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[ "Sikhote Alin Meteorite\nSikhote Alin Meteorite\nAbove: The front of the specimen card.\nThe Sikhote Alin meteorite is classified as an iron meteorite in the IIAB group. This group has the lowest concentration of nickel in iron meteorites and is formed from the metallic core of a celestial body. The age of this group has been estimated using a radiometric dating process involving Rhenium-osmium isotopes, putting their formation at over 4 billion years ago.\nAbove: Sikhote Alin specimens.\nThis specimen is a complete Sikhote Alin meteorite. The specimen is housed in an acrylic jar that is encased within a glass-topped riker display box. The box measures 4 1/2\" x 3 1/2\". A small information card is also included, which serves as the certificate of authenticity.\nPlease Note: The specimens vary in size and shape. Weight varies between 0.1 and 0.5 grams depending on the thickness of the piece. Specimens are selected for visible surface area and the product images are representative samples.\nAbout the Sikhote Alin Meteorite\n\"I saw blue flame sparkling in the sky because the meteorite was burning, and there were little fires trailing behind the main body. The windows of the bakery where I was working with my mother and brother trembled. A metal door of the oven flew open, and several hot charcoals fell out onto the floor.\"\n~ Korney Shvets, an eyewitness of the descent.\nAbove: The sky after the meteor's descent was captured by artist Pyotr Medvedev. Medvedev had been preparing to paint a landscape when the arrival of an unexpected meteorite took him by surprise. He was able to record this moment with a painting of the massive smoke trail in the sky over the mountains. 10 years later, the Soviet Union would issue a stamp with a reprinting of Medvedev’s painting to commemorate the anniversary of the impact.\nLate in the morning on February 12th, 1947, a ball of light as bright as the sun-streaked over the Sikhote Alin Mountains in the Soviet Union. In homes below this meteorite’s path, walls shook, windows shattered, and doors flew open. As it descended, the object broke apart in a mid-air explosion. This airburst caused momentary blindness and the appearance of secondary shadows of objects within its light. The final impact emitted a booming explosion that was heard and felt for nearly 200 miles.\nEstimated to have a pre atmospheric mass of 220,000 pounds (100,000 kg) and a post atmospheric mass of 51,000 pounds (23,000 kg), the Sikhote Alin meteorite is one of the largest meteorite falls observed in recorded history. As it traveled at over 8 miles a second (14 km/s), the meteorite left a trail of smoke in its wake approximately 20 miles long (32 km) that remained in the sky for hours after impact.\nAbout three miles above the ground, the meteorite shattered in a powerful airburst explosion, causing a rain of debris. The area covered by this shower, or strewn field, is estimated to have had an area of half a mile. Fragments from this explosion were driven into trees and in one case created an impact crater 85 feet (26 m) across and 20 feet (6 m) deep.\nAbove: Macro image of Sikhote Alin\nSpecimens of the Sikhote Alin Meteorite come in two varieties: the smooth regmaglypts and the fragmented shrapnels. The regmaglypts show a glossy fusion crust and a thumbprint-like ablation pattern formed from the intense heat and pressure of atmospheric entry. The shrapnel specimens are sharp pieces of metal that were likely torn off from the meteorite during the airburst or on impact with the ground.\nFantucci, R., Mario Di Martino, and Romano Serra. \"Tree-Ring Dating of Meteorite Fall in Sikhote-Alin, Eastern Siberia - Russia.\" International Journal of Astrobiology, vol. 11, no. 1, 2012, pp. 37-42.\nFisher, David E. “‘Ages’ of the Sikhote Alin Iron Meteorite.” Science, vol. 139, no. 3556, 1963, pp. 752–753.\nSmoliar, M.I., Walker, R.J., Morgan, J.W. “Re-Os Isotopic Constraints on the Crystallizations History of IIAB Iron Meteorites.” Lunar and Planetary Science, vol. 28. 1997.\nAbove: The back of the specimen card." ]

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[ "WASHINGTON (Reuters) - More than a million children die every year from two pneumonia-causing diseases easily prevented with vaccines, researchers reported on Thursday.\nEach year 1.2 million children under age 5 die from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae B or Hib, they found.\nTheir study, published in the Lancet medical journal, found an estimated 14.5 million cases of pneumococcal disease such as pneumonia and meningitis worldwide, most caused by S. pneumoniae, with 826,000 deaths among children under 5.\nSafe and effective vaccines exist for both, but use of Hib vaccine has only recently expanded to low-income countries and pneumococcal vaccine is not included in national immunization programs in the developing world yet, the researchers said.\n“Our findings underscore the urgent need for prevention efforts throughout the developing world,” said Kate O’Brien, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, who led the study.\n“The need for vaccination and improved treatment is particularly urgent in Africa and Asia, which together account for 95 percent of all pneumococcal deaths.”\nAnother study by the United Nation’s children’s fund UNICEF showed that better prevention methods for malaria and action to reduce mother-to-child AIDS virus transmission had reduced childhood deaths from other causes.\nIt found 8.8 million children under five died in 2008 compared with 12.5 million in 1990. But 99 percent of the children who died lived in poor countries.\nWyeth’s Prevnar, which protects against seven strains of S. pneumonia, is part of the routine childhood vaccination package in the United States and other developed countries.\nSeveral companies including Merck and Co. and GlaxoSmithKline make Hib vaccines. They prevent meningitis caused by H. influenzae, pneumonia and a severe throat infection called epiglottitis.\nThe non-profit Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization or GAVI provides Hib vaccine to 35 African nations.\nReporting by Maggie Fox, editing by Anthony Boadle\nOur Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles." ]

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[ "Peter fails Jesus at a crucial moment\nQuestions for Bible study groups\n- Describe what happened in the courtyard of the High Priest’s house in Jerusalem.\n- How did Peter react when he realized he had betrayed Jesus?\n- Do leaders have a greater responsibility to be courageous and lead by example?\nIn brief: Jesus told Peter he would deny knowing him. Peter emphatically rejected this, but when a servant of the High Priest recognized Peter, he swore he did not know Jesus. Then he remembered what Jesus had said.\nJesus predicts Peter will betray him\nPeter is the most lovable and human of the disciples, as this story shows, but he has flaws as well. Perhaps that is why Jesus chose him to lead the early Church.\nAt the Last Supper or just afterwards, Jesus told Peter that he would pretend he did not know Jesus – not once, but three times. Peter was astounded and hurt. He was the acknowledged leader of Jesus’ disciples, and told Jesus he was ready to die for him. Sadly, the exact opposite would happen:\n- Peter, though he would one day die for Jesus, was not spiritually ready to do so\n- Jesus in the coming hours would lay down his life for Peter.\nJesus’ statement was a terrible blow to Peter, and this may be the reason why he remained silent through the rest of the Last Supper, and only regained his confidence when he defended Jesus against the soldiers who came to arrest him in the Garden of Gethsemane.\nSee blue text at bottom of page for Gospel passages\nThe maidservant questions Peter\nAfter his arrest, Jesus was taken to the High Priest’s house. There was some difficulty about which High Priest is meant here, since both are mentioned by the evangelists. It is quite possible that Caiaphas and Annas lived in adjoining houses in the wealthy Upper City of Jerusalem – or even in the same house. The buildings were closely packed and small, which is why many priests maintained second homes in the surrounding countryside.\nIt is a wonder that an outsider like Peter was there in the courtyard at all, especially as entry was limited: not just anyone could go into the courtyard.\nHow did he get in? According to John’s gospel, Peter had another unnamed disciple with him, one who knew the High Priest. This man was known to the woman who had custody of the main door, a sort of concierge. She recognized the unnamed disciple and let him and Peter come in as far as the central courtyard.\nThere were other people there gathered around an open fire. It was between seasons, so the night was cold.\nThe hearing that was going on inside the mansion/house took some time. In the meantime people waited.\nAs they stood around the fire the portress/concierge looked more closely at Peter and listened to his Galilean accent. She was curious. She decided she had seen him before, possibly with Jesus, and questioned him. He, taken off guard, responded. No, he did not know Jesus, he said.\nFire in a brazier, night timeAs soon as the words were out, Peter regretted them. Jesus’ prophetic warning, made so recently, had come true. Peter had denied his Lord.\nConfused by his own cowardice, Peter fell silent. He waited. The danger seemed to have passed.\nBut now someone else took up the questioning, and they were more insistent. Again Peter responded, this time more emphatically. He did not know Jesus, had never heard of him.\nLuke writes of Peter denying that he even knew Jesus, a description that makes the denial even worse.\nSee green text at bottom of page for Gospel passages\nThe cock crows\nAccording to people who have lived in Jerusalem, roosters crow three times during the night: first, about half an hour after midnight, second, about an hour later, and a third time about an hour later than this.\nSuddenly he heard the sound of a rooster crowing, and he remembered Jesus’ words – and his own brash confidence. He realised that\n- inside the house Jesus was being jeered at for making a claim to be the Messiah\n- outside in the courtyard Jesus’ prophetic words had just been fulfilled.\nPeter was distraught. He withdrew and wept bitter tears of remorse.\nThese tears were a turning point for him, as he acknowledged his own failings and repented for what he had done. This story of Peter’s denial undoubtedly offered encouragement to the early Christians, who were frequently challenged to acknowledge their own Christian beliefs. As we are today.\nSee redtext at bottom of page for Gospel passages\nPeter’s fault in denying Jesus is no greater than that of the other disciples who abandoned Jesus – or is it? Do leaders have a greater responsibility to be courageous and lead by example? Peter (and the evangelists who tell his story) seem to think so. Peter, ‘the rock’, had been unable to face the prospect of torture and death, even though he had promised loudly to do so. His failure and his subsequent repentance give all of us hope.\nWhat happened next? See Jesus, Pontius Pilate and Herod\nReturn to top\nWhat the Gospels say\n1 Prediction of Peter’s denial: Read the blue text\n2 The maidservant questions Peter: Read the green text\n3 The cock crows: Read the red text\nMark 14:26-31, 66-72\n26 And when they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives. 27 And Jesus said to them, “You will all fall away; for it is written, ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered.’ 28 But after I am raised up, I will go before you to Galilee.” 29 Peter said to him, “Even though they all fall away, I will not.” 30 And Jesus said to him, “Truly, I say to you, this very night, before the cock crows twice, you will deny me three times.” 31 But he said vehemently, “If I must die with you, I will not deny you.” And they all said the same.\n66 And as Peter was below in the courtyard, one of the maids of the high priest came; 67 and seeing Peter warming himself, she looked at him, and said, “You also were with the Nazarene, Jesus.” 68 But he denied it, saying, “I neither know nor understand what you mean.” And he went out into the gateway. 69 And the maid saw him, and began again to say to the bystanders, “This man is one of them.” 70 But again he denied it. And after a little while again the bystanders said to Peter, “Certainly you are one of them; for you are a Galilean.” 71 But he began to invoke a curse on himself and to swear, “I do not know this man of whom you speak.”\n72 And immediately the cock crowed a second time. And Peter remembered how Jesus had said to him, “Before the cock crows twice, you will deny me three times.” And he broke down and wept.\nMatthew 26:31-35, 69-75\n31 Then Jesus said to them, “You will all fall away because of me this night; for it is written, ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered.’ 32 But after I am raised up, I will go before you to Galilee.” 33 Peter declared to him, “Though they all fall away because of you, I will never fall away.” 34 Jesus said to him, “Truly, I say to you, this very night, before the cock crows, you will deny me three times.” 35 Peter said to him, “Even if I must die with you, I will not deny you.” And so said all the disciples.\n69 Now Peter was sitting outside in the courtyard. And a maid came up to him, and said, “You also were with Jesus the Galilean.” 70 But he denied it before them all, saying, “I do not know what you mean.” 71 And when he went out to the porch, another maid saw him, and she said to the bystanders, “This man was with Jesus of Nazareth.” 72 And again he denied it with an oath, “I do not know the man.” 73 After a little while the bystanders came up and said to Peter, “Certainly you are also one of them, for your accent betrays you.” 74 Then he began to invoke a curse on himself and to swear, “I do not know the man.”\nAnd immediately the cock crowed. 75 And Peter remembered the saying of Jesus, “Before the cock crows, you will deny me three times.” And he went out and wept bitterly.\nLuke 22:31-34, 54-62\n31 “Simon, Simon, behold, Satan demanded to have you, that he might sift you like wheat, 32 but I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail; and when you have turned again, strengthen your brethren.” 33 And he said to him, “Lord, I am ready to go with you to prison and to death.” 34 He said, “I tell you, Peter, the cock will not crow this day, until you three times deny that you know me.”\n54 Then they seized him and led him away, bringing him into the high priest’s house. Peter followed at a distance; 55 and when they had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard and sat down together, Peter sat among them. 56 Then a maid, seeing him as he sat in the light and gazing at him, said, “This man also was with him.” 57 But he denied it, saying, “Woman, I do not know him.” 58 And a little later some one else saw him and said, “You also are one of them.” But Peter said, “Man, I am not.” 59 And after an interval of about an hour still another insisted, saying, “Certainly this man also was with him; for he is a Galilean.” 60 But Peter said, “Man, I do not know what you are saying.”\nAnd immediately, while he was still speaking, the cock crowed. 61 And the Lord turned and looked at Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said to him, “Before the cock crows today, you will deny me three times.” 62 And he went out and wept bitterly.\nJohn 13:36-38, 18:15-18\n36 Simon Peter said to him, “Lord, where are you going?” Jesus answered, “Where I am going you cannot follow me now; but you shall follow afterward.” 37 Peter said to him, “Lord, why cannot I follow you now? I will lay down my life for you.” 38 Jesus answered, “Will you lay down your life for me? Truly, truly, I say to you, the cock will not crow, till you have denied me three times.\n15 Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple. As this disciple was known to the high priest, he entered the court of the high priest along with Jesus, 16 while Peter stood outside at the door. So the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, went out and spoke to the maid who kept the door, and brought Peter in. 17 The maid who kept the door said to Peter, “Are not you also one of this man’s disciples?” He said, “I am not.” 18 Now the servants and officers had made a charcoal fire, because it was cold, and they were standing and warming themselves; Peter also was with them, standing and warming himself.\nFind Out More" ]

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[ "“What can I say we saw? Trains with killings. Children and women were being killed\"\nThe memories of 1947 Partition are steeped in trauma and pain. Its horrors cling to the pages of unofficial death tolls, while the stench of murdered men, women, and children remain deeply entrenched within the fields and rivers of Punjab and Bengal.\nBritish history books offer little detail on the reality of this brutal period. While most of us are familiar with the dates of Independence – 14th and 15th August – less is known about the personal loss and violent aftermath.\nFor a clearer picture of the horrors that many witnessed, we must seek out those who endured Partition first-hand. And saw the bloodshed through their own eyes.\nPieced together, these personal accounts and oral histories offer us a better understanding of the reality of August 1947 and the forced migration of 14 million citizens from one stretch of land to another.\nInter-community Conflict and Crossing Borders\nBy the summer of 1947, the British Empire’s ‘Divide and Rule’ effort had succeeded and their agenda rapidly transformed to ‘Divide and Quit’.\nIn the days leading up to Partition, worry and uncertainty set in. Citizens could foresee that Punjab and Bengal would suffer the greatest loss, as the borderline would split both regions in half. But where exactly would these borders be? And what did this new Pakistan look like?\nEven 70 years later, when one thinks of Partition, horror, bloodshed and unabridged violence come to mind. Despite the centre points of the carnage being mostly in the east and west, its ripple effects reverberated throughout India.\nEstimates of casualties vary wildly. Some historians believe that around 200,000 men, women and children were killed, while others insist that the death toll is closer to 1 million.\nIt is clear, however, that the violence did not begin once the official line had been drawn. In fact, inter-community skirmishes and rioting had already erupted in the major cities and in pocketed villages.\nSince the British were no longer a dominating force, Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs had only their respective leaders to rely on for guidance. Something which ultimately Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi and Tara Singh failed to enforce.\nBikram Singh Bhamra was born in 1929 in the Kapurthala state of Punjab. He recalls the rising violence that began to build once news of Pakistan had been officially announced.\nA teenager at the time, Bikram admits that communal harmony did exist between the different faith groups. In fact, it was only after the likes of Jinnah and Nehru began to speak of division and separation that the robust bond between neighbours began to splinter and fragment:\n“In [the] 40s, something, a wind of change happened and hatred started coming in by the speeches. Some of the leaders started giving speeches, inciting people against each other. In the beginning here and there, some fighting started coming up and then it went on increasing.”\nWith little understanding of the secret negotiations taking place between their great leaders in far-off Delhi, feelings of restlessness increased.\nThe communal rioting of the cities began to spread. Rumours and local gossip began to surface of not-so-distant murders taking place in cold blood. Stories of unexplained vanishings and single bodies discovered face down in nearby rivers.\n“In Jalandhar, a Sikh was murdered and that’s where the hatred started more. It increased and increased and increased. But it wasn’t as much as I heard on the Pakistan side or the Lahore side of Punjab,” Bikram adds.\nGian Kaur, from Ludhiana, mentions how individual faith groups began to mass together. Safety came in numbers, and families became more guarded against strangers:\n“I remember when on the first day all the noise and tension occurred. In our district, all the noise and tension first happened in Jagraon. My husband’s paternal uncle came to the city. People travel to the city from the villages for shopping. He was killed there. On the first day, he was killed.\n“Then there was a lot of noise, tension and violence. Then people did a lot for their own safety. I was small. I remember on the rooftops we put rocks and stones. We were told not to hide. But in fact, hit any violent person with the stones and rocks.”\n“In the night we would not put the lights on. Villages used diyas. We were not allowed to light the lanterns or diyas. If anyone saw a diya lit up, a Pakistan plane would hit that place with a bomb. In the villages, people would eat in the day and then go into their homes.”\nFor locals, sensitivities became ever more fragile, as distrust between villagers and townsfolk began to rapidly increase. It was this that led to groups on both sides deciding to take their livelihoods into their own hands.\nBlood-soaked Trains and Cramped Refugee Camps\nNeedless to say, when the moment of Partition finally came, both India and Pakistan were ill-equipped to handle the 14 million refugees that migrated on both sides.\nWhile many families across India decided to make their move in the weeks prior to 14th August, confusion around where the lines would exactly be meant that many Indians and Pakistanis (especially in Punjab and Bengal) were forced to wait until Independence arrived to decide on what to do next.\nFor some of these families, however, the decision was made for them.\n70-year-old Riaz Farooq was only a baby at the time of Partition. Born in Jalandhar, he tells us that his family believed (according to radio news and the local papers) that their village would remain within the borders of Pakistan. However, once Independence came, the scenario proved to be very different indeed:\n“14th of August came and went. The next day, in that area where they were living, they hard serious noises and screams on one end of that mahala where certain houses were put on fire and people were running around. That’s when they realised that something has happened.”\nUnder intense fear and worry of what might come if they remained where they were, Riaz’s grandfather and extended family decided to leave their haveli directly:\n“They decided to leave the house within 10-15 minutes. It was kind of an abrupt decision and there was no choice for them, they left that house.\n“So all women, children, older people… whatever they were wearing and whatever they could grab in the moment. Even the food that was being cooked on the stove, that was left and they got out of the door.”\nTarsem Singh who was only 11 years old at the time of Partition, explains: “When the fighting broke out, there was a group of Pakistanis near to us. Our daddy dropped the entire village to the camp in Phillaur.\n“There was one elderly man in Kotli who could not walk and thus stayed in his house. A man hit him with a knife. In defence, another man said this was not good. He was an elderly man, so you should not have killed him.”\nRefugee camps were set up near the major cities of Delhi and Lahore to accommodate the incoming families and offer them shelter.\nFamilies travelled on foot or in carts through the rural fields of Punjab. Others, took special trains to transport them from Jalandhar and Amritsar to Lahore.\nThese refugee trains, however, proved to be a deadly means of transport, as whole carriages would arrive at their destination filled with fresh corpses.\nAs Charn Kaur says: “What can I say we saw? Trains with killings. Children and women were being killed. Atrocious acts and horrid violence towards them.”\nViolence against women was particularly brutal. Sexual violence and rape plagued both sides. Some women took their own lives rather than be pillaged by strange men:\n“It was awful… what was seen and witnessed. Now, if someone harmed your sister, surely you are going to feel pain, aren’t you? That’s the point.”\nFor those who did manage to arrive safely to the other side, they found themselves estranged from their family members. Refugee camps swelled with men, women and children, and life was both cramped and difficult.\nThe stifling heat of August meant that many of these camps became riddled with disease and infection.\nMuhammad Shafi, born in Nakoder, was one of the many children of Partition who found themselves living in a refugee camp, awaiting the day his family would be given a new home:\n“In that camp, we stayed for 3 months. We were hungry. Every day a camp of 200,000-300,000 was situated in the South. A camp of 100,000-200,000 was located towards the North. Everyday 100-200 people suffering from hunger and disease would die.\n“Within 3 months, it became a very large graveyard. Some people didn’t even have cloth for the burials. My grandmother passed away there. There we dug some space and buried her.”\n“We saw a lot of hunger and faced many hardships. In the many surrounding wells, not knowing the enemy who poisoned the water.. made it hard for us to fill up the water.”\nSardara Begum from Kotli, India adds: “Everyone was living in their houses peacefully, but then it all turned into chaos and turmoil. People from homes sneakily started to leave. With some heading for India, while others went towards Pakistan. People were killed in trains and cars, and houses set on fire.\n“People feared for their lives and discreetly left. When hiding and leaving, I was young then… but I remember hiding and going through the crops to escape from the village.\n“The killings were such that as you walked you saw dead bodies. This is how horrid the time was. Mothers running, who could not carry their children, were throwing them to the ground. That traumatic time was like the apocalypse.”\nOppression, disunity and a fear of the unknown can bring out the best in some individuals and the worst in others, and this was very much the case for 1947 Partition.\nDespite the incensed tensions that existed between the faith groups, many families and communities united with their supposed ‘foes’ and helped to keep them safe.\nAmrik Singh Purewal of Jalandhar explains that his father was the local village head and had a very different experience of Partition:\n“The tensions occurred. The Muslims left Chakkan for Nakodar where their camp was set up. It was called ‘The Refugee Camp’. We would go there, and sometimes drop ration off to them.\n“There was no violence. Everything happened peacefully.”\nMohan Singh was aged 10 during the upheaval and lived in the village of Moron Mandi near the town of Apra. He recalls:\n“When the uproar started. In a village near us called Jagatpur, next to Makanpur, Muslims started to leave the village heading for Phillaur camp. I was young at the time, but I fully remember.\n“As the Muslims went towards this camp, people on horses from other villages went after them to kill them. They turned up with swords and weapons to kill them.\n“When they arrived at the boundary of our village all the people got together. They saved all the Muslims and brought them safely to our village and seated them.\n“They served food and water to them as they were hungry. Then, the military from the Phillaur camp was called. They were all then safely escorted to the camp.\n“Then when I was young, I went to Jalandhar. Near the stream, there was a very large Muslim camp. And that time it rained so heavily that Chaheru’s stream overflowed severely, destroying half the camp and killing many Muslims.\n“The water dragged them and their dead bodies lay there. It was terrible how those poor people got killed. They were killed innocently.”\nRemembering 1947 Partition Today\n70 years on and the memories of childhood remain fresh in the minds of many of these elderly Indians and Pakistanis, now in their 80s and 90s.\nFamilies were torn asunder in the chaos of August 1947. Blood, violence and death followed refugees as they travelled on trains to escape their former homes. Even decades later, some will maintain their silence and speak very little about the horrors that they witnessed.\nFor the preservation of South Asian history, however, remembrance of this pivotal period is vital for future generations.\nIn recent times, this critical event has been revisited through different mediums, including literature and film. The prolific South Asian writer, Saadat Hasan Manto is perhaps one of the most celebrated storytellers of India’s Independence.\nAlthough he died in 1955, Manto’s short stories continue to resonate with readers due to their daring and honest portrayal. Novellas like Toba Tek Singh and Mottled Dawn recall the intense brutality that came from communities turning against each other.\nTrain to Pakistan is another historical novel by Khushwant Singh, that exposes the torture and rape of women on both sides.\nTV adaptations and films have also attempted to bring light to some of these personal accounts. For instance, Daastan (The Tale), adapted from Razia Butt’s novel, Bano, and Gurinder Chadha’s Viceroy’s House.\nWhat is perhaps most intriguing about 1947 Partition is that although it only directly affected a section of the Indian population – those living near the borders – the tremors could be felt by all.\nEven today, they still echo between the two nations of India and Pakistan. However, the trauma, pain and loss that was felt by so many enabled a new beginning for both these countries. And if these personal histories tell us anything, they teach us that the sacrifices of our forefathers were not made in vain.\nIn our next article, DESIblitz will explore the role of women and the brutality that they endured during 1947 Partition." ]

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[ "Butterfly Valve Actuation\nFeb 10,2023Read More\nValves pressure-bearing means the pressure that the valves can bear, that is, valves pressure level is larger than the pipeline’s designed pressure level. Valves pressure-bearing direction means that on the close state once applied to the pipeline, valve body's arrow direction is the recommended pressure-bearing direction. If installed in wrong way, maybe have the leakage caused by valves not closed tightly. Generally decided by the using technological process or using situation, the same direction means the pressure-bearing direction(high medium pressure side on both sides of valves gate) keep same as the flow direction, opposite direction means pressure-bearing direction(high medium pressure side on both sides of valves’ gate) keep opposite as the flow direction.\nMany kinds of valves have the direction, such as globe valves, throttle valves, pressure reducing regulator valves, check valves and etc. If installed in opposite direction, will affect the using effect and using life(such as throttle valves), or don’t work at all(such as pressure reducing valves), even cause dangerous(such as check valves). General valves will have direction marks showed on the valve body, if haven't, should identified correctly according to the valves working principle.\nThe arrow showed on the valves body is the recommended pressure-bearing direction, not means the pipe medium’s flow direction. The valve with bi-directional sealing function can not mark the indicated arrow, but also can be marked, because the valve arrow refers to the recommended pressure direction, always have one is better in the left and right directions or up and down directions. Usually installed as the mark of medium flow direction by the engineering company, will cause the leakage or even cause the pipeline accident;\nThe valve chamber for a globe valve is not symmetrical, the fluid should be passed through the valve port from bottom to top, so will cause smaller flow resistance(decided by the situation), and opened easily(because the medium’s pressure is upward), after closing, the medium doesn’t press the packing for easy maintenance. That is the reason why globe valves cannot be installed in opposite direction. The other kinds of valves also have their own characters.\nThe valve installed location should be easy for operation; even if the installation is temporarily difficult, it is necessary to consider the long-term work of the operator. It is better to keep the valve handwheel with same location with the chest(usually have 1 or 2 meters away from the operation floor), so that the valve is relatively easy to open and close. The ground valve's handwheel should be upward, do not tilt, to avoid awkward operation.\nThe valve in the wall machinery equipment should also keep the room for the operator to stand. Should avoid operating face to the sky, especially for the medium of acid, alkali and toxic media, otherwise it is very dangerous.\nThe gate valves shouldn’t be installed reversely(means handwheel is downward), otherwise the medium will be retained in the bonnet space for a long time, which will cause the stem to be corroded and it is taboo for some industrial requirements. Meanwhile, it is extremely inconvenient for changing the packing. The rising stem gate valves should not be installed underground, otherwise will corrode the exposed stem because of the wet. Lift control valves once installed should ensure the disc vertical so that can lift flexibly. Swing check valves once installed should ensure the horizontal pin shaft so that can swing flexibly. Pressure-reducing valves should be installed on a horizontal pipeline with up-right, and any direction can not be tilted.\nStart Your Partnership With MstnLandLearn More" ]

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[ "To visualize classes and objects and their relationships in this -- a first course in Java -- we will use some of the features of these diagrams. Although, you should know that UML can do much more than just that.\nIndeed, UML 2.2 has 14 types of different diagrams, half of which represent structural information, while the other half represent general types of behavior and interactions. Class diagrams and Object Diagrams are but two of the \"structure diagrams\" that exist.\nIn UML, one represents a class with a box that has 3 sections: The top section displays the class name, the middle section displays the instance variables of that class, and the bottom section displays its methods. For example, a UML class diagram for a BankAccount class might look like the following:\nAs can be seen above, we specify the visibility of class members (any data fields, constructors, or methods) by putting the following notations before each member's name:\n+ Public - Private # Protected ~ Package (default visibility)\nOther properties of class members, we can indicate with the format of the text:\nunderline static italic abstract all-caps constants\nNote in UML, the return type of a method comes AFTER the parameter list for the method, with the two separated by a colon (\":\").\nUML object diagrams are similarly constructed, except they only show the state of the object as determined by its data fields. For example, two objects of type BankAccount are shown below in UML style:\nWe use (open triangle tipped) arrows to denote subclass relationships. In UML, the arrow points from the subclass to its related superclass.\nSo for example, if we wanted to describe the class GeometricObject, and two of its subclasses, Circle and Rectangle, we might see something like the following in UML:" ]

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[ "Rowhill’s dedicated Occupational Therapist is Fola\nOccupational Therapists (OT) assess and treat children who have difficulties that affect their ability to do every day functional activities. At school OTs help the students to achieve or maintain their maximum level of independence so they can access the school curriculum to their full potential.The Occupational therapist works closely with pupils and members of staff to identify areas of need in order to help with specific difficulties. They may see students on a 1:1 basis as well as in class to assess their needs and provide recommendations and advice that can be incorporated into their school day. This supports the student with the development of their skills in an appropriate environment for them.\nKey areas for intervention provided by the Rowhill OT team include:\n- Fine Motor skills- with advice and strategies to support the development of hand skills including pencil skills and scissor control.\n- Sensory Processing - advice and programs to address sensory difficulties that affect a child's ability to learn. Including managing Emotions.\n- Independence skills include strategies, advice and equipment recommendations to promote skills in feeding, dressing and toileting. This may include tying shoelaces or using a knife and fork.\n- Seating- assessment of posture and recommendations of suitable seating to enable access to the educational curriculum.\nThere is currently 1 Occupational Therapist at Rowhill School and a team of therapy assistants. The therapy team is available by contacting the school office.\nCurrent Interventions provided by the OT team include\n- Zones of Regulation\n- Individual and small group sessions for students struggling with specific concepts or those requiring an individualized approach.\n- Handwriting programs individually and in groups\n- Write from the start by Ion Teodorescu and Lois Addy\n- Speed up Handwriting Programme by Lois Addy\n- Fine Motor Sessions\n- Blocks of therapy for Individuals and small groups to develop specific fine motor skills. Students will have individual targets\n- Individual or group sessions to address specific independence skills such as tying shoe laces.\nStudents requiring OT support will initially need to be referred to the Team. Following receipt of the completed form the student will be assessed by an OT and recommendations will be made to support the student at home or school to achieve the agreed targets.\nHow to refer\nIf you have concerns regarding the sensory and/or motor development of a student, you can request to speak with an OT or the student’s teacher to discuss whether a referral would be appropriate. If OT is felt to be appropriate then a referral form will be completed by the student’s teacher and a consent form will be sent home to completed by the parent/guardian." ]

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[ "Discussing safety and reminding your crew of the importance of PPE safety is important to minimize the risk of exposure and health issues that follow. Knowing how to properly wear PPE and the signs of exposure is everyone’s responsibility and is important to any work site to keep everyone safe.\nCommon Mistakes Made that Cause Chemical Exposure for Interior Spray Foam Applicators\nDaily project meetings are an ideal time to discuss safety and remind your crew the importance of PPE safety. There are a few common reasons we see a breakdown in safety and all of these can be prevented. In addition to the health effects of chemical exposure, improper use of personal safety equipment and protective clothing often effects the quality of work due to stress driven fatigue and an impaired working condition. Safety must not stop with one another. We must do those things necessary to protect other tradesman as well as potential visitors. When on the job, it is everyone’s responsibility to use PPE and equipment properly. Here are a couple telltale signs of chemical exposure – although it’s not always immediately visible.\nSigns of Chemical Exposure:\n- Physical changes. Impaired or clouded vision, skin irritation such as rash or blemishes and/or impaired restricted breathing. Workers should be encouraged to report these changes so they may be assessed to avoid unsafe work conditions.\n- Attitude, strength and cohesiveness of the team breaks down. Any amount of chemical exposure that is prolonged from job to job will make a person more and more irritated and less of a team member. So if your applicator is suddenly showing signs of irritation, check for proper use of protective equipment and protective clothing.\n- Strength. Throughout the early part of the day, the team feels strong and capable of completing a lot of work. After lunch, applicators begin feeling weaker and production slows down for everyone. You could just be tired or hung over, but is most likely chemical exposure. You are breathing in part chemical and oxygen at the same time and it’s time to check for proper PPE safety.\nHow to Prevent Improper Use of Respiratory Protection and Personal Safety Equipment:\n- Place your fresh air system securely where it is impossible to suck in chemical. Perform a fit test annually for every employee. For tight-fitting respirators, seal checks should be performed when the respirator is first used, during service and again annually for continued proper fit. Visit OSHA.gov for details on how to properly perform a Fit Test and Seal Check or with the specific supplier of the equipment.\n- Maintain masks and hoods by replacing filters, maintaining pumps and air supply hoses. With any type of mask or hood, clean or replace as needed any filters, seals, lenses or anything interfering with the proper and safe use of the equipment. Ventilation to minimize concentrations of mists and fumes can improve environmental conditions making the work overall easier.\n- Don’t repeatedly take your mask on and off in an unvented room. Doing this increases the chances of being exposed while the mask is off and increases the chance of the mask being improperly sealed when putting it back on. Keep your mask cleaned and stored in a plastic bag after use as recommended.\n- On tight fitting respirators, facial hair that does not allow a complete seal around the face is not acceptable.\nVisit OSHA’s website for a full list of requirements and how to ensure proper use of personal safety equipment. View the safety equipment we have available." ]

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[ "Nanocapsules and radiosensitising nanoparticles will optimise the fight against cancer cells by minimising the effects on healthy cells\nFerran Guedea, professor of Radiation Oncology at the University of Barcelona, director of Radiation Oncology of the Catalan Institute of Oncology and full academician of the Royal European Academy of Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED) has made with the specialist Inés Guix the study “Nanotecnología frente al cáncer” (Nanotechnology against cancer), which will be published in the next issue of Tribuna Plural, the scientific journal of the RAED.\nGuedea and Guix touch on two aspects of nanomedicine that have already proved effective in the fight against cancer: nanocapsules for the administration of drugs and radiosensitizing nanoparticles, in addition to other applications of nanotechnology and nanomedicine in development such as nanorobots, phototherapy, nanomaterials for the calculation of dosimetries in vivo or nanoparticles presenting antigens. The researchers point out how the classic drugs used in chemotherapy, once they reach the bloodstream, are distributed systemically throughout the body and, instead of attacking exclusively the tumour, they also damage the healthy cells that proliferate the most. The nanocapsules, however, manage to administer the chemotherapeutic agents in greater quantity to the neoplastic cells than to the healthy ones, thus greatly reducing their toxicity.\n“The strategies that are used to create so-called selective nanocarriers, capable of acting specifically on cancer cells, are multiple and very diverse, some nanocapsules are coated with antibodies against tumour antigens, so that they only adhere and are endocytosed by the neoplastic cells that express it other nanocarriers are chemosensitive to pH or temperature and, when they come into contact with acidic media exceeding 38ºC, which is a typical characteristic of tumour microenvironments, they fragment and release the active drug. Nanocapsules capable of responding to ultrasounds have been designed in such a way that, when applied to the area of the body where the tumour sits, on the surface of the nanocarriers pores are formed that allow the exit of the chemotherapeutic agent in said location”, says the study.\nRadiation therapy, on the other hand, also fails to avoid damaging healthy organs even though cancer cells are more photosensitive. In this field, the radiosensitizing nanoparticles, formed by polymers of elements with a high atomic number, are able to greatly expand the therapeutic window of radiotherapy and are fixed to the cancer cells just like the nanocapsules. Guedea and Guix also point to nanorobots as a future mechanism capable of exponentially improving the fight against cancer." ]

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[ "Roaring Ranger wins WWI\nNinety-nine years ago, a Texas oilfield was discovered halfway between Abilene and Dallas. The October 17, 1917, wildcat well in Eastland County made headlines worldwide. “Roaring Ranger” erupted in a geyser of oil – and revealed an oilfield that would help win World War I.\nRanger’s town leaders had been eager to find oil, especially after newspaper accounts of a 1911 oilfield discovery at Electra to the north. A decade earlier in southeastern Texas, the famous “Lucas Gusher” at Spindletop had launched the modern U.S. petroleum industry.\nAs the county’s farmers struggled with severe drought, Ranger officials hoped to strike “black gold” with the help of William K. Gordon, vice president of the Texas and Pacific Coal Company in nearby Thurber. After one failed attempt with a shallow well, Gordon agreed to drill a second well up to 3,500 feet deep.\nUsing a cable-tool rig, Gordon and contractor Warren Wagner spudded their well on July 2, 1917, on the McCleskey farm about two miles south of Ranger. After more than three months of drilling, the J.H. McCleskey No. 1 well roared in from a depth of 3,432 feet.\nWhen completed, “Roaring Ranger” initially produced 1,600 barrels of oil a day of high gravity oil. Later gushers yielded up to 10,000 barrels of oil daily. Within 20 months, Texas and Pacific Coal Company stock jumped from $30 a share to $1,250 a share. The company reorganized as the Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Company.\nEastland County oil discoveries brought economic booms to Ranger, Cisco, Desdemona (today a ghost town) and Eastland. The Abilene Reporter-News reported Ranger’s population swelled from less than 1,000 to more than 30,000 – mostly men. The drilling boom “started the rush to Ranger that brought about the development of one of the greatest oilfields in the country,” proclaims historian Damon Sasser.\n“By 1919, the Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Company had 22 oil wells being drilled and there were also eight refineries open or under construction,” Sasser adds. More freight was unloaded in Ranger by the railroad than at any other place upon its line, including stations in Fort Worth, Dallas and New Orleans.\nThe flood of people also brought Texas Rangers to enforce laws. When jails in Ranger overflowed, the lawmen handcuffed prisoners to telephone poles. “The Texas Rangers were no strangers to the town – years earlier, the city actually sprang up around an old Texas Ranger camp, hence the name Ranger,” Sasser notes.\nIndependent operators opened other nearby oilfields, including the Parsons, Sinclair-Earnest and Lake Sand fields. Production from the Breckenridge oilfield in neighboring Stephens County was 10 million barrels of oil by 1919. It peaked at more than 31 million barrels of oil in 1921.\n“Roaring Ranger” and the region’s production had proved essential to the Allied victory in World War I. When the armistice was signed in 1918, a member of the British War Cabinet declared, “The Allied cause floated to victory upon a wave of oil.”\nAmong the veterans visiting booming Eastland County after the war was a young Conrad Hilton, who visited Cisco intending to buy a bank. When he witnessed the long line of roughnecks waiting for a room at the Mobley Hotel, he decided to buy the hotel (learn more in Oil Boom Brings First Hilton Hotel).\nAlthough Ranger’s boom ended in the early 1920s when excess oil production caused wells to fail, the discoveries confirmed existence of a large petroleum-producing region, the Mid-Continent, which includes hundreds of oilfields reaching from Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.\nEstablished by the Ranger chamber of commerce in 1982, the “Roaring Ranger” Museum – inside the original Texas and Pacific Railway’s depot – exhibits drilling equipment, historic photos and a vintage cable-tool rig.\nRanger residents annually celebrate their 1917 gusher with an oil festival and parade down Main Street. When the parade crosses the historic train depot’s tracks, it passes a small, gray granite marker dedicated to the “First Oil Well Drilled in Eastland County.”\nHelp preserve petroleum history. Please support this website with a donation today. © 2016 AOGHS." ]

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[ "When it comes to the American marketplace, where there is innovation, regulation will soon follow. This is the reality currently being faced by the vaping industry, which is about to see major changes thanks to new Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. The Royal College of Physicians: If smokers switched to e-cigarettes, it would “prevent almost all of the harm from smoking.”\nVaping, an alternative to smoking cigarettes, has been a growing trend, especially for millennials. Vaping allows smokers to use e-liquid, a combination of propylene glycol and vegetable oil, to create a vapor that can be inhaled through a personal vaporizer. The concept of e-liquid was invented by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik, after his father passed away from lung cancer – the result of a lifetime of smoking cigarettes.\nIntended to be a safer alternative, e-liquid contains no tobacco and has been used to help those dependent on cigarettes quit smoking. Several private studies have been conducted on the safety of vaping, including a study conducted by Britain’s Royal College of Physicians – the same organization that discovered the link between lung cancer and smoking in 1962, two years before the United States. Their study prompted the Royal College of Physicians to go so far as to say that if smokers switched to e-cigarettes, it would “prevent almost all of the harm from smoking.”\nEnter the FDA\nThough the tobacco-free e-liquid is the entire purpose for using e-cigarettes instead of regular cigarettes, the FDA is controlling it with regulations meant specifically for tobacco products, in order to regulate the vaping industry into virtual non-existence.With 99 percent of the vape market wiped out, these new regulations will actually serve to benefit the tobacco companies.\nOriginally passed in 2009, the Tobacco Control Act stated that all e-cigarette products released after February 15, 2007 would have to go through the “Pre-Market Tobacco Applications” process (PMTA). Though the FDA claims they cannot change the predicate date (February 15, 2007), the date itself is rather telling, since the vape market was essentially nonexistent in 2007.\nAlmost every vapor product currently on the market was released after February 15, 2007. This means that roughly 99 percent of the vape products being sold today will have to go through the PMTA process. Like most aspects of government bureaucracy, the PMTA process takes excessive time and money. In fact, according to the FDA, in order to get just one product through the process it takes upwards of 1,700 hours. Additionally, millions of dollars are required for each product that is going through the PMTA process.\nFor most vaping companies, the costs required for the PMTA process are completely unfeasible and could spell financial ruin for smaller businesses. The only companies that can afford to comply with the new regulations are the big tobacco companies, which ironically enough, are also the only companies that have vape products predating February 15, 2007.\n“The agency’s economic analysis of the rule predicts that the cost of such approvals will be so high that approximately 99 percent of products on the market will not even be put through the application process,” says the American Vaping Association (AVA).\nWith 99 percent of the vape market wiped out as a result of the expansion of Tobacco Control Act, these new regulations will actually serve to benefit the tobacco companies.\n“Despite an overabundance of distorted and misleading information propagated by some in the public health community, the science is clear – responsibly manufactured vapor products are not only a safer alternative to traditional combustible products, but also provide smokers with a viable path to reducing their tobacco consumption and quitting altogether,” said Tony Abboud, the Vapor Technology Association’s National Legislative Director.\nHe went on to say, “Today’s action by the FDA will do nothing to improve our nations’ public health objectives. To the contrary, today’s action will yank responsibly manufactured vapor products from the hands of adult smokers and replace them with the tobacco cigarettes they had been trying to give up.”\nThe Vapor Technology Association also argues that the FDA’s regulations will literally destroy a decade of innovation that turned vaping into a $3.5 billion industry in 2015 alone. They also argue that the regulations will put thousands of small and mid-size companies out of business, which ultimately benefits big tobacco.\nJared Meyer, Fellow at the Manhattan Institute, told The Daily Caller News Foundation in an emailed statement,\n“While large tobacco companies will likely be able to absorb these costs, countless small manufacturers will be put out of business – leading to a less dynamic market. Without continued innovation, it will be harder for cigarette smokers to kick their deadly habit by taking up a much less harmful form of nicotine consumption.”\nWith several studies on the safety of vaping available, it is clear that there is more to these new regulations than just concerns over the nation’s health. Instead, it would appear that, once again, cronyism is being used in order to protect one industry over another. As far as vaping regulations are concerned, the only clear winners are big tobacco and big government.\nReprinted from Generation Opportunity." ]

