during the essay. The conclusion should also be of only a few sentences for a single paragraph and therefore only the summary of the task should be provided in it.
- Edit and proofread
Thoroughly edit the essay and remove any unnecessary words and sentences from it. Proofread it keeping in mind the qualifications and abilities of the readers and make sure that the content included in the essay is easy to understand and detailed enough to enable the readers to complete the task.
- Get online help
When it comes to essay writing you are always encouraged to get some help. Even the best writers and the subject experts seek help to proofread and edit the content written by them. There are numerous academic writing websites that provide essay writing services at affordable costs. You can seek help from these websites who have a panel of trained writing experts who are proficient in the respective subjects and who will make use of their skills to ensure that you get good grades in your process essay.
As you can see, writing a process essay is not as hard as you thought. Once you organize your ideas and thoughts, you can easily use the outline for writing a detailed, yet understandable paper. When you are finished with your essay, read it over carefully to ensure that you haven’t left anything out. This paper does not require high academic language or flowery phrases – it is actually aimed to guide everyone through a process or a task. Therefore, as long as you follow our tips, you will be able to deliver a brilliant essay.
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- consisting of or pertaining to a thousand, especially a thousand years.
- pertaining to the millennium.
Origin of millenary
1540–50; < Late Latin millēnārius consisting of a thousand, equivalent to millēn(ī) a thousand each (Latin mill(e) thousand + -ēnī distributive suffix) + -ārius -ary
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for millenary
At Hertford, a pageant began in commemoration of the millenary of the town.The Annual Register 1914
Least of all is any mysterious virtue to be attached to the millenary date with which I begin.The Ancient East
D. G. Hogarh
The fourth is the Jaik or Rhymnus, on each bank of which a millenary commands.
Many legends illustrate the incapacity of the first millenary to realise the relationship between the sexes in any other sense.The Evolution of Love
The Millenary Petition asked only some changes in the ritual of the Church and certain moderate reforms.
- a sum or aggregate of one thousand, esp one thousand years
- another word for a millennium
- another word for millenarian
C16: from Late Latin millēnārius containing a thousand, from Latin mille thousand
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for millenary
"consisting of a thousand," 1570s, from Latin millenarius (see millennium).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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What is a force-time diagram
Biomechanical measurements enable the quantitative recording of motion sequences. The movement is operationalized via the measurement and can therefore be analyzed more precisely. Subjective movement observations can be checked and combined with the biomechanical parameters.
In today's top-class sport in particular, biomechanical investigations play an important role when it comes to optimizing movement techniques. With the help of the quantitative measurement data, the movement can be objectively assessed and assessed. Necessary corrective measures can be controlled much better on the basis of biomechanical measurements.
In school, the theoretical area of biomechanics can be made the subject of considerations in sports theory lessons. Unfortunately, practical implementation of the material taught is usually difficult, biomechanical equipment is missing, physical knowledge is not available or biomechanical topics appear to be too difficult. Many teachers therefore shy away from discussing biomechanical topics and choose training science or other movement science topics. The following article attempts to prepare a subject area of biomechanics, namely the measurement of force, in a clear and practical way for use in sports theory lessons. In some cases, an experimental procedure is even chosen in order to achieve a practical occupation with the material. The necessary equipment is available in most schools or can be obtained relatively easily by students or teachers. Previous physical knowledge is only required to a limited extent.
2. MEASUREMENT OF FORCE AND ITS INTERPRETATION
Forces can have two different effects. If we only observe a deforming effect without the object on which the force acts moving, we speak of a static force. If the body moves, one speaks of a dynamic force effect. We can record and interpret both force effects with biomechanical measuring instruments. In the following, we want to use some very simple examples to make it clear how you can measure force in class, show it in a force-time curve and then interpret it.
2.1 A COMMON SCALE AS A FORCE MEASURING DEVICE
Special force measuring platforms (e.g. Kistler measuring pressure plates) are usually used for the biomechanical measurement of force. They enable the recording of force-time courses with high accuracy and a high temporal resolution. Several thousand measurements per second can be made and forces from a few newtons to several kilonewtons can be recorded. Unfortunately, such force plates are so expensive that they can usually only be found in universities. In order to still be able to understand the function and mode of operation of a force measuring platform, one must use other measuring instruments.
