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To capitalize is to report a value or an expense on the stability sheet in an effort to delay the total recognition of the expense. Normally, capitalization of bills is helpful as a result of firms that purchase new property with a long-term helpful life can amortize or depreciate prices. This course of is called capitalization.
Capitalization may also seek advice from the idea of changing an thought right into a enterprise or funding. In finance, capitalization is a quantitative evaluation of an organization’s capital construction. When used on this means, it generally additionally means to monetize.
Key factors to recollect
- To capitalize is to report a value or an expense on the stability sheet in an effort to delay the total recognition of the expense.
- Capitalization is utilized in enterprise accounting to match the timing of money flows.
Perceive methods to capitalize
One of the vital essential accounting ideas is the matching precept. The matching precept states that bills needs to be recorded for the interval incurred, no matter when the fee (for instance, in money) is made. Accounting for bills within the interval incurred permits firms to establish the quantities spent to generate income. For property which might be instantly consumed, this course of is easy and smart.
Nonetheless, giant property that present future financial benefit current a distinct alternative. For instance, a enterprise purchases a supply truck for its each day operations. The truck is predicted to offer worth over a 12 yr interval. As a substitute of expensing the total price of the truck when it’s bought, accounting guidelines enable firms to amortize the price of the asset over its helpful life (12 years).
In different phrases, the asset is depreciated as it’s used. Most firms have an asset threshold, by which property valued above a specific amount are mechanically handled as a capitalized asset.
Advantages of capitalization
Capitalization of property has many benefits. Since long-lived property are costly, expensing the price over future durations reduces giant fluctuations in revenue, particularly for small companies. Many lenders require firms to keep up a selected debt ratio. If giant long-term property have been expensed instantly, this might compromise the ratio required for current loans or may stop companies from receiving new loans.
Furthermore, the capitalization of bills will increase the stability of property of an organization with out affecting the stability of its liabilities. In consequence, many monetary ratios will seem favorable. Regardless of this benefit, there shouldn’t be the motivation to capitalize an expense.
The method of depreciating an asset over its helpful life known as depreciation, which is used for mounted property, similar to tools. Depreciation is used for intangible property, similar to mental property. Depreciation deducts a sure worth from the asset every year till the total worth of the asset is written off from the stability sheet.
Depreciation is a cost entered within the revenue assertion; it shouldn’t be confused with “gathered depreciation”, which is a stability sheet counter account. The depreciation cost within the revenue assertion is the quantity of depreciation acknowledged for the interval indicated within the revenue assertion.
The cumulative depreciation stability sheet account is the cumulative whole of depreciation prices recorded within the revenue assertion because the acquisition of the asset till the time indicated on the stability sheet.
For leased tools, capitalization is the conversion of an working lease right into a capital lease by classifying the leased asset as a bought asset, which is recorded on the stability sheet as a part of the property of the enterprise. The worth of the asset to be transferred is both its honest market worth or the current worth of the lease funds, whichever is much less. As well as, the quantity of principal due is entered as a legal responsibility on the stability sheet.
There are strict regulatory tips and finest practices for the capitalization of property and bills.
One other facet of capitalization refers back to the capital construction of the corporate. Capitalization can seek advice from the e book worth of capital, which is the sum of an organization’s long-term debt, shares, and retained earnings, which represents a cumulative saving in revenue or internet revenue.
The choice to e book worth is market worth. The market worth of capital is dependent upon the worth of the corporate’s shares. It’s calculated by multiplying the worth of the corporate’s shares by the variety of shares excellent available in the market. If the whole variety of shares excellent is 1 billion and the share value is at the moment $ 10, the market cap is $ 10 billion.
Firms with a big market capitalization are referred to as giant caps; mid-cap firms are known as mid-caps, whereas small-cap firms are known as small caps.
It’s doable to be over-capitalized or under-capitalized. Overcapitalization happens when income are inadequate to cowl the price of capital, similar to curiosity funds to bondholders or dividend funds to shareholders. Dividends are money funds made to shareholders by firms. Undercapitalization happens when there isn’t a want for out of doors capital as a result of income are excessive and income have been underestimated.
Price capitalized in opposition to bills
When attempting to discern what a capitalized price is, it’s first essential to differentiate between what’s outlined as a value and an expense within the accounting world. A value on any transaction is the amount of cash utilized in trade for an asset.
An organization that purchases a forklift would mark such a purchase order as a value. An expense is a financial worth leaving the enterprise; it will embody one thing like paying the electrical energy invoice or renting a constructing.
The usage of the phrase Capital metropolis to seek advice from an individual’s wealth comes from medieval Latin capital metropolis, for “shares, property”.
Capitalizing on property is a vital a part of fashionable monetary accounting and is critical for operating a enterprise. Nonetheless, monetary statements will be manipulated, for instance, when a value is expensed as an alternative of being capitalized. If this occurs, the present revenue can be underestimated whereas will probably be inflated in future durations to which extra depreciation ought to have been charged.
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The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) uses winter low temperatures to determine the appropriateness of certain plants for specific regions in the country. This hardiness map has been a standard for gardeners for many years. However, how well a particular plant does in USDA zone 5 is due to a number of factors of which minimal winter low temperatures are just one. Using a climate map from Sunset Magazine can give you more solid information on planting in your region within USDA's zone 5.
Sunset's Climate Zone
Sunset's climate zone map takes a more specific approach to defining growing zones than the USDA does. This means that there are more specific growing region in the Untied States and less general regions. While the USDA map shows where plants will survive through the winter, the Sunset map shows where plants will survive year round. Such things as wind, ocean influence, summer heat, rainfall, humidity, microclimates, continental air influence and elevation all play a critical role with regards to a plant's ability to grow.
Adapt USDA Zone 5 to Sunset
USDA growing zone 5 translates to Sunset's zones 1A -2B and A2.
This zone includes the coldest mountain areas in the United States. The growing season is remarkably short, only 50 to 100 days, with relatively warm summer temperatures. This zone includes the coldest region of the Rockies, apart from Alaska. During the growing season, the days are mild and the nights are chilly, which helps to prolong the flowering time of perennials. Reliable snow serves as an insulator for plants. Short-season, warm season vegetables will also grow well here. Winter lows range from 1 to 11 F with extreme lows to -50 F.
A growing season of 100 to 150 days in possible in this zone, which begins in Colorado's northeastern plains and takes in areas of Western Montana, Nevada and the mountains in the Southwest. This area is the coldest zone in which apples and sweet cherries will grow. Winter temperatures are generally between 10 and 20 F but can dip to -20 to -30 occasionally.
Winters are frosty and summers are long and warm in this region, which makes it ideal for growing fruit. Colorado's Western Slope and mild parts of the Front Range fall into this zone. Reno and Lovelock, Nevada, as well as large areas of New Mexico and Arizona, are also included in this zone. Winter lows hover somewhere between 12 to 22 F and the growing season runs for 115 to 160 days.
Popular Plants for Zones 1A - 2B
Choose from a wide variety of perennials, annuals, herbs, shrubs and trees that don't mind the short growing season or the cooler temperatures.
- Anise hyssop is a beautiful lavender fragrant flower that is easy to grow from seed.
- Basil is a culinary delight, and the annual herb belongs to the mint family.
- California poppy is an upright, compact annual that is native to the Southwest.
- Forget-me-not will grow in full sun or full shade and has lovely soft blue compact flowers.
- Purple coneflower draws butterflies. This drought tolerant perennial also known as Echinacea.
- Spearmint is beautiful and fragrant planted in a container or a hanging basket.
- Tussock bellflower is a dainty low-growing wildflower that is a lovely addition to rock gardens.
- Twinflower is a shrubby creeping evergreen with small pink flowers.
- Woolly thyme is often used as a low maintenance groundcover or in between stepping stones.
Parts of Anchorage and Cook Inlet in Alaska make up zone A2. Winter lows are on average 6 F but can drop down as low as -20 F. The summer days are cloudy and hover in the mid to high 60s, with the occasional 70 degree day. The growing season is between 105 and 138 days. Gardeners do best to start seeds indoors in this region. There are many microclimates in Anchorage; in some places, it can be almost 10 degrees warmer, making plant growing much easier.
Popular plants for zone A2 are bright and beautiful.
- Cosmos is a bright daisy-like flower that will bloom until frost and may re-seed for the following season.
- Wolly Yarrow has fern-like leaves with matted yellow flowers that make this plant perfect for rock gardens.
- Azalea 'White Lights' is clear white. Highly fragrant flowers adorn this shrub that will reach 5 feet in height.
- Viola's flower colors vary, although the most common is violet. This plant has heart-shaped leaves are often heart-shaped.
- Wormwood is a highly fragrant foliage plant that tolerates some foot traffic and shimmers in the sun.
Use Native Species
Keep in mind that when you garden with native species, you stand a much better chance that plants will survive. They are accustomed to the weather and all of the factors that affect a particular zone. Native species are a safe bet for any gardener who is interested in a thriving garden in USDA zone 5 and corresponding Sunset zones.
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Did you know that not all protein is the same? Yes, there are different types of protein that vary by composition. The three primary types are simple proteins, conjugated proteins, and derived proteins. Keep reading to learn about these types and their subtypes.
Simple proteins are made up of amino acids or derivatives of them. One of the main subtypes of these proteins is albuminoids or scleroproteins, which are not dissolvable or soluble in water. A few examples of them are keratin, elastin, and collagen. Therefore, they are primarily found in your supporting tissues. In addition to the two names first mentioned, they are also known as fibrous proteins.
Another primary kind of simple protein is called Albumins. Unlike the ones just mentioned, they are dissolvable in water. They are found in some common things you might consume, such as milk and eggs. Hence, this is the type of protein that is found in our 100% Platinum Whey Supplement.
A third main simple type is known as Prolamines. They are not dissolvable in water. They are also found in things you probably eat, like corn and wheat. Wheat is a unique source, since it contains gluten, which is a combination of two different proteins known as glutenin and gliadin. The remaining simple types are Glutelins, which are typically found in cereal grains, Protamines, which are essential polypeptides, and Globulins, which are found in plants.
Let’s move on to conjugated proteins now. Basically, this type is protein that is attached to different non-protein materials. Here is a list of the subtype names and the materials that the protein is attached to:
-Chromoproteins: colored substance
-Mucoproteins (glycoproteins): carbohydrates like mannose
-Nucleoproteins: nucleic acids
Lastly, derived proteins are created as a result of the process of digestion. They come in many different sizes. The largest type is known as proteoses and the smallest is called peptides. Other types include peptones and polypeptides.
In addition to composition, proteins can be categorized by structure. One of these categories is known as globular proteins, which are rounded. They are located in tissue liquids of plants and animals. An example of this type would be albumin in eggs. Another category is fibrous proteins, which are elongated, parallel chains. An example of this kind is elastin. Generally speaking, globular proteins are a better quality type when compared to fibrous proteins. Plant proteins on the other hand are more difficult to classify than animal proteins. In general, most of them are either prolamines or glutelins.
Our last two blog posts discussed why protein is important and how you can use it for muscle growth. Now you can say that you know a bit about the science of protein structure and composition. Do you know the composition and structure of the protein you most often consume? Tell us in the comments below!
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The 18th century house was built in southeastern China. John G. Waite Associates, Architects, and Liberty Street Restoration Company worked with American and Chinese craftsmen to disassemble and then reconstruct the home, brick by brick, timber by timber. The process of identifying and labeling each piece took three years.
The 4,500-square-foot building was named Yin Yu Tang, or Hall of Plentiful Shelter, to suggest that many generations of the Huang family would live within the fortress-like walls. Yin Yu Tang is now on display at the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, USA.
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Ouro Preto is most famous in Brazil as the birthplace of the Inconfidência Mineira (the Mineira Betrayal), the first attempt to free Brazil from the Portuguese. Inspired by the French Revolution, and heartily sick of the heavy taxes levied by a bankrupt Portugal, a group of twelve prominent town citizens led by Joaquim José da Silva Xavier began in 1789 to discuss organizing a rebellion. Xavier was a dentist, known to everyone as Tiradentes, “teeth-puller”. Another of the conspirators was Tomas Gonzaga, whose hopeless love poems to the beautiful Marília Dirceu, promised by her family to another, made the couple into the Brazilian equivalent of Romeo and Juliet: “When you appear at dawn, all rumpled/like a badly wrapped parcel, no ribbons or flowers/how Nature shines, how much lovelier you seem.”
The conspiracy proved a fiasco and all were betrayed and arrested before any uprising was organized. The leaders were condemned to hang, but the Portuguese, realizing they could ill afford to offend the inhabitants of a state whose taxes kept them afloat, arranged a royal reprieve, commuting the sentence to exile in Angola and Mozambique. Unfortunately the messenger arrived two days too late to save Tiradentes, marked as the first to die. He was hanged where the column now stands in the square that bears his name, his head stuck on a post and his limbs despatched to the other mining towns to serve as a warning.
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Wind turbines are built to withstand the force of the wind. Turbine designs nowadays are more robust than in the past and manufacturers now use high quality materials to ensure that these machines last a lifetime. Many modern turbines now feature the ability to withstand extreme weather conditions. However, there are still a few parts that should be made of better grade material in order to withstand the wear and tear of heavy winds. The following are some tips on how to assemble a wind turbine with a low cost.
If you wish to learn how to make electricity at home with wind turbines, it is imperative that you choose a safe and reliable system. Many manufacturers specialize in particular models, making them popular choices. One of the most popular is Diesels, which has a wide range of wind turbine models for both residential and commercial applications. Certain models make use of ground source heat pumps to create wind power. These systems are very efficient, but still not as effective as those that use traditional methods to generate electricity.
Many homeowners have started using wind turbines to generate their electricity. The initial expense may be high, but the long-term savings can be tremendous. With wind power, your electrical bills will be much lower. You could even sell excess electricity to the utility company! The benefits of wind turbine use can help any homeowner on any level, especially when it comes to lowering the overall cost of living.
How to make electricity with a wind turbine is not overly difficult, provided that you can find the right instructions to follow. The basic process consists of connecting blades to poles. It’s important that the blades are placed at a height that will produce the most wind energy. Attaching the blades too low or too high will not produce enough wind energy to make any headway in generating electricity. The blades must be placed at the appropriate height so that they make a downward wind force.
What is leading edge erosion?
Leading edges of wind turbine blades or propellers are pelted at high speeds by rain, snow, ice, and particulate in the air. Though dust, for example, may not feel present while walking the street, for a wind turbine blade traveling at 150+mph, these tiny dirt particles become very abrasive and cause the blade surface to be eaten away over time.
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Mongol Armenia or Ilkhanid Armenia refers to the period in which both Armenia (during its union with the Kingdom of Georgia) and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia became tributary and vassal to the Mongol Empire (the later Ilkhanate) in the 1230s. Armenia and Cilicia remained under Mongol influence until around 1320.
During the time period of the later Crusades (1250s to 1260s), there was a short-lived Armenian-Mongol alliance, engaged in some combined military operations against their common enemy, the Mameluks. They succeeded in capturing Baghdad in 1258, but suffered defeat eight years later.
The Armenian calls for a wider Christian-Mongol alliance against Mameluk Islam, advocated notably by Hayton of Corycus, were ignored by the Latin powers in the Levant, leading to the demise of the European Crusader States and the imminent failure of the Crusades as a whole.
Read more about Armeno-Mongol Relations: Armenian Vassalage To The Mongols, Hethum's Embassy To The Mongol Court (1254), Relations With Antioch, Military Collaboration, Mamluk Opposition, Joint Invasion of Syria (1280-1281), Continued Armeno-Mongol Relations, Attempt To Recapture The Levant (1297-1303), Advocating A New Crusade With The Mongols (1307), Last Mongol Intervention in Cilician Armenia (1322)
Other articles related to "relations":
... Relations with the Mongols would essentially disappear after 1320, while relations with the Franks were reinforced, with the establishment of the French Lusignan ... After Abu Sa'id, relations between Christian princes and the Mongols were totally abandoned ...
Famous quotes containing the word relations:
“As death, when we come to consider it closely, is the true goal of our existence, I have formed during the last few years such close relations with this best and truest friend of mankind, that his image is not only no longer terrifying to me, but is indeed very soothing and consoling! And I thank my God for graciously granting me the opportunity ... of learning that death is the key which unlocks the door to our true happiness.”
—Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (17561791)
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Otherwise known as halitosis, bad breath plagues millions of people. While its causes are quite common and simple, the treatment of bad breath is simple as well. The food we eat and the bacteria in our mouths are the two main sources of bad breath.
Situational Bad Breath: Food as the culprit
Many foods are known to cause bad breath-garlic, onions, cabbage, just to name a few. Some of these contain sulfur compounds which can cause bad breath. Sulfur compounds are released as the foods are being digested and then travel into the bloodstream and finally the lungs. When we exhale, these smelly compounds are expelled and cause bad breath. Obviously, you can avoid situational bad breath by avoiding these types of foods. If you don’t want to deprive yourself of these foods, you can attack the sulfur compounds using toothpastes and mouthwashes that contain Chlorine Dioxide, which neutralizes the sulfur compounds in your mouth. Our dental practice in Chicago has more information about this group of products below, under “Over the Counter Toothpastes and Mouthwashes”.
Regular bad breath: Bacteria as the culprit
There are over 170 different types of bacteria living in your mouth. Not all of them are bad, but some of them are quite destructive. The ones that wreak the most havoc are destroyed by oxygen. Therefore, they hide out in areas that oxygen can’t reach-between the teeth, under the gums, under plaque and food debris, in the biofilm and down deep in the tongue crevices.
These bacteria are the ones that create volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and cause more routine bad breath as well as cause gingivitis (gum disease). Again, Chlorine Dioxide pastes and rinses neutralize these compounds, thereby ridding you of bad breath and creating a healthier oral environment.
Regular dental hygiene prevents bad breath
Brushing, flossing, using a tongue scraper and mouth rinse can remove the destructive bacteria, remove the protective coating of plaque and food debris and remove the food particles the bacteria feed on.
The biofilm that wraps itself around all your teeth, near and under the gums, can only be removed by your dentist or hygienist. This biofilm is like a sticky nylon stocking that traps bacteria and its compounds and protects them from your toothbrush, floss and mouth rinse. During your hygiene visit, your dentist or hygienist uses an ultrasonic cleaner, like the Cavitron. This can gently and comfortably disrupt this biofilm and flush it, the bad bacteria and the VSC away.
Can I tell if my breath smells bad?
Since we become accustomed to our own odors, it’s nearly impossible to tell if your own breath smells. Cupping your hands over your mouth and nose and breathing out may not be a viable way to tell if you have bad breath, nor is licking your hand and smelling it. Most of the bad breath is created at the back of your mouth and pushed out while you are talking.
If it’s too embarrassing for you to ask a trusted friend or loved one if your breath smells, you can always ask your dentist or hygienist. She can tell if you are at risk and what can be done to help you.
Your Tongue is like a Carpet
Just brushing and flossing may not alleviate bad breath. Your tongue is like a carpet with many fibers on its surface. Dr. Alfe explains to her patients that these fibers get matted down with food particles and bacteria and their byproducts. Almost half of the oral bacteria hang out in this safe area. If you’ve ever had your home carpets professionally cleaned, you know the first thing the cleaners do is rake the carpet to stand all the fibers up. Once they’ve done that, they will shampoo the carpet, knowing it will reach to the base of the carpet.
A tongue scraper works the same way on your tongue carpet. Using this before you brush and floss will stand up the tongue fibers, remove much of the bacteria and its byproducts and then make it easy to clean your tongue with your toothbrush and paste. What you will scrape off is a whitish layer of bacteria, plaque, and food debris. This simple procedure can greatly improve the condition of your breath. Dr. Alfe has been using and recommending the Oolitt tongue scraper for years.
Dry Mouth Prevention
There are many conditions that contribute to dry mouth. Many medications, like high blood pressure meds, anti-anxiety, anti-depressants and chemotherapy, can cause saliva flow to decrease, sometimes dramatically. Besides being uncomfortable, decreased saliva flow puts you at greater risk for cavities, gum disease and bad breath.
Alcohol consumption, smoking, breathing through your mouth, dieting, fasting and talking for long periods of time can also contribute to bad breath. In all of these cases, frequent sips of water can help wash away the bad bacteria, dilute and remove VSC and keep your mouth moist. Reduction in saliva flow is the main cause of “morning breath”.
Many breath mints work more so because they stimulate saliva flow rather than just cover up breath odors. Tart mints, like lemon or other citrus-flavored ones, work especially well to stimulate saliva flow. Chewing sugarless gum is a fairly good option after a meal if you cannot brush your teeth right after. Many gums and mints now contain xylitol, a sugar substitute, which has been shownto prevent tooth decay by creating an inhospitable oral pH for cavity-forming bacteria.
For some patients, frequent water consumption, mints and gums may not be enough to stimulate saliva flow. For these patients, Dr. Alfe prescribes GC Dry Mouth Gel.
Over the Counter Toothpastes and Mouthwashes
Most over the counter toothpastes and mouthwashes work by moving the bacteria and its compounds around, not by actually eliminating them. Many over the counter mouthwashes have a high alcohol content which can worsen the situation since alcohol dries out your mouth. 10-20 minutes after rinsing, you may notice your bad breath has returned, sometimes even more aggressively.
Chlorine Dioxide toothpastes, mouthwashes and breath sprays are very effective in treating bad breath. Chlorine Dioxide is an oxygenating compound, thereby creating a hostile environment for the bad breath bacteria and neutralizing the VSC compounds that cause gum disease and bad breath. There are a number of brands available over the counter. Dr. Alfe has tried them all and she prefers (and uses herself) the CloSYS II system. If you can’t find CloSYS II at your local drugstore, you can order it through our online store or call our Chicago Smile Spa office and we’ll ship it to you.
Allergies, common colds, hormonal changes, medications and pregnancy can create a thick nasal discharge. If this mucus constantly drips down the back of your throat, it can build up on the back of your tongue, getting caught in all those fibers. This mucus coating then covers and protects the bacteria that cause bad breath, in addition to serving as a food source for them.
Over the counter nasal sprays will thin out that discharge and dry up the nasal passages. Neti pots can be used to naturally flush out mucus in the nose. Also drinking more water will make the mucus less viscous.
Bad Breath caused by Gum Disease
If you avoid odor-causing foods, frequently clean your teeth, gums and tongue, keep your mouth moist and you still have bad breath, it may be a sign of something more sinister. Gum disease (gingivitis) and periodontal disease (periodontitis) are major causes of bad breath.
Normally there is a small gum pocket around your teeth. This pocket, when healthy, measures about 1-3 mm deep. Gingivitis and periodontitis patients often have pockets deeper than 3 mm. The deeper the pocket, the greater the space where the bacteria can hide. Any pocket deeper than 3 mm is nearly impossible for you to keep clean using only your tooth brush and floss. That means the majority of bacteria living in pockets deeper than 3 mm are never disturbed or destroyed. These bacteria are the ones who create the Volatile Sulfur Compounds previously mentioned that cause bad breath and gum disease.
Other symptoms associated with periodontal disease include:
- Swollen or bleeding gums
- Tender gums
- Loosening and shifting teeth
- Sensitive teeth
- Pain when you chew
- Pus or discharge from the gums
It’s now known that untreated periodontal disease puts you at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes and low birth weight babies. Call (773) 348-2704 or email Chicago Smile Spa for your periodontal exam and cleaning. It may not only save your breath and your teeth; it could save your life. Dr. Alfe is proud to serve patients throughout the greater Chicagoland area including Lakeview, Lincoln Park, and surrounding Chicago communities.
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News•December 8, 2014
Deadly Heat in Europe 10x More Likely Than Decade Ago
By Bobby Magill
In the summer of 2003, when temperatures soared above 100 degrees throughout western Europe, the heat wave killed more than 14,800 in France alone and 35,000 people across the continent. It was the most intense heat Europe had seen in more than 500 years.
A new study published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change shows that not only could such a heat wave occur again, Europe is now 10 times more likely to see a repeat of such an intense heat wave than it was just a decade ago because of human-caused global warming.
Parisians cooling off beneath the Eiffel Tower. The 2003 European heat wave killed nearly 15,000 people in France, and such a heat wave could occur again because of climate change.
Credit: Chris Walts/flickr
That kind of heat wave could come every 127 years and be “very common” by the 2040s, much more frequently than the once every 1,000 years or so as previously thought as global warming is increasing the likelihood of such catastrophic heatwaves.
Using summer temperature observations from 2003 to 2012 and new computer models, the study, conducted by researchers at the Met Office, the United Kingdom’s weather and climate forecasting center, looked at at how humans may be influencing the probability of heat waves in Europe.
“Over the last 10-15 years, European summers have become markedly warmer,” the study’s lead author, Met Office climate research scientist Nikos Christidis, said. “There has been an increase of about 0.8 degrees (celsius, or 1.45°F) in the European area we considered in our paper. As a result, extreme temperature thresholds are now much more likely to be exceeded, which explains the ten-fold increase in the frequency of extremely hot summers we report in the paper.”RELATED2010 Russian Heatwave More Extreme Than Previously Thought
Global Warming May Have Fueled March Heat Wave Odds
Climate Change Is Increasing Extreme Heat Globally
Christidis’ study revisits 2004 research attributing the previous year’s heat wave to human-caused climate change. That study showed that global warming had doubled the probability that a very hot summer in Europe had doubled, possibly occurring once every 52 years.
A “very hot” summer is considered to be a season in which temperatures are 1.6°C (or roughly 3°F) higher than the historical average. The 2003 heat wave was 2.3°C (4°F) above the 1961-1990 historical average summer temperature.
The new study shows that a very hot summer could now occur every five years and a heat wave like the one in 2003 could occur every 127 years. The previous study just a decade earlier suggested that such a heat wave was likely less than once every 1,000 years.
Summer in Paris.
“Our study, which comes 10 years later, shows that a rapid increase in the frequency of such events has taken place within the last 10-15 years and confirms that this increase in the frequency will continue.”
Kevin Trenberth, senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., said that although increases in heat waves seem assured, it is less clear that natural variability has been fully accounted for in the study.
Examining a decade of temperature changes since 2003 is insufficient to discount the effect of natural variability, he said.
There is a greater risk of future heat waves, but Christidis’ findings don’t seem to add much to what the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has already reported, Trenberth said.
“Given the rarity of some of what is talked about (in the study): extreme heat waves, then it is quite easy to get an increase in their likelihood by a factor of 10 later in the century,” Trenberth said via email. “One needs to be careful about exactly what that means, though. To me, the more worrying aspect is the changes in drought that are not mentioned. That, along with the heat, increases risk of wildfire, as seen in Russia in 2010, and this will happen elsewhere as well, not just Europe.”
You May Also Like:
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Report Maps Out Decarbonization Plan for U.S.
Here’s How the U.S. Can Adapt to Climate Change
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A team of scientists made an astonishing discovery in an African river: a massive crocodile measuring 8 meters in length. This finding has generated excitement among wildlife enthusiasts worldwide. Crocodiles play a crucial role in ecological balance as apex predators, regulating the population of prey species to prevent overpopulation. The reduced number of crocodiles has caused disruptions in the food chain over the years. The crocodile’s exact location remains undisclosed for conservation reasons, and while encounters with wild crocodiles can be dangerous, this one resides away from human settlements. Experts are assessing the situation to determine the best conservation approach.
Massive Crocodile Found in African River
A breathtaking discovery was made in the heart of Africa when a team of scientists stumbled upon a massive crocodile in the depths of an African river. This astonishing finding has left experts in awe and has garnered significant attention from wildlife enthusiasts around the world.
The Enormous Predator
The colossal crocodile measures an astonishing 8 meters in length, making it one of the largest ever recorded in the African continent. Its rough, scaly skin and powerful jaws are a testament to its incredible strength and predatory instincts. Despite its intimidating appearance, this crocodile is an important part of the African ecosystem.
The Importance of Crocodiles
Crocodiles play a vital role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. As apex predators, they help regulate the population of certain prey species, ensuring that other animals do not overpopulate an area. Through the years, the reduced number of crocodiles has had an impact on the environment, causing disruptions in the food chain.
FAQs about the Massive Crocodile
Q: Where was the crocodile found?
A: The crocodile was discovered in the heart of an African river, but for conservation purposes, the exact location has not been disclosed.
Q: How big is the crocodile?
A: The crocodile measures an impressive 8 meters in length.
Q: Is the crocodile dangerous to humans?
A: While any encounter with a wild crocodile can be dangerous, this crocodile resides in a remote area away from human settlements, reducing the risk of interactions.
Q: What is the diet of this crocodile?
A: As a carnivorous predator, the crocodile’s diet primarily consists of fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals that come to drink water from the river.
Q: Will the crocodile be relocated or kept in its natural habitat?
A: The experts are carefully assessing the situation to determine the best course of action, with the primary aim being the conservation and preservation of this unique creature.
The discovery of this massive crocodile in an African river is a reminder of the wonders that await us in nature. As we strive to protect and conserve our wildlife, it is crucial to appreciate the role that apex predators like crocodiles play in maintaining a healthy ecosystem, while also ensuring their safety.
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It's seen as more of a confirmation of theory than a startling discovery, but scientists have found water in the atmosphere of five huge planets outside our solar system. A potential sign of life? Not quite, explains the LA Times. These five gas giants (or "hot Jupiters") are too close to their suns and thus way too hot for that. Still, researchers say the Hubble discovery is a "step forward" in the hunt for better-suited planets, reports Space.com. It's also the first confirmed detection of such water vapor.
"It is one thing to say these planets should have water vapor and it's another thing to actually measure it," says a University of Maryland astronomer who co-authored the study in the Astrophysical Journal. And a NASA scientist says the discovery "really opens the door for comparing how much water is present in atmospheres on different kinds of exoplanets—for example, hotter versus cooler ones." For the record, the five planets have the "unromantic" names of WASP-17b, HD209458b, WASP-12b, WASP-19b, and XO-1b, notes National Geographic.
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Reginald white ap english iv: literature & composition february 15, 2013 henrik ibsen's play a doll house is an examination of human nature and personality each of the five main characters displays personality traits that can be considered a character flaw one of those characters, krogstad, is an. When henrik ibsen wrote a doll’s house, the institution of marriage was sacrosanct women did not leave their husbands, and marital roles were sharply defined the play, which questions these. Ibsen’s a doll’s house (1879), written while ibsen was in rome and amalfi, italy, was conceived at a time of revolution in europe charged with the fever of the 1848 european revolutions, a new modern perspective was emerging in the literary and dramatic world, challenging the romantic tradition. A list of all the characters in a doll’s house the a doll’s house characters covered include: nora, torvald helmer, krogstad, mrs linde, dr rank, bob, emmy, and ivar, anne-marie, nora’s father.
- a doll’s house, a play by henrik ibsen, tells the story of nora, the wife of torvald helmer, who is an adult living as a child, kept as a doll by her husband she is expected to be content and happy living in the world torvald has created for her. A doll's house (bokmål: et dukkehjem also translated as a doll house) is a three-act play written by norway's henrik ibsenit premiered at the royal theatre in copenhagen, denmark, on 21 december 1879, having been published earlier that month the play is set in a norwegian town circa 1879. Joey doey professor erika solberg english 110 drama essay: final draft november 1, 2003 why nora should leave torvald in henrik ibsen’s a doll house, nora and torvald helmer are a married couple who are not on the same page.
A doll's house study guide contains a biography of henrik ibsen, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis about a doll's house a doll's house summary. Ibsen’s “a doll’s house”: analysis “a doll’s house” is classified under the “second phase” of henrik ibsen’s career it was during this period which he made the transition from mythical and historical dramas to plays dealing with social problems. Character analysis – a doll’s house by henrik ibsen essay sample this paper will analyze the character of nora from the play entitled ‘a doll’s house” by henrik ibsen.
At the beginning of a doll's house, nora seems content as the naive plaything of husband torvald however, as his true feelings for her come to light, nora's character undergoes great change. Upon seeing a production of henrik ibsen’s a doll’s house, audiences are left with an important question: should we feel sorry for torvald helmer at the play’s end, his wife, nora helmer, abandons him, leaving behind her three young children as well. A doll's house by henrik ibsen home / literature / a doll's house / character quotes / torvald helmer / character analysis daddy issues torvald gets a pretty bad rap most of the time and we can see why he's incredibly overbearing he treats nora more like a child than a wife he calls her silly names and scolds her for eating macaroons.
One of the two main characters in the play, torvald is the husband whose doll's house is torn apart at the end of the show his character is far from ideal — but upon seeing a production of henrik ibsen’s a doll’s house, audiences are left with an important question: should we feel sorry for torvald helmer. By constantly referring to nora with pet names, helmer seems to dehumanize his wife. A doll's house: character profiles, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature.
In this lesson, you'll see how ibsen's main character, nora, decides to reject her husband and children, abandoning her family to find herself introduction to a doll house henrik ibsen's a doll. The transformation of a woman in henrik ibsen’s play, a doll’s house, the character of nora helmer is a woman who undergoes a profound life revelation that results in her becoming a woman with a belief structure and understanding of self that is far ahead of her time. One of the most complex characters of 19th-century drama, nora helmer prances about in the first act, behaves desperately in the second, and gains a stark sense of reality during the finale of henrik ibsen's a doll's house.
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Wheel Style: What A Mistake!
Wheels are an important ingredient of autos, offering steadiness, control, and traction. More than the a long time, wheel design has undergone substantial transformations to satisfy the evolving wants of distinct industries and boost the functionality of vehicles. In this write-up, we will investigate the interesting evolution of wheel design and its effect on different facets of transportation.
Early Wheel Style:
The earliest identified wheels date back to all around 3500 BC and had been made of sound wood discs. These primitive wheels served the purpose of decreasing friction when shifting heavy masses. As civilizations superior, metallic rims were added to wood wheels, supplying enhanced toughness and toughness.
The introduction of spoked wheels revolutionised the area of wheel layout. Spokes are slender rods that radiate from the hub to the rim, reducing the wheel’s bodyweight even though sustaining its structural integrity. Spoked wheels were lighter, absorbed shocks far better, and enhanced total manoeuvrability. This layout is generally associated with bicycles and early motor automobiles.
The invention of tubeless wheels brought about a considerable breakthrough in wheel design. On standard wheels, an internal tube was put within the tyre to keep the air. Nonetheless, tubeless wheels removed the require for inner tubes by producing an airtight seal in between the tyre and the wheel rim. This design lowered the risk of unexpected tyre deflation, enhanced safety, and simplified routine maintenance.
Alloy wheels, generally made from aluminium or magnesium alloys, obtained reputation because of to their lightweight and stylish physical appearance. These wheels supply enhanced handling, much better warmth dissipation, and reduced unsprung fat in comparison to conventional metal wheels. Alloy wheels are generally utilised in sporting activities autos and higher-overall performance cars.
As the automotive sector targeted on fuel performance and decreasing air resistance, aerodynamic wheels emerged as an critical design element. These wheels characteristic sleek, streamlined styles with specialised contours that minimise drag and boost the vehicle’s all round effectiveness. Aerodynamic wheels are commonly used in electric cars and hybrid automobiles to maximise range and boost overall performance.
Wheels are an vital component of vehicles, delivering steadiness, handle, and traction. More than the a long time, wheel layout has been through considerable transformations to satisfy the evolving requirements of diverse industries and improve the performance of autos. In this article, we will check out the interesting evolution of wheel layout and its affect on various factors of transportation.
Early Wheel Style:
The earliest acknowledged wheels date back again to close to 3500 BC and ended up made of strong wooden discs. These primitive wheels served the objective of minimizing friction when shifting weighty loads. As wholesale alloy wheels , metal rims were included to wooden wheels, supplying improved durability and power.
The introduction of spoked wheels revolutionised the field of wheel style. Spokes are slender rods that radiate from the hub to the rim, reducing the wheel’s fat while maintaining its structural integrity. Spoked wheels have been lighter, absorbed shocks greater, and improved general manoeuvrability. This design and style is frequently related with bicycles and early motor automobiles.
The creation of tubeless wheels introduced about a significant breakthrough in wheel design and style. On conventional wheels, an inner tube was put inside of the tyre to keep the air. Nonetheless, tubeless wheels eliminated the want for interior tubes by creating an airtight seal amongst the tyre and the wheel rim. This design diminished the threat of sudden tyre deflation, enhanced security, and simplified servicing.
Alloy wheels, generally manufactured from aluminium or magnesium alloys, received popularity owing to their light-weight and fashionable look. These wheels offer enhanced handling, much better heat dissipation, and lowered unsprung excess weight compared to conventional metal wheels. Alloy wheels are typically utilized in athletics automobiles and large-overall performance vehicles.
As the automotive industry centered on fuel effectiveness and reducing air resistance, aerodynamic wheels emerged as an critical layout aspect. These wheels feature smooth, streamlined types with specialised contours that minimise drag and enhance the vehicle’s all round performance. Aerodynamic wheels are extensively used in electrical vehicles and hybrid autos to maximise selection and increase overall performance.
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In the conception stage, errors happen when the programmer doesn’t fully understand the problem to be solved. In the expression stage, errors are due to not following the rules of the programming language or not writing what you meant. In the transcription stage, errors are due to hand-eye coordination problems, spelling misconceptions, and so forth.
There are two main ways to avoid conception-stage errors. The first is to write out the design in a textual or graphical format. The second is to implement a prototype.
In this section, we aren’t discussing the design of the system as a whole, which includes classes, methods, interfaces, and so forth, but rather the design of individual procedures, functions, and methods. There are several good books on the topic of object-oriented analysis and design that cover the design of classes, methods, and interfaces. They don’t cover the design of individual methods, since the structured programming era handled this satisfactorily.
Start avoiding errors in your code by writing out the design in some design medium. Designs need to be reviewed. This seems obvious to many people, but there are reasons related to debugging that are important. Human memories are fallible, so you can’t review a design you haven’t written down. Your colleagues can’t read your mind, so a written design is essential to peer review. Writing down designs has the desirable side effect of delaying coding. As soon as you start coding, you start introducing bugs into your software.
After you code and execute your procedure, if testing reveals the existence of defects, you can compare the design with the procedure source to see if you really coded what you meant. All AI systems for finding bugs work by comparing a design and its realization. You need to be able to use the same technique to find bugs in your programs.
There are several notations suitable for writing out the design of a procedure. They all date back to the structured programming era. Some of them are as follows:
See the bibliography for recommended books on this topic.
In these design notations, data structures aren’t fully declared but are described in terms of high-level data structures, such as dynamic arrays, trees, sets, and so forth. Low-level structures used to implement these high-level structures, such as fixed-length arrays, linked lists, and hash tables, are not normally used. In addition, we recommend that only structured control constructs be used. For this reason, we haven’t included the venerable flowchart in our list of design notations.
Here is a small list of questions to use in reviewing the design of a procedure:
What assumptions are being made about the input and program state? Are they valid?
Are other logical possibilities not being handled?
Is there code to handle all default cases?
Is there any other action that must be taken at this point in the algorithm?
Is it always necessary to perform this action at this point in the algorithm?
Is this action the correct one to perform when this condition occurs?
Are these actions performed in the correct order?
An alternative to traditional design methods is to code and execute your algorithm in a VHLL. Such languages allow the programmer to omit details, often at the expense of range of expression and execution efficiency. APL, LISP, Scheme, and SETL are examples of languages useful for this work. They provide implied control structures and high-level data structures. Scripting languages such as Perl and Tcl can also be used for prototyping.
Rapid prototyping has all the advantages of a written design plus an additional one: You can execute it to find design flaws. This creates a higher level of confidence than does a reviewed design.
Two approaches are useful in this context:
Disciplined use of simplifying assumptions, developed by Rich and Waters [RW82]
The concept of scale models, explained by Weiser [We82a]
Assumptions must simplify the problem in a significant way without changing the essential character of the problem. The designer must keep track of the assumptions made so that they can later be retracted in the full-scale system.
Good simplifying assumptions have the qualities of consistency and continuity. A consistent assumption permits the prototype to work correctly for at least some real inputs. Ignoring invalid inputs is a consistent assumption. A continuous assumption makes it possible to modify the prototype so that it increasingly performs as a real system. Building a prototype of a parallel system without synchronization isn’t a continuous assumption.
A scale model is accurate in some ways but inaccurate in others. Different kinds of scale models have a different set of attributes that are scaled down. The model must interact with the real world in a limited, but natural, way.
A functional prototype does the critical system computations with the input domain scaled down. Special restricted formats for input are allowed, and only valid inputs need to be processed. The user interface is scaled down. The output format may only be adequate for manually validating the computations.
A user-interface prototype shows the user the following:
Options that will be available
Mechanisms to access those options
Messages generated by the system
Displays and reports that will be shown
Computation is scaled down, and output may be canned, rather than computed. Performance is scaled down as well. Tools that generate the dialog may be used, even though they create slower interfaces.
A performance prototype demonstrates whether a system can meet time or space limitations. It implements the features of the system that consume the most resources. The system features are scaled down so that computations known not to be resource intensive are omitted. User interfaces are scaled down, so that only those features that have response time requirements are implemented.
There are several ways to avoid expression-stage errors:
Exploit redundancy in your program.
Use tools that pick at programming nits.
We exploit redundancy differently in software development than we do in the design of tangible objects. With tangible objects, redundancy is largely used to provide a margin of safety that will cover unintended stresses on the object. It also covers for simplifications and assumptions made during the mathematical modeling. Thus, an engineer will specify additional material to be used beyond the minimum required for proper functioning to provide a safety factor. This type of redundancy masks failures in the original design.
With software, we include redundancy to expose failures as early as possible. Some of the redundant information we recommend will expose errors at compile time. Other information will uncover problems when the application is executed, hopefully during testing, rather than after the product is completed.
There are two other types of redundancy, which we don’t discuss further. These types of redundancy provide the same masking of failures as that used in the design of tangible objects.
Execution redundancy provides for executing the same program on multiple, identical platforms. This type of redundancy is found in fault-tolerant systems, used primarily in commercial environments where downtime results in severe financial losses.