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[ "There may be an even greater risk to your heart’s health than high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity and physical inactivity. Chronic psychological stress may be more dangerous to heart health than each of these traditional cardiac risk factors.\nA recent study, published in JAMA, found that mental stress took a significantly greater toll on the hearts and lives of heart patients than did physical stress. The patients were more likely to suffer a non-fatal heart attack or die of cardiovascular disease in the years that followed.\nA previous study of patients from 52 countries found that those who experienced a high level of psychological stress during the year before they entered the study were more than twice as likely to suffer a heart attack during an average follow-up of five years, even when traditional risk factors were taken into account.\nThe study, known as Interheart, showed that psychological stress is an independent risk factor for heart attacks, similar in heart-damaging effects to the more commonly measured cardiovascular risks.\nStress is a profound, yet underrated, factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Stress, itself, exacerbates cholesterol levels, raises blood pressure and heart rate, and often creates the kind of pressure that prevents a person from engaging in adequate self-care activities.\nScience has shown that an unrelenting barrage of stress hormones can break down the body, leading to obesity, disease, depression and more. Stress hormones have a profound effect on the brain. They actually change the brain, alter behavior and impact mental health. There’s growing evidence indicating that depressive illness and hostility are both associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other systemic disorders.\nUltimately, stress affects us in every way — body, mind, emotions and behavior. Here’s how:\nStress can negatively affect the immune system, skin, hormones, bones, brain, heart, gut and muscles.\nThe effects of stress in the body can manifest in many ways: headaches, frequent infections, tight muscles, muscle twitches, fatigue, skin irritations and poor breathing, for example.\nStress can also affect our minds in the form of: worrying, impaired judgement, nightmares, indecision, negativity and hasty decisions, for example.\nStress affect our emotions in the the following ways: loss of confidence, irritability, depression, apathy, alienation and apprehension, for example.\nStress can also affect our behavior in the following ways: insomnia, restlessness, drinking more, smoking more, loss of appetite and loss of sex drive, for example.\nStress affects our nervous system and raises cortisol levels, which can affect metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and the immune system. Continually high cortisol levels result in weight gain, digestive problems, heart disease and a suppressed immune system.\nThe immune system is designed to ward off these problems. However, the stress hormone cortisol is known to interfere with immune functioning. So, it’s important to find healthy ways to mitigate and manage your stress.\nIt should be noted that not all stress is bad, however. Good stress allows us to respond to an immediate challenge with a burst of energy that focuses the mind. And transient stress is a response to daily frustrations that resolve quickly. The problem is chronic stress, which results from a toxic, unrelenting barrage of challenges that eventually breaks down the body.\nWhat can you do to mitigate the effects of chronic stress and/or anxiety?\nRegular physical exercise can help to tamp down stress and the body-wide inflammation it can cause. Research shows that exercise lowers anxiety levels, and it does it rather quickly — in about 10 minutes. Exercise is a great way to bring wellness to your brain. A single workout increases neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, and these mood boosters can also improve your memory and focus for up to three hours afterwards. So, exercise helps your mental health, as well as your cognition.\nA healthy, balanced diet can also help to relieve stress. What you put into your body affects you, for better or worse, in myriad ways. Sugar and processed foods can lead to inflammation throughout the body and brain, which may contribute to mood disorders, including anxiety and depression. Yet, when we’re feeling stressed or depressed, it’s often processed foods that we reach for as a means of coping. This just creates a feedback loop.\nAdequate nightly sleep is also a stress reliever. On the other hand, poor sleep increases stress and promotes arterial inflammation. For this reason, developing good sleep habits can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular damage. Adopt a consistent pattern of bedtime and awakening, and avoid exposure at bedtime to screens that emit blue light, like smartphones and computers, or use blue-light filters for such devices.\nMaintaining a healthy social support network is also a critical means of stress management. Loneliness and isolation have been scientifically proven to be really bad for our health.\nRelaxation techniques, such as meditation, can result in a rebalancing of your hormone levels, including: increased serotonin (happiness hormone), increased endorphins (pain relief hormone), increased melatonin (sleep hormone), decreased adrenaline (action hormone), and deceased norepinephrine (fight or fight hormone), as well as the enhancement of your immune system. Simply put, meditation helps people reduce stress and build resilience.\nControlled breathing has also been shown to reduce stress, increase alertness, and boost your immune system. Yogis have for ages long used breath control, or pranayama, to promote concentration and improve vitality.\nStudies have found that breathing practices can help reduce symptoms associated with anxiety, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and attention deficit disorder.\nConsciously slowing your breath can turn on the parasympathetic nervous system, which can slow heart rate and promote feelings of calm and relaxation.\nA 2011 review article in Health Science Journal identified some of the potential health benefits of deep breathing techniques, particularly for deep breathing from the diaphragm. These include:\n• Reduced anxiety\n• Better stress management\n• Reduced hypertension\n• Decreased fatigue\n• Improved migraine symptoms\n• Reduced aggressive behavior in adolescent males\n• Reduced symptoms of asthma in children and adolescents\nUltimately, techniques such as meditation and controlled breathing activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which calms the brain and body. These techniques can help you become calmer, while relieving anxiety and stress, which can lead to healthier physical, mental and emotional outcomes.\nWe will never eliminate all stress from our lives, but we can seek to reduce it, better tolerate it, and recover from it. Whatever you do, find ways to lessen and manage your stress. It can have a significant impact on your health.\nAlthough stress is a part of life, doing the following things can help you manage your stress:\n• Recognize your stress\n• Take time for yourself\n• Practice deep breathing\n• Put Joy and laughter into your life\n• Eat healthy, nutritious foods\n• Avoid putting anything unhealthy in your body\n• Have good sleep habits" ]

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[ "An extensive study by Smithsonian scientists presents a synopsis of the carabid beetle tribe Lachnophorini. The research describes a new genus and a remarkable 24 new species added to the tribe. The study was published online on August 1, 2014 in the open-access journal ZooKeys. Beetles from the family Carabidae, commonly known as ground beetles, are a large, cosmopolitan group, with more than 40,000 species worldwide. Carabid beetles range in size from 0.6 mm to 90.2 mm and occur in nature in several fractal universes influencing life therein as predators, ectoparasitoids, seed eaters, and even fungal mycelia feeders in a multitude of ways. Understanding the impact of this beetle family's importance across a multidimensional landscape in a cascade of fractal universes is our biodiversity challenge for the 21st century for one of insects' most diverse families. \"For a fairly large and diverse Tribe of Carabidae with markedly interesting body forms and divergent ways of life, the Lachnophorini have all but been largely ignored by carabidologists until now. This new study establishes the groundwork for more refined studies aiming for a better understanding of the diversity of the species and the evolution of the tribe in order to have a finer awareness of the next smaller fractal universe for the Carabidae family, if we are truly to understand it,\" explains one of the authors Laura Zamorano, research student at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. This research is the beginning of a series of steps towards the provision of taxonomic relationships of carabid beetles. For the near future, the path forward to be followed will lead to an attempt, using morphological and molecular attributes, to provide a firm basis for firm classification.\nLogin Or Register To Read Full Story" ]

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[ "Section 3 – Democratic rights\n3. Every citizen of Canada has the right to vote in an election of members of the House of Commons or of a legislative assembly and to be qualified for membership therein.\nThere is no similar provision in the Canadian Bill of Rights. Similar provisions may be found in the following international instruments binding on Canada: article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; article 29 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; and articles 20, 32 and 34 of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.\nSee also the following international, regional and comparative law instruments that are not legally binding on Canada but include similar provisions: article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights; and article 3 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights. The American Constitution does not contain a separate guarantee of the right to vote, but some sections, and some Amendments (section 1, section 2, and the 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments) include various guarantees relating to the right to vote.\nThe purpose of section 3 is to protect the right of each citizen to play a meaningful role in the electoral process (Frank v. Canada, 2019 SCC 1, at paras. 26-27; Opitz v. Wrzesnewskyj, 2012 SCC 55, at paragraph 28; Figueroa v. Canada (Attorney General), 1 S.C.R. 912, at paragraphs 25-26 and 30; Harper v. Canada (Attorney General), 1 S.C.R. 827, at paragraphs 69-70). Participation in the electoral process has an intrinsic value independent of its impact upon the actual outcome of elections (Figueroa, supra, at paragraph 29; Daoust v. Québec (Directeur général des élections), 2011 QCCA 1634 at paragraph 46, leave to appeal to SCC refused S.C.C.A. No. 490). Denial of the right to vote affects one’s dignity and sense of self-worth (Frank, supra, at para. 82).\nSupreme Court jurisprudence also indicates that section 3 protects the right to “effective representation” (Reference re Provincial Electoral Boundaries (Sask.), 2 S.C.R. 158 (“ Saskatchewan Reference”) at 183; Harper, supra at paragraph 68).This right includes the idea of having a voice in the deliberations of government as well as the right to bring one’s grievances and concerns to the attention of one’s government representative (Saskatchewan Reference, supra, at 183).\nSection 3 must be interpreted having regard to the philosophical principles that have guided the historic development of the right to vote in our constitutional tradition (Saskatchewan Reference, supra; Dixon v. British Columbia (Attorney General) (1989), 59 D.L.R. (4th) 247 (B.C.S.C.)). It must also be interpreted in a way that advances the values and principles that embody a free and democratic society, which include respect for a diversity of opinions and beliefs (Figueroa, supra, paragraph 27; Saskatchewan Reference, supra, pages 188-189).\nIn interpreting section 3, its broad ambit should not be limited by countervailing collective concerns, such as fairness to Canadian residents or the public interest in aggregating political preferences; these are more appropriately considered under section 1 (Frank, supra, at paras. 28-32; 61; Figueroa, supra at paragraphs 31-37; Sauvé v. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer), 3 S.C.R. 519, at paragraph 11 (“ Sauvé No. 2”); Harvey v. New Brunswick (Attorney General), 2 S.C.R. 876, at paragraphs 29-31; Henry v. Canada (Attorney General), 2014 BCCA 30, at paragraphs 69-70, leave to appeal to SCC refused S.C.C.A. No. 134.\nThat said, to make out a breach of section 3, a claimant must demonstrate an actual interference with their section 3 right (see Turmel v. Canada, 2016 FC 532 [unreported], appeal dismissed for delay May 1, 2017 (A-202-16), leave to appeal to SCC dismissed S.C.C.A. No. 262) at paragraph 12, where the court stated that section 3 guarantees the right to play a meaningful role in the electoral process, not “a publicly funded or unlimited role”; see also Figueroa, supra, at paragraph 36).\nThe importance of section 3, and the need to give it a large and liberal interpretation, are underlined by the fact that section 3 is not subject to constitutional override under section 33 of the Charter (Frank, supra, at paragraphs 25; 32; Sauvé No. 2, supra at paragraph 11; Optiz, supra at paragraph 29).\nSection 3 is one of the few rights in the Charter that is reserved to Canadian citizens.\nSection 3 applies to elections of the House of Commons and provincial and territorial legislative bodies (on this point, see section 30 of the Charter). It does not apply to a referendum (Haig v. Canada, 2 S.C.R. 995), municipal elections (Haig, supra; Toronto (City) v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2018 ONCA 761, at paras 12 and 17; Rheaume v. Ontario (Attorney General) (1992), 7 O.R. (3d) 22 (C.A.), leave to appeal to SCC refused S.C.C.A. No. 146; Nunziata v. Toronto (City) Clerk (2000), 50 O.R. (3d) 295 (Ont.C.A.)) or elections to an Indian band council (Corbiere v. Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs), 2 S.C.R. 203).\nThe courts have recognized the interrelationship between section 3 and other Charter rights, particularly the rights to freedom of expression and equality (Figueroa, supra). Even when section 3 does not apply, the values of democratic participation embodied in that section may still be argued as the basis of an application under freedom of expression in section 2(b) and freedom of association under section 2(d) of the Charter (see e.g., Haig, supra; Siemens v. Manitoba (Attorney General), 1 S.C.R. 6 and Libman v. Quebec (Attorney General), 3 S.C.R. 569, involving referenda; Baier v. Alberta, 2007 SCC 31, involving school board elections; B.C. Freedom of Information and Privacy Association v. British Columbia (Attorney General), 1 SCR 93, involving sponsorship of election advertising) or the right to equality in section 15 of the Charter (e.g., Corbiere, supra; Baier, supra). While rights can overlap, s. 2(b) and s. 3 are distinct rights to be given independent meaning. The right to effective representation, which is at the core of s. 3, is not protected under s. 2(b) (Toronto (City) v. Ontario (Attorney General), supra, at para 17).\n2. Direct interference with the right to vote or to be a candidate\n(i) The vote\nIt is a restriction of section 3 to expressly deprive certain citizens of the right to vote, including:\n- prison inmates (Sauvé v. Canada (Attorney General), 2 S.C.R. 438; 7 O.R. (3d) 481 (C.A.) (“ Sauvé No. 1”); Sauvé No. 2, supra);\n- judges (Muldoon v. Canada, 3 F.C. 628 (T.D.));\n- persons suffering from a “mental disease” (Disability Rights Council v. Canada, 3 F.C. 622 (T.D.));\n- persons under the age of 18 years (Fitzgerald (Next Friend of) v. Alberta, 2004 ABCA 184, leave to appeal to SCC refused S.C.C.A. No. 349 — although this age limit was justified under section 1);\n- citizens who reside outside of Canada (Frank, supra — where provisions allowing non-resident citizens to vote in a federal election only if they have resided outside of Canada for less than five years, and intend to return to Canada to resume residency in the future, were not justified under section 1);\n- persons who have recently arrived in a province or territory (Reference Re Yukon Election Residency Requirements (1986), 27 D.L.R. (4th) 146 (Y.T.C.A.); Storey v. Zazelenchuk (1984), 36 Sask.R. 103 (C.A.); Olson v. Ontario (1992), 12 C.R.R. (2d) 120 (Ont.Gen.Div.); Arnold v. Ontario (Attorney General) (1987), 43 D.L.R. 4th 94 (Ont.H.Ct.) — although 6 to 12 month minimum residency requirements were justified under section 1).\nNote that residence requirements with respect to provincial/territorial elections were distinguished in Frank, supra, which concerned a federal election. Generally speaking, it may be easier to justify provincial residence requirements as a reasonable limit on the right to vote (Frank, supra, at paras. 61; 91).\nThe imposition of administrative requirements on qualified electors in order to be entitled to vote, such as the requirement to produce proof of one’s identity and residence at the polling station before casting a ballot, may also prima facie restrict the right to vote (Henry v. Canada (Attorney General), supra — although this particular requirement was justified under section 1).\nA failure on the part of governments to take positive action to put in place appropriate mechanisms to enable citizens to exercise their right to vote (for example, absentee ballots) may also restrict section 3 (Re Hoogbruin and Attorney General of British Columbia (1985), 24 D.L.R. (4th) 718 (B.C.C.A.); Henry v. Canada (Attorney General), 2010 BCSC 610, at paragraphs 140-141 and 189).\n(ii) Eligibility to be a candidate\nThe words “to be qualified for membership” in section 3 should be interpreted broadly to mean that every citizen is eligible to be a candidate and sit in the House of Commons or a legislative assembly (Harvey, supra at paragraphs 27-29).\nA statutory restriction on eligibility to be a candidate is generally a limit of section 3 (Harvey, supra). This includes:\n- a prohibition on certain classes of persons standing as candidates (for example, because of a conviction for an indictable offence or for electoral fraud), as well as denying such a person the right to sit in the legislature (Harvey, supra — although a five-year disqualification was upheld under section 1; Maclean v. Nova Scotia (Attorney General) (1987), 35 D.L.R. (4th) 306 (N.S.S.C.T.D.));\n- a minimum residency requirement (Anawak v. Nunavut (Chief Electoral Officer), 2008 NUCJ 26 — although a 12 month residency requirement in the territory was upheld under section 1);\n- a requirement on candidates to pay a deposit, also found to be unjustified under s. 1 (Szuchewycz v. Canada (Attorney General), A.J. No. 1112 (Alta.Ct.Q.B.); Figueroa v. Canada (Attorney General) (1999), 43 OR (3d) 728, varied 137 OAC 252 (ONCA), rev’d 2003 SCC 37; De Jong v. Ontario (Attorney General) (2007), 287 D.L.R. (4th) 90 (ONSC).\nHowever, some restrictions have been found not to offend section 3, e.g.:\n- a requirement to obtain a certain number of signatures in order to run as a candidate (Szuchewycz v. Canada (Attorney General), supra, and De Jong v. Ontario (Attorney General), supra).\n3. Interference with the conditions under which section 3 rights are exercised\nEven where the right to vote or eligibility to be a candidate is not directly denied, there may be a restriction of section 3 where the impugned law or government action interferes with the conditions under which these rights are exercised. In such cases, notably those involving the distribution of electoral boundaries, it may be necessary to consider the broader social and political context in order to determine whether the challenged measure infringes the right to play a meaningful role in the electoral process or the right to effective representation (Figueroa, supra, at paragraph 33).\n(i) The distribution of electoral boundaries\nThe right to effective representation may be infringed where the effect of how the electoral map is drawn is to assign considerably more weight to one vote than to another (Saskatchewan Reference, supra; Raîche v. Canada (Attorney General), 2004 FC 679 (T.D.); Reference re Electoral Divisions Statutes Amendment Act, 1993, A.J. No. 768 (Alta.C.A.) (QL); Reference re Electoral Boundaries Commission Act (Alberta) (1991), 86 D.L.R. (4th) 447 (Alta.C.A.); Charlottetown (City) v. Prince Edward Island (1998), 168 D.L.R. (4th) 79 (P.E.I.S.C.A.D.), leave to appeal to SCC refused S.C.C.A. No. 64; MacKinnon v. Prince Edward Island (1993), 101 D.L.R. (4th) 362 (P.E.I.S.C.T.D.); Friends of Democracy v. Northwest Territories (Attorney General), N.W.T.J. No. 28 (N.W.T.S.C.) (QL), leave to appeal by interveners to NWTCA refused N.W.T.J. No. 81 (QL); Dixon (B.C.S.C.), supra).\nSection 3 does not guarantee absolute equality of voting power as between citizens. However, relative equality of voting power is of prime importance under section 3 and a first condition of effective representation (Saskatchewan Reference, supra, at 183; Raîche, supra, at paragraph 30; Reference re Electoral Divisions Statutes Amendment Act, 1993 (Alta.C.A.), supra, at paragraphs 43-45 and 56; Charlottetown (P.E.I.S.C.A.D.), supra, at paragraphs 18-20; MacKinnon (P.E.I.S.C.T.D.), supra, at pages 367-368). Other factors may also be considered in drawing electoral boundaries to ensure legislatures effectively represent the diversity of Canadian society, including geography, community history, community interests and minority representation (Saskatchewan Reference, supra, at 184-185; Reference re House of Assembly Act (N.S.), 2017 NSCA 10 at paragraphs 66-68).\nFor example, in the Saskatchewan Reference, supra, the Supreme Court found that the variances in voter population between urban and rural ridings in that case were justified based on such considerations as the special challenges of representing sparsely populated rural ridings, geographic boundaries such as rivers and municipal boundaries that form natural community dividing lines, and growth projections.\nMost jurisdictions in Canada establish independent commissions that are involved in reviewing and determining how electoral boundaries should be distributed. Section 3 does not require that independent boundaries commissions be involved (Saskatchewan Reference, supra; Reference re Electoral Divisions Statutes Amendment Act, 1993, supra, at paragraph 79; Charlottetown (PEISCAD), supra, at paragraph 32). But the process for drawing boundaries should be fair (Saskatchewan Reference, supra, at paragraph 76). In addition, whichever body is tasked with drawing boundaries must be permitted to balance voter parity against the other applicable factors to ensure the boundaries reflect effective representation (Reference re House of Assembly Act (N.S.), supra, at paragraphs 90, 108 and 134).\n(ii) The differential treatment of electoral competitors\nSection 3 does not require governments to treat all citizens and all electoral competitors in exactly the same way (Figueroa, supra, at paragraphs 51 and 91). However, section 3 does oblige governments not to enhance the capacity of one citizen to participate in the electoral process in a way that compromises another citizen’s parallel right to do the same (Figueroa, supra, at paragraph 50). The differential treatment of electoral competitors may limit section 3 where it is found to exacerbate a pre-existing disparity in their capacity to communicate their ideas and position to voters (Figueroa, supra, at paragraph 54; see also Longley v. Canada (Attorney General), 2007 ONCA 852, leave to SCC refused S.C.C.A. No. 41, with respect to political parties; R. v. Nunziata (2005), 78 O.R. (3d) 285 (Ont.Ct.Jus.); De Jong v. Ontario (Attorney General), supra; and Mitchell v. Jackman, N.J. No. 324 (Nfdl.S.C.), appeal dismissed for mootness at 2019 NLCA 16, with respect to candidates).\nFor example, a legislative requirement for political parties to endorse at least 50 candidates in an election in order to obtain access to financial and other benefits (the ability to issue tax receipts, transfer unspent election funds to one’s party and include one’s party affiliation on the ballot) was found to interfere with section 3, as it exacerbated the pre-existing disparity in the capacity of small, emerging and fringe parties to compete for votes with larger, established parties (Figueroa, supra).\nThe leader of the governing party’s decision to call an election before the fixed election date set out in legislation does not limit section 3 rights, as there was no evidence that it led to an unfair election, or that it had an adverse effect on other political parties (Conacher v. Canada (Prime Minister), 2009 FC 920 at paragraph 76, 2010 FCA 131 at paragraph 11, leave to appeal to SCC refused S.C.C.A. 315) or on voters (Engel v. Alberta, 2015 ABQB 226 at paragraphs 17-27).\n(iii) Electoral System\nThe Constitution does not require a particular kind of electoral system (Daoust, supra at paragraph 36; see also Figueroa, supra at paragraphs 81 and 161). In Daoust, it was argued that the “first-past-the-post” or single member plurality system of voting, currently used throughout Canada, interferes with section 3 because it produces results that distort the vote, and favours the election of majority governments over smaller parties. The Quebec Court of Appeal accepted that every electoral system, including systems based on proportional representation, have shortcomings and lead to some deviation or distortion in the results that they produce. The first-past-the post system was found to respect the principle of relative voter parity, and not to limit the principle of effective representation in section 3.\n(iv) Electoral information\nSection 3 includes a citizen’s right to exercise his or her vote in an informed manner (Harper, supra at paragraph 71; Barette v. Canada (1994), 113 D.L.R. (4th) 623 (C.A.Q.), at 625-627; Dixon (B.C.S.C.), supra at 259). A measure that denies electors sufficient information to enable them to make an informed choice in voting may compromise the right to vote guaranteed by section 3 (Thomson Newspapers Co. v. Canada (Attorney General), 1 S.C.R. 877, at paragraphs 82-84; Reform Party of Canada v. Canada (Attorney General) (1995), 123 D.L.R. (4th) 366 (Alta.C.A.), at 424-426; and Mitchell v. Jackman, supra, at paragraphs 105-109).\nHowever, section 3 does not include a right to unlimited information. Otherwise, groups with more resources could monopolize the political discourse, and this unequal dissemination of points of view during election campaigns may undermine a voter’s ability to be adequately informed of all views. Carefully tailored spending limits on election advertising have been found to promote equality in political discourse, and do not interfere with section 3 (Harper, supra, at paragraphs 72-74 — although such limits may well restrict freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter).\n4. Conflict with the exercise of a Parliamentary privilege\nWhere the infringement of the right to vote or eligibility to be a candidate results from the exercise of a Parliamentary privilege, the infringement may fall outside the jurisdiction of the courts to review (Harvey, supra; Duffy v. Senate of Canada, 2018 ONSC 7523, at paras. 45-49).\n5. Interpreting elections legislation\nLegislation regulating elections, such as the Canada Elections Act, should be interpreted wherever possible in a way that is enfranchising (Opitz, supra at paragraph 37; Haig, supra at 1049-50).\nEnfranchisement and protecting the integrity of the democratic process are central purposes of the Canada Elections Act (Frank, supra, at para. 11; Opitz, supra at paragraph 38; see also paragraph 145 per the dissent, which states the Act’s overarching purpose is “to ensure the democratic legitimacy of federal elections in Canada”).\nWhile residence is an important organizational mechanism for the purposes of the right to vote, residence is not an essential or implicit requirement of the right to vote under s. 3 of the Charter (Frank, supra, at paras. 28-32; 61).\nThe interrelated and sometimes conflicting values which Canada’s electoral system must balance include “certainty, accuracy, fairness, accessibility, voter anonymity, promptness, finality, legitimacy, efficiency and cost”, with the central value being the Charter right to vote (Opitz, supra at paragraph 44).\n6. Interlocutory injunctions and stays\nThere is a growing body of cases in which the courts have considered whether to issue an interlocutory injunction in a Charter challenge to elections legislation. Most have invoked section 3 of the Charter, but some have also involved section 2. These are motions brought by claimants to suspend the effect of an elections law pending the court’s disposition of the case, in circumstances where the merits cannot be determined in time before an upcoming election. The courts have generally found for the claimant on the first two parts of the test for an injunction (that there is a serious issue to be tried, and that there will be irreparable harm to democratic rights if the injunction is not granted). However, these motions have largely been unsuccessful on the third part of the test (the balance of convenience). Governments benefit at this stage of the test from a presumption that a validly enacted law will produce a public good. In addition, the courts have adopted a rule against granting the equivalent of final relief in interlocutory challenges to elections legislation. See Harper v. Canada (Attorney General), 2000 SCC 57; Council of Canadians v. Canada (Attorney General), 2015 ONSC 4601 at paragraphs 84-92, leave to appeal dismissed at ONSC 4940, which includes a discussion of the key cases.\nA related line of cases deals with motions brought by governments to stay the effect of a court judgment striking down elections legislation as contrary to the Charter, pending the disposition of an appeal. The results in these cases have been mixed, with the government’s request for a stay being granted in some cases (Longley v. Canada (Attorney General), 2007 ONCA 149), while not being granted in others (Frank v. Canada (Attorney General), 2014 ONCA 485; Sauvé v. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer), 3 F.C. 628 (T.D.), 3 F.C. 643 (C.A.), leave to appeal to SCC refused S.C.C.A. No. 264).\nSection 1 considerations specific to this section\nIn the case of a direct interference with the right to vote or stand as a candidate, the Charter analysis will in most cases focus on section 1. Where the complaint alleges interference with the conditions under which section 3 rights are exercised, the section 3 analysis may be more extensive, especially in the case of electoral boundaries, and may involve consideration of the broader social context (Saskatchewan Reference, supra; Figueroa, supra).\nThe importance of the right to vote, which is reflected, for instance, by the fact that section 3 is not subject to override under section 33, calls for rigorous application of section 1 requirements, not judicial deference (Frank, supra, at paras. 1; 25; 43-44; Figueroa, supra at paragraph 60; Sauvé No. 2, supra at paragraphs 9, 11 and 14; Sauvé No. 1 (Ont.C.A.), supra; Henry (BCCA), supra at paragraphs 84-85; see also Opitz, supra at paragraph 35). Deference is not appropriate when dealing with an absolute prohibition on a core democratic right (Frank, supra, at para 43).\nIn contrast, deference may be appropriate in the case of a complex regulatory response or a decision involving competing social and political policies (Frank, supra, at paras. 43-44). For instance, the legislature has been accorded deference under section 1 in choosing or designing Canada’s electoral model — e.g., in cases involving paragraph 2(b) freedom of expression rather than section 3, as in Harper, supra, Bryan, supra, and B.C. Freedom of Association and Privacy Association, supra.\nEvidence of a scientific nature may not always be required to justify limits on s. 3 rights. In some cases, logic and common sense may largely be relied upon at the justification stage, without the need for rigorous social science evidence (Frank, supra, at paras 59; 64; Harper, supra, Bryan, supra, and B.C. Freedom of Association and Privacy Association, supra). That said, there must be some evidence of the harm that the restrictions on s. 3 rights are meant to address. The benefits of denying long-term non-residents the right to vote in a federal election were found not to be based on concrete evidence or principled logic (Frank, supra, at paras. 63-64; 78; 82).\nVague, symbolic and abstract objectives for restricting section 3 rights will be more difficult to justify under section 1 (Frank, supra, at paras. 49-54; Sauvé No. 2, supra, at paragraphs 22-24). For instance, “preserving the social contract” between the electors and the elected to justify residence requirements in a federal election was not found to be a pressing and substantial objective capable of infringing s. 3 of the Charter (Frank, supra, at paras 49-53). On the other hand, the objective of maintaining and enhancing the integrity of the electoral process has been recognized as a pressing and substantial objective for limiting section 3 rights (Harvey, supra, at paragraph 38; Figueroa, supra at paragraph 72). As has the objective of maintaining the fairness of the electoral system to resident Canadians (Frank, supra, at paras. 55-57).\n- Date modified:" ]

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[ "An anonymous reader writes \"Today, a typical chip might have six or eight cores, all communicating with each other over a single bundle of wires, called a bus. With a bus, only one pair of cores can talk at a time, which would be a serious limitation in chips with hundreds or even thousands of cores. Researchers at MIT say cores should instead communicate the same way computers hooked to the Internet do: by bundling the information they transmit into 'packets.' Each core would have its own router, which could send a packet down any of several paths, depending on the condition of the network as a whole.\"\nDEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Also, Slashdot's now on IFTTT. Check it out! Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test! ×" ]

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[ "The end of the autumn term is in sight! Before you head off for a well-earned break, we wanted to share the headlines of what you can find on the Sing Up website ready for the start of next term.\nWe’re all looking forward to spring – that optimistic season of new beginnings, of renewal, and of recovery. Here at Sing Up, we've been busy working on gathering resources and information to support you and your young people back to school and back to learning in 2021. We recognise that for many schools, focus will be shifting on to individually designed approaches, and we’ve got all the things you need to help you deliver on that for your students, addressing the key themes and losses caused by the pandemic that every school’s recovery curriculum will be built around: routine, structure, friendship, opportunity, and freedom.\nOur recovery curriculum resources are not prescriptive or sequenced but intended to be used in a ‘pick and mix’ style to suit your context and the young people in your classes. They are divided into 5 categories:\n- Relationships – resources and suggestions for how singing, music making and/or listening activities can strengthen relationships and working together, for young people and adults. Songs to help re-establish school values and culture.\n- Me and my community – song resources exploring feelings, and the vocabulary of feelings, to help all individuals in the school community express how home schooling/lockdown/the pandemic has impacted them. Songs to celebrate individuality and uniqueness. Songs to help recognise and develop a sense of community. Ways of connecting school and home using music and song.\n- Knowledge – using songs as a springboard to deliver knowledge and learning in particular areas. Subject themed songs and playlists to support catching up, especially in English and Maths.\n- Skills for learning – songs for focusing attention, memory boosting, and improving concentration; songs on the theme of personal development, resilience, and positive thinking; subject led songs that are fact-based.\n- Finding your voice – enriching topics through songs, ideas for open-ended creative tasks like songwriting activities, support for pupils to sing at home (using our Sing Up at Home area). Resources and suggestions to underpin pupils’ self-directed learning and passion projects. Song activities that fire the imagination; songs that may help to inspire and celebrate the joy of reading.\nSo, whatever you’re all working on together from January, we've quick and easy ways ready to help you to use songs in a variety of ways to enrich the learning experiences of your young people, and to aid recovery for all those in your school community. We look forward to welcoming you back in the new year. Until then, we hope you have a marvellous and restful end of term holiday.\nSeason’s greetings from our family to yours,\nThe Sing Up Team" ]

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[ "Harnessing Plant Reproduction for Crop Improvement (PROCROP)\nHarnessing Plant Reproduction for Crop Improvement\nStart date: Feb 1, 2015,\nEnd date: Jan 31, 2019\nIncreased crop productivity through genetic improvement of plants has significantly impacted world agriculture and the world’s population. Crop plants have followed the general pattern of introduction, selection, and hybridization. Once introgressed, selection and breeding strategies have led to new cultivars with improved yield and adaptation. Unfortunately, many of these important traits are typically polygenic. The consequence is that only certain unique allele combinations comply to generate elite performing genotypes. The fixation of a given genotype occurs naturally in species that display an asexual type of seed production named apomixis (i.e. clonal seed production). Unfortunately, apomixis does not naturally occur in major crop species with few exceptions (Citrus, mango and mangosteen). In crop species, apomixis would enable the instantaneous fixation of the complete genome of the best plants. When coupled with male-sterility systems, apomictic reproduction (with no need for male contribution) could help in addressing issues related to transgene escape from GM crops to organic or conventional crops, and thereby allow for better coexistence systems. This trait by itself is highly valuable for agriculture, but despite many efforts it has never been possible to introduce it into the domesticated crop species of today. The financial and economic impacts of the development of apomixis technology and its application to major crops are amazing (€1800-2300 million per annum per crop). The overall goal of the proposal is to allow for a synergy of inter-related European and international expertise to better understand the mechanisms of sexual/apomictic plant reproduction and to facilitate the application of this increased knowledge in the development of new approaches for agriculture and food industry to increase productivity.\nGet Access to the 1st Network for European Cooperation" ]

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[ "ive index of the lens when a nurse wears glasses.\nWe explained the purpose and method of this study to the nurse departments and managers of the two hospitals and asked for selection of participants. We conducted our study after receiving informed consent from all participants.\n3.2. Observation Scene\nThe observation scene was a static image of the rest scene of a simulated patient (Figure 1). The simulated patient was a right putaminal hemorrhage patient diagnosed with hypertension but who had stopped taking antihypertensive medicine by self-judgment. The scene was the 5th day after having a right put aminal hemorrhage. The simulated patient lay down on the bed, an electrocardiogram monitor, an automatic sphygmomanometer, and a pulse oximeter were attached to the right upper limb, dripping infusion from the central venous catheter of the right subclavian vein, and inserting a bladder indwelling catheter. In clinical situations, when a nurse wants to observe the patient carefully, the nurse observes while approaching the patient. Therefore, the static image was programmed so that the enlarged static image was displayed by moving the cursor on the part that they wanted to observe carefully when a created static image was displayed on a personal computer. In addition, for the participants to collect information on simulated patients, we created an information sheet describing the basic information of the simulated patient and the course of treatment, an instruction book, an injection instruction note, and a worksheet as memo paper when collecting information. We confirmed the validity of the setting of the case and the created static image with the Certified Nurse in Stroke Rehabilitation Nursing (CN) and neurosurgical specialist in Japan.\n3.3. Methods of Data Collection\n3.3.1. Measurement of Participants’ Eye Movements\nThe created static image was displayed on a touch panel type monitor, and we measured participants’ eye movements when they observed the simulated patient. Eye movements were measured with an Eye Mark recorder EMR-9 manufactured by the NAC company, which is capable of acting as a visual field camera and a pupil camera. We performed calibration at nine locations: three each at the top, at the middle, and at the bottom.\nFigure 1. Observation scene.\n3.3.2. The Instructions for Participants\nWe showed participants the information sheet about the simulated patient and asked them to collect information about the simulated patient within 10 minutes. After that, we told participants, “You are in charge of the simulated patient. As the first visit during the day, you visited this patient’s room. Please observe what you need to care for the simulated patient within 8 minutes. When you want to observe the simulated patient carefully, touch the part you want to observe. Then the image will become bigger and once you touch it again, it will return to normal.” We set the information collection time and observation time. To determine these times, we referred to previous studies and the time taken for visiting a patient in the first visits during the day of three day nurses working on a neurosurgery ward .\n3.3.3. Measurement of Participants’ Intrinsic Intuition Ability\nWe used the Kuroda intrinsic intuitive ability scale (KIIS) created by Kawahara to measure the intuition ability of clinical nurses . The scale consists of 27 items, and 6 subscales for intelligence, expertise, logical thinking, involvement, sensitivity, and general education. Each item was ranked at five stages from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The scale score was 27-135 points. The Cronbach’s α factor of the scale was 0.90.\n3.3.4. Measurement of Participants’ Critical Thinking Disposition\nWe used the critical thinking disposition scale created by Hirayama and Kusumi to measure the critical thinking disposition of clinical nurses . The scale was created by integrating a scale for measuring thought trends and attitudes. The scale consisted of 33 items, and 4 subscales of consciousness to logical thinking, spirit of inquiry, objectivity, and emphasis on evidence. Each item was ranked at five stages from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The scale score was 33 - 165 points. The Cronbach’s α factor of the 4 subscales was 0.57 - 0.85.\n3.4. Study Period\nThis study was conducted from August 2016 to July 2017.\n3.5. Method of Data Analysis\nTo analyze participants’ eye movements, the exclusive eye mark data analysis software EMR-d Factory Ver 2.1 manufactured by NAC Inc. was used. We defined gaze items while consulting with the CN. The items were patient’s face, left and right upper and lower limbs, chest and abdomen, drip route, monitor, urine bag, insertion and connection part of bladder indwelling catheter, part of the elastic stocking, part of blood pressure, pulse oximeter, worksheet and paper of injection instruction, and bed fence. We displayed the eye mark on the static image and calculated the gaze time, the total gaze time, the gaze count, and the total gaze count. The gaze time means the time gazing at a gaze item, the total gaze time means the sum of the gaze times, the gaze count means the number of times gazing at a gaze item, and the total gaze count means the sum of the gaze counts. In addition, we defined the time not gazing as the difference between the total gaze time and the observation time. Based on the report by Daikoku and Saito, we defined a gaze as when the eye mark stayed for more than 0.1 seconds .\nThe differences in gaze duration between novice nurses and expert nurses was compared with unpaired t-tests and multiple logistic regression analysis. The factors influencing gaze duration were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression analysis. For statistical analysis, we used SPSS Statistics 21.0, and the statistical significance level was set at 0.05.\n3.6. Ethical Considerations\nThis study was approved be the Ethics Committee of Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki, Japan (approval number: 2015-020). Candidate participants were given explanations about the study purpose and methods, details that would be requested, protection of privacy, and freedom to discontinue the study. Verbal and written consent were also obtained from participants before research.\n4.1. Summary of Participants\nThe participants were 10 novice and 9 expert nurses. The average age of novice nurses was 24.8 ± 3.36 years, the average length of clinical experience was 1.5 ± 0.56 years, and the length of experience on a neurosurgery ward was 1.5 ± 0.26 years. On the other hand, the average age of expert nurses was 38.3 ± 5.77 years, the average length of clinical experience was 15.5 ± 3.21years, and the length of experience on a neurosurgery ward was 10.3 ± 2.4 years.\nIn the educational background of the novice nurses, six nurses had completed nursing college, three a nursing vocational school 3-year course, and two a 5-year consistent course in high school. On the other hand, the educational background of the expert nurses was that two nurses had completed nursing junior college, five a nursing vocational school 3-year course, and one a nursing vocational school 2-year course.\n4.2. Time of Information Collection and Observation\nThe average time taken to collect information on the simulated patient by the novice nurses was 7.6 ± 2.51 minutes, and for the expert nurses was 7.3 ± 2.08 minutes; the average time observing the simulated patient by the novice nurses was 5.0 ± 2.01 minutes, and for the expert nurses was 5.4 ± 1.78 minutes. There was no significant difference between the novice nurses and the expert nurses during the time spent collecting information and observing the simulated patient.\n4.3. The Intrinsic Intuition Ability and Critical Thinking Disposition of Participants\nTable 1 shows the KIIS scores of participants. The novice nurses’ KIIS general education score was 7.3 ± 2.00 and the expert nurses’ score was 9.9 ± 3.10. The novice nurses’ general education score was significantly higher (p < 0.05). The expert nurses’ total KIIS score and the expert nurses’ scores of intelligence, logical thinking, expertise, involvement, and sensitivity were higher. However, there was no significant difference in these scores between the expert and novice nurses.\nTable 2 shows the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale scores of participants. Total score of Critical thinking disposition scale, and scores of subcategories such as consciousness to logical thinking, emphasison evidence were higher in expert than novice nurses. Scores of subcategories of sprit of inquiry, objectivity were higher in novice than expertnurses. There was no significant difference between the novice and expert nurses in the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale score.\n4.4. Gaze Time\nTable 3 shows the gaze time of novice nurses and expert nurses. For the novice nurses, the total gaze time was 182.7 ± 96.68 seconds, and the time not gazing of gaze items was 116.7 ± 96.68 seconds. For the expert nurses, the total gaze time was 183.0 ± 88.91 seconds, and the time not gazing at gaze items was 142.2 ± 62.99 seconds. There was no significant difference between the novice and expert nurses in the total gazing time, or the time not gazing items. When comparing gaze time of each gaze item between the novice and expert nurses, the gaze time of monitor was significantly longer by novice nurses (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the gaze time of other gaze items. There was no significant difference in the proportion of observation gaze time for the novice and expert nurses.\nTable 1. Score of Kuroda intrinsic intuition ability scale (M ± SD).\nUnpaired t-test. *: p < 0.05.\nTable 2. Score of critical thinking disposition scale (M ± SD).\nTable 3. Gaze time (M ± SD, seconds).\nThe percentage of the gaze time of each item at observation time: (%). Comparison between novice nurses and expert nurses: multiple logistic regression analysis. *: p < 0.05.\n4.5. Gaze Count\nTable 4 shows the gaze count of novice and expert nurses. The total gaze count of novice nurses was 348.5 ± 137.13 times, and the total gaze count of expert nurses was 393.6 ± 158.87 times. There were no significant differences between the novice and expert nurses in total gaze count or the gaze count of each item. There was no significant difference in the proportion of gaze count for novice and expert nurses.\n4.6. Factors Influencing Gaze Time and Gaze Count\nTo analyze factors influencing total gaze time during observation of the simulated patient, we used stepwise multiple regression analysis with total gaze time as the dependent variable. Confirming the correlation matrix table, the correlation coefficient between nurses’ age and years of clinical nursing experience was r = 0.9. Therefore, we analyzed nurse’s age, neurosurgery ward nursing experience years, educational background of participants, time spent collecting information, and the KIIS and the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale scores as independent variables, excluding years of nurse experience. There was a significant difference in the result of analysis of variance (p < 0.05), and R2 = 0.23. The\nTable 4. Gaze count (M ± SD, times)\nThe percentage of the gaze count of each item at total gaze count: (%). Comparison between novice nurses and expert nurses: multiple logistic regression analysis.\nscore of general education, which was a KIIS item, was selected as an independent variable (p < 0.05).\nTo analyze factors influencing total gaze count while observing the simulated patient, we used multiple regression analysis with total gaze count as a dependent variable by a similar method. The score of general education, which was a KIIS item, was selected as an independent variable (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the results of analysis of variance (p < 0.05), and R2 = 0.22.\nIn our previous study, the patient’s face was an item with less frequent observation by cliical nurses. To analyze factors influencing observation of the patient’s face, we used stepwise multiple regression analysis with the gaze count of the patient’s face as the dependent variable. The score of logical thinking, which was a KIIS item, was selected as an independent variable (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the results of analysis of variance (p < 0.05), and R2 = 0.27.\n5.1. The Intrinsic Intuitive Ability and Critical Thinking Disposition of Participants\nIn contrast to Yamada’s study comparing the intuition ability of clinical nurses with disparities in clinical experience years, this study found somewhat different results. There was no significant difference in the total KIIS score between the novice and expert nurses, only the KIIS general education score was significantly higher in expert than in novice nurses in this study. However, Yamada et al. mentioned that the KIIS score was significantly higher in nurses with clinical experience of over 10 years than in nurses with clinical experience under 3 years in their study . In Yamada’s study, about 3.6 percent of participants had completed nursing college, while half of the novice nurses completed nursing college in this study. In Japan, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology declared the policy of “gakushiryoku,” which refers to the competence of university graduates. Part of the competence was special knowledge and creative thinking ability . The educational effect in the nursing college curriculum may influence the KIIS and Critical Thinking Disposition Scale scores of novice nurses, and there were no differences in these scale scores between novice and expert nurses.\n5.2. Comparison of Gaze between Novice and Expert Nurses\nIn this study, there were no significant differences in the observation time, total gaze time, and total gaze count of novice and expert nurses. Daikoku’s study comparing novice and expert nurses in observation time, gaze time, or gaze count had the same results as this study . In this study, the simulated patient was not operated upon, but was observed in a period immediately after a stroke. Therefore, there was a possibility that the simulated patient suddenly changed. Zeitz claimed that nurses observed patients’ state as well as vital signs to find complications immediately after an operation in a study of postoperative patients’ observation . It is presumed that both novice and expert nurses observed while assuming the possibility of sudden change. Therefore, it is speculated that the novice nurses were able to observe to a certain level.\nIn the comparison of proportion of gazing at the gaze items between novice and expert nurses, the proportion of gazing at monitor by novice nurses, and the proportion of gazing at the patient’s face, drip route, and bed fence by expert nurses tended to be high. The results of this study agree with those of Suetsugu’s study in that nurses or nursing students with little experience tended to pay attention to numerical information . Toanai et al. reported the characteristics of clinical judgment by nurses. In their study, the novice nurses’ inferences were limited, so their choice of nursing practices was poor. On the other hand, proficient nurses and expert nurses had more clues and choices for inferring, so they can monitor and confirm patients’ state and the correctness of their inferences . It was presumed from the process of novice nurses’ clinical judgment that the novice nurses took longer to assess information by collecting information and observing monitor. The proportion of time and count of gazing at the simulated patient’s face by expert nurses was higher than for novice nurses. As a result, it was inferred that expert nurses confirmed the patient’s changes over time by observing the patient’ face. The gaze count of the simulated patient’s face was influenced by the participants’ logical thinking ability, which was a subcategory of the KIIS. Facial expression provides information representing mental states and slight changes in the patient’s condition, such as depression after stroke . Because nurses observed simulated patients while considering patient’s changes, the nurses’ logical thinking related to inferring seemed to influence observation of the ptient’s face.\nAccording to a report investigating differences in clinical judgment between novice and expert nurses during patients’ care, expert nurses collected more clues to assess patients’ problems than novice nurses in the process of nursing care . In this study, the proportion of gazing at the simulated patient’s body, such as upper and lower limbs and chest and abdomen by novice nurses tended to be high; in addition, expert nurses tended to gaze at the patient’s living environment such as bed fences and drip route. It can be presumed that since the simulated patient had left upper and lower limb paralysis, the expert nurses observed the patient living environment while considering possible dangers such as falling from the bed and pulling out the drip route, beside observation of the simulated patient’s disease state.\nBoth novice and expert nurses hardly gazed at the items of insertion and connection part of bladder indwelling catheter, part of the elastic stocking, part of blood pressure, and pulse oximeter in this study. The cause of not observing these items by novice and expert nurses was that they assess these items to observe later, for example, during care to keep the patient clean, because we told the participants to observe what they need to care for the simulated patient.\nIt was obvious that the intrinsic intuition ability influenced nurses’ eye movements during observation of the simulated patient in this study. General education also affected gaze time and gaze counts during observations of simulated patients. In clinical situations it is necessary to observe and assess within a limited time. It was suggested that contining education to obtain general and special knowledge and critical thinking attitudes is necessary for efficient observation of patients.\n6. Limitation of This Study\nThe participants of this study were 19 nurses, so it is considered difficult to generalize the results. It is necessary to increase the participants to raise reliability.\nThe results of investigating the nurses’ eye movement during observation of patients with disturbed consciousness, showed there was no significant difference in total gaze time and count of novice and expert nurses. The proportion of gazing at monitor by novice nurses tended to be higher, while on the other hand, the proportion of gazing at the simulated patient’s face and bed fences by expert nurses tended to be higher. The nurses’ critical thinking ability influenced the count of gazing at the simulated patient’s face, and this suggests that observing the patient’s face may be related to nurses’ inferences." ]