A commercially available scale can be of great help here. Scales with an analog display are particularly suitable, since digital scales often do not allow the display to be tracked in the event of somewhat faster movements. On the other hand, the digital scales do not show the post-oscillation during movements on the scales like analog scales. To select a suitable balance, you should therefore do some preliminary experiments and then choose a suitable model.
The balance can be used as a force measuring platform replacement in the classroom. For the tasks described below, optical observation of the scale display or recording with a video camera is possible. If a video camera is to be used, it must have a shutter device, otherwise the scale display cannot be clearly recognized. The video camera can then even be used to assign individual values over time, since 4/100 seconds pass from image to image when a single image is switched on with cameras. In the case of recorders with a jog shuttle, this time span can even be reduced to 2/100.
Of course, such force measurements are not comparable with the results of biomechanical force plates. We cannot determine quantitative results because, for example, post-oscillation of the balance makes an evaluation more difficult. It should be noted that post-oscillations that occur after the end of the movement are not caused by applied forces, but by the inertia of the display instruments. They must therefore be disregarded and students should be made aware of this problem as well. With some balances, you can eliminate the post-oscillation by adding a small braking mechanism. Depending on the technical talent, a scale can be structurally modified accordingly. Despite all of these concerns, scales enable a clear illustration of how force-time curves can be determined. In addition, the experimental procedure in the following results in a greater motivation of the students than with a purely theoretical treatment of the topic. If you are lucky enough to be able to fall back on a force measuring platform at a university, then, of course, qualitatively much better measurements are possible.
2.2 WHAT IS POWER? WHAT DOES THE SCALE MEASURE?
The chapter heading already provides the framework for the first two questions. First of all, it must be clarified what force actually is and what a scale or force measuring platform actually measures.
To clarify the question of what force is, one must fall back on the physics knowledge of the students. Force is defined as follows:
F = m * a 556
Force is therefore defined as the product of mass and the acceleration generated by the force. The unit of mass is the kilogram, that of acceleration is meters / seconds2. Newtons are therefore defined by the SI units kg * m / s2.
However, the scale display only shows the mass in kilograms. Physically this is not correct, because ultimately we also measure a force with the scales, namely the weight with which the mass of the body is accelerated by the acceleration of gravity towards the center of the earth. The mass display of the balance must therefore still be multiplied by the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity in order to arrive at the force acting on it. The direction of the gravitational acceleration also shows that a force is always a directed quantity. It points in one direction and thereby also generates an acceleration in the corresponding direction.
Experiment 1: Our first experiment should be to determine the masses of all students and the associated weight should be calculated:
Mass: 70 kg
Gravitational acceleration: 9.81 m / s2
=> Force: 70 * 9.81 556 = 686.7 N
When we stand on the scales, a student weighing 70 kg generates a counterforce of approx. 700 N through the use of his muscles. This counterforce (supporting force) is directed exactly in the opposite direction to the weight. If the counterforce would be less than 700 N, the body would sink to the ground, if it were greater, the body would lift off the ground. We therefore measure precisely this counterforce on the scales, which can keep the body in an upright position.
If we want to enter the force measured with the scales in a force-time diagram, we have to read the force several times within several seconds, for example, and then enter it in a diagram. For the above case of standing quietly on a scale, the following curve results:
Fig. 1 Force versus time when standing on a scale
Provided the person standing on the scales does not move, the force-time curve shows a curve parallel to the time axis. Vertical movements on the scales change the display and thus also the acting force.
2.3 WHAT LOOK LIKE FORCE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS IN MOVEMENTS?
If the student standing on the scales performs a vertical movement, we can observe changes in the supporting force. Before doing this experiment, however, we should ask the students to draw a force versus time history for a relatively simple case.