Computational redundancy provides for executing different programs on multiple identical platforms. These different programs, developed independently, are supposed to compute the same result. When the results differ, a majority vote determines the correct result. The development and hardware resources required for this kind of redundancy are very expensive. This kind of redundancy is only used in situations where failure would be catastrophic, such as in space shuttles or nuclear reactors.
Providing data a compiler doesn’t need to generate a correct program enables it to identify some incorrect programs. In Fortran, both the type of a variable and its initial value have defaults, depending on the first letter of the name. If a name begins with the letters “I,” “J,” “K,” “L,” “M,” or “N,” then the type defaults to INTEGER; otherwise it defaults to REAL. In PL/I, all attributes have a default value. In C and C++, external and static variables are initialized by default to 0. Rather than use defaults, specify values explicitly.
Make full use of user-defined data types. Define numeric variables in terms of a unit of measure or the set of values they take on. Only programming artifacts, such as loop counters, are exempt from the possibility of typing in this way.
Permissive languages often have nitpicking tools to complement their compilers. These languages include Fortran, C, PL/I, and Scheme.
Strict languages require compilers to find the sort of problems that nitpicking tools find. These languages include Pascal, Ada, C++, and Java. There are such tools for these languages, but they look for a very small set of possible problems.
One way to perform nitpicking is to convert to a stricter variant of the language or just to use the compiler for a stricter variant. For example, you can convert from Fortran 77 to Fortran 95, or use a C++ compiler on a program that was originally written in C.
It is important to maximize the benefit and minimize the cost of using nitpicking tools. There are several ways to do this:
Keep a record of which messages turn up errors.
Use the tool’s control knobs to turn off messages that never uncover errors in your code.
Write a program to filter out the noise, if necessary.
Check your code regularly to make the task less burdensome.
Adopt a zero-tolerance policy for warnings.
See Chapter 14 for further details on nitpicking tools.
There are several ways to avoid transcription-stage errors:
Compensate for human psychology.
Exploit redundancy in your program.
There are at least three ways to compensate for human psychology to avoid transcription stage errors:
Overcome psychological set.
Maximize psychological distance.
Prevent typographical errors.
Psychological “set” reduces the ability of programmers to find errors [Uz66]. In our context, set causes the brain to see what it expects to see, rather than what the eye actually perceives. A transcription error may be completely masked by the set of the author. He or she knows what the program is supposed to say and is incapable of seeing what it actually says.
One way to overcome your psychological set is to have another person read your program. That person won’t come to the text with the same assumptions you have. If you’re working alone, leave the workplace and do something that has nothing to do with programming. When you return, your change of venue will often have broken your set.
A second way to overcome your psychological set is to display the program in a different format than that in which you’re accustomed to viewing it. Here is a list of different ways to look at a program listing:
Look at a paper listing instead of a video display.
Display one token per line.
Display a blank space after each token.
Display the listing with the comments deleted.
Display everything in reverse video.
Display different lexical categories in various formats. Lexical categories include keywords, numeric literals, string literals, user names, and those glyphs that aren’t numbers or letters. Different formats include all uppercase, italics, boldface, different colors for each category, and so forth.
Display numbers in equivalent formats. Show them in hexadecimal notation, scientific notation, or spelled out in words.
Display the program nesting structure in varying colors.
A third way to overcome your psychological set is to listen to the program being read. You can ask another programmer to read it to you. You can also have a voice synthesis program read it to you. In both cases, read along as the program is read aloud. You will notice that other human readers will separate and group items differently than you do.
All misreadings aren’t created equal. Information theory says that messages have a distance that is computed by counting the number of positions in which they differ [SW49].
The distance between “word” and “work” is one. The distance between “word” and “warm” is two. To reduce the likelihood of transcription errors, maximize the distance between characters and words that may be confused.
The number of different characters is only a starting point. Some pairs of letters and digits are much easier for the brain to misread than others. Easily confused pairs include the following:
0 and O
k and x
i and l
w and v
m and n
The positions of differing characters are also important. When words differ in the first or last positions, people are less likely to misread them. Consider how likely you might be to confuse the following pairs of words:
“word” versus “ward”
“word” versus “cord”
“word” versus “worm”
Errors in keying must be considered when selecting names for constructs in a program. Names that differ only in characters adjacent on the keyboard are more likely to be mistyped. Touch typists are more likely to mistype characters that are reached by the same fingers on opposite hands.
Choose names according to the following rules:
Prefer names that have a minimum distance of two characters from other names.
One of the differing characters should be at the beginning or end of the word.
Prefer names that aren’t likely to be misread as another name.
Avoid names that differ only in characters that have similar shapes.
Prefer names that aren’t likely to be mistyped as another name.
Avoid names that differ only in characters that are next to each other on the keyboard, or are on the same fingers of opposite hands.
Make programming constructs do double duty. It is a common error in C to mistype or confuse equality (two equals signs) with assignment (one equals sign). C allows assignments to be embedded anywhere in expressions. Some compilers will warn about every embedded assignment that feeds a conditional. While this can be helpful, embedding assignments in loop controls in C is common and efficient. Looking through hundreds of false alarm messages is discouraging and unproductive.
(var == 1) (var = 1) /* error missed */ (1 == var) (1 = var) /* error found */ C error unnoticed DO 10 I=1.100 C compiler sees DOl0I=1.10 C error detected DO 10 I=1.100,1
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The revolution ended when napoleon bonaparte, a french general, took over the government at the beginning of the revolution, events seemed minor and proceeded in a logical fashion one of the reasons the revolution originated was the discontent among the lower and middle classes in france. The french revolution the french revolution was a social and political conflict, with different periods of violence that convulsed france and, by extension of its implications, other european nations who battled supporters and opponents of the system known as the old regime it began with the self-proclamation of the third estate as national. The french revolution was a period of time from 1789 to 1799 in france where there was political instability it officially began on the 14th of july, 1789, when the bastille, which was a symbol of the king’s harsh policies, was stormed.
The major causes of the french revolution were the ongoing disputes between the different social classes of french society the ‘san culottes’, were starving while the wealthy monarchy were living it up and enjoying a luxurious life. The american revolution of 1776 soon followed, and finally, france started their own revolution the french revolution of 1789 of course, there are many political, economic, and social causes leading to this sudden political advancement in france. The violence of french revolution 14 apr, 2018 free essays 0 in france, this self- interest resulted in an enormous national debt, suppression of the lower class citizens, and high taxation of poor citizens.
Jane kamensky is a professor of history at harvard and pforzheimer foundation director of the schlesinger library at the radcliffe institute for advanced study. The french revolution had a major impact on europe and the new world, decisively changing the course of human history it brought an end to feudalism and made a path for future advances in broadly defined individual freedoms. The october crisis of 1970 again was the cause of major tensions and violence between french and english canadians leading up to the october crisis was the quiet revolution (1960) in quebec it had a profound effect on quebec and helped to create provincial funded education, healthcare, and a pension plan. The french revolution essay archie september 16, 2016 j h clapham, are available now on french revolution violence during the french revolution to a leader how to write a long struggle on food more than 30, the people' and unfair rule.
Together these essays and the introductory essay by robert forster bring into clear relief the ambivalent relationship between paris and the provinces and offer a fresh approach that emphasizes the extent to which provincial history supplies the key to understanding the dynamic of the french revolution. The ideals commonly associated with the french revolution of 1789-1794 are “liberty, equality and fraternity” articles like the cahiers and the “declaration of the rights of man and the citizen” published early in the revolution were inspired by the enlightenment and growing dislike of the ancien regime and the king’s oppression. French revolution, major transformation of the society and political system of france, lasting from 1789 to 1799 during the course of the revolution, france was temporarily transformed from an absolute monarchy, where the king monopolized power, to a republic of theoretically free and equal citizens. The french have done a superb job of instilling all of us with the concept that their revolution was a fight for liberty, justice and the good of all frenchmen everywhere their glorification of the bastille with its depictions in painting and sculpture and how the revolution was the beginning of a new age pales to some of the events during.
The french revolution (1789 – 99), whose religious history alone is here recounted, was not merely a violent and decisive overthrow of the political and social structures of the french kingdom it was also a spiritual and religious drama after demolishing the traditional ecclesiastical structure of one of the oldest catholic countries of. The french revolution marks a stain in history, notorious for one of the bloodiest periods in modern civilization whether this infamous violence existed at the birth of the revolution or only during the terror has been the topic of. French revolution violence when historians and others engage in discussion of the french revolution, they often begin with discussions about why the french people became unhappy and turned towards popular violence as an effective means of dismantling the ancient regime.
The french revolution starts with the first phase from 1789 to 1792 in this phase, the estates general meeting rose this was the first meeting since 1614 and included many delegates from each of the three estates. History essays history is a wide ranging subject and our history essay examples will help inspire your studies our essays and dissertations cover popular history topics including the arts, past and present, the hundred years’ war, civil war in seventeenth century britain, the development of nation states after the french revolution, european imperialism in africa, conflict and change in. In explicating the relationship among reign of terror, violence, and the revolution, it could be stated that the chain started with the aberration of the revolution in which it drifted away from the right track.
Home article grade 10 -topic 3 - the french revolution topic 3: the french revolution how did the french revolution lay the foundations for modern democracies. Essays on the french revolution item preview remove-circle graphic violence graphic sexual content spam, scam or fraud topics essays on the french revolution, history collection opensource language english essays on the french revolution,history identifier essaysonthefrenchrevolution identifier-ark ark:/13960/t7rn7059b. More history term papers essays: french revolution essay outline and lack of a period of terror, disprove crane brinton's theory about phases/stages of revolution i non-violence a brazil did not have any real war or conflict this is a direct translation of the motto of the french republic that was first coined during the french. French revolution, cause and effect 1789 the pivotal event of european history in the eighteenth century was the french revolution from its outbreak in 1789, the revolution touched and transformed social values and political systems in france, in europe, and eventually throughout the world.
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WHAT IS FINANCIAL LITERACY?
Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to manage financial resources effectively for a lifetime of financial well-being.
The purpose of the Financial Literacy Program at California University of Pennsylvania is to provide both students and their parents with the information, tools, skills and knowledge they need to make good general and education-related financial decisions.
The information below was created to help educate our students and their families so that they can make informed financial decisions that will allow them to reach their personal and education financial goals.
Personal Financing Basics
- Credit Cards
- Credit Reports and Scores
- Debt Management
- Identity Theft
- Scholarship Scams (How to Avoid)
Check out Cash Course: http://www.cashcourse.org/.
CashCourse is a valuable resource for those seeking assistance with important money matters. It contains helpful information and practical tips for managing personal finances and is available for use by both alumni and current undergraduates.
California University of Pennsylvania's First Year Seminar courses incorporate and utilize the Cash Course eLearning Courses as extra credit opportunities. Contact your First Year Seminar professor for more information.
National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE) ®
Cal U has partnered with The National Endowment for Financial Education® (NEFE ®), an organization that provides money management and basic personal finance resources for college students.
Financial literacy is an essential life skill for the 21st century. It is especially important for today's college students, who will have more financial choices and opportunities than any generation before. NEFE is seeking to aid students with this challenge by creating a website for college students and recent graduates that contains comprehensive, non-commercial information to help them make informed financial decisions.
For more information or to provide feedback, please contact us by e-mail at [email protected].
- http://nslds.ed.gov/ - This federal government website that allows students to view a summary of all of their federal student loans and federal grants. -This summary is labeled as “Financial Aid Review.”
- http://www.annualcreditreport.com - This secure website allows you to pull credit reports from all three credit reporting bureaus annually for free.
- www.mint.com - Mint pulls all of your financial accounts into one place. Set a budget, track your goals and do more with your money, for free.
- www.smarterbucks.com – Smarterbucks is reward program that can help you pay down your student loans by making everyday purchases. It even allows friends and family to participate and help.
- http://www.mappingyourfuture.org/ - This site is a free resource for career, college, financial aid, and money management information.
- http://www.360financialliteracy.org/ - 360financialliteracy.org is a free program endorsed by the nation’s certified public accountants to help Americans understand their personal finances.
- http://www.MyMoney.gov - MyMoney.gov is a federal government website dedicated to teaching all Americans the basics about financial education.
- http://www.americasaves.org/ - AmericaSaves is a national campaign involving more than 1,000 non-profit, government, and corporate groups that encourages individuals and families to save money and build their personal wealth.
- http://www.mybanktracker.com/ - This site is an online resource that helps consumers make smart banking and money decisions.
- http://www.youcandealwithit.com/ - Provides practical and easy-to-understand advice on how to deal with common financial situations facing college students and recent graduates.
- How Much Would My Loan Payments Be?
- How Long until My Loan is Paid Off?
- What's the Impact of Making Extra Payments on a Loan?
- Loan Consolidation Payments/Interest Estimator
- Loan Repayment Calculator
- Loan Discount Calculator
- Cost of Interest Calculator
- Student Loan Interest Savings Calculator
- How Much You Can Afford to Borrow in Student Loans Based on Expected Salary
- Estimate Your Student Loan Repayment
- Expected Family Contribution (EFC)
- Estimated Financial Aid Calculator
- Credit Card Debt - How Long it Will Take to Become Debt Free
- Estimate your Current Credit Score
- How Much Am I Spending?
- Make an Online Budget/Personalized Spending Plan
- Should I Live at Home, On-Campus, or Off-Campus?
- Should I Rent or Buy a Home?
- Becoming a Millionaire
- When Should I Start Saving for Retirement?
- Salary vs Debt Calculator
- 5 Things to Know before Taking out a Student Loan (WSJ)
- Savings Tips for New College Grads (Forbes)
- Monthly Guide to Maximizing Your Money (TODAY)
- Six College Money Myths (FOX Business)
- More College Students Defaulting on Student Loans (USA Today)
- How I Paid Off $90,000 in Debt in Three Years (Forbes)
- Student Debt is the Chief Concern of College Applicants (Huffington Post)
- The Hidden Truths of Student Loans
- Three Things to do During Your Grace Period
- Wanna Move to Niagara Falls? Student Loan Debt Gets a Daring New Fix
- Better Business Bureau Warns of Scholarship Scams
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Coal is gasified by a gasifier to produce coal gas, whose main constituents are carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). The coal gas has its heat recovered in a syngas cooler and its impurities and sulfur content removed by a gas clean-up unit. The gas is then burned by gas turbine combustors, to drive a gas turbine. The gas turbine’s combustion exhaust gas is released through a stack after having its heat recovered by a heat recovery steam generator. Meanwhile, steam produced with the heat recovered by the syngas cooler and the heat recovery steam generator is used to drive a steam turbine. Carrying out such combined power generation using both a gas turbine and a steam turbine enables higher generation efficiency to be achieved than with the conventional pulverized coal thermal power generation.
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When we hear about stones in the body, the first and perhaps the only thing that comes to our mind is kidney stones. But do you know there are other organs in the body that are equally vulnerable to stone formation?
The gall bladder or the cholecyst is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that stores bile before it is emptied into the small intestine. It collects bile from the liver through the common hepatic duct and conveys it to the duodenum, the first portion of the small intestine. From there, the bile helps to digest the fats. The calculus or stone formed inside the gall bladder as a result of crystal deposition is termed cholelithiasis (gallstones). Sometimes, a few stones can voyage from the gall bladder and block the bile duct- the condition is called choledocholithiasis.
Cholelithiasis is a common problem around the world, especially in developed and developing countries. In India, about 4% of the population is said to be affected by gallstones. Women are more likely to be affected than men. The incidence is found to be more around the age of 40.
The dimensions of the gallstone may vary and range from the size of a sand grain to that of a golf ball. Another factor that determines the formation of gallstones is the rate of contraction of the gall bladder- insufficient contractions may lead to the concentration of bile inside the same and lead to stone formation. Also, the composition of the stone is affected by various factors such as diet and age. A high-carbohydrate, low-fluid diet can cause stone formation.
Based on the composition, gallstones can be roughly divided into three-
In about 80% of patients, the gallstones tend to be asymptomatic.
Some common signs and symptoms are-
Rarely, gallstones can penetrate the gall bladder and reach the small intestine through fistulous connections and obstruct the pathway. This condition is named gallstone ileus.
The inflammation can trigger pus formation and affect the bile ducts and liver. Pancreatitis and gallbladder cancer are some of the other rare complications.
Gallbladder stones are often diagnosed by an abdominal ultrasound scanning.
According to classic Ayurveda treatises, cholelithiasis can be correlated to Pittashmari. Ashmari (means stone or calculus) of pittashaya (corresponds to the gall bladder) is called pittashmari. The habitual intake of katu (very pungent), amla (highly acidic), lavana (extremely salty), guru (heavy) foods, fatty foods like mamsa (meat), ghrita (ghee), upavasa (starvation), avyayama (no exercise), divaswapna (day sleep), etc are some of the causative factors for pittashmari. Depending on the color and consistency, the ashmari are of three types, vata, pitta, and kapha. Kaphaja ashmari could be correlated to cholesterol stones, based on its yellowish-white, smooth appearance. Pittaja ashmari could be the pigmented type, as it is yellowish-red/brown and round. Vataja ashmari can be corresponded to the mixed type, considering its black color and irregular shape. Successful management can be achieved by correcting the agni and thereby cholesterol metabolism and liver functions.
When appropriately managed, cholelithiasis is never a nightmare. Here at AyurVAID, we approach such conditions with proper Ayurvedic means and help you recover completely. AyurVAID is a pristine institution that bears the virtue of Ayurveda. Our doctors, skilled and proficient in their field, are here to help you by providing comfort and reassurance. In-depth assessment of the condition, precise diagnosis, thorough samprapti vighatana (breaking the disease pathway), properly planned prakriti-oriented treatment, quality procedures, safe and hygienic environment, etc are our peculiarities. We offer you complete care for the conditions that ail you.
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Stroll along any countryside lane in the autumn and you will discover the hedgerows are full of wild apple trees – the progeny of discarded apple cores or an apple pip dispersed by an animal or bird. Known as wildings, they can also be evidence of a ‘lost’ orchard where a lone apple tree has survived and been incorporated into the hedgerow. Variable in size, texture and colour these accidental apple trees are often mistaken for crab apples, the original wild form of the tree.
Wildings are nature’s wildcard. Their taste is unpredictable – sometimes sweet and delicious, but all too frequently they have a mouth-puckering tartness. Apples do not breed true from seed and rarely resemble the parent plant. Pollination produces these unpredictable results. To make fruit, most apple trees must be fertilised with the pollen of a different variety of apple. The seeds of the fruit will be a cross of the two varieties, so every pip effectively produces a new cultivar.
Some of the best cider apples, including the Redstreak and Yarlington Mill, both favourite apples with traditional cider makers, were wildings. Even the ubiquitous Granny Smith was the result of a chance seedling discovered by Maria Ann Smith in New South Wales, Australia in 1868. Impressed by its texture and taste, ‘granny’ Smith, as she was known locally, propagated the new cultivar and sold it at a market in Sydney where it became very popular. Granny Smith apples grown today are all cuttings from that original tree in Sydney.
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Farley Mowat has sold more books than any other Canadian writer – 10 million copies in 22 languages in 50 countries. In this short film, Mowat recalls some of his experiences that have found their way into his work.
Ages 13 to 18
Study Guide - Guide 1
English Language Arts - CanLit
Geography - Territory: Regional
History - Canada 1946-1991
Indigenous Studies - Identity/Society
This film could be used as an introduction to Mowat before reading one of his books. Write a profile/biography of Mowat that adds information about him published after this documentary was released. Identify the major themes in Mowat’s work. Contrast Mowat’s depiction of Indigenous communities with that of an Indigenous writer’s work. How does Farley Mowat’s life experience (e.g., World War II) influence his writing?
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This week’s Milestone asks you to select one more popular culture artifact. Refer to your Final Project Worksheet and Final Project Overview documents from Week1. Remember that there should be no more than two artifacts from the same category with three overall.
The categories are:
- Episodic moving image (TV shows—may be broadcast or streamed)
- Music videos
- Animation (general animation/cartoons such as Disney or Warner Brothers or genre-specific animation such as Japanese anime)
- Printed material (books, magazines, manga, comic books, or graphic novels)
- Choose a new popular culture artifact, your third, to include in your Final Project analysis. This element should be current (within the last 5 years) and relate to the issue you have chosen. Chosen issue is Violence
- Consider how this new popular culture artifact defines or disrupts “normal.”
Submit a 700- to 800-word essay that analyzes how your chosen artifact of popular culture relates to society’s values. Explain how this new popular culture artifact defines or disrupts “normal.” Evaluate whether this artifact of popular culture has changed society’s values. Be sure to include:
- At least one reference to a news site.
- At least two other academically relevant sources. The Course Readings List, found in the Syllabus of the course navigation menu, will be helpful, as will the required and optional resources listed here. Be sure to refer to the student-contributed resources in Doc Sharing.
The following websites may be helpful throughout this course by demonstrating ways of analyzing pop culture texts as artifacts.
TED2010. (2010, March 17). Jane McGonigal: Gaming can make a better world [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/jane_mcgonigal_gaming_can_make_a_better_world
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 20 minutes.
This talk presents compelling evidence on how popular culture in the form of gaming could be harnessed to solve real world problems.
Guins, R. (Ed.). (2014). Themed issue: Marshall McLuhan’s
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man @ 50.
Journal of Visual Culture,
PLEASE PROVIDE THOROUGH DETAILED WORK FOLLWOING THE INSTRUCTIONS PROVIDED ABOVE. ALL THE PREVIOUS WEEKS WORK IS ATTACHED BELOW. THE CHOSEN ISSUE IS VIOLENCE. ANIMATION AND FILM ARE THE TWO ARTIFACTS ALREADY UTILIZED. A DIFFERENT ONE WILL BE NEEDED FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT. PLEASE REFER TO THE SOURCES PROVIDED AND THE WORK ATTACHED. THANK YOU.
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Green Shipping January 2021
A giant sail for a ship
Could a unique car carrier, with a hull designed to harness wind power, be the future of deep-sea transportation?
Several existing wind-powered technologies are installed during retrofi ts, but one ongoing Norwegian project envisions a hull purpose-built to harness this renewable energy source
Vindskip is a 199m-long, 6,600-capacity wind and LNG-powered car carrier design by Lade AS, which aims to off er the industry’s lowest emissions in the deep-sea car carrier market. To achieve this, the company has developed Vindskip’s three-part dynamic system; its patented Wind Propulsion System, a Cruise and Propulsion Power system and fi nally, its Weather Routing Module
Terje Lade, designer of Vindskip, tells Th e Naval Architect that he originally found inspiration for the project when designing for an entirely different sector: “While working with speed sailing boats, a sort of ‘greed for speed’ turned into a concern for the environment, and I started thinking ‘how can I use this knowledge to design a ship that doesn’t run on HFO, and that was the basis of Vindskip.”
How does it work?
Vindskip has been compared to a giant sail as its hull is shaped like an ‘airfoil’; the cross-sectional shape of a wing, blade or sail that, due to airfl ow along its form, generates pull and drag when travelling through air or fl uid. In Vindskip’s Wind Propulsion System, different levels of pressure are created as Apparent Wind, the wind measured onboard a ship in motion, fl ows over its hull, generating a positive pull in the vessel’s direction as a function of the Apparent Wind Angle of Attack.
Th e Angle of Attack is defi ned as the angle between the ship’s chord line (the central line running longitudinally along the hull) and the Apparent Wind, and Vindskip can achieve some level of pull (negative force coefficient) between the Angle of Attack values of 18-180 degrees (see Figure 1). Th is allows it to operate well in conditions seen during deep-sea voyages, as Lade explains: “Th ere are some small optimums along the yaw angle (Angle of Attack) line, and the best is about 80-85 degrees, but it operates very well from 40 up to 90 degrees, and that is actually the range you are operating within when you are out on the sea.”
Sails are traditionally asymmetrical airfoils, but Vindskip’s hull is a symmetrical airfoil, allowing it to harness Apparent Wind from both starboard and portside. Lade stresses that the vessel’s ability to function between 18-180 from either side of the ship is what separates it from its sail-based predecessors: “It has to function under all conditions, because if you are carrying valuable goods then you have to have a high regularity. It cannot operate as a sail ship, as you would have to chase the wind and the regularity would be very poor.”
Below 18 degrees Angle of Attack Vindskip does not generate pull but its drag is marginal, Lade points out, adding that even at zero angle of attack (also known as headwind) the ship will still experience very low drag, giving it the upper hand over regular car carriers and even the cargo it may carry. “In fact, it’s so low it’s about a 0.15 drag coeffi cient, if you compare this with a car, like Tesla for instance, which has the lowest drag coeffi cient in the current market of 0.24. While for an ordinary ship this is much higher, around 0.6, and the curve displayed on Vindskip’s graph (Figure 1) doesn’t even go that high,” he comments.
A well-balanced ship
One of Vindskip’s major advantages over standard car carriers is a projected 75% drag reduction and, in turn, an estimated 60% reduction in fuel. While there’s no doubt that the drag abatement accomplished by Vindskip’s Wind Propulsion System contributes to these figures, Lade also highlights the importance of the ship’s hydrostatic underwater hull design:
“Th e underwater hulls of ordinary ships have flat bottoms. That means they are moving along their route like a snake on the water, and they have to use the rudder to align for this movement. By doing so, they are breaking and slowing down the ship – it’s like driving your car with the handbrake on and that will cost you a lot of fuel. Whereas Vindskip can operate in the Atlantic with a rudder angle of 0-2%.”
Lade says this narrow rudder range is possible because of the ship’s balance due to its underwater hull; it’s designed with a trimmer that provides stability in place of a traditional heavy keel used for counterbalance on sailboats. As a result, Vindskip requires only 400tonnes of ballast water to transport its 6,600 RT43 cars, in contrast to the 5,000tonnes required by a standard 6,000capacity car carrier. “This gives it a great advantage with respect to the resistance through the sea, which is refl ected with regard to the fuel consumption with its much lower displacement than a reference ship,” he adds.
Maintaining consistent speed
Wind conditions in the Atlantic, where Vindskip aims to travel, will vary over time, Feature 1 | WIND Could a unique car carrier, with a hull designed to harness wind power, be the future of deep-sea transportation? A giant sail for a ship Inspired by airfoil techniques harnessed by the aviation and sailboat industries, Vindskip’s wind-powered propulsion enables a 63% reduction in CO2 Green Shipping January 2021 3 Feature 1 thus if the ship operated on wind-powered propulsion alone it would be unable to sustain the 14knot service speed required to complete nine transatlantic trips annually, a number stipulated by Vindskip’s client, an unnamed European car manufacturer.
An LNG-powered propulsion system provides the secondary power necessary for the vessel to maintain constant speed throughout a voyage, automatically adjusted with cruise control. Devised by Brunvoll Volda, Stadt and Høglund Marine, the system is capable of running on three diff erent modes that cover a range of power outputs (see Table 1) and allows for the mixing of LNG and Liquifi ed Biogas (LBG), Liquefi ed Bio Methane (LBM) or Liquefi ed Synthetic Methane (LSM). This enables Vindskip freedom to bunker according to fuel availability and, according to the company, sets out a pathway for the ship to potentially reach close to zero emissions with the introduction of LBM or LSM in the future. But the all-important question remains, how much CO2 can Vindskip currently save while travelling in Atlantic waters?
In 2019, Vindskip’s Weather Routing Module (WRM) was used alongside historical weather to simulate a year’s worth of voyages. Designed by the German research institute Fraunhofer Center for Maritime Logistics and Services, Vindskip’s WRM will be utilised onboard the vessel when in-service to calculate its optimum route. It takes into account the ship’s aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, fuel consumption, hull and rudder characteristics as well as weather forecast data
Along the WRM’s optimised route lies a series of checkpoints, known as waypoints, which monitor the ship’s progress throughout the voyage via a digital Speed Pilot and Track Pilot, as Lade explains: “Th e Track Pilot knows the route and when Vindskip is entering a waypoint the pilot will know what course it’s on and adjust accordingly, the Speed Pilot knows the time it should be at the waypoint and will adjust the speed to reach the next waypoint in the right time.”
Speed is then altered by changing the propeller pitch and revolution, followed by starting up an engine if more power is needed: “Th is is all done automatically, and this means that Vindskip can follow a route autonomously. You don’t need people on the bridge, other than when entering or exiting a harbour,” Lade adds.
Autonomously, in this case, falls into level one of the International Maritime Organization’s degrees of autonomy, whereby a vessel has automated processes and decision support, but seafarers are onboard to operate and control shipboard systems and functions. “Onboard (Vindskip) there will be an ordinary number of crew due to the value of the cargo. It’s so high that nobody would accept that the ship was sailing without them,” Lade comments.
Results and regularity
Nine transatlantic round trips, between Emden – Jacksonville – Vera Cruz – Emden – were simulated by the WRM and it was found that, compared to a reference 6,600capacity car carrier, black carbon and SOx (0.5% m/m sulphur) were reduced by 100%, NOx reduction by 96% and CO2 by 63%. But Lade comments that these calculations were made using wind and LNG-powered propulsion, which he says provides scope for further reductions in the future: “Th e Vindskip propulsion system is designed in a way that you can mix LNG with biogas, and although our calculations are based on LNG and wind, if you mix in biogas you will, of course, improve the situation with regard to the CO2 emissions.”
Any wind-based propulsion throws regularity into question but Lade highlights that the WRM’s simulations also found marginal differences in voyage duration and fuel consumption: “During these nine voyages, the duration for one round trip varied by three hours. Th e maximum voyage duration in hours was 771, and the lowest was 768.”
“Th ere was an average fuel consumption of 15.1tonne of LNG. And the average fuel consumption from trip-to-trip varied with 1.5tonnes a day, and I think this is all quite amazing considering the weather, waves and wind in the Atlantic.”
The next step
Vindskip has continued to gain ground since the project’s launch in 2010 and the company hopes to sign a newbuilding contract at the end of 2021 and has begun discussions with four Chinese shipbuilders that remain anonymous. With that, Vindskip could hit the waves not too far in the distant future: “To build a ship like Vindskip it takes around 30 months, so if you say nearly three years of construction time and if we start building at the beginning of 2022, we’re looking at (completion) by 2025,” Lade concludes. NA
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Eventually the keyboard of a smartphone is able to complete a sentence that we started. Who ever, when starting a browser search, saw the software indicate exactly what they were looking for? This is the concept behind Machine Learning, a branch of artificial intelligence that aims to make systems learn to behave more intelligently based on a large amount of data.
While the idea of AI is to make machines in a certain way “think” like humans, Machine Learning automates processes, creating shortcuts and seeking to predict actions according to user behavior or by analyzing information from a multitude of sources.
How does Machine Learning really work?
As a system that behaves by analyzing data, Machine Learning uses the user’s information to create a line of learning according to the registered behavior. So you may ask yourself, “when did I pass information about my behavior to the machine?”. The answer is: every time you surf the internet, use online services or use a connected device.
Companies like Google, Microsoft and Amazon are responsible for much of the data traffic from various services, such as search engines, e-mail services and e-commerce. These companies have huge computational centers (Big Datas) and receive information about what people are looking for, talking about or even wanting to buy. This happens through algorithms that are able to analyze data from different sources, such as social networks, research histories and the like, and the machine can “understand” the user’s behavior and create different profiles according to location, age group and common interests.
Machine Learning is not simply automation, but understanding routines to establish a working pattern, for example: in a smart home, the owner leaves in the morning and always comes back around 6 pm; when you get home, the lights are turned on automatically and the coffee maker is turned on to make an afternoon coffee. What if the person arrives early so that they don’t have to turn on the lights? And on a hot day, would it not be more interesting to have a drink or water instead of a coffee? This is exactly where Machine Learning can make a difference.
Analyzing the user’s behavior, a machine-learning system is able to only activate the house lights if necessary and can use the room temperature to consider whether it is more interesting to start the coffee maker or send a message to the owner recommending drinking more water in days with low humidity. All of this can be based on searches performed on the smartphone, trends in social networks and mainly cross-data.
Where is Machine Learning already present?
In addition to browsers that indicate the best results according to navigation, Machine Learning is used in services such as streaming platforms that indicate content related to what you have recently watched, mobility apps that show the best path according to traffic flow and, of course, operating systems that are capable of creating assistants that behave more and more like real virtual secretaries.
Machine Learning is also very widespread in IT security systems and has more and more solutions that benefit from technological advances to implement machine learning in new areas, such as meteorology and medicine.
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The British Journal of Cancer published research conducted by Israeli and Chinese students that found a bad breath detector has a 90 percent accuracy rate in distinguishing stomach cancer with other common stomach issues in 130 patients. This new breath test is very promising because stomach cancer is difficult to detect, and oftentimes it is too late to control the cancer when doctors determine that a patient is suffering from it. According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate of stomach cancer is only about 38 percent because of this.
This detector tests bad breath caused by cancerous growths that release volatile organic compounds. It uses a nanomaterial sensor that analyzes the chemicals that are released through the mouth to determine if the bad breath is a sign of the development of stomach cancer. This new method would be much less invasive and simpler than an endoscopy, which is the current and most common method to detect stomach cancer. An endoscopy requires a long, flexible tube with a small camera to be extended down the throat and into the digestive system. But the new detector could be used during a routine checkup by any general practitioner.
“The promising findings from this early study suggest that using a breath test to diagnose stomach cancers, as well as more benign complaints, could be a future alternative to endoscopies – which can be costly and time-consuming, as well as unpleasant to the patient,” Dr. Hossam Haick of Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and the leader of the team that developed the bad breath detector said.
The breath detector test has a distinct chemical pattern that is fine enough to cancel out any bad breath from food, alcohol or tobacco. It can also determine the stage of cancer. Detecting between early- and late-stage stomach cancer could make a huge difference in terms of treatment, and could allow doctors to be able to treat it effectively. Only one in five patients are able to receive surgery for stomach cancer because the majority of sufferers find out too late that they have cancer.
In the study, of the 130 patients complaining of stomach issues, 37 had stomach cancer, 32 had stomach ulcers and 61 had other ailments. Now, clinical researchers will plan to do extensive research on a larger number of patients to validate the test.
Take preventative measures
The American Cancer Society’s estimates for stomach cancer detection and death in the United States for 2013 are 21,600 and 10,990 cases, respectively. The average age for detection is about 70, and nearly two-thirds of individuals who are diagnosed with stomach cancer are over the age of 65. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with the disease than women, but the overall risk is 1 in 116.
There are many different risk factors for stomach cancer, some of which are predetermined by genetics, ethnicity, blood type and geography. A family history of stomach cancer is another risk factor.
However, there are some ways to decrease chances of getting stomach cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, eating a diet high in smoked meats, salted fish and meat, and pickled vegetables plays a role. Nitrates and nitrites are typically found in cured meats, and can be converted into bacteria that cause stomach cancer. However, eating fruits and vegetables lowers the risk because the antioxidants in produce can block the cancer-causing substances. Obesity and tobacco use are other common causes of stomach cancer.
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Medieval europe and the byzantine empire in contrast to western europe comparison of uthman and al-mutawakkil. Western civilization q1 compare and contrast the eastern and western halves of the roman empire and examine the development of the unique byzantine culture. Thus, the byzantine empire carried on the roman rome became the headquarters of byzantine power in western europe byzantine empire compare and contrast. Western europe and the byzantine empire had very different government structures the byzantine empire was ruled by an emperor and instead of direct rule, used civil service to effectively.
Compare and contrast essay the western half of the empire formed the byzantine empire because the byzantine empire came from the fall of the roman empire. The term late antiquity is used to emphasize elements of continuity with the roman empire, while early middle ages byzantine empire western europe remained. New empires and common cultures in contrast, islam was a religion the papacy rose because the catholic church and western europe united to support a single. Comparing and contrasting the byzantine empire and europe the byzantine empire and western europe originally western europe and the byzantine empire had very. Eastern europe: the byzantine empire christianity in the byzantine empire and in western europe the schism between the byzantine and western european.
The similarities between: the byzantine empire and is to compare and contrast art in brought out the western (old) romans in western europe and. Chapter 14 civilization in eastern europe: cultures of western europe the byzantine empire was a europe 2 compare and contrast the impact of. The byzantine empire and islam byzantine empire the central asian nomads that challenged the western roman empire also offered a constant threat.
' and find homework help for other roman empire questions at enotes the title byzantine empire to the remaining of the western roman empire. Start studying chapter 10 whap learn of the byzantine empire and western europe differ during the in the postclassical era compare with that of. Transcript of history ppt economics western europe byzantine empire venetians introduced the ducat as currency in europe compare and contrast the economic.
Blog history compare and contrast the eastern and western byzantine empire from the western roman empire had few ties with western europe. Byzantine empire vs medieval western europe byzantine empire when empire was attacked compare and contrast the political economic developments in russia and. Comparison between early christian and byzantine architecture early christian vs byzantine architecture early christian byzantine where in europe: west east. Byzantine empire the empire of new rome the byzantine empire was the successor of the roman empire in the east while the western western europe compare and.
Compare and contrast byzantine empire and western europe the byzantine empire and western europe the byzantine empire and western europe originally were part of the roman empire, but by the. The byzantine empire the similarities between: the byzantine empire they were the ottoman empire and early modern europe if you compare and contrast.
Byzantium vs western europe -introduction of new diseases would have pushed the byzantine empire to work harder to enhance their technology and knowledge in. This is the post-classical era including the byzantine empire and the chinese dynasties — sui (one of europe's most powerful people in the next era. Ch 9 civilization in eastern europe: byzantium and orthodox europe the byzantine empire's political system europe suffer in comparison to western europe. Civilization in eastern europe: cultures of western europe the byzantine empire was a political europe 2 compare and contrast the impact of.
History other essays: comparing and contrasting the byzantine empire and western europe. Essay #4 - compare and contrast the islamic and byzantine worlds between about 600 and 1500 ad after the fall of the western roman empire, power was relinquished to many different. Similarities and difference of japan and women in western europe and japan compare and contrast the byzantine empire and western europe the. What are some similarities and differences between the byzantine empire (eastern roman) and medieval western europe in the areas of: political aspects, - 22259.
All Rights Saved.
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A recent discovery has brought attention to the Cusco region. A team of specialists from the National Institute of Research in Glaciers and Mountain Ecosystems (Inaigem) has found a total of 147 mountain species living in the Piuray micro-basin. This important discovery has been incorporated into the Bird Guide of the Piuray micro-basin, which includes detailed information about the physiological characteristics, distribution, habitats, reproduction, and feeding of these species, along with high-quality images and photos.
The researchers also recorded data on the changes in these animal species throughout the year and the sounds that allow certain behaviors to be identified. Some of the species identified include the American owl, huallata goose, giant coot, and Tyrian hummingbird.
According to Víctor Bustinza, head of the Inaigem regional headquarters in Cusco, this research has allowed them to recognize the richness and variety of all the endemic birds present in the ecosystem, as well as other migratory and threatened species. The study team, consisting of 3 specialists from Inaigem and 18 volunteers from the Ornithology Research Circle of Cusco, spent about a year collecting data and abundance through monthly censuses, day and night tours, and other systematized actions.
The research focused on the Piuray micro-basin because it is one of the main mountain territories that provide water resources to the city of Cusco, with more than 32% of the inhabitants consuming the waters of the Piuray lagoon. Therefore, its conservation is necessary.
Piuray Lagoon, surrounded by the imposing Andes mountains, spans approximately 1.5 square kilometers and offers a peaceful refuge for those looking to escape urban life. It is also an important habitat for various species of waterfowl and fish, making it a popular destination for bird watchers and fishing lovers. The lagoon’s waters are also ideal for water sports such as kayaking and paddleboarding, attracting adventurers in search of thrills.
For local communities, the Piuray lagoon is a sacred site of great spiritual and cultural importance, reflecting the harmony between nature and humans and the importance of preserving and respecting the natural environment.
Image Source: www.infobae.com
Travel, Environment, Science
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The Second World War
1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945
World War II began on September 1, 1939 when Germany attacked Poland without a formal declaration of war.
In support of their mutual defence treaty obligations with Poland, France and Great Britain issued ultimatums to Hitler for the immediate withdrawal of German forces from Poland. When the deadlines expired, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 2, 1939.
Germany had Italy and Japan on its side, and were known as the Axis powers
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Homonyms are words that are both spelled and pronounced the same, but have
different meanings. However, some authors use the term more broadly, to refer ...
A homograph is a word that has the same spelling as another word but has a
different sound and a different meaning: lead (to go in front of)/lead (a metal).
Homonyms, or multiple meaning words, are words that share the same spelling
and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. For example, bear.
The problem with homonyms is that they sound the same and often, not
necessarily, have the same spelling but with a different meaning. Full Member
We are going to have a look at the words in English that have the same spelling,
but different meanings. Sometimes even the sound can change, as for example:.
©2016 abcteach.com. WORD LIST: HOMONYMS. Words that sound the same but
are spelled differently and have different meanings. ad/add affect/effect ail/ale.
Oct 1, 2009 ... Today we're looking at homophones - words that have the same spellinds,but
different meanings. Take a look at the seven sentences and ...
Same word - different meaning. There are many similarities between Europe's
languages with words in one language used with the same or similar spelling
Jun 1, 1996 ... Homonyms are words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have
different meanings. There is overlap among these categories.
www.ask.com/youtube?q=Same Word Different Meaning&v=KJfFIYZYLMY
May 28, 2014 ... ... Heteronyms (Words with the Same Spelling but Different Meanings) ... is
written identically but has a different pronunciation and meaning.
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Today we are going to work with a new THINKING ROUTINE. It is called THE MISTERY QUESTION. You have to think on what we learnt the last lesson: THE PREHISTORY. Once you have in mind you have to create a question that maybe one of your partners could not understand. The teacher will try to answer and explain better that points.
Once we have solved all the questions and everything is clear we are going to watch a video to learn a bit mor about PRE-ROMAN TIMES. Pay attention because at the end of the video you have to answer the following questions:
- Where is the place the video is talking about?
- What was the main crop iberians had?
The peninsula was inhabited by Iberians and Celtic tribes.