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[ "How good is LavaRnd?\nLavaRnd Quality: Impervious to seed search attacks\nPseudo-Random Number Generators\nsuffer from the problem that they are\ncompletely deterministic with respect to their seed.\nIf attackers know the seed of a\nthey can predict ALL of the\noutput with complete certainty.\nA 2048 bit RSA public key whose primes were\nselected by a\nseeded with a 32 bit seed will not be\nany stronger than a simple 32 bit key.\nwith a 32 bit seed can, at most, produce 232\ndifferent output sequences.\nIf attackers are given a sample of pseudo-random number output,\nthey could iterate through every possible seed until they find a seed\nthat produces the same output.\nWith only a few bytes of PRNG output, the chance of a\nfalse positive seed match will be low.\nEven when more than one seed turns up as a potential candidate, the\nattacker need only observe a little more pseudo-random output to narrow\nthe search down to the correct seed.\nWith this correct seed, the attacker is able to predict ALL of the\nPRNG output with complete certainty.\nLavaRnd does not suffer from the seed search attack problem because it\nis not a PRNG - LavaRnd has no seed.\nEven when attackers have an extensive amount of LavaRnd output, they\nstill have no better than random chance to predict past or future output.\nWhat is next?" ]

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[ "Archaeologists at the Theban Necropolis in Upper Egypt uncovered nine crocodile heads found in ancient tombs by archaeologists from the University of Warsaw, according to a Friday report from Ancient Origins.\nThe Theban Necropolis is located on the west bank of the Nile river.\nThe nine heads were placed inside two tombs - all belonging to \"high-ranking nobles,\" according to the report. The skeleton remains were not mummified and contained fragments of skulls, teeth and osteoderms.\nThey were all found at two tombs in the Necropolis of el-Asassif near the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut when archaeologists from Warsaw found them while digging. The heads were wrapped in linen, Ancient Origins reported.\nThe expedition was led by archaeologist Dr. Patryk Chudzik and the research was published in the Journal of African Archaeology. The researchers were studying the site for more than nine years.\nChudzik said that this is the first time crocodile remains were discovered inside Egyptian tombs, in an interview with the Polish Press Agency. It is also the first time that animal bones have been spotlighted in Egyptian tombs, according to Ancient Origins.\nIn ancient Egyptian mythology and culture\nChudzik also said that crocodile heads inside tombs were unusual but not unprecedented.\nIn Egyptian mythology, the god Sobek was represented and depicted as a god with a crocodile head on top of a human body. Sobek represented strength and agility.\nArchaeologists believed that the heads were offerings to people buried in tombs." ]

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[ "Life as the parent of a teenager can be at once exhilarating, exhausting and challenging and may even make you feel as though your own teenage years were so different to that of your child’s, that you feel wholly separate from them.\nAdolescence - and all the unique behavioural changes that come with it - is a normal adaptive stage of human development, and to become a well-rounded adult, these changes can be significant and dynamic.\nDr Bettina Hohnen and Dr Jane Gilmour lead this informative and insightful masterclass, which will reveal to you how we have never before understood post-pubescent changes in the brain so well. You will learn how the implications are shifting the narrative from sulky, stroppy teens, to the view of the adolescent years as a time of great opportunity and passion, deep neural sensitivity and enormous potential - and a look to young climate activists will nod to these characteristics.\nUsing scientifically-backed evidence, engaging activities, and takeaway strategies, Bettina and Jane will guide you through the specific brain changes that occur in teenagers, and why they are a necessary part of the developmental process, as well as how adults are responsible for taking a different approach to helping them maximise their true potential.\nYou will come away with a deeper understanding for how pubescent changes can positively impact family life, how strong relationships and meaningful communication are the bedrock through which we can support teens, and the essential tools for launching your teen into a fulfilling and healthy adulthood.\nThis course is for …\n- Parents or carers of teenagers\n- Teachers and care workers\n- The unique aspects of the incredible human brain\n- An introduction to scientific concepts such as neuroplasticity and their relevance for learning\n- An orientation to five key facets of the world that attract the teenage brain\n- An overview of the central drivers and motivations of the teen brain, and how they translate into the real world\n- How to capitalise on the unique attributes of the teenage brain for success in school and family life\n- A practical guide to getting through tough conversations and meltdowns with young people\n- A review of communication tips that will engage the incredible teenage brain\nDr Bettina Hohnen is a clinical psychologist, author and presenter. Driven by her passion for mental health, she works with individuals, families, schools, organisations and the government to embed an evidence-based understanding of what helps young people to thrive. Her prestigious academic credentials and ongoing work as a lecturer across University College London have equipped her with the necessary skills to understand neuroscience and psychological science. She co-wrote The Incredible Teenage Brain (Everything You Need to Know to Unlock a Teen’s Potential), writes for the national press, and is a regular guest on podcasts as well as presenting her own with Dr Jane Gilmour, called Incredible Conversations. How to Have Incredible Conversations with Your Child, co-authored with Jane, is her latest book. Bettina’s goal is to help busy people understand the science and adapt ways to support young people.\nDr Jane Gilmour is a parent, mental health professional, author and broadcaster. She aims to deliver engaging, jargon-free science to inspire change in families. She is a consultant clinical psychologist at Great Ormond Street Hospital, and course director for postgraduate child development programmes at University College London, where she lectures on neuropsychology, neurodevelopmental conditions and therapeutic issues. She has published numerous academic articles and chapters. Her media presence includes appearances on BBC TV, radio and press commissions. Her first book for parents and teachers (with co-authors Dr Bettina Hohnen and Dr Tara Murphy) is The Incredible Teenage Brain Book, and was published in 2019. How to Have Incredible Conversations with Your Child, co-authored with Bettina, is her latest book. Using an innovative format, the book invites parents and children to use the book together in a shared experience, to strengthen their communication skills and understanding.\n- Date: Thursday 23 March 2023\n- Time: 6.30pm-8.30pm (GMT)\nA catch up recording will be shared after the class and will be available for two weeks.\nThis masterclass is available globally. If you are joining us from outside the United Kingdom, please use this time zone converter to check your local live streaming time.\n6.30pm GMT | 7.30pm CET | 11.30am PT | 2.30pm ET\nYou will be sent a link to the webinar 24 hours and 30 minutes before the start time. Please email [email protected] if you do not receive the access link 24 hours before the scheduled start time.\nWe aim to make all Guardian Masterclasses fully accessible. If you require any adjustments to enable your participation in this course, please get in touch with us at [email protected].\nOnce a purchase is complete we will not be able to refund you where you do not attend or if you cancel your event booking. Please see our terms and conditions for more information on our refund policy." ]

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[ "(click image to enlarge)\nCharles John Holmes, RWS NEAC (1868-1936) was both a landscape artist and an art historian. Educated at Eton and Oxford, he initially worked for publishers, including the Vale Press, which was founded by Charles Ricketts. It was Ricketts who encouraged him to develop his self-taught skills of drawing and painting, and, in 1900, he began to exhibit at the New English Art Club, becoming a member four years later (on the same day as John Singer Sargent). By then he had established himself as a significant critic and historian of art, with publications that included Constable and his Influence on Landscape (1902). He served as co-editor of the new art periodical, The Burlington Magazine (1903-9), and was appointed Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford (1904-10). He was Director of the National Portrait Gallery (1909-16) and then the National Gallery (1916-28), and did much to popularise the collection of the latter by establishing departments responsible for photography and publishing. He was knighted in 1921 and appointed KCVO in 1928. In 1929, the year that the present portrait drawing was published, he was elected a full member of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours. As a painter, he is remembered for the landscapes and industrial scenes that he produced in Northern England." ]

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[ "We often attribute negative characteristics to people even if we do not know them. We can have one experience with the member of ethnic group and sometimes we generalize it. The individual characteristics are attributed to the group. There are a lot of non-formal methods aiming to eliminate prejudices and stereotypes towards the excluded groups in our society. One of the effective methodology is a Human Library, a personal meeting with a representative of a minority. The main objective of the project is to overcome prejudices and stereotypes through the dialogue on local level where the partner organizations are based.\nDuring the training course, participants will gain necessary knowledge and skills to be able to organize Human Library in their communities. The training course will offer the theoretical background of the methodology the Human Library.\nAll the acquired knowledge will be applied to the practice through a model event and the real public event of Human Library in Brno.\nPartial objectives of the training course:\n– Train youth workers in the methodology of the Human Library concept;\n– Provide an opportunity for local people to attend Human Library events;\n– Proved an opportunity for local people to find out their aptitude of the prejudices and stereotypes towards minorities." ]

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[ "When the body is subjected to an injury and starts to bleed, colourless sticky substances called platelets form clots to stop the blood. If you have a low platelet count, it is harder for the blood to form clots. There are several foods that you can eat that can help you increase the platelet count in your blood, but you should always see you physician for monitoring of the condition.\nAny food that contains good fats will help increase the platelets in the blood. Fish contain healthy omega-3 fats that build up the immune system and help you overcome your low platelets. Good choices include salmon, tuna, flax seed oil and free-range eggs. Omega-3 fatty acids are not produced within the body, but when supplemented through foods or vitamins, they can help fight disease and even cancer. They can be an important aggregator of platelets when you add a serving or supplement daily in your fight against low platelets.\nDark, leafy green vegetables such as kale, broccoli and spinach are loaded with antioxidants. These vegetables also have vitamins and minerals that reduce inflammation and have been known to help increase platelet count. Purchase only organic greens, because garden vegetables that are commercially grown have been known to be loaded with pesticides, which can hurt your fight against low platelets. Leafy greens help give you body a chance to heal, which allows it to increase production of platelets.\nAll of the dark-coloured berries, especially blueberries, contain phytonutrients, which neutralise free radicals within the body. These free radicals are unstable molecules that cause ageing and inflammation within the body. By just adding a few servings of berries a day, you can help your body repair and fight cellular damage as well as aid in fighting blood disorders such as low platelets. Organic is always a best choice when choosing any raw or naturally grown food, including berries.\nOrganic vegetables, especially tomatoes, are loaded with antioxidants that help fight against disease. Tomatoes contain lycopene, which is not commonly found in other foods. Tomatoes are often seen as a super food because they are loaded with potassium and vitamin C. They are low in cholesterol, sodium, low in calories, are a fat-free food and are extremely high in water content." ]

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[ "In soils, the point at which a soil or aquifer will no longer absorb any amount of water without losing an equal amount.\nSolid material (both mineral and organic) that is in suspension, is being transported, or has been moved from its site of origin by air, water, gravity, or ice and has come to rest on the earth’s surface.\nThe process that deposits soils, debris and other materials either on the ground surfaces or in bodies of water or watercourses.\nSoil fraction consisting of particles between 02 an 0.05 mm in diameter.\nA soil textural class indicating more than 80% silt.\nA fence constructed of wood or steel supports and either natural (e.g. burlap) or synthetic fabric stretched across area of non-concentrated flow during site development to trap and retain on-site sediment due to rainfall runoff.\nStorm Water Runoff\nThe water derived from rains falling within a tributary basin, flowing over the surface of the ground or collected in channels or conduits.\nA sewer that carries storm water, surface drainage, street wash, and other wash waters but excludes sewage and industrial wastes. Also called storm drain.\nSubsurface Drain (SSD)\nA pervious backfield trench, usually containing stone and perforated pipe, for intercepting groundwater or seepage.\nPrecipitation that flows onto the surfaces of roofs, streets, the ground, etc., and is not absorbed or retained by that surface but collects and runs off.\nAn elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually heavily vegetated, and is normally without flowing water. Swales conduct storm water into primary drainage channels and may provide some groundwater recharge.\nThe water surface elevation at the downstream side of a hydraulic structure (i.e. culvert, bridge).\nPipe made of perforated plastic, burned clay, concrete, or similar material, laid to a designed grade and depth, to collect and carry excess water from the soil.\nLand drainage by means of a series of tile lines laid at a specified depth, grade, and spacing.\nToe of Slope\nThe base or bottom of a slope at the point where the ground surface abruptly changes to a significantly flatter grade.\nTop of Casting\nThe elevation of the top of pipe.\nGraphical portrayal of the topographic featured of a land area, showing both the horizontal distances between the features and their elevations above a given datum.\nThe representation of a portion of the earth’s surface showing natural and man-made features of a give locality such as rivers, streams, ditches, lakes, roads, buildings and most importantly, variations in ground elevations for the terrain of the area.\nA structural device used to prevent debris from entering a pipe spillway or other hydraulic structure.\nA small diameter perforated pipe that allows the bottom of a detention basin, channel or swale to drain.\nThe free surface of the groundwater.\nThat surface subject to atmospheric pressure under the ground, generally rising and falling with the season or from other conditions such as water withdrawal.\nThe region drained by or contributing water to a specific point that could be along a stream, lake or other storm water facilities. Watersheds are often broken down into sub-areas for the purpose of hydrologic modeling.\nAll land and water within the confines of a drainage divide.\nAreas that are inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions." ]

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[ "Games, by definition, is a structured form of playful, often collaborative, play, and in some cases used as a teaching tool. Games are quite different from choreography, which are typically carried out for monetary gain, and from architecture, which are primarily an expressive expression of political or aesthetic elements. Games, to be truly understood, must have some goal, a logic, and a set of outcomes.\nOne of the earliest games to capture the imagination and the attention of the public were card games like Chess and Monopoly. These popular board games involved abstract thinking, complicated mathematics, and real-world legal issues. Just as these games became popular, computer games involving abstract thought, calculation, strategy, and simulation also became popular. Computer games involving war battles, financial markets, and scientific breakthroughs all contributed to the maturity of our society and our economy. Computer games also influenced by video games, such as Street Fighter and Space Invaders, and introduced the concept of player versus player competition in the world of computer games.\nA second major influence on board games was the introduction of the game theory by the French game designers Jean Monet and Patrice Vergna. Their concept of game theory argued that a game can be considered a controlled system with a fixed pattern of interaction, where each player acts rationally to achieve an outcome, rather than acting based on emotion or impulse. Following this logic, players may use predetermined strategies to achieve a common goal, rather than just act on instinct or “rage.” Their ideas laid the groundwork for the later development of strategic board games, including Stratego, Risk, and Chess.\nThe third major influence on board games, after the above, was the introduction of dice to the market by the English dice manufacturer and inventor Anthony van der Leeuw. The Dice system combined randomness with a more logical system of distributing points based on the probabilities of certain results. This was an immediate success, as it was much more predictable and easily controlled than previous methods. This was coupled by the manufacturing process of wooden beads and wooden coins that are used in most Dice games. The dice became the standard unit of measurement, replacing the old meters and pounds, that failed to satisfy the needs of players.\nThe fourth and final major influence is that of the great philosopher Kurt Goldstein. His contribution to the development of Chess is perhaps the best known. Although many of his contributions have been lost in translation, he did introduce a number of important ideas into the game that later shaped the development of Chess as we know it today. Among those ideas are the use of hidden information and the importance of pacing in a game. Much later, this concept would find its way into the programming of chess engines, where programmers attempted to recreate the effects of Goldstein’s ideas using computers. In fact, many online chess programs use parts of Goldstein’s work to create their games.\nAlthough these five men’s works have all been widely discussed, the fifth man who played a major role in the birth of Chess is none other than Hector Price. Price was a French Quarter master, who invented many games that later came to be associated with Chess. Some of these games, such as the dominoes, are associated with the spread of the Black Death. Others, like the double-headed eagle, came from his knowledge of the proportions of forces in army composition. Regardless of which of these men contributed to the conception of Chess, the game that they brought to fruition is recognized as one of the most classic games in the history of the human civilization." ]

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[ "Individual differences |\nMethods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |\nBiological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)\nwhen all the other components of enhancement and depression are zero, where is augmentation at time and 0 refers to the baseline response to a single stimulus. The increase in the number of synaptic vesicles that release their transmitter leads to enhancement of the post synaptic response. Augmentation can be differentiated from the other components of enhancement by its kinetics of decay and by pharmacology. Augmentation selectively decays with a time constant of about 7 seconds and its magnitude is enhanced in the presence of barium. All four components are thought to be associated with or triggered by increases in internal calcium ions that build up and decay during repetitive stimulation.\nDuring a train of impulses the enhancement of synaptic strength due to the underlying component that gives rise to augmentation can be described by\nwhere is the unit impulse function at the time of stimulation, is the incremental increase in with each impulse, and is the rate constant for the loss of . During a stimulus train the magnitude of augmentation added by each impulse, a*, can increase during the train such that\nwhere is the increment added by the first impulse of the train, is a constant that determines the increase in with each impulse, is the stimulation rate, and is the duration of stimulation.\nAugmentation is differentiated from the three other components of enhancement by its time constant of decay. This is shown in Table 1 where the first and second components of facilitation, F1 and F2, decay with time constants of about 50 and 300 ms, and potentiation, P, decays with a time constant than ranges from tens of seconds to minutes depending on the duration of stimulation. Also included in the table are two components of depression D1 and D2, along with their associated decay time constants of recovery decay back to normal. Depression at some synapses may arise from depletion of synaptic vesicles available for release. Depression of synaptic vesicle release may mask augmentation because of overlapping time courses. Also included in the table is the fraction change in transmitter release arising from one impulse. A magnitude of 0.8 would increase transmitter release 80%.\n|P||20 s to minutes‡||0.01|\n|D1||5 to 6 s||-0.15|\n†The magnitude of augmentation added by each impulse can increase during the train. ‡The time constant of P can increase with repetitive stimulation.\nThe balance between various components of enhancement and depression at the mammalian synapse is affected by temperature so that maintenance of the components of enhancement is greatly reduced at temperatures lower than physiological. During repetitive stimulation at 23 °C components of depression dominate synaptic release, whereas at 33–38 °C synaptic strength increases due to a shift towards components of enhancement.\n- Klyachko V.A. and Stevens C.F. (2006) Temperature-dependent shift of balance among the components of short-term plasticity in hippocampal synapses. J. Neurosci. 26, 6945-6957.\n- Magleby K.L. and Zengel J.E. (1976a) Augmentation: A process that acts to increase transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol (Lond.) 257, 449-470.\n- Magleby KL and Zengel J.E. (1976b) Long term changes in augmentation, potentiation, and depression of transmitter release as a function of repeated synaptic activity at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 257, 471-494.\n- Magleby KL and Zengel J.E. (1976c) Stimulation-induced factors which affect augmentation and potentiation of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 260, 687-717.\n- Magleby K.L. and Zengel J.E. (1982) A quantitative description of stimulation-induced changes in transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Gen. Physiol. 80, 613-638.\n- Stevens C.F. and Wesseling J.F. (1999a) Augmentation is a potentiation of the exocytotic process. Neuron 22, 139-146.\n- Wesseling J.F. and Lo D.C. (2002) Limit on the role of activity in controlling the release-ready supply of synaptic vesicles. J. Neurosci. 22, 9708-9720.\n- Zengel J.E. and Magleby K.L. (1977) Transmitter release during repetitive stimulation: selective changes produced by Sr2+ and Ba2+. Science 197, 67-69.\n- Zengel J.E. and Magleby K.L. (1981) Changes in miniature endplate potential frequency during repetitive nerve stimulation in the presence of Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Gen. Physiol. 77, 503-529.\n- Zengel J.E. and Magleby K.L. (1982) Augmentation and facilitation of transmitter release. A quantitative description at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Gen. Physiol. 80, 583-611.\n- Zengel J.E., Magleby K.L., Horn J.P., McAfee D.A., and Yarowsky P.J. (1980) Facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation of synaptic transmission at the superior cervical ganglion of the rabbit. J. Gen. Physiol. 76, 213-231.\n- Zucker R.S. and Regehr W.G. (2002) Short-term synaptic plasticity. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 64, 355-405.\n|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|" ]

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[ "The Ohio Buckeye Tree is a tree with an identity crisis. We found this out the last several months measuring trees for our Big Tree Contest for 2015.\nEvery year we pick a tree species for landowners to nominate as part of our contest.\nThe winner is determined and then honored at our annual meeting and banquet. This year’s event will be Oct. 24 along with other conservation award winners. We are not alone, as many soil and water conservation districts conduct similar Big Tree Contests.\nOur dilemma became clear as we were measuring several trees that either we didn’t know or the landowner nominee didn’t know which tree was which. Was it a Horse Chestnut, a Yellow Buckeye or a Ohio Buckeye? We were not sure ourselves. In fact, we erroneously thought we had selected our winner only to find out we had measured a Horse Chestnut.\nDo it again\nWe then had to get serious about which was which and re-identify and re-measure several trees. We did compare references within the office, pictures, Internet, ID books, etc.\nWe even checked with two foresters, John Jolliff -Service Forester with the Ohio DNR Division of Forestry and Frank Luppino – a private consulting forester for their input.\nIn the end we learned there are some differences. For example, the Ohio Buckeye and the Yellow Buckeye have a five leaf cluster.\nThe horse chestnut has seven and they are wider and longer than the buckeyes.\nSmooth to touch\nThe outside casings of the nut of the Yellow Buckeye is the smoothest to touch.\nThe Ohio Buckeye has the beginnings of small bumps which may have the beginning of small sharp protrusions. The Horse Chestnut seems to have the same small bumps but with many more longer sharper protrusions.\nThe Horse Chestnut is more likely found a long a street or in a yard as an ornamental tree.\nThe Ohio Buckeye is also more likely found in a flood plain and the Yellow Buckeye is more common in southeast Ohio.\nWe found all three species were entered into our contest supposedly as Ohio Buckeyes and thru the checking process we learned they were different species.\nLargest nut. By the way the Horse Chestnut has the largest nut of the three species and my fear is many Ohio State Football fans who wear their large “buckeye” necklaces and other souvenirs may be surprised to learn they are probably showing off Horse Chestnuts or even Yellow Buckeyes.\nThe Ohio State tree is officially the Ohio Buckeye.\nI wonder if the Governor of Ohio who signed the bill from the state legislature had real Ohio Buckeyes on the table with him when he signed the paperwork or did he have one of the other two species.\nI also wonder if the Native American Indians, who coined the phrase Buckeye, ever got confused between the American Chestnut, the Ohio Buckeye or the Yellow Buckeye nuts.\nProbably not! Our winning tree was a true Ohio Buckeye, located in a flood plain with many other Ohio Buckeyes and the owner will receive a nice plaque, free tree seedling packet next spring and two free tickets to our 71st annual meeting.\nSTAY INFORMED. SIGN UP!\nUp-to-date agriculture news in your inbox!" ]

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[ "The Quran and Hadith serves as a handbook that teaches Muslims good values and ethics we should follow and live by. It gives a complete blueprint to living a virtuous and fulfilling life. We will explore in this short article the importance of greeting one another positively.\nThe Quran teaches us that the first interaction we have with another person is very important. We only get to make a first impression once, which is why the Quran in Surah An Nisa says:\nThe importance placed on replying in a like manner or with something greater. What this means is when someone says to you:\nAssalamualaikum or Salaam\nReply: Wa alaykumu as-salam\nIf they instead say, Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi\nReply: Wa alaykumu as-salam Warahmatullah\nIf they greet with Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh\nReply: Wa alaykumu as-salam Warahmatullah Wabarakaatu\nIn Surah Noor ayat 61, it says “There is no blame upon you whether you eat together or separately. But when you enter houses, give greetings of peace upon each other – a greeting from Allah, blessed and good. Thus does Allah make clear to you the verses [of ordinance] that you may understand.”\nwalaikum assalam meaning:\nThe meaning of waalaikumsalam is “And unto you peace”. The slightly longer version, Wa alaykumus salam wa rahmatullah can be translated as “May the peace and mercy of Allah be with you too”. Lastly, Wa alaykumu s-salam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh would be “May the peace, mercy, and blessings of Allah be with you too”.\nIt’s always recommended to respond with the longer version, since you now know the meaning of the ask yourself why wouldn’t you?\nHere’s a reminder, the tone in which you say these words can make a huge difference. How boring would it be to just pay lip service and mumble these words in a dull voice. As an experiment, try being enthusiastic and joyous and see how others will respond. Look at their faces, they’ll be shocked or taken aback. You’ll naturally become happier and more sociable and watch how they’ll feed off you and become energized themselves.\nWa alaikum assalam pronunciation\nHere’s short YouTube video showing the correct way to pronounce.\nWa alaikum As-salam in Arabic\nWa ‘alaykum al-salaam:\nWa alaykumu s-salam wa rahmatullah:\nوعليكم السلام ورحمة الله\nWa alaykumu s-salam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh:\nوعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته" ]

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[ "Inflation is one of the most pernicious phenomena that permeates our society. It not only erodes the purchasing power of our money and prejudices a majority of the people; it also creates micro-economic havoc by inducing distortions in our production activities. It is not just the ‘general price level’ that moves up and down, but it rather induces something we call the ‘Cantillon\nInflation is one of the most pernicious phenomena that permeates our society. It not only erodes the purchasing power of our money and prejudices a majority of the people; it also creates micro-economic havoc by inducing distortions in our production activities. It is not just the ‘general price level’ that moves up and down, but it rather induces something we call the ‘Cantillon effect’, which shows that inflation in fact distorts relative prices.\nThis in turn shows that any measurement of inflation is unscientific and arbitrary. Unfortunately, governments are eager to turn this arbitrary measure into their advantage and have done so in several ways.\nThere are two components to the prices of goods: the monetary side and the goods-related side. Given this fact, we can easily grasp the importance of our money: it is one half of every transaction we make. Now, Cantillon recognized that money is not neutral: there doesn’t exist a general price level. Individual prices go up and down.\nWhen new money or credit is created, most commonly through the creation of new bank deposits, it does not ‘lift’ some general price level. The ones that dispose over this newly created money, or credit, actually need to go into the market to bid up prices. From there, it moves from recipient to recipient, all bidding up certain prices in the process, until the last recipient is confronted with prices that were already bid up. Inflation is a game of winners and losers: some can spend the newly created money when prices haven’t adjusted upwards yet; others suffer from having to pay higher prices although their income hasn’t increased.\nNobel laureate Friedrich Hayek once described inflation by comparing it to pouring honey onto a table. First it will create a mountain. They represent are the ones first receiving the new money. Gradually, the honey spreads over the table, representing the newly created money passing hands. At a certain point, the honey stops spreading. The inflation has stopped. All prices have been bid up to reflect the newly established price structure. Some are better off than before, others worse.\nIf it was not a government, but a public enterprise with future payment obligations based on a benchmark that is measured by itself without any third party verification, the payee would object fiercely. Most payees of the government — pensioners, mostly — remain rather mild.\nMatter of fact is that the government has great incentives to skew inflation numbers in their advantage. First, many obligations, such as retirement benefits, are corrected for inflation by this number. Understating inflation has the effect of lowering the effective amount to be paid. Second, tax brackets are corrected for inflation. By understating inflation, loan earners fall into higher tax brackets although their real income hasn’t really increased. Third, most governments offer inflation-protected bonds, making it most convenient to understate real inflation.\nMany changes have been made to the method of measuring inflation since the Boskin Commission, or the Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index, which was appointed to research an alleged overstatement of inflation.\nWithout getting to technical, many items in the CPI are “hedonically adjusted”. Although the BLS will disagree with my quick explanation, a “hedonic adjustment” essentially means that when people stop eating steaks because it becomes too expensive and change to eating hamburgers, the basket of goods is updated,\nJohn Williams of ShadowStats has actually calculated that today’s CPI understates inflation by over three percent points when compared to the way in which the CPI was calculated as recently as 1990. Compared to the measurement method in 1980, the gap grows to over 7%.\nAt first, the systemic understatement of inflation numbers suppresses gold prices as fear of inflation remains low. Yet such downward manipulation may come back with a vengeance. As soon as a majority recognizes that the decline in purchasing power is far higher and more prevalent than the government indicators suppose, a loss of confidence in the currency is far more likely and more difficult to counter than it would have been if the government would have been more transparent with its inflation measurements.\nThese benefits are quite short-sighted, of course. When things get out of hand, they will regret suppressing inflation numbers in the first place.\nWhat is the effect of understating the extent to which consumer prices rise on gold prices? Inflation expectations are subdued. But when the genie gets out of the bottle, when people recognize that prices are rising fast and that nothing will be done to stop consumer prices from rising further, a currency will collapse into a full-blown currency crisis and gold prices might surge as a consequence. Increases in gold prices due to inflation fears might be subdued, but it is something that could change quickly.\nAs economist Ludwig von Mises concluded: “Inflation can be pursued only so long as the public still does not believe it will continue. Once the people generally realize that the inflation will be continued on and on and that the value of the monetary unit will decline more and more, then the fate of the money is sealed.”" ]

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[ "To celebrate its 20th anniversary, cybersecurity company, Kaspersky Lab, has launched an interactive project that invites users to discuss the world of the future, the opportunities it brings and the threats it might cause. Earth 2050 brings together men and women from artistic and scientific backgrounds, dreamers and innovators, to predict changes in the world, as well as technology and cyber threats in the upcoming 30 years.\nThey has created an interactive experience that features the most popular forecasts and theories - including some from the world's top scientists and futurists - and it invites designers from all over the world to interpret these scenarios, showcasing their vision for our future. You can participate in this by uploading your ideas, which may explain why we in the future will be wearing 90s wrap around sunglasses.\nMarat Arutyunov, creator, POSSIBLE Moscow, says:\n“The idea was to consolidate futurologists and visionaries in their ambition to describe a future world. We see lots of scientists and futurologists tell us about the future, whilst designers, artists and illustrators upload their works to places like Behance. We wanted to combine them, creating a single web platform where all the predictions and images can be showcased.”\nEarth 2050 divides the planet into geographical areas, with each including a forecast on a certain aspect of society's life. Many locations are complemented by futuristic images and even 360-degree panoramas. Any designer, illustrator or artist can upload his or her work to the site and members of the public can comment freely on whether they believe certain predictions will come true.\nEarth 2050 will be active for a year." ]

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[ "Yesterday, a hacker group — most likely the Syrian Electronic Army (SEA) — managed to redirect The New York Times, Twitter, and Huffington Post websites to alternate, defaced websites. These websites were down for hours, and in some cases are still down more than 24 hours later. How did a single hacker group manage to hoodwink dozens of network admins and security specialists, and run rings around three of the largest web properties? The simple answer is that securing websites is extremely hard, and almost no amount of preparation can protect a website from a well-organized attack. Let’s dive into the specifics of the attack — and discuss how the NYT, Twitter, and HuffPo could’ve better protected themselves.\nA bit of history\nAs you probably know, and without getting into unnecessary complexities of NAT and virtual hosts, every device connected to the internet has an IP address. Back when the ARPAnet was first created, every service was accessed directly via an IP address. Unmemorable numeric addresses obviously aren’t ideal, though, and so the folks at the Stanford Research Institute — one of the first and most important entities on the early ARPAnet — created a\nHosts.txt file that mapped memorable names to numeric addresses. With the Hosts file in place, you could connect to services by name rather than number — but, in the background, that name was simply being looked up in the Hosts file and translated into the required IP address.\nAs the ARPAnet grew, it became difficult to update and distribute the Hosts file between each of the ARPAnet links — and thus the Domain Name System (DNS) was born. DNS is essentially a (somewhat) secure and decentralized way of distributing those Hosts files to DNS servers around the world. Today, when you type a website address into your browser, your browser quickly and quietly requests the IP address from a nearby DNS server.\nThe web’s intrinsic weakness\nThe DNS has one key feature that allowed the SEA to take over the three domains, and will allow this same kind of attack to be carried out in the future: Delegation of trust. Basically, today’s DNS is a hierarchy of root name servers, authoritative name servers, and recursive DNS servers. The root servers are mostly operated by internet veterans, such as Verisign, RIPE, and ICANN, and are mostly tasked with storing a list of authoritative name servers. Authoritative name servers are databases that a domain (say, extremetech.com) has nominated as the trusted source of the name-to-IP-address translation. Whatever IP address is stored by the authoritative name server, that’s the IP address that your browser ultimately receives. Recursive DNS servers, which are generally operated by ISPs and companies like OpenDNS and Google, perform the task of going to the root server to ask for an authoritative name server, and then going to the authoritative name server to ask for the IP address.\nGenerally, as a web surfer, your interaction with the DNS will consist of hitting the recursive DNS servers hundreds of times per day. If you are a domain owner, when you update your domain’s IP address or other DNS records, you are playing with the authoritative name server. You will never really interact directly with the root servers.\nNow, the problem is, root servers and recursive DNS servers completely trust an authoritative name server (thus their name). If someone alters an authoritative name server record, it is automatically propagated to every internet user, usually within a few minutes or hours (as dictated by the domain’s TTL). If you can access the authoritative name server, you can redirect a domain name to another IP address — and that’s exactly what happened to the New York Times, Twitter, and Huffington Post.\nThe three domain names for the three websites in question are managed by Melbourne IT, a domain registrar. If the NYT ever wants to change the IP address of its website, it logs into its Melbourne IT control panel and duly pushes some new records to the authoritative name server. Unfortunately, if you have the right name and password, anyone can log into that control panel and change those DNS records — and that’s exactly what happened.\nMelbourne IT sent an email to all of its customers, alerting them that a reseller account had been compromised. It did not identify which reseller, but it seems that Twitter, NYT, and HuffPo all bought their domains through the same reseller. We don’t know how the SEA obtained the reseller’s details, but spear phishing (phishing targeted directly at the reseller) is the most likely method. With the account details in hand, the SEA simply logged into Melbourne IT and updated the DNS records to point to its own server — voilà, three defaced websites.\nFixing the problem is equally as simple — just update the authoritative name server records again — but due to caching, some recursive DNS servers might take 24-48 hours to restore the correct records. If you’re still having issues accessing the NYT website, it’s because your recursive DNS server (usually provided by your ISP) hasn’t updated its cache yet.\nOne easy fix\nAs you can imagine, this is a fairly well known flaw of DNS — which is why the system allows for registry locking. If the registrar so wishes, it can lock the domain, so that no one — including the owner or a hacker — can modify, move, or delete DNS records. As it turns out, twitter.com was locked, which is why the SEA couldn’t deface Twitter’s main page — nytimes.com, on the other hand, wasn’t locked. Whether the NYT’s technical team kept the domain unlocked for a specific reason (maybe they were updating some records), or whether it was just a screw-up, we don’t know. There are reasons for not locking a domain, but in the case of high-profile domains those reasons are fairly scarce.\nThe final irony with domain locking, of course, is that most registrars allow you to unlock your domain through an online control panel — so if a hacker gets your name and password, locking will only cause a minor delay. Ideally, high-profile websites should be managed by registrars that require, real-world hoops to jump through to unlock a domain — but even then, social engineering could still be used to get the domain unlocked." ]