For this task we choose a simple bending movement of the legs so that the standing person kneels and crouches. The following line drawing shows the movement again and can be used later to assign it to the force-time curve.
Fig.2 Line drawing of the flexion movement
The students' force versus time drawings should then be categorized and presented to the students for discussion. For example, you can collect arguments for and against certain processes and discuss individual phases. Typical gradients that are drawn by students in such cases are as follows:
Fig. 3 Force-time course of student A
Fig. 4 Force versus time for student B
Course A can be described as four-phase. The representatives of these courses will put forward the following arguments for their course:
1. The course must begin at the level of the weight force (phase 1) and end again at this level after the squat movement (phase 4).
2. The lowering of the body results in a reduction in strength (phase 2).
3. Then the force increases again to the starting level due to the braking (phase 3).
The representatives of the second curve will argue differently with regard to the braking movement in the third point. You will point out that a decelerating movement must rise above the original weight force level in order to achieve a deceleration of the movement. Therefore, in phase 3 this progression went beyond the weight force level.
Following the discussion of the force-time curves, the above statements can now be checked. The purpose of the experiment is to check whether the force in the braking movement rises above the weight force level or remains below it.
Experiment 2: We put a student on the scales and let him flex his knees. So he should go from the upright position to a squatting position.
The following force-time curve results from the observation of the scales, which was recorded with a video camera.
Fig. 5 Example of a force-time curve recorded with a video camera
Note the already eliminated post-oscillations of the balance. It turns out that curve B is obviously the correct one. The argument that higher forces than the weight force are necessary to brake the downward movement proves to be correct. The body shows the greatest downward speed at the moment when the force-time curve reaches the weight force again. In order to slow down this speed, correspondingly high forces above the weight force are necessary.
In analogy to the above movement, we will then consider a standing up movement from the squatting position.
Fig. 6 Getting up from the squatting position
Here, too, the assumptions about the force-time course can be collected first. The following course arises from the experience of the previous example:
Fig. 7 Force-time curve for getting up from the squatting position
Here, too, there is a four-phase course that begins at the weight force level, then rises above it, before it drops below the weight force level and then ends again at the weight force. In the second phase the speed of the body increases, in the third it is reduced again and lowered to zero (phase 4). So we find a similar course in analogy to the downward movement.
We then check this mentally determined force-time curve in an experiment on the scales.
Experiment 3: A student stands up from the squatting position and remains upright on the scales. We will find that the above course is correct and that the analogy to the downward movement is correct.
The evaluation of the video recording will confirm the above assumption about the force-time course.
As a result of these experiments one should try out a few variants with regard to the two movement experiments. Interesting questions arise, for example, from the different implementation of the two movements. How does the force-time course change when the flexion or extension movement is performed relatively quickly or slowly? How do the gradients differ?
In the case of the fast versions, the force-time curves appear naturally compressed over time. The forces show lower (greater relief) and higher values (more braking force), as the following illustration shows for a quick stand-up movement.
Fig. 8 Force-time curve of a quick standing up movement
In the following, we want to deal with two other movements that are used in various sports for performance diagnostics. The first movement is the so-called squat jump (SJ). It is a stretch jump from the static squatting position.
Fig. 9 Squat Jump
Here, too, we consider beforehand what the force-time course could look like before we carry out the experiment. The corresponding proposals are discussed again beforehand and an expectation for the following experiment is formulated from this.
Experiment 4: A student assumes a static squatting position and jumps up from it. Landing should be done next to the scales, if possible, in order not to damage them and to avoid injuries to the feet.
The video evaluation shows the following: The force-time curve initially begins again at the weight force level before it increases sharply with the start of the stretching movement. When you leave the scale, the display falls back to zero.
Fig. 10 Force-time curve of a jump from the squat position (squat jump)
If the landing takes place on the scales again, the force increases sharply at the moment of landing and then reduces to the weight force level.
Two methods can be used to determine the flight altitude. On the one hand, one can determine the height from the force impulse generated during the jump, and on the other hand, it is possible to determine the flight time, i.e. the duration between take-off and landing on the measuring platform.