Then Phoenicians, Greeks and Cartigians came through Mediterranian Seas.
THE IBERIANS AND THE CELTS
Iberians lived in the east and south.
They lived in walled settelments and rectangular houses, they are divided into tribes.
They were herders, farmers, traders and craftsmen.
Celts lived in the centre and the north.
They lived in walled settements with round houses, they are divided into tribes.
They were herders, farmers and expert metalworkers.
Phoenicians came from Asia, and settled on the southern coast.
Cadiz and Almunecar.
Greeks came from Greece, settled in the Mediterranean coast.
Denia and Ampuria.
Carthaginians came form North Africa, settled in the Mediterranean coast.
LET'S PLAY AND CONTINUE LEARNING:
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Man-made molecules called chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) are broken apart in the stratosphere by high energy light, and the reactive chlorine gases that come from them cause the ozone hole. Since the ozone layer stops high energy light from reaching low altitudes, CFCs must be transported to high altitudes to be broken apart. The number of molecules per volume (the density) is much smaller at high altitudes than near the surface, and CFC molecules have a very small chance of reaching that altitude in any particular year. Many tons of CFCs were put into the atmosphere during the end of the last century, and it will take many years for all of them to be destroyed. Each CFC has an atmospheric lifetime that depends on the amount of energy required to break them apart. Two of the gases that were made the most are CFC13 and CF2C12. It takes more energy to break apart CF2C12 than CFC13, and its lifetime is about 100 years, nearly twice as long as the lifetime for CFC13. It is hard to figure out the lifetimes from surface measurements because we don't know exactly how much was released into the air each year. Atmospheric models are used to predict what will happen to ozone and other gases as the CFCs decrease and other gases like C02 continue to increase during the next century. CFC lifetimes are used to predict future concentrations and all assessment models use the predicted future concentrations. The models have different circulations and the amount of CFC lost according to the model may not match the loss that is expected according to the lifetime. In models the amount destroyed per year depends on how fast the model pushes air into the stratosphere and how much goes to high altitudes each year. This paper looks at the way the model circulation changes the lifetimes, and looks at measurements that tell us which model is more realistic. Some models do a good job reproducing the age-of-air, which tells us that these models are circulating the stratospheric air at the right speed. These same models also do a good job reproducing the amount of CFCs in the lower atmosphere where they were measured by instruments on NASA's ER-2, a research plane that flies in the lower stratosphere. The lifetime for CFC13 that is calculated using the models that do the best job matching the data is about 25% longer than most people thought. This paper shows that using these measurements to decide which models are more realistic helps us understand why their predictions are different from each other and also to decide which predictions are more likely.
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| GEO Health|
| Present situation of AIDS in the world|
| Updated at: 1029 PST, Monday, July 19, 2010|
BEIJING: The 18th International AIDS Conference will take place in Vienna, Austria, on July 18-23. About 25,000 delegates from around the world will discuss the current situation of AIDS as well as preventive measures to fight the pandemic.
Following is some basic knowledge on AIDS and the current situation of this disease in the world:
AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors.
HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk.
This transmission can involve sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. The average delitescence of HIV virus in the human body is 12 to 13 years.
Ever since it was first recognized in 1981 by American researchers, AIDS has become a worldwide pandemic attracting the attention of the whole world as a major public health hazard and a controversial social issue.
In June 2001, the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS issued a Declaration of Commitment on HIV and AIDS, pledging a coordinated action plan for all countries to fight the disease with the goal of starting to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015.
Statistics from the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS show that around the world, an estimated 33.4 million people now live with HIV. A further breakdown shows that 22.4 million of these people live in Sub-Saharan Africa, 4.7 million in Asia, 2.3 million in North America and Central and Western Europe, 2 million in Latin America and 1.5 million in Eastern Europe.
Moreover, an estimated 2.7 million HIV/AIDS infectors are added each year around the world, with 2 million new infectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. About 2 million people die of the disease every year, with 1.7 million from Sub-Saharan Africa.
Drug abuse has become one of the major factors fostering the spread of AIDS. Currently around the world about 3 million people consume drug by injection and in some countries, up to 40 percent injecting drug users carry HIV virus.
At present the total fund needed for preventing and treating AIDS across the world each year has increased to over $16 billion.
The number of AIDS patients receiving treatment around the world now has reached 4.7 million, 10 times as many as the 2005 figure. But as many as 11 million patients have not received due treatment.
While AIDS has so far remained incurable, it is nevertheless totally preventable. A healthy lifestyle, especially keeping away from drugs, is the most effective way to prevent this deadly disease.
“AIDS is no longer a sexy topic. White America has moved on and Black America is in denial. We’re so paralyzed by the stigma and shame that we ignore it. That’s disheartening to me,” Lewis-Thornton told the Defender.
HIV/AIDS is the number one killer of African-American women between ages 25 and 44. African Americans are three times more likely to have HIV/AIDS than any other racial group; and African-American women accounted for an estimated 69 percent of new infections for women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Quick Facts on the Step Pyramid of Djoser
- Short URL
- Step Pyramid of Djoser Step Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara
- North Saqqara, Egypt Saqqara, Upper Egypt
- Main date(s)
- c. 2630 BCE
- 29.871267° N,
- £e20; additional £e5 to use a camera and £e25 to use a video recorder.
Description of the Step Pyramid of Djoser
Djoser's pyramid was a revolutionary design. Previously, pharaohs were buried in rectangular mastabas (like that of Mereruka nearby). Imhotep created a pyramid by stacking six mastabas on top of each other. This design would later evolve into the smooth-sided pyramids seen at Giza and elsewhere.
When it was first completed and covered in smooth limestone, the Step Pyramid had a height of 62m and a base area of 140m by 118m.
Special permission is needed from the site's Antiquities Inspectorate to access the interior. The original entrance was on the north side, but this has been blocked up and visitors enter via a newer tunnel in the south face. Passageways and wooden ladders lead 28m underground to the pharaoh's burial chamber, which was plundered in antiquity.
The Step Pyramid is surrounded by a large funerary complex, which has been partially reconstructed. Among the buildings flanking the pyramid are a hypostyle hall and Great South Court. One wall has a frieze of cobras. The cobra, worshipped as a goddess in this region, was the symbol of royalty.
On the northern face of the pyramid are the remains of a small room called a Serdab. A sloping wall against the pyramid is drilled with two large holes, which allow a glimpse of the statue of Djoser inside (a replica; the original is in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Ancient Egyptians made offerings to the deified pharaoh through these holes.
Near the wall with the cobras is the Southern Tomb, whose interior is decorated with blue tiles and a relief of Djoser running the Heb-Sed race. A ritual marking the 30th year of his reign, this required him to run back and forth between thrones to represent the union of Lower and Upper Egypt.
October 27, 2011
Have you visited the Step Pyramid of Djoser, or do you have personal connections or insider knowledge? Please tell us about it below!
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Growing Concerns over Climate Change: Government Initiatives and Public Response
Climate change has become one of the most pressing issues of our time. With rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme weather events becoming more frequent, there is a growing awareness about the need for immediate action. Governments around the world have taken initiatives to address this global crisis, while the public response has also played a crucial role in driving change. In this blog post, we will explore the various government initiatives and the public response to climate change.
Governments across the globe have recognized the urgency of combating climate change and have implemented a range of initiatives to mitigate its effects. One of the most significant milestones in this regard is the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 by nearly all countries. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It also seeks to enhance countries’ ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and provide funding to support adaptation and mitigation efforts in developing nations.
Additionally, many governments have adopted renewable energy targets as part of their climate change mitigation strategies. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower have gained significant traction, with several countries aiming to achieve a majority of their energy from renewable sources in the near future. Governments are also incentivizing the adoption of electric vehicles, offering subsidies and tax breaks to promote the transition from fossil fuel-powered vehicles.
Furthermore, regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have been put in place in many countries. Carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems, have been implemented to encourage businesses and industries to reduce their emissions. Governments are also investing in research and development of clean technologies, such as carbon capture and storage, to further reduce emissions.
The public response to climate change has been remarkable, with growing awareness and activism pushing governments to take bolder actions. The youth-led climate strikes and movements such as Fridays for Future, initiated by Swedish activist Greta Thunberg, have gained significant attention and have mobilized millions of people worldwide. The protests demand immediate and substantial actions from governments to address the climate crisis.
Moreover, consumers are increasingly making conscious choices to reduce their carbon footprint. The demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products has surged, leading companies to incorporate greener practices and develop sustainable alternatives. People are also adopting a more sustainable lifestyle, embracing concepts like zero waste, eco-friendly transportation, and plant-based diets to reduce their environmental impact.
Furthermore, businesses have also responded to the public’s growing concerns about climate change. Many companies are committing to ambitious sustainability goals, such as achieving net-zero emissions or using 100% renewable energy. Investors, too, have started prioritizing climate-related risks and opportunities, pressuring companies to disclose and address their environmental impact.
In addition to individual and corporate actions, cities and subnational governments are playing a crucial role in combating climate change. Many cities have set their own climate goals and implemented measures to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and promote renewable energy. Through local initiatives, cities are setting an example for national governments and inspiring other municipalities to take similar actions.
Climate change is a global challenge that requires collective efforts from governments, businesses, and individuals. Governments play a crucial role in implementing policies, regulations, and international agreements to combat climate change. However, it is the public response and awareness that act as a catalyst for change. The rising concerns and demands of individuals, young activists, businesses, and cities have pushed governments to prioritize climate action and accelerate their efforts. Ultimately, only by working together can we effectively address climate change and ensure a sustainable future for all.
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How do you critically evaluate a research article?
How to critically evaluate the quality of a research article?Research question. The research must be clear in informing the reader of its aims. Sample. To provide trustworthy conclusions, a sample needs to be representative and adequate. Control of confounding variables. Research designs. Criteria and criteria measures. Data analysis. Discussion and conclusions. Ethics.
How do you write an article evaluation?
Here is how to write a review paper:Step 1: Write the Title. First of all, you need to write a title that reflects the main focus of your work. Step 2: Cite the Article. Step 3: Article Identification. Step 4: Introduction. Step 5: Summarize the Article. Step 6: Critique It. Step 7: Craft a Conclusion.
What is the importance of evaluating a research paper?
Importance of Evaluating Sources Evaluating the authority, usefulness, and reliability of resources is a crucial step in developing a literature review that effectively covers pertinent research as well as demonstrating to the reader that you know what you’re talking about.
What factors should be considered when evaluating research?
Common evaluation criteria include: purpose and intended audience, authority and credibility, accuracy and reliability, currency and timeliness, and objectivity or bias.
Why is it important to evaluate information sources?
Evaluating information sources is a important part of the research process. Not all information is reliable or true, nor will all information be suitable for your paper or project. Print and Internet sources vary widely in their authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, and coverage.
How do you evaluate health information?
How can you verify the accuracy of information you receive via email? Carefully evaluate any email messages you receive that provide health-related information. Consider the message’s origin and purpose. Some companies or organizations use email to advertise products or attract people to their websites.
What three criteria can help evaluate health information?
There are six broad criteria for evaluation of health information you find on the web. They are: Credibility, Content, Disclosure, Links, Design and Interactivity. Each of the criteria is described in more depth in the boxes below.
What are two factors that can be used to evaluate health?
Life expectancy and Quality of life are used to evaluate overall health because Life expectancy and quality of life talks about the number of a human can be expected to live or is a degree of overall satisfaction that a person gets from life.
What are 3 ways to evaluate a risk factor?
There are three ways you can evaluate a risk factor. Consider both short- and long-term consequences. Decide whether you can control the risk factor. Analyze the possible benefits and risks of a decision.
What are the 3 areas of health?
There are 3 major areas of the health triangle: physical, mental and social.
What are six factors that can influence a person’s health?
There are many different factors that can affect your health. These include things like housing, financial security, community safety, employment, education and the environment. These are known as the wider determinants of health.
What are the 5 influences of health?
About Determinants of Health The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status are known as determinants of health.
What are 10 factors that affect health status?
Ten Factors that. Affect. Your Health Status.Heredity.Quality of the Environment.Random Events.Health Care.Behaviors You Choose.Quality of your Relationships.Decisions You Make.
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We tend to think of cacti as strictly desert plants but there are also cactus that are native to rainforest regions. Zone 7 is actually a perfect climate and temperature range for many types of cactus. The biggest problem for zone 7 cactus is usually soil type. Soil must be well draining and, in most species, slightly gritty. There are many cactus plants for zone 7 that will grow successfully and give your landscape desert-like panache.
Cold Hardy Cactus
Desert cacti experience tremendous ranges of temperature. During the day temperatures soar over 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 C.) but at night the cold can approach freezing. This makes hardy cactus plants one of the most adaptive types in the plant kingdom. Many plants in the group are not only suitable for zone 7 but will thrive in those regions.
Hardy cactus plants are found in the mountains of northern Mexico into the western United States. These plants are adapted to the high, cool temperatures of mountainous regions. They are particularly well suited to exposed sites where cold winds and dry soils are prevalent. These plants can even tolerate temperatures of 0 degrees Fahrenheit (-18 C.). There are even cacti that can survive in zone 4 or below.
Growing cactus in zone 7 outside year round is, therefore, not only possible but there are plenty of choices regarding plants. One thing to note regarding cold hardy cacti is the type of medium in which they grow. They are often squeezed in between rocks, in crevasses or on soil that is liberally peppered with small rocks and pebbles. This keeps the plant’s roots from sitting in boggy soil even where rain is prevalent.
When growing cactus in zone 7, choose your site well and ensure the soil is well draining. Most cactus require some grit in the soil, so add some coarse sand or other gritty material to a depth of at least 8 inches (20 cm.) before installing the plant. The ideal mix is ½ grit to soil.
Full sun is preferred for most cacti but some can tolerate partial sun locations. Take care not to plant in a depression where moisture can collect. Many cactus do very well in containers too. Because the root zones can be exposed in cold, windy conditions, wrap the container in winter and use a protective mulch over the top of the soil.
Types of Cactus Plants for Zone 7
Some of the most hardy cactus plants are in the genus Echinocereus. Other cold tolerant genus are Opuntia, Escorbaria, and Pediocactus. Each is suitable as a zone 7 cactus species.
- Echinocereus are commonly called hedgehog cactus and have chubby, appealing rounded bodies covered with spines and forming clumps.
- The most common Opuntia is prickly pear but several other forms are also cold tolerant such as rat tail Cholla.
- The Pediocactus are a small group of plants that are sub-alpine. They can bloom in spring but have also been seen in full flower when snow is on the ground.
- Escobaria are small clumping forms with names like pincushion cactus and spiny star. These would perform well in containers or at the edges of borders where their bright flowers can lighten the area.
- If you want maximum punch in the garden, the compass barrel cactus in the Ferocactus genus, can grow 2 to 7 feet (.6-2 m.) with a 2-foot (.6 m.) diameter.
Some other wonderful zone 7 specimens might be:
- Golden Barrel
- Tree Cholla
- Whale’s Tongue Agave
- Claret Cup Hedgehog
- Beavertail Prickly Pear
- Fendler’s Cactus
- Bailey’s Lace Cactus
- Devil’s Tongue
- King’s Crown Cactus
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A 2012 Gallup poll indicates that with every school year, student engagement drops. Nearly eight in 10 elementary school students are engaged, but by middle school, that number drops to six in 10, and by high school, only four in 10 students are engaged. As the novelty of learning wears off, students become less and less interested, and student engagement wanes. This puts students at risk for lower grades, low achievement, less motivation to follow through with studies, and may even result in drop outs. What can be done to keep students interested and engaged in learning in higher education?
WHY ENGAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT
Students are engaged in education when they make an investment in their learning and do schoolwork not from a position of obligation, but from a desire to learn. Research has found that students who are engaged in learning are much more likely to succeed and persist in college. High impact student engagement practices that require participation in and out of the classroom support students and encourage them to stay interested in learning, and research indicates that student engagement is linked positively to critical thinking and grades. TheNational Survey of Student Engagement indicates that student success is directly related to student involvement, including active and collaborative learning, encouragement of student effort, academic challenge, support for learners, and interaction between students and faculty. Highly engaged students will be more likely to re-enroll for the next semester, and their grades will be higher. These engaged students become more invested in their education, and their school, and they make plans to stick around and do well.
It’s difficult to compete with ever-present distractions. Nearly every student brings some sort of device to the classroom, whether it’s a smart phone, iPad, or laptop. Facebook beckons, Twitter chirps, and before you know it, they’ve zoned out of your lecture. Mobile devices are so prevalent and distracting that professors like David Cole of Georgetown Law have banned laptops from their classes. But engagement can encourage students to put down their devices, or use them in a productive way by making wireless devices a part of instruction. Cell phones become student response clickers and laptops are used for on-the-fly research.
Students want the freedom to be curious and creative, something that attention to engagement can offer. And they’re good at it. Research from the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development indicates students crave work that stimulates their curiosity, allows for creative expression, and builds relationships with others. Resources that encourage student engagement offer a better way to learn than the “I lecture, you listen” approach.
Student engagement and happiness go hand-in-hand, and they both contribute to the other.Teachers point out that students who feel threatened by a difficult lesson, or embarrassed to be called on, may shut down and have trouble learning effectively. But a happy and comfortable learning environment encourages, and is encouraged by, student engagement. When students don’t feel threatened, they open up to new ideas and guidance, become willing to try difficult work, take risks, and think deeply. Activities that foster student engagement, especially those that build social and emotional interaction, can give students a sense of safety in the classroom and open them up to deeper learning.
Engagement is an important part of deep learning and academic exploration, but it’s also an essential feedback tool for instructors. Instructors typically solicit questions from students, but those who are confused may not speak up. That means often, they have no idea how well students are grasping concepts until test time comes around, and it’s too late to go back and cover the material in depth. Student engagement activities, like real-time Twitter feedback, can help instructors identify hiccups in the learning process.
Colleges that pay special attention to student engagement typically see a payoff. Twitter has been used to engage entire lecture halls in simultaneous instruction, professors get real time feedback from students with adaptive learning technology, and in-class instruction has been supported with mobile apps.
Engaging 200 or more students in active lecture discussion may seem like an impossible task, but for University of Texas at Dallas professor Monica Rankin, it’s entirely possible. Using Twitter, Rankin has been able to grow class discussions from an average of three active students to 30 or 40 at once. This happens live during the lecture on a Twitter backchannnel as students tweet comments or questions, and Rankin or a TA responds in real time. Shy students speak up without fear, and academic Twitter chatter continues even after class time, with students using the Twitter feed as a study aid.
Poker faced students who don’t speak up when they’re confused do a disservice to themselves and their instructors, who have no idea they’ve fallen behind. Arizona State University has a solution for that: Knewton’s adaptive learning laboratories. In these laboratories, students work through diagnostic exams that track their performance, and depending on how well they do, they’ll either pass or be placed into a lesson with learning items including videos, texts, and quizzes. In ASU’s remedial math courses that used the Knewton resource, pass rates jumped from 66% to 75%. Some ASU courses have seen entire sections with 100% pass rates, indicating that this real-time feedback can be an effective tool for engaged learning.
Mobile devices can be distractions, or they can be used as classroom tools. For two English professors, they are valuable tools for learning. Elliott Visconsi, a professor at Notre Dame, and Bryn Mawr College professor Katherine Rowe collaborated to create Shakespeare’s The Tempest for iPad. This app takes an engaged approach to reading the classic play, offering audio performance and lectures, as well as interactive features like taking and sharing notes and passage annotation. Visconsi points out that this gives students the ability to participate and create new content, and students praise the app as a tool for turning classmates into resources as they work through the material together.
STRATEGIES AND TOOLS
Twitter, mobile apps, and adaptive learning classrooms are all great ideas for unlocking the potential of student engagement in higher education, but you don’t have to go that far to implement tools and strategies that will make students engaged and interested participants. Enthusiasm, project-based learning, instructor feedback, and social media discussions can make a big difference. Try out these tools and strategies for engaged learning:
- Be enthusiastic. The instructor sets the tone for the course. When students see you as an active, excited participant in learning, they’ll be more likely to find enthusiasm themselves. Hult International Business School professor Philippa Gamse encourages discussion by asking controversial or contentious questions, and giving students interesting topics that they can’t resist talking about.
- Connect lessons to the real world with project based learning. Give students focus and context by showing them how their studies apply beyond the textbook. Try project based learning with real life dilemmas and solutions. Northwood University professor Diane Feffer finds companies and nonprofits with real projects that students can work on to find solutions. In doing so, says Feffer, “students can harness all of their ‘conceptual knowledge’ and apply it to a real problem.This promotes collaboration with teams, gives them interaction with adults and boosts their confidence. They can also reference these projects on their resumes. “
- Pay special attention to student response and feedback. Using tools that can track student struggles and success can help you better understand where they need help and support in learning engagement. Dr. David Lenihan of Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine utilizes an interactive student response system. Students first answer assessment questions independently, then discuss answers in groups and answer the questions a second time. With all of this feedback, Lenihan is able to easily identify concepts that his classes don’t understand, and can spend additional time reviewing the material. Lenihan also uses data-driven feedback to provide students with areas of weakness that require remediation. This system has allowed Touro’s program to graduate more students with higher board exam scores, and saves $2 million each year by reducing the dropout rate.
- Use social media for discussion and instant feedback. Social media tools likeTwitter and Facebook offer a platform for discussion and engagement, as well as a resource for instant feedback from both student and instructor. You can also use social media to extend the discussion beyond class time. California State University San Marcos professor Matthew Atherton challenges students to break down complex criminology theories into a single 140 character tweet. “The exercise is not about presenting theories in the most simplistic manner; rather it is an exercise in being able to synthesize the numerous aspects of the theory into a succinct statement,” Atherton says. “In the process, students gain a greater understanding of the theory.”
- Show students how content is relevant to them. Relate history to modern-day issues, show how math can be used in everyday life, and explain physics in an exciting, real life demonstration. MIT professor Walter Lewin is a superstar online not because the world is innately interested in physics, but because he enthusiastically shows students how physics works in real life through his lecture demonstrations.
- Focus on intrinsic motivation over extrinsic. Use intrinsic motivation, or, internal factors, to make learning genuinely enjoyable for students, rather than relying on extrinsic motivational tools like grades or gold stars. Utilizing intrinsic motivation promotes a deeper and longer-lasting commitment to learning. University of Oklahoma Price College of Business professor Jeremy Short has made learning enjoyable with graphic novels that teach graduate level students the principles of management. An upcoming study indicates that recall of material from graphic novels was not only equal with traditional text, but also that verbatim recall was actually better with students who read graphic novels. Using tools that make learning fun can encourage students to be more engaged, and even improve learning outcomes.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ONLINE CLASSROOMS
- Require discussions and interaction with fellow students. It’s easy for online students to become isolated, but the online format can actually provide great resources for interaction. Discussion board or chat room participation is typically required in online courses, but you can encourage students to do more than the bare minimum by asking controversial or thought-provoking questions that make students want to answer and continue the discussion.
- Collect data and take action on findings. The online environment offers instructors a unique opportunity to use data to their advantage. So much of online study can be tracked: online quizzes, time spent on discussions, and how much students interact.Study this data and use your findings to influence your future instruction. Consider where students hesitate and run into trouble, and find ways to improve their understanding in these concepts. See what you’re doing right in discussions that spark lots of interaction, and apply those same ideas to discussions that typically don’t get a lot of attention.
Now is a time when distractions lurk around every corner for students, competing for attention and hampering student engagement. Nearly half of all college students drop out before receiving a degree. But now is also a time when educators have more resources than ever to pull students back in and become deeply engaged in learning.
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Setting? Setting is the physical and social context in which the action of a story occurs. The major elements of setting are time, the place, and the social environment that frames the characters. Setting can be used to evoke a mood or atmosphere that will prepare the reader for what is to come Specific elements of the setting include: The geographical location The occupations and daily manner of living of the characters The time period in which the action takes place The general environment of the characters
Their Eyes Were Watching God Setting Throughout Chapters 7-14 Janie starts of in Eatonville then she moves to Jacksonville with Tea Cake after Jody passes away. From Jacksonville Janie and Tea Cake move to the Everglades.
Chapter 7 “Now and again she thought of a country road at sun-up and considered flight.” This quote demonstrates how Janie is tired of living in Eatonville. It is not that she is tired of the town but she’s tired of her life in that town
Chapter 8 “They didn’t talk too much around the store either. Anybody that didn’t know would have thought that things had blown over, it looked so quiet and peaceful.” (page: 81) This quote shows how due to Jody and Janie’s “fight” the store’s atmosphere went from enjoyable and lively to quiet and peaceful.
Chapter 9 “Janie found out very soon that her widowhood and property was a great challenge in South Florida.” (page: 90) In the 1900’s women were considered to be incapable of taking care of themselves. The men believed that if they took care of Janie’s well-being they would remain in control and obscure Janie’s power.
Chapter 10 “They joked and went on till the people began to come in. Then took a seat and made talk and laughter with the rest until closing time.” (page: 98) Time being a main factor to setting, this quote shows how Janie enjoyed Tea Cake’s presence. At that time of day and with the day being so dull Janie would have been home already if it were a regular day.
Chapter 11 “Moon’s too pretty fuh anybody tuh be sleepin’ it away…” (page: 102” This quote demonstrates how a place like Eatonville reflects on the moon’s true beauty due to there being no big buildings or anything that will hide the moon from being enjoyed.
Chapter 12 “She was borned in slavery time when folks, dat is black folks, didn’t sit down anytime dey felt like it. So sittin’ on porches lak de white madam look lak uh mighty fine thing tuh her.” (page: 114) This quote shows how the generation in which her Grandma lived differs from Janie’s generation, which builds up Janie’s character to prove her grandma that she doesn’t need wealth to be happy.
Chapter 13 “Jacksonville. Tea Cake’s letter said Jacksonville.” (page: 116) This quote demonstrates when Janie is about to leave Eatonville and go to Jacksonville with Tea Cake to start their new lives together as a happy couple. This shows a change in setting.
Chapter 14 “To Janie’s strange eyes, everything in the Everglades was big and new. Big Lake Okeechobee, big beans, big cane, big weeds, big everything.” (page: 129) This quote shows how the Everglades differs from Eatonville. In the Everglades there’s grass and greens everywhere unlike in Eatonville.
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Whilst gas masks are the first form of anti-gas protection that springs to mind, they are far from the only one. In the Second World War troops were routinely issued tins of ant-gas ointment which they carried in their respirator bags. The ointment was designed to be used on skin as an antidode to mustard gas and lewisite as it is a powerful alkali that neutralises the gas residue. The tins themselves held 8 tubes of this ointment with instructions as to their use printed on the front and back.
The ointment was designed to be applied to the skin as soon after exposure as possible, in small quantities and then rubbed in vigorously for at least a minute. The instructions originally issued with the ointment informed users that even if application was delayed, the ointment could help mitigate the burns gas could cause. The instructions noted that it could be used as a preventative barrier if a soldier knew he was about to be exposed to mustard gas, but there was an irritant effect on the skin. Indeed troops in the far east were supplied with the US equivalent which had a much reduced irritant effect.
There were a number of different formulations for different climatic conditions and these were distinguished by the different colours of the tins.
Anti-Gas Ointment No 2 Tin
The tin for the anti-gas ointment No2 is painted in buff with dark brown lettering. It seems to be the most common type of tin and its contents were formulated for use in temperate conditions like the UK and Western Europe. The tubes are missing in this example, but originally held a mixture of Chloramine-T and vanishing cream. The front of the box gives general details of the contents and how to apply:Whilst the back explains how to get the ointment from the tubes:Anti-Gas Ointment No 5 Tin
Anti- Gas Ointment No 6 Tin
This ointment was designed for tropical conditions and was supplied in a bright green tin with black writing. It was formulated to be effective in the hot and humid jungles of SE Asia. The original Anti-Gas ointment No2 was found to work best on cool dry skin, something not found very often in the jungle, therefore a new formulation was needed to use on warm and sweaty skin. Again the front and rear of the tin follow the standard design:
The letter code printed at the bottom left of the rear of the tin indicate it was made by the Metal Box Company, who seem to have won the contract for many items of military tin-ware throughout the second world war. This example has the original metal tubes of ointment still inside:
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How do we read a tale? Where are we, as readers, in the great folktales and fairytales? There is no question of belief in another world, as there is with myths, although the Brothers Grimm believed they were discovering the old religious and magical beliefs of the Germanic peoples. A tale told aloud, with a storyteller, brings its characters to life like puppets, with a voice or a gesture. But a tale read on the page has no characters and, in a sense, no passion or emotion. Prince, princess, industrious daughter, lazy daughter, wicked stepmother, faithful servant, death himself are always the same, their expressions never change, they are interchangeable from story to story. A reading child, as I see it, does not see the world from inside the head of anyone, does not care who is hurt, or who succeeds or fails, because that child, and the adult they will become, knows perfectly well how the story will turn out. The good will be justified and prosper. The evil will come to a bad end, often a gruesome bad end: crushed by a millstone falling from the sky, trundled into the sea in a barrel pierced with nails. There is an (unreal) order of things, which always holds steady. Within that order, the terrible and the extravagant can be admitted.
What do we read them for, and how do we read them? We read for the telling, for the "and then he … and then she … and so it turned out …" as far as "they lived happily ever after", which takes the story out of the time of the telling. Aristotle said you could have tragedy without character; he was right – and we can also have stories without character or feeling. Maria Tatar, the Harvard expert on children's literature, feels that children read such tales typically by siting themselves in the world of the tales as fascinated onlookers or audiences, not as part of the closed world of the story. Reading in this way is a particular and necessary pleasure, quite different from reading for instruction, or identification with feeling.
Consider the difference in the experience of reading the wonderful tales of Hans Christian Andersen, whom I have called an emotional terrorist. Everything is suffused with feeling – his feeling. Andersen himself is the ugly duckling who was mocked and became a proud swan. Andersen's readers feel the duckling's humiliations as they do not feel those of Allerleirauh. Andersen writes to hurt. My first experience of a bad ending, of pain and loss, was Andersen's Little Mermaid, who has her tongue cut out and her tail sliced into legs so that she feels she is "walking on knives" – and yet cannot gain her prince. In the Grimms's bounded and wonderful world she would have gained her prince.
One of the pleasures of the tales is the brilliant mosaic they offer of isolated things and materials. Loaves of bread, magic swords, frying pans, spindles, necklaces, shoes. And these things have brilliant colours – the Swiss scholar Max Lüthi has remarked that they also have a restricted range – red, black, white, gold and silver. Materials shine – a glass mountain, golden coins spouting from the good daughter's lips. Materials contaminate – a bad daughter has slimy toads springing from her lips. Pitch defiles. Blood wells up and betrays crimes. Birds glitter and shimmer and sing significant songs. The animal world is a close extension of the human world – bears help (or devour), foxes and deer are helpers or punishers, fish speak from lakes and birds help in the sorting of seeds or peck out the eyes of the wicked. It is a mosaic world capable of endless retelling in varied ways.
Andersen's world is also full of things. He animates them. He gives them characters, like a lonely child playing demiurge with the contents of a kitchen. As I grow older, the fact of the existence of the world's huge compendium of changing and unchangeable tales seems to me more, not less, mysterious. How can they so steadily resemble each other, wherever they come from? How can they be so abstract and so concrete? I find increasingly that, when I write fiction, I like what I write, at one level, to have the strong, impersonal structure of tales. I have just finished a novel – The Children's Book – in which many different human beings have stories that in one way or another partake of the plot of fairytales. There is an anonymous level of all lives where we are nothing but narrative. This level is that of the uncanny – an unreal reality that puzzles, attracts, worries and satisfies us, all at once.
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Adolescence is a tumultuous phase marked by profound physical, emotional, and social transformations. During this period, teenagers grapple with a myriad of pressures, from academic demands to peer relationships, which can be overwhelming. Resilience and mental toughness act as vital shields, arming teens with the ability to not only withstand these challenges but also grow from them. Resilience enables them to rebound from setbacks, while mental toughness helps maintain focus amidst distractions. This blog delves into the significance of these qualities, elucidating their role in fortifying adolescents for the journey ahead, and equips parents with actionable advice to foster resilience and mental toughness in their teens.
Understanding Resilience and Mental Toughness
Despite the fact that they are sometimes used synonymously, resilience and mental toughness are different aspects of emotional strength. The ability to adjust to and recover from adversity or difficult circumstances is referred to as resilience. On the other hand, mental toughness includes the capacity to keep one’s attention, drive, and resolve despite obstacles or distractions.
Teenagers who are navigating the complex terrain of academic pressures, peer relationships, and the transitional stresses of adolescence need to possess these qualities above all else. They gain invaluable tools to endure trying times and come out stronger by developing resilience and mental toughness. Teens who possess these qualities are better able to overcome obstacles, deal with stress in a mature manner, and develop a positive outlook on life. As a result, they are better prepared to face the particular challenges of adolescence with resiliency and determination.
- Encourage Problem Solving
Teenagers’ active participation in overcoming challenges is essential to developing their problem-solving abilities. Parents should encourage teens to analyze issues, consider alternative solutions, and make thoughtful decisions rather than providing quick fixes. This strategy fosters critical thinking skills in addition to self-reliance. Parents can help teens build the resilience and mental toughness necessary to handle the complexity of life with confidence and adaptability by letting them face and overcome their challenges, ultimately preparing them for a more resilient future.
- Emphasize the Power of Positive Thinking
Teenagers’ perspectives must be changed in order to promote positive thinking in them. It involves assisting them in reframing negative thoughts into positive ones. This change in perspective gives them the mental resources they need to overcome challenges and keep a positive outlook. This upbeat outlook is an essential part of developing mental toughness and resilience because it equips teenagers with the confidence to take on challenges and succeed in the long run.
- Set Realistic Goals
Teenagers can be helped to identify realistic goals and then those goals can be broken down into more manageable tasks to help them achieve their goals. As they advance, this methodical approach fosters a sense of accomplishment, boosting their self-assurance and tenacity—two qualities that are crucial to resilience and mental toughness.
- Promote Healthy Coping Mechanisms
Teenagers should be encouraged to adopt healthy coping strategies that help them deal with stress and negative emotions. This can involve exercising, practicing mindfulness, keeping a journal, or using relaxation techniques. Teenagers can use these techniques to successfully navigate challenging situations and develop resilience and mental toughness.
- Encourage Independence
Teenagers need to be given the freedom to take on responsibility and make independent decisions that are appropriate for their age. They gain self-assurance, critical decision-making abilities, and adaptability as a result of being empowered. They develop the resilience and mental toughness necessary to face adversity and develop into self-reliant, capable people as they learn to navigate life’s challenges with increasing autonomy.
- Model Resilience
Parenting resilience involves showing your children how to successfully navigate the ups and downs of life. You set an example for your teen by being open about your struggles and showing them how you overcame them. Your actions and responses teach them important lessons about how to overcome challenges and setbacks. This concrete example highlights the value of resilience as a crucial life skill and encourages your teen to develop their own capacity to meet challenges head-on with grit and determination.
- Foster a Supportive Environment
Teens need a safe, open, and judgment-free space where they feel at ease talking about their ideas and worries, so it’s important to foster that environment. Encourage them to ask their parents, teachers, or mental health professionals for assistance or direction if necessary. Such a setting fosters trust and guarantees that teens get the assistance they need to overcome adolescence’s challenges with resilience and mental fortitude.
Developing adolescent resilience and mental toughness is an investment in their future well-being, not just a parental responsibility. These crucial life skills serve as a compass to help them navigate the challenging terrain of adolescence, a crucial time for growth and self-discovery. Providing direction, unwavering support, and a nurturing environment, parents enable their children to face challenges with grace. Teenagers who possess resilience and mental toughness are therefore better equipped to deal with life’s inevitable challenges. They maintain their resolve in the face of challenges, face setbacks with unwavering confidence, and come out on the other side stronger and more resilient than ever. This investment in their emotional fortitude ultimately paves the way for a brighter, more resilient future.
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Female Reproductive System
Understanding female reproductive anatomy includes the study of the external and internal structures; and the hormonal cycle.
The external genitalia, also called the vulva, includes the mons pubis (a fatty mound which covers the pubic bone), the labia majora (outer lips of the vagina), the labia minora (the inner lips of the vagina), the vaginal opening, the urethral opening (opening of the urethra, a tube which carries urine from the bladder outside of the body), the clitoris (a small structure with sensitive nerve endings located within the labia minora, the sole purpose of which is for sexual arousal and pleasure), and the perineum (the space between the anus (the rectal opening), and the vaginal opening).
Urinary Track Infections: The close proximity of the urethra and the rectum makes women susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs) because bacteria from the anus can enter the urethra. Health education about reproductive anatomy includes instructing women to avoid contamination of the urethra by "wiping from front to back" following urination.
The internal reproductive anatomy includes the uterus, two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, the urethra, the pubic bone, and the rectum. The uterus contains an inner lining called the endometrium (which builds ups and sheds monthly in response to hormonal stimulation). The lower portion of the uterus is called the cervix, which contains a small opening called the os. Menstrual blood flows through the os into the vagina during menstruation. Semen travels through the os into the uterus and the fallopian tubes following ejaculation during sexual intercourse. The cervical os dilates (opens) during childbirth.
- The cervix, the lower portion of the uterus, can be visualized during a gynecological examination by inserting a speculum into the vagina. The Pap smear, developed in the 1940's by Dr. George Papaniclaou, is a simple and cost-effective screening test that involves the collection of a sample of cells from the cervix, which are examined microscopically. The Pap smear screens for infections and/or cell changes which, can detect indications of cervical cancer. In the developed world, Pap smear screening has been instrumental in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer. Cervical screening technologies have expanded to include liquid cytology, although the traditional Pap smear is still used.
- Despite the availability of Pap smear screening in the developed world, studies of its use reveal racial, economic and ethnic disparities. In the developing world, programs for screening and treating cervical cancer are rare.
The ovaries, two small almond-shaped structures located on each side of the uterus, are the female gonads (reproductive glands). Female babies are born with over 400,000 ova (the gametes, also referred to as egg cells or oocytes), which are stored in the ovaries. The female body does not produce any additional ova. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. The ovaries are close to, but not actually connected to the fallopian tubes, thin tube-like structures that are the site of fertilization, the fusion of the male and female gametes.
The Menstrual/Hormonal Cycle
The hormonal cycle facilitates maturation and rupture of the ovarian follicle resulting in the release of an ovum (the female reproductive or germ cell). Each month a series of changes take place which prepares the uterus for pregnancy. This cycle (menstrual cycle) is described below:
The first day of menstruation (referred to as Day 1) occurs when levels of estrogen and progesterone are low. In response to these low levels, the hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to release two hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
FSH stimulates the development of many follicles within the ovary. One dominant follicle takes over. As it continues to grow, it produces increasing amounts of estrogen, which stimulates the release of LH, and inhibits FSH, which suppresses further follicular development.
When LH levels are highest (LH surge), the ovarian follicle "ruptures" and releases one ovum, which is "swept" into the fallopian tube by hair-like projections called cilia that line the fimbriae (the fringe-like end of the fallopian tube that is closest to the ovary). This process is called ovulation. Increasing estrogen levels causes the cervical mucous (vaginal secretions) to become clear and profuse and the os to dilate. These two actions may facilitate the transport of semen (containing sperm) from the vagina, through the uterus, and into the fallopian tube.
Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum, a glandular mass that continues to produce estrogen and high levels of progesterone. The progesterone causes the endometrium to thicken, preparing it for implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization takes place during ovulation, hormonal levels remain high, essential for the maintenance of the pregnancy.
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum shrinks and levels of both estrogen and progesterone decrease. The withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone cause the blood vessels of the endometrial (uterine) lining to "break" resulting in vaginal bleeding (menstruation). The average menstrual cycle is 28-35 days, and menstrual flow usually continues for three to seven days, although there are variations among women.
Following menstruation, estrogen and progesterone levels are low, triggering the hypothalamus to once again release GnRH, starting the entire cycle again. If fertilization does take place, menstruation will not reoccur for the duration of the pregnancy
Mechanism of Action for Contraception/Pregnancy
- Most hormonal methods of birth control, including emergency contraception, work by preventing or postponing ovulation, and by thickening the cervical mucous.
- The absence of a menstrual period in a sexually active woman may indicate that pregnancy has occurred. It is a presumptive, although not definitive, sign of pregnancy.
Menopause, the end of menstruation, occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 (with the average age of 51.3). An entirely normal developmental and physiological process, it can be accompanied by symptoms including hot flashes, fatigue, moodiness, insomnia, decreased libido and sexual response, changes in memory, weight gain, and vaginal dryness. Until cessation of ovarian function is confirmed through a blood test, and/or one year of no menses, women may continue to ovulate and therefore require contraception to prevent unintended pregnancy.
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This is a 15-slide PowerPoint presentation on predicates. The presentation includes:
1) an overview of predicates (with examples);
2) an overview of complete predicates;
3) examples of complete predicates;
4) guided practice with complete predicates;
5) an overview of simple predicates;
6) examples of simple predicates;
7) guided practice with simple predicates;
8) an overview of compound predicates;
9) examples of compound predicates;
10) guided practice with compound predicates; and
11) independent practice (with answers) to apply all concepts covered in presentation.
Other purchase options:
1) I am posting individual practice activities (worksheets) for this concept for purchase separately in my listings ($1.50 each).
2) I am also posting a formative assessment (test) for purchase in my listings ($1.50).
3) I am posting a bundle of all practice activities AND the assessment ($5.00).
4) I am posting this PowerPoint, with all practice activities and the assessment ($7.00).
Deanne Davis, MCPSS
P.S. I recently added some new HARD GOOD items! I am offering NEW Scholastic paperback children's books with 4 writing prompts based on the CCSS text types for grades 2-5: opinion, informative, explanatory, and narrative ($6.00 each).
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An exotic animal is mainly considered as an animal that is not indigenous to a particular country, however, when referring to pets, the term exotic refers to an animal that is considered unusual. The average South African household comprises of common pets such as cats and dogs, although in some places of the country this is not the case.