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[ "Energy saving in a home environment is an emerging concept in the field of the smart home, that opens up a diverse set of downstream applications, such as dynamic pricing and demand replication techniques, whose goals are to reduce power consumption from the main utility and power cost. while achieving demand-side management (DSM) in a residential household. 1 2. Before, to control residential peak load, two techniques have been utilized by utilities: Direct load control(DLC) and time differing price programs. In DLC, the utility controls some substantial energy engrossing appliances like air conditioners, refrigerators, water heaters etc… Since Direct load control does not require progressed metering and interest in direct communication and it can work with the current metering framework, it has been fruitful in decreasing demands at peak pricing circumstances. However, DLC is poor in tackling in a certain area where customers who do not have large energy consuming appliances like air conditioners are not eligible to use program benefits 3 4. Whereas, the time-differing price works with a pricing signal. Since cost is higher at crest times, it urges clients to move their power utilization from crest to off-crest hours. For this situation, an inward financial decision-making process drives client reaction and the load adjustments are totally intentional. 5\nHome energy management system (HEMS) foundation in late year, imagining the possibilities of smart home concept to achieve demand-side management (DSM) in the residential environment 6. This involves signaling to clients to indicate that when is the usage of electricity is desirable or when it is not 7. A combination of different hardware devices and software programs like smart metering and information and communication technology (ICT) facilitate bidirectional communication 8. Further, DSM solution involves the integration of renewable energy resources (RES) like photovoltaic (PV) power or wind power in the smart home 9. Nevertheless, Utilization of generated power is not completely utilized by the smart home due to improper nature of RES. A promising answer to overcome this problem is to incorporate a certain set of batteries as energy storage system ESS to HEMS 10. ESS is capable to accomplish shaving from peak demand and power cost reduction by accumulating the power from main grids during off-crest price periods or when there is unreasonable RES generation and later, providing accumulated energy to end client during peak price periods or at the time of insufficient power generation from RES. The integration of RES and ESS facilitate HEMS to a new approach called Demand Response (DR). Demand response means changes in usage of utility power by end clients from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the cost of utility power over time” 11. Cost based demand response DR deem in flattening demand variations as the main objective. DR benefits both customers and utility If facilitate customers to reduce crest demand in response to incentives 12. Whereas in utility side, by maintaining in the reduction of high peak demand, DR program is successful in safeguarding grid from the risk of outages. During peak load periods, control the supply-demand ratio, and better the grid reliability 13 14.\nIn contrast to DR approach, integration of RES and ESS provides reliable and efficient in saving of cost and energy along with grid stability in the smart residential environment, but uncertainty\nin renewable energy production, high discharge rate in ESS which reduces battery life and uncertain power demand make HEMS system very hard to deal with, To overcome this uncertain situation, we deployed self-learning Fuzzy control (SLFC) algorithm. Where Fuzzy logic control is utilized in 15 to resolve the load shifting of appliances so that both power cost and comfort level violation of consumers were reduced. The control rule of fuzzy logic in 16 optimizes the power distribution among micro-grid and improves the life cycle of the batteries. The activity of cost reduction in a smart grid against predicted heavy load is achieved by utilizing RES as the main power source and ESS as the buffer in 17. A flexible FLC with optimized rules using membership function as in 18 to reduce grid power profile variation while maintaining a state of charge (SOC) within the secure limit.\nFuzzy controller inputs are dynamic price, SOC of ESS and load demand, controller inputs is not constant. Hence, parameters need to be self-updated. Self-learning of the parameter in the proposed FLC is tuned on-line by genetic algorithm (GA) 19 20. For on-line tuning, a close-fisted parameterization scheme for an FLC called orthogonal modulated membership functions (MMF) is utilized 20 21.\nA fuzzy controller as a feature of universal approximation capability 22. It is widely utilized in partially or completely unknown systems. Because of their homogeneous nature, fuzzy controller often works parallel to the adaptive controller to amend system performance 23. In this paper focus on self-learning of parameters using a genetic algorithm (GA) to update weightings to increase performance. Genetic algorithms have been widely used as an effective search technique to perform searches ranging from general to specific and from simple to complex 24 and boost the computing efficiency of covariance matching of the system 25. Basically this method is used for optimization 26. Genetic algorithms are implemented by generating a population and creating a new population by performing the following procedures: reproduction, crossover, and mutation 27. The control framework proposed in this paper provides use of GA to adjust input and output parameters in the antecedent and consequent parts of the fuzzy controller with modulated membership function 28. This paper discusses the creation of a fitness function based on Lyapunov stability analysis to enable the controller to perform online tuning of its parameters as in 29.\nHEMS being best application oriented system in field of home energy management. Parallel to it, many challenges were identified to attain effective output like saving, cost saving and also in satisfying load demands. First, the control strategies of I-HEMS designed using SLFC approach relied on the fuzzy and its update of parameters that were finely tuned with respect to a given smart home environment, hence their applicability in other household conditions is varied. Second, majority of the computational intelligence based HEMS strategies neglected the dynamic electricity price factor, therefore their electricity cost minimization capability were not guaranteed. Finally, proposed I-HEMS is comparably successful in minimizing power cost, leading to their effective performances in varied real environments.\nIn this paper, the equipment exhibit of an intelligent home power management system, considering day-ahead power tax, equipped with a PV module and an ESS. A HEMS structure is then created utilizing a Self-learning fuzzy controller to acquire the power drawn from the main grid by considering the power produced by solar, power stored in ESS, household power demand and power costs. By utilizing the power generated from local PV module and power from ESS, the proposed HEMS intends to limit the power drawn from lattice required for fulfilling the heap requests. Note that the ideal parameter settings of the fuzzy controller in HEMS may vary according to various household conditions Physically tuning of fuzzy parameters by experimentation is dull and not so effective, to make system comparably effective A number of delicate mechanisms are introduced in this paper to facilitate the self-learning capability of fuzzy controller based on historical data and to improve the efficiency of parameter learning. The specialized curiosity and principle commitments of the proposed work in this paper are summarized as follows:\n1) The proposed self-learning fuzzy controller (SLFC) to HEMS aims to minimize the electricity cost and also satisfying household load demands by prioritizing the use of power generated local PV cells and stored energy in ESS.\n2) Implemented self-learning scheme uses genetic algorithm is to enable the automatic parameter tuning of SLFC based on historical data, aiming to enhance the robustness of SLFC under different household environments.\n3) An efficient parameterization scheme is used to represent each membership function in the antecedent and consequent parts for the entire fuzzy rule base for SLFC with fewer parameters. The GA is then applied to learn as few as nine parameters and yet successfully learns the entire fuzzy rule base of SLFC within shorter learning time." ]

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[ "There are several different tools you can use to help you navigate the dark skies. Here are the most popular ones used by our club!\nSkyMaps is free each month and created for you to explore, learn & enjoy the night sky. The Evening Sky Map (PDF) is a 2-page monthly guide to the night sky suitable for all sky watchers including newcomers to Astronomy. Designed to print clearly on all printers, The Evening Sky Map is ready-to-use and will help you to identify planets, stars and major constellations, find sparkling star clusters, wispy nebulae & distant galaxies, locate and follow bright comets across the sky, and learn about the night sky and astronomy.\nPractice before you come out! If using the sky map doesn’t help much, then you might like the (free) Stellarium Planetarium Software. Member Aurora created a how-to video for her astronomy students that you might find useful to learn Stellarium.\nYou can also make your own paper planetarium by downloading this star wheel from Sky & Telescope here or this simple star wheel here.\nHow good are the “seeing conditions”? Know ahead of time what the forecast is for our star-gazing locations in astronomy terms. These look intimidating at first, but you’ll find them very useful once you get the hang of how to read them. They are called “Sky Clocks”, and here are three different ones (click on the icons to be taken to the in-depth page) that our club uses:\nCurrent Phase of the Moon:\nDaily Sun and Moon Data Use the forms on this page to obtain rise, set, and transit times for the Sun and Moon; civil twilight beginning and end times; and, lunar phase information. First, specify the date and location in one of the two forms below. Then, click the “Get data” button at the end of the form. Use Form A for cities or towns in the U.S. or its territories. Use Form B for all other locations.\nWhat’s Up in the Sky Tonight? This star chart (created by PBS) is designed to get you out learning the night sky within a matter of moments. Just set it for your time and location, make a few tweaks if you like for personal taste, and print it out.Follow Us:" ]

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[ "Dr. Weeks’ Comment: Since founding the American Apitherapy Society in 1984 with my friend and master beekeeper Charles Mraz, we have participated in many people getting permanent relief from chronic diseases including, as described below, the dreaded Lyme’s disease. This is an inspiring story.\n“…However, one study, performed in 1997 by the Rocky Mountain Laboratories Microscopy Branch, a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found that melittin completely incapacitated the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria in vitro within seconds…”\nWASHINGTON, November 23, 2013””What do Lyme disease, bees, and face cream have in common? This is the remarkable story of Ellie Lobel, how a killer bee attack cured her Lyme disease, saved her life and inspired the first U.S.-made bee venom beauty cream.\nWith a photographic memory and an exceptional mind, Ellie Lobel graduated with the equivalent of a PhD in nuclear physics from University College in Kensington, England at age 18. As her career was taking off and her family was growing, at 24, she contracted Lyme disease and her life changed. Lyme disease, caused by a bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) transmitted through infected blacklegged tick bites, is named after the towns of Lyme and Old Lyme, Connecticut, where a number of cases were identified in 1975.\nSymptoms include headache, fever, and fatigue. The characteristic “bull’s-eye” skin rash appears at the site of the bite in 70 to 80 percent of individuals infected, three to thirty days after the bite occurs.\nIf diagnosed early, Lyme disease can be treated with a short course of antibiotics; if left untreated, however, Lyme bacteria can travel through the bloodstream and establish in body tissues with potentially devastating effects.\nIf the disease is allowed to spread through the body, Lyme can affect the heart, nervous system, and joints. In a small percentage cases it can cause permanent, severe damage.\nComplications from Lyme disease include chronic joint inflammation, especially in the knees, known as Lyme arthritis; neurological symptoms, including facial palsy, seizures and neuropathy; cognitive effects like impaired memory and concentration, disorientation, and confusion; and heart problems such as rhythm irregularities.\nWhile almost always fully curable if treated in its first stages, Lyme disease is difficult to diagnose because of its multiplicity of symptoms and limitations of presently available blood tests. Individuals with Lyme disease are often misdiagnosed with a variety of illnesses including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, Parkinson’s disease, and a host of other ailments.\nLyme disease is concentrated heavily in the northeast and upper Midwest of the U.S. (See map).\nAccording to initial estimates by the CDC, there were over 30,000 confirmed and probable cases of Lyme disease in the U.S. in 2012. However, in April of 2013, the CDC revised these figures, stating that as many as 300,000 Americans contract the disease every year.\nAn unexpected second chance\nEllie Lobel was one of the disease’s chronic victims, as she was initially misdiagnosed several times with lupus, MS, chronic fatigue, and fibromyalgia. The multiple misdiagnoses allowed the Lyme bacteria time to spread through her body.\nSuffering from multiple organ failure, low cell counts, and doctors telling her they had done all they could for her, after 15 years Lobel moved to California for end of life care.\n“I was ready to go,” Lobel says. “I was able to see my children into young adulthood and had made my peace with life.”\nBut life had other plans for Lobel.\nDuring her first week in California, Lobel and her caretaker were attacked by killer bees while on a short walk. This terrified Lobel, as she had been stung once as a child and had a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).\nHer caretaker was forced to run and look for help, but Lobel was too weak to run or even walk away from the thousands of stinging insects.\n“The pain was excruciating,” she told Communities. “I was terrified.”\nThe bees finally stopped when Lobel, accepting her fate, held her body completely still. “I thought I was going to die right there,” she said.\nBlinded by pain, Lobel asked not to be taken to the hospital. She knew she was going to die and did not want to do it in an unfamiliar place. She was helped back to her room and quietly waited anaphylaxis””the body’s reaction to a large doses of bee venom””to take her life.\nInstead of anaphylaxis, however, within a few hours of the attack she began to feel a familiar pain. Lobel was sure she was feeling the same pain associated with Lyme disease treatment, known as a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, that occurs when harmful bacteria inside the body die off and release endotoxins.\nBy the beginning of the third night, Lobel was sure she wasn’t going to die. In fact, she was doing things the disease had prevented her from doing for many years.\n“For the first time in years I was online, laughing and watching funny videos,” she says. “By the next day, I could actually remember the words to an old song I’d heard the night before, something that I hadn’t been able to do for so long.”\nIn the days following the attack, Lobel began to feel significantly better. After living in a “mental fog” for years, where she could not concentrate, read a book, watch a movie, or even have a detailed conversation, Lobel began to regain her previously brilliant mind. Her mental changes were mirrored by a marked improvement in her physical health.\nTwo years after the attack, Lobel feels completely healthy. She believes that she is currently free of the disease that almost took her life two years ago.\nCould bee venom cure Lyme disease?\nShortly after being able to think straight for the first time in many years, Lobel realized that there must be a link between the bee venom and the dramatic change in her health.\n“I went into major research mode,” Lobell recalls.\nApitherapy, the medical use of honeybee products (including honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom) can be traced back to ancient Egypt, Greece and China. The healing properties of bee products are discussed in the Bible, Veda, and Quran.\nMelittin, the main active component of bee venom, has been used to treat arthritis, acute and chronic pain, as well as several kinds of infections and skin diseases for centuries. Melittin is a powerful anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent that has also recently been shown to inhibit the HIV virus.\nThere is growing evidence that bee venom could also cure Lyme disease. Currently there is plenty of anecdotal and testimonial evidence of individuals using bee venom therapy to treat Lyme disease. There is even a bee venom kit for sale online. Several practitioners are starting to advocate the use of bee venom therapy to cure Lyme disease as well.\nAs far as studies, there are surprisingly few. However, one study, performed in 1997 by the Rocky Mountain Laboratories Microscopy Branch, a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found that melittin completely incapacitated the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria in vitro within seconds.\nHowever, there has been no large-scale follow-up to this study.\nLobel hopes to change this and encourage more research into the uses of bee venom to treat and possibly cure chronic Lyme disease.\nA critical time\nLobel says that we are currently critical time for Lyme disease as well as bee survival.\n“I have personally watched hundreds of people die from this disease,” she told Communities.\nWith the CDC revising the number of people diagnosed with Lyme disease to 10 times higher than originally reported, Lobel believes that Lyme disease and finding treatments and cures needs to become a national healthcare priority.\n“This is another reason bees are so important,” says Lobel. “They may hold the key to several medical mysteries.”\nLobel says that this is also a vital time to focus on finding a cause and solution for colony collapse disorder, responsible for destroying 40 to 50 percent of beehives used in the U.S. agriculture industry.\nBeevinty: bee venom face cream\nThe attack gave Lobel a new perspective on life””and bees.\nBesides its medical uses, bee venom has also been used for centuries for beauty treatments. Today, as many British royals and celebrities admit to using bee venom as part of their beauty regimen, the treatment has received renewed attention.\nUsed as a cream or mask, the mild irritant in bee venom causes skin to react as if it had been stung. Skin reacts by increasing blood circulation to the area, producing more collagen and elastin, resulting in smoother, younger looking skin.\nBee venom is increasingly being referred to as “nature’s Botox.”\nHarvesting bee venom was traditionally quite inhumane. Bees were either crushed or forced to sting rubber or plastic surfaces resulting in the bees’ stingers getting stuck and dislodging from their bodies. Bees die when they sting if the stinger is dislodged from the body.\nToday, however, the process for obtaining bee venom is said to be less invasive than harvesting honey.\nIn the modern method, plates with electric conductor wires are covered with cloth and placed at the entrance of the hive. As a bee lands on the plate, the wires release a mild electric current, agitating the bee and causing it to sting the cloth. The venom drops to the plate and the cloth prevents the stinger from getting stuck, allowing the bee to fly away unharmed.\nRealizing the amazing power of bee venom, Lobel has developed Beevinity, the first U.S.-produced bee venom face cream. I’ve been using it for almost a month and love it; you can almost feel it working. My skin feels softer and my pores have gotten a bit smaller. One added bonus is it has also helped with breakouts! The lotion is available online at Beevinity.com and makes a great gift." ]

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[ "People in the eighteenth century had the same concerns about clothing as we do today: cost, comfort, fashion, and the situation in which the clothing was to be worn, would have all affected what was worn on a day-to-day basis.\nAll garments in the eighteenth century would have been made from cloth of natural fibres and dyed with natural dyes, and they all would have been handmade. Woollen and linen cloth were in plentiful supply in Scotland and they could come in a range of qualities from coarse to fine, and so could suit all budgets although it was generally accepted that the best linen came from places like Holland. Woollen cloth was often used for the outer garments; Scotland produced a lot of coarse woollen cloth and finer fabrics were available from England and further afield. The other fibres that were available were not native to Scotland but were still in plentiful supply. Silk, for example, was costly compared to the others – it was also much harder to keep clean – but this did not stop many people from owning a silk item, even if it was just a handkerchief or a garment made from a wool and silk mix. Silk also had the advantage of being cool or warm to wear. Cotton, imported from India and then America, had at first been a high status fabric but by the end of the eighteenth century it was being used across a wider section of society, the main benefit being that it was light, durable, washable, and could be decorated to imitate the more expensive fabrics.\nBy the end of the eighteenth century, most men’s wardrobes consisted of what we would consider the three-piece suit: a coat or jacket, waistcoat and breeches. Underneath this a shirt was worn, typically made from linen which could be fine or coarse depending on what you could afford. The richer you were, the more you would own so you would wash your linen rather than wash yourself. This meant that to maintain a respectable appearance at least 2 shirts were needed so that you could be dressed while one set of clothing was being washed. Clean linen was an important status symbol in eighteenth-century society – the whiter and brighter it was the better. Detachable cuffs or ruffles and stocks could also help maintain an image of respectability and cleanliness, as well as helping to maintain a fashionable appearance. If you could afford it outer garments would have been tailor made, otherwise you would have to rely on second-hand or homemade clothing. If it was tailor made, of course, then it means performers and musicians might have been able to request certain alterations to allow greater mobility, particularly in the sleeves.\nLike men, the first layer of fabric that women wore next to the skin was linen in the form of a shift of chemise, which could also handily double up as a nightgown. On top of this women wore stays, the precursor to the corset. Stays were made from whalebone or flexible cane and linen and they moulded the wearer’s torso into an almost conical shape. They provided support and structure for the rest of the outfit, and would have been worn by women of all social levels, even those who did manual work. On top of the stays came the gown and the petticoat – sometimes they would be matching, but often not. Gowns were the most visible part of a woman’s wardrobe and so they played a key role in signalling her social status. Fashions changed quite quickly at the end of the eighteenth century but the cost of fabrics meant gowns were not discarded if they were considered unfashionable, instead they would be altered and remodelled until they fit more with the current style.\nDr Sally Tuckett" ]

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[ "Robert D. Ballard, Founder and Director of the Center for Ocean Exploration, Graduate School of Oceanography/University of Rhode Island; Founder and President of the Ocean Exploration Trust and Senior Scientist Emeritus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\nWhat does the future of ocean exploration look like? Deep-sea explorer Robert D. Ballard, famous for the discovery of hydrothermal vents, “black smokers,” and the wreck of the RMS Titanic, will discuss the history and future of ocean exploration technologies. From the earliest manned deep-diving submarines to the latest remotely operated vehicle (ROV) systems that use satellite technology to transmit data in real time, technology has increasingly made interactive ocean exploration a reality. Ballard will highlight past scientific achievements in ocean exploration and outline the opportunities ahead for using advanced tele-presence technologies." ]

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[ "Also found in: Dictionary.\ncondottiere(kōndōt-tyā`rā) [Ital.,=leader], leader of mercenary soldiers in Italy in the 14th and 15th cent., when wars were almost incessant there. The condottieri hired and paid the bands who fought under them. They dealt directly with the cities or states that requested their services and were responsible solely to them. They fought for the highest bidder, passing easily from one lord to another; this game proved dangerous and even fatal to more than one. Some condottieri had small states of their own, either inherited or acquired. The most famous were the Attendolos (founders of the SforzaSforza\n, Italian family that ruled the duchy of Milan from 1450 to 1535. Rising from peasant origins, the Sforzas became condottieri and used this military position to become rulers in Milan. The family governed by force, ruse, and power politics.\n..... Click the link for more information. family), ColleoniColleoni, Bartolomeo\n, 1400–1475, Italian soldier of fortune. A condottiere, Colleoni fought in the wars between Venice and Milan, often changing sides and distrusted by both.\n..... Click the link for more information. , CarmagnolaCarmagnola, Francesco Bussone da\n, c.1380?–1432, Italian condottiere. He fought for Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, in his wars against Florence and Venice but later fell out with Visconti and entered the service of Venice.\n..... Click the link for more information. , and Sir John de HawkwoodHawkwood, Sir John de,\nd. 1394, English soldier. He fought in the French wars of Edward III and was knighted, although it is not known when or where. With his \"white company\" of mercenaries, he entered (1362) Italy and became a condottiere.\n..... Click the link for more information. .\nSee studies by J. J. Deiss (1966) and G. Trease (1971)." ]

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[ "Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a serious, chronic mental illness, characterised by mood swings and unstable behaviour and interpersonal relationships, which affects many areas of life (education/work, affective, relationships and family). People suffering from this disorder tend to show:\n- Difficulties in regulating their thoughts and emotions.\n- Impulsive and imprudent behaviours, which may include self-harm and suicide attempts, with difficulties in maintaining stable behaviours oriented toward life goals.\n- They establish unstable relationships with others.\nThe first symptoms may appear during adolescence (key period in personality development) or the early years of adulthood. Diagnosis is complex, since it often takes place along with other mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, attention deficit disorders or substance addiction.\nIt is estimated that it affects between 1 and 2% of the general population, and may account for 10% of psychiatric diagnoses.\nAlthough it is considered a serious mental disorder, it can be effectively treated with specific treatments, obtaining satisfactory results helping people suffering from it to lead a more stable life. Today, there are different therapeutic focuses, and research work is still being actively carried out to find new treatments that help patients to reach an even higher degree of recovery." ]

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[ "Back to: Jss2 Cultural and Creative Art (C.C.A)\nTopic: Design in the Theatre\nWEEK: 1 – 3\nDesign in the Theatre\nTheatre design is the visual part of a play that helps the audience understand the play’s artistic value. The visual sense is emphasized throughout the design. The audience is better able to appreciate the physical setting of the location, time, period, and mood of the performance.\nAreas of Theatre Design\nThe “Set” is the physical building that is constructed on the stage for the actors and actresses to use while they are performing. This produces an environment, a shape, and space in which they are able to move around. On stage, for instance, one may construct a shack, a structure, or a home (in which people would be living). On stage, it is also possible to establish an office, a church, or a shrine.\nThis is what actors and actresses wear when they perform in plays. It encompasses every article of clothing, hairstyle, and makeup application, as well as any and all accessories, such as hats, scarves, fans, canes, umbrellas, and jewelries, that are worn or carried by actors and actresses in a performance.\nThis supplies the appropriate amount of light that is required for play performances. It helps to establish the style and maintains the atmosphere that you want. Play performances rely heavily on lighting, which is controlled by the lighting designer and used to illuminate both the stage and the actors performing on it. The stage’s lighting may be broken down into three distinct categories: particular lighting, general illumination, and the application of special effects. When one region of the stage is lighted up while the rest of it is left in the dark, this kind of lighting is referred to as “specific lighting.” The primary reason for this is so that I may emphasize it. It is another another method of indicating to the audience where they should be concentrating their attention. When there is general lighting on stage, the whole performance space is illuminated. The employment of special effects allows for the achievement of spectacular effects that would not otherwise be possible via natural means.\nMakeup refers to the process of applying various substances, such as powder and paint, to the faces of actors and actresses in order to enhance their natural attractiveness and turn them into the characters they play . Make-up matches costume. Straight makeup and character make-up are the two categories that fall under the umbrella term “make-up.” The only purpose of the make-up that is done to actors and actresses is to make them seem more beautiful. Makeup may be used to alter a person’s appearance so that they seem to be someone other than who they are in real life. This is the type of make-up that may transform a man into a lady or a young guy into an elderly man.\nPrimarily used for the creation of effects, sound also enhances the overall aesthetic of works. To accomplish the desired impact, it may take the shape of songs, or it may be possible to do so via the use of musical instruments.\nProperties or Props\nProperties, often known as props, are the things that actors and actresses use when performing on stage or in any other kind of theatrical performance. There are two distinct kinds of stage props. They may be held in the hand or used as theatrical props. Hand props are anything that the performers hold in their hands and utilize like they would in day-to-day activities. Examples of hand props are a spoon, dishes, hand-set, books, and so on. Items that are utilized on stage but are not immediately accessible to the audience are known as stage props. Some examples of stage props are a table, chair, television, and so on.\nElements of Design\nElements of design are the parts of a design that we can see. Line, shape, color, texture, and space are the components that make up these elements.\nThe term “line” refers to a mark that is formed in a linear fashion on a paper or screen using an implement such as a pencil or pen. When discussing scenic design, the term “line” may refer to either the contour of a set or the linear effects that are produced by scenic painting. Lines have direction, vertical, horizontal, oblique. Creating a form using a line.\nAny space that is self-contained and has a definite form or contour is referred to as a shape. The scale of a shape may convey meanings that range from significant to insignificant, or even strong to weak.\nColour is produced when the human eye responds to the kinetic energy and frequency of light in the surrounding environment. The degree to which a color is bright or dark is referred to as its value. Color may be light or dark. A feeling may be conveyed via color (happiness, peace). It has the potential to increase brain activity (action, relaxation, concentration) The quality of the surface of an item, whether visible or real, is referred to as its texture. You can either feel or see texture, or you can do both at the same time.\nThe term “space” refers to the distance that exists between two or more things, as well as the three-dimensional dimensions of length, breadth, and depth." ]

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[ "Sumerian Deity Signs\nLife Source Deities\nAL - god\nImage: Person with a mouth in the upper left. The chest is an open square representing the location of life.\nDefinition: (unknown) but probably the life source god AL\nMUL (NIN.GAL) - goddess\nImage: 3 stars\nDefinition: (noun) glowing-one, (verb) to shine, to glow, glowing-things (like constellations, planets, meteors) - might be a representation of the motion source goddess.\nImage: chalice - left from Sippar Stone\nDefinitions: (noun) feared-ones, feared-place, underdome - the underdome is the home of dead souls and spirits. Its powers of place are represented by goddess Hekate in the Druid pantheon and MUL in the Sumerian who is also called \"Lady of the Chalice\" (NIN.GAL), (adj) feared, fearful, great, mysterious, powerful, (verb) to make fearful\nLife Connective Deities\nAN (healing sun god)\nImage: sun with rays of heat (wavy) and light, more generally a glowing object\nDefinition: God AN - This is the Sumerian masculine connective power of the Ancient Pagan Paradigm which represents the network which in turn is edited by his companion female power, INANNA. The power of AN is manifested as the sun with both heat and light rays. Sumerian texts call AN the \"harvest-chief\" and the \"plant-grower.\" Previously, this cuneiform sign was assumed to be a star but that is incorrect based upon the latest text translations done to the scholar's standard.\nAN (noun) SS 1.1, SS 1.2, SS 1.3, SX 1.1\nBU (chaotic rain bringing storm god)\nImage: Front view of a drooling or connective bull head\nDefinition: (noun) bull, chaotic rain storm deity, (verb) to rush around - bulls represented the chaos power of a thunder storm which brought rains. Drooling is a sign the bull is stressed and excitable (or has eaten something irritating). As a god, Sumerian texts call him the \"fishing grounds.\"\nḪU (divine network editing bird)\nImage: Side view of three layered Ancient Pagan Paradigm with middle layer being a control layer\nDefinition: divine-bird (like eagle-vulture) which edits the middle layer life network- as opposed to a normal bird represented by the word MUŠIN\nINANNA (network goddess)\nImage: Side view of the three layer Ancient Pagan Paradigm showing all layers as static. The control element is between the upper source layer and the middle connective layer (Hu) which represents goddess Inanna as the middle layer network editor.\nDefinition: Crescent moon goddess Inanna who is the editor of the middle layer network represented by the sun god Hu. She is Ayu in Mediterranean Akkadian.\nImage: Female sign (SAL) over a cloth or net (TUG2)\nDefinition: (noun) queen, mistress, lady - \"The Lady\" by itself is an epithet for goddess INANNA\nLife Manifestation Deities\nImage: Bottom is a filled storage pot having a top neck having a boundary-crossing sign.\nDefinition: to reveal, to say (if animate object) - generally considered to be a word suffix for something doing the talking or revealing. \"Revealer\" is an epithet for the life manifestation god (Yahu in Akkadian).\nImage: Side view of an interaction of 2 people in space\nDefinitions: (noun) judge, lawsuit, judgment, decision, verdict, (verb) to judge, decide, to conduct oneself, to go, to escape - Similar to word \"divine.\" This is possibly an epithet for the life manifestation goddess who judges whether to let through the fertility fluids to trigger the life manifestation accomplished by Yahu)\nMotion Source Deities\nImage: angled lines (wind) over a mixture of something\nDefinition: abundance, netherworld - associated with almond shells, Equivalent to Druid goddess Selene.\nMotion Connective Deities\nImage: A wing with feathers\nMeaning: Cat-Bird - The middle layer motion power deity analogous to the Druid hermaphrodite deity Thu\n- (Noun) cat-bird: SG 1.9\nMotion Manifestation Deities\nRU (EN.LIL) - Lord of Air\nImage: flag on pole\nDefinition: (noun) wind, (verb) to blow, to be windy, to send on the wind - Possibly an epithet the motion manifestation god.\nLIL2 (NIN.LIL) - Lady of Air\nImage: 3-line wind sign (EŠ2) representing as the middle layer of the Ancient Pagan Paradigm within a 3-side shelter\nDefinition: (noun) inspiration, infection, (verb) to infect, to inspire, (adj) haunted - all the effects of motion powers.\nImage: 3 horizontal lines which form the core of LIL2\nDefinition: (noun) wind, breath, spirit - epithet for LIL2" ]

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[ "There are two ways in which we inherit traits: biologically and culturally. From an evolutionary perspective, the transmission of information is primarily done through genetics. Genes are the standard units of selection and the main mode of inheritance. The environment presents a species with problems and genetic adaptations eventually solve them. This process of genetic mutation is slow and can only be conducted from parent to child. The success of these solutions is evident in the health and quantity of the species’ offspring. Genetics play an integral part in the survival of every species in concerns with environmental pressures.\nThis “educating” of later generations through hereditary mutations can be seen in our own ancestry. As early humans moved from the tree filled jungles and ventured out into the flat woodlands, our postures became straight and our mobility bipedal. This evolutionary adaptation allowed for free hands and decreased the amount of the body that was exposed to the sun. This encouraged the carrying of foods and maintained lower body temperatures within the new, less than shady open plains.\nThough biology plays a major role in transmitting information through genetics, some believe that culture may contribute to a greater degree. Unlike biological mutations that can take many generations to occur, cultural transmission of information can be done quickly. Information transmission is not restricted to parent-child patterns but can work in the reverse or can include non-familial transmission as well.\nSocial learning within a context of unique cultures has been a way of passing information throughout human history. With the assimilation to cultures, generations are taught societal norms, values, and beliefs that are continually passed down for centuries. Through the observations and participation in traditions and habitual celebrations one can learn much of what is needed for survival." ]

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[ "As Mercury is inclined by 7 degrees relative to the orbit of the Earth (the ecliptic) at any given time it may be above the ecliptic or below. However there are two times during its orbit when it crosses the ecliptic. These are known as \"nodes\".\nA conjunction occurs when the planet is vertically above or below the sun. A superior conjunction happens when the planet is on the far side of the sun, an inferior conjunction happens when the planet is closer to the Earth than the sun.\nWhen a node occurs at about the same time as an inferior conjunction, then the planet will appear to travel in front of the sun. Whether it travels through the middle of the solar disk, or through the upper or lower part, depends on whether the exact time of the node occurs just before the conjunction or just after.\nIn May 2016, Mercury crossed the ecliptic at about 08:00 (utc), and had it inferior conjuction at about 15:00. It was a little below the ecliptic by the time of conjunction, but still close enough to cross the solar disk.\nThe exact position of Mercury also depends on the location you are viewing from on Earth, a fact that Edmond Halley noticed could be exploited to calculate the distance to the planet, and by extension, the distance to the sun." ]

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[ "Keywords: Sugar beet, internal quality, sugar extractability, nitrogen nutrition.\nQuality of sugar beet is determined by sugar content and by impurities, chiefly ?-amino N, K, Na, in the juice which reduce extraction. Root yield is normally negatively correlated with quality. Five empirical formulae used to derive a single figure expressing quality were compared in an experiment with increasing rates of N-fertiliser on four sites. Results were inconsistent, throwing doubt on their value.\nThe main factors affecting growth and beet quality are: season (weather), soil, site, cultivar and nutrition especially with N. The first three are outside the farmer’s control. Plant breeding can contribute to quality improvement directly in sugar content and content of impurities and indirectly by improving stress tolerance.\nThe experiments showed that increasing N increases particularly ?-amino N content and also K + Na, the latter also being much affected by site. ?-amino N is favoured as a quality indicator in relation to N supply. Usually, the N rate giving maximum sugar yield also results in acceptable quality. Above this, ?-amino N and K + Na both increase sharply.\nM A Van der Beek and A W M Huijbregts, Institute for Sugar Beet research, The Netherlands.\n20 Pages, 8 Tables, 4 Figures, 19 References." ]

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[ "TECUMSEH--CIVIL WAR AMONG THE CREEKS.\nThe United States and Great Britain were upon the verge of war. British agents, in Canada and Florida, sought to procure the co-operation of the whole southwestern Indian force. The Creeks, more powerful in numbers than the others, were particularly urged to join the English. 1811: Colonel Hawkins had managed them, with much wisdom and policy, for several years, but they always remained dissatisfied, and were particularly so now, in consequence of a portion of their Chiefs having granted a public road through the heart of their country, which had been cut out by Lieutenant Luckett and a party of soldiers. This thoroughfare, called the \"Federal Road,\" and which run from Mims' Ferry, upon the Alabama, to the Chattahoochie, was filled, from one end to the other, with emigrants for the western part of the territory. The Creeks, with their usual sagacity, foresaw that they should soon be hemmed in by the Georgians on one side, and the Tombigby people on the other, and many of them contemplated the expulsion of the latter, at some day not very distant. The Spaniards also hated the emigrants, who had continued to drive them, inch by inch, from the soil which they claimed. With both them and the Indians the British agents began to operate, to make secret allies of the one and open ones of the other. But the most powerful British incendiary was Tecumseh. His father and mother, of the Shawnee family, were born and bred at Souvanogee,* upon the Tallapoosa, in Alabama. With several children, they removed to the forest of Ohio, where Tecumseh was born, in 1768. He had five brothers, who were all celebrated for the human blood which they spilt and for their indomitable courage. His only sister, Tecumapease, a woman of great sense and strong character, he devotedly loved, and was much influenced by her. In 1787 he visited the Cherokees and Creeks, with whom he remained two years, engaging in their hunts, festivals and frontier wars. Returning to the Ohio, he fought a battle with a party of whites, near Big Rock, and another, with the Kentuckians, on the Little Miami, and still another, at Paint Rock, in 1793. He then engaged in the attack upon Fort Recovery, in 1794, and participated in the battle of Maumee Rapids in the same year. From that period until that in which we propose to connect him with Alabama history, Tecumseh was engaged in British intrigues, in hunts and in skirmishes. Wherever he appeared, devastation and havoc ensued. He possessed a fine form, a commanding appearance, and had the endurance common to all Indians, together with a high degree of sagacity. He entertained the most relentless hatred of the Americans.\n* Old Augusta, now the property of Henry Lucas, on the railroad, where there are some mounds.\nSpring 1812: After many conferences with the British, at Detroit, Tecumseh left that country with a party of thirty warriors mounted upon horses, and shaped his course to the south. Passing through the Chickasaw and Choctaw of country, he was unsuccessful in arraying these tribes against the Americans. He went down to Florida, and met with complete success with the Seminoles. In the month of October he came up to the Alabama, crossed that river at Autauga, where he, for the first time, appealed to the Creeks, in a long speech. Continuing to Coosawda, he had by this time, collected many followers, who went with him to the Hickory Ground. Having from their boyhood heard of his feats in the buffalo chase, the bloody wars which he had conducted, and of his fierce and transcendent eloquence, the warriors flocked to see him. He went to Tookabatcha, where Colonel Hawkins was then holding his grand council with the Indians. This ancient capital never looked so gay and populous. An autumnal sun glittered upon the yellow faces of five thousand natives, besides whites and negroes, who mingled with them. At the conclusion of the agent's first day's address, Tecumseh, at the head of his Ohio party, marched into the square. They were entirely naked, except their flaps and ornaments. Their faces were painted black, and their heads adorned with eagle plumes, while buffalo tails dragged from behind, suspended by bands which went around their waists. Buffalo tails were also attached to their arms, and made to stand out, by means of bands. Their appearance was hideous, and their bearing pompous and ceremonious. They marched round and round in the square; then, approaching the Chiefs, they cordially shook them with the whole length of the arm, and exchanged tobacco, a common ceremony with the Indians, denoting friendship, as we have already seen. Captain Isaacs, Chief of Coosawda, was the only one who refused to exchange tobacco. His head, adorned with its usual costume--a pair of buffalo horns--was shaken in contempt of Tecumseh, who, he said, was a bad man, and no greater than he was.\nEvery day Tecumseh appeared in the square to deliver his \"talk,\" and all ears were anxious to hear it, but late in the evening he would rise and say, \"The sun has gone too far to-day--I will make my talk to-morrow.\" At length Hawkins terminated his business and departed for the Agency upon the Flint. That night a grand council was held in the great round-house. Tecumseh, presenting his graceful and majestic form above the heads of hundreds, made known his mission in a long speech, full of fire and vengeance. He exhorted them to return to their primitive customs; to throw aside the plough and the loom, and to abandon an agricultural life, which was unbecoming Indian warriors. He told them that after the whites had possessed the greater part of their country, turned its beautiful forests into large fields and stained their clear rivers with the washings of the soil, they would then subject them to African servitude. He exhorted them to assimilate in no way with the grasping, unprincipled race; to use none of their arms and wear none of their clothes, but dress in the skins of beasts, which the Great Spirit had given his red children for food and raiment, and to use the war-club, the scalping-knife and the bow. He concluded by announcing that the British, their former friends, had sent him from the Big Lakes to procure their services in expelling the Americans from all Indian soil; that the King of England was ready handsomely to reward all who would fight for his cause.\nOct.1812: A prophet, who composed one of the party of Tecumseh, next spoke. He said that he frequently communed with the Great Spirit, who had sent Tecumseh to their country upon this mission, the character of which that great Chief had described. He declared that those who would join the war party should be shielded from all harm--none would be killed in battle; that the Great Spirit would surround them with quagmires, which would swallow up the Americans as they approached; that they would finally expel every Georgian from the soil as far as the Savannah; that they would see the arms of Tecumseh stretched out in the heavens at a certain time, and then they would know when to begin the war. *\n* The British officers in Canada had told him when a comet would appear, and that he might use that as a sign to delude the Southern Indians.\nA short time before daylight the council adjourned, and more than half the audience had already resolved to go to war against the Americans. Tecumseh visited all the important Creek towns, enlisting all whom he could on the side of England. He had much to overcome, in the obstinacy of many of the prominent Chiefs, who had become attached to the Federal Government, which had lavished upon them munificent presents. Yet he was, in a great measure, successful. He made use of gifted and cunning Indians, to carry out his plans, after he should have left the country. one of these was Josiah Francis, the son of a Creek woman, by a trader of Scotch and Irish descent, named David Francis.* The Shawnee prophet, it was said, inspired him. He placed him in a cabin by himself, around which he danced and howled for ten days. He said that Francis was then blind, but that he would again see, and would then know all things which were to happen in future. When the ten days expired the prophet led him forth, and attended him all day, for Francis stepped high and irregular, like a blind man. Towards night the vision of Francis suddenly came to him, and after that he was the greatest prophet in the whole Creek nation, and was empowered to make many subordinate prophets. Tecumseh having made numerous proselytes, once more visited the Big Warrior at Tookabatcha, whom he was particularly desirous to enlist in his schemes, but whom he had hitherto entreated to no effect, although his house was his headquarters. The Big Warrior still remained true to the United States, more from fear of the consequences of a war than any love he entertained for the Americans. Tecumseh, after talking with him for some time to no purpose pointed his finger in his face and emphatically said: \"Tustinuggee Thlucco, your blood is white. You have taken my red sticks and my talk, but you do not mean to fight. I know the reason. You do not believe the Great Spirit has sent me. You shall believe it. I will leave directly, and go straight to Detroit. When I get there I will stamp my foot upon the ground and shake down every house in Tookabatcha.\" The Big Warrior said nothing, but puffed his pipe and enveloped himself in clouds of smoke. Afterwards he thought much upon this remarkable speech.\n* This David Francis lived for many years in the Autauga town, where he had a trading establishment. He was also a silversmith and made buckles, ornaments and spurs of silver for the Indians. Josiah, his son, also learned the trade. David Francis was a great uncle to Dr. Francis, an intelligent and highly respectable gentleman of Benton county, Alabama.\nDec. 1812: The common Indians believed every word of Tecumseh 's last speech, which was intended solely to intimidate the Big Warrior, and they began to count up the time it would take the Shawnee Chief to reach Detroit, when he would stamp his foot, as he had declared. One day a mighty rumbling was heard in the earth; the houses of Tookabatcha reeled and tottered, and reeled again. * The people ran out, vociferating, \"Tecumseh has got to Detroit! We feel the shake of his foot!\"\n* This was an earthquake well known to the old settlers. In relation to the visit of Tecumseh to Alabama, I have consulted General Ferdinand L. Claiborne's MS. Papers and Drake's Life of Tecumseh; I have also conversed with Lachlan Durant, Mrs. Sophia McComb, Peter Randon James Moore and others who were at Tookabatcha when Tecumseh arrived there.\nFeb. 1813: Josiah Francis made many prophets, and, among others, High-Head Jim, of Auttose. The Indians began to dance \"the war-dance of the lakes,\" which Tecumseh had taught them. In the meantime, that Chief had reached Canada, having carried with him the Little Warrior, of the Creek nation, with thirty of his warriors. The British agents sent back by them letters to their agents in Florida, with orders to allow the Creeks extensive supplies of arms and ammunition. The Little Warrior, in returning, by way of the mouth of the Ohio, attacked seven families, living near each other, and murdered them in the most cruel manner. They dragged Mrs. Crawley from the bodies of her bleeding children, and brought her, a prisoner, to the Tuscaloosa Falls. Being made acquainted with these outrages by General Robertson, the Chickasaw agent, Hawkins, demanded the punishment of the guilty warriors. Apr. 16: A council, at Tookabatcha, secretly despatched a party of warriors, headed by McIntosh, of Coweta, who marched to the Hickory Ground, where they separated into smaller parties. One of these went to the Red Warrior's Bluff, upon the Tallapoosa, now Grey's Ferry, and there surrounded a house, and began to shoot at five of the Little Warrior's party. They defended themselves with bravery, all the time dancing the dance of the lakes. Finally, they were all killed and burnt up. A party, headed by Captain Isaacs, pursued the Little Warrior into a swamp, above Wetumpka, and killed him. Others were killed at Hoithlewaule. Although the Chiefs, friendly to the United States, acted with so much justice upon this occasion, it did not prevent the commission of other murders, more immediately at home. An old Chief, named Mormouth, killed Thomas Merideth, an emigrant, at Catoma Creek, and wounded others.*\n* Indian Affairs, vol. 1, pp. 843-845.\nApr. 13: Having engaged in a war with England, the Federal Government, fearing to leave the port of Mobile longer in the hands of the Spaniards, who were the secret allies of Great Britain, resolved to occupy the whole of the district lying between Pearl and the Perdido rivers, and below the line of 31°, which we had claimed since the treaty with Bonaparte, who ceded to us Louisiana, of which this was a part, as was contended. Accordingly, General Wilkinson, with six hundred men, of the third and seventh regiments, sailing from New Orleans in transport vessels, commanded by Commodore Shaw, provided with scaling ladders, and every necessary equipment, landed opposite the Pavilion, on the bay of Mobile. He marched up to the town, and took a position in the rear of Fort Charlotte. After some correspondence, the Spanish commandant, Captain Cayetano Perez, capitulated, surrendered the fort, and all the cannon and military stores, the latter of which Wilkinson agreed the United States should pay for. The Spanish garrison retired to Pensacola, and the stars and stripes were hoisted upon the ramparts of Fort Charlotte, which was built of brick, with casements for five hundred men and with four bastions. It was quite an acquisition to the United States at the present time. General Wilkinson sent nine pieces of artillery to Mobile Point, which were there placed in battery. He then marched to the Perdido, and on its western bank, on the main road to Pensacola, began the construction of a strong stockade under the superintendence of Colonel John Bowyer, which was afterwards abandoned. Marching back to Mobile, he despatched Captain Chamberlain with soldiers to Mobile Point, who began and in two years completed Fort Bowyer.* Thus the long period had arrived when no Spanish government was found to exist upon a foot of the soil of Alabama or Mississippi.\n* Memoirs of Wilkinson, vol. 1, pp. 507-520. Conversations with Major Reuben Chamberlain.\nThe effects of Tecumseh's visit began to be realized in every corner of the Creek confederacy. Even at the Falls of Tuscaloosa, where a Creek town had for several years been established, the inhabitants were extremely belligerent. The Chief, Ocheoce Emarthla, with a few warriors, dropped down the Warrior river in canoes, paid Mr. Gaines a visit, and were insulting in their bearing and importunate in their demands for goods upon a credit. They disclosed to Tandy Walker, an honest white man, formerly a government blacksmith, their intentions shortly to attack the settlers and seize upon the factory. In an eastward direction the Alabamas were furious advocates of American extermination. The Indian executions, to which allusion has just been made, connected with the occasional shocks of the earthquake, filled the Indian world with excitement and fanaticism.\nMay 1813: Peter McQueen, a half-breed of Tallase, the venerable Hobothle Micco, and other prominent men, who had inclined to the talks of Tecumseh, now assumed decided attitudes. The hostile spirit increased fearfully, and the whole nation was soon agitated with quarrels, fights, murders and robberies, and everything foreboded a direful civil war. The prophets practised their incantations in towns, fields, and in the woods, wherever they found Indians to influence. Alarmed at this unusual state of things, the Chiefs friendly to the United States frequently despatched runners to Hawkins, who urged them in return to adhere to the cause of the Federal Government, and to take all means to avert a civil war. The agent seems to have been strangely benighted, slowly allowing his mind to be brought to the conviction that anything serious would grow out of these difficulties. The Big Warrior, on the contrary, was much alarmed. He endeavored to assemble the Chiefs of the neighboring towns, but a majority refused to appear, and continued to give countenance to the prophets. He despatched a runner to the Alabamas with this talk: \"You are but a few Alabama people. You say that the Great Spirit visits you frequently; that he comes in the sun, and speaks to you; that the sun comes down just above your heads. Now we want to see and hear what you have seen and heard. Let us have the same proof, then we will believe. You have nothing to fear--the people who did the killing upon the Ohio are put to death, and the law is satisfied.\" The messenger was seized, killed and scalped at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, where a portion of the war party were engaged in \"the dance of the lakes.\" They then paddled down to Coosawda, pursued Captain Isaacs into the cane, across the river, and, being unable to find him, returned, burnt up his houses, destroyed his stock and murdered two of his chief warriors.* The Indians also commenced hostilities upon the Americans. June 1813: Between Burnt Corn and the Escambia, Greggs, an American mailrider, was seized, most severely beaten, and left upon the Federal Road, after being robbed of his mail bags and horse. Without anything to eat, save the berries in the woods, the lacerated youth, after wandering ten days through the forests, reached Montgomery Hill. The mail was carried to Pensacola and rifled of its contents in a Spanish trading house.** June 25: Gen. Wilkinson, with his lady, had reached Sam McNac's, near the Catoma, with an escort, which had attended him from Mims' Ferry. He wrote back to Judge Toulmin, informing him of the dangers attendant upon a trip through the Creek nation, but that he was resolved to go on to Georgia. In a short time McNac, who for some time lived upon the Federal Road, for the purpose of accommodating travellers, was driven off, some of his negroes stolen, while his cattle were driven to Pensacola for sale. Other half-breeds, suspected of friendship for the Americans, were treated in the same manner. Remaining concealed for some time upon his island in the Alabama, McNac ventured to visit his place upon the road. Here he suddenly encountered High-Head Jim, one of the prophets of Auttose, who, after shaking him by the hands, began to tremble all over, and to jerk in every part of his frame, convulsing the calves of the legs, and, from the severe agitation, getting entirely out of breath. This practice had been introduced by the prophet Josiah Francis, the brother-in-law of McNac, who said he was so instructed by the Great Spirit. Wishing to make terms for the moment, McNac pretended that he was sorry for his former friendship for the whites, and avowed his determination to join the hostiles. High-Head Jim, led away by his artifice, disclosed to him all their plans; that they were soon to kill the Big Warrior, Captain Isaacs, William McIntosh, the Mad Dragon's Son, the Little Prince, Spoke Kange, and Tallase Fixico, all prominent Chiefs of the nation; that, after the death of these traitors, the Creeks were to unite, in a common cause, against the Americans; those upon the Coosa, Tallapoosa and Black Warrior were to attack the settlements upon the Tensaw and Tombigby; those near the Cherokees, with the assistance of the latter, were to attack the Tennesseans; the Georgians were to fall by the fierce sallies of the Lower Creeks and Seminoles; while the Choctaws were to exterminate the Mississippi population.\n* Indian Affairs, vol. 1, p. 846.\n** Conversations with Mr. George S. Gaines, of Mobile, and Dr. Thomas G. Holmes, of Baldwin county.\nThe most extravagant delusions prevailed upon the Coosa, at this period. Nearly all these people moved out of their towns, into the woods, dancing and preparing for war. Letecau, a prophet of eighteen years of age, a native of the town of Abaucooche, went with eighteen subordinate prophets, to the old Coosa town, from whence they sent out runners, inviting all the unbelievers to come and witness their magical powers. A large assembly of both sexes congregated upon the banks of the river, and surrounded the prophets. Letecau, with his wand, drew a circle in front, and he and his subordinates began \"the dance of the lakes.\" After powerful exertions for some time, the warwhoop was given by Letacau, who fell, with his men, upon three Chiefs, whom they killed. The other friendly Chiefs sprang into the river, made their escape to their towns, and assembling their warriors returned and killed Letecau and his prophets. They proceeded to Little Ocfuske, where Tecumseh's talk had been taken, and there put a number of his deluded followers to death.\nJune 1813: The hostiles destroyed the stock of the friendly Indians, at the Hillabee towns, several of whom they killed. They carried off seventy negroes belonging to Robert Graison, and committed many other depredations. The town of Kialigee was burned down, and several of the inhabitants shot. These things overwhelmed the Big Warrior with fear, and he entreated Hawkins to relieve him with the federal troops. He had collected a large supply of corn at Tookabatcha, where he built a fort. Hawkins prevailed upon two hundred warriors of Coweta and Cussetta, to march to Tookabatcha, where they soon arrived, and, after some annoyance from the attacks of a few of the war party, succeeded in carrying off the Big Warrior, and those who adhered to him, in safety over to the Chattahoochie.*\n* Upon the civil war among the Creeks, see Indian Affairs, vol. 1, pp. 849-851." ]