The impulse is identical to the area under the force-time curve. The larger this area, the higher the take-off speed v and thus also the flight altitude.
F * t = m * v
Of course, our scale measurement is not sufficient for an exact determination of this area, for this you need precise measuring platforms. If you have measured a jump on such a platform, you can either transfer the curve onto graph paper and count the boxes to determine the impulse of force, or you can determine it directly in the computer using a computational method. With the known mass of the jumper, the take-off speed can be calculated and from this again the flight altitude.
The scales cannot be used to determine the flight time either. Using a video recording, however, we can determine the flight time to within 2/100 s (jog shuttle). Anyone who has such an option should take advantage of it. The flight altitude is then determined using the following formula:
h = 1/2 g * (t) 2
(g = 9.81 m / s2; t = flight time in seconds)
The formula used describes the free fall of an object from a certain height. For example, if you drop a stone from a tower, you can calculate the height from which the stone fell by stopping the time until it hit the ground. But since we have an ascending phase and a descending (fall) phase in the stretch jump, the flight time for the jump has to be halved.
h = 1/2 g * (t / 2) 2
t = 0.5 s
h = 9.81 * 0.252 = 0.61 m
Of course, the measurement errors when determining the flight time using a video recording are relatively large, but this procedure is sufficient for a clear illustration of the method. When performing the jumps, make sure that you land with your legs and feet straight after the jump. Only then is it guaranteed that the flight times are not artificially extended.
The second performance diagnostic method that we want to consider is the so-called countermovement jump. This is a jump with a backward movement. It begins with an upright stance, which is followed by a dynamic backward movement. After a movement reversal, the jump takes place upwards.
Fig. 11 Countermovement Jump
Here, too, we collect suggestions on the force-time course. From the knowledge of the previously treated tasks, the pupils should be able to correctly indicate the course. Since this movement is difficult to observe experimentally using the scales, a real, measured course should then be observed. Another interesting feature of this example is the ability to assign individual movement phases to the force-time curve. This task should be solved together using the series of images above.
Fig. 12 Force versus time countermovement jump
First of all, you can see the calm stance on the platform by the parallel course to the time axis, the force is at the level of weight force. With the start of the backward movement, the supporting force drops and the speed increases (phase 1). From the lower reversal point, the increase in speed is reduced (phase 2) and as soon as the curve reaches the weight force, the downward movement is decelerated (phase 3). Only then will the lowest point of the backward movement be reached. At this point in time we find force values that are well above the weight force level.The following stretching movement of the legs generates a further increase in force and ends with the take-off from the plate. The supporting force then drops to zero. The body is only accelerated until the point in time at which the force-time curve reaches the weight force level (phase 4). Below this, the force is no longer sufficient to cause further acceleration (phase 5).
The impulse generated in phase 4 determines the flight altitude. Since a relatively high force value can already be measured at the beginning of phase 4, i.e. the stretching movement, this force is also referred to as the initial force. This initial force can increase the force impulse (the area under the force-time curve) and it is to be expected that higher heights will be reached compared to jumps from the squatting position. The jump movement is shortened by the higher movement speed compared to the squat jump, but the gain in initial strength more than outweighs this small loss of time in which strength can work.
The point in time of the stretching movement cannot be determined directly in the force-time curve. But it can be determined mathematically. To do this, the impulse for phases 1 and 2 must first be determined. Then the point is sought where the area of phase 3 is the same as the sum of phases 1 and 2. Phases 1 and 2 characterize the impulse that is responsible for the downward acceleration and this must be just as large as the impulse to slow down the downward movement (braking impact).
The assignment of the movement to individual movement phases then looks like this:
Fig. 13 Force-time curve and line drawing Countermovement Jump
3. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
We have seen that simple movements can be investigated experimentally with regard to their force-time curves even with simple means. After working through the above examples, the students should be able to "think" into force-time courses and interpret them appropriately. Many other examples can be found in sport in which we find phenomena similar to those in the treated ones. For example, all one-legged and two-legged jumps can be differentiated in terms of their recovery (amortization) phases and extension phases. There we repeatedly find typical force-time curves that provide information about the quality of the movement execution. Force-time curves therefore form an essential basis for a quantitative movement analysis.