Many South Africans residing outside the city on farms or plots, often come across wild animals on their properties. Most people who encounter such animals, consider it a special occurrence and they’d prefer to leave it at that, for others, the urge to domesticate such animals increases with each occurrence.
In South Africa, the term “pet” does not have a distinct definition. For those who desire to domesticate wild animals, a permit in accordance with the Western Cape Nature Conservation Laws Amendment Act, 2000 is required. It is essential that such landowners are fully aware of the different species that may occur on their properties, as well as their ecological significance and vulnerability status. Before commencing with any domestication process, it is advised to consult environmental specialists who can determine through means of terrestrial and ecological studies, the different types of animals that occur in the area, as well as the role they play in their ecosystems. The terrestrial studies conducted consist of field observations such as identifying tracks and animal droppings. All the signs obtained during these field observations contribute to the understanding of the existing ecosystem. Additionally, the specialist would be able to provide information with regards to the animal’s vulnerability status and whether such an animal may be disturbed. Being aware of the different species occurring in the area, as well as their vulnerability status can contribute to the conservation of such species.
Failing to adhere to this may lead to adverse consequences, as the removal of an animal for domestication purposes can disrupt the ecosystem it was taken from and in turn affect the residents in the area. For example, domesticating Servals (Leptailurus serval) in an area can lead to an increase in the rat population, which in turn may lead to a decrease in fresh produce production.
It is therefore important to seek assistance from environmental specialists to help understand the ecological contents of an area before attempting to remove or domesticate any animals living in such an area.
Environmental Assurance provides terrestrial services in which ecological studies are conducted by highly skilled and qualified professionals to determine existing faunal species.
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In July 1995, the dormant volcano known as the Soufriere Hills’ volcano showed some signs of small eruptions. On 18th July 1995, thousands were forced to evacuate and temporarily reside in the so-called “safe areas” or flee to neighboring Caribbean islands, New York and Britain. In August, the government declared a state of Emergency. Approximately four months later, Britain offered their help to assist with rehabilitation programs.Not only did they help in this way but they also granted millions of pounds to help aid development of the victimized island. In April 1996, the British government settled on granting Montserratians residency and the right to work in the UK for up to two years. On June 25th 1997, the Soufriere Hills’ Volcano finally erupted, releasing 4.5 million metres cubed of rocks and gas and also killing a total of 19 people (even after evacuation). Two-thirds of the island was left uninhabitable and Plymouth, the capital, was abandoned. Montserrat’s airport was declared closed; the island was accessible only by helicopter or boat.The eruption was explained to have many causes, which could all be agreed on. Montserrat is right above a destructive plate margin. A destructive plate margin is basically where two plates are moving towards each other. It is when an oceanic plate meets a continental plate; the denser oceanic plate is then forced down into the mantle. Then small Earthquakes occur due to friction. The denser plate melts in the subduction zone due to the friction and increase in temperature. The oceanic crust melts and rises and causes explosive volcanoes. This is what is meant by destructive plate margins. In Montserrat’s case, the Atlantic plate acted as the oceanic plate and was forced under the Caribbean plate. Magma eventually rose up through weak points under the Soufriere Hills, forming an “underground pool of magma”. The rock above the “pool of magma” had collapsed opening a vent big enough to cause an eruption.There were many primary impacts of the volcanic eruption that occurred on Montserrat in 1997. Large areas were covered with volcanic material; the capital city of Plymouth was buried under 12 metres of mud and ash. Secondly, over 20 villages and two thirds of homes on the island were destroyed by pyroclastic flows which are fast-moving clouds of super-heated gas and ash. Also, most of the schools, hospitals, airports and the ports were destroyed. Lastly, vegetation and farmland were destroyed as well. The immediate responses were that people were evacuated from the South (Plymouth) to safe areas in the North. Also, shelters were built to house evacuees and temporary but not solid infrastructure was built to help shelter the evacuees right after the eruption. Fortunately, the UK provided 17 million pounds sterling of emergency aid to help overcome the eruption.Before the eruption took place, Plymouth was striving economically for a Caribbean island. It gained a lot of income from the tourism it attracted and trading sea life (fishing). Unfortunately, the secondary impacts of the eruption would affect the previous economically gaining factors of Montserrat. The geologists have gathered and predicted that tourists would stay away from Montserrat, therefore disrupting the economy. Also, the volcanic ash from the eruption had been predicted to destroy the marine life of Montserrat.In the future, it is possible to reduce the impacts of volcanoes, even if it is not possible to stop the actual eruption itself. Unlike Earthquakes, it is possible to predict approximately when a volcano is going to erupt. Scientists have the knowledge and instruments to monitor signs that come before a volcanic eruption. Also, hints such as tiny Earthquakes, escaping gas and change of shape of the volcano all mean an eruption is most likely. Lastly, predicting when a volcano is going to erupt gives people time to evacuate; therefore this reduces the number of injuries of deaths. The citizens of Montserrat were asked to evacuate but in the end some dies still safe zones were not predicted correctly enough.In terms of planning, future developments such as new housing developments and new buildings can be planned to avoid being built in areas most at risk of volcanic eruptions. This therefore reduces the number of buildings destroyed by an eruption and there is less lost. Firebreaks can be implemented to reduce the spread of fires. The government should order emergency services to train and prepare for disasters as reduces the number of people killed. Finally, governments can also plan evacuation routes to get people away from the volcano quickly and safely. It will help reduce injuries caused by pyroclastic flows or lahars.Building techniques can also be looked into. Buildings can’t be designed to completely withstand lava flows, pyroclastic flows or lahar, but they can be strengthened so that they are less likely to collapse. Also, the lava or lahar from some volcanoes can be diverted away from buildings if barriers are implemented as a compulsory design around each building.The citizens of Montserrat can be told how to make a survival kit containing things like food, water, a torch, dust masks and other objects. The kits would definitely prove to be effective, as it would reduce the chance of people dying during a volcanic eruption. Governments and other NGO’s can educate people about how to evacuate if a volcano erupts. Once again, it will help reduce death.Aids should be promoted for LEDC’s. Montserrat has suffered tremendously but the aid from the British governments has helped them overcome their problem and actually help rebuild their infrastructure.All of the strategies discussed above were all sustainable, effective and environmentally friendly. Though, Montserrat at that time did not have enough knowledge and financial aid to afford any of those schemes discussed. Predicting eruptions requires special equipment and trained scientists, which makes it expensive. Also, building techniques can be extremely expensive. Though if maybe a risk map showing all the zones of safety and exclusion was to be distributed to the citizens, less people would have died or been injured. In terms of the future of Montserrat, it is possible that a smaller community would live there, achieving an optimum population. Also, the capital Plymouth may be abandoned, as it is too close to the active volcano. There is a possibility that tourism might actually increase instead of decrease as it did with Mount St. Helens. This is because more people would want to visit the volcano. In terms of long terms responses, it would be good of Montserrat if they set up some sort of Volcano Observatory and predict future eruptions.
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The “human” part of designing an iGEM project
Current methods of chemical synthesis from petroleum derived chemicals have led to great environmental disruption and continue to be a strong contributor to global warming. It has also become increasingly clear during the recent decades that the raw material of this process, crude oil, is not a resource that is renewable within a viable timeframe. Biosynthesis of complex molecules and chemicals can be regarded as one of the most promising technologies capable of replacing current production strategies. Large-scale biosynthesis is already a viable industry: acetic acid, citric acid and ethanol are examples of chemicals widely produced using this process. Furthermore, complex molecules such as enzymes are almost exclusively produced using industrial fermentation.
Due to the promises that this field holds, it was clear that this is what our iGEM team wanted to focus on. An important part of the project is to consider how our project would affect society. To name a few, there are ethical, social and safety aspects to consider when attempting a biosynthesis-oriented project, our integrated human practices has been a major part of the design and formulation of our project. The following text covers some of these issues and how they were considered, discussed and dealt with during the design and development of the project concept.
Integrated human practices
Few areas of science have caused such an intense public debate as synthetic biology, especially for its application in the food industry. Though the scientific community at large agree that GMOs and the methods of synthetic biology can be used safely, the public debate continues. A recent letter addressed to the UN, describing the safety and need for GMOs, was signed by over 100 Nobel laureates spread across several scientific fields . However, that is not to say that the debate should cease only because some people agree. On the contrary, it should be elevated and taken seriously by all. This discussion ought to be based on the facts, while arguments based on emotion and dogma should be put aside. Furthermore, one can argue that a technology (or knowledge of it) carries with it no ethical dilemmas, but it is the application of it that has an effect we can discuss. In the same way that nuclear fission has no ethical or moral agenda, but it is the application of the knowledge that should be evaluated and discussed.
This topic also relates to genetic engineering of microorganisms. Genetic modification of microorganisms differs from modification of higher animals in that it does not cause any physical or psychological suffering as we currently understand and define it. Therefore, our focus will be on potential impacts that the modified organisms could have on the environment and biosphere of the planet as well as human life. The discussion regarding genetic engineering of life in general, and whether it is good or bad, is certainly still relevant but outside the scope and aim of our integrated human practices discussion. The focus will be on the application of synthetic biology and genetic engineering of microorganisms, and the considerations that were made during the design and development of our project idea.
Safety of Genetically engineered microorganisms
To be able to assess the risks of using a genetically modified organism (GMO), several factors have to be taken into consideration, especially when estimating the potential danger to human health as well as to ecosystems. As all microorganisms currently used within the field of synthetic biology originate from nature, unmodified strains of these organisms could be considered safe to the ecosystem at large (of course excluding directly pathogenic strains). To make a reasonable argument of the risks regarding the use of a GMO, the specific modifications must be considered. For a GMO to be considered as a threat to the ecosystem, the modification needs to provide a significant evolutionary advantage over the wild type (WT) of the organism. This relates to unintentional damage that GMOs might cause if it ends up in the wrong hands (intentional misuse of the technology is further discussed later in this section).
In general, the modifications made to industrially used strains of microorganisms rarely provide such an evolutionary advantage. Most often the opposite is true. For example, modifying a strain of Bacillus subtilis to produce an enzyme (a common application of biosynthesis) is highly metabolically costly for the organism and would put it at a significant evolutionary disadvantage compared to the WT strain. This would lead to the GMO quickly being outcompeted by the WT in a natural setting. In fact, contamination of the fermentation culture, by wild bacteria, in an industrial reactor is a constant issue for biotech industry. In such a case, it could be argued that the product itself (the enzyme) is where the focus of concern should be. Though most products produced by industrial bacteria may be considered safe in small amounts, large scale fermentation does produce them in large amounts and high concentration. This raises the question that maybe the products are what should be the focus of a discussion of safety GMO, rather than the organism itself.
This is not to say that there is not a safety concern regarding the use of GMOs, but the concern needs to be focused on each case and not on GMOs in general. In cases where the effects of the modifications are not well studied or when many modifications are made, the organism needs to be evaluated and safeguards put in place. Such safeguards can be put in place as part of the modifications. Examples of this are making the microorganisms reliant on a certain kind of medium (food), requiring specific signaling to proliferate or incorporating a kind of suicide switch by inserting a lethal gene that can be activated on command etc.
The intentional misuse of genetically engineered microorganisms is a separate issue that may be more difficult to handle. Especially since the technology for performing genetic modifications is becoming more and more readily available. However, this did not have a huge impact in the formulation of our project idea, since we would consider misuse of genetic engineering to be more of a regulatory issue. Due to this it was outside the scope of our integrated human practices.
Environmental vs social sustainability
Safety issues are not the only problem that needs to be addressed if large scale biosynthesis is to replace the current petroleum based chemical production. Industrial fermentation requires large amounts of substrate, mainly in the form of sugars. These are currently derived mainly from plant-based sources such as corn, sugarcane and sugar beets .
The use of these crops as industrial substrate raises concerns regarding competition for these feedstocks as food or industrial substrate. In countries like Brazil, where large-scale bioethanol production has started to replace conventional fuel production, this has already been shown to have negative social consequences. The competition for farmland has led to an increase in the prices of raw feedstocks . This example of biosynthesis can teach us what effects large-scale implementation of this type of production can have. The price difference in developed countries is relatively small, since the value of the raw ingredients comprise a small part of the total cost of processed food . However, the reverse is true in undeveloped countries, where the diet is comprised of mainly unprocessed food, resulting in a market more sensitive to the price of these crops. Families below the poverty line spend upwards of 80 % of their income on food, leaving low margins for a price change of basic food goods.
Should environmental sustainability come before the basic needs of human beings? The future of all is of course predicated on the fact that there is a livable earth for us to inhabit. “The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few” as the saying goes. But do the two goals need to be mutually exclusive? We certainly hope not.
Self-sustaining production system
How can the need for industrial substrate be limited and at the same time move the world onto a sustainable production of chemicals and fuels? Our answer: Create a production system that produces its own substrate. Photosynthesis was the key to this solution, as photosynthetic microorganisms have the ability to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars by converting sunlight to bioavailable energy (ATP) to fuel this process. The use of cyanobacteria addresses both the substrate issue as well as decreasing the carbon footprint of the industry. A photosynthesis-based production system would not require the arable land that food crops need, since the microorganisms would be grown in contained bioreactor systems.
However, there are some disadvantages when working with cyanobacteria. One of them is their slower growth rate than most chemotrophs, making genetic engineering of them slower. Since a future expansion of the biosynthesis field certainly will require extensive genetic engineering, working with this organism is not ideal. Leaving the product synthesis to faster growing organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis, which already have already proven capable of viable production, could therefore be the better choice.
The approach we chose in our project was to modify the cyanobacteria to simply produce the substrate for the production organism. The genetic modifications performed in the cyanobacterium will therefore only be focused on one task - the production of substrate - and the organism will not have to be reengineered for each new product that one wishes to produce. Furthermore, dividing functions into different strains can lead to decreased metabolic load and prevent competition between the different functions within one organism .
How do we create a system that is self-regulating and at the same time avoid the risks discussed earlier?
To prevent one organism from outcompeting the other, there has to be some sort of communication between them. Several approaches to this has been attempted in the past. A quorum sensing (QS) system is one alternative that has proven capable of maintaining population equilibrium within a system comprised of different strains of the same species [6,7]. However, QS within the same species might be conceivable, but achieving a functioning QS system between organisms of different species that originate from completely different environments is a challenge to say the least.
Another alternative is the exchange of nutritional metabolites, e.g. amino acids. This approach has been shown to provide an additional fitness benefit due to the division of metabolic labour . It has also been shown to be capable of purging cheaters from the system, i.e. cheaters do not seem to be able to outcompete the cooperating population . Furthermore, in a scenario where the industrial strain escapes, an auxotrophic bacterium will have a significant fitness disadvantage without its partner and will therefore pose a very small threat to the wild flora and fauna.
These arguments lead us to construct our microbial consortia based on metabolite dependence rather than a quorum sensing mechanism. This solution has two main advantages. Firstly, amino acids are universal and most organisms on earth share the same set. Modularity becomes easier to achieve compared to a QS system, in which entire new synthesis pathways may need to be implemented for the QS molecules. Secondly, with respect to safety, a metabolic dependence based on auxotrophy of amino acids prevent the unwanted spread of the organism since it cannot survive without its partner organism providing it. Furthermore, in 2015 the Amsterdam iGEM team achieved a proof of concept in which they created a symbiotic culture between the cyanobacterium Synechocystis and Escherichia coli based on auxotrophy. This provided great inspiration in how to achieve our production system.
The system will be based on a strain of Synechocystis providing a carbon source in the form of acetate to the production organism. In return, it would provide the cyanobacterium with a required amino acid, as seen in Figure 2.
To expand the idea further and to make the system more universal, a level of modularity was desired, therefore the production organism should be interchangeable. Different species of microorganisms relevant to the field of industrial biotechnology was therefore be made compatible with the system. In this way, the system becomes more flexible and the organism best suited to produce the desired product can be applied.
Lab scale to large scale
Moving from a lab setting into a large-scale industrial process is a long road to say the least. To help us consider the possible issues that may arise with a future scale-up of our project idea, we consulted several experts within the field of industrial biotechnology and microalgal research. Carl Johan Franzén, associate professor at the biology and biological engineering, and industrial biotechnology departments at Chalmers university, provided insight into some of the technical issues that might arise. Dr. Eva Albers and Dr. Joshua Mayers, researchers at the biology and biological engineering, and industrial biotechnology departments at Chalmers university of technology with focus on algal biotechnology, provided great insight into some of the considerations needed for large scale cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms.
One of the main technical issues discussed were product separation which would increase in cost due to the lower cultivation density resulting from a photosynthesis based system. The increased cost may however be offset by the absence of cost for a sugar source for the production organisms. To study this further a more complete life cycle analysis is needed to evaluate the cost offset this will result in. This should be one of the main tasks for a continuation of the project to see if the resulting system would could be commercially viable.
The issue of product separation is also related to the problem of water use, since cyanobacteria do require large amounts of water to grow. Since freshwater is also a limited resource on our planet a saltwater living strain may be the better choice for a photosynthesis based culture system. The use of seawater does however bring with it other problems such as salinity and contamination risks and might not be a good choice for a co-culture system specifically, but may be suitable for general culture of phototrophic microorganisms. Since photosynthetic organisms require sunlight for conversion of CO2 into more complex carbon sources, the day-night cycle also becomes an issue. The flow of carbon will decrease or cease completely during nighttime unless artificial light is used. Due to the cost of energy, using artificial light for a large scale cultivation system is not viable.
To achieve a productivity level that is as high as possible increased levels of CO2 is also needed. The co-culture system itself could provide this since the production organism is using the carbon excreted by the cyanobacteria, closer calculations are however needed to evaluate the balance in this reaction. Another possible solution is to couple a production facility such as this to a fossil carbon burning power plant and capturing the released CO2 and feeding it into your bioreactors. Furthermore, the transparency of the culture is important to maintain lighting conditions for the cyanobacteria; this severely limits the biomass concentration achievable in the culture. A possible solution to this problem is separation of the two organisms by a permeable membrane or even into separate reactors with a shared volume of media circulating both cultures.
It is clear that a viable chemical production industry based on biosynthesis still has many hurdles to pass. However, with the rapid progress the field of synthetic biology is making we are confident these problems can be solved; and as discussed previously in this section the need for them to be solved is great, and growing quickly.
Viewing possible futures to find our own
The science of synthetic biology can arguably be described as one of the most powerful technologies that humankind has ever conceived. Granted, this technology is still in its infancy, but as many other branches of science it carries the burden of incredible destructive capacity. But in contrast to many other scientific fields, the tremendous potential for productive and life-saving uses are even more evident in the field of synthetic biology. With both of these potentials follows several ethical and philosophical questions on how to advance the frontier of this technology.
Its destructive capacity is, in our opinion, undeniable, but equally so is its potential for good. Both of these are of course dependent on how the technology is applied and used and just as with most of our modern technology, it can be abused. The question is, can we allow tremendous good to be held back by an imaginary situation where the technology is misused? How do we balance its creative power with its destructive ability?
Like many questions it comes down to people. Do we trust the character of ourselves as people to handle this powerful tool? One could also look to history: Have we done so in the past with other scientific discoveries? One could argue that our track record is questionable to say the least.
But what about the future? Of course learning from the future is hard since we do not know it, but imagining it can help us find out where we want to go.
To try to encourage reflection and debate around these questions, our team has applied speculative design into our integrated human practices. In contrast to science, which aims to describe how things are, the purpose of speculative design is to show how things could be. This can help us to discover how we think things should be and what actions to take to reach this future. Speculative design aims to provoke thought and discussion by postulating a future situation or society in which the subject matter is portrayed. This could be in the form of stories or simple descriptions of how life is in relation to the discussed subject. It could be how transportation is envisioned, how society is organised or, as in our case, how synthetic biology is applied and how it has affected the world.
Since the future consequences of new technologies may be difficult to imagine and even harder to predict accurately, the stories are intentionally fictional. The reason for this is to remove the restrictions one commonly places on imagination when trying to come up with “realistic” ideas. This problem does not arise when it comes to fiction since these restrictions are lifted when you know the story is not real. What may seem “unrealistic” today can often be commonplace tomorrow, fiction can help us embrace unconventional ideas. The purpose of speculative design is therefore to liberate our creativity and open our minds to what might seem impossible.
Consider the idea: If all industrial production of chemicals across the world is based on biosynthesis, what could the world look like in 50 or 100 years? Below, three short stories are presented, inspired by our own project idea.
Some areas that are worth considering when discussing the future of synthetic biology are: Safety, regulation(law), education and general ethical aspects.
A blue-green home
She looked out over the barren landscape, sand and rock as far as the eye could see, nothing lived there. Beep, Beep! She walked along the cliffs, felt the poisoned air burn her throat. Beep, Beep! The wind was howling, the ground started shaking, an instinct caused her to turn around, then she saw it, a wall of water was rushing towards her. Beep, Beep! She wanted to run but the air burning in her throat seemed to drain her of her strength. Beep, Beep! Just as the water was going to crush her…
Eve woke up with a jolt, a beeping sound came from the other side of her room. The DNA-synthesizer on her desk had completed another cycle, she sighed in relief, her dream had been so unpleasant. The machine humming on her desk she had bought for her high school biology project. It was old and loud, almost as big as the vintage toaster her mother kept in the kitchen. Moving over to the desk, she sat down and read the display on the device. It still had 3 more cycles to complete before the genetic constructs she had chosen the night before were complete. The constructs were going to change the “photoplastic” growing in small tubes on the roof of all the buildings in her neighborhood. They would shine in different colors depending on the season. She thought of the small life forms growing on the roof and how they provided the material for the 3D-printers everyone had in their homes.
She wondered how people had made things without them.
The idea she had suggested to her mother, not two weeks ago, played in her mind; if the small lifeforms make everything we need, then they might as well look pretty doing so! She had learned the basics of manipulating DNA in primary school and bought everything she needed online, from the DNA-synthesizer to an old TIRC machine (Transformation Integration Replication and Cultivation). That night, her mother had talked about how genetic modification of the tiny life forms had once been difficult and even forbidden.
Eve could not see how anything could be produced without them. In her world they produced everything from food to energy, even the material of the sheets she had been curling into a moment ago was produced from these tiny things. She remembered how they used the energy of sunlight and the gases in the air, freely available everywhere and to everyone, to replicate themselves. Of course, they need the small bag of minerals every few weeks or so but other than that they were completely self-sustaining.
Her teacher had once talked about how people used to pull ancient black and toxic goo from deep pockets in the ground to make things and burn for fuel. She had described how it had almost made the planet uninhabitable, how the oceans had threatened to swallow the lands and the air becoming toxic. Eve wondered how people could allow such wasteful and destructive use of the scarce resources available on the little world they all shared.
Eve thought about the dream she had, was it real? Was it a memory, no she had never seen the dead landscape before, her world was green and full of life. She returned to her bed and looked up at the early morning sky through the transparent domed ceiling of her bedroom. Some of the stars had not yet yielded to the sunrise. As she drifted back into sleep she thought of the blue-green world that was her home, and knew, it was well taken care of.
The end of microbe-based production of chemicals?
With general tools for genetic modification becoming commercially available, how do we tackle the arising problem of microorganisms being modified for destructive ends? Certainly, many commercial goods available today can be used for destructive means, after all a regular automobile is a 2000-pound projectile in the wrong hands. But, it could be argued that no product available today have the potential destructive capacity of a highly contagious bioweapon in the form of a genetically engineered bacterium or virus. How should questions of regulation be handled to prevent such a future?
The year is 2116. The world is threatened by a plague! Not a human plague, but a highly resistant bacteriophage threatening to eliminate the microbe-based production of food and medications that the sustainable world has become reliant on.
How could this happen?
50 years ago, there was barely any hope left for the planet Earth. The majority of the population of the Earth was shuttled to Mars, which then was more habitable than our planet. Due to this, the carbon dioxide emissions slowly began to decrease. However, this decrease was nowhere near the pace that was needed in order to save our planet. People were scared. Any solution would do. During the last three decades, a microbe-based production of chemicals using atmospheric carbon dioxide had drawn a lot of interest. Even though it showed great promise, the fear of using genetically modified organisms for production of any everyday product was even greater. But now, even the most skeptical people have agreed. Anything to save our planet.
Today, in the year of 2116, the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are back to the normal level. It’s too good to be true. Or is it?
Due to the availability of using this production system, anyone today is able to use the system for production of everyday products. Limiting legislations were made since it was implemented during such chaotic circumstances. The public was not well-informed of the potential risks of using this system and the importance of using it as intended.
Due to misuse of the system, a highly resistant bacteriophage has arisen. The solution that saved our planet also became a weapon that now threatens to end all human life on Earth. Is this the end of the Earth?
In a Coffee Shop...
In a galaxy far, far…. Well, not that far, it’s actually very close, it’s actually here, just not now.
Sofus: ”Do you want something to drink?”
John: ”Yes, thanks. I’ll have a latte, with the extra caffeine. I need a pick me up!”
Sofus: “Here’s your coffee – why do you need that extra kick?”
John: “I stayed up all night working. I just started a new project in the lab!”
Sofus: “Oh, what are you working on now?”
John: “Well, it’s a new form of life. I know you’re thinking ‘oh, now again’, but ever since Bohrian made that new one, I have been wanting to do it too!”
Sofus: “What kind of lifeform?”
John: “It’s sort of a little creature that can help with all the things that you back in the days needed paid workers to do – you know; laundry, shopping for food, cleaning. I hope I can get it to watch the kids when they’re forming in the womb as well!”
Sofus: “Oh yeah, you’re having one hatched. How is that coming?”
John: “I just visited it yesterday. Seems like it’s coming along fine!”
Sofus: “When do you think it’s waking up?”
John: “About a week or two – so my creature should be done by then.”
Sofus: “That should be plenty of time. Remember, we're in 2500 now.”
John: “Yeah, I know. It’s been 500 years since the dark ages… It is so weird to think about how we used to live.”
Sofus: “It’s weird to think of them as our ancestors. We have evolved since, I believe.”
John: “That we have, yes. I actually read something about their ideas of creating new life.”
Sofus: “Why would you want to read something from the dark ages?”
John: “I was drunk and did some research on how the perfect new life form should look. I stumbled on something called ‘Google’ that they used.”
Sofus: “I think I have heard of that – they had that on ‘the Internet’, right?”
John: “Yes. But, there was actually a lot of articles about life. But they all said that you shouldn’t create it yourself!”
Sofus: “… Shouldn’t?”
John: “Yes. Remember, they had that idea about not just doing things because you could. It must have been so boring!”
Sofus: “So weird. Why shouldn’t you do the things you are able to? How would you otherwise evolve?”
John: “I really don’t know but they seemed to fear the unknown, believing that science moved too fast to follow.”
Sofus: “I feel for them – if they only knew what they missed when they didn’t explore the limits of their knowledge.”
By: Rikke Friis Bentzon - iGEM team SDU-Denmark
- "Laureates Letter Supporting Precision Agriculture (GMOs) | Support ..." 2016. [cited 21 Jul. 2016] Available from: http://supportprecisionagriculture.org/nobel-laureate-gmo-letter_rjr.html
- WHITE J. P. Ranalli, Editor, Improvement of Crop Plants for Industrial End Use, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany (2007) 542 pp. Field Crops Research. 2008;107(2):184-.
- Mitchell D. A note on rising food prices. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, Vol. 2008 Jul 1.
- Babcock BA, Barr KJ, Carriquiry M. Costs and benefits to taxpayers, consumers, and producers from US ethanol policies. (2010).
- Shong J, Jimenez Diaz MR, Collins CH. Towards synthetic microbial consortia for bioprocessing. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2012;23(5):798-802.
- Brenner K, Karig DK, Weiss R, Arnold FH. Engineered Bidirectional Communication Mediates a Consensus in a Microbial Biofilm Consortium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007;104(44):17300-4.
- Payne S, Li B, Cao Y, Schaeffer D, Ryser MD, You L. Temporal control of self‐organized pattern formation without morphogen gradients in bacteria. Molecular Systems Biology. 2013;2014;9(1):697.
- Pande S, Merker H, Bohl K, Reichelt M, Schuster S, de Figueiredo L, et al. Fitness and stability of obligate cross-feeding interactions that emerge upon gene loss in bacteria. ISME JOURNAL. 2014;8(5):953-62.
- Waite AJ, Shou W. Adaptation to a new environment allows cooperators to purge cheaters stochastically. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012;109(47):19079-86
- “Academic fact fight - debate” by Frits Ahlefeldt, Hiking.org; 2015 [cited 15 oct. 2016] Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/hikingartist/17163831686
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What is a network protocol?
Network protocol same as human protocol. Human protocol means something we conduct all the time. Examples are render greetings, wait for a response, analyze the response, and act according to it. Why the network protocol similar to human protocol. Because network protocol also conducts the above-mentioned human protocol functions on the internet. Obviously, network protocols conduct, manage, and govern all communication activities in the network. A network protocol declares as rules which allow for data transmission between network devices. On the other hand, it conducts the format of messages so they can exchange successfully.
Definition of network protocol
What is a network? A network can build by connecting two or more computers. A network intends to enable the transferring information and files between multiple computer systems. Two computers should follow a set of rules when sending and receiving information with each other. In order to that, an essential set of communication rules called protocol rules which conduct the communication between two computers connected to the network. The computer network contains many different protocols. As well as they help to carry data packets. The protocols are built to work on different levels of network layers.
Types of network protocols
There are many network protocols in different network layers. There are mainly four different network layers and it has its network protocols. HTTP which is a most popular network protocol, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP, and DNS are some protocols in the Application Layer. As well as Transport Layer consists of TCP and UDP protocols. Furthermore, IP (Internet Protocol), ARP, ICMP, and IGMP are Network Layer’s protocols. Finally, Ethernet, Token Ring, and other link-layer protocols include the Network interface Layer. Out of that HTTP, TCP/UDP, IP is the most popular network protocols.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
Also, HTTP considered a web browser. Hypertext refers to the text on a computer that will lead the user to other, related information on demand. Hypertext documents create using a special kind of document formatting or “markup” language called HyperText Markup Language (HTML). HTML format documents send or received between two or more computers over the network using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
TCP means Transmission Control Protocol. TCP is connection-oriented. Along with configuration should be done between client and server processes. This is a full-featured protocol and allows us to transfer data and information reliably without considering network layer problems. However low overhead but it is higher than UDP. Transmission is speed is high but not speed as UDP. Because it has more additional functionalities. Also, it can transfer small to very large data quantity via the network. As well as TCP is sequenced and has acknowledgments.
UDP defines as User Datagram Protocol. This is non-sequenced as well as it has no acknowledgment. It does not worry about the order of packet arrival. UDP needs fewer computer resources. Indeed, it has very high-speed data transmission than TCP because it has not additional features to do. Nevertheless, this network protocol is unreliable and connection-less. On the other hand, it has low overhead and low functionality.
The extraction name is Internet Protocol. Actually, the internet is a network of computer networks. Here data is transmitted by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). A packet defines as a unit of delivering packets from one computer device to another. Importantly, basic task or functionality of IP is transferring data packets as quickly as possible from one router to another.
Hi I’m Oshan I’m a Computer hardware engineer with B.Sc (CS) degree.
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12 posts • Page 1 of 1
I would start out drawing the Lewis structure because that will determine whether or not a molecule is polar and capable of a hydrogen bond. If you draw it out and it is not symmetrical you know it is polar, and if it has an OH, NH, or HF bond than you know it is capable of a hydrogen bond. If anyone else has other approaches please include them.
I second what the comment above says. Further, you should also determine if the question is asking to determine the IMF's the molecule can have with another molecule of itself or another molecule that the problem specifies. If you have a OH, HN, or HF bond you know there is possibility for H-bonding. If the dipole moments do not cancel or the shape is asymmetrical the molecule has possibility for dipole-dipole interactions. Dispersion depends on polarizability, but every molecule has it.
The part that confused me what the induced-dipole induced dipole IMFs. From what I remember from discussion section, the larger the non-polar molecule, the easier it is to disperse the charges within the molecule, making the IMFs stronger, compared to if you had shorter non-polar molecules interacting.
Personally, I would prefer to draw the Lewis structure first to see whether the molecule is ionic (ionic-ionic, ionic-dipole) -->whether polar (ionic-dipole, dipole dipole, dipole-induced dipole), or nonpolar (dipole-induced dipole, induced dipole-induced dipole), with the help of either net dipole moment or VSEPR model. Even though, in the molecule, several same atoms are attached to the same central atom, the molecule could actually still potentially be polar, due to lone pair electrons.
It's good to start off drawing the Lewis Structure. From there you can determine whether the molecule is polar or nonpolar and capable of forming a hydrogen. If a molecule is polar then there is a dipole-dipole interaction. All molecule tend to have a induced-induced interaction.
I think the best way is to look at the formula first. If it is definitely polar and does not have symmetry, you can probably assume that there are dipole forces. But of course, drawing a lewis structure would be safer. So draw the structure and see if there is symmetry when you are not sure.
I start out by drawing a Lewis structure and determining whether the compound is polar. If it's polar, it will experience dipole-dipole interactions. If it has an H bonded to an F, O, or N, it experiences H-bonding. If it's non polar, it only experiences London Dispersion Forces.
I would also start out by drawing the molecule and determining whether it is polar or nonpolar. From there, you can tell if the molecule has LDFs and Dipole Dipole IMFs if the molecule is polar or LDFs only if it's nonpolar.
Jasmine 3L wrote:What are your best methods for finding intermolecular forces of a molecule? Do we start out with drawing the Lewis structure?
yes, drawing the Lewis structure is the best first step, because it will help you best visualize, as much as possible, what is happening regarding which atoms are attached to which atoms. if any H atoms are attached to N, O, or F its a hydrogen bond. In addition, look at the shape; this will also tell you a lot: if the atoms are all the same surrounding the central atom it's most likely non-polar (no dipole-dipole) if there are some lone pairs there may be a net dipole making the molecule polar (dipole-dipole).
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Primary sources are an integral part of understanding historical and modern events. This introduction for the primary grades, with accompanying worksheets, help students build their awareness of primary sources. It also helps them realize that they create a historical footprint on a daily basis.
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Home > News > Prion fingerprints detected with glowing molecule
November 20th, 2007
Prion fingerprints detected with glowing molecule
An effective and sensitive new method for detecting and characterizing prions, the infectious compounds behind diseases like mad cow disease, is now being launched by researchers at Linköping University in Sweden, among other institutions.
Mad cow disease (BSE), which has caused the death of more than 200,000 cattle and 165 people in the U.K., has now abated. But other prion disorders are on the rise, and there is concern that new strains will infect humans. Prions are not readily transmittable from species to species, but once they have broken through the species barrier they can rapidly adapt and become contagious within the species. Intensive work is now underway to find new, more sensitive methods for detecting these potentially deadly protein structures and distinguish between various strains.
The method now being presented in the journal Nature Methods is based on a fluorescent molecule, a so-called conjugated polymer, which was developed at Linköping University.
NYU Researchers Break Nano Barrier to Engineer the First Protein Microfiber October 23rd, 2014
Iranian Scientists Apply Nanotechnology to Produce Surgery Suture October 23rd, 2014
RF Heating of Magnetic Nanoparticles Improves the Thawing of Cryopreserved Biomaterials October 23rd, 2014
Bipolar Disorder Discovery at the Nano Level: Tiny structures found in brain synapses help scientists better understand disorder October 22nd, 2014
Nanoparticle technology triples the production of biogas October 23rd, 2014
SUNY Polytechnic Institute Invites the Public to Attend its Popular Statewide 'NANOvember' Series of Outreach and Educational Events October 23rd, 2014
Advancing thin film research with nanostructured AZO: Innovnano’s unique and cost-effective AZO sputtering targets for the production of transparent conducting oxides October 23rd, 2014
Strengthening thin-film bonds with ultrafast data collection October 23rd, 2014
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Walk your way to a healthy life! Walking is an enormously positive activity and can influence your life in many positive ways. The list of benefits you can reap from walking is definitely impressive. Walking is your main form of exercise (as it is for about 40 percent of Americans). You walk most days of the week, typically following a set route and going fast enough to get your heart rate up and keep it there for 30 minutes.
Walking is simple, free and one of the easiest ways to get more active, lose weight and become healthier. Regular walking has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, stroke and some cancers.
Consider the following for Walk your way to a healthy life!
- Together with a healthy diet, walking can be instrumental in helping you lose weight. A 45-minute walk every other day for a year can burn 8 pounds of fat.
- Walking reduces the risk of colon cancer.
- Walking is the perfect exercise for promoting a healthy back.
- Walking boosts the defence system.
- Mild exercise such as walking after eating moves food through the stomach more quickly, helping to relieve minor indigestion.
- It helps increase the strength and efficiency of your heart and muscles.
- Walking reduces hypertension (high blood pressure) and aids diabetics.
- Walking, like any other exercise, promotes better sleep.
- Walking, like other exercises, increases both energy level and stamina. Overall strength, flexibility, and balance are also improved.
- In one study, women who listened to music while walking lost more weight and body fat and were more likely to stick to their routines than those who did not, according to researchers at Fairleigh Dickinson University, in Teaneck, New Jersey.
Thanks for reading my article on Walk your way to a healthy life! Pardon any omission.
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I am interested in the early history of curvature. Who defined it first and when, who came up with the name, how was it calculated before mathematicians used calculus to define $k=|α''(s)|$? Are there books or articles containing such early calculations?
Apollonius (c. 262–190 BC) "calculated" curvature of conic sections implicitly when solving the problem of drawing normals to them in book V of Conica, but he did not think of it as a property of a curve, and his "calculations" are constructions of segments. The first person to "see" curvature was Oresme (c. 1320-1382), Descartes's precursor in introducing coordinates. He described it as a local measure of curve's bending, and christened it with the Latin "curvitas". Later he proposed that for circles it can be quantified by the reciprocal of the radius, our modern convention. Kepler vaguely suggested how to define curvature for general curves by considering the "closest" circle at a point, named osculating ("kissing") circle by Leibniz in 1680s. But it was Huygens, who first found a way to calculate curvature for general curves, and Newton who gave the concept its modern form.
The calculus was yet to be invented so Huygens relied on Descartes's ideas about multiplicity of intersections and Fermat's ideas of infinitely small. Descartes in Geometry (1637) gives a method of drawing tangents and normals to a curve by finding circles with centers on the axis, whose two intersection points with the curve "coalesce", and so intersection gives a double root. This was a foundation of Descartes's algebraic calculus, that preceded Newton's and Leibniz's. Huygens realized in 1653-4 that for any point on a curve one can consider two "coalescing" normals, and gave a semi-geometric way to calculate their point of intersection. That of course was the center of curvature, and its distance to the curve was the radius of curvature, although Huygens did not use these terms. Van Schooten included the method in appendices to the second edition of Descartes' Geometry (1659), which is where Newton learned it from. Later in a remarkable tour de force of Horologium Oscillatorum (1673) Huygens named the locus of the centers of curvature to a curve its evolute, and showed how to construct a perfect pendulum, whose period does not depend on its amplitude. The construction was based on the fact that evolute to a cycloid is congruent to it.
It was Newton who developed Huygens's ideas into a general method for computing curvature (which he initially called "crookedness") in 1664. He used that two nearby normals "coalescing" is equivalent to three nearby intersection points with the circle "coalescing" on the curve, and used Descartes's method, with Hudde's 1659 improvements to find its center by looking for a triple root. Newton also realized that at inflexion points, where the radius of curvature "blows up", one should assign to curvature value zero. Later in the Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series; with its Applications to the Geometry of Curve-Lines (1671) he transformed the algebraic approach to curvature into a more recognizable one of calculus. But it is interesting that Newton was well aware, and facile with, the "lost" algebraic calculus when developing his own. Some modern textbooks, e.g. Struik's Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry, still use the language of coalescing points and normals when defining curvature.
Lodder's Curvature in Calculus Curriculum gives a step by step guide through Huygens's calculation of curvature and evolute of the cycloid, he also describes Euler's 1760 calculation of the principal curvatures of a surface. An overview of early history (with some inaccuracies) is given in Curvature of Surfaces in 3-Space, the source is Margalit's History of Curvature. Nauenberg's Huygens and Newton on Curvature and its Applications to Dynamics gives a detailed account based on original sources, it briefly describes Newton's alternative method for calculating curvature a la Descartes.
From Curvature of Surfaces in 3-Space by Michael Garman & Jessica Bonnie published in Verge 6:
The notion of curvature first began with the discovery and refinement of the principles of geometry by the ancient Greecks circa 800-600 BCE. Curvature was originally defined as a property of the two classical Greek curves, the line and the circle.
It was noted that lines do not curve amd that every point on a circle curves the same amount. The actual study of curvature began when Aristotle expanded upon these two points and declared that there are three kinds of loci: straight, circular and mixed. It was from this premise that the true study of curvature began.
Appollonius of Perga devised methods for calculating the radius of curvature in the 3rd BCE. These methods were similar to Newton and Huygens (discovered some 2,000 years ago later) ...
The next momentous advancement in the study of curvature came from Nicole Orseme in the 14C. Oresme was the first person to hint at an actual definition of curvature. He also assumed that there was a specific measure of twist which he called 'curvitas'. By observing multiple curves at once, Oresme eventually proposed that the curvature of a circle was proportional to the multiplicative inverse of its radius. This would eventually provide the driving force behind the quest of finding the curvature of a general curve ...
Johannes Kepler made the next contribution to the notion of curvature. While working on the problem of al Hazin, (finding the image of a brilliant point when reflected off a circle), Kepler arrived at the notion of using a circle to measure the general curvature at a point of reflection. This approximating circle would come to be known as a curvea 'circle of curvature' at a point ...
After this Huygens, Newton & Liebniz reified Keplers discovery through calculus into the modern notion of a curvature of a curve. A similar definition can be given for the curvature of a surface. But in higher dimensions a scalar measure of curvature isn't sufficient and tensors are required. This was Riemann's achievement after Gauss discovered his eponymous curvature. It's worth noting that calculus in Newton's hands actually began, as Garman & Bonnie note, with his study of curvature rather than that of motion as is commonly assumed.