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[ "As the UK’s target to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 edges closer, one of the most significant challenges is decarbonising transport. The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is seen as an essential part of this journey but what isn’t considered so often is the environmental impact of EVs and, in particular, the batteries which power them.\nRECOVAS – a consortium that includes businesses, academics and regulators – is working to develop the UK’s first circular supply chain for EV batteries, giving them a second useful life where possible and safeguarding the rare earth metals they contain.\n“Today, producing an electric vehicle creates around twice the amount of carbon emissions compared to an internal combustion engine car,”\nexplains Phil Ridley, NPI Manager at Autocraft Drivetrain Solutions.\n“The break-even point for carbon emissions for an all electric vehicle is between 35,000km and 55,000km. Even this might be understated because these batteries use large amounts of lithium and cobalt, which require carbon intensive mining and water extraction and we don’t know the full impact of this.\n“We therefore have to keep these batteries in use for as long as possible before we recycle them.”\nAutocraft Drivetrain Solutions is Europe’s largest independent assembler of combustion engines for firms including Ford and Aston Martin and is a key member of the RECOVAS partnership. They have been involved in EV battery testing and repair for several years.\n“Our role is focused on EV battery repair,”\n“When most people think about the circular economy, they imagine recycling as the logical next step once a car reaches its end of life. That is incredibly inefficient in comparison to simply repairing the battery to be used again.”\nMost EV batteries contain several modules, each containing the cells which store energy. These cells operate in a series circuit which means that one faulty cell can make an entire module unusable.\n“Our team of engineers have shown that we can repair an EV battery from as low as 10% operational capacity right up to 90% by just repairing one or two modules,”\nThe technology is developing fast and Autocraft has repaired almost 500 batteries at its facility since 2017. Those which cannot be fixed to a level required by vehicle manufacturers – maintaining at least 80% capacity – can be ‘remanufactured’ for use in energy storage, the refurbishment of classic cars or even as a power source for festivals and weddings.\n“One of the challenges we have had in scaling this technology up is that transporting batteries and vehicles is inefficient, expensive and carbon intensive. As part of the RECOVAS initiative, our team has designed and built a fully off grid mobile repair centre, called Autocraft REVIVE Mobile Workshop. It can go to garages, fleet operators and car makers to test and fix batteries on site,”\nAutocraft Revive Mobile features a range of innovative technologies including augmented reality to ensure the quality and safety of every repair.\nBeing involved in RECOVAS has provided several benefits to Autocraft as it has developed the repair centre and given the firm the confidence to grow.\nAlongside the valuable opportunity to share ideas, insights, and data with the partners, including leading metal recycler EMR, Connected Energy, Jaguar Land Rover, BMW and Bentley, membership of RECOVAS has also allowed the firm to access funding made available to the programme through the Advanced Propulsion Centre.\n“RECOVAS has given us a platform to develop this technology and expand as a business. In the past three years we have grown our staff from 240 people to nearly 500 and we are now planning to open sites in Europe, partly due to the success of this project,”\nYet it’s the long-term impact of RECOVAS which stands out most, he believes:\n“We could make the same mistakes that we made when the internal combustion engine was invented, thinking it’s fine just to throw it away after use. RECOVAS is helping to make sure we protect our natural resources and don’t make that mistake again.”" ]

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[ "Every time I attend my British History course titled Remembering Slavery, I feel a complex array of emotions. As I listen to discussions on Britain’s role in Atlantic slavery and the way it is remembered, I cannot help but feel the weight of my status as a colonized body in the colonial empire.\nAlthough I left Jamaica at the age of 9, I have always clung tightly to my Jamaican heritage. It served as an anchor for me as I navigated my assimilation into American culture. While in America my heritage has always been a point of pride, it became a point for somber reflection in Britain as I delved into England’s conquest of Jamaica in my coursework.\nIn Remembering Slavery, we work to understand the ties between Britain and slavery and how they have been interpreted throughout the years. Although I thought that this course would be like any other, I could not help the discomfort I felt as we looked through British records of absentee slave-owners who received compensation upon the abolition of slavery. My mind began to wonder if any of the men and women in the record that shared my surname had owned my ancestors.\nEven though I had spent years in the States learning about slavery and the horrors committed under this ‘peculiar institution’, it never hit quite as close to home as it did in that moment.\nIn England—the nation that held Jamaica as a colony until 1962—I am constantly brought face-to-face with the realities of my roots.\nThus the ties forged between England and Jamaica through colonialism complicate my perception of self during my time abroad. In the States I never think twice about telling people of my Jamaican heritage. However as a study abroad student in London, I find it harder to decide which of my identities I should claim.\nIn light of the undeniable links that colonialism has wrought between Jamaica and England, I feel that I have an obligation to attest to my Jamaican lineage. However, I am studying abroad from an American college, I have lived most of my life in America, and I sound American. Although none of this ever deterred me from proudly declaring my Jamaican heritage in the U.S., it has complicated my status in London where people expect me to say that I am American. Thus I constantly play with the idea of explaining my full background, but often surrender to the ease of simply being American.\nYet I cannot shake the duty I feel to my Jamaican lineage, especially in my Remembering Slavery course.\nDuring many moments in this course, I am overcome by a desire to reveal my dual identity. When we debate whether or not absentee slave-ownership drained England’s Caribbean colonies of the economic and social capital they needed to forge prosperous societies, I want to stand as a testament to the resilience of the colonized people.\nI want to speak for Jamaica and attest to all of the ways we have been successful despite the years of oppression placed upon us by British slavery and imperialism. In conversations about Jamaica’s recent call for Britain to pay reparations for the lasting economic, social, and cultural wounds that it imposed, I am swept by the urge to stand in support.\nNevertheless, I find myself questioning how and if I can take such a stand when to my classmates, I am nothing but American.\nConsequently, over the past few months I have realized that I do not quite know who I am in England. The parts of my identity that are so clear to me in the States seem to have been muddled in my journey across the Atlantic Ocean.\nAm I Jamaican? Am I American? Or can I be both without allowing one to overpower the other?\nThis interplay of identities is something that I am constantly battling with in the U.K. With every new introduction, I must decide which of my identities I will claim or find a way to convince others and myself that I can be both." ]

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[ "Tikkun Olam: Repair the World and Keep it Holy (Whole)\nWhen it comes to the Jewish concept of “tikkun olam” translated as “repairing the world”, traditional Judaism and Kabbalah differ only in how much emphasis is placed on the inner versus the outer, the oral teachings versus the written, and the hidden versus the revealed. In Kabbalah an effort is made towards using potent symbols, metaphors and meaning to explain the esoteric and manifest holiness (wholeness) including how to cultivate it in our daily living. It is the Gestalt therapy of mystical traditions. To repair and keep “it” holy means to usher in an ever-present divine unity into the world by learning to contribute a strong (and persistent) sense of personal joy-beauty-awe-meaning-purpose-authenticity and universal truth that helps others while also benefiting self, the world at large and all the living beings in it. How that is done is by gathering and manifesting the divine sparks of Holiness-Godliness. These divine sparks or emanations are both integral and interdependent aspects of God, what some might call fundamental expressions of a ultimately unknowable deity through a divinely inspired and enlightened mind, both on a spiritual and material level. It sounds like a rather complex mystical discipline but little kids seem to do it naturally and without over-thinking it. In the end it is all about love." ]

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[ "This book first teaches learners how to do quantum mechanics, and then provides them with a more insightful discussion of what it means. Fundamental principles are covered, quantum theory presented, and special techniques developed for attacking realistic problems. The book¿s two-part coverage organizes topics under basic theory, and assembles an arsenal of approximation schemes with illustrative applications. For physicists and engineers.\n\"synopsis\" may belong to another edition of this title.\nUnlike Newton's mechanics, or Maxwell's electrodynamics, or Einstein's relativity, quantum theory was not created—or even definitively packaged—by one individual, and it retains to this day some of the scars of its exhilarating but traumatic youth. There is no general consensus as to what its fundamental principles are, how it should be taught, or what it really \"means.\" Every competent physicist can \"do\" quantum mechanics, but the stories we tell ourselves about what we are doing are as various as the tales of Scheherazade, and almost as implausible. Niels Bohr said, \"If you are not confused by quantum physics then you haven't really understood it\"; Richard Feynman remarked, \"I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics.\"\nThe purpose of this book is to teach you how to do quantum mechanics. Apart from some essential background in Chapter 1, the deeper quasiphilosophical questions are saved for the end. I do not believe one can intelligently discuss what quantum mechanics means until one has a firm sense of what quantum mechanics does. But if you absolutely cannot wait, by all means read the Afterword immediately following Chapter 1.\nNot only is quantum theory conceptually rich, it is also technically difficult, and exact solutions to all but the most artificial textbook examples are few and far between. It is therefore essential to develop special techniques for attacking more realistic problems. Accordingly, this book is divided into two parts; Part I covers the basic theory, and Part II assembles an arsenal of approximation schemes, with illustrative applications. Although it is important to keep the two parts logically separate, it is not necessary to study the material in the order presented here. Some instructors, for example, may wish to treat time-independent perturbation theory immediately after Chapter 2.\nThis book is intended for a one-semester or one-year course at the junior or senior level. A one-semester course will have to concentrate mainly on Part I; a full-year course should have room for supplementary material beyond Part II. The reader must be familiar with the rudiments of linear algebra (as summarized in the Appendix), complex numbers, and calculus up through partial derivatives; some acquaintance with Fourier analysis and the Dirac delta function would help. Elementary classical mechanics is essential, of course, and a little electrodynamics would be useful in places. As always, the more physics and math you know the easier it will be, and the more you will get out of your study. But I would like to emphasize that quantum mechanics is not, in my view, something that flows smoothly and naturally from earlier theories. On the contrary, it represents an abrupt and revolutionary departure from classical ideas, calling forth a wholly new and radically counterintuitive way of thinking about the world. That, indeed, is what makes it such a fascinating subject.\nAt first glance, this book may strike you as forbiddingly mathematical. We encounter Legendre, Hermite, and Laguerre polynomials, spherical harmonics, Bessel, Neumann, and Hankel functions, Airy functions, and even the Riemann zeta function—not to mention Fourier transforms, Hilbert spaces, hermitian operators, Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, and Lagrange multipliers. Is all this baggage really necessary? Perhaps not, but physics is like carpentry: Using the right tool makes the job easier, not more difficult, and teaching quantum mechanics without the appropriate mathematical equipment is like asking the student to dig a foundation with a screwdriver. (On the other hand, it can be tedious and diverting if the instructor feels obliged to give elaborate lessons on the proper use of each tool. My own instinct is to hand the students shovels and tell them to start digging. They may develop blisters at first, but I still think this is the most efficient and exciting way to learn.) At any rate, I can assure you that there is no deep mathematics in this book, and if you run into something unfamiliar, and you don't find my explanation adequate, by all means ask someone about it, or look it up. There are many good books on mathematical methods—I particularly recommend Mary Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York (1983), or George Arfken and Hans-Jurgen Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 5th ed., Academic Press, Orlando (2000). But whatever you do, don't let the mathematics—which, for us, is only a tool—interfere with the physics.\nSeveral readers have noted that there are fewer worked examples in this book than is customary, and that some important material is relegated to the problems. This is no accident. I don't believe you can learn quantum mechanics without doing many exercises for yourself. Instructors should of course go over as many problems in class as time allows, but students should be warned that this is not a subject about which anyone has natural intuitions—you're developing a whole new set of muscles here, and there is simply no substitute for calisthenics. Mark Semon suggested that I offer a \"Michelin Guide\" to the problems, with varying numbers of stars to indicate the level of difficulty and importance. This seemed like a good idea (though, like the quality of a restaurant, the significance of a problem is partly a matter of taste); I have adopted the following rating scheme:\n* an essential problem that every reader should study;\n** a somewhat more difficult or more peripheral problem;\n*** an unusually challenging problem, that may take over an hour.\n(No stars at all means fast food: OK if you're hungry, but not very nourishing.) Most of the one-star problems appear at the end of the relevant section; most of the three-star problems are at the end of the chapter. A solution manual is available (to instructors only) from the publisher.\nIn preparing the second edition I have tried to retain as much as possible the spirit of the first. The only wholesale change is Chapter 3, which was much too long and diverting; it has been completely rewritten, with the background material on finite-dimensional vector spaces (a subject with which most students at this level are already comfortable) relegated to the Appendix. I have added some examples in Chapter 2 (and fixed the awkward definition of raising and lowering operators for the harmonic oscillator). In later chapters I have made as few changes as I could, even preserving the numbering of problems and equations, where possible. The treatment is streamlined in places (a better introduction to angular momentum it! Chapter 4, for instance, a simpler proof of the adiabatic theorem in Chapter 10, and a new section on partial wave phase shifts in Chapter 11). Inevitably, the second edition is a bit longer than the first, which I regret, but I hope it is cleaner and more accessible.\nI have benefited from the comments and advice of many colleagues, who read the original manuscript, pointed out weaknesses (or errors) in the first edition, suggested improvements in the presentation, and supplied interesting problems. I would like to thank in particular P. K. Aravind (Worcester Polytech), Greg Benesh (Baylor), David Boness (Seattle), Burt Brody (Bard), Ash Carter (Drew), Edward Chang (Massachusetts), Peter Copings (Swarthmore), Richard Crandall (Reed), Jeff Dunham (Middlebury), Greg Elliott (Puget Sound), John Essick (Reed), Gregg Franklin (Carnegie Mellon), Henry Greenside (Duke), Paul Haines (Dartmouth), J. R. Huddle (Navy), Larry Hunter (Amherst), David Kaplan (Washington), Alex Kuzmich (Georgia Tech), Peter Leung (Portland State), Tony Liss (Illinois), Jeffry Mallow (Chicago Loyola), James McTavish (Liverpool), James Nearing (Miami), Johnny Powell (Reed), Krishna Rajagopal (MIT), Brian Raue (Florida International), Robert Reynolds (Reed), Keith Riles (Michigan), Mark Semon (Bates), Herschel Snodgrass (Lewis and Clark), John Taylor (Colorado), Stavros Theodorakis (Cyprus), A. S. Tremsin (Berkeley), Dan Velleman (Amherst), Nicholas Wheeler (Reed), Scott Willenbrock (Illinois), William Wootters (Williams), Sam Wurzel (Brown), and Jens Zorn (Michigan).\n\"About this title\" may belong to another edition of this title.\nBook Description Book Condition: New. Brand new book. This is an international edition textbook with identical content as the US version. We ship all our orders from CA/IL, USA (depending on your address) and NOT from Asia! Choose expedited shipping for superfast delivery with tracking. Bookseller Inventory # 9780131118928\nBook Description Soft cover. Book Condition: New. International Edition. Brand New; Paperback; Black & White or Color International Edition. ISBN and Cover page may differ but similar contents as US edition. GET IT FAST in 3-5 business days by DHL/FEDEX with tracking number. Books printed in English. We also ship to PO Box/APO/FPO address. In some instances the international textbooks may have different end chapter case studies and exercises. International Edition Textbooks may bear a label \"Not for sale in the U.S. or Canada\" and \"Content may different from U.S. Edition\" - printed only to discourage U.S. students from obtaining an affordable copy. The U.S. Supreme Court has asserted your right to purchase international editions, and ruled on this issue. Access code or CD is not provided with these editions, unless specified. . We may ship the books from multiple warehouses across the globe, including India depending upon the availability of inventory storage. Customer satisfaction guaranteed. Bookseller Inventory # USINUS-1045\nBook Description Paperback. Book Condition: New. This is an International Edition, Brand NEW, Shrink Wrapped, Paperback, Ships from multiple locations across the globe in 4-7 business days; delivered well within delivery estimates with Tracking. Choose Expedited Shipping for 3-4 Business DAY DELIVERY. ISBN and Cover page may differ. International edition does not comes with CD/access code. Book cover may contain restrictions but it is absolutely legal to use, may be printed in black & white having similar contents as US edition. Best Customer Support. Please READ Description Carefully Before Buying. Occasionally, international textbooks may come with different exercises at the end of chapters. Bookseller Inventory # U23_9780131118928\nBook Description Pearson Prentice Hall. Book Condition: New. 0131118927 This is an International Edition. Brand New, Paperback, Delivery within 6-14 business days, Similar Contents as U.S Edition, ISBN and Cover design may differ, printed in Black & White. Choose Expedited shipping for delivery within 3-8 business days. We do not ship to PO Box, APO , FPO Address. In some instances, subjects such as Management, Accounting, Finance may have different end chapter case studies and exercises. International Edition Textbooks may bear a label \"Not for sale in the U.S. or Canada\" and \"Content may different from U.S. Edition\" - printed only to discourage U.S. students from obtaining an affordable copy. The U.S. Supreme Court has asserted your right to purchase international editions, and ruled on this issue. Access code/CD is not provided with these editions , unless specified. We may ship the books from multiple warehouses across the globe, including India depending upon the availability of inventory storage. Customer satisfaction guaranteed. Bookseller Inventory # RU_9780131118928\nBook Description Soft cover. Book Condition: New. Opt EXPEDITED shipping for 2 to 4 day delivery - Brand NEW - International Edition - 2ed - SAME Contents as in US edition - SHRINKwrapped BOXpacked - There is no CD or Access Code, unless specified above - Ships from various locations. Bookseller Inventory # F99\nBook Description Paperback. Book Condition: New. This is an International Edition Brand New Paperback Same Title Author and Edition as listed. ISBN and Cover design differs. Similar Contents as U.S Edition. Standard Delivery within 6-14 business days ACROSS THE GLOBE. We can ship to PO Box address in US. International Edition Textbooks may bear a label \"Not for sale in the U.S. or Canada\" or \"For sale in Asia only\" or similar restrictions- printed only to discourage students from obtaining an affordable copy. US Court has asserted your right to buy and use International edition. Access code/CD may not provided with these editions. We may ship the books from multiple warehouses across the globe including Asia depending upon the availability of inventory. Printed in English. Customer satisfaction guaranteed. Bookseller Inventory # U9780131118928\nBook Description Softcover. Book Condition: New. Brand NEW, Paperback International Edition. Black & White or color, Cover and ISBN may be different but similar contents as US editions. Standard delivery takes 3-6 business days by USPS/UPS/Fedex with tracking number. Choose expedited shipping for superfast delivery 2-4 business days. We do not ship to PO Box addresses. International Edition Textbooks may bear a label Not for sale in the U.S. or Canada etc. printed only to discourage U.S. students from obtaining an affordable copy. Legal to use despite any disclaimer on cover as per US court. No access code or CD included unless specified. In some instances, the international textbooks may have different exercises at the end of the chapters. Printed in English. 100% Customer satisfaction guaranteed! Please feel free to contact us for any queries. Bookseller Inventory # AB129192\nBook Description Paperback. Book Condition: New. Softcover Book, Condition: New. 2nd Edition. [Please Read Carefully Before Buying], This Is An International Edition. Printed In Black and White. 480 Pages, Book Cover And ISBN No May Be Different From US Edition. Restricted Sales Disclaimer Wordings Not For Sales In USA And Canada May Be Printed On The Cover Of The Book. Standard Shipping 7-14 Business Days. Expedited Shiping 4-8 Business Days. ***WE DO NOT ENTERTAIN BULK ORDERS.*** The Books May Be Ship From Overseas For Inventory Purpose. Bookseller Inventory # 467147\nBook Description Paperback. Book Condition: New. New. Softcover book, 2nd Edition. (Read Description Before Buying), This is an international Edition. Black and White Book. ISBN or covers May Be Different From US Edition. Book may have Restricted Sales Disclaimer Wordings printed on cover. Books May Be Shipped From Overseas as per stock status. Bookseller Inventory # 760455\nBook Description Paperback. Book Condition: New. New Softcover International Edition, Printed in Black and White, Different ISBN, Same Content As US edition, Book Cover may be Different, in English Language. Bookseller Inventory # 29667" ]

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[ "In “Mother- and Father-Reported Reactions to Children’s Negative Emotions: Relations to Young Children’s Emotional Understanding and Friendship Quality”, researchers led by Dr. Nancy L McElwain of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign studied over 50 pre-school children, firstly assessing their emotional maturity, and then observing play sessions with a friend. In a situation designed to produce stress and conflict it turned out that the optimum situation for the child was one very involved parent and one much less so.\nI have many times observed sandpit and playground conflicts and the involvement or non involvement of the parents with horror. I have also felt horror wondering how to react myself, and tend to err on the side of letting them sort it out by themselves, while being aware that they often do not have the ability to do so yet. Depending on the culture of the place where I am, I have observed parents explicitly teaching their children that they are inferior to the others — “you naughty girl! Let him take the spade!” — or completely taking over the situation and turning it into a mini therapy session.\nIn Mother- and Father-Reported Reactions to Children’s Negative Emotions: Relations to Young Children’s Emotional Understanding and Friendship Quality, researchers led by Dr. Nancy L McElwain of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign studied over 50 pre-school children, firstly assessing their emotional maturity, and then observing play sessions with a friend. In a situation designed to produce stress and conflict it turned out that, unsurprisingly, the supportive reactions of parents had an effect on the children’s ability to deal with having to share. The results, quoting the abstract, “partially support the notion that children benefit when parents differ in their reactions to children’s emotions”.\nWhen one parent reported low support, greater support by the other parent was related to more emotional maturity, for boys only. So boys do badly with low support from both parents. But when one parent reported high support, then better emotional functioning was associated with the less support from the other parent.\nThe optimum scenario as far as the researchers were concerned was described as one parent being actively involved in comforting and helping the child to resolve the problem while the other parent was nearby but at a distance, providing space for the child to process.\nI would say it is vital for the child not to feel like the centre of a hothouse experiment. It is hard enough to lose your spade in the sandpit when you are two years old — for a minute it does feel like the end of the world — and if parents also treat it that way then it is overwhelming and ultimately disempowering for the child. Not to mention embarassing!\nBut maybe these results have more to do with a certain clarity of roles between the parents; when one of them takes on the role of supporter and comforter, the other is free not to. Maybe one parent by nature is more ’emotionally hands on’ in which case the parents are being real and not forcing their communicative styles on the other. It is hard not to see this in a gender stereotyped way, with the mother comforting and the father stepping back — in which case the parents are not being real so much as conforming to a role which fits them to a greater or lesser extent. Taking this into consideration complicates the research findings further! There seems to be no reason, however, why the roles should not be interchangeable.\nThe child sees that there are various ways of dealing with stress and emotions, engagement and distance, and that both of them work, which has to build emotional maturity. It is not that there is one right thing to do, that your parents know, and teach you, and you can do it right, in which case they are pleased with you and you are happy, or fail at it and at their approval. This last scenario seems bound to cause emotional distress in the child, probably stored up for the future, and I can see how this might be caused by the most well meaning of parents, trying the hardest to help their children deal with normally arising situations of conflict.\nAll clinical material on this site is peer reviewed by one or more clinical psychologists or other qualified mental health professionals. This specific article was originally published by on .on and was last reviewed or updated by" ]

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[ "Embedded DSP chips offer high precision and low power consumption, making them reliable and energy-efficient for a variety of applications.\nEmbedded Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Chips are computer chips that are used to convert analog signals into digital signals. They are also useful for various data processing tasks, such as filtering and signal conditioning. The major benefit of these chips is that they offer high precision and low power consumption. This makes them highly reliable and energy-efficient in a variety of applications.\nA typical embedded DSP chip contains several components, such as memory, a processor, ALU, a Bus Interface Unit (BIU), and a multiplicity address generator. Memory can be in the form of a ROM, RAM, Flash BT, or SRAM. The processor will typically be an ARM, MIPS, or similar architecture. ALU, or Arithmetic Logic Unit, is the main data-processing engine on the chip, and is responsible for carrying out basic calculations, such as addition and subtraction. The BIU is an interface unit which provides a communication link between the processor, the memory, and the other components on the chip. Finally, the multiplicity address generator is responsible for generating the addresses needed to access memory.\nEmbedded DSP chips are used in a variety of applications, such as machine vision, robotics, musical instruments, medical instruments, automotive electronics, industrial control systems, and consumer electronics. In machine vision, they are used to process images acquired from cameras, while in robotics they are used to control the movement of robots. Musical instruments use embedded digital signal processors to create sound and offer various electronic effects to the sound. They are also used in medical instruments to process data acquired from various sources, such as ultrasonic, temperature, and other sensors.\nIn automotive electronics, embedded DSP chips are used to control electronically assisted brakes, fuel injection systems, transmission controllers, and powertrain controllers. In industrial control systems, these chips are used to carry out special-purpose control tasks, such as controlling servos, pressure/temperature controllers, and energy management systems. Finally, in consumer electronics, they are used to control televisions, DVD players, and A/V receivers\nEmbedded DSP chips can be programmed to perform various tasks, and can easily be integrated into existing systems. They offer fast performance, low power consumption, and precise control, and are capable of handling complex tasks in a cost-effective manner. This makes them ideal for a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial control systems." ]

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[ "Carcinoma of the lung – the most common reason for the procedure today but only frequently performed for the last 30 years as lung cancer was a fairly rare tumor.\nTuberculosis – a very common reason for this procedure in the middle and early 20th century. The procedure described below is the procedure that is planned for extreme drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) patient Andrew Speaker’s surgery.\nPneumonia – necrotizing Streptococcus pneumonia is the usual organism requiring surgical removal.\nAspergillosis – fungal infection seen in immunocompromised patients.\nTrauma – disruption of the lung parenchyma causing tissue loss or severe bleeding.\nCopyright 2007 InsideSurgery.com" ]

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[ "Shakespeare might have been right when he wrote “what’s past is prologue,” but not when it comes to modeling climate change.\nA new study shows that rising air temperatures could have a crippling effect on the likelihood of precipitation falling as snow.\nThat’s a huge problem for California, because the snowpack in the Sierra is the state’s natural reservoir, storing up snow in the winter for release through spring and summer melt.\nLead author Mohammad Safeeq, a research hydrologist with UC Merced, examined western U.S. precipitation and temperature data over the past century to answer two questions:\n- How likely is it that precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow, and where is that most likely to happen?\n- Can we use historical data as an analog for the future?\nHis work with research colleagues indicates that history can only really be applied to the near-term projections, perhaps through about the 2040s.\n“If you take the average snowfall likelihood from 10 warmest years of the past century, it’s equivalent to 1.8 degrees of warming, which is predicted by the 2040s,” Safeeq said. “However, that is very far from what scientists have predicted we will actually experience — more than 3 degrees by the 2080s.\n“By the 2080s, the snowfall likelihoods are projected to be worse than the worst we’ve seen in the past century.”\nThe results of the study, detailed in the paper “Influence of Winter Season Climate Variability on Snow–Precipitation Ratio in the Western United States,” were recently published in the Royal Meteorological Society’s International Journal of Climatology. The study involves scientists from the University of California, Oregon State University and the U.S. Forest Service, and was supported by all three organizations.\nWhat makes this study unique and relevant, the authors said, is putting future projections in the context of historical variability, and showing how the regional sensitivities and changes in snowfall likelihood vary across the western U.S.\n“We find that the phase of precipitation (i.e., rain or snow) in the Sierra Nevada is most sensitive to temperature, compared to other regions of the western U.S.,” Safeeq said. “Fortunately, over the past century, the likelihood of snowfall in the Sierra Nevada has not yet seen as much change as in places like Colorado. However, this might all change as temperatures continue to rise.”\nThe researchers estimate that by the 2040s, the Sierra will see 50 percent less snow in places where there is typically more snow than rain right now. By the 2080s, that could increase to a 65 percent reduction, Safeeq said.\n“We would basically only be getting snow at the highest elevations,” he said.\nAccording to the state’s Sierra Nevada Conservancy, more than 60 percent of California’s developed water supply originates in the Sierra, including up to 50 percent of the flow into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\nThat’s the hub of the state’s water system, providing water to more than 25 million Californians and 3 million acres of agricultural land.\nBesides the direct effects of having less water stored in the mountains, there are other effects of warming at higher elevations. Warmer temperatures means more plant growth — and more plants using the water that would typically run off from those areas.\nMore plant growth in the spring means more dry fuel for fires in the summer, too.\nA decline in snowfall would alter the natural flow of water, and affect all associated ecosystems and habitats.\nSafeeq, an affiliate of the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, said the next goal is to study how the change in snowfall likelihood affects different ecosystems and how it will affect future droughts.\nBut perhaps the biggest unknown is how we move ahead into a warmer future.\n“We have to find ways to manage our headwaters sustainably and promote a culture of water conservation, as well,” Safeeq said. “Just because it rains, we can’t relax. No matter how much rain we get in the winter, we’re not going to have the same amount of water in the summers as we did when we had more snow.”" ]

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[ "Effortless and Eco-Friendly ways to Dispose of PPE in 2022General\nPollution of PPE is on the rise, not only in Canada but also on a global scale. The Government of Canada (2020) predicts over 63,000 tonnes of waste will end up in our landfills, a direct result of improper disposal of Covid-19 PPE and especially masks. Before the pandemic disposable masks, gloves and wipes have exclusively been used in the medical field. Over the last year, everyone and their grandma has been accessorized with vinyl gloves and wet wipes whenever they leave their house.\nHospitals and medical facilities have protocols in place for disposing of PPE correctly (special recycling, incineration or disinfecting before landfilled), but the general public often doesn’t have access to such sophisticated procedures. This has resulted in an overwhelming amount of PPE littering our environment, landfills and sewage lines (plumbers must be going through it). There have also been countless reports of wildlife mistaking PPE for food or even getting entangled in it.\nThis is a far cry from the drastic effects we saw in the first few months of lockdown. The stay-at-home orders meant virtually zero traffic and essentially turned major cities into ghost towns. There was a massive decline in air pollutants, ultimately improving air quality worldwide (Liu, et al., 2021). These positive impacts highlighted the potential difference we can make to the environment. I believe we can do the same with the pollution of PPE, especially now that Canada is beginning to lift mask mandates and fewer people will be wearing disposable PPE. We have collected the following information on how you can properly dispose of PPE and what we can all do to reduce the pollution in our environment.\nDo not recycle your PPE.\nPPE cannot be easily recycled due to a mixture of materials used to make it and the health risk to workers who sort recycling. There are advanced recycling options available, but it is commonly expensive and not something traditional recycling programs offer. If you are someone who frequently wears disposable PPE, there are paid recycling services available.\nAvoid harm to wildlife.\nWhen disposing of PPE, cut any strings or components that could cause wildlife to get entangled in the waste. It is also important to dispose of PPE in a tightly sealed bag. A frequent problem is the garbage falling out of open bags and ending up on the street or in nature.\nPPE doesn’t belong in the toilet.\nWhy do we even need to say this one? Remi (2021) reported that, although the flushing of improper waste isn’t new, it is becoming worse due to the increased usage of disposable PPE. I can’t fathom why an individual would want to flush their used masks or gloves down the toilet, other than for a strange science experiment. So, please, don’t do this.\nDonate & volunteer.\nTo combat the overwhelming rise in PPE pollution, more nonprofits are working to organize cleanups at beaches, parks and city streets. Whether you’re able to provide a monetary amount or dedicate an afternoon to help clean, it means we are one step closer to a better future.\nWe must do our part to be conscientious and lessen climate change’s negative impact on our planet. It’s important to acknowledge that some of the richest industries in the world are the primary contributors to the emission of greenhouse gases. Our society is combating a plethora of hurdles and the only way we will overcome them is by working together to take a stand. We can do this by refusing to support massive industries and investing our money into local businesses.\nTo learn more about what sustainable options you can choose for your sanitation lineup at home or work, call (204) 477-4747.\nWant to read more blogs like this? Click below!\nThank you to our sources:" ]

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[ "Cryptocurrencies are popular for a lot of reasons, not least is because they’re private and secure. Unlike traditional currencies that are monitored and tracked by banks and financial institutions, crypto transactions are totally private. Or, at least, that’s how they should be.\nNew apps have been developed that take some of the privacy and anonymity out of crypto by tracking users’ data. While sharing your portfolio size, open orders, price alerts, and diversification might seem insignificant to you, a company that has access to thousands of its users’ data can generate aggregate reports and insights that could give them an edge on the market. This can be used to determine which traders are most profitable and potentially copy their actions. In addition, knowing where thousands of users’ stop losses and take profit zones are, opens doors for market manipulation, especially in an unregulated market like cryptocurrency. Therefore, we should ask ourselves, is the portfolio tracking we’re using tracking us back? Let’s investigate.\nHow Private Are Cryptocurrencies?\nCryptocurrencies in general, are more private than using a credit card or bank routing number. Some still say that cash is the most private way to transact, but there are limitations, especially when it comes to investing and saving money, not to mention spending it digitally.\nEven though cryptocurrencies are designed to be ultra-secure, there are still ways for hackers to identify you based on your transactions. If anyone gets their hands on your wallet address and can link it to you, then you’re pretty much outed. Bitcoin specifically is the least secure type of cryptocurrency since information is stored and shared on a public ledger. Sure, someone still would need to attach your name to your wallet, which isn’t a matter of public record, so your data is still relatively secure.\nThe thing that makes cryptocurrency different from other types of digital currency, like using a credit or debit card, or cash transactions is the blockchain. The blockchain exists because there isn’t a third-party financial institution or card merchant to verify the transaction between a buyer and a seller. The blockchain is a public ledger spread across thousands of computers that has every single cryptocurrency transaction recorded on it.\nInstead of a third party verifying each transaction, cryptocurrency miners (who are part of the peer-to-peer network that makes up the world of cryptocurrency) confirm and validate the transaction by successfully solving a complex computer problem.\nOnce a miner has validated the transaction successfully, they broadcast it to the network, which checks the results and adds the new transaction to the blockchain as a new block. Miners get rewarded in the form of new bitcoins.\nThis democratic reward system encourages miners to focus on solving the problems instead of spending time matching a bitcoin user to their wallet. Even if that weren’t the case, the blockchain is insanely secure because it’s decentralized. Hackers have to break into not just one server but thousands of servers to make a change to the chain, which, as you can imagine, isn’t an easy feat. (That doesn’t mean that hacks don’t happen, as we’ve talked about previously.)\nHow to Track Your Crypto Securely\nBecause it’s not a completely perfect system, it’s possible for your information to get leaked or uncovered when you transact with cryptocurrency. The best thing to do is know what the risks are and take measured steps to avoid them.\nThe first way to keep your crypto secure is to choose the right type of cryptocurrency wallet based on whether you’re an investor, a spender, or a little bit of both.\nNext, you’ll need to make sure you’re using a secure portfolio tracker. This is the only way you can keep track of your current cryptocurrency investments and make informed decisions about buying and selling crypto based on how the market’s doing.\nWhy Use a Crypto Portfolio Tracker\nPeople don’t always think about using a crypto portfolio tracker when they first get into crypto investments, but if you don’t already have one, you need to get one. This is where you’ll be looking to get daily updates on your investments. Portfolio trackers do a few other things as well, including:\n- Keeping your portfolio(s) organized in one app, even if you use a mixture of exchanges and wallets.\n- Giving you useful data in the form of charts and graphs to track your portfolio over time\n- Showing you how balanced (or unbalanced) your portfolio is for risk-management purposes\n- Settings price alerts and reading crypto news to stay on top of the market.\nWhat to Watch out for with Your Portfolio Tracker\nNow, portfolio trackers are a necessity for anyone who transacts in any fashion with cryptocurrency. But they aren’t all the same. Here are some things to watch out for when you’re downloading a portfolio tracker.\nBecause portfolio trackers are only organizing your portfolio and not being used for transactions, you shouldn’t need to divulge any personal or critical information when you sign up for one. If you’re paying for an app or getting an in-app upgrade, you should be able to securely input your payment information without having that information recorded or tracked. There is no need to link your name, email or any private information to your crypto assets or wallets.\nYou can rest assured that Crypto Pro never tracks its users. Crypto Pro doesn’t ask for any personal information that can be used to track you or your actions. All your information is encrypted and stored locally on your device. Nothing is uploaded to our servers; therefore, we cannot see how many coins you are holding, the value of your portfolio, viewing habits, price alerts, stop losses, or public keys, i.e. the things that should remain private. You can use Crypto Pro to track your cryptocurrency without worrying that your information is out and about.\nManagement, not storage\nYour crypto portfolio tracker’s job is to manage your portfolio and keep it organized. It’s not there to store your cryptocurrency. You can connect your wallets and exchanges, and the app will aggregate all your data and display your portfolio analytics. You can also set price alerts and news based on your preferences.\nEven if your portfolio tracker is secure, you can never predict who can see your screen, especially when you check your portfolio tracker in public settings. Look for a portfolio tracker that has a feature to hide your balance and uses percentages instead so you can check your portfolio without worrying about anybody seeing your personal financial information.\nBottom Line: Should You Be Concerned About Your Privacy?\nSome portfolio trackers have access to your information and can track the moves you make. They can use your data the way other websites use your data. They may not act maliciously or intend to misuse your data. However, because one of the main reasons people use crypto is for privacy, anyone who uses a tracker that tracks them back should be concerned.\nYou don’t have to worry about being tracked with Crypto Pro. You can access all the information you need to make educated decisions about your portfolio without any privacy concerns. Find out more about our commitment to privacy or download the app today!\nStay in Touch\nWe like to keep in touch with like-minded people. You can follow us on Twitter, join our Telegram Group, like us on Facebook, and even send us an email at [email protected] if you need assistance or have a suggestion in mind." ]