GÖHNER, U .: Being able to understand force curves. Sportuntericht 1993, 42, 4, 139-147.
GÖHNER, U .: being able to interpret force curves. Sportuntericht 1993, 42, 4, 148-160.
WILLIMCZIK, K. (Ed.): Biomechanics of sports. Reinbek. 1989.
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Hi, I specialize in teaching reading. It is my passion to introduce students to books and develop a love for reading in kids of all ages. I have a masters degree in education from Columbia University's Teachers College and a special education...
1x per week
Average rating:5.0Number of reviews:(1)
Completed by 28 learners
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Reducing water consumption with green hydrogen
14 November 2022
A look at how electrolysis used to create green hydrogen can have a positive impact on water consumption.
Over the last century, global water consumption has rapidly increased at over twice the rate of population growth. Rather than being directly consumed by end users, the majority of water use takes place within supply chains that serve each sector of the economy. Due to their dependency on hydrocarbon fuels and/or electricity generated by thermal power plants, most existing industrial and transport activities have large water footprints. But, by utilising renewable power and water, an electrolyser based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology can have a significant positive impact on water use.
Regardless of the source, the input water to an electrolyser stack to create green hydrogen must first be cleaned and deionised (removing the ions or ionic constituents). The reverse osmosis purification process – where contaminants are removed by pushing pressured water through a semi-permeable membrane – is commonly used prior to deionisation to ensure the electrolyser receives water of a suitably low electrical conductivity. A proportion of the water withdrawn from the supply is therefore rejected – for example, fresh water has a withdrawal rate range of about 0.3 tonnes per megawatt hour (MWh), while it rises to approximately 1.5 tonnes per MWh for river water. At present, a typical value for a commercially available PEM electrolyser connected to the mains water supply is 0.51 tonnes per MWh.
Thermal power plants account for 41% of all freshwater withdrawals in the USA, according to McKinsey & Company. By comparison, wind and solar power generation have zero or minimal water footprints, so their increased adoption will yield large water savings.
Water withdrawal rates by power stations vary widely and are a strong function of the cooling technique employed, but the rates of water consumption relate mainly to the efficiency of generation. Hence the water footprint of electrolytic hydrogen is heavily influenced by the power source. For example, an electrolyser of 70% efficiency will produce hydrogen with a water footprint of about 4.1 tonnes per MWh if powered by nuclear electricity versus 0.51 tonnes per MWh if powered by wind electricity.
The water savings achieved by adopting green hydrogen depend on the fuel that is being displaced and whether a combustion device, engine or fuel cell is being used. The volume of water used in the extraction of crude oil, for example, usually amounts to 6-8 times that of the oil produced – or up to 12 times if enhanced oil recovery techniques are applied (such as injecting water, steam or CO2 into the well). Because of this and the need to use water (as steam) for refining crude oil, the overall water footprint of petrol is estimated to lie in the range 0.3-1.3 tonnes per MWh.
Accessible fresh water and wastewater can enable green hydrogen production, but electrolysers will need to use desalinated seawater in arid regions and at offshore wind/solar farms. Fortunately, the seawater resource on Earth is approximately 39 times greater than the fresh water resource. Together, these respective amounts frame the water resources available for satisfying both established uses and the new demand associated with green hydrogen production.
At present, global consumption of molecular energy in the form of oil, natural gas and coal amounts to approximately 162,000 terawatt-hour (TWh) a year. Predictions of future requirements for green hydrogen vary but, put simply, if all this fossil fuel consumption were replaced with green hydrogen, the annual water use for electrolysis would be 8.3 x 1,013kg (or approximately 28kg per person per day). This is equivalent to using 0.000006% of the seawater resource, or 0.09% of the accessible fresh water resource. It amounts to 1.8% of current global water consumption.