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st. peter’s basilica ( Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican )
Located in the Vatican City, Saint Peter’s Basilica (st. peter’s basilica ) is one of the Catholic Church’s holiest sites and foremost pilgrimage sites. It was built over the burial site of Saint Peter, Christ’s leading apostle and the first pope. The current pope presides over religious rituals and celebrations here.
With an internal length of 186.36 meters and an internal width of 91 meters, the Basilica is regarded as the largest church in the world, with 15,160 square meters of interior space.
In 1506 the old basilica was torn down and the new one was built. It was completed in 1614, but not consecrated until 18 November 1626. The church was designed by a number of top architects, including Michelangelo.
history of st peter’s basilica
Historically, Saint Peter was crucified upside-down either on Janiculum Hill (about a kilometer south-east of the present basilica) or on the Ager Vaticanus, the area owned by the mad emperor Caligula, a racetrack for chariot races.
facts about st peter’s basilica
In the Roman era, St. Peter was buried next to the Via Cornelia, the Roma road that ran along the side of the circus. Since he is considered to be the first Pope, the small shrine where he rests was chosen as the location of the Catholic Church’s most important sanctuary and spiritual center.
Constantine, Emperor of Rome in 319 AD, decided to build a large Basilica dedicated to St. Peter on the slopes of the Vatican Hill, north of the Transtiberim district (now known as Trastevere). Despite construction continuing until around 340 AD, it was consecrated in 326 AD.
The basilica is built over St. Peter’s grave, which was believed to have been buried there. During a Saracen raid in 846 AD, this holy site was damaged and desecrated, but the massive building with its 120 altars stood until Pope Julius II (1503-1513).
The vision and ambition of Pope Julius II led to the building of the world’s most impressive church, which was built gradually over the next 120 years, with several design changes. The building was designed by Raphael, Baldassare Peruzzi, Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, among many others.
Due to Pope Julius‘ decision to raise the vast sums of money required to build his new church by selling indulgences, a practice Martin Luther despised, the new basilica also led to the Reformation in western Christianity.
It was designed to rival the dome built by Brunelleschi in Florence a century earlier. The construction of the pilasters to support the dome was barely underway when Pope Julius died in 1513.
The dome‘s imposing base or “drum” had been raised by Michelangelo‘s death in 1564. It was finally completed in 1590 by Giacomo della Porta, who had been appointed by Sixtus V in 1585 to construct the dome. The dome is divided into sixteen sections by raised ribs.
Adding about seven meters to Michelangelo‘s plans, he raised the dome’s height to even more effectively dominate the Roman skyline. After Domenico Fontana completed the lantern atop the dome, the dome was complete.
Millions of pilgrims and tourists visit St. Peter’s Basilica every year (an estimated 5.9 million people visited the Vatican in 2014), making it the center of Catholicism.It can accommodate over 20,000 people and is truly a gigantic building. The dome measures 58.9 meters in diameter (internal diameter = 41.5 meters), reaching a height of 136.5 meters to the top of the cross upon the lantern. The exterior length is 211.50 meters (including the portico or narthex).
The Basilica now has over 10,000 square meters of mosaics, including those inside the dome. Their appearance is almost identical to that of real paintings when viewed from a distance.
What’s Inside St. Peter’s Basilica?
A series of priceless treasures in marble and bronze can be found within the basilica, as well as papal tombs and some famous paintings.
A masterpiece of Michelangelo, the Pieta is one of the most recognized statues in the world. Mother Mary holds Jesus after his crucifixion in the lap of the Carrara marble structure.
A monumental sculpture that towers almost six feet high, the sculpture represents the sanctity of the moment. The Pieta sculpture, which roughly translates to Pity, was created by Michelangelo in the late 15th century. When you enter St. Peter’s Basilica, this breathtaking statue is located in the first chapel to the right.
Cupola – ( the Dome )
The dome of St. Peter’s Basilica, or the Cupola, is one of the largest domes in the world. This dome was designed by Michelangelo. His pupil Giacomo Della Porta, however, completed the dome construction only in 1590. In addition to 16 large windows, busts, frescoes, and figurines of more than 96 figures, the cupola is adorned with several elements across six concentric circles. A total of 231 steps can be climbed or an elevator can be used to reach the cupola base, and another 320 steps will take you up to the cupola’s top.
The Papal Altar
The Papal Altar, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is located at the center of Saint Peter’s Basilica. Finished over an 11-year period, the altar has a bronze four-pillared canopy in a baroque style. The altar was built over the tomb of St. Peter, making it the most important part of the church. The Papal Altar includes two main features: the Baldacchino and the Chair of St. Peter. Here is where the Pope performs Mass.
Statue of St. Longinus
In St. Peter’s Basilica, the Statue of St. Longinus can be found in a gallery called ‘loggia’. This Bernini statue stands over 13 feet high and must be seen from a certain angle. An evocative marble sculpture shows St. Longinus, the Roman centurion who pierced Jesus with a lance but converted to Christianity after Christ‘s death. Approximately four blocks of marble were used in the construction of the statue in 1643.
St. Peter’s Tomb
It is believed that St. Peter was crucified in Caligula’s Circus back in 64 C.E. Afterwards, he was buried on Vatican Hill. During Constantinople’s reign, a church was built on the tomb of St. Peter, which was later converted into the current St. Peter’s Basilica in the 16th century. Currently, a Confessio area is created in front of St. Peter’s Tomb to commemorate his martyrdom. The papal altar above the tomb and several popes buried below the tomb make up the Vatican Necropolis.
Bronze Statue of St. Peter
An important part of the Basilica is the famous statue of St. Peter, which dates back to the 5th century and stands against the pillar of St. Longinus. The saint sits on a marble chair, holds the keys of heaven in his left hand, and raises his right hand in blessing. Toes have worn thin over the years due to pilgrims touching and kissing the foot.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is the St. Peter’s Basilica?
A Renaissance-style church in Vatican City, St. Peter’s Basilica. Designed by Donato Bramante, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno between 1506 and 1626, St. Peter’s Basilica is the world’s biggest church.
What is the location of St. Peter’s Basilica?
The Basilica of St. Peter is located at Piazza San Pietro, 00120 Città del Vaticano, Vatican City.
What can I see inside the St. Peter’s Basilica?
In St. Peter’s Basilica, there are a number of main attractions, including the Dome of the Basilica, the Vatican Grottoes, Michelangelo’s Pieta, and St. Peter’s Baldachin, St. Longinus’ statue, St. Peter’s Tomb, and the Chair of St. Peter.
Why is it called St. Peter’s Basilica?
In Catholic tradition, St. Peter’s Basilica is believed to be where Saint Peter, one of Jesus’ twelve apostles, was buried. It is also believed to be the burial place of the first Roman bishop, Saint Peter.
How long did it take to build St. Peter’s Basilica?
The construction of St. Peter’s took 150 years, and Michelangelo was only the architect for 18 of them. It is Michelangelo’s building, however
How long is the queue for St. Peter’s Basilica?
There is no admission fee to visit St Peter’s Basilica, but expect long queues of up to two hours. You can skip the line by purchasing special skip-the-line tickets with audio guides if you don’t want to stand in line for two hours. You can book these online at Tiqets or at GetYourGuide.
Is st peter’s basilica the largest church in the world ?
The Basilica of San Pietro or St. Peter’s Basilica, with its 23,000 m2, of which 15,160 are walkable, a height of 133.30 m and a length of 218 m, is the world’s largest Catholic church. It has been a spiritual destination for tourists and faithful from around the world since 1626.
st peter’s basilica and sistine chapel tour
There is no entrance fee to St. Peter’s Basilica. By booking a group tour or a private tour, you can avoid the long queue.
Opening days and times 2023
From October 1st to March 31st it is open every day from 7.00 am to 6.30 pm.
From April 1st to September 30th it is open every day from 7.00 am to 7.00 pm.
The entrance is allowed after 1.00 pm on Wednesdays, Sundays, and during festivities for religious reasons.
Closed on January 1st and 6th.
Visit the Vatican Necropolis
The excavating of the tomb of St Peter is only permitted occasionally when special permission is granted by the Excavations Office. Email [email protected] to see if you can get a reservation for your preferred date. A fee of 13 euros is charged per person.
How to get there
The Basilica of St Peter is located in Vatican City, across the Tiber River from Rome’s ancient center. Address: Piazza San Pietro, 00120 Vatican City, Vatican City.
Vatican Museums Tickets & Tours 2022
Best time to visit St Peter’s Basilica
The best time to avoid the rush is early in the morning. Early in the morning, St Peter’s will have fewer queues if any. Tours start arriving and so do the people, but many tours have fast-track tickets, so they will skip the queue.
If you do not want to get started early, you can buy a fast-track ticket online. By late afternoon, you will see a slow decline in visitors, and the closer you get to closing time at 7.00 pm in peak season or 6.00 pm in winter, the shorter the queue is likely to be.
What to wear at the Vatican
At St Peter’s Basilica, the dress code is strictly enforced.
It is mandatory for men to wear long trousers (no shorts) and cover their shoulders. It is not allowed for women to wear bare shoulders or skirts that are shorter than the knee.
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Thermodynamic Optimization of Flow Over an Isothermal Moving Plate
930 WordsJun 24, 20184 Pages
Boundary layers are thin regions next to the wall in the flow where viscous forces are important. The above-mentioned wall can be in various geometrical shapes. Blasius studied the simplest boundary layer over a flat plate. He employed a similarity transformation which reduces the partial differential boundary layer equations to a nonlinear third-order ordinary differential one before solving it analytically. The boundary layer flow over a moving plate in a viscous fluid has been considered by Klemp and Acrivos , Hussaini et al. , Fang and Zhang and recently Ishak et al. and Cortell which is an extension of the flow over a static plate considered by Blasius. A large amount of literatures on this problem has been cited…show more content…
u=∂ψ/∂y and v=-∂ψ/∂x and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
Substituting Eqs.(5) and (6) into Eq.(2) we obtained the following ordinary differential equation. f^''' (η)+f(η)f''(η)=0 (7)
With these boundary conditions:
f(0)=0 ,f^' (0)=λ (8) lim┬(η→∞)〖f^' (η)〗 = 1
Where λ=u_w/u_∞ is the plate velocity ratio that represents the direction and magnitude of the moving plate.
The skin friction coefficient C_f can be defined as:
C_f=τ_w/(ρ〖〖 u〗_∞〗^2 ) (9)
Where τ_w is the surface shear stress which is given by: τ_w=├ μ(∂u/∂y)┤| y=0 (10)
Substituting Eqs.(5),(6) into Eqs. (9) and (10) we obtain:
√(2〖Re〗_x ) C_f=f^'' (0) (11)
Where 〖Re〗_x is the local Reynolds number.
Looking for Similarity solution for energy equation, Eq.3, we obtained: θ^'' (η)+Pr f(η) θ^' (η)=0 (12)
Where θ=(T-T_∞)/(T_w-T_∞ ) (13)
Is dimensionless temperature and Pr=ν/α .
The boundary conditions are:
At η=0: θ(0)=1 (14) lim┬(η→∞)θ(η) = θ(∞)=0
The local Nusselt number〖 Nu〗_x, is defined as:
〖Nu〗_x=(x q_w)/(k (T_w-T_∞)) (15)
Where q_w is the surface heat flux which is: q_w=-k├ ∂T/∂y┤|_(y=0 ) (16)
Using Eq.(5), (6),(15) and (16) we obtain:
〖[〖Re〗_x/2]〗^( -1/2) 〖 Nu〗_x=-θ^' (0) (17)
H. Blasius, Grenzschichten in FlüssigkeitenmitkleinerReibung. Z. Math. Phys. 56 (1908) 1-37.
J.B. Klemp, A. Acrivos, A method for integrating the
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Southern marbled newt
|Southern marbled newt|
The southern marbled newt or pygmy marbled newt (Triturus pygmaeus) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found in Portugal and Spain. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, water storage areas, ponds, open excavations, irrigated land, canals and ditches. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The southern marbled newt occurs only in southern Portugal and southwestern Spain, in Mediterranean climate. The Douro–Tagus watershed forms a narrow, northern border to the range of Triturus marmoratus.
The southern marbled newt is similar in appearance to the marbled newt but is smaller, with adults reaching a total length of 13 centimetres (5.1 in) as against the latter's 17 centimetres (6.7 in). The dorsal surface is yellowish-green heavily mottled with irregular patches of dark brown or black, and there is a thin orange line running along the spine from head to tip of tail, although this stripe fades somewhat in adult males. The underparts are creamy-white with dark spots which distinguishes this species from the marbled newt with its dark underparts. Breeding males have a wavy, black-barred crest running from the head tail tip, but this has no indentation between body and tail.
The southern marbled newt lives in oak woodland and uses ponds, ditches and other water bodies for breeding. Its habitat is being degraded by urbanization and the loss of temporary water bodies. Another threat to the species is the introduction of crayfish and non-native fish and the pollution of its breeding sites. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its status as being "near threatened".
- Jan Willem Arntzen, Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Robert Jehle, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Carmen Diaz Paniagua (2009). Triturus pygmaeus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
- García-París, Mario; Arano, Begona; Herrero, Pilar (2001). "Molecular characterization of the contact zone between Triturus pygmaeus and T. marmoratus (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Central Spain and their taxonomic assessment" (PDF). Rev Esp Herpetol. 15: 115–126. hdl:10261/53967.
- Zuiderwijk A. (2004). "Triturus marmoratus (Latreille, 1800)". In Gasc J-P, Cabela A, Crnobrnja-Isailovic J, et al. (eds.). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. pp. 82–83. ISBN 2-85653-574-7.
- Arnold, E. Nicholas; Ovenden, Denys W. (2002). Field Guide: Reptiles & Amphibians of Britain & Europe. Collins & Co. p. 42. ISBN 9780002199643.
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Additionally, ESA is performing other HAPS studies through its Discovery and Preparation Programme, identifying how HAPS could bring value to satellite communications and Earth observation in terms of performance or cost, to highlight gaps in current HAPS technologies, and plan moves towards operational services.
“HAPS could give us prolonged high-resolution coverage of specific regions of Earth,” explains Juan Lizarraga Cubillos, leading both studies from ESA. “They could also help provide tactica and emergency communications and broadband internet services.”
By combining the expertise of telecommunications company HISPASAT and aircraft maker Airbus, the TELEO – High-Altitude Pseudo-Satellites for Telecommunication and Complementary Space Applications – the team found that aerodynamic HAPS, taking the form of aircraft, could complement traditional satellite networks.
HAPS could also improve security for major events – for example, the Olympic Games or G7 meetings– and emergency situations, by providing secure communication bubbles over areas of interest.
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In this lesson, students will use a Light Meter and a Temperature Probe to measure reflected light and energy absorbed by light.
- Students will use a Light Sensor to measure the amount of reflected light.
- Students will calculate percent reflectivity of various colored paper.
- Students will use a Temperature Probe to measure the energy absorbed from light.
About the Lesson
In this experiment, students will investigate the relationship between the percent reflectivity of various colors and the temperature change due to energy absorption.
As a result, students will:
- Measure the amount of light reflected from paper of various colors using a Light Sensor and calculate percent reflectivity.
- Measure the temperature change of the air under the paper due to energy absorption by the paper using a Temperature Probe.
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Files will be available for download from your account once payment is confirmed. Learn more.
Please contact the seller about any problems with your order using the question button below the description.
With this resource, students learn about penguins while practicing essential reading comprehension skills including main idea, context clues, vocabulary, and text features.
To complete this activity, students will:
What are penguins?
Types of penguins
Includes links to supplemental websites and videos.
What are Interactive Reading Comprehension Books?
These books provide a great way to integrate social studies or science into your reading instruction. Students will learn all about a specific topic while working with informational text, using text features, determining main idea, and gaining new vocabulary. These are hands-on, cut and glue activity books that can be used in centers, small group, or for independent work. High interest text keeps them engaged.
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The early days of automatons and robots were often viewed as mechanized humans, but today's robots come in a wide variety of shapes and address a growing number of very specialized tasks.
The term "robot" didn't surface in general usage until the 1920s. But as far back as the late 15th century, there is evidence of an automaton. Leonardo da Vinci designed an automaton that made similar motions to humans by walking, sitting down, and raising its arms, according to Leonardo-da-vinci-biography.com. Operated entirely by cranks and pulleys, it is thought that da Vinci spun a crank to make a knight armor move. This photo is a replica built based on his papers. See related story, Robot companies come to bury C-3PO.
Famed inventor Nikola Tesla demonstrated a remote-controlled boat in 1898, an event some consider the birth of robotics. The boat, which operated in a specially built tank at an electrical exhibit in New York, was controlled by radio and operated on an internal battery. At the event, Tesla declared the boat is the "first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race," according to PBS.
In popular culture, though, robots have been very human like. The first robot to come onto the silver screen was Maria the robot from the movie "Metropolis," which came out in 1927. This character, plays a central role in the film's dystopian vision of the future in which humans and robots are in conflict. Maria is considered a direct predecessor of C-3PO of "Star Wars" fame and other humanoid robots.
In the late 1940s, a British neurologist named Grey Walter started tinkering with small machines that could operate autonomously. He built two turtles, named because of their shell, which would move around a room and avoid bumping into objects and even return to a base to charge batteries. Although limited, these simple machines were a leap in robotics because they operated without preset directions. Here's a video of Walter and the "Bristol turtles" at work, and here is more information on the history of the original machines.
Photo by: University of the West of England, Bristol / Caption by:
iRobot and Robby the Robot
In 1942, science fiction writer Issac Asimov spelled out his three rules of robots in which any robot must obey humans, must not harm humans, and must protect itself without breaking the first two rules.
This marked a shift in thinking about robots in that Asimov deliberately wrote stories, such as "I, Robot," where robots didn't turn on their creators and try to take over the world.
Characters, such as Robbie the Robot (pictured here), appeared in the mid-1950s and played roles in which they aided their human companions.
In the early 1960s, robots started making a mark on the factory floor. Pictured here is Unimate, the first industrial robot, which was used by General Motors at an auto manufacturing plant. Its arm moved hot pieces of die-cast metal based on a set of step-by-step instructions stored on a magnetic drum. Eventually, the platform was adopted for the production of TV picture tubes and other factory tasks.
The dawn of the computer age opened up new possibilities in robotics. Shakey, a robot developed by SRI International in the 1960s, was mobile, had a television camera for computer vision, touch sensors, and was connected via a radio link to a minicomputer. It never became a practical product, but Shakey and mobile robots like it gave researchers a platform for developing software for navigating an unknown space, as well as other artificial intelligence applications, according to the Computer History Museum.
Japan has been the home to many well-known robots, including the robot dog Aibo from Sony (pictured here) and Honda's humanoid Asimo robot. Neither of those products is manufactured today, but both have been key figures in popular robots. This photo shows how Aibo was used in a robot soccer-playing competition, which continues today with different robotic platforms.
In the late 1990s, MIT launched a project to study social interactions between humans and robots. Pictured here is Kismet with creator Cynthia Breazeal. With its human-like face, Kismet can express various emotions based on human cues. For facial dexterity, the robot was equipped with four separate motors on its lips, multiple cameras to enable peripheral vision, and a microphone in its ear.
The military has long been one of the primary customers for robotics, including thousands of small unmanned ground vehicles (SUGVs) deployed now in Iraq and Afghanistan to search for explosives. Seen here is the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX), an example of an exoskeleton that augments a person's ability to carry heavy loads. The purpose of this project, funded originally by DARPA in 2000, is to allow a person to carry a heavy load for long period while ensuring good movement and dexterity.
Photo by: Berkeley Robotics & Human Engineering Laboratory / Caption by:
It's a far cry from Asimo or other entertainment-oriented robots, but Kiva Systems' warehouse delivery system is a successful commercial product. The robots can navigate a warehouse to find and deliver objects for e-commerce fulfillment. Amazon has purchased Kiva Systems for $775 million, an indication of how automation is strategic to Amazon.
iRobot is best known for its Roomba vacuum cleaner and the array of SUGVs it supplies to the military. The company is now betting on another platform called Ava, which is a mobile robot that uses a tablet computer as a human interface. The first applications for Ava will be in telemedicine, building security, and retail.
A common platform for robotics software development are quadrotors, or helicopters with four propellers. In a recent presentation, a team from the University of Pennsylvania demonstrated a group of these quadcopters working in unison to play musical instruments, a video that quickly went viral. Seen here is robotics researcher Kenn Sebesta flying a development quadcopter.
Another popular robot for research and development is Willow Garage's PR2, pictured here mixing cookie batter at MIT. With wheels, two arms, and cameras, it can navigate autonomously. Inside the PR2 is open-source software geared at creating a more common platform for programming robots, which often have proprietary software. Note how this PR2 is augmented with a Microsoft Kinect game console controller on its "head" to give it three-dimensional vision.
Who wouldn't want a robot to fold their laundry? Cleaning is certainly one of the most interesting uses of consumer robots--millions of robotic vacuum cleaners have already been sold. But this Cal Berkeley project addresses computer vision, one of the toughest challenges of robots. A research team developed software for a Willow Garage PR2 that allows it to recognize and fold towels. Special techniques need to be developed for handling objects with no set shape, which are much harder for robots to recognize.
Robots are also making a mark in the water. Pictured here is the Wave Glider from Liquid Robotics. It is a robot able to operate autonomously for months at a time at sea, powered by solar panels and the motion of waves. The device is being used to gather information about the oceans, such as the acoustic impact on mammals, or for defense and security. Among the employees at Liquid Robotics is James Gosling, one of the inventors of Java and the former chief technology officer of Sun Microsystems.
There are a number of potential uses of robotics in health care, including prosthetic limbs, medical capsules, and caring for elderly people. Seen here is robotic-assisted surgery, in which surgeons use the machine to get a magnified view of the patient and to do precise movements for minimally invasive surgery.
RoboBees are a Harvard University project to build large numbers of very small robots that can be used for search mission after a disaster or even to pollinate crops as honeybee populations suffer. To make these small robots in large numbers, Harvard researchers have developed origami-inspired fabrication techniques designed for mass production.
Biomimcry is a clear trend in robotics development. Ian Manchester, who works in the Robots Locomotion Group at MIT, shows a prototype of Fast Runner, a robotic leg inspired by an ostrich. Moving the top hip joint with a motor (or by hand) induces a kicking motion through the entire leg.
Google's project to build a self-driving car has gone a long way toward introducing the concept to the masses. Advances in computing are one of the main forces pushing robotics ahead -- as exemplified by Google's self-driving car.
As the car drives down the road, sensing systems collect information and can send it back to data centers for analysis. The company first disclosed work on robotic cars in 2010 and recently chauffeured a blind man to the shopping center in one such car to demonstrate the potential.
One of the core challenges in deploying groups of robots is programming them en masse. Harvard University has licensed its kilobot platform (kilo meaning thousands) so that researchers and hobbyists can use these simple, walking robots. The university is also working on a software system to update the software on several kilobots at once over a wireless network, making them more practical.
In an example of robots inspired by nature, the U.S. Navy sponsored a project to build robotic jellyfish, many of which could communicate and work in a network. The robots themselves are powered by drawing hydrogen from seawater. Pictured here is an actual jellyfish with the Robojelly.
The Robojelly could be used for surveillance or environmental monitoring.
Beyond the technical challenges, there is a need to make robots that address pressing business needs and specific problems. Seen here is a robot from startup Zen Robotics that is designed to recognize and sort recyclable waste.
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Ginsburg was born and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. Her older sister died when she was a baby, and her mother died shortly before Ginsburg graduated from high school. She earned her bachelor's degree at Cornell University and married Martin D. Ginsburg, becoming a mother before starting law school at Harvard, where she was one of the few women in her class. Ginsburg transferred to Columbia Law School, where she graduated joint first in her class. During the early 1960s she worked with the Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure, learned Swedish, and co-authored a book with Swedish jurist Anders Bruzelius; her work in Sweden profoundly influenced her thinking on gender equality. She then became a professor at Rutgers Law School and Columbia Law School, teaching civil procedure as one of the few women in her field.
Joan Ruth Bader was born on March 15, 1933, at Beth Moses Hospital in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the second daughter of Celia (née Amster) and Nathan Bader, who lived in the Flatbush neighborhood. Her father was a Jewish emigrant from Odessa, Ukraine, at that time part of the Russian Empire, and her mother was born in New York to Jewish parents who came from Kraków, Poland, at that time part of Austria-Hungary. The Baders' elder daughter Marylin died of meningitis at age six. Joan, who was 14 months old when Marylin died, was known to the family as "Kiki", a nickname Marylin had given her for being "a kicky baby." When Joan started school, Celia discovered that her daughter's class had several other girls named Joan, so Celia suggested the teacher call her daughter by her second name, Ruth, to avoid confusion.: 3–4 Although not devout, the Bader family belonged to East Midwood Jewish Center, a Conservative synagogue, where Ruth learned tenets of the Jewish faith and gained familiarity with the Hebrew language.: 14–15 Ruth was not allowed to have a bat mitzvah ceremony because of Orthodox restrictions on women reading from the Torah, which upset her. Starting as a camper from the age of four, she attended Camp Che-Na-Wah, a Jewish summer program at Lake Balfour near Minerva, New York, where she was later a camp counselor until the age of eighteen.
Celia took an active role in her daughter's education, often taking her to the library. Celia had been a good student in her youth, graduating from high school at age 15, yet she could not further her own education because her family instead chose to send her brother to college. Celia wanted her daughter to get more education, which she thought would allow Ruth to become a high school history teacher. Ruth attended James Madison High School, whose law program later dedicated a courtroom in her honor. Celia struggled with cancer throughout Ruth's high school years and died the day before Ruth's high school graduation.
In the fall of 1956, Ruth Bader Ginsburg enrolled at Harvard Law School, where she was one of only 9 women in a class of about 500 men. The dean of Harvard Law, Erwin Griswold, reportedly invited all the female law students to dinner at his family home and asked the female law students, including Ginsburg, "Why are you at Harvard Law School, taking the place of a man?"[b] When her husband took a job in New York City, that same dean denied Ginsburg's request to complete her third year towards a Harvard law degree at Columbia Law School, so Ginsburg transferred to Columbia and became the first woman to be on two major law reviews: the Harvard Law Review and Columbia Law Review. In 1959, she earned her law degree at Columbia and tied for first in her class.
From 1961 to 1963, Ginsburg was a research associate and then an associate director of the Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure, working alongside director Hans Smit; she learned Swedish to co-author a book with Anders Bruzelius on civil procedure in Sweden. Ginsburg conducted extensive research for her book at Lund University in Sweden. Ginsburg's time in Sweden and her association with the Swedish Bruzelius family of jurists also influenced her thinking on gender equality. She was inspired when she observed the changes in Sweden, where women were 20 to 25 percent of all law students; one of the judges whom Ginsburg observed for her research was eight months pregnant and still working. Bruzelius' daughter, Norwegian supreme court justice and president of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, Karin M. Bruzelius, herself a law student when Ginsburg worked with her father, said that "by getting close to my family, Ruth realized that one could live in a completely different way, that women could have a different lifestyle and legal position than what they had in the United States."
Ginsburg's first position as a professor was at Rutgers Law School in 1963. She was paid less than her male colleagues because, she was told, "your husband has a very good job." At the time Ginsburg entered academia, she was one of fewer than twenty female law professors in the United States. She was a professor of law at Rutgers from 1963 to 1972, teaching mainly civil procedure and receiving tenure in 1969.
In 1972, Ginsburg co-founded the Women's Rights Project at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and in 1973, she became the Project's general counsel. The Women's Rights Project and related ACLU projects participated in more than 300 gender discrimination cases by 1974. As the director of the ACLU's Women's Rights Project, she argued six gender discrimination cases before the Supreme Court between 1973 and 1976, winning five. Rather than asking the Court to end all gender discrimination at once, Ginsburg charted a strategic course, taking aim at specific discriminatory statutes and building on each successive victory. She chose plaintiffs carefully, at times picking male plaintiffs to demonstrate that gender discrimination was harmful to both men and women. The laws Ginsburg targeted included those that on the surface appeared beneficial to women, but in fact reinforced the notion that women needed to be dependent on men. Her strategic advocacy extended to word choice, favoring the use of "gender" instead of "sex", after her secretary suggested the word "sex" would serve as a distraction to judges. She attained a reputation as a skilled oral advocate, and her work led directly to the end of gender discrimination in many areas of the law.
Ginsburg volunteered to write the brief for Reed v. Reed, 404U.S.71 (1971), in which the Supreme Court extended the protections of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to women.[d] In 1972, she argued before the 10th Circuit in Moritz v. Commissioner on behalf of a man who had been denied a caregiver deduction because of his gender. As amicus she argued in Frontiero v. Richardson, 411U.S.677 (1973), which challenged a statute making it more difficult for a female service member (Frontiero) to claim an increased housing allowance for her husband than for a male service member seeking the same allowance for his wife. Ginsburg argued that the statute treated women as inferior, and the Supreme Court ruled 8–1 in Frontiero's favor. The court again ruled in Ginsburg's favor in Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420U.S. 636 (1975), where Ginsburg represented a widower denied survivor benefits under Social Security, which permitted widows but not widowers to collect special benefits while caring for minor children. She argued that the statute discriminated against male survivors of workers by denying them the same protection as their female counterparts.
In 1973, the same year Roe v. Wade was decided, Ginsburg filed a federal case to challenge involuntary sterilization, suing members of the Eugenics Board of North Carolina on behalf of Nial Ruth Cox, a mother who had been coercively sterilized under North Carolina's Sterilization of Persons Mentally Defective program on penalty of her family losing welfare benefits. During a 2009 interview with Emily Bazelon of The New York Times, Ginsburg stated: "I had thought that at the time Roe was decided, there was concern about population growth and particularly growth in populations that we don't want to have too many of." Bazelon conducted a follow-up interview with Ginsburg in 2012 at a joint appearance at Yale University, where Ginsburg claimed her 2009 quote was vastly misinterpreted and clarified her stance.
Ginsburg filed an amicus brief and sat with counsel at oral argument for Craig v. Boren, 429U.S.190 (1976), which challenged an Oklahoma statute that set different minimum drinking ages for men and women. For the first time, the court imposed what is known as intermediate scrutiny on laws discriminating based on gender, a heightened standard of Constitutional review. Her last case as an attorney before the Supreme Court was Duren v. Missouri, 439U.S. 357 (1979), which challenged the validity of voluntary jury duty for women, on the ground that participation in jury duty was a citizen's vital governmental service and therefore should not be optional for women. At the end of Ginsburg's oral argument, then-Associate Justice William Rehnquist asked Ginsburg, "You won't settle for putting Susan B. Anthony on the new dollar, then?" Ginsburg said she considered responding, "We won't settle for tokens," but instead opted not to answer the question.
Legal scholars and advocates credit Ginsburg's body of work with making significant legal advances for women under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. Taken together, Ginsburg's legal victories discouraged legislatures from treating women and men differently under the law. She continued to work on the ACLU's Women's Rights Project until her appointment to the Federal Bench in 1980. Later, colleague Antonin Scalia praised Ginsburg's skills as an advocate. "She became the leading (and very successful) litigator on behalf of women's rights—the Thurgood Marshall of that cause, so to speak." This was a comparison that had first been made by former solicitor general Erwin Griswold who was also her former professor and dean at Harvard Law School, in a speech given in 1985.[e]
U.S. Court of Appeals
In light of the mounting backlog in the federal judiciary, Congress passed the Omnibus Judgeship Act of 1978 increasing the number of federal judges by 117 in district courts and another 35 to be added to the circuit courts. The law placed an emphasis on ensuring that the judges included women and minority groups, a matter that was important to President Jimmy Carter who had been elected two years before. The bill also required that the nomination process consider the character and experience of the candidates. Ginsburg was considering a change in career as soon as Carter was elected. She was interviewed by the Department of Justice to become Solicitor General, the position she most desired, but knew that she and the African-American candidate who was interviewed the same day had little chance of being appointed by Attorney General Griffin Bell.
At the time, Ginsburg was a fellow at Stanford University where she was working on a written account of her work in litigation and advocacy for equal rights. Her husband was a visiting professor at Stanford Law School and was ready to leave his firm, Weil, Gotshal & Manges, for a tenured position. He was at the same time working hard to promote a possible judgeship for his wife. In January 1979, she filled out the questionnaire for possible nominees to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and another for the District of Columbia Circuit. Ginsburg was nominated by President Carter on April 14, 1980, to a seat on the DC Circuit vacated by Judge Harold Leventhal upon his death. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 18, 1980, and received her commission later that day.
During her time as a judge on the DC Circuit, Ginsburg often found consensus with her colleagues including conservatives Robert H. Bork and Antonin Scalia. Her time on the court earned her a reputation as a "cautious jurist" and a moderate. Her service ended on August 9, 1993, due to her elevation to the United States Supreme Court, and she was replaced by Judge David S. Tatel.
Nomination and confirmation
Ginsburg officially accepting the nomination from President Bill Clinton on June 14, 1993
President Bill Clinton nominated Ginsburg as an associate justice of the Supreme Court on June 22, 1993, to fill the seat vacated by retiring justice Byron White. She was recommended to Clinton by then–U.S. attorney generalJanet Reno, after a suggestion by Utah Republican senator Orrin Hatch. At the time of her nomination, Ginsburg was viewed as having been a moderate and a consensus-builder in her time on the appeals court. Clinton was reportedly looking to increase the Court's diversity, which Ginsburg did as the first Jewish justice since the 1969 resignation of Justice Abe Fortas. She was the second female and the first Jewish female justice of the Supreme Court. She eventually became the longest-serving Jewish justice. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated Ginsburg as "well qualified", its highest rating for a prospective justice.
At the same time, Ginsburg did answer questions about some potentially controversial issues. For instance, she affirmed her belief in a constitutional right to privacy and explained at some length her personal judicial philosophy and thoughts regarding gender equality.: 15–16 Ginsburg was more forthright in discussing her views on topics about which she had previously written. The United States Senate confirmed her by a 96–3 vote on August 3, 1993.[f] She received her commission on August 5, 1993 and took her judicial oath on August 10, 1993.
Ginsburg's name was later invoked during the confirmation process of John Roberts. Ginsburg was not the first nominee to avoid answering certain specific questions before Congress,[g] and as a young attorney in 1981 Roberts had advised against Supreme Court nominees' giving specific responses. Nevertheless, some conservative commentators and senators invoked the phrase "Ginsburg precedent" to defend his demurrers. In a September 28, 2005, speech at Wake Forest University, Ginsburg said Roberts's refusal to answer questions during his Senate confirmation hearings on some cases was "unquestionably right".
Supreme Court tenure
Chief Justice William Rehnquist swearing in Ginsburg as an associate justice of the Supreme Court, as her husband Martin Ginsburg and President Clinton watch
Ginsburg characterized her performance on the Court as a cautious approach to adjudication. She argued in a speech shortly before her nomination to the Court that "[m]easured motions seem to me right, in the main, for constitutional as well as common law adjudication. Doctrinal limbs too swiftly shaped, experience teaches, may prove unstable." Legal scholar Cass Sunstein characterized Ginsburg as a "rational minimalist", a jurist who seeks to build cautiously on precedent rather than pushing the Constitution towards her own vision.: 10–11
The retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006 left Ginsburg as the only woman on the Court.[h]Linda Greenhouse of The New York Times referred to the subsequent 2006–2007 term of the Court as "the time when Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg found her voice, and used it". The term also marked the first time in Ginsburg's history with the Court where she read multiple dissents from the bench, a tactic employed to signal more intense disagreement with the majority.
With the retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens, Ginsburg became the senior member of what was sometimes referred to as the Court's "liberal wing". When the Court split 5–4 along ideological lines and the liberal justices were in the minority, Ginsburg often had the authority to assign authorship of the dissenting opinion because of her seniority.[i] Ginsburg was a proponent of the liberal dissenters speaking "with one voice" and, where practicable, presenting a unified approach to which all the dissenting justices can agree.
Ginsburg authored the Court's opinion in United States v. Virginia, 518U.S. 515 (1996), which struck down the Virginia Military Institute's (VMI) male-only admissions policy as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. For Ginsburg, a state actor could not use gender to deny women equal protection; therefore VMI must allow women the opportunity to attend VMI with its unique educational methods. Ginsburg emphasized that the government must show an "exceedingly persuasive justification" to use a classification based on sex. VMI proposed a separate institute for women, but Ginsburg found this solution reminiscent of the effort by Texas decades earlier to preserve the University of Texas Law School for Whites by establishing a separate school for Blacks.
Commissioned portrait of Ginsburg in 2000
Ginsburg dissented in the Court's decision on Ledbetter v. Goodyear, 550U.S. 618 (2007), in which plaintiff Lilly Ledbetter sued her employer, claiming pay discrimination based on her gender, in violation of TitleVII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In a 5–4 decision, the majority interpreted the statute of limitations as starting to run at the time of every pay period, even if a woman did not know she was being paid less than her male colleague until later. Ginsburg found the result absurd, pointing out that women often do not know they are being paid less, and therefore it was unfair to expect them to act at the time of each paycheck. She also called attention to the reluctance women may have in male-dominated fields to making waves by filing lawsuits over small amounts, choosing instead to wait until the disparity accumulates. As part of her dissent, Ginsburg called on Congress to amend TitleVII to undo the Court's decision with legislation. Following the election of President Barack Obama in 2008, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, making it easier for employees to win pay discrimination claims, became law. Ginsburg was credited with helping to inspire the law.
Ginsburg discussed her views on abortion and gender equality in a 2009 New York Times interview, in which she said, "[t]he basic thing is that the government has no business making that choice for a woman." Although Ginsburg consistently supported abortion rights and joined in the Court's opinion striking down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion law in Stenberg v. Carhart, 530U.S. 914 (2000), on the 40th anniversary of the Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade, 410U.S. 113 (1973), she criticized the decision in Roe as terminating a nascent democratic movement to liberalize abortion laws which might have built a more durable consensus in support of abortion rights.
Ginsburg was in the minority for Gonzales v. Carhart, 550U.S. 124 (2007), a 5–4 decision upholding restrictions on partial birth abortion. In her dissent, Ginsburg opposed the majority's decision to defer to legislative findings that the procedure was not safe for women. Ginsburg focused her ire on the way Congress reached its findings and with their veracity. Joining the majority for Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, 579U.S. 582 (2016), a case which struck down parts of a 2013 Texas law regulating abortion providers, Ginsburg also authored a short concurring opinion which was even more critical of the legislation at issue. She asserted the legislation was not aimed at protecting women's health, as Texas had said, but rather to impede women's access to abortions.
Search and seizure
Although Ginsburg did not author the majority opinion, she was credited with influencing her colleagues on Safford Unified School District v. Redding, 557U.S. 364 (2009), which held that a school went too far in ordering a 13-year-old female student to strip to her bra and underpants so female officials could search for drugs. In an interview published prior to the Court's decision, Ginsburg shared her view that some of her colleagues did not fully appreciate the effect of a strip search on a 13-year-old girl. As she said, "They have never been a 13-year-old girl." In an 8–1 decision, the Court agreed that the school's search violated the Fourth Amendment and allowed the student's lawsuit against the school to go forward. Only Ginsburg and Stevens would have allowed the student to sue individual school officials as well.
In Herring v. United States, 555U.S. 135 (2009), Ginsburg dissented from the Court's decision not to suppress evidence due to a police officer's failure to update a computer system. In contrast to Roberts's emphasis on suppression as a means to deter police misconduct, Ginsburg took a more robust view on the use of suppression as a remedy for a violation of a defendant's Fourth Amendment rights. Ginsburg viewed suppression as a way to prevent the government from profiting from mistakes, and therefore as a remedy to preserve judicial integrity and respect civil rights.: 308 She also rejected Roberts's assertion that suppression would not deter mistakes, contending making police pay a high price for mistakes would encourage them to take greater care.: 309
Ginsburg advocated the use of foreign law and norms to shape U.S. law in judicial opinions, a view rejected by some of her conservative colleagues. Ginsburg supported using foreign interpretations of law for persuasive value and possible wisdom, not as binding precedent. Ginsburg expressed the view that consulting international law is a well-ingrained tradition in American law, counting John Henry Wigmore and President John Adams as internationalists. Ginsburg's own reliance on international law dated back to her time as an attorney; in her first argument before the Court, Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971), she cited two German cases. In her concurring opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), a decision upholding Michigan Law School's affirmative action admissions policy, Ginsburg noted there was accord between the notion that affirmative action admissions policies would have an end point and agrees with international treaties designed to combat racial and gender-based discrimination.
Voting rights and affirmative action
In 2013, Ginsburg dissented in Shelby County v. Holder, in which the Court held unconstitutional the part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 requiring federal preclearance before changing voting practices. Ginsburg wrote, "Throwing out preclearance when it has worked and is continuing to work to stop discriminatory changes is like throwing away your umbrella in a rainstorm because you are not getting wet."
Besides Grutter, Ginsburg wrote in favor of affirmative action in her dissent in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), in which the Court ruled an affirmative action policy unconstitutional because it was not narrowly tailored to the state's interest in diversity. She argued that "government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion...Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated."