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[ "Report Code: 10155 | Available Format: PDF\nThe pompe disease market is growing at a significant rate mainly due to special provisions for orphan drugs. Regulatory assistance in emerging nations is one of the major trends seen in the pompe disease market.\nPompe disease is a type of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). LSD refers to a group of diseases arising from the increase of specific substrates and is inherited autosomal recessive disorders. Lysergic acid diethylamide is progressive and having uneven age of onset and clinical symptoms. Pompe disease is a hereditary and repeatedly incurable disorder caused by lack of acid alpha glucosidase, an enzyme desired to split down glycogen in particular structures of our body. Patients having pompe disease have little amount of or no acid alpha glucosidase enzyme activity, so break down of glycogen is not possible. The additional glycogen builds up in the patient and is stored in skeletal muscle, heart and other tissues, which causes the progressive indications of pompe disease. Increase of glycogen in certain organs and tissues restraints normal functions of patient’s organs. Pompe disease is also known by other names such as glycogen storage disease type II, acid maltase deficiency, lysosomal alpha-glucosidase deficiency, acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency and glycogenosis type II.\nPompe disease is categorized into two broad categories as adult-onset pompe disease and infantile onset pompe disease. Both the parents pass on one strangely altered copy of the gene to their child. A parent with an altered copy of the gene is known as a carrier and the disease can affect both men and women irrespective of the gender. The disease is acquired by the individuals at the time of birth only, but the onset of indications differs significantly. The researchers have identified more than 300 genetic mutations that can cause pompe disease. Enzyme replacement therapy and diet therapy are useful in dropping the clinical demonstrations of the disease.\nPompe disease is an unusual condition and has an occurrence rate of approximately 1 patient in 38,000 and 1 child in 2,50,000 live births globally. If an infant catch the disease, which is caused by a deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme, the survival rate of the infant is expected to be 26%.\nPompe disease treatment has a major role in terms of the limited number of treatment options available for late stages of pompe disease and also for early stage of pompe disease. Even though estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is approved for the treatment of pompe disease, but still there are physician concerns about efficacy, safety and tolerability. The symptoms of pompe disease are unspecific and thus difficult to diagnose accurately.\nThe competition in the pompe disease market is mainly weak, and the market is served by the two estrogen replacement therapy drugs available in the market namely Myozyme for infants and Lumizyme for adults. Both the drugs are permitted for different subclasses of Pompe disease. Gene therapy for the treatment of pompe disease is presently under study; however, its advancement is in a preclinical stage. Dietary treatment for pompe disease has also been described and it is under study.\nGovernment regulations, such as orphan drug exclusivity and limited patient population are the factors restraining the growth of the pompe disease market.\nSome of the competitors in the market are Genzyme Corporation, EpiVax, Inc., Amicus Therapeutics, Audentes Therapeutics, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Valerion Therapeutics, LLC, Oxyrane, and Sangamo BioSciences Inc.\nGet a bespoke market intelligence solution\nOur dedication to providing the most-accurate market information has earned us verification by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B). We strive for quality checking of the highest level to enable data-driven decision making for you\nOur insights into the minutest levels of the markets, including the latest trends and competitive landscape, give you all the answers you need to take your business to new heights\nWith 24/7 research support, we ensure that the wheels of your business never stop turning. Don’t let time stand in your way. Get all your queries answered with a simple phone call or email, as and when required\nWe take a cautious approach to protecting your personal and confidential information. Trust is the strongest bond that connects us and our clients, and trust we build by complying with all international and domestic data protection and privacy laws" ]

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[ "What is fraud?\nFraud is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary as “intentional perversion of truth in order to induce another to part with something of value or to surrender a legal right”.\nMore simply put, fraud is an act of deception, with the intention to achieve financial or personal gain.\nThe fraud triangle\nTypically, three conditions need to be present for fraud to occur. These three conditions are commonly known as the fraud triangle.\nIncentive refers to a financial or other type of gain that the perpetrator would achieve as a result of committing the fraud. In small or mid sized businesses, the incentive is typically financial.\nOpportunity refers to the perpetrator’s ability to identify the occasion to commit the fraud. Often in smaller businesses, an opportunity arises due to lack of segregation of duties, or insufficient internal controls.\nRationalization refer to the perpetrator’s ability to justify committing the fraud. The rationalization element is typically the element which stops employees from committing a fraud – although they may work for a small business where controls are not strong, they are honest and therefore would not commit the fraud, even if the opportunity existed.\nA typical rationalization is that an employee feels they are not paid well enough or that the owner of the business has sufficient wealth, and therefore the employee deserves additional compensation or payment.\nCommon frauds perpetrated in small to mid sized enterprises\nIn small to medium sized enterprises, the finance department is often small, consisting of only a few individuals, or even just one full time employee. Accounting staff may also have responsibilities outside of the core finance function. Additionally, small business owners or management often have many things on the go and therefore financial reporting and accounting are sometimes not top priority.\nAs a result, there are circumstances when all the above noted elements exist and fraud does occur. Below we discuss some frauds that tend to be more common in small to mid sized businesses.\nFalse invoicing or fake vendors\nThis fraud involves the creation of fictitious invoices or even fake vendors, which are then paid, often using fraudulent bank transfers (described below). Needless to say, although these invoices are paid, the company does not receive any products or services for the cash. Typically these frauds are perpetrated in small dollar amounts over a period of time, to avoid large, noticeable increases in expenses. Over time, these frauds can result in substantial amounts.\nFraudulent bank transfers\nThis fraud has become more common given the trend towards electronic payments and the move away from paper cheques. In this fraud, the employee may use a bonafide invoice (or a false invoice and/or vendor as described above), but will change the payment details on the electronic transfer request, to pay an account that is not the vendor’s account. Again, these cannot be perpetrated too frequently, otherwise the vendor may notice consistently late payments, or expenses will appear unreasonably high.\nPayroll fraud is often perpetrated in two ways; fictitious employees and overpayment of overtime (i.e. fictitious hours).\nFictitious employees may be added to the payroll register and paid at each payday. Payroll controls sometimes include the review of changes or anomalies to the payroll for the period, as opposed to a review of the full register – if a fictitious employee is therefore already on payroll and being paid, this could continue for many periods, unless a detailed review of all individuals on the payroll is performed frequently enough.\nFor hourly employees, if overtime records are not well kept and reviewed/approved, there is the potential for inflated overtime hours to be paid. Employees may not feel this is fraud, however, if all overtime hours claimed were not true hours worked, this is fraud.\nFraud can be committed in an number of ways, the above are just a few of the most common.\nOur next blog post will address a few key controls that can be implemented to effectively reduce the risks of these common frauds." ]

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[ "Everyone in Tim’s class at school is mad about fitness trackers. His measures my temperature, heart rate, the distance he’s walked and even counts how many steps he takes.\nYou wear most fitness trackers, either on your arm or your hip, or across your chest if it’s to track breathing or your heart rate.\nBut what if you could put a fitness tracker inside you – like an implant? It could take all sorts of measurements about your health. Kind of like a robot brain, keeping an eye on things.\nThat might be the job of an electronic engineer!\nElectrical engineers understand how electricity behaves.\nElectronic Engineering is about putting that electricity to work inside machinery – using circuits and components.\nIf you think about all the different kind of things that are powered by electricity or have circuit boards, you’ll begin to see that this type of engineering could take you in a huge amount of directions…\nAt a pop concert, electronics inside the guitars, keyboards and microphones will be carrying the music to the speakers – and they’ll have circuit boards to carry out the job of making it nice and loud!\nJust about any type of vehicle you can think of – cars, buses, trains, planes, boats and even rockets – anything which has an electrical power source – will have been designed with the help of electronic and electrical engineers, all designing the circuits to deliver the power to where it’s needed.\nThat’s right! Electricity behaves in a very particular way depending on what materials it’s in contact with.\nIt’s also affected by things like magnets. Electrical and electronic engineers have to a good knowledge of these things.\nAnd circuits use common components which electronic engineers will use as building blocks on the circuit boards. Much of the work is planned on computers, but building circuit boards will be done by machines – or by hand using soldering irons." ]

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[ "What does psoriasis look like? Well, there are several different types of psoriasis and different types of the condition manifest in different ways, which can sometimes make it difficult to determine if what you’re experiencing is in fact psoriasis. We’re going to show you some psoriasis photos so you can see how different types of psoriasis appear on different parts of the body.\nPlaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis. Plaques are large red areas on the skin, covered with whitish or silvery scales. The skin is thick and tough. In this photo, you can see plaque psoriasis on different areas of the body, including chest and elbows.\nGuttate psoriasis differs in appearance from plaque psoriasis. See how there are small red spots instead of large plaques? Often there are more than one hundred spots.\nPustular psoriasis may look similar to plaque psoriasis or guttate psoriasis, but there are also small blisters containing white pus that appear on the skin. Despite the way it looks, pustular psoriasis is not contagious and the pus in the blisters is not infectious.\nInverse psoriasis, also known as intertriginous psoriasis, usually appears inside or under folds of skin, like under the breasts, in the armpits or in the groin area. It’s most common in obese people. It causes smooth, shiny red areas without any scales and without the thick, tough skin seen with plaque psoriasis. Because the areas in which inverse psoriasis is seen are generally moist, scales don’t develop.\nAs you can see from this photo, with erythrodermic psoriasis, the skin is extremely red and looks almost as if it has been burned. It’s usually very painful and people often experience a very rapid heartbeat and a high fever or an abnormally low body temperature, as well. The National Psoriasis Foundation explains that unlike other types of psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis is very dangerous and may even be life-threatening because heart failure may occur, so if you think you might have the condition shown in these erythrodermic psoriasis photos, contact your doctor right away or go to the nearest emergency room.\nPsoriasis can occur on many different parts of the body. One place it’s often seen is on the scalp. Here you can see how that might look. Of course, if you have a full head of hair, it may be somewhat difficult to see the condition of your scalp. Psoriasis can cause severe itching, though, and excessive scratching can lead to hair loss, so you may begin to notice thinning hair over time if you don’t get treatment for psoriasis of the scalp.\nPsoriasis may look different on the hands and feet than on the arms, legs and torso. Pustular psoriasis is common on the hands and feet, but other types of psoriasis may appear there, as well.\nNow that you know what does psoriasis look like, you’re probably wondering how to treat it if you have a condition that looks like those pictured here. First, if you’re not certain you have psoriasis, we recommend seeing your doctor for a diagnosis. Treatments that help psoriasis may not help other skin conditions.\nIf you do have psoriasis, we suggest you consider Terrasil Psoriasis Therapy Max. It’s useful in treating all types of psoriasis. It contains salicylic acid, which is related to aspirin and helps reduce the redness, swelling and inflammation that accompany all types of psoriasis. Other ingredients, such as peppermint oil and volcanic clay, help relieve the itching and discomfort that comes with the condition. To learn more about our favorite treatment for psoriasis, just follow the link.\nNational Psoriasis Foundation: Erythrodermic Psoriasis" ]

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[ "Algebra 1 and Geometry\nSat 9AM- 10:30AM\nAlgebra I and Geometry\nIn order for students to be able to finish Calculus before applying to college, they need to finish Algebra I and Geometry/Algebra II (depending on your school) in middle school. This is important for students who want to major in STEM, AI, or even economics. For students that will enter middle school, the coming summer is a good time to preview these classes and become better prepared for next year’s class. For students who have taken these classes already, it will be helpful to review it and master the knowledge in a better way, so that the transition to classes of the next level will be seamless. From Algebra to Geometry, to pre-calculus, to calculus, the classes are so closely related that, if you don‘t master the basics of one class, it will be very hard to pick up and perform well in the class of next level.\nThe summer class is aimed to go through the critical parts of these classes with your children. It will benefit your kids very much in their study of mathematics related classes. Algebra I will cover the topics of functions, equation and equation sets, inequalities, radical functions and quadratic functions, polynomials, etc. The tutorial lecture will focus on critical points, skills of problem solving, and typical questions. It will also focus on helping students understand the relationship among different subsets of knowledge, and sharpen their ability to deal with complex questions which need knowledge from different chapters or even classes. Geometry will cover the topics of shapes (angles, circles, triangles, and polygons), lines (secant, tangent, parallels, perpendicular, auxiliary line). Geometry has many definitions, theorems, lemmas, etc., and skills are especially important in solving questions. The tutorial lecture will thus focus more on skills than other classes. A series of typical questions will be presented and skills for solving these model sample questions be discussed. The goal is to let students know the critical strategies for solving specific types of questions. In addition to the regular contents, this year the class will have some Olympic Math Contest type sample questions study. The goal is to help students build the skills for solving complicated questions and the skills for abstract thinking.\n为了使学生能够在申请大学之前完成微积分，他们需要在初中阶段至少完成代数 （1）和（2）以及几何 三门中的两门（取决于您的学校）。这对于想要学习STEM（科学， 工程， 和数学），AI（人工智能）甚至经济学的学生来说非常重要。对于即将上初中七，八年级的学生来说，即将到来的夏天是个很好的时间预览这些课程，并为下一年的课程做出更好的准备。对于已经修过一两门这些课程的学生，复习和掌握已经学过的知识并加深理解将有帮助于后续的学习。这样就可以无缝过渡到下一级别的课程。从代数到几何，再到微积分预科，最后到微积分，这些课程是如此紧密地联系在一起，以至于如果您不掌握一门课程的基础知识，那么在下一级别的课程中的学习就很难有良好表现。\n- Duration 54 hours\n- Activities Extracurricular 课外班\n- Class Sizes 30\n- Years Old Grade 7 - 8\n- Available Seats 30" ]

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[ "These columns indicate the reference number of listed localities (towns, villages, tribes). Col. 1 is a serial number for identification of rows. Col. 2 is a reference number for the depopulated villages as per this study (AS No.). Col. 3 is a reference number for the depopulated villages as per the work of Benny Morris, 1987 (M. No.). Col 4 is a reference number for the depopulated villages as per the work of the research team led by W. Khalidi, 1992 (K. No.)–as shown on his end map.\nMost of this Register is based on Morris and W. Khalidi.Morris listed 369 villages and towns and described the circumstances of their depopulation based on recently released Israeli files.Khalidi, in a detailed group effort, listed 418 villages which are: villages or hamlets (only) listed in the Palestine Index Gazetteer of 1945 falling inside the Armistice Line of 1949 (including no man’s land), which have a core of permanent structures, have their own names, have Arabic-speaking Palestinians, have Arab land and have been depopulated after the hostilities began.Khalidi’s list of 418 villages excludes: all towns, bedouins, villages which lost their land but not their homes, localities of villagers who lived on Jewish or German land and villagers who left before hostilities.\nThe AS list includes both Morris and Khalidi localities and adds tribes in Beer Sheba District, which are equivalent in population to 125 typical villages and in cultivated land to about half the registered land in the rest of Palestine. Although subsequently repopulated, less than half a dozen other villages were added for various reasons, e.g. occurrence of massacres.The total is 531 localities. The sequence of AS No is according to the depopulation date. Table-1 shows the summary of the three listings.\nTable-1: Number of Localities in Different Studies" ]

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[ "The Constitution of India should be seen as a work-in-progress – not because it has been amended ever so often by different governments but because it has been taken over by ‘we, the people’, repeatedly, especially since the 1990s. The ‘authorized’ interpreters of the Constitution and Law are no longer its sole interpreters. The continuous battles over its interpretation in the courts of law are only one way in which meaning is contested. But from the dalits reclaiming it as “Babasaheb’s Constitution” to the pathalgadi movement of the Jharkhand adivasis and finally as the banner of citizenship movement today, its meaning has been contested time and again in the streets and in villages.\nIt is customary, in most secular-nationalist and left-wing circles, to invoke the “great values of the national movement”, which is seen as synonymous with the “freedom struggle”, which in turn is reduced to the “anticolonial struggle”. On 15 August 1947, India attained Independence from colonial rule and on 26 January 1950, “we, the people of India” gave to ourselves the Constitution of India. The anticolonial struggle came to an end in August 1947 but that did not mean that all the currents that comprised the larger “freedom struggle” – the jang-e-azadi – got their freedom. We perhaps need to make a distinction today between the “freedom struggle” (that is still ongoing) and the “anticolonial nationalist” movement.\nWe need to state emphatically that the “freedom struggle” of different social groups is not – and never was – reducible to the “anticolonial struggle”. There were many different strands and currents that either functioned at a distance from mainstream nationalism , or even worked in opposition to it.\nOn the one hand there were movements of peasants and workers which were seen with suspicion by the nationalists because they sought to challenge the dominance of the landlords and capitalists over the movement; on the other hand, there were movements of lower caste groups – dalits/ bahujans in our contemporary language – who did not hesitate to make use of the presence of the colonial power to extract a better deal for themselves. The leaders of the latter – Phule, Ambedkar, Periyar, Sri Narayana Guru – all knew that if the British withdrew without the balance of power between the upper castes and them changing, they would be yoked back into slavery. There were also the adivasi movements in different parts of the country, many of which preceded the nationalist movement by many decades. All these embodied different aspirations for azadi – for freedom.\nThen there was the “Muslim question” but to frame the question in this fashion and thus make it synonymous with the Muslim League, is to give the impression that “separatism” is all that all Muslims were interested in. Muslim presence was prominent in all movements from the Congress/ Gandhian to the communist, from the movements of workers and peasants to those of writers and artists. More importantly, even the quest for Muslim identity did not always end with the demand for Pakistan. Indeed, the more devout and pious of the Muslims, such as those associated with the Deoband school, stood opposed to the demand for Pakistan.\nIs it possible to reduce all these aspirations for different kinds of freedom to the “nationalist” or “anticolonial” movement? Why could the anticolonial struggle not accommodate all these diverse strivings for freedom within itself?\nThe answer to this question is best given in the words of BR Ambedkar. In his memorandum, States and Minorities, presented on behalf of the All India Scheduled Castes Federation to the Constituent Assembly in 1947, he stated without mincing words:\n“Unfortunately for the minorities in India, Indian Nationalism has developed a new doctrine which may be called the Divine Right of the Majority to rule the minorities according to the wishes of the majority. Any claim for the sharing of power by the minority is called communalism while the monopolizing of the whole power by the majority is called Nationalism. Guided by such a political philosophy the majority is not prepared to allow the minorities to share political power nor is it willing to respect any convention made in that behalf as is evident from their repudiation of the obligation (to include representatives of the minorities in the cabinet)… “\nIn this memorandum, Ambedkar was talking of mainstream “Indian nationalism” and not Hindu nationalism of any variety. In this sharp and pithy formulation, he puts his finger precisely on the point where the problem lay then and continues to lie today.\nThat was why Ambedkar had to emphasize that as far as the rights of the scheduled castes was concerned, there was no other way left but to have them “embodied in the Constitution.” It could not be left to the goodwill of the nationalist leaders to ensure that their rights as indeed, the rights of other minorities, would be safeguarded.\nThe Constitution that was still in the process of being drafted and debated in the Constituent Assembly was for him a toughly negotiated and contested document. He was acutely aware of the fact that every word, every provision that he wanted inserted had to be fought for – and in the inclusions of those provisions alone lay the guarantee for the future. The second thing that needs to be underlined is that in this passage, as in States and Minorities as a whole, Ambedkar is not concerned with the fate of the “scheduled castes” alone but with minorities as such. In fact, his use of this term to designate the dalits is his way of asserting that the dalits are like any other minority and cannot be considered to be parts of Hindu society.\nThis actually brings us to the question of the Constitution itself and what this document has come to mean today – a charter of azadi as it were. It stands as a charter of azadi from Manuvaad for sure since the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) had once vehemently attacked the Constitution as a document that is based on “foreign ideas”, against which it upheld the Manusmriti as an authentically indigenous law book. In a sense, they knew exactly what the Constitution meant.\nAt this point we must pose the question of the precise relationship between the “national movement” and the Constitution. It is often carelessly claimed that the Constitution was the “logical outcome” or “culmination” of the nationalist movement and simply came to embody its values. As a matter of fact, had that been the case, we might have had something more like a Hindu Mahasabha produced Constitution, given that most Congressmen were Hindu Mahasabhaites and people like Nehru were in a woeful minority.\nThe fact of the matter is that the Constituent Assembly that appointed Ambedkar as chairperson of the drafting committee and produced the Constitution, constituted a break in the logic of the nationalist struggle. The Constituent Assembly, for the first time, saw people from different currents all sit together to negotiate and hammer out a vision for an independent modern India. Congress secular-nationalists, Congress Hindu Mahasabhaites and Gandhians certainly, but also a Jaipal Singh Munda, a BR Ambedkar, the communist Somnath Lahiri, a Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur, a Dakshayani Velayudhan, and after the Partition, the Muslim League as well. If the Constituent Assembly picked up threads from the past, they were those where mainstream nationalism had clashed with people like Ambedkar and the Muslim League, for instance in the various phases of the introduction of franchise and “responsible government” by the British – the Southborough Committee, the various Round Table Conferences, the Communal Award and finally the Poona Pact.\nWhat is crucially important therefore, is that the Constituent Assembly became the arena for the hammering out of the social contract of modern India – thanks to the presence of practically all the currents of what we might call the “freedom struggle” as distinct from the national/ist movement. If there was one current that was not part of the work of the Constituent Assembly it was the current that was eventually responsible for the killing of Mahatma Gandhi, namely the RSS. This current had not only studiously stayed away from the freedom struggle, its leaders are known to have often aided the colonial government by acting as its informers.\nWhat do we mean when we say that the Constitution should be understood as the social contract and the charter for a modern India? Well, first and foremost, in the sense that Granville Austin saw it – primarily as a ‘social document’ and not simply a legal one. It embodies a transformative vision that is as much evident in its legal provisions as it is in Part IV, namely Directive Principles of State Policy. But the ‘social contract” here should not be understood in the sense of the fictive contract that so much of modern political theory relies on. For that “social contract” is an imagination of a move from a state of natural existence to a “society”, where some rules and laws are or have been put in place and everyone abides by them in their own best interests. This is a social contract that was effected by people living in society, where a myriad different forms of oppression have been in existence for ages. These oppressions have not been overthrown through any violent revolutionary upheaval; nonetheless, the social groups at the power-end of the oppression-relation figured out that things are likely to change very radically in future and the best bet for them is to agree to give up at least some of their privileges in order to be able to preserve some power within a new dispensation of electoral democracy. The fact that they – and the nationalist leaders representing them – agreed to reservations/ affirmative action or safeguards is evidence of the fact that they had realized that they alone would not be calling the shots in the emerging new dispensation. At least in that sense this social contract was not about the move from a pre-social, natural state to a social one, but of a move from one kind of relation of oppression to a situation where the oppressors’ position could be far more vulnerable and would have to yield space to subordinate caste groups.\nThis social contract stands threatened today by the one political force that had rejected the Constitution from the very beginning – Hindutva and the RSS. That is where the seeds of the present struggles can be found, where in a strange and unexpected way, the Preamble to the Constitution has become an insurgent text." ]

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[ "This section is from the \"A Handbook of Useful Drugs\" book, by State Medical Examining and Licensing Boards.\nIodoform is triiodomethane, CHI3, and is usually prepared by the action of iodin on alcohol or acetone in the presence of alkali or alkali carbonate.\nProperties : Iodoform forms a fine, lemon-yellow powder or lustrous crystals having a peculiar, very penetrating and persistent odor, and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish and iodin-like taste. It is very slightly soluble in water (1:10,000), soluble in alcohol (1 :50), and very soluble in ether (1 :5 approximately). It is also somewhat soluble in fixed oils.\nIncompatibilities: It is incompatible with calomel, silver salts, chlorates and nitrites.\nAction and Uses: Iodoform is a local anesthetic and an antiseptic. When absorbed through the skin or from denuded surfaces it produces intoxication, which is not evident until after the lapse of some time. When swallowed it is partly decomposed with the production of iodids, which produce their ordinary effects. Part of the drug is absorbed, however, in a form of combination not yet understood, and produces symptoms that are different from those ordinarily caused by iodin. Iodoform is slowly excreted, iodin compounds appearing in the urine for several days after a single dose.\nThe symptoms are restlessness, anesthesia, sometimes unconsciousness, occasional convulsions, hallucinations and delusions of persecution, rapid pulse and elevated temperature; in many cases collapse, coma and death may follow.\nThe physiologic actions of iodoform afford no rational basis for its internal use. Externally it is used as an antiseptic and stimulant in surgical tuberculosis. Several odorless organic compounds of iodin have been devised as substitutes for iodoform, but they are uniformly less actively antiseptic.\nDosage: 0.25 gm. or 4 grains. It is usually applied externally in the form of a dusting-powder, but may be used in the form of emulsion, as an ointment or as a surgical dressing in the form of gauze. For the relief of hemorrhoids it should be given in the form of suppositories." ]

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[ "Oral Hygiene for When You're Expecting\nImage via Shutterstock.\nWhen you're pregnant, it's likely that good dental hygiene is low on the list of priorities, especially while you deal with food cravings and morning sickness. However, it's while you're pregnant that it's most important to maintain good oral hygiene.\nIf you're planning well ahead, it's important to visit your dentist for a check up before you get pregnant – remember that it is safe to have routine dental treatments before and during the course of your pregnancy. If you have already fallen pregnant, you should still pay a visit, but advise your dentist that you are pregnant beforehand. Your dentist may recommend a check up during your second trimester, by which time morning sickness is much less likely to occur.\nMorning sickness and reflux\nMorning sickness is up there as one of the least pleasant aspects of morning sickness, occurring in about 80% of pregnant women. If you are affected by morning sickness, looking after your teeth is absolutely vital, though you may not feel like that is so at the time. If you are vomiting or experiencing reflux on a regular basis, your teeth will be exposed to strong stomach acids, which can lead to dental erosion.\nIn order to minimise the detrimental effects of morning sickness on your dental hygiene, avoid brushing your teeth immediately after vomiting, as the strong stomach acids may soften the tooth enamel, which will be further aggravated by the action of a toothbrush and lead to further damage. Instead, rinse your mouth with water (preferably fluoridated tap water) immediately after vomiting, and brush your teeth an hour later. Alternatively, you can lightly smear fluoride toothpaste on your teeth, or rise with an alcohol-free fluoride mouthwash, which will help to provide additional protection against stomach acids.\nFor many women, food cravings (and aversions) are common during the course of pregnancy. As strong as the cravings for sugary foods may be, it's important to try and snack on low-sugar foods in order to reduce the risk of tooth decay. If the sugar cravings are coming on especially strong, try to choose healthier options such as fresh fruits and yoghurts. Brush your teeth in between meals if your sugar content has been high, or rinse your mouth by drinking water or milk – this can help wash away decay-causing sugars from your teeth.\nGagging while brushing teeth\nPregnant women may also struggle with maintaining good dental hygiene due to the fact that that process of brushing their teeth may cause you to gag. If you find this is applicable to you, the ADA recommends you try the following:\n- Try a different flavour of fluoridated toothpaste\n- Use a toothbrush with a smaller head, such as one made for toddlers\n- Brush slowly, and try closing your eyes and concentrating on your breathing.\nGum disease (Gingivitis and Periodontitis)\nDue to the increased levels of hormones that occur during pregnancy, your gums can become more sensitive to bacterial irritation and inflammation. This can lead to gingivitis, which is most likely to occur during the second trimester. Symptoms of gingivitis include redness, bleeding and swelling of the gums, especially during brushing and flossing.\nInfection of the deeper gum tissue around your teeth is known as periodontitis. This condition can be exacerbated by pregnancy, which leaves your gums and teeth with permanent damage, possibly leading to tooth loss. Research has found that there is a link between periodontitis and premature birth and low birth weight babies. It is therefore of utmost important to practice good oral hygiene before, during and after pregnancy.\nIf you have any concerns about individualised dental advice, don't hesitate to call Shore Dental on (02) 8999 7676." ]

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[ "How To Design A Survey11 min readReading Time: 8 minutes\nSurveys are a great way to collect data from a large number of people. However, designing a survey that yields accurate and useful data can be tricky. Here are a few tips on how to design a survey that will produce accurate results.\n1. Decide on the purpose of the survey\nBefore you start designing your survey, you need to decide what you want to use the data for. Are you trying to get feedback from customers about a new product? Are you trying to measure public opinion on a certain issue? Knowing the purpose of the survey will help you determine which questions to ask.\n2. Write clear and concise questions\nWhen writing survey questions, be sure to write them in a clear and concise manner. The questions should be easy to understand, and there should be no ambiguity. Ambiguous questions can lead to inaccurate results.\n3. Keep the questions short and to the point\nAnother thing to keep in mind when writing survey questions is to keep them short and to the point. People are more likely to answer questions if they are short and easy to understand. Long questions can be confusing and can lead to people skipping them.\n4. Use closed-ended questions\nWhen designing survey questions, it’s a good idea to use closed-ended questions. Closed-ended questions are questions that can be answered with a specific set of responses. This makes it easier to tally the results and to compare them to other data.\n5. Use scales to measure attitudes\nWhen measuring people’s attitudes, it’s a good idea to use scales. scales allow you to measure people’s attitudes on a continuum. This makes it easier to see how people’s attitudes change over time.\n6. Pilot test the survey\nBefore you launch your survey, it’s a good idea to pilot test it. This will help you to determine if there are any problems with the survey and if the questions are written in a clear and concise manner. Piloting the survey will also help you to determine how long it will take people to complete it.\n7. Collect feedback from respondents\nAfter you launch the survey, be sure to collect feedback from the respondents. This will help you to determine if the questions are clear and if the respondents understand them. It will also help you to determine if the respondents are finding the survey to be valuable.\nTable of Contents\n- 1 What are the 7 steps to creating a good survey?\n- 2 What are the 4 main rules of creating a good survey question?\n- 3 What are the 3 important things in order to create an online survey?\n- 4 What are the 5 steps in creating a questionnaire?\n- 5 What are the top six rules in writing a survey and why?\n- 6 What are the best questions to ask in a survey?\n- 7 What are the 8 steps in creating online survey?\nWhat are the 7 steps to creating a good survey?\nWhen creating a survey, it’s important to keep in mind the following seven steps:\n1. Decide on the purpose of the survey.\nBefore you start creating your survey, you need to have a clear idea of what you want to achieve with it. What information are you hoping to gather? What questions will give you the answers you need?\n2. Draft the survey questions.\nOnce you know what you want to find out, you need to draft the questions that will give you that information. Make sure they’re clear and concise, and that they cover the topic you’re interested in.\n3. Validate the survey questions.\nBefore you start sending out your survey, it’s important to make sure the questions are valid. This means checking that they’re not biased, and that they’re not too difficult or too easy to answer.\n4. Pilot the survey.\nIt’s always a good idea to pilot your survey before you actually start collecting responses. This will help you to test the questions and the overall flow of the survey. It will also give you a chance to make any necessary changes.\n5. Collect responses.\nOnce the survey is ready, it’s time to start collecting responses. This can be done in a number of ways, such as through email, social media, or by embedding the survey on your website.\n6. Analyse the responses.\nOnce the survey is complete, it’s time to analyse the responses. This will help you to understand what people think about your questions and the topics they cover.\n7. Take action.\nOnce you have the information you need, it’s time to take action. Use the data you’ve gathered to make decisions and to improve your business or organisation.\nWhat are the 4 main rules of creating a good survey question?\nSurveys are a great way to collect valuable feedback from customers, employees, or others. However, if the questions in the survey are not well written, the feedback you receive may not be accurate.\nTo create good survey questions, follow these four rules:\n1. Keep questions short and simple\nKeep questions short and to the point. People are more likely to answer questions if they are easy to understand and don’t require too much thought.\n2. Use closed-ended questions\nClose-ended questions are questions that can be answered with a specific response. This makes it easy to tally the results and compare them to other surveys.\n3. Use neutral language\nBe careful not to use biased language in your questions. For example, instead of asking people if they support a particular candidate, ask if they would vote for that candidate.\n4. Be clear about what you want to know\nMake sure your questions are clear about what you want to know. For example, if you are asking people their opinion on a new product, make sure you are clear about what the product is.\nWhat are the 3 important things in order to create an online survey?\nWhen creating an online survey, there are three important things to keep in mind: designing the survey, distributing the survey, and analyzing the results.\nDesigning the survey is important because the layout and questions need to be user-friendly and easy to understand. In order to ensure that the survey is distributed to the correct audience, it is important to consider the demographics of the target audience and create a distribution strategy that reaches them. Finally, analyzing the results is necessary in order to see how the survey was received and what changes or improvements can be made for future surveys.\nWhat are the 5 steps in creating a questionnaire?\n1. Decide on the purpose of the questionnaire\nBefore you start creating your questionnaire, you need to decide what its purpose is. Is it to measure public opinion on a certain issue? To collect data for a research project? To screen job applicants? Once you know its purpose, you can determine which questions will be most useful.\n2. Draft the questions\nStart drafting questions based on the purpose of the questionnaire. Make sure the questions are clear and easy to understand.\n3. Pilot test the questionnaire\nOnce you have drafted all the questions, it’s important to pilot test the questionnaire to make sure it’s working properly. This means testing it on a small group of people to see if they understand the questions and can provide the answers you’re looking for.\n4. Revise the questionnaire\nBased on the results of the pilot test, revise the questionnaire as needed.\n5. Finalize the questionnaire\nOnce the questionnaire is final, you can start distributing it to your target audience.\nWhat are the top six rules in writing a survey and why?\nWhen it comes to surveys, there are a few key rules to keep in mind in order to ensure that your data is accurate and useful. Here are six of the most important rules to follow when writing a survey:\n1. Keep it short and sweet. The longer a survey is, the more likely people are to get bored and abandon it. Keep your questions short and to the point, and try to stick to a maximum of 10-15 questions.\n2. Make it easy to understand. The questions in your survey should be easy to understand for everyone, regardless of their level of education or experience. Avoid technical jargon and complex language, and be sure to use clear and concise instructions.\n3. Think about the order of your questions. The order of your questions can have a big impact on the results of your survey. Group related questions together, and put the most important questions at the beginning and the end.\n4. Be consistent. Make sure that the wording of your questions is consistent throughout the survey. This will make it easier to compare the results later on.\n5. Be objective. Avoid asking questions that can be answered with a simple “yes” or “no.” Instead, ask questions that require respondents to provide a detailed response.\n6. Use a neutral tone. It’s important to maintain a neutral tone in your survey questions, so that respondents don’t feel like they’re being judged or pressured. Stay away from leading questions and ensure that all questions are asked in a neutral tone.\nWhat are the best questions to ask in a survey?\nWhen designing a survey, it’s important to ask questions that will produce accurate and useful data. But what are the best questions to ask?\nThe type of questions you ask will depend on the purpose of your survey. If you’re trying to get a general idea of people’s opinions, you might ask questions about demographic characteristics or opinions on a range of topics. If you’re trying to gather specific data about a particular issue, you might ask questions about people’s experiences or their opinions on a specific topic.\nSome key things to keep in mind when designing questions include:\n-Make sure questions are clear and easy to understand.\n-Avoid leading questions that might influence people’s responses.\n-Be aware of the possible responses people might give to a question, and make sure the options are accurate.\n-Make sure questions are relevant to the survey’s purpose.\nHere are some tips for designing good questions:\n1. Start with a clear purpose.\nBefore you start designing questions, you need to have a clear idea of what you want to learn from the survey. This will help you to focus on the most important questions and avoid asking unnecessary questions.\n2. Make questions easy to understand.\nAvoid complex questions that might be difficult to understand. Make sure the questions are clear and concise, and that the response options are easy to understand.\n3. Avoid leading questions.\nLeading questions might influence people’s responses, so it’s important to avoid them. For example, instead of asking “Do you support the government’s new tax plan?” you might ask “What do you think of the government’s new tax plan?”\n4. Be aware of response options.\nWhen designing questions, be aware of the possible responses people might give. For example, if you’re asking about people’s opinions, make sure the response options are on a scale from 1 to 5, or from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”.\n5. Make sure questions are relevant to the survey’s purpose.\nMake sure the questions you ask are relevant to the survey’s purpose. For example, if you’re asking people about their opinions on a particular topic, don’t ask them about their opinions on a different topic.\n6. Keep questions short and to the point.\nLong questions can be difficult to answer and might discourage people from completing the survey. Try to keep questions short and to the point.\n7. Use neutral language.\nTry to use neutral language when asking questions. For example, instead of asking “Do you support the government?” you might ask “Do you have a favourable opinion of the government?”\n8. Check for accuracy.\nBefore you finalize the questions for your survey, it’s important to check them for accuracy. Make sure the questions are phrased accurately and that the response options are accurate.\n9. Pilot the survey.\nIt’s a good idea to pilot the survey before you finalize it. This will help you to test the questions and make sure they’re effective.\n10. Keep the survey relevant.\nMake sure the questions in the survey are relevant to the survey’s purpose. Don’t ask questions that are irrelevant or that people aren’t likely to answer.\nThe questions you ask in\nWhat are the 8 steps in creating online survey?\nCreating an online survey is a great way to gather feedback from customers, employees, or survey respondents. There are a few key steps to follow when creating an online survey.\n1. Choose the right survey tool. There are a number of survey tools available online, so it’s important to choose one that fits your needs. Some survey tools are free, while others charge a fee.\n2. Create a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire is the heart of the survey. Be sure to create questions that will help you gather the data you need.\n3. Set up the survey. Once you’ve created the questionnaire, you’ll need to set up the survey. This includes choosing the right survey format and setting up the survey questions.\n4. Publish the survey. Once the survey is set up, you’ll need to publish it. This will make the survey available to respondents.\n5. Distribute the survey. Once the survey is published, you’ll need to distribute it. You can do this by sending it to customers, employees, or survey respondents.\n6. Collect responses. Once the survey is distributed, respondents will start to respond. It’s important to monitor the survey results and analyze the data.\n7. Draw conclusions. Once the data is collected, it’s time to draw conclusions. What does the data tell you about your customers, employees, or survey respondents?\n8. Take action. Once you’ve drawn conclusions, it’s time to take action. What changes do you need to make based on the survey results?" ]

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[ "Anisocoria is a condition where the two pupils are unequal in size and may not respond normally to light. In common cases, anisocoria is usually benign and does not need serious concern. However, if your anisocoria happens all of a sudden, this can be a symptom of a serious condition.\nTypes and Causes of Anisocoria\nAnisocoria has four types:\n- Simple anisocoria\n- Mechanical anisocoria\n- Pharmacologic anisocoria\n- Pathologic anisocoria\nSimple anisocoria, also known as essential anisocoria or physiologic anisocoria, is the most prevalent type of anisocoria. It is a harmless condition that affects around 20% of the population.\nThe difference in pupil size is approximately 1 mm or less and both pupils respond normally to light. Simple anisocoria may be intermittent, constant, or sometimes goes away on its own – although the exact cause is still unknown.\nMechanical anisocoria is a result of damage to the iris or its surrounding structures caused by trauma, tumors, complications of eye surgery, angle-closure glaucoma, uveitis, iritis, and other inflammatory conditions.\nThis type of anisocoria may also be caused by congenital anomalies in the structure of the iris which include:\nAniridia – complete or partial absence of the iris in one eye\nEctopic pupil – displacement of the pupil and lens\nColoboma – gap in the iris which gives off a “keyhole” or “cat-eye” appearance\nThis is inequality in pupil size that occurs as a side effect of a medication.\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used to treat depression have been identified as potential causes of pharmacologic anisocoria.\nMotion sickness and nausea from chemotherapy medications along with some glaucoma eye drops such as transdermal scopolamine patches can also cause anisocoria.\nPathologic anisocoria causes differences in pupil sizes due to underlying conditions such as:\nIritis. It is a form of uveitis, or the inflammation of the eyes, characterized by photophobia, eye redness, pain, constriction of the pupil on the affected eye, and inflammatory cells in the eye. Iritis may be caused by an eye infection, trauma, and underlying inflammatory disease. In rare cases, anisocoria caused by iritis may remain after the iritis has been treated.\nHorner’s syndrome. This condition may be differentiated from simple anisocoria by how quickly the pupil constricts and dilates. Normal pupils dilate in dim light within five seconds while a pupil affected by Horner’s syndrome takes 10 to 20 seconds to dilate in dim lighting.\nAdie’s tonic pupil. Anisocoria caused by this condition have pupils that react poorly to light because of damaged nerve fibers that control the eye muscles. This generally occurs more in women and affects only one eye.\nThird nerve palsy. This is known as the paralysis of the oculomotor nerve that causes the affected eye to have a dilated pupil resulting in anisocoria along with ptosis.\nHow to Manage Anisocoria\nIf you notice any changes in your pupils, consult your doctor immediately especially if you experience other symptoms such as:\n- Headache or neck pain\n- Loss of vision\n- Drooping eyelid (ptosis)\n- Eye pain\n- Recent head or eye injury\n- Double vision\nIf your eye exams result in mild anisocoria normal reaction of your pupils to light, there may be nothing to worry about. For increased comfort, your doctor may prescribe photochromic lenses. These eyeglasses darken automatically in brightly lit environments to protect your eyes from harmful UV rays and blue light especially with larger pupils that do not react normally to light." ]