Alternatively, it may be expressed as roughly one quarter of our current annual rate of wastewater production, or of the fresh water added to the ocean due to glacier ice melt. This outlines the potential scale of water consumption in a future ‘net zero’ scenario involving a multi-terawatt deployment of electrolysers.
Water use due to electrolysis should, however, not be viewed as gradually using up the water resource, because when green hydrogen is oxidised (by combustion or via a fuel cell) it yields the same amount of water as was originally electrolysed. This may enter the atmosphere as water vapour, or be condensed at the point of use and recovered as liquid water. Moreover, the production of green hydrogen simultaneously produces oxygen in the exact amount required to oxidise the hydrogen: this is an important characteristic, because atmospheric oxygen depletion is contributing to global warming. Consequently, the widespread production and use of green hydrogen is expected to have a comparatively neutral effect upon Earth’s water and oxygen resources, and the increased adoption of renewable energy (as electricity and hydrogen) will serve to reduce global water consumption.
The use of oxygen as well as hydrogen improves the commercial viability of electrolysis. When a guaranteed demand for oxygen exists, some of the costs of hydrogen production can be offset. The water industry is particularly well placed to exploit this, because it has scope to:
Wastewater treatment results in the emission of three global warming gases (nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and CO2). Cleaning wastewater is essential for ensuring water of sufficient quality is produced for returning to rivers and the ocean, or for use as drinking water. Aeration of active sludge is the most critical part of the energy-intensive wastewater treatment process, where microorganisms and oxygen work together to break down the organic matter.
The water industry has the potential to use electrolysers to meet its own oxygen requirements, whilst simultaneously producing green hydrogen for other applications including vehicle refuelling and/or injection into nearby gas distribution networks or industrial processes. Because wastewater treatment plants tend to be located relatively close to towns, they offer numerous possibilities for creating decentralised hydrogen hubs and driving the deployment of electrolysers.
It has been estimated by IRENA that approximately 2.4 x 1,013kg of desalinated water is produced annually and that demand is increasing at more than 9% per year. There are now more than 21,000 desalination plants in at least 174 countries, which are used mainly for supplying drinking water, irrigating crops and oil and gas extraction. They operate thermally by distillation or mechanically via reverse osmosis, with the latter being more common. Reverse osmosis has a relatively low electricity requirement for desalination, so an electrolyser system will incur an overhead on the electrolyser of only 0.1% relative to producing green hydrogen from fresh water.
In general, the implementation of green hydrogen production from seawater affords an interesting set of secondary opportunities, including:
In developing countries, the high demand placed on traditional water sources is causing communities to increasingly use rainwater, stormwater, brackish water and seawater. By implementing green hydrogen production, a new impetus could be established for resolving water supply problems. By oversizing the water purification plant required by an electrolyser facility, a contribution can be made to supplying clean drinking water. In general, an integrated approach to providing green hydrogen and water could assist public health – as well as decarbonisation – objectives in many regions of the world.
In developed countries, the existing water consumption per household far exceeds that needed to produce green hydrogen for fuelling a fuel cell car or heating a house. For example, for an average UK household with a water consumption of 349kg per day, a water overhead of 27kg per day would be sufficient to produce enough green hydrogen for space heating, hot water and travelling 50km per day in a fuel cell car. Household water use and heat demand vary across the building stock, but in general the amount of water required for switching heat and mobility to green hydrogen equates to only a small percentage of existing use.
If all existing fossil fuel use were switched to green hydrogen, the water requirement for electrolysis would amount to 1.8% of current global water consumption. This new demand would be counterbalanced by water savings achieved by not having to produce fuels from petroleum or biomass and by reducing the use of conventional thermal power plant. Electrolysis should therefore play a more central role in future policies concerning energy and water: achieving a multi-terawatt electrolyser capacity by mid-century would yield massive positive benefits.
Based on a paper published in the December issue of ‘Fuel Cells Bulletin’ by Dr Graham Cooley and Marcus Newborough, CEO and Government Relations at ITM Power respectively. Download the paper here.
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