In 1997, Ginsburg wrote the majority opinion in Strate v. A-1 Contractors against tribal jurisdiction over tribal-owned land in a reservation. The case involved a nonmember who caused a car crash in the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation. Ginsburg reasoned that the state right-of-way on which the crash occurred rendered the tribal-owned land equivalent to non-Indian land. She then considered the rule set in Montana v. United States, which allows tribes to regulate the activities of nonmembers who have a relationship with the tribe. Ginsburg noted that the driver's employer did have a relationship with the tribe, but she reasoned that the tribe could not regulate their activities because the victim had no relationship to the tribe. Ginsburg concluded that although "those who drive carelessly on a public highway running through a reservation endanger all in the vicinity, and surely jeopardize the safety of tribal members", having a nonmember go before an "unfamiliar court" was "not crucial to the political integrity, the economic security, or the health or welfare of the Three Affiliated Tribes" (internal quotations and brackets omitted). The decision, by a unanimous Court, was generally criticized by scholars of Indian law, such as David Getches and Frank Pommersheim.: 1024–5
Later in 2005, Ginsburg cited the doctrine of discovery in the majority opinion of City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York and concluded that the Oneida Indian Nation could not revive its ancient sovereignty over its historic land. The discovery doctrine has been used to grant ownership of Native American lands to colonial governments. The Oneida had lived in towns, grew extensive crops, and maintained trade routes to the Gulf of Mexico. In her opinion for the Court, Ginsburg reasoned that the historic Oneida land had been "converted from wilderness" ever since it was dislodged from the Oneidas' possession. She also reasoned that "the longstanding, distinctly non-Indian character of the area and its inhabitants" and "the regulatory authority constantly exercised by New York State and its counties and towns" justified the ruling. Ginsburg also invoked, sua sponte, the doctrine of laches, reasoning that the Oneidas took a "long delay in seeking judicial relief". She also reasoned that the dispossession of the Oneidas' land was "ancient". Lower courts later relied on Sherrill as precedent to extinguish Native American land claims, notably in Cayuga Indian Nation of New York v. Pataki.: 1030–1
When John Paul Stevens retired in 2010, Ginsburg became the oldest justice on the court at age 77. Despite rumors that she would retire because of advancing age, poor health, and the death of her husband, she denied she was planning to step down. In an interview in August 2010, Ginsburg said her work on the Court was helping her cope with the death of her husband. She also expressed a wish to emulate Justice Louis Brandeis's service of nearly 23years, which she achieved in April 2016.
Several times during the presidency of Barack Obama, progressive attorneys and activists called for Ginsburg to retire so that Obama could appoint a like-minded successor, particularly while the Democratic Party held control of the U.S. Senate. Ginsburg reaffirmed her wish to remain a justice as long as she was mentally sharp enough to perform her duties. In 2013, Obama invited her to the White House when it seemed likely that Democrats would lose control of the Senate, but she again refused to step down. She opined that Republicans would use the judicial filibuster to prevent Obama from appointing a jurist like herself. She stated that she had a new model to emulate in her former colleague, Justice John Paul Stevens, who retired at the age of 90 after nearly 35 years on the bench.
Some believed that, in the lead-up to the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Ginsburg was waiting for candidate Hillary Clinton to beat candidate Donald Trump before retiring, because Clinton would nominate a more liberal successor for her than Obama would. After Trump's victory in 2016 and the election of a Republican Senate, she would have had to wait until the 2020 election for a Democrat to be president, but died in office in September 2020 at age 87.
Portrait of Ginsburg, c. 2006
At his request, Ginsburg administered the oath of office to Vice President Al Gore for a second term during the second inauguration of Bill Clinton on January 20, 1997. She was the third woman to administer an inaugural oath of office. Ginsburg is believed to have been the first Supreme Court justice to officiate at a same-sex wedding, performing the August 31, 2013, ceremony of Kennedy Center president Michael Kaiser and John Roberts, a government economist. Earlier that summer, the Court had bolstered same-sex marriage rights in two separate cases. Ginsburg believed the issue being settled led same-sex couples to ask her to officiate as there was no longer the fear of compromising rulings on the issue.
The Supreme Court bar formerly inscribed its certificates "in the year of our Lord", which some Orthodox Jews opposed, and asked Ginsburg to object to. She did so, and due to her objection, Supreme Court bar members have since been given other choices of how to inscribe the year on their certificates.
In January 2012, Ginsburg went to Egypt for four days of discussions with judges, law school faculty, law school students, and legal experts. In an interview with Al Hayat TV, she said the first requirement of a new constitution should be that it would "safeguard basic fundamental human rights like our First Amendment". Asked if Egypt should model its new constitution on those of other nations, she said Egypt should be "aided by all Constitution-writing that has gone on since the end of World WarII", and cited the United States Constitution and Constitution of South Africa as documents she might look to if drafting a new constitution. She said the U.S. was fortunate to have a constitution authored by "very wise" men but said that in the 1780s, no women were able to participate directly in the process, and slavery still existed in the U.S.
Ginsburg's first book, My Own Words, was published by Simon & Schuster on October 4, 2016. The book debuted on The New York Times Best Seller List for hardcover nonfiction at No.12. While promoting her book in October 2016 during an interview with Katie Couric, Ginsburg responded to a question about Colin Kaepernick choosing not to stand for the national anthem at sporting events by calling the protest "really dumb". She later apologized for her criticism calling her earlier comments "inappropriately dismissive and harsh" and noting she had not been familiar with the incident and should have declined to respond to the question. In 2021, Couric revealed that she had edited out some statements by Ginsburg in their interview; Ginsburg said that athletes who protested by not standing were showing "contempt for a government that has made it possible for their parents and grandparents to live a decent life … which they probably could not have lived in the places they came from."
In 2017, Ginsburg gave the keynote address to a Georgetown University symposium on governmental reform. She spoke on the need for improving the confirmation process, "recall[ing] the 'collegiality' and 'civility' of her own nomination and confirmation..."
In 2018, Ginsburg expressed her support for the Me Too movement, which encourages women to speak up about their experiences with sexual harassment. She told an audience, "It's about time. For so long women were silent, thinking there was nothing you could do about it, but now the law is on the side of women, or men, who encounter harassment and that's a good thing." She also reflected on her own experiences with gender discrimination and sexual harassment, including a time when a chemistry professor at Cornell unsuccessfully attempted to trade her exam answers for sex.
Martin and Ruth Bader Ginsburg at a White House event, 2009
A few days after Ruth Bader graduated from Cornell, she married Martin D. Ginsburg, who later became an internationally prominent tax attorney practicing at Weil, Gotshal & Manges. Upon Ruth Bader Ginsburg's accession to the D.C. Circuit, the couple moved from New York City to Washington, D.C., where Martin became a professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center. The couple's daughter, Jane C. GinsburgFBA (born 1955), is a professor at Columbia Law School. Their son, James Steven Ginsburg (born 1965), is the founder and president of Cedille Records, a classical music recording company based in Chicago, Illinois. Martin and Ruth had four grandchildren.
After the birth of their daughter, Martin was diagnosed with testicular cancer. During this period, Ruth attended class and took notes for both of them, typing her husband's dictated papers and caring for their daughter and her sick husband. During this period, she also made the Harvard Law Review. Martin died of complications from metastatic cancer on June 27, 2010, four days after their 56th wedding anniversary. They spoke publicly of being in a shared earning/shared parenting marriage including in a speech Martin wrote and had intended to give before his death that Ruth delivered posthumously.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a non-observant Jew, attributing this to gender inequality in Jewish prayer ritual and relating it to her mother's death. However, she said she might have felt differently if she were younger, and she was pleased that Reform and Conservative Judaism were becoming more egalitarian in this regard. In March 2015, Ginsburg and Rabbi Lauren Holtzblatt released "The Heroic and Visionary Women of Passover", an essay highlighting the roles of five key women in the saga. The text states, "These women had a vision leading out of the darkness shrouding their world. They were women of action, prepared to defy authority to make their vision a reality bathed in the light of the day..." In addition, she decorated her chambers with an artist's rendering of the Hebrew phrase from Deuteronomy, "Zedek, zedek, tirdof," ("Justice, justice shall you pursue") as a reminder of her heritage and professional responsibility.
Ginsburg had a collection of lace jabots from around the world. She said in 2014 she had a particular jabot she wore when issuing her dissents (black with gold embroidery and faceted stones) as well as another she wore when issuing majority opinions (crocheted yellow and cream with crystals), which was a gift from her law clerks. Her favorite jabot (woven with white beads) was from Cape Town, South Africa.
In 1999, Ginsburg was diagnosed with colon cancer, the first of her five bouts with cancer. She underwent surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. During the process, she did not miss a day on the bench. Ginsburg was physically weakened by the cancer treatment, and she began working with a personal trainer. Bryant Johnson, a former Army reservist attached to the U.S. Army Special Forces, trained Ginsburg twice weekly in the justices-only gym at the Supreme Court. Ginsburg saw her physical fitness improve after her first bout with cancer; she was able to complete twenty push-ups in a session before her 80th birthday.
Nearly a decade after her first bout with cancer, Ginsburg again underwent surgery on February 5, 2009, this time for pancreatic cancer. She had a tumor that was discovered at an early stage. She was released from a New York City hospital on February 13, 2009 and returned to the bench when the Supreme Court went back into session on February 23, 2009. After experiencing discomfort while exercising in the Supreme Court gym in November 2014, she had a stent placed in her right coronary artery.
Ginsburg's next hospitalization helped her detect another round of cancer. On November 8, 2018, Ginsburg fell in her office at the Supreme Court, fracturing three ribs, for which she was hospitalized. An outpouring of public support followed. Although the day after her fall, Ginsburg's nephew revealed she had already returned to official judicial work after a day of observation, a CT scan of her ribs following her fall showed cancerous nodules in her lungs. On December 21, Ginsburg underwent a left-lung lobectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to remove the nodules. For the first time since joining the Court more than 25 years earlier, Ginsburg missed oral argument on January 7, 2019, while she recuperated. She returned to the Supreme Court on February 15, 2019 to participate in a private conference with other justices in her first appearance at the Court since her cancer surgery in December 2018.
Months later in August 2019, the Supreme Court announced that Ginsburg had recently completed three weeks of focused radiation treatment to ablate a tumor found in her pancreas over the summer. By January 2020, Ginsburg was cancer-free. By February 2020, the cancer had returned but this news was not released to the public. However, by May 2020, Ginsburg was once again receiving treatment for a recurrence of cancer. She reiterated her position that she "would remain a member of the Court as long as I can do the job full steam", adding that she remained fully able to do so.
Ginsburg was honored in a ceremony in Statuary Hall, and she became the first woman to lie in state at the Capitol, September 25, 2020.
Ginsburg died from complications of pancreatic cancer on September 18, 2020, at age 87. She died on the eve of Rosh Hashanah, and according to Rabbi Richard Jacobs, "One of the themes of Rosh Hashanah suggest that very righteous people would die at the very end of the year because they were needed until the very end". After the announcement of her death, thousands of people gathered in front of the Supreme Court building to lay flowers, light candles, and leave messages.
Five days after her death, the eight Supreme Court justices, Ginsburg's children, and other family members held a private ceremony for Ginsburg in the Court's great hall. Following the private ceremony, due to COVID-19 pandemic conditions prohibiting the usual lying in repose in the great hall, Ginsburg's casket was moved outdoors to the Court's west portico so the public could pay respects. Thousands of mourners lined up to walk past the casket over the course of two days. After the two days in repose at the Court, Ginsburg lay in state at the Capitol. She was the first woman and first Jew to lie in state therein.[j] On September 29, Ginsburg was buried beside her husband in Arlington National Cemetery.
Ginsburg's death opened a vacancy on the Supreme Court about six weeks before the 2020 presidential election, initiating controversies regarding the nomination and confirmation of her successor. Days before her death, Ginsburg dictated a statement to her granddaughter Clara Spera, as heard by Ginsburg's doctor and others in the room at the time: "My most fervent wish is that I will not be replaced until a new president is installed." Despite Ginsburg's request, President Trump's pick to replace her, Amy Coney Barrett, was confirmed by the Senate on October 27.
Researchers at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History gave a species of praying mantis the name Ilomantis ginsburgae after Ginsburg. The name was given because the neck plate of the Ilomantis ginsburgae bears a resemblance to a jabot, which Ginsburg was known for wearing. Moreover, the new species was identified based upon the female insect's genitalia instead of based upon the male of the species. The researchers noted that the name was a nod to Ginsburg's fight for gender equality.
Additionally, Ginsburg's pop culture appeal has inspired nail art, Halloween costumes, a bobblehead doll, tattoos, t-shirts, coffee mugs, and a children's coloring book among other things. She appears in both a comic opera and a workout book. Musician Jonathan Mann also made a song using part of her Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. dissent. Ginsburg admitted to having a "large supply" of Notorious R.B.G. t-shirts, which she distributed as gifts.
Since 2015, Kate McKinnon has portrayed Ginsburg on Saturday Night Live. McKinnon has repeatedly reprised the role, including during a Weekend Update sketch that aired from the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland. The segments typically feature McKinnon (as Ginsburg) lobbing insults she calls "Ginsburns" and doing a celebratory dance. Filmmakers Betsy West and Julie Cohen created a documentary about Ginsburg, titled RBG, for CNN Films, which premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival. In the film Deadpool 2 (2018), a photo of her is shown as Deadpool considers her for his X-Force, a team of superheroes. Another film, On the Basis of Sex, focusing on Ginsburg's career struggles fighting for equal rights, was released later in 2018; its screenplay was named to the Black List of best unproduced screenplays of 2014. English actress Felicity Jones portrays Ginsburg in the film, with Armie Hammer as her husband Marty. Ginsburg herself has a cameo in the film. The seventh season of the sitcom New Girl features a three-year-old character named Ruth Bader Schmidt, named after Ginsburg. A Lego mini-figurine of Ginsburg is shown within a brief segment of The Lego Movie 2. Ginsburg gave her blessing for the cameo, as well as to have the mini-figurine produced as part of the Lego toy sets following the film's release in February 2019. Also in 2019, Samuel Adams released a limited-edition beer called When There Are Nine, referring to Ginsburg's well-known reply to the question about when there would be enough women on the Supreme Court.
In the sitcom The Good Place, the "craziest secret celebrity hookup" was Ginsburg and Canadian rapper Drake, whom protagonist Tahani reveals she set up as a "perfect couple".
In 2018, Ginsburg appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, which featured her following her regular workout routine accompanied by Stephen Colbert joking with her and attempting to perform the same routine. She also answered a few questions and weighed in on the famous internet question "Is a hot dog a sandwich?" and ultimately ruled that, based on Colbert's definition of a sandwich, a hot dog is a sandwich.
^Riesenfeld, Stefan A. (June 1967). "Reviewed Works: Civil Procedure in Sweden by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anders Bruzelius; Civil Procedure in Italy by Mauro Cappelletti, Joseph M. Perillo". Columbia Law Review. 67 (6): 1176–78. doi:10.2307/1121050. JSTOR1121050.
^"About the Reporter". Women's Rights Law Reporter. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008. Founded in 1970 by now-Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and feminist activists, legal workers, and law students...
^Bartlett, Katharine T. (2011). "Unconstitutionally Male?: The Story of United States v. Virginia". In Schneider, Elizabeth M.; Wildman, Stephanie M. (eds.). Women and the Law Stories. Thomson Reuters. ISBN9781599415895. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^O'Leary, Tom F. (February 16, 2016). The Ruth Bader Ginsburg Coloring Book: A Tribute to the Always Colorful and Often Inspiring Life of the Supreme Court Justice Known as RBG. S.l.: Gumdrop Press. ISBN978-0692644782.
Moritz College of Law (2009). "The Jurisprudence of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: A Discussion of Fifteen Years on the U.S. Supreme Court: Symposium". Ohio State Law Journal. 70, no. 4: 797–1126. ISSN0048-1572. OCLC676694369.
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This page contains information on the Logic Diagram Generator, hints, and frequently asked questions. We produced this page to help those searching for a Logic Diagram Generator, and hopefully, You can solve your issue with our information.
A wiring diagram will show you where the wires need to be connected, removing the requirement for guesswork.
You can stay clear of making mistakes if you utilize a wiring diagram to find out what cables go where. You won’t require to make any type of assumptions if you have a wiring diagram since it will show you specifically where the cables ought to be attached.
Logic Diagram Generator
See the Logic Diagram Generator images below
What is a Wiring Diagram?
A wiring diagram is a basic visual representation of the physical connections and physical design of an electrical system or circuit. It demonstrates how the electrical wires are interconnected and where components and parts might be connected to the system.
When and How to Use a Wiring Diagram
Use wiring diagrams to help in building or making the circuit or electronic device. It also practical in making repair work.
DIY enthusiasts utilize wiring diagrams, which are common in home and auto repair. A home contractor will want to confirm the physical location of electrical outlets and light fixtures using a wiring diagram to prevent expensive errors and developing code violations.
Distinction in between wiring diagram, schematic, and Pictorial diagram
A schematic reveals the plan and function of an electrical circuit however is not concerned with the physical design of the wires. Wiring diagrams show how the wires are connected, where they need to be found in the device and the physical connections in between all the elements.
Unlike a pictorial diagram, a wiring diagram utilizes abstract or streamlined shapes and lines to reveal elements. Pictorial diagrams are often pictures with labels or highly-detailed illustrations of the physical components.
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Are all wiring diagrams similar?
Wiring diagrams may follow various requirements depending upon the nation they are going to be utilized. They may have various designs depending upon the company and the designer who is developing that. They likewise might be drawn by different ECAD software such as EPLAN or AutoCAD electrical.
Wiring diagram types
- Schematic Diagrams.
- Wiring diagrams.
- Block diagrams.
- Pictorial diagrams.
What is the schematic format?
A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the components of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic images.
What should a schematic consist of?
Schematics ought to consist of the total description and areas of all developing code aspects, such as the heating/ventilation/air conditioning (likewise referred to as HVAC), pipes, and electrical systems. Schematic designs are only a standard design to interact a style scheme to the owner.
What is an architectural wiring diagram?
Architectural wiring diagrams show the approximate areas and interconnections of receptacles, lighting, and permanent electrical services in a building.
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How are wiring diagrams read?
The electrical schematics are read from left to right, or from top to bottom. This is very important to get right, as the signal direction suggests the flow of current in the circuit. It is then easy for a user to understand when there is a modification in the course of the circuit.
Where is a wiring diagram used?
Wiring diagrams are mainly utilized when attempting to reveal the connection system in a circuit. It is majorly utilized by building organizers, architects, and electricians to present the wiring connections in a building, a space, or perhaps a simple gadget.
Why is wiring diagram important?
It reveals the components of the circuit as streamlined shapes, and how to make the connections between the devices. A wiring diagram generally offers more info about the relative position and arrangement of devices and terminals on the devices.
Can you touch a live black wire?
If you can be found in contact with a stimulated black wire– and you are also in contact with the neutral white wire– current will travel through your body. You will receive an electrical shock. You will receive a shock if you touch 2 wires at different voltages at the same time.
Is AWG aluminum or copper?
The AWG standard consists of copper, aluminum and other wire materials. Typical household copper wiring is AWG number 12 or 14. Telephone wire is usually 22, 24, or 26. The higher the gauge number, the smaller the size and the thinner the wire.
How is wire numbered?
American Wire Gauge (AWG) is the basic way to denote wire size in North America. In AWG, the bigger the number, the smaller the wire diameter and density. The biggest basic size is 0000 AWG, and 40 AWG is the tiniest standard size.
How do you read electrical wire numbers?
An electrical cable is classified by two numbers separated by a hyphen, such as 14-2. The first number signifies the conductor’s gauge; the second represents the number of conductors inside the cable. 14-2 has 2 14-gauge conductors: a hot and a neutral.
How do you read wire size charts?
Wire gauges range from low numbers to high numbers, with smaller numbers referring to smaller diameters and larger numbers representing larger sizes. AWG 4 is 0.2043 inches in size, and AWG 40 is. 0031 inches in diameter.
What is the difference in between a schematic and wiring diagram?
A wiring diagram is a generalized pictorial representation of an electrical circuit. The parts are represented using streamlined shapes in wiring diagrams.
How do you read car wiring diagrams?
An automobile wiring diagram is a map. To read it, determine the circuit in question and starting at its power source, follow it to the ground. Utilize the legend to comprehend what each symbol on the circuit indicates.
Why do we need wiring diagrams?
A wiring diagram is often utilized to repair problems and to make certain that all the connections have actually been made which everything is present.
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The Green Revolution refers to the dramatic increase in crop production that is achievable within the developing world. This increase was made possible through the use of soil-specific fertilizers, pesticide and herbicide application, and the genetic modification of crops to produce higher yields during every growing season.
Some of the largest increases in crop production have come in the world’s most important staple foods: rice and wheat.
The Green Revolution was something that needed to happen. Following the years of global war in the 1940s, food shortages were abundant. Over the next 20 years, severe famine would strike numerous regions. We needed to have consistent food sources producing and we needed it fast.
Now with higher yields and consistent harvests, farmers and other agricultural workers in the developing world have more food at their disposal. They have more money at their disposal as well, which can help pull households out of extreme poverty. At the same time, however, the farmers who have been unable to use the products and techniques implemented by the Green Revolution have found it difficult to compete in the marketplace.
Here are some of the big pros and cons of the Green Revolution to consider.
List of the Biggest Pros of the Green Revolution
1. It has allowed us to produce more food.
The Green Revolution has made it possible for the world’s croplands to become more productive. The added food quantities from higher yields makes it possible for our growing human population. By 2050, human population levels are expected to exceed 10 billion. The United Nations estimates that food production would need to rise by 70% from 2005 harvest levels to meet the hunger needs of such a high population level.
2. Higher yields can become consistent, even in challenging conditions.
One of the most famous contributors to the Green Revolution is a man named Normal Borlaug. In the 1940s, Borlaug worked to produce a new strain of wheat. His work produced a type of wheat that produced large seed heads, was short enough to reduce wind damage, and was naturally resistant to disease. This strain of wheat was introduced in Mexico and wheat production levels tripled in just 20 years. Borlaug would eventually win a Nobel Peace Prize for this work.
3. It creates cheaper prices for food.
The Green Revolution did more than provide consistency in the harvest yields. It also made the world’s croplands become more productive without increasing the number of acres planted. Larger yields could be produced through a similar amount of labor. That makes it possible for production costs to be lower, which means consumer costs become lower. When households are spending less of their budget on their basic needs, their discretionary spending can power multiple components of the local economy.
4. The Green Revolution protects the environment.
According to Margaret Cunningham, an instructor who publishes on Study.com, the Green Revolution is also beneficial because it is protective of the environment. Fewer forests or other types of natural land needed to be converted into agricultural land for food production purposes because of the higher yields. From 1961-2008, Cunningham notes that human population levels doubled, food production rates tripled, while natural lands were converted at rate that was just 10% higher.
5. It has furthered the disease-resistance and pest-resistance of plants.
The Green Revolution has helped to create numerous strains of plants that are resistant to disease and pests. Through genetic modification and improved farming techniques, we have access to foods that are healthier, even though they are also more plentiful. That means people can receive their required basic nutrition by eating less overall food, which extends the supply even further.
6. Farmers no longer need to worry about fallowing.
In regions of the world where annual precipitation rates are less than 20 inches per year, dryland farming techniques are often used. Before the Green Revolution, a field may be required every other growing season to allow soil moisture levels to recharge. Because of the presence of irrigation, fertilizer, and other modern growing techniques in the developing world, farmers can have more of their land be consistently productive, which further adds to their possible income potential.
7. It has helped to create harvests that are more predictable.
Before the Green Revolution, the quality of a harvest was dependent upon the quality of the growing season. A poor season would always produce a poor harvest. After the Green Revolution, there has been more consistency with the annual harvest because the fields are worked in a similar way each year. Issues with moisture, nutrients, or temperature can be managed on-site, reducing the impact a poor growing season has on the crop.
8. We are able to grow crops almost anywhere.
Thanks to the Green Revolution, we have discovered that crops can grow almost anywhere if farming techniques can counter the local environmental conditions. In April 2018, engineers and scientists were able to harvest foods that were grown in a greenhouse in Antarctica for the first time. Using vertical farming techniques and LED lighting, the climate-controlled farm produces crops even when it is -100F outside. According to Business Insider, the first harvest included 8 pounds of greens, 18 cucumbers, and 70 radishes. Each month, up to 11 pounds of fruits and vegetables are expected per week.
9. It created more employment opportunities.
The agricultural sector is one of the largest areas of employment in the world today. In the developing world, where the Green Revolution has made the largest impact, up to 67% of the population may be employed in agricultural work. In the developed world, just 5% of the population may be employed in farming or agriculture-related positions. More employment opportunities mean there are more ways to fight hunger. There is more food and there is more money available for everyone involved.
10. The Green Revolution has reduced poverty levels in low-income nations.
Thailand is one of the best examples of the advantages offered by the Green Revolution. Since modern techniques have been implemented, cereal production has more than doubled since the 1960s. Hybrid crops have introduced healthier foods into distribution channels. Thailand has become the largest exporter of rice in the world on a consistent year-by-year basis. More importantly, the poverty rate in the country has dropped from 27% to under 10% because of the improvements made.
11. It allows farmers to harvest multiple yields in the same season.
India has also benefitted from the Green Revolution, especially since the famine years of the 1960s. The growing season only allowed for one crop to be grown each year because of the pattern of rainfall which occurs in that region of the world. With irrigation and new farming methods, farmers could double their production because they could grow a second crop each season. The end result was higher yields of millet, corn, wheat, and rice of the same quality because of the second harvest.
12. The Green Revolution stimulated the manufacturing sector.
With farmers being more productive, there became a need for new farm equipment. The manufacturing sector was called upon to produce new tools that could maximize the productive capabilities of each agricultural worker. That created more income to spend in the economy as well, helping non-farm workers to gain access to new jobs and resources as well.
List of the Biggest Cons of the Green Revolution
1. The crops of the Green Revolution require fertilizer.
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica Online, many farmers began to grow the newly modified crops in their fields because the new strains were the only option available. The new strains, if grown without fertilizer, herbicides, or pesticides, often created lower crop yields when compared to the older strains of crops that were previously grown. This problem occurs because the older strains were more adapted to the local growing conditions and had natural resistance levels to disease or pests. The new strains did not have these adaptive factors.
2. Fertilizers and synthetic chemicals can harm the environment.
Cunningham also notes that the increase use of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides influenced the environment in two key areas: erosion and pollution. Adding the fertilizers and chemical components to the soil polluted it and the water systems that surround the croplands being worked. These chemicals then flow downstream, exposing workers and consumers to them when older farming methods would not. In time, this creates a lower soil quality, which then increases erosion risks.
3. It has created high levels of food waste.
Food production has become so effective because of the Green Revolution that we are creating more food than we can consume. In the developing world, where the Green Revolution has made the greatest impact, 40% of the losses occur at the processing or post-harvest level. In comparison, 40% of losses in the developed world happen at either the retail or consumer levels. According to the FAO, more than 1.3 billion tons of food are lost or wasted each year. Up to 50% of all root crops are wasted.
4. Resistance to herbicides and pesticides is growing.
Although we have benefitted from higher yields with the Green Revolution in past decades, production levels in some regions are decreasing. The cause is an increased resistance to the herbicides and pesticides being applied to the fields. As nature adapts to the changes that farmers are making, the way we’ve adapted is to increase the amount of chemicals being applied to the crops. Genetic modifications have even caused some crops to produce their own pesticides. Without change, we may see lower food yields in the future because of this issue.
5. It may cause seed sterility.
To be clear: GMO crops do produce seeds that germinate and grow into new crops. The concern here is that there is a patent, owned by Monsanto, for a terminator gene. This technology has reportedly not been commercialized, though the threat of its existence could change how the Green Revolution operates. If a farmer produces a crop with sterile seeds, then they would be forced to purchase their next set of seeds to plant from the owner of the patent. Depending on the price set, agricultural workers could find their increased profits being taken by the companies supplying them with seeds to grow.
6. The Green Revolution hasn’t been cheap.
Adding fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide to a growing crop doesn’t happen for free. Farmers are the ones who pay for these costs. Not every farmer has been able to use these items because they don’t have the money to do so. According to the Noble Research Institute, if 60 pounds of potassium, 60 pounds of phosphorus, and 60 pounds of nitrogen are required for farming, then the cost to farm becomes over $145 per ton of forage to produce less than $35 in returns.
7. It has placed a focus on cash crops over stable crops.
There have been more opportunities for farming because of the Green Revolution. There are also more opportunities to grow cash crops instead of staple crops because of these improved growing methods. Even though we’re producing more crops than ever before, crops like tobacco, oil palm, cacao, and pineapple are expanding more than rice, wheat, or corn. The goal of cash crops is to maximize household income levels, yet higher incomes have led to higher levels of food insecurity.
8. Green Revolution techniques can make the land unusable.
Adding fertilizers and chemicals to the soil drains it of its ability to produce crops over long periods of time. Not only do these practices drain the soil of its nutrients, the erosion caused can create a loss of land. That forces farmers to grow a decreased variety of crops as their harvest profile shrinks. About 3 million hectares of land are lost each year because of soil degradation. Over the last 30 years, more than 140 million hectares have been lost in the U.S. alone.
9. It has created an unequal rise in production levels.
Thailand may have experienced several benefits from the Green Revolution, like an improved economy and lower levels of food insecurity. They have also encountered some issues as well. The Green Revolution primarily supports agricultural efforts in regions where environmental conditions make growth difficult. In areas where the growing season is consistent, there have been minimal changes to the yields produced. Rice yields in Thailand using natural resources have remained consistent, while irrigated areas have seen large production increases.
10. We have not yet solved the hunger crisis.
According to the Food Aid Foundation, 25% of people are undernourished. Poor nutrition is the cause of death in 45% of children under the age of 5 every year. More than 3 million children die because they don’t get enough food to eat, despite food productivity levels being much higher because of the Green Revolution. In total, about 9 million people die of hunger or malnutrition each year.
The big pros and cons of the Green Revolution show us that it is possible, through human ingenuity, to solve food production problems. Oxfam estimates that we already produce about 20% more food than everyone needs right now. That means there is no excuse for anyone to be hungry. With added food comes added money, however, and more money means more politics are involved. When food supplies can be controlled, then populations can be controlled. We have over 1 billion tons of food waste per year, yet in the U.S., arguably the wealthiest nation on the planet, 20% of children live in food insecure households.
The Green Revolution helped us to solve our hunger crisis. Now we must ensure that foods get shipped to the people who need it the most.
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1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A ball of mass m travels with speed v, hits a stationary ball with the same mass m and after collision they both move at speed v/2. From the point of view of the first ball the total momentum is -mv and after the collision it is 0. why isn't the law of conservation of momentum valid for this coordinate system? 2. Relevant equations The first and second laws of newton, F=ma and that a body is at rest while no forces act on it are valid in all coordinate systems moving at constant speed. 3. The attempt at a solution The coordinate system has acceleration during the collision so F=ma isn't valid. i don't know to continue from here and i guess it's the right answer, no?
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Please describe your experience with amniocentesis.
Share your story with others:
MedicineNet appreciates your comment. Your comment may be displayed on the site and will always be published anonymously.
What is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a procedure whereby a sample of fluid is removed from the amniotic sac for analysis. The amniotic sac is in the uterine cavity. The amniotic sac is the fluid-filled structure inside
a pregnant woman's uterus within which the baby lives. Fetal cells, proteins, and fetal urine freely move within this sac.
During amniocentesis, fluid is removed by placing a long needle through the abdominal wall into amniotic sac. Sometimes, the woman's skin is injected first with a local anesthetic, but this is not usually necessary. The amniocentesis needle is typically guided into the sac with the help of ultrasound imaging performed either prior to or during the procedure. Once the needle is in the sac, a syringe is used to withdraw the clear amber-colored amniotic fluid,
that resembles urine. The volume of fluid withdrawn depends upon the age of the fetus and the reason for the testing.
The fluid can then be sent for evaluation of fetal lung maturity, genetic evaluation, evidence of spina bifida (a birth defect in spinal cord development) or other neural-tube defects, the presence of infection, or chromosome analysis. Chromosomes are structures that contain all of the genetic information in our cells. The amniotic fluid contains numerous free-floating fetal cells that can be grown in a laboratory. When these cells multiply and reach a certain number, their chromosomes are extracted and analyzed. It takes about two weeks to perform chromosome analysis. The fluid also contains proteins, minerals and other compounds that can be tested, and these studies may take 1 to 7 days to perform. Data obtained from amniotic fluid can help women make informed decisions regarding their pregnancies and babies.
For most patients, amniocentesis is a fairly quick and comfortable procedure. Some women experience some uterine cramping or a feeling of faintness.
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Recently students in Mr. J.T. Thomas’ AEST class at Poplarville High School’s Career Development Center got to take their test in a very hands-on way. The students had just completed a unit focusing on the different parts of an engine and how they work together. Instead of the usual paper and pencil test, however, the students were placed at one of twenty “stations”- sections at tables set up in the mechanics shop. Each section had a number and one part from an engine. The students had a numbered form to fill in with each part’s name as they rotated through the stations. When Mr. Thomas gave the instruction to “identify”, the students had to turn and write on their answer sheet what engine part was at their station. They then had to turn around and move to the next station. This continued until they had identified twenty parts, plus a bonus question.
The students liked the opportunity to move while taking the test and the extra challenge of having to really know the parts of an engine to be able to identify them by sight. Mr. Thomas stated that this type of test helps the students gain a true understanding of the design of an engine which will make them better mechanics in time.
This is just one of the many examples of how career and technical education teaches the whole student and ensures they not only know the subject matter but they understand it as well. Through creative teaching and application of skills Poplarville CDC is preparing our students for successful futures.
by Leigh Lenoir, SSC
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Here is a start to the essay (typos and all...in note form).
1)Start with connecting Hawthorne and Emerson
It is clear when reading The Scarlet Letter that Hawthorne was influenced by the ideals that Emerson expressed in "Self-Reliance.
This influence can be seen most clearly in Hester Prynne.
In the Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne embodies Emerson's Self-Reliance.
2)Continue with explaining Emerson's philosophy of self reliance.
In his essay Emerson offered a challenge to Puritanism. He challenges the reader to be original, follow instincts, and trust oneself
He says, "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist." He continues to suggest that one should not "live after the world's opinion." That it is better to live in solitude and independence than to be a follower. He further identifies that the law of ones own nature is the only law that can be sacred to an individual.
"The voyage of the best ship is a zigzag line of a hundred tacks. See the line from a sufficient distance, and it straightens itself to the average tendency. Your genuine action will explain itself, and will explain your other genuine actions. "
Emerson continues to call for individuals to break from custom and be oneself. he underscores that individuals should follow their heart.
"I cannot break myself any longer for you, or you. If you can love me for what I am, we shall be the happier. If you cannot, I will still seek to deserve that you should. I will not hide my tastes or aversions. I will so trust that what is deep is holy, that I will do strongly before the sun and moon whatever inly rejoices me, and the heart appoints. If you are noble, I will love you; if you are not, I will not hurt you and myself by hypocritical attentions. If you are true, but not in the same truth with me, cleave to your companions; I will seek my own. "
Ultimately, he does not dismiss convention, but indicated that it may not be followed in the course of being oneself. "I shall...
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Dislodged fireproofing felled Twin Towers
The twin towers of the World Trade Center would probably be standing today, if the impact of the planes used in the 11 September 2001 attack had not destroyed fireproofing material, experts say.
After what it described as the most detailed examination of a building failure ever, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) says it will be suggesting major changes to the way skyscrapers are built and managed.
The NIST report says the structural impact of the planes and subsequent jet fuel-ignited, multi-floor fires were not in themselves enough to bring the towers down.
"The reason the towers collapsed is because the fireproofing was dislodged," says Shyam Sunder, lead investigator for the NIST building and fire safety investigation into the disaster.
If the fireproofing had remained in place, Sunder says, the fires would have burned out and moved on without weakening key elements to the point of structural collapse.
He drew an analogy with the 2003 Columbia space shuttle disaster when the absence of a small piece of insulation foam, knocked off during launch, allowed fire to seep into the shuttle's entire wing span during re-entry with catastrophic results.
New alternatives to traditional fireproofing should be explored, Sunder says, citing a paint-like substance which, if applied in sufficient layers, would stick "even if a plane hit it".
Nearly 2750 people were killed in the attack on the World Trade Center by members of Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda network.
Roughly 17,400 people were in the skyscrapers at the time of the attack, and NIST estimates that the death toll would have been closer to 14,000 if the two towers had been filled to their 50,000-person capacity.
The report says each jet severed perimeter columns, damaged interior core columns and dislodged fireproofing as they penetrated the buildings. The weight carried by the severed columns was spread to others.
Fires caused by the jet fuel were fed by the building contents and oxygen entering through breached walls and windows.
"Floor sagging and exposure to high temperatures caused the perimeter columns to bow inward and buckle, a process that spread across the faces of the buildings," the report says.
"Collapse then ensued."
In examining the emergency services response on 11 September and the evacuation procedures, the NIST report echoes other probes in highlighting a lack of coordination and poor communications equipment.
The report cites one senior emergency services officer inside the north tower of the trade centre as saying he would have known more about what was going on if he had been watching it on television.
"The lack of timely information sharing and inadequate communication capabilities, likely contributed to the loss of emergency responder lives," the report concludes.
The evacuation of the twin towers has generally been called a success, with 87% of the occupants, including more than 99% of those below the floors hit by the planes, managing to get out.
Occupants were often unprepared for the physical challenge of evacuating from higher floors. "It's pretty demanding, especially if you want to do it fast," Sunder says.
The NIST report, running to some 10,000 pages, is still in draft form, with a final version, complete with definitive findings and recommendations, to be released in September.
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Habitat Gallery: Testudo (graeca) ibera in Turkey
By A. C. Highfield
These images show the actual habitats of Testudo (graeca) ibera in Turkey. This particular sequence was taken in spring, when the annual vegetation cycle was at its peak. It should be noted that the tortoises shown in mountainous habitats tend to be more melanistic than those in coastal, lower altitude (and hence, warmer) habitats. Seeing these habitats and the type of vegetation tortoises inhabit in the wild should be helpful when designing captive environments.
Typical mountainous habitat
Tortoise seeking cover under shrub
Thorny oak shrubs are common hiding places
Tortoise using a rock to attain good basking position! This is especially important in mountainous habitats which are considerably cooler than lower altitude habitats. Note also how melanistic this female is.
Tortoise grazing on local vegetation
A tortoise in an overnight scrape under a very large rock
A female excavating a nest on a well vegetated rocky slope (altitude 1500m)
Emerging from overnight scrape at approximately 9.30 am
Typical spring vegetation
Tortoise found at historic site
A young, less melanistic example from lower altitudes
All images (c) 2008 A. C. Highfield
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Many conditions such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and somatic symptom syndrome predominantly affect women, with depression affecting twice as many women as men. In contrast, men are more than double as likely to develop alcohol dependencies than women. Although mental illness can affect anyone, it is important to recognize the disproportionate incidence of mental illness across genders, as well as to address the gender specific risk factors which contribute to this gap such as gender-based violence, socioeconomic disadvantage, and unequal social status. The WHO describes three factors which help to prevent the incidence of mental illness; having a sufficient sense of personal autonomy, access to mental health resources, and psychological support from loved ones.
While being at home, amidst the COVID19 pandemic, it may be easy to develop feelings of loneliness and anxiety. For many, this can exacerbate underlying mental illnesses such as depression. As research has shown that doctoral fellows have a higher incidence of mental illnesses than the general population, it is a critical time to support each other and promote resources to help maintain our mental health. To celebrate mental health awareness month, we started a series called “A Tip a Day for the Month of May”. Every day, we posted a piece of advice focused on maintaining mental health throughout the NY quarantine, as well as ways to stay productive and maintaining a sense of normalcy while working from home. This is a part of our ongoing effort to support our community and help destigmatize mental illness in STEM.
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Almost un-noticed, was a phenomenal report which summarized an in-depth study on the state of American education. What’s so interesting about this report of which 3,000 schools, approximately 600,000 students, and thousands of teachers were participant subjects, is that this study was conducted some 50+ years ago. Led by Johns Hopkins University sociologist James S. Coleman, in 1966 his team concluded that family background explained more about a child’s achievement than did school resources, class size, teacher quality or expenditures.
Met with unfavorable reception, the report essentially stated that schools share similar outcomes for student achievement when socio-economic background is taken into account. Not race or ethnicity, but socioeconomics! Poorer students perform poorer than their more wealthy counterparts.
Differences in school staff and facilities are irrelevant to achievement according to this report. One KEY area in which “family” and student background correlates with achievement and school performance is Parental Education.
Better-educated parents are more likely to consider the quality of the local schools when choosing a neighborhood in which to live. Once their children enter a school, educated parents are also more likely to pay attention to the quality of their children’s teachers and may attempt to ensure that their children are adequately served. By participating in parent-teacher conferences and volunteering at school, they may even encourage staff to attend to their children’s individual needs.
In addition, highly educated parents are more likely than their less-educated counterparts to read to their children. Educated parents enhance their children’s development and human capital by drawing on their own advanced language skills in communicating with their children. They are more likely to pose questions instead of directives and employ a broader and more complex vocabulary.
Estimates suggest that, by age 3, children whose parents receive public assistance hear less than a third of the words encountered by their higher-income peers. As a result, the children of highly educated parents are capable of more complex speech and have more extensive vocabularies before they even start school.
Highly educated parents can also use their social capital to promote their children’s development. A cohesive social network of well-educated individuals socializes children to expect that they too will attain high levels of academic success. It can also transmit cultural capital by teaching children the specific behaviors, patterns of speech, and cultural references that are valued by the educational and professional elite.
In most studies, parental education has been identified as the single strongest correlate of children’s success in school, the number of years they attend school, and their success later in life. Because parental education influences children’s learning both directly and through the choice of a school, it remains unknown exactly how much of the correlation can be attributed to direct impact and how much to school-related factors. Teasing out the distinct causal impact of parental education is tricky, but given the strong association between parental education and student achievement in every industrialized society, the direct impact is undoubtedly substantial.
The information gathered from this report is helpful though not conclusive in showing a true causal relationship between parental education and academic outcomes for children or student performance. What is does indicate very clearly to us all is that within the framework of education, there must be a strong family component. Families ARE the greatest determinant of academic and classroom readiness and influence academic achievement at school. It is about time that we re-imagine education- more inclusive, respectful of diversity, safe, supportive and healthy learning environments where parents are constant, consistent and collaborative allies with educators.