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[ "|CC image: Kathleen Franklin|\nHome cooking is where it’s at. In my view, getting people to cook at home with wholesome foods is one way to combat the obesity epidemic. And of course, home cooked meals *can* taste great; that’s chef-dependent of course. Foods prepared outside of the home are higher in calories, fat, and sodium, and a recent meta-analysis found that children and adolescents who eat shared family meals at least 3 times per week are less likely to be overweight or eat unhealthy foods than children who eat fewer shared meals. There are two main problems with home cooking, aside from the multitude of barriers to actually being able to cook (e.g. time/work schedule, knowledge and skills). Rather, these are outcomes of cooking that I will discuss based on a recent experience.\nFirst, we waste a whole lot o’ food. Research in the UK has shown that 2.2 million tonnes of food is thrown away due to cooking, preparing, or serving too much. That’s just food that we’ve managed to work with – it doesn’t include fresh produce, meats/fish, dairy, etc. In the US, 30% of all food is thrown away each year.\nAll of this waste is obviously costly, as we’re paying for food that we don’t eat. In the case of the US, this amounts to US$48.3 billion! But food waste is also harmful to the environment. Rotting food releases methane, one of the most potent greenhouse gases. A UK research group estimates that if food were not left to rot in landfills, this would be the greenhouse gas equivalent of removing 1 in 5 cars from the road. And we can’t forget all of the fertilizers, pesticides, and energy going into growing/raising food that we just toss into the trash.\nOkay, home cooking is great but waste is bad. What do we do? Eating your leftovers is one way to get the best of both worlds. Hang on though, leftovers need to be handled and stored properly in order to avoid illness. I have a dietetics bachelor’s degree but am the worst for food safety (probably because more often than not I don’t get sick). I’m the one that leaves the ham sandwich in the car in 30 degree weather (that’s Celsius) all day and then eats it unperturbed on the way home from work. Or leaves a defrosting tenderloin on the top shelf in the fridge or even out on the counter for the entire day (both no-no’s).\nBut the other day, I did get sick – not badly mind but enough to make me realize that food safety does matter if I want to avoid having to take a day off of work. My significant other thought he was doing a service (which he was) by bringing home leftovers from a conference at work. It was some sort of pasta with a béchamel sauce and chicken. We reheated it in the microwave at home and ate about half of what was brought home. The next day, we both could not stray too far from the toilet…This was no coincidence – same symptoms and the pasta was the only thing we had in common for the previous 24 hours. We threw the rest of it out.\nSo what went wrong? I can’t say for sure because there are so many things that could have happened, but I’ll touch on a few here. It’s hard for bacteria to grow in foods that are held at temperatures less than 4°C (40°F) or more than 60°C (140°F) – in between is called the ‘danger zone’. When serving prepared hot foods, like this pasta dish, it is imperative that the food be above 60°C. Additionally, time is a factor. Food left out for more than 2 hours is more prone to bacterial contamination. Perhaps the pasta was held in this danger zone – something that caterers should know to avoid, or not thrown out after 2 hours. My partner may have also taken the pasta and unknowingly left it out for too long. Reheating the pasta at home didn’t seem to do anything. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) recommends reheating leftovers to 75°C – maybe we didn’t hit that mark.\nWhen other people make your food there is always the possibility that they didn’t adequately wash their hands, or use clean serving utensils or pots/containers. That’s something out of your control but you can ensure that you do these things when you make your own food.\nOther ways to deal with leftovers to prevent illness:\n- Put hot leftovers in shallow containers and place immediately in the fridge. Really hot items can be left out for a bit then put in the fridge after the steam stops. Leave lids off or wrap loosely until food becomes fridge temperature (to avoid explosions)\n- A great way to keep leftovers is to freeze them\n- Eat leftovers left in the fridge (as opposed to the freezer) within 2 to 3 days\n- Throw out uneaten leftovers - i.e. once reheated, don’t keep the left over leftovers\n- Thaw frozen leftovers in the fridge or microwave. This is something I need to think about doing – I always thaw my soup at room temperature\n- Never refreeze thawed leftovers – they should be eaten or thrown out\n- When reheating leftovers, stop the microwave half-way through and stir the dish in order to ensure even heat distribution (we didn’t do this with the pasta dish)\n- The CFIA recommends using a digital thermometer to check food temperatures but I don’t really see this as something that I would do let alone the general public. Maybe… if I get sick again….\n- And finally, when in doubt, throw it out!\nThe more we cook at home, the better for our health. But sometimes we cook too much. Instead of throwing out food, which is bad for the environment and our pocketbooks, think ‘leftovers for lunch’ and perhaps even for a second dinner. But be mindful of how you handle, store, defrost, thaw, and reheat leftovers.\nOther great resources include:\nThe Food Safety Network http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/aspx/public/default.aspx\nUnited States Department of Agriculture: Food Safety and Inspection Service http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/safe_food_handling_fact_sheets/index.asp\nLove Food Hate Waste: tips for reducing household food waste http://www.lovefoodhatewaste.com/\nHammons AJ, & Fiese BH (2011). Is Frequency of Shared Family Meals Related to the Nutritional Health of Children and Adolescents? Pediatrics PMID: 21536618\nQuested T, & Johnson H (2009). Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK WRAP" ]

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[ "Using computer models of the climates and biospheres, astrobiologists are researching how signs of life might look on dying planets.\nIf life does exist anywhere else in the universe, it may only be fleeting. Now scientists are researching how signs of life might look on dying planets.\nAstronomers have discovered hundreds of distant alien planets in the past two decades. Future missions could detect potential signs of life called biosignatures on those worlds, such as oxygen or methane in their atmospheres.\nAstrobiologist Jack O’Malley-James at the University of St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland and his colleagues noted that biosignatures of life on Earth have not remained the same over time, but have altered considerably over its history. This led the researchers to speculate about how Earth and other planets might look in the future.\n“Astrobiology as a field seems to put a lot more focus on the origins of life and how to find life beyond Earth, but less emphasis is put on the end of life, which is what got me interested in finding out more about how biospheres on other planets might meet their ends, and by extension, how long we could expect to detect life on a habitable planet over the course of its habitable lifetime,” said O’Malley-James, the lead author of the study.\nThe scientists were testing a computer model of the climates and biospheres — the overall life — of possible exoplanets.\n“That was when the idea came about to run this model forward in time to see when all water and all life would disappear from the planet,” O’Malley-James said.\nThe Sun is a middle-aged star, currently about 4.6 billion years old. In the later stages of its evolution, about 2 billion to 3 billion years from now, the Sun will grow much hotter, leading to much higher surface temperatures on the future Earth and thus far harsher environments for any last life to grow and survive on the planet.\nThe research team modeled the biosignature gases Earth’s biosphere would generate up to 2.8 billion years from the present.\n“The most exciting thing about these results is that they suggest that we could potentially detect the presence of life on a planet even at the very end of its habitable lifetime, when the diversity of life and population sizes are considerably reduced compared to what we see on Earth today,” O’Malley-James told Astrobiology Magazine.\nThe death of Earth’s biosphere as it exists today would start with plants dying off. Rising temperatures cause silicon-loaded rocks known as silicates to wear away, increasing their absorption of carbon dioxide. The resulting drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which plants need in order to generate energy from sunlight, would eventually bring an end to the age of plants.\nThe extinction of plants would both curtail atmospheric oxygen levels and remove the primary source of food from most ecosystems, leading to the simultaneous extinction of animals, from large vertebrates to smaller ones, with invertebrates having the longest stay of execution. All in all, the researchers calculated Earth’s surface would become largely uninhabitable between 1.2 billion and 1.85 billion years from the present.\nStill, life is hardy, so microbes could last for much longer than more complex organisms on a dying Earth. After the extinction of plants and animals, the scientists reasoned the planet’s future biosphere will be much like its early biosphere in consisting mainly of single-celled microbes. Without plants to help generate oxygen, atmospheric oxygen would eventually reach negligible levels, triggering a relatively quick shift — within a few million years — toward microbes that can survive without oxygen. The final survivors of Earth could persist either in caves, deep underground, or in relatively cool refuges at high altitudes until roughly 2.8 billion years from now, when the Sun will probably make the planet too hot for astronomers to detect any life from a distance.\nThe scientists calculated the extinction of higher plants would lower atmospheric oxygen and ozone levels to concentrations undetectable by astronomers by about 1.11 billion years from now. Still, this drop in oxygen could mean levels of the volatile compound isoprene could build up in the air, potentially serving as a biosignature until plants go extinct. Isoprene is a biological substance that normally has a very short lifetime in the atmosphere, since it quickly reacts with oxygen.\nThe death of plants and animals would also generate large amounts of decaying matter that would release compounds such as methanethiol into the atmosphere. This gas is only known to come from biological sources — although sunlight rapidly breaks this gas down, the resulting gas, ethane, could serve as a potential biosignature until all plants and animals go extinct.\nMethane could also be a biomarker when all other biomarker gases become undetectable in a dying planet’s atmosphere. In fact, far-future levels of methane in Earth’s atmosphere could be 10 times higher than the present — methane-producing bacteria get more of the carbon dioxide they need as fuel because plants are no longer there to remove the carbon dioxide. Still, the researchers caution life is not the only source of methane — volcanoes and chemical reactions involving volcanic rocks can generate the gas as well.\nThe scientists also conjecture that clouds might serve as homes to potential biosignatures on a dying planet. Once the planet’s surface becomes too hot to live, microbes could find refuge in the clouds — microorganisms are known to exist in Earth’s atmosphere today, although it remains uncertain whether they are just passing through before falling back down or whether they actively live in the sky. Airborne microorganisms could help generate unexpectedly large cloud droplets in the atmospheres of arid planets, the researchers say. In addition, vegetation could serve as a detectable biosignature until higher plants go extinct — leaves cause a red edge to appear in the spectrum of light reflected off Earth.\nOne major confounding factor into how a dying alien planet might look could be the influence of extraterrestrial intelligence.\n“Intelligent life is difficult to factor in when making these kind of predictions,” O’Malley-James said. “It’s certainly possible that intelligent life could play a role in mitigating these changes to the far-future environment, perhaps by some form of geoengineering [artificial changes to the land, sea or air], or even moving the planet out to orbit in a cooler position. Predicting what that would do to a planet’s biosignatures would be quite a challenge, but it may simply make the planet’s biosphere appear younger than we would expect given the age of the planet.”\nAll in all, when astronomers start finding habitable-zone planets circling older stars, “it will be useful to know if we could expect to see any signs of life and, if we can, what signatures that life might leave for us to detect, because the biosphere on a dying planet would be very different to the life we are familiar with on Earth today,” O’Malley-James said.\nThe next step with this avenue of research is to start applying it to real examples astronomers have discovered of older, habitable-zone planets around Sun-like stars, O’Malley-James said. “There are not very many of these yet, so this may involve some modeling of theoretical planets around chosen nearby examples of older stars,” he noted. “It’s likely that these worlds would not be nice exact copies of Earth, so this may impact the timeline of events that lead up to the end of life on that particular planet.”\nO’Malley-James is also investigating whether Mars could serve as a template for an alien planet that has reached the end of its habitable lifetime — “in this case, by becoming cold and dry,” he said. The researchers would adapt their existing computer model “to simulate Mars and populate all the potentially habitable regions on the planet with microbes that could live there, with the aim of adding to the suite of possible biosignatures for dying biospheres.”\nO’Malley-James and his colleagues detailed their findings in the International Journal of Astrobiology.\nPublication: Jack T. O’Malley-James, et al., “Swansong biospheres: refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes,” International Journal of Astrobiology / Volume 12 / Issue 02 / March 2013, pp 99 – 112; doi: 10.1017/S147355041200047X\nPDF Copy of the Study: Swansong Biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes\n“The resulting gas, ethane, could serve as a potential biosignature until all plants and animals go extinct”. Hence biosignature is from detecting gases like methane, ethane etc in the atmosphere. Thus life comes to a full circle for planets. First at the birth of living beings these gases are required and amino acids are formed in course of time which will develop into RNA or DNA. Next plants will throw up oxygen by photosynthesis and oxygen in the atmosphere is growing steadily for supporting larger animals. Then this oxygen itself gets depleted for they burnout all the carbon and become carbon-di-oxide and ferric and silicon oxides. With oxygen getting completely depleted, now only Methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) remains in the atmosphere giving a tell tale of the living beings in the planets in the past when the planet is about to die of its biological inhabitants. Thank You.\nI’ll give Mr.O-J credit for allowing as how intelligent life could affect the state of its planet. Usually the idea seems to be ignored." ]

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[ "Send the link below via email or IMCopy\nPresent to your audienceStart remote presentation\n- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present\n- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account\n- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation\n- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation\n- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article\nDo you really want to delete this prezi?\nNeither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.\nMake your likes visible on Facebook?\nYou can change this under Settings & Account at any time.\nTranscript of Ecology\nEcology- interactions among organisms and their environments. It shows the relationship with living and non-living things also known as biotic and abiotic factors.\nAbiotic Factor Examples\nOxygen. Oxygen is needed by all plants and animals in order to live and function. Compounds for carbon and energy are necessary to provide maintenance and growth.\nA living thing, as an animal or plant that influences or affects an ecosystem.\nFlowers also known as Bellis perennis\nBiotic and Abiotic\nBoth abiotic and biotic factors determine both where an organism can live and how much a population can grow.\nNatural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.\nSunlight. It's used in photosynthesis along with carbon dioxide to make oxygen and sugars for organisms.\nSoil. Soil provides ecosystem services critical for life:\nsoil acts as a water filter and provides habitat for many organisms\nA nonliving condition that influences or affects an ecosystem and the organisms in it. Biotic and Abiotic factors are ways to identify how certain ecosystems are different from others.\nTree also known as Quercus\nWater. Water plays vital roles in ecosystems. Although many other substances are necessary for life and for ecosystems to exist, without water nothing else would function to produce life.\nBird also known as an Ave\nOut of all the ecosystems out there, the main one that i happened to use was my backyard. It is the perfect ecosystem because of the different biotic and abiotic factors that live within this ecosystem. It is a habit for certain animals and a way to interact with other species, plants and more. It is a beautiful ecosystem providing flowers, trees, sunlight, soil, and different come and go such as birds, rabbits, squirrels, and more.\nThe main biotic and abiotic factors that work together to make up a beautiful ecosystem.\nAnimals- Water may be consumed by living things, or can also be a habitat for them. Animals that use water as their habitat or home rely on water more. Animals also need water to carry out cell activity. Some animals drink water regularly to keep hydrated, digest food and build body fluids.\nPlants- All plants need sunlight for a process called photosynthesis. This is where light, energy, carbon dioxide and water interact within the plant to produce the sugar it needs to survive.\nApple also known as Malus Pumila\nTrees- Trees need oxygen to survive. They take in oxygen, give off carbon dioxide. Without oxygen, trees will soon suffocate.\nGroundhog also known as Marmota Monax\nUnderneath a Rock- The habitat of a rock is unique because it is a good hiding place or many animals. Underneath the rock you will find many organisms that build a home is the soil.\n-a large open area of covered with grass. Soil is their to provide life for other organisms.\nA niche refers to the way in which an organism fits in to a community or ecosystem.\nSquirrel Nest- Squirrels tend to build this hole not mainly sleeping but for food and safety at times. Most squirrels build this tree hole and then if you look upward on the same tree you will see a nest where they sleep at times.\nAnimals such as squirrels and birds use this as their habitat.\nAnimals such as snails and ants use this as their habitat.\nAnimals such as worms and woodlice use this as their habitat.\nGeese Niche- The role that a goose plays in an ecosystem is dispersing seeds of the plants that they eat.\nFlowers Niche- The purpose of flowers are for reproduction. They also produce pollen for other organisms to use to survive.\nRabbit Niche- The role that a rabbit plays in an ecosystem is that is it prey for most animals such as foxes, raptors, cats, ferrets, and raccoons. Rabbits have a high reproductive rate which makes them integral to the food chains, as they consume plants.\nLevels of Organization\nOrganism- an individual animal, plant, or any life form.\nPopulation-group of individuals of one species in a given geographic area.\nCommunities- an area that makes up more than one population\nMutualism- relationship where both species benefit from each other.\nCommensalism- relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other neither benefit or is harmed.\nParasitism- relationship between species, where one species(the parasite) benefits of the other species also known as a host.\nThe tree is a home for the squirrel. The tree is just a host for the squirrel but isnt harmed nor affected.\nDog is blood and food for the tick but the dog is unlucky because it wil get a disease and possibly die.\nLichen gives the tree nutrients and the tree gives lichen life support.\nTree and Lichen\nSquirrel and Tree\nDog and Tick\nTransforms sunlight to make glucose\nAn organism that is dependent on others because it can not synthesize its own food.\nAn organism that feeds on or breaks down dead plant or animal matter\na series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.\nMushrooms dont have chlorophyll therefore they cant make their own food. It releases enzymes that decompose dead plants and animals.\nPlants can create glucose\nFish eat other organisms to live such as other fish and snails.\nStrawberries produce energy and are located on the 1st level\nRabbit are consumers on the 2nd level\nGoose consumers on the 2nd level\nDomestic Dog are consumers on the 3rd level\nHuman are consumers on the 3rd level.\nGrains produce the most energy since they are on the 1st level\na series of organisms related by predator, prey and consumers that are interdependent food chains in an ecology community.\na graphic representation of predatory relationships in the food chain, where various forms of life are shown on different levels, with each level preying on the one below it.\nGroup of trees\nTrees, soil, oxygen fish and sunlight help give life to the organisms." ]

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[ "The Viking Age is remembered for its many achievements and feats of exploration, but did you know that the Vikings also left behind awe-inspiring structures? Nordic Viking architecture remains a captivating part of their legacy, from longboats to longhouses. In this article, we explore the unique characteristics of Viking architecture and discuss why it stands out from other ancient cultures. We’ll look at the materials used by the Vikings and consider how their designs have been adapted or replicated in modern times.\nWho were the Vikings, and what did they do?\nThe Vikings were a group of people who lived in Scandinavia, Northern Europe, and parts of Russia during the late-ninth through early-11th centuries. They are known for their exploration, trade, and colonization of new lands. They were skilled craftsmen and farmers known for their advanced navigational skills and ships. The Vikings also introduced new farming techniques and trading patterns to areas they colonized, which resulted in increased agricultural productivity.\nHowever, the Vikings are best known for raids on coastal villages, plundering villages and towns in search of food and wealth. Their aggressive nature led to conflicts with other groups, including the Anglo-Saxons and the Holy Roman Empire. The Vikings played an important role in the development of European culture by influencing the arts, science, and law.\nHow was Viking society structured?\nVikings are ancient people who lived in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages. They have a rich and complex history, with their society structured around clans and classes. The Viking social structure was based on their roles within the community, with each level having specific duties and responsibilities.\nThe chieftains, or jarls, were at the top of Viking society and led their clans. The jarls were responsible for organizing raids and trading voyages as well as creating laws that would benefit the entire clan. Below them were free men and women who owned land or held other positions, such as craftsmen or tradespeople. They had legal rights to own property, receive compensation for damages caused by others, and marry whomever they wished. Free men without landholdings typically worked as farmers or fishermen to provide food for their families. Slaves made up the bottom tier of Viking society; they had no rights and could be bought or sold at any given time.\nWhat are the 4 classes of Viking society?\nThe Vikings were a seafaring people from the late 8th to mid-11th centuries. They settled throughout Scandinavia and explored as far east as what is now Russia and as far west as North America. The Viking society was divided into four primary classes: noble, freemen, thralls, and slaves.\nNobles were chieftains, kings, and jarls who had more wealth than other members of their class and were typically regarded as warriors or hunters. Freemen consisted of farmers who owned their land and had some control over their lives, while thralls were serfs with little to no rights or possessions who worked the land owned by nobles or freemen. Enslaved people in Viking society were usually captured in raids from foreign lands, though records indicate that people born into slavery also existed.\nWhen was the Viking architecture era?\nThe Viking architecture era spans from the 8th to 11th centuries, during which the Vikings built and used various structures such as dwellings, fortifications, churches, and harbors. During this time, the Viking people used their unique building style adapted to suit their nomadic lifestyle in Scandinavia.\nDeveloped from an eclectic mixture of influences from other cultures, Norse architecture favored function over form, with buildings constructed primarily for practical purposes. Characterized by the efficient use of materials such as wood and stone combined with ornamental details carved into wooden beams and stonework, these structures were designed to be both practical and aesthetically pleasing. The Norse also extensively used longhouses to accommodate large numbers of people within a small space.\nUltimately, the Viking architecture era was marked by the emergence of distinct regional styles across Europe as the Vikings settled in different regions. These styles included the early Norwegian style in Scandinavia and the Danish style in Northern Germany and Eastern Denmark. The Norse-Gaelic style developed in Ireland, while the Anglo-Saxon style can be found in Great Britain and Normandy. Many different types of buildings were constructed during this time—from simple farmhouses to grand structures like castles—and each region developed its distinctive architectural style.\nWhat are Viking buildings called?\nViking buildings were constructed and used throughout the Viking Age. These structures provided long-term shelter, safety, and storage for people living in the Scandinavian countries during this period. Referred to as longhouses, these buildings were a unique architectural style that was unlike any other at the time.\nLonghouses had several distinct features that helped define them from other building types. The primary feature of longhouses was their length– some homes measured up to 150 feet long! These large structures also had two entrances: one for animals and one for humans. Inside, there were two rooms with a central hearth between them for warmth and cooking purposes. Additionally, longhouses typically had a pitched roof covered in turf or straw to protect inhabitants from rain and snowfall.\nWhat kind of architecture did the Vikings have?\nThe Vikings are known to have built some of the most impressive architecture in Medieval Europe. From their seafaring vessels to their longships, they could construct various structures that still stand today. Norse mythology and the landscapes around them heavily influenced their architectural style.\nMedieval Viking architecture had a distinct style that combined elements from Germanic and Norse traditions. They primarily used wood for construction as logs or planks for longhouses, stave churches, and wooden outbuildings. These buildings often had steeply pitched roofs with large overhanging eaves, which served as protection from rain and cold weather. Inside, the buildings were usually divided into three sections – a social area near the entrance, an open hall in the middle, and sleeping quarters at the back or side walls.\nWhat kind of buildings was in a Viking village?\nViking villages were scattered throughout parts of Northern Europe during the 8th to 11th centuries. These settlements were home to Viking families and offered various buildings for their daily needs. In order to gain insight into what these buildings looked like, archaeologists have studied several excavated Viking sites to identify the common structures found in a typical Viking village.\nThe most common building type was the longhouse; these structures served as dwellings and workshops where villagers crafted textiles and tools. Longhouses typically had a single central room that housed many people at once and additional rooms off the main space that provided needed storage or sleeping quarters. Other frequently found buildings included small huts made from wattle and daub construction, used mainly for storing goods, as well as animal pens that would house livestock such as pigs, cows, sheep, and horses.\nWhat were Viking castles called?\nViking castles were essential elements of the Viking Age and, as such, had a specific name. The most commonly used term for these structures was “borg.” While some Vikings also called them “kastali,” this term was not widely used.\nBorgs were typically constructed on high ground to give the inhabitants maximum visibility of potential attackers. In addition to defense, they served as a center for economic activities in their local communities and housed several important people within their walls. Their primary purpose was to serve as a stronghold against raiders or enemy forces and could accommodate anywhere from dozens to hundreds of defenders within their walls. The overall design varied depending on location, but many borgs included an outer wall with watchtowers and a deep ditch surrounding it.\nWhat is the largest Viking castle?\nThe largest Viking castle ever discovered is called Trelleborg. Located in modern-day Denmark, the fortification was built by King Harold Bluetooth of Denmark in the late 900s A.D. and is thought to have served as a royal residence and military stronghold. Built-in the traditional circular shape favored by Vikings, it spanned over an impressive 153 meters (500 feet) across, making it one of the largest known Viking castles ever unearthed.\nArchaeologists believe that Trelleborg was constructed using an engineering technique unique to the Viking Age – a network of planks laid out in a geometric pattern like spokes on a wheel hub. The interior walls were made from stone, while their outer perimeter was encircled by wooden palisades reinforced with large earthen mounds for added protection against invaders.\nWhat are the types of Viking architecture?\nVikings were well known for their seafaring and exploratory activities, but they also had a rich architectural heritage. Viking architecture was heavily influenced by Scandinavian and Northern European cultures, with buildings ranging from large longhouses to churches and castles.\nViking Age architecture can be divided into several distinct types. Longhouses were the most common type of residence among the Vikings, featuring long timber frames that could house entire extended families or clans. Churches were generally constructed with a rectangular shape, often boasting intricate wood carvings and murals. Besides, earthworks such as ditches, embankments, and mounds were developed for defensive purposes in some areas. Finally, stone castles known as ‘borgs’ became popular during the rise of Christianity throughout Scandinavia in the 11th century.\nWhat are the characteristics of Norse architecture?\nNorse architecture is characterized by its use of wooden structures and its incorporation of various types of stone. It was prevalent in the Viking era, from the eighth to the eleventh centuries, and was most prominent in Iceland and northern Europe. The buildings were typically small and simple, with a focus on functionality rather than aesthetics. The buildings were often dome-shaped or rectangular, with rounded corners and sloping roofs. They were built using timber frame construction, which allowed for flexible designs that could adapt to changing weather conditions. Some examples of Norse architecture include churches, religious buildings, and homes.\nThe characteristics of Norse architecture reflect the people’s emphasis on practicality and simplicity in their daily lives. The use of wood as a building material reflects their reliance on nature for resources and their desire to build sustainable communities. The incorporation of different types of stone into the buildings represents the diverse natural resources available to the Vikings as well as their ability to adapt to different climates and landscapes. Overall, Norse architecture is an example of how people can create functional and beautiful structures using readily available materials and tools.\nWhat were Viking houses made of?\nViking houses were some of the most interesting structures built throughout the early medieval period. In the 9th century, Viking houses were typically constructed with timber and logs that could be found in local forests near their settlements. The walls of this type of house were made by stacking several logs on top of one another and filling in any gaps with mud, moss, or straw. These walls provided insulation to keep the interior warm during cold winters as well as protection from harsh weather conditions.\nRoofs were also made of timber and covered with either bark or sod. Inside these homes, furniture was sparse but generally consisted of beds, chests for storage, chairs, tables, benches, and a fire pit for warmth and cooking. Furthermore, windows were constructed out of thin pieces of animal hide draped over a wooden frame to let light into the interior without compromising its strong walls.\nDid Vikings build stone structures?\nThe Viking Age is often associated with seafaring and exploration, but did the Vikings really build stone structures? Recent archaeological evidence suggests that these legendary warriors may have been more crafty builders than previously thought.\nIn recent years, archaeologists have uncovered an array of stone structures in Scandinavia – some dating back to the 8th century. The most notable find is a massive wall surrounding a farmstead near Gotland, Sweden. While it’s still unclear who built this structure, experts believe Vikings likely constructed it due to its design and construction techniques – similar to those used for traditional Viking longhouses. Other discoveries include walls surrounding burial mounds in Norway, as well as foundations of buildings in Denmark.\nThese findings suggest that the Vikings were capable of constructing sophisticated stone structures – something which had never been attributed to them before." ]

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[ "General obligation bonds (GO bond) are municipal bonds backed solely by the credit and taxing power of the issuing jurisdiction rather than the revenue from a given project. These bonds are issued with the belief that a municipality will be able to repay its debt obligation through taxation or income from projects. They are issued with the view that a city will be able to repay its debt obligation through tax or revenue from projects. The amount of taxation available by a particular GO bond may be specified as either limited or unlimited. In the case of an unlimited GO bond, a municipality may increase property taxes accordingly to cover its payments\nModerate - tried and tested\nEnabling conditions and success factors\n- Requires good creditworthiness of municipality and ability to raise taxes.\n- No assets are used as collateral.\n- Such bonds usually receive strong ratings from credit rating agencies.\nChallenges and risks to implementation\n- If a municipality goes into default, they would not be able to raise taxes more, which would impact the instrument's reputation." ]

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[ "- About Art\nThe Importance of Medical Devices Manufacturing\nWe cannot stress enough how critical the working of the medical device manufacturers is. They have resulted in much-improved lives for so many people. They have come up with devices such as pacemakers, replacement knees, and hips, life support machines, medical imaging machines, which have been critical to the working of medical staff, among other devices and equipment.\nThe things we see being used in the medical field are directly attached to the medical devices manufacturers. They are used to protect and prolong the lives of patients all over. These include devices such as artificial limbs and joints, heart monitoring machines, blood pressure devices, as well as internal prognosis devices.\nThese manufacturers are there to handle the needs of the patients and medical staff. They will develop, evaluate, and test the working of their produced devices prior to releasing them to the medical world. No device is on record for having been released before it was tested. Some devices may need clinical trials, which is usually kept to a small number.\nAs technology changes, so do the field of medical devices manufacturing. Medical engineers are always coming up with better ways of making their devices better. Hip replacement procedures demonstrate this quality clearly. Through hip replacement, many people can regain their mobility, and thus live a full and unrestricted life. There is not much complexity involved in it. This does not betray the amount of research and testing that had to go into making it what it is today. The design and manufacture has evolved and adapted to the changing technologies.\nArtificial limbs has taken center stage in recent times for these medical devices manufacturers. Prosthetic limbs have gotten better in terms of functionality, as there is now technology to make them that way. These devices, such as bionic legs and arms, have been developed to have movement in the toes and fingers. It is only a matter of time before these limbs can perform pretty much everything a normal limb can.\nThe improvements currently being witnessed are not just on the devices, but also on the methods they use to diagnose these conditions. These advancements are aimed at making the diagnosis process less error-prone, and suggesting the least invasive solution there is. This will give off less traumatized patients. The medical staff on the other hand will also have an easier time administering the solutions, through more reliable equipment.\nMost of the patient’ lives have been saved because of some of these devices. You have to appreciate how a thermometer can be used to detect a fever and thus save a life. There is so much they can still improve on in the future." ]

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[ "Tangle is the transaction storing and processing mechanism of IOTA, a Cryptocurrency network that was developed to enable fee-less micro-transactions for the growing ecosystem of Internet of Things (IoT) devices.\nTangle is the other name to describe the IOTA’s directed acyclic graph (DAG). It is a data integration and transaction settlement layer developed to focus on the Internet of things (IOT). Tangle acts as a string of individual transactions which are interconnected to one another and stored in a decentralized network node of the participants.\nThe Tangle, which is the data structure behind IOTA, is a particular kind of directed graph, which holds transactions. Each transaction is represented as a vertex in the graph. When a new transaction joins the tangle, it chooses two previous transactions to approve, adding two new edges to the graph.\nHow does IOTA Tangle Work?\nWith new cryptocurrencies appearing, and disappearing every single day, it is becoming increasingly difficult to know which currencies are worth investing in, and which ones are not.\nFor those that are just starting out, it can be a somewhat daunting prospect, particularly when you factor in the technological jargon, and concepts that work hand in hand with this type of innovation. IOTA is one of these currencies, and Tangle is the system that it works on.\nTangle technology is trying to solve scalability problem with a totally different technology. Tangle is made by sites (transactions on the DAG graph) and Nodes (Issuers of transactions). The verification process is set up, that newly issued transaction is obligated to approve two old transactions. As a result of this solution, the responsibility of verification transactions belongs to everyone, who issue a new transaction. In conclusion, Tangle allows to process transactions in the network without miners and transaction fees.\nBlockchain vs Tangle\nThe brilliance of the Tangle is that transactions are processed in parallel. The Tangle differs from blockchain in two main ways:\nIOTA is able to achieve high transaction throughput by parallelizing validation. As the Tangle grows with more transactions, IOTA becomes faster and more secure with transaction finality happening more quickly as network critical mass is approached.\nThe way consensus is achieved in a blockchain Technology is through a rigorous mechanism that requires multiple parties to “race” against each other in an attempt to add the next block and earn the block rewards. Since “miners” and “users” are decoupled entities, block rewards paid to miners will eventually mostly consist of users’ transaction fees. In the Tangle, “miners” and “users” are no longer decoupled entities.\nTransaction fees: There are none, sort of. The cost of writing to the Tangle is performing proof-of-work on two other transactions. There is no “gas” cost or needing to “tip” miners in order to get your transaction faster. In fact, “mining” isn’t even a thing for the Tangle. There isn’t a need for it.\nScalability: The fundamental bottleneck of normal block chains like Bitcoin or Ethereum is the time it takes to achieve consensus by creating new blocks. The Bitcoin blockchain can only handle 3-4 transactions per second. Ethereum, around 15-20. To date, Tangle has seen transaction spikes well into the hundreds of transactions per second. However, it theoretically scales infinitely as larger and larger numbers of devices are writing data.\nLightweight: The core idea behind Tangle is that even devices with very low computing power, like a toaster, can write data to the Tangle, and therefore perform proof-of-work in a reasonable amount of time. How this is achieved gets into “snapshotting”, which is the subject of another blog post.\nData Marketplace: IOTA gives you the ability to sell your data by giving people the ability to subscribe to your data for very small amounts of money. This is a powerful concept, given that one the biggest limiting factors for machine learning and AI applications is access to quality data.\n“Quantum-secure”: A common criticism of blockchain, in general, is that quantum computers will be billions of times more capable of performing hashing algorithms than classical computers.\nSmart Contracts: These don’t yet exist for IOTA/Tangle, and it’s a gigantic drawback for developers. In fact, the lack of smart contracts will be a showstopper if you want to build any sort of Decentralized Application or “DApp” with IOTA.\nVulnerability: While there have been no publicly documented successful attacks against the Tangle, a common criticism is that it’s mathematically easier for malicious nodes to attack it. For example, it only requires 34% of the total hashing power to successfully attack the Tangle, versus 51% for Bitcoin or Ethereum, etc." ]

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[ "Storfjorden is a large north-south trending sound located in the southern part of Svalbard in the northwestern Barents Sea. Presently, several glaciers drain into the northern and western part of Storfjorden. Our study area covers the southern part of the sound, which is divided by a north-south striking basement ridge (the ‘Mid-ridge’) into a narrow western trough (‘Little-Storfjorden’) and a broader eastern trough (‘Storfjorden’). In the latter, three grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) were discovered in 2005 showing evidence of former grounded ice. Here we confirm the existence and map the extent of the GZWs and reconstruct the pattern and timing of ice retreat in Storfjorden during the deglaciation. The study is based on high-resolution seismic and shallow-acoustic profiles and swath bathymetry, combined with information of lithology and radiocarbon dates from sediment cores. The results show that the three GZWs stretch across the fjord, and that all three are located south of higher basement areas that were upstream of the GZWs and which acted as pinning points during ice retreat. The Mid-ridge imposed a lateral drag to the ice, resulting in an uneven ice retreat across the fjord. Outside of the GZWs only a thin cover of glacial deposits was found. The cores were taken in vicinity of the GZWs and all reached till deposits overlain by glacimarine or hemipelagic sediments, enabling dating of the GZWs. Altogether we find that the fjord and basement topography played an important role in the ice retreat. AMS-14C dates show that the formation of the three GZWs correlate with three well-known atmospheric warming phases (start of Bølling interstadial, Allerød interstadial and Holocene interglacial, respectively) associated with inflows of warm Atlantic water, indicating a strong ocean/climate control on the deglaciation of Storfjorden.\n|Status||Udgivet - 1 aug. 2018|\n- Arctic marine geology\n- Programområde 5: Natur og klima" ]

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[ "‘Prevention is better than cure’; I know you might have heard this proverb multiple times. It applies here as well. Dental care for the kid’s teeth is as important as that of elders.\nStart caring for your child’s teeth just after the milk teeth erupt! Please don’t wait for them to turn 3 or 4 or when they start going to school. You can visit the best dental clinic in Chennai or near you for your child’s dental check-up. In this article, I’ll explain to you the importance and best dental care for kids’ teeth which you should be aware of and must make compulsory.\nRead the blog till the end to know more!\nWhat are all the common dental problems in Kids?\nHere are a few common dental problems in kids which you need to analyze to take care of your teeth;\nTooth Decay is one of the most common dental issues in children caused due to cavities. The main reason for this is due to a high intake of sugar. Yet, it is also common in adults; children are more prone to tooth decay.\nTooth decay could be prevented with appropriate brushing and flossing. Parents must make their children brush and floss twice daily to prevent tooth decay.\nYes, you’ve heard it right. The sensitive tooth is an issue common not only in adults but also in children as well. Teeth sensitivity can occur due to cavities, newly erupted permanent teeth, teeth grinding, acid erosion, orthodontic teeth, and missing teeth. Sensitivity toothpaste, mouthwash, and gel can help you overcome this sensitivity issue of your teeth.\nDental Emergencies are one of the concerning issues in children, which refers to a sudden injury to the teeth. It is more common for children to participate in sports activities like athletes, football, cricket, etc. These accidents can cause teeth breaking, chipping, and cracking. To avoid such dental injuries, you can wear mouthguards for the safety of your teeth and overall health.\nWhen talking about oral health, we should not only consider dental health issues, but we should also take gingivitis or gum diseases into account.\nEven small kids have gum disease problems and suffer from gum conditions like gum bleeding, swollen gums, bruises on the gums, etc. The gum tissues in the mouth are accompanied by pain in the mouth and teeth.\nOrthodontics is another important issue in children that has to be taken appropriate care of. In orthodontics, you might face several issues, like gaps between teeth, crooked teeth, alignment issues, upper and lower bites, and more. You can treat this by taking your child to the best kids’ dentistry near you. You can choose the best braces for your child.\nThumb Sucking is the most reported dental issue in children, which is caused to children between 3-8 years of age. Mostly many parents want their children to address this specific issue. Thumb sucking doesn’t significantly affect your oral health, but it can change how your child’s teeth develop.\nMany children do have a fear of visiting the dentist, which is also known as dental phobia. It is common for children to fear dentists, but it is the parent’s responsibility to make their child get rid of the fear of dentistry. Therefore it can be treated by taking your child to pediatric dentists, who can help eliminate the dental fear. Dental phobias are found not only in Children but also in some adults.\nHence these were some of the common dental issues children face in their lifetime.\nHow to take the best dental care for your kid’s teeth?\nMake your child brush their teeth twice a day. Brushing their teeth twice a day will help to prevent the cavities, germs, and bacteria that have ruined your child’s teeth. Inappropriate brushing can lead to plaque build-up on the upper layer of the teeth and can result in tooth decay and tooth loss. Brushing your teeth is the primary step toward dental hygiene, which you take for your teeth.\nApart from brushing, also see that you floss your teeth properly. Because brushing alone won’t help to eradicate the bacteria. You must floss your teeth to remove the overall bacteria from your mouth and clear it from your mouth completely. Flossing can help prevent tooth decay condition of your mouth.\nFluoride is considered essential as well as beneficial for your teeth, and it also nurtures your teeth in the best way possible. Fluoride helps restore your enamel and other properties necessary for your teeth to function well. You can take fluoride in several possible ways, like in the form of toothpaste, or you can drink fluoridated water, etc.\nLike all other care, you must also visit your dentist regularly to prevent dental problems in your kid’s dental health. See that you hit the dentist’s office at least twice a year or every six months. Missing your dentist’s appointment can lead to more severe complications and greatly impact your dental health.\nSo these are some of the dental care for kids’ teeth that can free your child from dental issues and cavities.\nI hope you find the blog helpful. If you have any suggestions or queries, you can drop them here in the comment section below. See you soon, and stay connected.\nThanks for reading it till the end!" ]

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[ "Amongst the range of Pictish Symbol Stones, three have carvings of boars – St Vigeans (Drosten Stone), Dores (Clune Farm) and Knocknagael.\nA likely Roman Legion connection involving Boar Stones adds to the alternative view the author gives to the currently believed history of the Pictish period and the time periods for the erection of the Class 1 and 2 Stones.\nClick here for the original investigation into Stones, Boars and a Roman Legion – a Connection? PDF. In January 2016, this was published as a Megalithic Portal article.\nAlister Chisholm of the South Loch Ness Heritage Group EMailed me in May 2020 with a link to a map that includes “site of the Roman station BANATIA” where the north east end of Loch Ness meets the River Ness / Caledonian Canal – across from Bona. This prompted research into the the prospective derivation of the names Banatia and Bona and an expanded version of the PDF referred to above. It places the names Banatia and Bona very firmly into the context of a Roman military presence in that geographic area.\nBona, at the north-east end of Loch Ness, has a few houses and is near a relatively modern castle – all well hidden from roads but very visible from cruise boats. There was a ferry at this point where the River Ness joins the end of Loch Ness – remains of piers are still visible. Its importance goes back much further than being the start point of the eastern section of the Caledonian Canal to Inverness from the early 1800s or, prospectively, St Columba sailing by in 565 CE. From my research into the name “Bona” and carvings on nearby Pictish Stones it seems that Bona may have a connection back to a Roman Legion.\nHaving explored several possible derivations for “Bona”, the only one with a context that fits is from Encyclopaedia Brittanica (1911) which shows Bona (Arabic Annaba) identified with the Algerian seaport of Hippo Regius or Ubbo. Seemingly when it became a Roman colonia the city name was latinised to Hippo from the original Punic name Ûbôn or Ubbo meaning harbour.\nPerhaps the key to a connection between Bona, Scotland and Bona, Algeria lies in the prospective deployment of Roman auxiliary forces from North Africa. That link comes from interpreting the significance of carvings of boars on Pictish Stones near to Bona and the boar being the emblem of the 20th Roman Legion.\nClick here for Bona (Inverness-shire), Boar Carvings and a Roman Legion PDF which concludes that considering the potential reasons for the names Bona and Banatia and the boar carvings perhaps the Knocknagael and Dores (Clune Farm) Stones were incised specifically by people associated with the Roman Twentieth Legion.\nIf so then the connection has significant historical impact:-\n- adding another location for the presence of the Twentieth Legion therefore\nreinforcing that there was a Roman military presence further north in Scotland\n(Caledonia) than is generally regarded,\n- prompting the removal of the Boar as a “symbol” from the lists of Pictish Symbol\nStones – arguably it represents a Roman Legion emblem and\n- challenging the dating of the Knocknagael Boar Stone shown (at its original location) as 7th to 8th century on the Historic Scotland sign)." ]

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[ "Proteins are large molecules that have complex three-dimensional (3D) structures that give them sophisticated cellular functions. To provide access to complex protein structures not found in nature, Professors Baker and King of the University of Washington and Professor Yeates of University of California Los Angeles collaborate to compute and precisely control the assembly of proteins into 3D architectures. The research team shares these capabilities with the engineering and scientific communities and constructs a Designed Protein Nanomaterial (DPN) database to enable others to rapidly build on these advances. The long-term goal is to allow predictable design of protein-based materials for use in a wide range of applications such as targeted drug delivery, functional materials for energy conversion, and other chemical technologies. The interdisciplinary project provides excellent research training opportunities to postdoctoral researchers and students.\nThis research integrates theory, computation and experiment to close the design cycle on creation of new protein-based nanomaterials that are not currently accessible using conventional protein engineering approaches. It develops strategies to prepare more robust and complex protein nanomaterials from modular building blocks, whose 3D assembly and disassembly can occur in response to changes in environmental conditions. The research team recruits citizen scientists to solve complex protein design problems using Foldit, and to provide innovative input to enhance functionalization of such materials." ]