We must empower engage and partner with parents at school, and connect them to learning and connect them with their child’s learning, as well. What the takeaway is from this report is once again: “It’s all about FAMILY!”
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With cooler temperatures quickly approaching, it's a good time to be thinking about the well-being of livestock and pets. The National Weather Service predicts lows in the 30s for next week, cool enough to be prepared. Some basic steps can keep animals safe and productive throughout those and much cooler temperatures.Most important is keeping a good supply of clean, fresh drinking water. Although some outdoor animals will seek water from snow, the amount they gain is minimal and does not substitute as a source of water. Icing also begins to occur and it's a must to keep water heated or in some way agitated, so the animals have plenty of opportunity to drink. Winter tanks should be made of a product guaranteed against cracking or breaking.An extra layer of bedding is important for the animal's living area. With most livestock and outdoor pets, a thorough bedding with wheat straw is a good choice. It's important to be sure of the kind of bedding used, as some animals, such as swine and dogs, can have negative reactions.Good bedding helps prevent sickness and disease and also prevents the buildup of manure on the animal's body, which can last most of the winter if it freezes to hair.Good feeding habits also are important during cold temperatures, as animals will often consume more product to stay warm. Feeding on time and making sure each feeding is met are imperative in cold weather.Proper vaccination and medication also is important, as it can prevent many illnesses and diseases from occurring. During the winter months, it's especially important to count livestock and make sure they are all accounted for and none left stranded. The nose, mouth and eyes of each animal should also be observed to make note of any animal needing veterinary care. Heavy breathing, nasal drainage and runny, watery manure can be signs of a coming sickness. Doors, windows and other openings to buildings should be checked for drafts potentially causing sickness. Many sources advise against closing in a building completely because it prevents a healthy flow of fresh air and circulation but drafts should be eliminated.Uninsulated pipes and water hydrants should be watched carefully throughout the winter. Straw or some other kind of temporary insulation often can be packed around them to prevent freezing.In exceptionally cold weather, especially below zero, veterinarians recommend pets are brought indoors. An open access should be maintained to all facilities housing livestock, not only for convenience of feeding and caring for animals, but also in case veterinary care or fire rescue are needed. Most of the area's pet and livestock companies provide a good range of supplies for the winter season, ranging from bedding to water heaters. The investment in good winter care is humane and keeps animals as productive as they can be.
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1. solving - noun
· finding a solution to a problem
2. solve - verb
· find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of; "did you solve the problem?"; "Work out your problems with the boss"; "this unpleasant situation isn't going to work itself out"; "did you get it?"; "Did you get my meaning?"; "He could not work the math problem"
3. solve - verb
· find the solution; "solve an equation"; "solve for x"
4. solve - verb
· settle, as of a debt; "clear a debt"; "solve an old debt"
Enter the letters to get anagrams for the word
Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and related words
Enter the word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
Enter the word to find the rhymes
Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word.
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The girls and I are knee deep in snowflake research. Our new found interest in snowflakes has been enlightening. I picked up a few books from our local library and we have been learning all about how snowflakes form. Contrary to popular belief, snowflakes are not simply frozen raindrops. I put together this simple activity to reinforce what we had learned about how snowflakes form.
How Do Snowflakes Form?
blue and black foam sheets or construction paper
Snowflakes start out as water droplets in clouds. When the droplets freeze, they take a hexagonal shape. I started by cutting out a few hexagons from white paper. The hexagons are our starting point for making snowflakes.
As the crystallized water droplet falls through the freezing cold air, it attracts water vapour. The vapour attaches to each of the 6 sides of the hexagon…creating the “branches” we see on snowflakes. We cut a piece of white paper into 1″ x 1/4″ pieces. These will be the water droplets that attach themselves to the hexagon.
Creating a snowflake is as simple as adding on more and more water droplets to create a symmetrical pattern. My daughter cut pieces of paper even smaller, so that she could vary the shape of the snowflake. The reason no two snowflakes are ever alike is because each snowflake takes a different path through the air, spinning and picking up different numbers of water droplets…pretty cool, right? Did you know it takes about 100,000 water droplets to create one snowflake?
In the end, the snowflakes can be glued in place on the foam sheet. We chose not to glue ours. That way my daughter could make more snowflakes. After all, a real snowflake doesn’t last forever…it melts and starts the water cycle all over again.
We learned all of this awesome information from a few books we have been reading; Kenneth Libbrecht’s book “The Secret Life of A Snowflake” and “My Brother Loved Snowflakes: The Story of William A. Bentley The Snowflake Man” by Mary Bahr.
20 fun summer STEM activities for kids
Teach kids about water diversion with this simple activity
BE SURE TO SUBSCRIBE TO KITCHEN COUNTER CHRONICLES TO HAVE OUR DELICIOUS RECIPES, FUN CRAFTS & ACTIVITIES DELIVERED DIRECTLY TO YOUR INBOX.
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For the first time, researchers have identified a specific type of cells in the brain that could be involved the mechanism of North Sea Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy (NSPME). Research with fruit flies clearly reveals that glia cells in the brain are responsible for the epileptic seizures caused by this condition. The NSPME research group working at the interdisciplinary Movement Disorders Groningen expertise centre at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) have published an article on the subject in the scientific journal Neuroscience.
For the purposes of this research, patient symptoms were used to obtain more information about NSPME by studying fruit flies. Interviews with various patients suffering from the condition showed heat to be an important factor in exacerbating the seizures and muscle jerks (myoclonus). This was also the case in fruit flies in which the same gene is affected as in patients with NSPME. Follow-up research with these fruit flies then revealed which brain cells were responsible for the development of seizures. As this important discovery provides a clue to understanding the mechanism behind the epilepsy and seizures, it may be a first major step towards developing better treatment.
Very little is known about North Sea Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy. Patients suffer increasingly from coordination problems and severe muscle jerks (myoclonus) and epilepsy. Many of them have to rely on a wheelchair from around puberty onwards. Research to find better treatment options is in full swing. At present, researchers are examining the impact that a wide range of various drugs and other substances have on the symptoms in fruit flies with NSPME. It is hoped that this follow-up research, which is being funded by the NSPME foundation, will soon lead to drugs that can be used to treat patients more effectively.
The research findings also show how useful fruit flies can be in scientific research, and that pooling knowledge from fundamental and clinical research is a valuable asset in understanding the mechanism of this disease.
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Monarch butterflies need milkweed. In addition to being the obligate food source for monarch caterpillars, milkweeds also provide abundant nectar for the adult butterflies, as well as bees and other beneficial insects. However, like many other native plant species, milkweeds are disappearing from the landscape in the wake of urban development and agricultural intensification. This Xerces Society guide shows how to bring back our milkweeds and restore habitat for monarch butterflies. Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner’s Guide is a first-of-its kind manual on large-scale milkweed seed production, nursery propagation, and field restoration of the plants.
The information in Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner’s Guide is gathered from interviews with native plant nurseries and seed producers, gained firsthand through Project Milkweed, and synthesized from scientific literature. It provides conservation professionals with information about optimizing milkweed seed production methods, offers guidance on incorporating milkweeds into restoration and revegetation efforts, and highlights milkweeds’ unique characteristics and value to wildlife. Native seed producers, restoration practitioners, land managers, monarch conservationists, gardeners, and landowners will all find this guide valuable.
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The ancestors of mankind were actually a fish! Sounds a little unbelievable, some people wonder, is the fish I just ate my ancestors? In the past, we all knew that the ancestors of humans were apes, so how did they become fish now? What happened? Let’s discuss it from three aspects!
This research took the team 15 years to find enough evidence to fill a gap in human evolutionary history more than 10 million years ago and has been confirmed that the ancestors of humans were jawfish!
It is not a separate fish, but one with a jaw, including an upper jaw and a chin, which is a very important part of biological evolution. In fact, we are no stranger to jaws, not only humans have jaws, but most large animals, especially vertebrates, do. But the fossil jaw found this time existed in the early Silurian period, 440 million years ago.
We can infer from evolution that life on Earth evolved according to the basic process of single cell to multicellular, from aquatic to terrestrial, from invertebrate to vertebrate.
Now that humans have evolved from terrestrial vertebrates, should apes have had earlier ancestors? Scientists have studied for a long time how the ape-man came about
The discovery of fossil jawfish explains this problem.
Zhu, an associate researcher at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that the jaw fish originally lived in the ocean, and later a branch moved to land, which is a bit similar to the evolution process of fish to reptiles, and amphibians appeared in the middle, such as frogs are a more special group.
Over time, this branch on land slowly evolved into a variety of large vertebrates, of course, not without apes.
SO, the fish you eat is certainly not your ancestor
Strictly speaking, the jawed fish found this time is very close to the common ancestor of today’s fish and humans, this common ancestor looks like a fish, but it has lived for more than 400 million years and is not today’s fish. Therefore, although the fish we eat also has jaws, it is not our ancestors, at most it is our distant relatives, and we can eat with confidence.
For example, the crucian carp we eat now, a thousand years ago, crucian carp was still a relatively ferocious fish, and then it was domesticated by humans and finally served on the table. Even comparing early humans to crucian carp has gone hand in hand in evolutionary history, and at best they can be described as distant relatives of humans.
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1 yeast metabolism lab purpose: to determine the effects of different carbohydrates on the metabolism of live yeast background: some organisms are capable of. Introduction: a title the effect of the tempereature on yeast metabolism b research question what is the effect of a temperature on yeast metabolism. • the principal knowledge of the metabolic capabilities will help us understand the peculiarities that yeast reveals in the breakdown of organic compounds. Yeast are fungal organisms that can feed on a number of different nutrients, but readily metabolize glucose, a kind of sugar they have the ability to. Dimorphism is the condition where by a fungus can exhibit either the yeast form or the hyphal form metabolism all fungi are free living, ie. Yeast metabolism - download as pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read online yeast metabolism.
Learn about the potential benefits of red yeast rice including contraindications, adverse reactions as well as its activity on glycemic metabolism. Yeast and fermentation lab the yeast can separate maltose into glucose, but the metabolism of maltose by yeast is a slow process. Cellular metabolism and fermentation table of contents glycolysis, the universal process | anaerobic pathways yeast, when under anaerobic conditions. Experiment on incorporating air into the dough / aerobic yeast metabolism effects may 18, 2012 - 6:32am glasgowjames. Yeast pathways database this page offers tools to query, visualize, and analyze biochemical pathways of saccharomyces cerevisiae at sgd description. Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen the products are organic acids, gases, or alcohol it occurs in yeast and bacteria.
The metabolic pathways of the central carbon metabolism are basi-cally identical between different yeast sugar metabolism in yeasts: an overview of aerobic and. Start studying yeast nutrition/ metabolism learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Cell structure and metabolism saccharomyces cerevisiae can exist in two different forms: a origin and domestication of the wine yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. The purpose of any leavener is to produce the gas that makes bread rise yeast does this by feeding on the sugars in flour, and expelling carbon dioxide. Sep 8, 2016 — today's industrial yeast strains are used to make beer, wine, bread, biofuels, and more, but their evolutionary history is not well studied. Glucose-induced gene expression the presence of glucose, the preferred carbon and energy source, mediates a large number of changes in yeast and all other.
Anaerobic metabolism-1 laboratory exploration anaerobic metabolism in yeast in today’s lab, you will investigate aspects of anaerobic respiration in a living model. Effect of temperature because of this, the metabolism of a bakers who use yeast in their bread making are very aware of this.
Cellular metabolism metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within the body our bodies can metabolize many types of yeast can metabolize glucose. In this project, learn about requirements for yeast metabolism by testing the effects of aerated and nonaerated water on yeast gas production.
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A research team in Scotland and the Czech Republic has developed a tractor beam.
A press release from St. Andrews University reveals that scientists at that university and at the Institute of Scientific Instruments in the Czech Republic have for the first time been able to use light to draw objects closer, although only on a microscopic scale.
It has long been known that photons create a small amount of pressure. Johanes Kepler described the effect way back in the 17th century when he observed that the tails of comets point away from the sun. Experiments using light to push microscopic objects have been conducted for decades, but the current research is the first time light has been used to attract objects.
The team discovered that under a certain set of parameters with a special optical field, the pushing effect turns into a negative force and the object is drawn closer.
The negative force is specific to the object’s size and composition, allowing scientists to pick and choose what objects to attract. This would have applications to medicine and biological research, enabling researchers to sort cells or even parts of a cell. The team’s results have been published in Nature Photonics.
A real science-fiction-style tractor beam would have to be on a vastly greater scale than these experiments, however, so don’t expect it to be used for transportation anytime soon. We’ll see space tourism long before that. The tractor beam experiments are a bit like teleportation experiments that made headlines a year ago. We’re seeing what our grandkids might one day take for granted.
[Image courtesy St Andrews University]
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From mistakes in prescribing to poor patient education, medication errors can negatively affect your patients’ health. Unfortunately, medication errors occur far more often than anyone would like — an estimated 1.5 million preventable adverse drug events happen each year in the United States.
Fortunately, the actions you take can greatly reduce the risk of medication errors. Read on to learn more about medication errors and some best practices on preventing them from ever happening.
What Are Medication Errors?
Medication errors are preventable events that occur when medication is used or given inappropriately. These errors can have serious consequences for patients. They could die or be placed into life-threatening reactions, need hospitalization, end up with permanent disabilities, or risk birth defects.
A medication error doesn’t have to cause serious consequences to be counted as a medication error. Even if nothing negative happens as a result of the error, it’s still considered a medication error, but what you call it in an incident report might use different terms.
On one hand, errors that cause harm are referred to as preventable adverse drug events. Meanwhile, those errors that don’t cause harm are called potential adverse drug events.
Examples of Medication Errors
One example of a medication error is when a patient takes an over-the-counter product that has a certain ingredient while at the same time taking a prescription medication with the same ingredient.
If this type of double-dosage goes unnoticed, it could lead to the patient taking more than the recommended dose of that drug and putting them at risk for associated adverse effects.
Other examples of medication errors include the patient receiving the wrong dosage or prescription or taking a drug that interacts negatively with an existing prescription.
How Do Medication Errors Happen?
Medication errors can happen to anyone. Children especially are at high risk for being affected by medication errors, as their dosage requirements typically differ from adult dosages.
The most common causes of medication errors are:
- Miscommunications between health care workers. If team members don’t communicate with one another regarding a patient’s medication, including drug interactions and changes to prescription, there’s a much higher risk for an error to occur.
- Miscommunications between doctors and their patients. Patients who don’t receive proper education about a specific drug and its side effects or potential interactions may take the medication inappropriately. Similarly, if patients don’t disclose certain conditions or existing prescriptions, it could lead to a health care professional prescribing the wrong or unnecessary medication.
- Medical abbreviations aren’t read correctly. There are countless medical abbreviations that can mean different things in different specialties or can easily be misread. Additionally, patients who don’t work in the medical field are unlikely to know what these abbreviations mean. Confusion of abbreviations can lead to confusion in appropriate medication prescribing.
- Similar-sounding drug names. Medications can often be confused with each other if they look or sound similar, even if they serve completely different functions. In these cases, not only does this mean the patient’s underlying condition isn’t being treated, but the incorrect prescription can have a negative impact.
Ways to Prevent Medication Errors
There are many actionable steps you can take to reduce the risk of medication errors. Here are a few strategies to practice.
Record Patient Information
Having accurate, up-to-date patient information is the top priority in medication safety. Using patient-specific identifiers, such as name and date of birth, can prevent medication from being given to a different patient with a similar name.
You should also ensure you have an accurate medical history for each patient. Ask about any allergies or reactions to medications, latex, or food before administering medication. Highlight any diagnoses and conditions that impact medication requirements. These include a medical history of diabetes, kidney or liver disease, mental illnesses, pregnancy, and smoking status or alcohol consumption.
When recording patient information, use full names instead of abbreviations to prevent misunderstandings between health care professionals.
Keep Up With Drug Information
About 35% of preventable adverse drug effects were caused by insufficient drug information, like outdated or limited references. The medical field can change quickly, and health care professionals and their organizations have to prioritize keeping up with the most current knowledge.
However, memorizing information on tens of thousands of available medications isn’t a feasible task. With that in mind, health care professionals should have easy access to current drug information and support resources, including guidelines that outline correct dosages, contraindications, and other precautions.
“High-alert” medications, or those that can cause serious adverse effects if used incorrectly, should also be identified and reviewed before prescribing. Many electronic medication records have tools to identify these high-alert medications and other issues, like drug interactions, and it’s important to follow up on prompts from the software every time they appear.
Communicate With Staff
Effective communication between health care professionals is one of the easiest ways to reduce the occurrence of medication errors. Staff members should monitor new prescriptions, medical records, or drug deliveries for any potential errors and act on them accordingly. Not only is it important for them to act, but they should share information with other team members regularly.
Another way to quickly reduce errors is to require medication orders to be read back and confirmed immediately, spelling out the drug name as well as the dosage strength.
Handwritten prescriptions should be written clearly, with full names rather than abbreviations, to avoid any potential misreading. Including the indication type can also prevent professionals from accidentally administering a drug with a similar name. Electronic systems can be an effective workaround for handwriting miscommunications.
Label and Store Correctly
Any drug storage area should be well-organized and checked on a regular basis with any expired drugs being appropriately discarded. The storage area should be maintained between 57- and 84-degrees Fahrenheit with good lighting and visibility to prevent staff from misreading labels.
Drugs that look alike or have similar names and different injectable products should be kept apart from each other to prevent inadvertent mix-ups. High-alert medications should also be kept separately from other drugs and labeled appropriately.
Finally, medications should all have controlled access as well as rigorous documentation protocols. Dispensed medications and vaccines should be properly labeled, dated, and logged with all pertinent information.
Providing appropriate education can help patients better understand their medications and potential interactions, reducing the risk of preventable errors. Take as much time as necessary to provide medication counseling, keeping in mind each patient’s health literacy.
You should give patients both oral and written instructions on how to use their medications. They or their caregivers should be able to repeat back the information.
Providers should also ensure that patients are able to pay for their medication. A lack of insurance or high co-pays may prevent necessary prescriptions from being filled or refilled. In this case, you should work with your patient to develop a plan that they can carry through while still protecting their health.
There are many ways that medication errors can happen and just as many ways to prevent them. By keeping a conscious eye on issues before or as they happen, you can help to reduce medication errors for your patients and help fellow health care professionals do the same.
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Many times the unexpected noise coming from a contactor is the result of insufficient voltage levels, weak electromagnetic force, or mechanical issues.
If you are experiencing a noisy contactor, the first item to check would be the voltage. Contactor coils are generally designed to pick-up and operate between 85% and 100% of their rated voltage, its possible that the control voltage supplying the coil is not in the acceptable range for the coil rating.
Its recommended that the voltage be measured at the coil terminals and not at the voltage source since other devices may be tapped off of the control source, such as a control transformer or power supply. The objective is to confirm that the voltage ratings shown on the coil match the incoming voltage source at the coil.
Excess heat is the main cause of shortening the life of an electrical coil. While its possible for a contactor to operate at 110% of its rated voltage, doing so for long periods of time will create higher temperatures and reduce the coil service life.
Operating coils for contactors and relays utilize electrical current to produce enough magnetic flux to span the ‘air gap’ between the pole faces of the yoke and armature. When the operating device is open or OFF, the air gap is at maximum distance.
The moment a START signal is received, the inrush current will cause the contactor yoke and armature to come together. The air gap between them decreases and current demand starts to decrease as well.
A sealed state occurs when there is zero air gap and the amount of current required to keep the pole faces together is at a minimum. This is referred to as “seal current” or “sealed current” or “steady state current”.
How much current that is required to pick-up and seal an AC or DC controlled device can be calculated from the VA ratings for inrush and seal ratings found on the nameplate, or in the specifications, for the device. Simply divide the VA rating by the coil voltage to calculate the required ampere rating of the control source.
Debris like plastic or metal shavings inside the contactor may produce extra vibration, which could result in additional noise and cause the coil to draw more current than normal. Oxidation and rust can appear on pole faces in humid or corrosive environments and also contribute to noise.
Contactor pole faces are designed so they seal tightly against each other which is why they must be kept free from foreign objects. A common contributing factor to debris is during maintenance, when air is used to blow debris and particles out of the enclosure.
Compressed air does more harm than good because it projects debris into the surrounding atmosphere and increases the chances of objects settling inside the contactor components. A more productive way to remove the debris from inside an enclosure would be to use a vacuum.
Related: Cleaning Methods for Electrical Preventive Maintenance
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The word JOB is not an acronym so there is no official full form for the word JOB. However, there are many alternative full forms and sometimes the word JOB is treated as an Acronym depending on the situation.
One common full form of the word JOB is Joining Other businesses. Apart from this the term Just obey boss is also used as the full form of JOB.
These both full forms indicate to the same meaning what the word JOB actually stands for.
JOB is a word used in English for work or tasks. Normally it is used for a professional occupation and position or work but in general, it can be used just for a Task.
JOB is the position of a person in society or business. In other words, A JOB is like an activity that is regularly done in exchange for money or payment. In professional terms, the person who has that job is called an employee.
Some JOBs are illegal and some are legal however JOB word mostly indicates the legal professional position.
These JOBS can be divided into many types such as based on hours or months. Some other words used as synonyms for JOB are – Career, position, post, profession, task, work, activity, operation assignment, appointment, employment, etc.
Job or work is a person’s role in society or it can be an activity or task also. Many people get multiple jobs such as employee, parent, and housewife. In general JOB word is related to having money or payment in exchange however it is not directly related to payment and can be day to day task also.
So a task that needs a person’s mental, physical efforts is work or JOB. To make it a profession the person has to be trained to do it. JOB can also be a subset of someone’s career.
JOB for people
There are many types of professional jobs in a society that people spend their forty or more hours each week for a paid employment. The nature of the job can vary with the person is doing it. The JOB of a student can be studied as they are required to do it. Some work as volunteers or some work as homemakers.
There are many categories for jobs. Because the job is generally related to the profession so here we are going to discuss some of the types of JOBS in the professional world where you do the work in exchange for payment.
JOBS can be classified on different bases such as the time period of work, nature of work, and industry of work.
There are unpaid jobs also such as volunteer, homemaker, mentor, intern, and students, etc.
According to the level of experience, JOBS are divided into entry-level, intern and co-op, etc.
In professional work, some jobs are required to have a certain kind of experience and training or academic degree and skills. However, all kinds of jobs need a particular type of skill to be done.
Depending on the nature of jobs here are the types of JOB –
Day job as the name suggests a type of work where the employee only has to do it in the day and they are free to do anything else at other times. For example – working in an office for 8 hours.
A night job is where the employee performs tasks in the nighttime for already decided hours.
A side job is like extra work or a job from the main source of income. A person with a side job can have little time left for sleep or other activities. Side jobs are also called side hustle, moonlighting, side gig, etc.
Some Other Full Form of JOB
JOB- Journey of the Broke
JOB- Job Opportunity Bank
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Throughout his literary career, Edgar Allan Poe applied
irony to his stories. By doing this, his disturbing and odd tales became stories of mental and psychological twists and terror that trouble readers. Poe uses irony in “The Tell-Tale Heart” to increase mental tension by making the murderer in the story confess the crime that he so carefully planned. The man goes mad by fault of his own conscious and if he had not confessed, the murder would have been a success. Just as in “The Tell-Tale Heart”, Poe utilizes irony to amplify the horror and tension in “The Cask of Amontillado”. In “The Cask of Amontillado”, a murderer, Montresor, plans a clever revenge scheme using many small parts to bring the plan together. Montresor’s plan is to make the person he is avenging to feel guilt and die in pain, but in the end, Montresor is the man feeling guilty and living a life of pain. In both those stories, Poe uses irony against the protagonist, making them lose their mental state. In “The Tell-Tale Heart”, the murderer is perfectly calm through out the story until Poe causes him to have a mental breakdown. Also, in “Cask of Amontillado”, Montresor is perfectly calm and relaxed while telling his tale, but, unlike in “The Tell- Tale Heart”, Montresor does not openly break down because of guilt, but he breaks down because he has realized that his revenge was a failure. Montresor instead shows small details that convey his realization of the failure. A reader may view the revenge as one of success, since Montresor did, in fact, kill Fortunato. However, small details that Poe adds in the story indicate that Montresor’s crime was unsuccessful and by making the crime seem unsuccessful, Poe accomplishes using irony against the protagonist. In Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado", Poe uses irony to convey Montresor's crime, while using another layer to undermine Montresor's revenge.
Montresor relies on sins and judgment of God to complete the murder of Fortunato, but Montresor lacks awareness that by using the sins and judgment God, his is committing a more terrible sin. Montresor knew that “He had a weak point - this Fortunato - …He prided himself on his connoisseurship in wine” (Poe 94). Fortunato prides himself in his knowledge of fine wines and with this knowledge, Fortunato gets drunk. Knowing this, Montresor takes advantage of and uses Fortunato’s weaknesses to benefit the revenge. Fortunato’s drunkenness and pride play large factors in the planning of Montresor’s crime. With those sins, Montresor could lead Fortunato to the niche in the catacombs and wall him up without Fortunato’s consciousness intact. Then, slowly, according the Montresor’s plan, Fortunato would sober up and realize what has happened to him and why it happened and Montresor would pride himself while listening to Fortunato’s woe. Instead of this happening, Fortunato immediately sobers up and does not realize what has happened to him. Montresor’s wants God to damn Fortunato because of the insults Fortunato perpetrated upon Montresor. Cooney proposes that Montresor uses some sins of God – pride, drunkenness and vanity - to commit the most terrible sin – murder – and Montresor does not understand the irony he brings upon himself (Cooney 62). Montresor deludes himself into thinking he was clever and that God will justify the crime. Montresor does not recognize that he is to be damned by murdering Fortunato. Fortunato rests in peace, while Montresor lives a damned life of obsession.
Another irony against Montresor is Fortunato’s failure to realize the insult made by him. After walling up Fortunato, Montresor listens and “…hearkened in vain for a reply. [Montresor] grew impatient…No answer” (Poe 99). Montresor waits and calls aloud to Fortunato yet there is nothing in response and this concerns Montresor. Montresor cannot stand why his calls go unanswered. The lack of response from Fortunato is one of the causes of Montresor’s obsession of the crime. As Jacoby...
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The WGG is a declared Critically Endangered ecosystem (1) and at present the most threatened vegetation type in the Limpopo Province (2). WGG occurs on the mountainous Woodbush plateau and shows increased low shrub density on steep south -and east -facing slopes. Trees are mainly absent and their establishment is prevented mainly through frost, fire and grazing (3). However, trees such as Paperbark Thorn (Vachellia sieberiana, previously Acacia sieberiana), Common Spike-Thorn (Gymnosporia buxifolia) and Cabbage Trees (Cussonia spp.) could be seen in a few localised habitats. Several indigenous forest patches also dot the grasslands, but it is the wildflowers that truly steal the show!
Between 1999 and 2007, plant taxonomist Pieter Winter (P.J.D. Winter, unpublished data) recorded around 630 plant species representing 124 families from an area of roughly 240 ha of WGG adjacent to the small town of Haenertsburg. Winter's analysis forms the key reference for the botanical aspects of these grasslands. The present indigenous plant species list stands at 661 species (in 192 ha) of which 18 are Red Listed and 36 are either provincially or nationally protected (4). There are only 53 grass species, while the bulk of the biodiversity is made up of forbs (wildflowers). Geophytes are often abundant and numerous orchid species are currently known to occur within the WGG, all of which are protected by the Limpopo Environmental Management Act of 2003.
Grassland plants are often overlooked, particularly in winter when they die back to survive the frost and fires. Large underground tubers, bulbs and root stocks are typical of grassland plants. These are often highly sought after in the medicinal plant trade and may occur nowhere else. Off-road driving, dumping of rubbish, unplanned fires, excessive fire breaks, removal of top soil, poaching of plants and the uncontrolled spread of alien invasive plants, are all very detrimental to the grasslands and have led to extinctions.
Alien and invasive flora
Several invasive alien plants occur within the WGG. Invasive alien plants are problematic as they affect water supply, encroach on indigenous vegetation and crops, cause very hot fires and increase the risk of soil erosion. Reports also show that, in areas where eucalyptus, wattle and pine are grown, there is an increase in the hydrophobicity of the soil, a state that is difficult to reverse. In other words, these plants lead to water being repelled from the soil.
Some of the most common Alien Invasive Plants (AIPs) that occur in the WGGs and surrounding areas:
To download our brochure, Invasive Alien Plants; A guide to some of the most common alien invasive plants of the Woodbush Granite Grasslands and surrounding areas, click here:
1. National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act: National list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection, Notice 34809, GN 1002, 9 December 2011.
2. Rouget M, Jonas Z, Cowling RM, Desmet PG, Driver A, Mohamed B, Mucina L, Rutherford MC and Powrie LW 2006. Ecosystem status and protection levels of vegetation types. In: Mucina L and Rutherford MC (Eds) The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. 724–737. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
3. Low AB and Rebelo AG (eds) 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Companion to the vegetation map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Dept. of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
4. Dzerefos CM, Witkowski ETF and Kremer-Köhne S (2017). Aiming for the biodiversity target with the social welfare arrow: Medicinal and other useful plants from a Critically Endangered grassland ecosystem, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 24, 52–64.
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Connective tissues of the body loosen and stretch to accommodate the growing uterus and to allow the baby to pass through the bones of the pelvis during vaginal delivery.
This loosening, while necessary, causes loosening and stretching of most other connective tissues – including the ribs – and can cause other issues such as back, pelvic, joint, and ligament pain, along with a risk of potential injury.
Various types of connective tissue support the body's ability to move; this tissue can undergo extensive change or “remodeling” during pregnancy to adjust to alterations in weight, posture, center of gravity, and stability.
The musculoskeletal system comprises of the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints that provide shape, form, and movement of the body.
Ligament: Strong connective tissue that hold two bones or organs together in place like straps or ropes (such as the round ligament of the uterus)
Tendon: Highly organized connective tissue that connects muscle to bone; bends at the joints
Cartilage: Fibrous tissue that provides support on bony areas of the body where there is a need for flexibility
Joint: Defined as a point where two bones articulate or make contact
Bones, muscles, and joints work together in a coordinated way to stabilize the body during movement. When they become loose during pregnancy, instability becomes a new core component of pregnancy and can cause potential injury through exercise, falling, and tripping, or even moving or changing positions too quickly.
Relaxin plays an integral role in the remodeling and healing of multiple tissues of the musculoskeletal system, to include the cervix.
Relaxin is produced by the corpus luteum around six weeks of pregnancy to help loosen and expand the pelvic bones, muscles, joints, and ligaments. The placenta produces relaxin after the corpus luteum degenerates.
Although not every type of connective tissue remodels during pregnancy, at least one study illustrated that even the index finger demonstrates a large increase in joint laxity by the third trimester.
Relaxin is also responsible for the loosening of the ligaments in between the ribs. The rib cage spreads out during pregnancy due to the enlarging uterus pushing up the diaphragm. This can cause women to require a larger bra band size (not just cup size).
However, not all research has found a loosening effect across all connective tissue (such as tendons), therefore degree of remodeling may be dependent upon type of tissue. It is also possible that some tendons lengthen, as opposed to loosen, which could also cause potential injury.
Muscles and Joints
The tissues, ligaments, and joints of the female reproductive tract and pelvis change significantly to allow for fetal growth and labor and delivery, but this change can also cause joint pain.
Joint pain can begin early in pregnancy as relaxin levels peak in the first trimester then stabilize to term; relaxin's effects appear to be mostly concentrated around the pelvic region.
However, although relaxin is often cited as a reason for joint and lower back pain, the association between circulating levels of relaxin and joint pain during pregnancy is debated, and many studies have not confirmed this relationship despite its 10-fold increase in the first trimester. The timing of when certain symptoms appear and increased relaxin levels in the blood do not always correlate.
Regardless, joint looseness itself can cause discomfort, hand and wrist pain, pelvic and joint pain, pain of the entire back, and misalignment of the spine. Other factors such as weight gain, posture change, increased weight to the abdomen, fatigue, and growth of the uterus may also play a role, rather than just relaxin.
Further, as pregnancy progresses, the round ligaments of the uterus also become softer, stretch, and cause round ligament pain.
Additionally, both the lumbar and hip extensors must work harder than prior to pregnancy, even just to stand. The hip joints can experience a load almost three times the normal value, and the knee and pelvic joints can experience a more than doubling of normal value.
By the last trimester, the hip abductors, hip extensors, and ankle joints must use more energy to support not only walking, but the different way in which women may change how they walk during pregnancy (slower, with weight toward the heels).
Some women complain of clicking or popping of the lower back and hip joints in and out as they walk or change position.
The changes above may also lead to a permanent change in foot size, and the potential development of carpel tunnel syndrome in the wrists (read Hands and Feet).
Joints should return to normal within one to three months postpartum, but up to a third of women may still have symptoms beyond this time frame.
There are four pelvic joints: the pubic symphysis, two sacroiliac joints, and the sacrococcygeal joint. These joints are relaxed during pregnancy, allowing them to loosen, stretch, and increase in width.
The pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints are particularly affected during pregnancy and can lead to pelvic and low back pain. The widening of the symphysis pubis is visible on imaging as early as the first trimester and becomes maximum near term.
Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) specifically indicates pregnancy related pain in the lumbosacral, sacroiliac, and pubic symphysis joints.
PGP and back pain during pregnancy are often discussed together, but have important differences. They are considered two, distinct entities with different treatments, but some women may experience both at the same time.
About 25% of all women postpartum suffer from PGP during pregnancy, labor, or postpartum, and 5% to 8% have such severe symptoms it leads to disability.
Several risk factors for PGP have been identified, such as possible genetic predisposition, more than one pregnancy, a previous history of pelvic trauma, higher BMI, elevated relaxin levels, abnormal pelvic girdle size, and difficult labor and delivery.
During acute episodes of PGP, brief rest and lying in bed can be helpful, as well as avoidance of exercise or certain everyday activities that will worsen symptoms.
Pregnant women who experience joint pain in the back and pelvic area should be evaluated by their HCP. It is also very important that HCPs rule out possible injury or other causes that may manifest as back/pelvic pain (i.e. urinary tract infection).
Researchers are still learning more about what happens to a pregnant woman’s bones during pregnancy. It is theorized that because the calcium transfer from the woman to the fetus is so fast and so intense in the third trimester, the mother’s bones must get damaged.
Researchers are trying to determine how/when this damage occurs, where the damage occurs, does calcium supplementation help this process, and whether the damage is temporary or increases the mother’s long term risks for osteoporosis.
However, it is possible that pregnant women’s bodies adapt to increased calcium requirements. Some studies indicate that even if bone loss occurs, it is temporary and reversed approximately 6 to 12 months after weaning, ultimately resulting in no major effect to bones (even without calcium supplementation).
Women may be able to improve postpartum bone loss recovery through exercise. An animal study published in June 2021 determined that postpartum weight-bearing exercise appears to initiate higher bone recovery, especially during lactation.
Women should read more information about calcium requirements during pregnancy.
Pain in the pelvic region, back, and/or joints should always be assessed by an HCP, and women should not feel they need to wait until the next scheduled appointment to mention it if symptoms are too distressing or debilitating.
While physical activity is also important during pregnancy, it needs to be smart; women need adequate rest and recovery periods. Women also need to avoid any activity or prolonged activity that could cause potential injury leading to chronic pain or even disability in the postpartum period.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) is often the first-line recommended medication for joint and back pain during pregnancy, and is considered safe when used appropriately.
Joint pain is real during pregnancy and can be debilitating for some women. If a pregnant woman overuses her joints, or does any activity for a prolonged period that puts additional strain on her joints, she could risk potential injury that could cause chronic pain or even disability in the postpartum period.
Since exercise is also important during pregnancy, the woman's partner can help her engage in light to moderate physical activity with adequate recovery and hydration, and stopping at any point she feels pain. Engaging in activities together can make walking/hiking more enjoyable, and allows the partner to be there in case the woman experiences any injury/pain.
Preventing Falls (American Orthopaedic Association; although the article focuses on the elderly, the advice/recommendations are completely applicable to pregnant women)
Pelvic Pain in Pregnancy (U.K. National Health Service)
Pelvic Partnership (Online Support Group)
Pelvic Girdle Pain Information Booklet (Pelvic Obstetric and Gynaecological Physiotherapy)
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Dade Battle & the Second Seminole War
Dade Battlefield Historic State Park preserves the scene where Native American warriors inflicted one of the most significant defeats on the U.S. Army in American history. The battlefield is in Bushnell, Florida.
Seminole, Miccosukee and maroon (Black Seminole) warriors attacked Maj. Francis Dade and a column of 109 U.S. soldiers on December 28, 1835. For Native Americans, the Second Seminole War was already underway. For the United States, however, the battle drew the nation into a conflict that would cost thousands of lives and continue for years to come.
Tensions were extremely high in Florida when Major Dade and 109 officers and men marched out from Fort Brooke (today’s Tampa) on December 23, 1835. The U.S. government was attempting to force the Seminoles to relocate to new lands west of the Mississippi, but hundreds of Seminole chiefs and warriors opposed the move. Several small encounters took place in the month’s leading to the attack on Dade’s command – most significantly the incident at Hickory Sink and the Battle of Black Point – but these were small when compared to the attack of December 28, 1835.
Dade and his men were marching to reinforce the garrison at Fort King, a frontier stockade on the present site of Ocala. The column included two companies of men from the 2nd and 3rd U.S. Artillery and a single 6-pounder field cannon, along with a few men from the 4th U.S. Infantry. They were wary of possible attack, having been warned that 250 warriors waited for them somewhere along the road, but the danger seemed to have diminished by the 28th when they emerged from thick swamps and began marching through open pine lands.
The day was very cold. More relaxed now that they had emerged from a region of thickets and swamps, the major allowed his soldiers to wear their heavy coats over their cartridge boxes, bayonets and other equipment. The advance guard, followed by Maj. Dade, marched about 200 yards ahead of the main column. Because they were now moving through open pine woods, the major failed to send out scouts and flankers.
Ransom Clark (or Clarke), who survived the attack, remembered that Dade had just promised them three days of Christmas rest after reaching Fort King when the first rifle shot rang out:
At the time of the attack, this guard was about a quarter of a mile in advance, the main body following in column, two deep. The Chief’s rifle was followed by a general discharge from his men, and Major Dade, Captain Frazier, and Lieut. Mudge, together with several non-commissioned officers and privates, were brought down by the first volley. [I]
The Seminoles were concealed in tall grass and palmettos, completely invisible to the soldiers. Halpatter Tustenuggee – called “Alligator” by the whites – remembered that the warriors formed in the undergrowth on the west side of the road at a point it passed by a pond, which lay to the east. An officer on a horse passed by and, when the column was less than 20 yards away, the Seminole leader Jumper suddenly gave a war cry:
…Micanopy fired the first rifle, the signal agreed upon, when every Indian arose and fired, which laid upon the ground, dead, more than half the white men. The cannon was discharged several times, but the men who loaded it were shot down as soon as the smoke cleared away; the balls passed far over our heads. The soldiers shouted and whooped, and the officers shook their swords and swore. [II]
Survivors John Thomas and Ransom Clark later told Capt. F.S. Belton at Fort Brooke that fifteen rounds were fired by the warriors before the soldiers ever even saw them. The soldiers returned fire as best they could, aiming at puffs of smoke and flame coming from the high grass and palmettos. [III]
There was a pause in the battle after the first onslaught. The survivors thought this was due to the fire of the soldiers and their cannon, but Halpatter Tustenuggee said simply that the attacking warriors thought the engagement was over:
…As we were returning to the swamp, supposing all were dead, an Indian came up and said the white men were building a fort of logs. Jumper and myself, with ten warriors, returned. As we approached, we saw six men behind two logs placed one above the other, with the cannon a short distance off. This they discharged at us several times, but we avoided it by dodging behind the trees just as they applied the fire. We soon came near, as the balls went over us. [IV]
The rest of the warriors – around 180 in number – rejoined the battle as well. Archaeologists later found piles of flattened rifle balls at the site of the log breastworks. The shooting continued here until not a man of Dade’s command remained able to return fire. The warriors then surged forward, shooting or tomahawking any that showed signs of life. They carried away the soldier’s muskets and pushed the 6-pounder cannon into the pond just east of the battlefield.
Only four of the soldiers survived the battle. Three of these – Ransom Clark, Joseph Sprague and John Thomas eventually made it back to Fort Brooke on Tampa Bay with news of the defeat. A fourth, according to Clark, was killed by a warrior they encountered on the road to the fort. A fifth man, Dade’s interpreter Louis Pacheco, also survived the attack. He was captured in the opening minutes of the battle and spared because he was African American.
The military dead lay unburied for nearly two months until Maj. Gen. Edmund P. Gaines marched a force to the battlefield in February 1836. Capt. Ethan Allen Hitchcock was part of that command. He described how they first saw scattered boxes and other debris, along with a cart with the skeletons of a team of oxen still in their harnesses:
…We then came to a small enclosure, made by felling trees in such a manner as to form a triangular breastwork for defence. Within the triangle, along the north and west faces of it, were about thirty bodies, mostly mere skeletons, although much of the clothing was left upon them. These were lying, almost every one of them, in precisely the same position they must have occupied during the fight, their heads next to the logs over which they had delivered their fire, and their bodies stretched with striking regularity parallel to each other. They had evidently been shot dead at their posts, and the Indians had not disturbed them, except by taking the scalps of most of them. Passing this little breastwork, we found other bodies along the road, and by the side of the road, generally behind the trees which had been resorted to for covers from the enemy’s fire. [V]
U.S. casualties at Dade’s battle were Brevet Maj. Francis Dade and 7 officers, 2 non-commissioned officers and 96 enlisted men killed, 4 wounded and 1 civilian interpreter captured. One of the wounded men was killed well away from the scene on the day after the battle.
Native American casualties are more difficult to estimate. Halpatter Tustenuggee told Capt. John T. Sprague that only 3 warriors were killed and 5 wounded. A prisoner taken near Fort Brooke in the following weeks gave a slightly higher estimate, telling Capt. Francis Belton that “the cannon broke legs, arms &c. but puts the number of wounded & killed very low, 13 & 7.” [VI]
Maj. Dade and his men were buried in mass graves on the battlefield by Gen. Gaines and his men in February 1836. The bodies were taken up in 1842 and moved to what is now the St. Augustine National Cemetery where they were reburied in vaults topped by stone pyramids. One of Dade’s officers, Capt. Upton Fraser, may not be among them. He may have been buried separately at Fort Brooke and remains bearing his name were exhumed and relocated to Barrancas National Cemetery at Pensacola. A headstone there marks his grave.
The defeat of Dade’s command, coupled with Osceola’s killing of U.S. Indian Agent Wiley Thompson on the same day, sent a shock wave through the United States. The disaster was magnified a few days later when Brig. Gen. Duncan Lamont Clinch and a large command was badly mauled by Seminole forces on the Withlacoochee River.
The Second Seminole War continued until 1842. Soldiers forced thousands of Seminole and Miccosukee men, women and children from their homes in Florida to new lands in what is now Oklahoma. Hundreds more black Seminoles were either returned to slavery or also sent west on the Trail of Tears. More than 1,400 U.S. soldiers were killed or died of disease, along with untold numbers of noncombatants – white, black and Native American. The economic cost of the war was a major drain on the federal budget and in the end small groups of Seminoles and Miccosukees still held out in the swamps of the Big Cypress and Everglades. Their descendants live in Florida to this day.
Dade Battlefield Historic State Park includes the preserved battlefield area, reconstructed log breastworks and a museum/visitor center as well as picnic areas and walking trails. The park is open daily from 8 a.m. – sunset. Museum hours are 9 a.m. – 5 p.m.
To reach the park from Interstate 75, take Exit #314 (County Road 48) at Bushnell, Florida. Turn east toward downtown Bushnell. Turn right (south) on County Road 603 and follow it to the battlefield, which will be on your right. The address is 7200 CR 603; Bushnell, Florida. Entry is $3 per vehicle. See the map below for directions.
Also of interest in the immediate area are Fort Cooper State Park in Inverness and the site of the Battle of Wahoo Swamp, between Bushnell and Floral City on County Road 48 West. The U.S. soldiers killed in the battle are buried beneath the Dade Pyramids at St. Augustine National Cemetery.
[I] Statement of Ransom Clark, given to a U.S. Army officer, published in the Camden (SC) Commercial Courier, July 8, 1837.
[II] Statement of Halpatter Tustenuggee, given to John T. Sprague, published in Sprague’s The Origin, Progress and Conclusion of the Florida War, New York, 1848
[III] Capt. Francis S. Belton to the Brevet Brig. Gen. Roger Jones, January 1, 1836, published in numerous newspapers of the time.
[IV] Statement of Halpetter Tustenuggee.
[V] Capt. Ethan Allen Hitchcock to Maj. Gen. Edmund P. Gaines, February 22, 1836, in John T. Sprague, The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War, pp. 108-109.
[VI] Capt. Francis Belton to Brevet Brig. Gen. Roger Jones, January 14, 1836, Adjutant General, Letters Received, National Archives.
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In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of “intelligent agents”: any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. Colloquially, the term “artificial intelligence” is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic “cognitive” functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as “learning” and “problem solving”.
AI in healthcare is often used for classification, whether to automate initial evaluation of a CT scan or EKG or to identify high risk patients for population health. The breadth of applications is rapidly increasing. As an example, AI is being applied to the high cost problem of dosage issues—where findings suggested that AI could save $16 billion. In 2016, a ground breaking study in California found that a mathematical formula developed with the help of AI correctly determined the accurate dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to organ patients.
Artificial intelligence is assisting doctors. There is a great amount of research and drugs developed relating to cancer. Our work focuses on classification of specific pathological lesions as a potential additional non-invasive pre-surgical tool.
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Chapter 1 of Christian Handbook of Reason and Insight for Scientists and Technologists, under the title “The Beginning,” provides key points of agreement between science and the Bible regarding the zero time of the universe and what transpired on either side of the zero time. In this Section, these key points are expanded and clarified with an emphasis on what happened before the beginning.
- The universe began at a definite point in time. According to Victor Weisskopf, “It is important to keep in mind that the Primal Bang is not a local phenomenon. The descriptions of it in the popular literature are often grossly misleading; it is wrong to imagine that the Primal Bang occurred at a given point in space, matter being expelled in all directions. Actually the Primal Bang was the beginning of a decompression of an infinite universe. This means that the whole universe, the infinite space, was filled with an infinite density of matter at time zero. Immediately afterward the density became finite though still very high. With the passage of time the density decreased further until it reached the present value. On the average, this density was the same all over space; the universe expands equally at all points, and the density decreases equally in the whole universe. One may ask how this is possible, where does all the matter go? Space is infinite is the answer, and ten times infinite is again infinite. Thus let us remember that the Primal Bang was not localized. It happened simultaneously all over space….and not as an explosion from one point into a previously empty space.” In other words, space, time and energy/matter all came into existence simultaneously.
- Verification of any type of existence prior to the beginning of the universe is beyond the domain of science. However, some scientists have hypothesized that an ensemble of pre-existing universes gave birth to our universe at the instant of the Primal Bang. Other scientists suggest that nothing existed prior to the Primal Bang and our universe spontaneously came into existence from nothing. Those who view God as an unacceptable first cause for The Beginning of the Universe, will embrace any other explanation, no matter how untestable or devoid of logic and reason.
- Since the beginning, the universe has developed in accordance with physical laws for 13.7 billion years. The current universe is only 4% ordinary matter, the stuff of stars and trees and people. 23% is dark matter comprising an undetected particle. The remaining 73% is dark energy, a mysterious force that counteracts the effects of gravity and causes the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. This is the current understanding of science but it is subject to future modification.
The Bible says:
- The universe began by “ex nihilo" creation (bara) at a definite point in time (Gen 1:1, Heb 11:3). That the Biblical writers conceived of creation as an act of God ex nihilo (from nothing that exists), is evident from the fact that nowhere among the many references to creation is there the slightest suggestion of the use of anything that existed prior to the creation event. The word created is used three times in the Genesis account and is a translation of the word bara, which signifies origination or creation de novo. This word occurs in Genesis 1:1, 1:21 and 1:27 in connection with heavens and earth, leviathans and man respectively. According to Adam Clarke, “The rabbins, who are the legitimate judges in a case of verbal criticism of their own language, are unanimous in asserting that the word bara expresses commencement of the existence of a thing: or its egression from nonentity to entity. It does not, in its primary meaning, denote the preserving or new forming things that had previously existed, as some imagine: but creation, in the proper sense of the term, though it has some other acceptations in other places.” If then we examine the three instances where this word occurs, we shall find each of them an origination of a new entity.
- God existed prior to the beginning of the universe. According to Francis Schaeffer, “Although Genesis begins, ‘in the beginning,’ that does not mean that there was not anything before that. In John 17:24, Jesus prays to God the Father saying, ‘Thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world.’ Jesus says that God the Father loved Him prior to the creation of all else. And in John 17:5 Jesus asks the Father to glorify Him, Jesus Himself, ‘with the glory which I had with thee before the world was.’ There is, therefore, something that reaches back into eternity – back before the phrase ‘in the beginning.’ Christ existed, and He had glory with the Father, and He was loved by the Father before ‘in the beginning.’ In Ephesians 1:4 we read, ‘…he [God] hath chosen us in him [Christ] before the foundation of the world…’ Thus, before ‘in the beginning’ something other than a static situation existed. A choice was made, and that choice shows forth thought and will. We were chosen in Him before the creation of the world. The same thing is emphasized in 1 Peter 1:20, where the sacrificial death of Jesus is said to have been ‘fore-ordained before the foundation of the world.’ Likewise Titus 1:2 says that God promised eternal life ‘before the world began.’ This is very striking. How can a promise be made before the world began? To whom could it be made? The Scripture here speaks of a promise made by the Father to the Son or to the Holy Spirit because, after all, at this particular point of sequence there was no one else to make the promise to. Finally, the same point is made in 2 Timothy 1:9, where we read about God, ‘who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began.' We are faced, therefore, with a very interesting question: When did history begin? If one is thinking with the modern concept of the space-time continuum, then it is quite obvious that time and history did not exist before ‘in the beginning.’ But if we are thinking of history in contrast to an eternal, philosophic other or in contrast to a static eternal, then history began before Genesis 1:1”
- Since the beginning, indefinitely long periods of time (yom, plural yamim) have elapsed. See arguments in Section 20 of Theology Corner under the title “Were the Creation Days 24 Hours in Length?”
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Acoustic signals propagating through the ocean are refracted, scattered, and attenuated by the ocean volume and boundaries. Many aspects of how the ocean affects acoustic propagation are understood, such that the characteristics of a received signal can often be predicted with some degree of certainty. However, acoustic ocean parameters vary with time and location in a manner that is not, and cannot be, precisely known; some uncertainty will always remain. For this reason, the characteristics of the received signal can never be precisely predicted and must be described in probabilistic terms. A signal processing structure recently developed relies on knowledge of the ocean environment to predict the statistical characteristics of the received signal, and incorporates this description into the processor in order to detect and classify targets. Acoustic measurements at 250 Hz from the 1996 Strait of Gibraltar Acoustic Monitoring Experiment are used to illustrate how the processor utilizes environmental data to classify source depth and to underscore the importance of environmental model fidelity and completeness.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)
- Acoustics and Ultrasonics
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Isolation Precautions for CHICKEN POX & HERPES ZOSTER
Place of Isolation: Single room – door to be kept shut. If more than one is involved they can be nursed together in one ward.
Protective Clothing: Plastic Apron – all patient contact. Gloves – handling contaminated articles, contact with infected area, or dressing.
Linen, Crockery, Bedpans: Standard precautions.
Medical Equipment: Use disposable where possible. Ensure adequate decontamination of non-disposable equipment between uses. Wash re-usable with general purpose detergent and disinfect with 0.1% Hypo chloride. Dry thoroughly.
General Waste: No special precautions.
Room Cleaning: Disinfect with 0.1% Hypochlorite solution after cleaning with a detergent solution.
Baths: Disinfect after use, using non-abrasive Hypochlorite powder.
Visitors: Visitors who have not had chicken pox should be warned of the hazard. Instruct in correct hand washing technique. Pregnant women who have not had Chicken Pox should not visit.
All Staff All staff that has not had chicken pox should be excluded from caring for patients with shingles. If staff is not sure whether or not they have had Chicken Pox
an antibody blood test can be performed via the Occupational Health Department.
Nursing Staff Should not look after these patients and patients who are immuno-suppressed during the same span of duty.
Route of Spread Chicken Pox – airborne by droplets. Can be spread from the lesions of Herpes Zoster by contact and cause Chicken Pox in a person who is not immune..
Period of Isolation: Chicken Pox – seven days from start of eruption.
Herpes Zoster – length of illness (when lesions are healed)
Virus is likely to be present in the scabs.
Chicken Pox and Shingles are caused by same herpes virus (varicella – zoster)
Primary Infection Chicken Pox
Chicken Pox is a highly contagious viral illness, which usually occurs in childhood. It has a 10-20 day incubation period and the illness begins with 1-2 days of fever and vomiting prior to the appearance of the rash or eruptions as macules (spots on the skin which are not palpable) which rapidly progress through papule (raised and palpable spots), vesicle (a small collection of serious fluid in the skin) and pustule (containing necrotic white cells and a crust) within a period of 48 hours.
The fever does not abate and fresh lesions appear usually over the next 4-5 days.
The lesions start on the face and trunk and only gradually involve the limbs. The fever eventually abates when no new lesions appear.
In the mouth and respiratory passages, the lesions ulcerate rapidly and release virus into the saliva, which is then aerosolized and is then spread to other persons; the patients are virtually non-infectious when all mucosal lesions have healed.
Complications are uncommon in Chicken Pox, but are more common in older patients, the most being bacterial skin super infections.
The varicella virus can lie dormant in nerve root ganglia, but can re-emerge following systemic disease, particularly Hodgkin’s disease or immune suppressive therapy, resulting in disseminated Herpes Zoster which may be indistinguishable from primary Chicken Pox.
Shingles only occurs in patients who have previously had Chicken Pox. The virus reactivates in sensory nerve cells and erupts in the coetaneous distribution of the nerve.
Herpes Zoster is characterized by vesicular eruption and neuralgic pain in the
cutaneous areas supplied by peripheral sensory nerves arising from the affected root
ganglia. It is due to reactivation of latent virus.
Fever and general malaise, diarrhea and vomiting may be present for 3-4 days before the eruption of vesicles. They begin to dry and scab about 5 days after their appearance, occasionally leaving scarring of the tissue. The area affected can remain very painful (post herpetic neuralgia) for months, most frequently in the elderly.
Contacts of Shingles who have not had Chicken Pox are at risk but they will develop
Chicken Pox not shingles. Virus is present in the vesicular fluid of Shingles until the vesicles have dried.
Respiratory secretions are not usually a source of infection in Shingles.
Treatment with Acyclovir reduces the amount of virus present and shortens the episode of illness but it does not render patient non-infectious until rash has healed.
employees who have already come in contact with Chicken Pox and been admitted for other reasons should, if possible, be discharged home during the incubation period prior to becoming potentially infectious, i.e. within a week after exposure.
Pregnant women who have contact with a patient suffering from Chicken Pox are advised to contact a professional health practitioner.
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- 41.3.1: Explain why a proton pump inhibitor, such as the drug Prilosec, rel...
- 41.3.2: Thinking about our nutritional needs and feeding behavior, propose ...
- 41.3.3: If you mixed gastric juice with crushed food in a test tube, what w...
Solutions for Chapter 41.3: Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
Full solutions for Campbell Biology | 10th Edition
Solutions for Chapter 41.3: Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive systemGet Full Solutions
Angle of repose
The steepest angle at which loose material remains stationary without sliding downslope.
A star whose brightness varies periodically because it expands and contracts. A type of pulsating star.
See Glacial drift.
A sedimentary rock formed of material deposited from solution by evaporation of water.
A bent rock layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed.
The water portion of our planet; one of the traditional subdivisions of Earth’s physical environment.
A mass of glacial ice covering a high upland or plateau and spreading out radially.
An eclipse of the Moon.
A more precise measure of earthquake magnitude than the Richter scale that is derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone.
Oceanic ridge system
A continuous elevated zone on the floor of all the major ocean basins and varying in width from 500 to 5,000 kilometers (300–3,000 miles). The rifts at the crests of ridges represent divergent plate boundaries.
A curved lake produced when a stream cuts off a meander.
A basic unit of the geologic calendar that is a subdivision of an era. Periods may be divided into smaller units called epochs.
Ground-up rock produced by the grinding effect of a glacier.
The spinning of a body, such as Earth, about its axis.
Transportation of sediment through a series of leaps or bounces.
A large landmass that contains all, or nearly all, of the existing continents.
A coherent unit of Earth’s rigid outer layer that includes the crust and upper unit.
A well-tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts.
The Japanese word for a seismic sea wave.
The solstice that occurs on December 21–22 in the Northern Hemisphere and on June 21–22 in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Fourth graders get the Big Idea. At this morning’s meeting they identified the commonalities between a gall and a wildlife sanctuary. “At Wheeler Bay animals are safe, and they can survive there.” “A gall can keep you warm, and it’s insulated during the winter.” “A sanctuary is a habitat. All kinds of animals can live there safely.”
Then we asked them how humans can care for animals. “Jocelyn said they don’t always mow the lawn so ducks can eat the grass.” “They don’t care if squirrels eat the bird food.” “They make bird houses and bring in sand for the turtles to lay their eggs.” “They made a bridge so that eels can leap over and then drop down into the stream.” “They made bat houses hoping that bats might come there.” We were impressed by kids’ connections and inferences.
After Avis demonstrated how to draw an animal portrait, the class dove into their individual creature investigations. Each child worked first on the whole and then zoomed in to make its features. When they took a look at their peers’ work they couldn’t help but marvel at the the accuracy of classmates’ representations. What kids had to say at the end of their first morning of animal exploration was just as astounding.
“When the snapping turtle opens its mouth it has a little beak.” “I used a lot of brown and some reddish brown on my American kestrel.” “The bobcat gets its name from its short tail.” “Wolves all have ranks in their packs. They get them when they get older. The male alpha has a higher rank than the female alpha.” “I found out that dragonflies don’t have antennae.”
We heard kids talk about being persistent and making multiple tries. We saw them ask for help on their animal’s features. Mrs. MacCaffray sang their praises,“Look what you can do when you really focus in!”
With respect and delight, Nancy, Susan, Avis, Alanna, and Dee
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Spanish premium-quality wine areas at risk under climate change
Premium-quality wine areas in Europe are at risk due to climate change. In the north of Spain climate change probably results in an overall shift towards higher yields of lower-quality fruit, resulting in lower-quality and lower-priced wines. In central and southern Spain more irrigation will be needed to compensate for heat stress increase and to avoid quality losses. This will increase already existing conflicts in water allocation.
To what extent climate change affects high-quality wine production in Spain varies between different parts of Spain. As a result, options to adapt to climate change also vary. This was concluded from an assessment of the impact of climate change in 2031 – 2050 compared with the reference period 1981–2000. This assessment was based on a moderate scenario of climate change.
In this assessment Spain was divided into four major agro-climatic regions:
A relatively cool and wet region with large Atlantic influence, where very low local temperatures limit potential maturity and sugar content; this region includes commercially interesting white wines made with single varieties.
In the northwest, areas at higher altitudes surrounding the Pyrenees in the north and the Iberian mountains in the south may become suitable for viticulture. On the one hand, reduction of frost occurrence may favor optimal ripening. On the other, higher night temperatures during ripening period might reduce wine color and aromas potential. The need for irrigation may increase in the dryer regions. Other adaptation measures that may be necessary are the introduction of later varieties or rootstocks changes.
A temperate Mediterranean climate region, mainly along the Ebro valley; this region produces many of the premium-quality wines (e.g. Rioja).
In the northeast, viticulture may become possible in areas that are too cool at present. A reduction of precipitation, indicated by some of the models, might increase wine quality and reduce humidity-nurtured diseases such as mildew. Only in some cases, irrigation might be necessary.
An area with a very pronounced dry and hot season; the region produces major exports and some new premium wines.
In central Spain, conditions may improve for some grape varieties as a result of frost reduction and better ripening, whereas growing seasons may become too warm for other varieties that loose color and aromas potential. Irrigation is already practiced in 40% of the vineyards of Central Spain and may need to be expanded, thus increasing already existing conflicts in water allocation.
The very hot and dry southern Mediterranean area, that produces fortified wines.
In the southern Mediterranean area projected warming trends show potential increments of heat stress and quality losses. Water availability will probably become the most limiting factor in the future as water needs are expected to rise and more irrigation will be needed to prevent severe drought and heat stress.
A consistent result in all regions is the need for additional water for irrigation in order to ensure stable production targets and minimize the risk of drought damage. It is highly questionable whether this can be achieved since current water policy in Europe limits additional irrigation infrastructure.
The results indicate that premium-quality wine areas in Europe are at risk. In fact, actual risk may even be higher since the changes of extreme temperatures, not considered in this assessment, may have a more extreme effect on wine quality and may call for even more irrigation.On the other hand, some regions where there are cultivated grape varieties with a greater plasticity than others might not need as much adaptation.
Source: Resco et al., 2016. Regional Environmental Change 16: 979–993.
Photo: Randi Hausken (www.flickr.com)
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Nested IF with multiple AND
To evaluate several options with a nested IF statement, one approach is to use a separate IF per line to show the result of each set of logical tests. By adding line breaks after each IF function, the formula becomes self-documenting. In the example shown, the formula in D5 is:
This formula relies on a technique called "nested IFs" to handle a series of options and results. With nested IFs, one IF function is nested inside another, a process that is explained in some detail here.
The formula in this example is purposely more verbose that necessary in order to "show" all possible options and results in a way that is easier to understand and maintain. The trick is to structure the formula with line breaks to show each IF on a separate line along with the "true result" for that IF. The "false result" is the following IF statement. Notice the final false result will "catch" any case that fails all previous tests.
Essentially, we are using line breaks to build a "table"that the human eye can easily read. To limit IF functions, we are using the AND function to run more than one logical test at a time. The AND function inside each IF function tests both color and value.
Note can use use Alt + Enter to enter to enter new lines in the formula bar. You'll need to expand the formula bar vertically in order to see more than one line at a time.
This formula approach can be expanded to evaluate more options. The AND function can handle more logical tests, and you can combine the AND function with the OR function if needed. You could also replace AND and OR with boolean logic. Finally, you can also use the IFS function in later versions of Excel to reduce nesting.
Result as calculation
Although the example above shows a numeric result for each set of options, the formula can be customized to run a calculation instead by replacing hardcoded values with any standard formula expression.
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Cities should consider modifying hydrants for civic enrichment. By Owen Weinstein
Fire hydrants, like the water within them, are taken for granted until they are desperately needed. But with the need to make urban water systems more resilient, it’s time for hydrants to step into the spotlight even when there’s no fire.
Research conducted at the University of Virginia, which led to a design that is known as The Civic Hydrant, shows that it is ecologically cleaner, economically cheaper, and more socially equitable to provide modifications and hybridisations to hydrants, in ways that make them a water amenity available to the public. Doing so helps cities see clean drinking water as a public right rather than a commercial good.
Centralised water infrastructure–of which fire hydrants are a key component–is often inherently vulnerable to failure. The command and control logic that governs water systems is quietly efficient, but as a result also opaque to the public. Despite countless efforts to educate people, too few citizens know where their drinking water comes from or where it goes.
Fire hydrants can convey water’s value without words. The hydrants–also known as fireplugs or fire pumps–are by design among the most public and evenly distributed manifestations of a centralised water system.
Urban hydrants are often pressurised from the same water mains as drinking water. This makes them a potential source of clean drinking water throughout the city. Better still, because their placement is dependent on population density and building use, fire hydrants are present exactly where needed most.
In economically disadvantaged areas, public libraries, schools and parks may fall into neglect or disrepair; but hydrants are consistently maintained regardless of the socio-economic power of a neighbourhood. Beyond their rare role in fire suppression, hydrants could become a universal everyday public amenity, yielding benefits round the clock.
Such a transformation would involve a dramatic reversal of urban perception. The patent history of fire hydrants in the United States tells a story of control and fear of public access. To win approval for his locking device, Jerry K Pollard warns that since the devices “provide a ready and accessible source of clean and fresh water, problems have arisen with the theft of water from unmetered fire hydrants.”
Yet one man’s fear is a city’s opportunity to celebrate; for this problem offers its own solution. The public will always demand access to clean drinking water in public spaces. Whether to cool off in the summer or water a neglected tree box, citizens will gain access–legally or illegally. The better ‘protected’ a fire hydrant seems, the more damage it may sustain from those seeking access, leading to a needless potential arms race of hardening infrastructure and more dramatic failures. The protectionist mentality also makes the hydrant either invisible to the public or a symbol of an inaccessible social resource, controlled by strangers.
It is thus hardly surprising that breaking open hydrants is a source of municipal concern–especially in hot and humid cities–and at the same time a source of pride verging on a right-of-passage in underserved communities. Such tensions are clear in websites instructing viewers how to crack open fire hydrants, or stories of how city dwellers have done so for centuries.
In recent years, cities have found it cheaper and safer to provide controlled and supervised access to the water, rather than deal with the cost and hazards posed by intentional breakage.
The Civic Hydrants proposal suggests how existing fire hydrant systems can be modified to provide access and awareness to the potable drinking water system that currently exists unrecognised, under monitored, and taken for granted on nearly every corner of the city.
By making water a visible and active part of daily life, the hydrants become a necessary instrument of public accountability. Every hydrant becomes a potential test site for the citizen scientist, a rallying point for the public advocate, a permanent place for families to gather, and a symbol of the shared rights to and responsibilities for, cool, clean, potable water.
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Once the water drains, put the pot back to its saucer. Monstera adansonii. I just posted and asked for help on my IG. Drain the tub, basin, or sink and let the water drain well from the pot. eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'thehealthyhouseplant_com-box-4','ezslot_4',109,'0','0'])); Philodendron plants are part of the Genus Philodendron, containing 489 species. A climbing plant native to tropical forests in Mexico and Panama, Monstera adansonii can climb to heights of 10 feet inside. When Is It Time to Replant. After 45 minutes, check if the water and moisture reached the top soil. A final difference that might be easy to notice is that the leaves of a Monstera adansonii can be quite smooth and flat, even around the edges of the splits and holes. Monstera adansonii and Philodendron are two plants that are commonly confused with each other, with even some garden centers mislabeling these plants. Monstera crassifolia Schott Monstera ecuadorensis Engl. As beautiful as they can be, these holes serve a practical purpose, allowing wind to pass through the plant without tearing the leaves, while also allowing sunlight to reach lower parts of the plant. Signup for our newsletter to get notified about sales and new products. As a result, it is common to see the term “split-leaf” applied to Philodendron and Monstera plants and to see each plant confused for the other. Do I wrap tighter? Get a tub or basin, or use the sink, to soak the plant. But if you’ve been saying it any other way, don’t stress! To care for the leaves and make them shiny, you can use damp cloth and wipe off the dust. While sometimes it can be confusing to tell the difference between similar plants, it doesn’t have to be. Monstera plants are prone to pests and diseases, especially if they are grown indoors, in low light areas, and in low-temperature environment. Monstera Adansonii plant is a typical tropical plant that loves the bright light but not the direct light from the sun because the sun will burn its leaves. SoilThey benefit from well draining soil to help mitigate root rot. The plant enjoys damp soil but not wet soil. But, just in case you stumbled upon this treasured plant, how would you know? To fix the problem, give the plant a thorough soak in the water. We deliver plants to homes across the UK by courier, and source directly from the Is your Monstera leaf turning yellow? eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'thehealthyhouseplant_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',110,'0','0'])); Monstera adansonii is sometimes called “the Swiss cheese plant” and is famous for its distinctive heart-shaped leaves, which become laced with holes as the leaves mature. Required fields are marked *. I was hoping you could help. The holes and patterns on the leaves of Monstera plant are “leaf fenestrations” or designs on the leaf.
Philodendron and Monstera adansonii plants are also members of the Class called Monocotyledons, which emerge from seeds with only one leaf. It is one feature distinct and unique in Monstera plants. Monstera Adansonii thrives in any conditions, even in spaces with low humidity. I like to train mine up and down the pole to make it look as bushy as possible, but they will also grow beautifully tumbling off a shelf. All of your monstera adansonii questions answered in this way-to-thorough L&P post: are they safe for pets, basic care and common problems are all in here. Yes, there is! Fairly prone to mealybugs which like to hide in their many nooks & crannies. The distinct appearance of the plant, the holes on the leaves, and the long ribbon-like design, make it look like a Swiss cheese. The first step? But Monstera adansonii cannot.
Monstera plant benefits well from stable humidity level, but when humidity is low, the soil becomes dry and it affects the plant. In watering the Monstera plant, make sure that the soil is well-drained, the pot has excellent drainage holes, and no water sits still in the saucer.
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This program won a Gold award.
Throughout the country, there are the problems of poverty, unemployment, and food scarcity. Although farming is a viable option to address many of these issues, most people do not have access to much land, and this makes farming a difficult venture. Thus, in 1982, Abalimi Bezekhaya launched a subsistence micro-farming movement. The aim was to use available land, and teach unemployed people to farm it on a micro-scale, to use for subsistence. The project was a success and, from 2005, the aim was to strengthen the Development Chain with the Harvest of Hope initiative (launched in 2008). The aim is to establish a micro-farming cooperative, with training, packing shed, and access to a market. Each cooperative is due to have between 1500 and 3000 micro-farmers, where each will be able to be established at Subsistence level; and about 50 – 100 will be enabled to move to Livelihood Level (ie. Able to sell produce and earn an income). The project is intended to run until 2012. "Innovation: The project enables people to develop micro-farms, which can be used for subsistence or livelihood-generation.
Effectiveness: ABALIMI has a list of 1500 signed-up micro-farmers; 95 farmers were able to earn R300 000 within one month. Open spaces are turned into community gardens.
Poverty Impact: People can produce subsistence crops on 500m² per farmer. It is hoped that, in the future, each farmer will be able to earn R500/m. Even if farmers are not able to earn an income from the project, they can produce enough food for subsistence, which also helps to relieve their daily burden.
Sustainability: ABALIMI has been running since 1982, and has partnerships with a large number of groups and companies (listed below). A number of government departments have also become involved. It therefore seems likely that the project will be able to continue into the future. Also, the farmers who develop micro-farms are able to either subsist, or produce an income.
Replication: As can be seen by the large number of micro-farmers signed up to the organization, it seems that it is relatively easy for new farmers to start their own gardens for subsistence, and even potentially for generating an income. Running the governance aspect of the project would be more difficult, and would require substantial funding and partnerships. Thus, it can probably only be replicated by larger groups.
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Some lawmakers in the US state of California want to use taxpayer money to buy out farmers.
A proposal in the state Senate would cost up to $1.5 billion for their “superior water rights.” This would allow farmers to take as much water as needed from the state’s rivers and streams to grow their crops. If state officials had these rights, they could leave water in the rivers to help endangered salmon and other fish.
Severe drought in California
California has faced a severe water shortage for most of the past 20 years. Lawmakers want to take a closer look at the state’s complex water system to see how it could be tweaked to ensure a continuous supply during particularly dry spells. A separate state proposal would pay farmers to grow fewer crops to save water.
Currently, approximately 98% of the state is experiencing severe drought conditions. California’s summer months rarely produce significant rainfall. Many areas have started restricting water use for homeowners. And farmers have seen their water supply from the two main state-owned water systems reduced or, in some cases, completely cut off.
Legally, all water in California is government property. But farmers have “water rights” that allow them to abstract water for agriculture. Farmers used these rights to turn California’s Central Valley into a major agricultural center. The region provides much of the country’s fruits, nuts and vegetables.
Buy water rights from farmers
California now has a record budget surplus of nearly $100 billion. The $1.5 billion proposal to purchase superior water rights would involve either buying the land associated with the rights or buying just the right itself. Lawmakers could also require the water to be used for fish and other animals and plants.
The proposal is part of budget negotiations between lawmakers and Governor Gavin Newsom’s administration that are expected to be completed by the end of this month.
Regulators measure water by “acre-foot”. An acre foot is defined as enough water to cover 1 acre, or 0.4 hectares of land at a depth of 30 centimeters. This is the same quantity as 1.2 million liters.
The $1.5 billion would be enough to purchase about 200,000 acre feet of water. This amount is based on an average price of $7,500 per acre foot, says Tom Birmingham. He is the supervisor of the Westlands Water District, the largest agricultural water district in the United States.
Climate change demands quick action
Right now, the only way to get more water flowing into rivers and streams is to get state and federal regulators to change the rules. They can do this by demanding that more water remain in rivers and streams. But that means less water for farmers. These rule changes often result in lawsuits that can take 10 years or more to reach a decision, Lester Snow said. He is a former Secretary of the California Natural Resources Agency and Regional Director of the US Bureau of Reclamation.
“We need a way to act much faster. And I think to acquire water rights for this purpose are one way to achieve this,” he said. “With climate change, we just don’t have that kind of weather.”
For this to work, farmers would have to voluntarily sell their water rights. Tom Birmingham says that shouldn’t be a problem. Many farmers try to sell their water rights to the Westlands Water District every year, he said.
Birmingham added: “For many farmers… their children just aren’t interested in continuing to farm.”
I am Ashley Thompson.
Adam Beam reported this story for The Associated Press. Jonathan Evans adapted this story for Learning English.
words in this story
to acquire – v. obtain, especially by effort
regulator – nm one who governs or directs according to rule or law
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- the process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together (noun)
- the contraction of a gas on cooling
- (physiology) a shortening or tensing of a part or organ (especially of a muscle or muscle fiber) (noun)
- muscle contraction
- muscular contraction
- a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds (noun)
- `won't' is a contraction of `will not'
- `o'clock' is a contraction of `of the clock'
- the act of decreasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope (noun)
See definition of contractions in Merriam Webster
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November 21, 2019 by Agnes Talalaev
In this article, we will go over how to install reCAPTCHA for WordPress, what is CAPTCHA in general, what types of CAPTCHAS there are and what is the difference between the options seen on the web.
You may have seen some “tests” around the web when trying to make an account or log in to somewhere, but before finishing the registration you have to guess a text written in cursive crossed out with lines and curves.
Or needed to complete a task by choosing a specific element out of pictures like the crosswalks example below.
These “tests” are scattered around the web when trying to make an account, post a comment, reply or log in to an account to differentiate whether the user is human or not.
And these things are called CAPTCHAS.
CAPTCHA stands for:
to tell COMPUTERS
and HUMANS APART
What a great acronym, right.
CAPTCHA history goes back to the late 1990s when a search engine Altavista tried to prevent bots adding malicious or spam URLs into the Altavistas database.
They wanted to make sure spam links won’t end up in the search engine and though about a task that both computers and humans are good at – optical character recognition.
Bringing the optical character recognition to the next level, they made the characters hard to recognize for computers, but still recognizable for humans.
In addition to recognizing text, there are other types of captchas too, let’s take a look.
There are different types of CAPTCHAs that you can use on your website. It is important to understand the specific need for your website, so you can make an informed decision based on the problem you are solving.
Here are some of the various types of CAPTCHAs you may have come into contact with. Of course, there are always pros and cons.
A word problem captcha is when a user has to answer a simple question. It may be for example a word or a few words that a user has to rewrite.
In some cases, there can be some further instructions to only write one word, the last word or a word in a different color.
The word solving captcha has a downfall since bots are becoming more and more intelligent and may be able to solve the problem as a human would. So it might not be the most secure option out there.
Another one is a math problem, which can be a simple 2+2 that needs an answer. These problems are usually harder for bots to guess so it is a bit more secure one than a word problem captcha.
And lastly the audio captcha, which is as you can see above added mostly to the word and math problems as well to help out those who are visually impaired.
ReCAPTCHA is a free service from Google that has currently three versions: V1, V2, and V3. The ReCaptcha V1 has many forms like word solving, audio and math problems as mentioned above.
The reCAPTCHA V2 has been made very easy for a user. The task to the user is to click on a box indicating, “I am not a robot”.
The reCAPTCHA V2 also tracks the finger (on the phone) or mouse movement and figures if the box is checked directly in the middle. If it’s directly in the middle, it is an indication that it might be a robot.
Here is a reCAPTCHA V2 example:
Other types of CAPTCHAs worth mentioning are:
There have been fixes on the Google reCAPTCHA. For example in May 2018, Google pushed a fix for a security flaw that allowed attackers to circumvent the reCAPTCHA bot protection system.
ReCAPTCHA is not foolproof and in some cases, it can be bypassed. However, according to security researcher Andres Riancho, a vulnerability existed which allowed the protections to be circumvented every time.– ZDNet, May 2018
As Riancho’s findings were based on an exploit that could bypass reCAPTCHA mechanisms every time, the researcher asked Google to re-read the vulnerability report.
By 31 January, Google had requested additional information, and only 24 hours later confirmed the bug.
“Google decided to fix this issue in their REST API, and I believe it was a wise move, their fix is simple:
If the HTTP request to /recaptcha/api/siteverify contains two parameters with the same name, then [it] return[s] an error. Fixing it this way they are protecting the applications which are vulnerable to the HTTP Parameter Pollution and the reCAPTCHA bypass, without requiring them to apply any patches.”– ZDNet, May 2018
As we have mentioned before in our articles, nothing can be truly 100% secure, there always might be a way to bypass, even if it’s made by very experienced developers. Security is something that needs constant work, and therefore we should never stop improving.
It’s easy and won’t take you more than 3 minutes. In addition to reCAPTCHA for WordPress, you will have access to many other important security features like managed web application firewall. Also other features like 2-factor authentication, firewall logs & analytics, software vulnerability monitoring, brute-force/XML-RPC protection and more here.
With WebARX you will have to option to enable reCAPTCHA for:
You can choose from invisible and normal reCAPTCHA V2. ReCAPTCHA V3 for WebARX users will be available in 2020.
You will see different options where to enable reCAPTCHA for WordPress. Check the boxes you want and choose your preferred version.
After that, you will need a site and secret key for the reCAPTCHA feature.
You have to enter your own reCAPTCHA keys in order to use the reCAPTCHA feature, here is how.
After you have copied the site key and secret key and have your preferred options set click “Save settings” in the WebARX plugin.
CAPTCHAs play an important role in keeping the internet spam-free and making everyone’s experience a little bit better.
Always keep your site secure and add the important security features to your site. WordPress security is mostly affected by plugins and themes. In fact, 98% of WordPress vulnerabilities are related to plugins that extend the functionality and features of a website or a blog.
Therefore, keep the number of plugins on your WordPress site low, make sure you trust the source and developer and keep your software updated.
Learn more about reCAPTCHA V1 and V2: https://support.google.com/recaptcha/?hl=en
WebARX support article on how to get the site and secret key for the reCAPTCHA feature: https://support.webarxsecurity.com/en/articles/2165240-how-to-get-the-site-and-secret-key-for-the-recaptcha-feature
Protect your websites from malicious traffic - set-up in under 3 minutes.
WebARX is compatible with the following platforms:
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The English term parts per billion (ppb to German "parts per billion ") stands for the number 10-9 and is sometimes used in the context of relative quantities, ie for specifying those content sizes, the proportions are.
Because billion not denote the same thing in English and American language usage, but recommended the IEC 1978 ppm, ppb, etc. not to be used. This considers that the international ISO standardization has joined.
Mixing ratio (ppbv, ppbw )
Moreover, in the literature occasionally following variants are used:
- Ppbv parts per billion by volume ( volume mixing ratio ) corresponds, Vol - %
- Ppbw parts per billion by weight (weight mixing ratios ) corresponds, by weight - %
The term ppb is often used in microelectronics, for example, when specifying a dopant or impurity concentration in the characterization of normal time, and in the chemical and environmental concentration and trace analysis.
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Correlation Matrix (Measuring Portfolio Diversification)
Correlation is a stock comparison tool that measures the degree to which two securities (in investment) move about each other. It is a handy statistic used for individual securities, like stocks, to measure general market correlation, such as how asset classes or broad markets move concerning each other. The correlation coefficient value must fall between -1 and +1. A perfect positive correlation is when the coefficient value is equal to +1, which means the two securities move in the same direction with the same level. A perfect negative correlation means that two assets move in the opposite direction and a correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no linear relation between the two securities.
Correlation in Portfolio Management
Correlation is a helpful statistic often used in portfolio management. It measures the amount of diversification among the assets contained in a portfolio. Modern portfolio theory (MPT) uses a measure of the correlation of all the assets in a portfolio to help determine the most efficient frontier. This concept helps to optimize expected returns against a certain level of risk. Including assets that have a low correlation to each other reduces the overall risk for a portfolio.
The correlation coefficient is a linear regression performed on each stock’s returns against the other. If mapped graphically, a positive correlation would show an upward-sloping line. A negative correlation would show a downward-sloping line. While the correlation coefficient is a measure of the historical relationship between two stocks, it may guide the future relationship between the assets.
Correlation works fine if we have two stocks in the portfolio. However, when we have more stocks, we resort to a matrix to find their correlations. So, when we have multiple stocks in the portfolio, the correlations between stocks are all stacked up in a n x n (read it as n by n) matrix. For instance, if it is a 10-stock portfolio (10 being the n here), we need to create a 10 x 10 matrix.
The correlation matrix gives us the correlation between any two stocks. For example, to know the correlation between AAPL and FB, look under the intersecting cell between AAPL and FB.
MarketXLS Template for Correlation Matrix
Through this matrix, investors can create a portfolio of stocks based on their risk and correlation coefficients. In the Template, the investor can create an N*N matrix of stocks and compare the overall correlation of stocks. All you need to do is add the ticker of the stocks part of your portfolio in the ticker column.
Why is it important for investors?
While focusing on the portfolio’s individual stocks’ performance, it is equally important to understand how the stocks move alongside each other. It would give a more cohesive view of their portfolio.
Landsberg rightly says that investors usually may not be as diversified as they think and may have stocks in different sectors. Still, if their returns depend on the same thing (e.g., the economy in a particular state), their portfolio is getting almost no protection from diversification.
Sometimes stock correlation can be predictable so that two stocks in the same industry or sector will tend to move in the same direction and react to the market in the same way. However, it may not be easy to spot if the portfolio consists of various securities such as mutual funds, bonds, or ETFs.
Not only stocks but the same matrix can help measure the correlation between different combinations of stocks, mutual funds, and exchange-traded debt funds. As seen in the MarketXLS template screenshot, a different set of securities is taken as part of the portfolio to measure the correlation. Other than stocks, the portfolio also includes Vanguard Intermediate, iShares Core S&P Total U.S. Stock Market ETF, and SPDR Portfolio Short Term Corporate Bond ETF. The Short Term Corporate Bond ETF (SPSB) tracks a market-value-weighted index of fixed-rate investment-grade nonconvertible US corporate bonds with 1-3 years remaining in maturity.
The Bottom Line
As it is always suggested not to put all your eggs in one basket similarly, investors should have a diversified pool of assets in their portfolio. This diversification can help them reduce Idiosyncratic risk.
The correlation matrix can be beneficial and handy for investors with a portfolio of multiple securities. The investor cognizes the overall diversification in the portfolio with this matrix’s help. Choosing assets with low correlation with each other can help to reduce the risk of a portfolio.
None of the content published on marketxls.com constitutes a recommendation that any particular security, portfolio of securities, transaction, or investment strategy is suitable for any specific person.
The author is not offering any professional advice of any kind. The reader should consult a professional financial advisor to determine their suitability for any strategies discussed herein.
The article is written for helping users collect the required information from various sources deemed to be an authority in their content. The images, copyrights, and trademarks if any are the property of their owners, and no further representations are made.
Get started today
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