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[ "\"Apathy\" or apatheia (Greek απάθεια, \"absence of feeling\"), is a philosophical term originally used by the Stoics to signify a condition of being totally free from the pathe, emotions and passions such as pain, fear, desire, and pleasure. The concept of apathy was developed in response to a problem widely debated by ancient Greek philosophers, of how a human being can achieve true happiness. Apatheia represented a state of tranquility and peace of mind, achieved by becoming indifferent to pleasure or pain and conforming to the inevitable course of events, which was governed by divine will.\nLater Stoics, recognizing that complete indifference to all passions and desires would be almost impossible to achieve, modified the concept to distinguish certain virtuous desires. This concept was developed in Rome and adapted by early Christians, whose ideal was to rise above earthly desires. The modern use of the word \"apathy\" usually refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels no interest in the surrounding world.\nThe word \"apathy\" derives etymologically from the Greek απάθεια (apatheia, \"absence of feeling\"), a term used by the Stoics to signify a condition of being totally free from the pathe, emotions and passions such as pain, fear, desire, and pleasure. The concept of apatheia was developed in response to a problem widely debated by ancient Greek philosophers, of how a human being can achieve true happiness. Apatheia represented a state of tranquility and peace of mind, achieved by becoming indifferent to pleasure or pain and conforming to the inevitable course of events, which was governed by divine will.\nOrigins of the doctrine can be detected in the attitude of the Cynics (second half of the fourth century B.C.E.), who deliberately subjected themselves to a life of hardship and rejected as valueless anything which did not contribute to virtue. Zeno of Citium (333-264 B.C.E.), who studied under the cynic Crates of Thebes and founded the Stoic school, explicitly taught that a life of tranquility could be achieved by conquering the passions and emotions and conforming to divine will, which governed the universe.\nEarly Stoics taught that the passions and emotions were to be eliminated entirely. Human events which appeared to be tragic or distressing could be seen as leading to some good if the ultimate purposes of divine will were known. Resisting divine will was useless and only resulted in loss of peace of mind. A wise and virtuous man was one who willingly cooperated with divine will and calmly accepted the course of events. Later Stoics responded to the challenge that they were insensitive to human nature by distinguishing between good and bad, or desirable and undesirable \"pathe.\"\nThe Greek Stoic philosopher Panaetius (c.185-109 B.C.E.) rejected the doctrine of apatheia and replaced it with the more Aristotelian ideal of moderation and self-control, suggesting that some of the \"goods\" in this world might be valuable and worth pursuing for their own sake. Panaetius visited Rome and influenced Publius Scipio Aemilianus, the conqueror of Carthage, who was at the head of a group of prominent Romans known today as the Scipionic Circle. His modified Stoicism became the dominant philosophy in Rome and later influenced the early Christians.\nThe concept of apatheia was reappropriated by the early Christians, who adopted the term to express a contempt for all earthly concerns. The word was used by a number of devout writers, including Clemens Alexandrinus (d. 216 C.E.), who hoped to attract philosophers who aspired after virtue to Christianity. He expressed the concept in his exhortations to shake off \"the chains of flesh\" and rise above \"earthly things.\" St. Augustine showed sympathy towards the Stoic doctrine of apatheia. The denial of passions and desires in order to conform to a greater divine will became an essential aspect of the Christian way of life and an element of monastic asceticism.\nThe concept of apatheia resembles the key Buddhist and Daoist principle of realizing oneness with the Tao (Way) through wu-wei, or \"non-doing.\" Wu-wei refers to spontaneous and effortless behavior that arises from a sense of unity with life, environment, and with others. It is not inertia, laziness, or passivity. Rather, it is the intuitive experience of acting appropriately at any particular moment and relinquishing any effort to control or conquer the environment. Chuang Tzu refers to this type of existence in the world as flowing, or as \"purposeless wandering,\" characterized by \"detachment, forgetfulness of results, and abandonment of all hope of profit.\"\nBuddhism teaches that unhappiness and suffering are the result of attachment to, or desire for, the things of this world, and that they can be eliminated through following the Eightfold Path. This understanding is contained in the Four Noble Truths:\nThe Buddhist state of enlightenment, in which a person is free of all earthly attachment, can be compared to the Stoic ideal of apatheia.\nIn a sense related to the modern psychological understanding, the concept of apathy became more prominent during the First World War, in which the appalling conditions of the Western Front led to apathy, or a lack of emotion and desire, and shellshock amongst millions of soldiers. Apathy came to be regarded as a psychological response to despair and disgust with the condition of the world. Certain writers and philosophers of the twentieth century, such as Albert Camus (The Stranger), developed the concept of inactivity in the face of events.\nThe Stoic concept of apatheia is widely promoted by motivational psychologists such as Dale Carnegie, who offer it as a means of dealing with anger and frustration, and going beyond these emotions to accomplish a higher purpose.\nApathy is a psychological term for a state of indifference—where an individual is unresponsive or \"indifferent\" to aspects of emotional, social, or physical life. Clinical apathy is considered to be at an elevated level, while a moderate level might be considered depression, and an extreme level could be diagnosed as a dissociative identity disorder. The physical aspect of apathy associated with physical deterioration, muscle loss, and lack of energy is called lethargy—which has many pathological causes as well.\nApathy can be object-specific—toward a person, activity, or environment. It is a common reaction to stress, where it manifests as \"learned helplessness\" and is commonly associated with clinical depression. It can also reflect a non-pathological lack of interest in things one does not consider important.\nCertain drugs are known to cause symptoms associated with or leading to apathy.\nAll links retrieved April 7, 2016.\nNew World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:\nThe history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:" ]

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[ "While looking for literature on how human beings react under stress in deadly situations, I found a fascinating book, titled On Combat, by Lt. Col. Dave Grossman and Loren W. Christensen. On Combat makes a seemingly reactionary claim, made many times before; namely, that violent videogames are creating a generation of killers. What’s startling, however, is that this time, it’s true.\nDespite the heated rhetoric from both sides of the debate about violent games, it’s a truth not generally recognized or discussed. To some degree, we can blame Jack Thompson and his ilk – the moment he starts talking about games as “murder simulators,” the field polarizes, and any useful discussion is lost. Indeed, the mere suggestion itself is unbelievable, and who can blame the public or the average gamer for being suspicious when so much of the debate has been fear mongering?\nBut it’s a well-documented fact; and to know why, you have to understand a discovery that was made more than half a century ago.\nIt was thought up until the end of World War II that if you fielded an army of 100,000 riflemen, you would have 100,000 combatants. In practice, however, there were some discrepancies suggesting this wasn’t quite the case. This led General S.L.A. Marshall to publish a book in 1947 titled Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command, where he revealed that in combat only 15 percent of soldiers unsupervised by an officer had fired their weapons.\nThe theory goes: In extreme stress, the logical part of your brain shuts down, relinquishing control to your middle brain, or what Grossman wryly calls the “puppy brain.” The middle brain is not at all logical – it relies on instinct – and by forgoing the process of rational thought, it can react faster to situations in which a moment of hesitation could be deadly. In around 85 percent of trained soldiers up to the end of the World War II, there was a part of their middle brain that recognized that the enemy was another human being, and refused to kill him. This social consciousness even under extreme duress is normal – we are born this way. The natural reaction to “fight or flight” is usually flight, making violence a “universal phobia,” as Grossman states.\nThis new understanding led to the realization that if you could train soldiers to override the part of their brain that wouldn’t allow them to kill, you would have more effective combatants and, therefore, a more deadly and efficient army. Training for the armed forces slowly began to incorporate measures to “dehumanize” enemy combatants. First, they replaced the circular targets at firing ranges with human-shaped silhouettes. The result was dramatic – in the Korean War, around 50 to 55 percent of soldiers would fire their weapons at the enemy. The army then changed the targets again. Instead of silhouettes, they now looked like human beings, had faces, and were rigged to fall down once they had been shot. During the Vietnam War, the percentage of soldiers who would fire their weapons at the enemy rose to more than 90 percent.\nThis training reached into the middle brain and flipped a switch. The part of the mammalian brain that wouldn’t allow a person to kill another human being was reset, making soldiers more capable of doing their jobs, routing the enemy faster and, in the end, saving lives.\nUnintentionally, this training regimen has migrated from the firing range to the living room. Take Counter-Strike or Crysis, for example. Players fire a weapon at a human target that falls down when it is “killed.” It’s the same type of training used to raise the firing rate of the army from 15 percent to more than 90 percent. With many tech-savvy kids and adults growing up playing first person shooters, this means an entire generation has unwittingly undergone this military conditioning.\nBut have we become killers?\nPeople who raise the point that violent videogame players have received military combat conditioning often equate it with committing acts of violence, but correlation is not causation. It has never followed that going through this conditioning means that one is guaranteed to employ it.\nThis has to do with the part of the brain in which the conditioning occurs. What stops a normal, unconditioned person from killing another human being in combat is the mammalian brain, which is pure instinct – the higher, rational brain has nothing to do with it. An unconditioned person can want to kill someone, only to be rendered unable as his middle brain takes over during the moment of crisis.\nIt takes a high level of stress – whether out of anger, fear or any other source of adrenaline – for this transition to occur. If that stress does not exist, your higher, more rational brain remains in control of your actions. Even under the most stressful circumstances, there has to be the right context.\nTo demonstrate the importance of context, Grossman offers the case of a police officer who had his family and friends hold a fake gun so that he could practice disarming criminals. Each time his disarmed his subject, he would hand it back so that they could repeat the process. Later, when he found himself in a store as an armed robbery began, he struck out at the criminal and took away the handgun. Then, just as he had practiced hundreds of times, he handed it back. His middle brain did exactly what he had trained it to do, regardless of how irrational it was under the circumstances.\nViolent videogames may have made us capable of killing – under a very specific set of circumstances – but they haven’t conditioned us to be killers. It would be more accurate to say we have been psychologically enabled to use deadly force in a combat situation, whereas before we were not.\nWhile we haven’t been conditioned to be murderers, however, the Columbine and Virginia Tech shootings prove that some of us are capable of committing heinous acts of violence under ostensibly mundane conditions. There is a very serious problem here that needs to be addressed.\nWhen confronting the widespread military conditioning across our society – one that is rarely recognized and, for all intents and purposes, accidental – it’s impossible to assess its effects without facing the specters of shootings like Columbine and Virginia Tech. In the first case, the killers had been known to play violent videogames; in the second, the killer played nothing more violent than Sonic the Hedgehog. There is at least some correlation in the first case, but is there causation?\nIt’s a scientific question that has been met mostly with knee-jerk answers, but the nature of the mammalian brain may have some insight. In both incidents, the murders were premeditated, which means that their planning involved the higher, logical brain – not the mammalian brain. Violent videogames may have made the Columbine killers more capable of carrying out their crime, but they weren’t the root cause.\nThat doesn’t absolve game makers entirely of blame, however. Simply promoting the capability of using deadly force under duress could be a problem, no matter how vehemently we deny that this capability exists. In a society where more than 90 percent of the people who play violent videogames are capable of using deadly force under life-threatening conditions, there are implications across the board, from law enforcement to education.\nWhen Grossman described this situation in his book, he called violent games “murder simulators.” It may sound extremist, but it makes sense once you realize how Grossman differentiates between “killing” and “murder.” A killer is disciplined, and only uses lethal force in appropriate, rigidly defined circumstances – for example, a cop in a firefight with a criminal. A murderer lacks this discipline. When somebody enters law enforcement or the military, they are taught discipline as well as how to kill. While violent videogames may provide the conditioning, they rarely teach restraint.\nSo long as we fail to recognize that these games are imparting a killer instinct in the most literal sense, there is the risk of uncontrolled, excessive force in situations that require self-defense. Few of us who play violent games will ever kill in our lifetimes; but it’s important to know we have that capability, and to teach the appropriate discipline to control it in a crisis. That doesn’t mean putting everybody who has ever played a violent game through boot camp; but teaching ethics, and having a penalty in games for killing non-combatants could have a noticeable impact on the outcome of this conditioning .\nThe preponderance of violent media – not just videogames – in our culture should encourage us to be more vigilant in what we teach about right and wrong, and force us to be more thoughtful about when violence is necessary. In the right hands, lethal force is a useful tool that protects the rest of us from harm. That tool has now been placed in everybody’s hands. Denying it can only hurt us in the long run, while accepting its presence and coming to understand what it means could ultimately deter violence – and save lives.\nRobert B. Marks is an author, editor, publisher, and civilian MA student in the war studies program at the Royal Military College of Canada. You can view a full list of his published works here." ]

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[ "Reasons to use Google Drive in your Geography Classroom\nA Google Edu account is a powerful tool to support teaching and learning in your school. All schools and colleges are entitled to a Google Edu account. A Google Edu account for your school provides access to an email account, Google Drive, G Suite Sheets (Docs/Slides/Sheets apps), Google Classroom and unlimited storage space for every member of staff and student. It can be accessed from any device with an internet connection. If you need support in setting up and administering a Google Edu account our friends over at cre8tiveit.solutions can help you.\nIn this post, I’m assuming you already have a Google Edu account for your school. Below I’ll share ways you can get the most from your Google Edu account in Geography.\nGoogle drive provides storage space in the cloud (the internet to you and me!). You can upload existing documents to Google Drive and share these with colleagues and/or students within your organisation (and those outside!), this means there is no need for external drives. Any resources you upload or create from home using G Suite will be available when you log in at school. You can also download the Google Drive app for your computer/laptop to save your documents locally. They will then automatically upload to your Google Drive. You can share folders with members of your team so you can share resources quickly and easily. This helps reduce workload because they can make a copy and quickly adapt it so it meets the needs of their students.\nGoogle Drive enables you to quickly share model examples with your class. They can refer to these should they need further guidance.\nIf students share their work with you through Google Drive you have a real-time view of the progress they are making as you can view what they are doing and give feedback immediately. You can also display the work of a student using a digital projector and have the class provide feedback. Another benefit of sharing documents is that you can also make copies of student work to use as models in the future.\nUsing Google Drive can help you achieve a paperless classroom saving hundreds of pounds of your departmental budget each year.\nA file is created in G Suite it includes a history of engagement within the document. This means that you can see who has collaborated and when. Ultimately, in group projects, you can uncover who has contributed to the work.\nDrive automatically saves documents in real time which overcomes the issues many of us have experienced with computers crashing and work being lost. Even with the best will in the world students and teachers forget to save work. You can rest assured that the auto-save within Google Docs, Sheets and Slides will save you in any of these situations.\nSlides is a presentation app that works like Microsoft Powerpoint or Apple Keynote. You can:\n- Share any presentations you have created with students or colleagues\n- Embed YouTube videos\n- encourage collaboration – multiple students can work on the same presentation at the same time from different devices in different locations\n- By sharing documents with their peers’ students can assess each other and provide formative feedback\nDocs is a word processing app. Microsoft Word users will be familiar with its layout and features. You could use Docs to:\n- provide feedback to students who have shared a document to with you through adding comments\n- encourage collaboration – multiple students can work on the same document at the same time from different devices in different locations\nIf you can use Excel you can you can use Google Sheets. Sheets provides great opportunities for collaboration. If students are completing fieldwork they can work together in manipulating and presenting data. As well as performing the normal functions of spreadsheet software Sheets has some great features for geographers. For example:\n- create choropleth maps in minutes using sheets\n- create maps with proportional circles\nGoogle Forms is a really useful tool for gathering formative feedback. You can create questionnaires to get feedback from students or, with a 3/4G connection, use them when completing fieldwork. Also, they could be used to check understanding by setting up tests.\nAnother feature of forms is quizzes. You can see automatic summaries all quiz responses, including:\n- Frequently missed questions\n- Graphs marked with correct answers\n- Average, median, and range of scores\nIf you collect email addresses, you can assign points and leave feedback on individual responses.\nQuizzes can be used to check learning if you are using a flipped learning approach. For homework, students could watch an online video then complete a quiz. This will show you they have watched the video and the degree to which they have understood it.\nAll the features explored here are pulled together into Google Classroom, a learning management solution, built specifically for eduction. I’ll explore this in a future post.\nFor the adventurous, it’s possible to get the G Suite apps to interact with each other. An example of this is developing an automated feedback system that I have covered previously\nIf your school has not got a Google Edu account you need to start knocking on doors and if you need support getting the infrastructure set up give cre8tiveit.solutions a shout. cre8tiveit.solutions can also provide training in the use of G Suite.\nLeave a ReplyWant to join the discussion?\nFeel free to contribute!" ]

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[ "Preventive health care is any action that reduces the risk of disease or delays its onset. Preventive health measures may be taken before a disease develops or prevent certain diseases from developing in the first place. The goal of Bastrop preventive health care is to reduce the risk of developing an illness, disability, or death by reducing the likelihood that individuals will develop specific diseases and conditions.\nWhat does preventive healthcare involve?\nPreventive health care can include:\n- Regular checkups, including physicals and immunizations, for children, teens, and adults\n- Screening tests for certain conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure\n- Counseling about diet and exercise, smoking cessation, and other ways to stay healthy\n- Early detection of problems before they become serious\nWhat are the benefits of preventive healthcare?\nPrevent chronic and acute disease\nChronic disease refers to a long-term illness that does not resolve on its own or cause death. Preventive care helps keep people healthy by detecting disease early, preventing complications, and treating common problems before they become serious. Chronic diseases include diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.\nProtect public health\nPreventive health care also protects the public health by ensuring everyone can access proper medical care when needed. If people do not receive preventive services, they may not seek help when they need it most and delay getting treatment until later in life when there are more complications from their illness or injury.\nHelp in the early detection of illnesses\nEarly detection is one of the most integral aspects of preventive care. It can prevent people from getting sick and from spreading the disease to others. Early detection also helps doctors treat people more effectively and quickly, reducing their recovery time and pain, improving their ability to function at work or home, and allowing them to return to normal activities sooner.\nSave money on healthcare costs\nThe cost of healthcare can be huge if not managed well. The best way to reduce this cost is to take measures to prevent illness from occurring in the first place. This will help reduce the need for expensive medical treatments and hospital stays when an ailment occurs. It will also reduce the amount spent on prescription drugs, which can be quite expensive if not used properly or taken regularly.\nReduce the risk of developing a chronic condition\nPreventive services can also help reduce the risk of developing a chronic condition through early detection and treatment. By addressing unhealthy habits such as poor nutrition and physical inactivity, you can improve your chances of avoiding conditions such as heart attack or stroke, which are very common among older adults with other health problems.\nPreventive health care is a set of services, practices, and policies used to prevent disease or injury. These services help to prevent the development of chronic diseases and injuries. Chronic diseases include conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and mental health disorders. Acute diseases include infections such as the flu and pneumonia. If you need to know more about preventive healthcare, contact Pompeyo Chavez, M." ]

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[ "Jacaranda tree is a\nintroduced tree in Australia.\nIt is a lovely looking purple tree, and there is actually about 50\nspecies of it.\nIt is native to Central and South America, and it has\nbeen introduced to Australia.\nPoster by AllPosters. Click on thumbnail to buy\nThe tree grows 20-30 metres tall, and being wide, gives quite a good\nIt tends to grow more in cooler areas in Australia, and not so much in\nthe tropics, where it is replaced by poinciana.\nBoth bloom during the Australian summer, from about October-November to\nJanuary, and both are really beautiful.\nThis site uses\nBritish English, which is the English we use in Australia. You will\nfind words like \"traveller\", \"harbour\" and \"realise\", and they are all\ncorrect in the language used in Australia.\nbest efforts have been made to ensure\nthat all the information on this site is correct,\ngondwananet.com is not to be blamed should there be a mistake.\nAll contents of this website are strictly protected\nby the Law of Copyright. What\ndoes that mean?" ]

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[ "Pre-Algebra is designed to provide students with a strong foundation for Algebra 1 and Geometry. Students will be provided weekly lesson videos made by the tutor and practice problems for daily practice. Class time will be spent reinforcing video lessons through review games, extended practice, and learning problem solving skills.\nStudents will need to come to class having viewed the lessons and completed their daily homework assignments. To assess students understanding of the material, quizzes and tests will be given in a stress-free environment. This class is a full curriculum.\nPre-Algebra is a 30-week course, meeting for 90 minutes a week.\nChapter concepts include the following:\n- Solving Equations and Inequalities\n- Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing Integers\n- Exponents and Scientific Notation\n- Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing Rational Numbers\n- Collecting, Displaying, and Analyzing Data\n- Plane Geometry\n- Perimeter, Area, and Volume\n- Ratios, Rates, and Proportions\n- Decimals, Fractions, and Percents\nCurriculum: Holt Pre-Algebra\nNote: A textbook will be provided and will need to be returned at the end of the school year.\nLink to view (not purchase) textbook: Holt Pre-Algebra: Student Edition 2004: HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON: 9780030696091: Amazon.com: Books\nClass Homework requirements: Daily lesson videos and practice will be assigned\nTime: 10:45 – 12:15\nGrades: advanced 6 – 8\nClass Fee: $400\nBooks (for rent) and supply fee: $85\nTutor: Melanie Rickett" ]

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[ "Written by Mayank Barjatya of Pune, India; Faculty, School of Science & Design Innovation at the NewEarth University\nNote: Photos and graphics by Mayank Barjatya\nOur bodies need physical and emotional nourishment, not once in a while but regularly. If you don’t nurture, clean and nourish your mind and body, you tend to notice changes and loss of individuality, relationships and growth. Similarly, everything that breathes and is living, possesses a soul—a living soul that resides in the physical body. But what if we were to believe that apart from the living, the spaces we dwell in, have their very own soul, too?\nWhat is architecture?\nIt’s a practice of not only building a shelter, but is it also a place for a soul? Or, what if on building a space, the energies in the vacuum are the soul, itself? And, what if we nurtured our spaces and surroundings in the same way that we do with ourselves?\nEnergies (their effect and impact) have all been explained by the world’s ancestors in various ways. They have practiced the nurturing, generation, manipulation and maintenance of energies since they knew of time and existence. The Stone circles and labyrinths of Europe, pyramids of Egypt, and temples of India, were all structures built in response to the cosmos, energies and time. But with flourishing new styles of modernist architecture, these traditional building techniques were lost in time, to fancy forms, experimental deconstructivism structures and urban populace. The sense and meaning of building was somewhere lost in the making of shelters and art.\nAnd when else than in the 21st century—progressing at the pace of light—would be the best time to realise, understand and reconsidering our ways of building and living?\nRespecting, harnessing and building the inherent, radiating and exchanging energies is what we call, Energetic Architecture. In order to understand and use the concepts of energetic architecture in the contemporary world like they used to in the ancient times, how do we address and relate the human needs and comforts? And why do we even need to address the need of energetic architecture today?\nThere are energies constantly radiating and running through the human body in various forms: biochemical, electromagnetic, energies inside us, energies on the outside, energies from the cosmos, energies from the earth, from fellow humans, animals, plants, and everything that breathes and lives. And we, as human bodies as absorptive beings are absorbing it all, in everything we do—even in our existence.\nOur buildings (enclosed spaces where we spend 90% of our days), become the third layer of our skin. And the house that we live in, just like our bodies, needs to be a space that harnesses energies beneficial to us, helping us avoid absorbing those harmful or degrading energies. But how do we determine these energies? How does one differentiate between the beneficial or harmful energies being emitted, and how will the architects understand that?\nThe process could be incorporated with design guidelines that provide techniques to channelize, boost, absorb or diffuse these energies. But first we’d have to determine the energies, the effects on human bodies, enclosed spaces and built environment. In today’s time, we need to begin from scratch, in identifying these. Energy of the building materials, morphogenic energies, historical energies, the intangible and the tangible are a few forms of energies that have been researched and studied in the past few years. For example, if we were to talk about the historical energies existing in a space, we could consider a house. A house pre-owned by a couple that is grieving and fighting, eg., the husband is violent to the wife, so the cries of the wife and everything else still stays in that house when they leave. Those energies are absorbed; they don’t vanish or leave, and when someone new one tries to live a happy peaceful life in the same house, their possibilities are affected by these negative energies! Their growth is limited. The vibrations of grief and despair do not allow the positive to harness.\nThis is exactly what needs to be traced-out about built spaces: the ‘embodied energies.’ The other forms of embodied energies are the ones harnessed during construction, ie, all the materials inherent in the materials used. Imagine a mason laying bricks while grieving the loss of his unborn child… or a painter in despair due to his poor state of life. These workers, when working with the bricks, concrete, clay, and wood, transfer these vibrations of grief and despair to the materials; and in the process, to the walls, windows, and rooms of the house. These emotional energies, and a few more generated in the process by the humans and the surroundings, are now embedded in the buildings and spaces.\nThere have been examples of roads being built upon a row of trees cut, and the increase in frequency of accidents on this road have been noticed. But is it always only the humans, the living and breathing that affect the energy grids? If we were to study the morphogenic fields as explained by Rupert Sheldrake, we would know that the vibrations, radiations, and energy types- shapes, forms, etc. are in constant exchange—growing, nurturing each other through times.\nArchitecturally, there are several layers to these energies in spaces. The location of the building becomes the first and foremost. What if there was a graveyard near the house, or a hospital around the house? Will they affect you? Will they affect our space? If there was a primary school, or a park plaza around your house, will they affect you in a different way?\nThrough time, since the archaic times, the common man has understood these affects and has found processes, formed belief systems to modify, rectify, and control these energies in our spaces. The process has been unknown, yet the effects have been witnessed and experienced. In Hindu traditions, there are poojas that are performed regularly in the house: diya lamps lit twice in a day, Kollam Rangolis- hand drawn designs at the main entrance doors of the house, of removing chappals outside the house, of ringing the temple bell at entrance, etc. These have been forms of recharge processes for the house and minds. They were a form of cleansing, a welcoming freshness with fragrances and colours inviting positive energies into the house.\nIn India there are various festivals like Diwali and Holi, which are celebrated throughout the year. These drive happiness, togetherness, harmony and joy… and in turn produce cleansing and positivity. Other activities like cooking, a mother caressing the child, etc. are forms of everyday energies that recharge and therefore charge the house spaces.\nLike the human body, do these architectural space need a Chakra alignment, too?\nThese energy effects have been studied in the same ways in architectural concepts and forms. There is a difference when the door is open, when the door is shut, when the window sill is high, or when low, when walls are at an angle, when walls are curved, etc. What happens in the space between the columns? What do the beams carry from one room to the other? When we finish floors in tiling or mud, are we only providing ourselves with a smooth surface to walk on, or creating a medium of resonance or control for the telluric energies? When we cover the roof, are we only sheltering our spaces from rain or heat, or are we filtering the strong cosmic energies in some ways.\nAn architect has created a house, a home, with doors and windows in certain ways and directions, only considering the climatic conditions of the place, the concepts and requirements of the client, but in that understanding he has cut the home off the energies that are generating and moving around the house…during the day and night, in the morning and evening…with people arriving and leaving. These energetic implications of spaces (the intangible and the hidden) have always been there through generations and all times…not the forms, not the shapes and not the sizes. Buddhism talks about it, Vedas and Egyptians talk about it, and the pre-historic populace spoke of this.\nHow did they come to realize and understand these energies?\nWhy did they feel the need to address these back then?\nIn an organised system as that of the contemporary world today, if we were to skip the important concepts of Energetic Architecture, we’d fail to call our approach a ‘holistic’ one. Even in nothingness, in the vacuum there is energy, so science says. This dormant energy is here, now and has always been here.\nThere is a need for architects, designers, artists and laymen to come together and form systems to address these energetics. There is a need for the creation of spaces that are spaces of release, of comfort, of change, growth, happiness and peace. There is a need to create connections between humans and the spaces that they live in… and between spaces and spaces, and deliberate energy grids that contain them and are therefore contained within.\nThere is a need of synchronicity where harmonized vibrations are in play as a regular recharge of spaces and energies, with the ongoing constant exchange of energies being necessary. It is essential to maintain the balance and harmony of a space, and not tether that with burdens of past, present or future. Holographic information, silences, darkness, light, wind and more, these too become the carriers and hence can be controlled, maintained, and fostered. Different energies and frequencies affect different people in different ways. A woman, a man, a dog, a child, a grandparent, an owner, a guest, etc. would all have different experiences. There is also a requirement to create spaces that are in harmony with nature and which harness these natural energies.\nBlended with the power of consciousness and matter, these references and questions further call for a consideration, an explanation, and there lies a quest to rediscover these factors, concepts and energies in existence." ]

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[ "A new study conducted by researchers from Singapore and Taiwan has found a link between some plants used in Chinese herbal remedies and liver cancers.\nIn the study, published online last week in the medical journal Science Translational Medicine, a team of scientists examined 98 liver tumors from Taiwan and found that 78 percent showed signs indicating exposure to “aristolochic acids” (AA), a carcinogenic compound found in plants used in some traditional medicines. The compounds have also been linked to urinary tract cancers and kidney failures.\n“The findings really underscore how dangerous AA is,” Steven Rozen, senior author of the study and a professor from Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore, told NBC News. “And now we have a smoking gun with respect to liver cancers.”\nThe Morning Rundown\nGet a head start on the morning's top stories.\nScientists also looked at data on mutations from 1,400 liver cancers from across the world and found that 47 percent of those from China and 29 percent of those from Southeast Asia showed evidence of exposure to AA. Lower percentages were found in Korea (13 percent), Japan (2.7 percent), North America (4.8 percent), and Europe (1.7 percent).\nAA is found in aristolochia and asarum plants, which are used in traditional medicine for a variety of purposes, including weight loss and slimming.\nThe chemical was banned in Europe in 2001 and in Singapore since 2004; China restricts the use of some plants containing AA; and in the United States, the sale of herbs with the compounds is unregulated as long as they are labeled accurately and contain no health benefit claims, study authors wrote.\nIn Taiwan, some herbs containing the chemicals were banned in 2003, but the law excluded a group of plants containing the compounds, Rozen said, adding that the prohibited plants were still being widely prescribed the year after the ban. Researchers wrote that they detected no significant difference in the prevalence of AA in liver cancer patients before and after the ban.\nA reason for this could be that plants containing the compound are still widely available online, Rozen said.\n“In some cases, regulations could probably be improved,” he added.\nResearchers also wrote that continued prevalence of AA-related liver cancers may be due to a lag between a decline in those cancers and the reduction of exposure to the chemicals. They noted that in the United States, the decline of tobacco-related lung cancers began decades after tobacco suppression efforts started.\nRozen said he hopes the new findings will increase awareness of the dangers of AA.\n“In the long term, I hope we can non-invasively test for exposure to AA and find therapies that might be particularly suitable for tumors with AA involved,” he said. “Those are five- to 10-year goals.”" ]

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[ "Engineers at Stanford University have developed a radio the size of ant that they claim could make a big impact on the fledgling Internet of Things (IoT) market.\nThe computer chip, which is just a few millimetres across, is powered by harvesting radio signals and so requires no external power.\nSmall enough to fit onto appliances ranging from a light bulb to a refrigerator, the radio can send and receive transmissions that will allow separate devices to communicate with each other wirelessly. The developers hope that the chip will find a variety of uses as manufacturers begin to embrace the Internet of Things, in which everyday objects are given network connectivity.\nAmin Arbabian, assistant professor of electrical engineering at Stanford believes that the radio could pave the way for the \"next wave of wireless devices.\"\nWhile there are products already in development that also offer a similar level of connectivity, such as Apple's HomeKit and Google's Nest thermostat, the Stanford radio does have some advantages over its better-known competitors.\nAt just a few millimetres in size, the production cost for each chip is minimal, reaching no more than few cents. As a result, it is very easy to scale the product, incorporating thousands of radios in a very dense infrastructure.\nThe device, which was co-developed by the University of California, also does not require a battery, which means that, essentially, the radio does not have a life-span. As long as transmissions are coming in, the chip will continue to function.\nThe Internet of Things sector is predicted to experience massive growth in the next few years, but is still relatively unknown. If Stanford's low-cost, battery-free radio can get a head-start on its rivals, it could be a major player in the development of the industry." ]

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[ "What does the Bible say about fatigue?\nQuestion: \"What does the Bible say about fatigue?\"\nAnswer: Fatigue is extreme exhaustion, usually resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness. We all experience fatigue at times; it is part of life. God created our bodies to store enough energy to get us through the day. But we then need to rest in order to recharge. This cycle of work and sleep is necessary to function at our best. When this cycle is interrupted or out of balance, fatigue results.\nSeveral people in the Bible experienced fatigue at different times and for different reasons, and we can learn from them.\n1. David’s men. First Samuel 30 tells of a time in David’s life when the Philistines had captured the wives and children of all his men. The men were so overwhelmed with grief that they “wept aloud until they had no more strength to weep” (verse 4). Then six hundred of them pursued the captors. After a while, two hundred of them “were too exhausted to cross the valley” (verse 10). We can imagine why. They had experienced emotional shock and sorrow, followed by physical exertion in pursuit of their enemies. They finally wore out.\nOne cause of fatigue is the combination of emotional intensity and physical exertion. The depletion of emotional and physical strength can lead to illness if we don’t rest both our bodies and our minds. David’s response to the fatigue of his men was to allow them to rest but still include them in the celebration of success. He did not see their fatigue as a sign of weakness or cowardice but as a true condition that prevented them from keeping up with the troops. He honored their contribution of staying behind with the supplies, recognizing that, in their weakened state, it was the best they had to offer (1 Samuel 30:21–24).\n2. Esau. Genesis 25:29 says, “Once when Jacob was cooking stew, Esau came in from the field, and he was exhausted.” The familiar story of Esau giving up his birthright can also teach us something about fatigue. Esau had been out hunting and probably without food for a couple of days. The combination of physical exhaustion and extreme hunger can create mind-altering fatigue. Our bodies cannot function as they should, and our minds are clouded by the desperate need for food and rest. Esau’s colossal mistake was that he chose to make a life-altering decision while he was mentally and physically depleted.\nWhen we are fatigued, we need to be aware of our own limitations and not press forward with major decisions that we later regret. Part of living wisely is recognizing our human weaknesses and compensating for them so that they do not control us. Deferring decisions until we have regained our strength is a wise practice in dealing with fatigue.\n3. Epaphroditus. In Philippians 2:25–30, Paul commends his friend Epaphroditus to the Philippian church, commenting that this man had worked himself into exhaustion for the cause of Christ. We are not told what type of illness Epaphroditus had or why his work wore him out, but we can draw some likely conclusions. Anyone who has labored in ministry can understand Epaphroditus’ condition. In fact, God may have included the mention of Epaphroditus as a warning of what can happen when we don’t balance work and rest.\nThe needs in ministry are so great that God’s servants can easily become consumed by them, to the neglect of their own health and needs. Satan sidles alongside a laboring servant and suggests that to slack off any would be selfish. Our enemy points to the unfinished work and hints that we alone can get it done. This attitude has sometimes been called the “Messiah complex,” for good reason. Those in ministry begin to feel that no one else has the passion and calling that they have, and, if they don’t do everything, nothing will be done right.\nEpaphroditus is a lesson for those who serve the Lord that the work is not ours; it is God’s (1 Corinthians 3:7). He wants us to do our best but “remembers that we are but dust” (Psalm 103:14). Sometimes giving our lives for the cause of Christ is easier than maintaining our lives for His cause. Wisdom reminds us to pace ourselves, admit when we cannot take on any more, and acknowledge the fact that rest is an important part of staying in ministry for the duration.\nFatigue will hit all of us at times, which is one reason the Bible speaks so much about resting in the Lord (Deuteronomy 5:13–14; Matthew 11:28–29; Psalm 37:7). In our busy world, rest does not always come easily. We often have to teach ourselves to rest in body, mind, and spirit. Learning to rest our souls keeps us healthy and keeps fatigue out of our lives.\nRecommended Resource: Burnout: Resting in God's Fairness by Brad Hambrick\nWhat does the Bible say about rest and relaxation?\nWhat does the Bible say about patience?\nHow can I overcome ministry burnout?\nWhat does the Bible say about worry?\nWhat does the Bible say about stress?\nTopical Bible Questions\nWhat does the Bible say about fatigue?" ]

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[ "Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the nerves. Nerves are encased by a protective layer called the myelin sheath. In individuals with multiple sclerosis, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the myelin sheath, damaging the nerves inside and potentially creating scar tissue.\nThis damage and scar tissue interrupts the messages sent to and from the brain along the nerves. A variety of symptoms can result from this, such as:\n- Muscle weakness or spasms\n- Double or blurred vision\n- Trouble remembering or focusing\n- Trouble walking\nThere is currently no cure for multiple sclerosis. Today’s treatments focus on symptom management, slowing the disease’s progression, and speeding recovery after attacks. Hundreds of studies are conducted worldwide, funded by tens of millions of dollars, to find better ways to treat multiple sclerosis, perhaps even cure it. Several of the potential treatments being studied focus on utilizing naturally-occurring substances, like stem cells.\nPlacental stem cells might someday be used to treat multiple sclerosis.\nStem cells are undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate in to specialized cells, such as skin or bone cells. Stem cells are present in adults, embryos, the umbilical cord, and the placenta. Adult stem cells are thought to be somewhat limited in their ability to differentiate into different cells, and harvesting them from bone marrow requires the use of a large and painful needle. The umbilical cord has a limited number of stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells, which are harvested from aborted fetuses or discarded test-tube embryos, is highly controversial.\nThe placenta, however, is a plentiful source of non-controversial stem cells. In a study recently published in the journal Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, researchers used placental stem cells to treat multiple sclerosis. They cultured, or grew, placental stem cells into PDA-001 cells. PDA-001 cells function similarly to the mesenchymal stromal cells, which aid in regulating the immune system.\nAfter one year, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed no worsening in the patients involved in the study. Most had either a stable or improved level of disability. Researchers are unsure how exactly the PDA-001 helps. It may become cells that produce the protective myelin sheath damaged by multiple sclerosis, or the PDA-001 cells may enhance the environment around damaged nerves to encourage natural repair.\nAnother study is looking at the effects of a naturally-occurring growth factor as a multiple sclerosis treatment.\nScientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, located in Monerotondo, Italy, found that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) dramatically increased the survival rate of animals with multiple sclerosis. Animals who were left treated had a survival rate of less than 50%, while those treated with IGF-1 had a survival rate of over 80%. The reason for this increased survival rate is the effect of IGF-1 on a group of cells called pro-inflammatory T-effector cells.\nIn people with autoimmune diseases, T-effector cells mistakenly identify specific bodily cells as foreign and attack them, just as invading bacteria would be attacked. The type of bodily cells attacked determines which type of autoimmune disease an individual has. For example, if the T-effector cells attack the pancreas, the individual will have type 1 diabetes. If the T-effector cells attack the myelin sheath surrounding the nerves, the result is multiple sclerosis.\nAnother type of cells, called T-regulatory cells, is supposed to control the T-effectors by shutting them down when they’re not needed. Scientists in this study found that mice receiving IGF-1 began to produce more T-regulatory cells. This suppressed the autoimmune disease.\nThis study is particularly promising because, in a study published earlier this year, the same researchers found that IGF-1 could suppress the inflammatory skin disease called allergic contact dermatitis in mice. The success in the previous study, in addition to the success in the current study, suggest that IGF-1 might be a viable treatment for a host of immune-related diseases. Additionally, IGF-1 is already approved for human use for other reasons, so clinical trials for its use in multiple sclerosis patients should move more quickly than if it was a brand new drug.\nA natural molecule called NAD+ might also provide a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis.\nNAD+ is found in living cells, plants, and food. Researchers in a new study found that NAD+ can alter the immune system’s response and convert harmful cells into protective cells. Specifically, NAD+ regulates how an immune cell called CD4+T differentiates. In addition to this, NAD+ is thought to activate stem cells that are already present, which could actually reverse or restore some of the damage caused by autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.\nMice with a pre-clinical model of human multiple sclerosis were treated with the immune cell CD4+T when NAD+ was already present. Researchers saw a significantly delayed disease onset, in addition to a less severe form of the disease. Because of this treatment’s success and its ability to restore damaged tissue, the researchers hope that it may be a viable treatment option for many other different autoimmune diseases, in addition to multiple sclerosis. Since NAD+ occurs naturally, it’s hoped that treatments utilizing it will be tolerated well.\nParasitic worms might also hold the key to treating multiple sclerosis.\nHelminthic therapy is the deliberate infection of an individual with worms, usually hook worms. This type of therapy is used to treat several autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. It’s thought that the worms lessen or calm the host’s immune system response, as a way of ensuring their own survival. Even if an individual is willing to be infected with parasitic worms, finding a physician to carry out helminthic therapy can be difficult.\nResearchers in a study at Monash University identified a peptide called AcK1 from the anterior secretory glands of hook worms. This peptide is thought to be responsible for the suppression of the immune system by the worms. It functions by inhibiting a specific potassium channel. The next step for these researchers will be to find a way to develop a pill, so people with autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis can get the benefits of hook worms without actually being infected with them.\nThe AcK1 peptide from hook worms closely resembles a peptide from sea anemones, called ShK. The peptide from sea anemones has been shown to suppress autoimmune diseases, as well, and is already in clinical trials to treat multiple sclerosis.\nDo you or somebody you know suffer from multiple sclerosis?\nImage by Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade via Flickr" ]

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[ "ASEAN youths are a tech-savvy demographic equipped with a growth mindset and blessed with abundant opportunities. Thus, they bear the important responsibility of making sure the regional digital economy continues to thrive. Their success may also be a key factor in the region’s recovery. But the right policies must be in place to provide them with the most up-to-date skills, reliable digital infrastructure, and enabling ecosystems if this is to be the case.\n“Women are naturally nurturing and empathetic. They are intrinsically more suited to caring for children and families.” This worldview, which dominates many cultures to this day, is the epitome of gender essentialism. It appears commonsensical, but it has harmed generations of women—and society at large. It has led to exclusion, discrimination, exploitation, and inequality.\nAs the COVID-19 pandemic raged across the globe in 2020, nations imposed containment measures with varying success levels. For every decision to implement strict measures to help save lives, there have been devastating impacts on livelihoods and economies.\nChangi Airport, Southeast Asia’s busiest airport with hundreds of thousands of passengers on a typical day, sat near empty for months. The sprawling Angkor Wat complex, normally bustling with tourists in the peak months of January to April, fell silent.\nThese scenes, which look straight out of a dystopian movie, paint a dynamic region on pause.\nIn today’s digital age, compelling narratives can make a message stand out in a saturated media landscape. They can capture the imagination, build understanding, and forge emotional connections among people.\nP: (+6221)7262991, 7243372\nF: (+6221)7398234, 7243504" ]

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[ "From Bourbons to Digestives: how biscuits got their names\nWhat is a biscuit?\nBiscuits are mostly sweet, small enough to be eaten with a hand, crisp (with the exception of cookies or macaroons), and consumed as a snack or treat rather than a full meal. They are not to be confused with cake: this will harden as it gets stale, whereas an ageing biscuit will go soft!\nThe name biscuit comes from the Latin “biscoctum”, meaning “twice cooked.” Bread was cooked twice to extract all its moisture and then, once hard, it would stay fit for consumption for months on end. The biscuit was born.\nThe 19th century marked a big moment for the biscuit. The endeavors of the Industrial Revolution caused breakfast to be earlier and dinner to move much later. This meant that teatime and snacking came to greater prominence.\nBy the First World War the sweet biscuit had become the first truly global convenience food.Read More" ]

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[ "By HaRav Yaakov Meir Schecter, Shlit”a – Rosh Hashana 5770\nRosh Hashana is the chosen day when the people of Israel crown Hashem, as is clearly evident from the prayers we say during that day. The Talmud (Tract Rosh Hashana, p. 34) says: Hashem said: “Mention Kingships, Remembrances, and Shofars before me so that you crown me upon you”. All three issues are said mainly during the Musaf prayer. The rest of the prayers of Rosh Hashana concentrate almost entirely on coronation.\nWhat’s more, our sages say that one of the reasons for blowing the shofar is because trumpets are customarily blown during the coronation ceremony of human kings.\nFrom all this we learn that the main thrust of the day is crowning Hashem as king of the world. So much so, that even though this is the day of judgment for the entire creation, for us it is still mainly the day when we crown Hashem on us. This is very significant, as the Vilna Gaon explains, because there is a major difference between a ruler and king. A ruler, he explains, alludes to the act of “ruling” – exerting authority by force – whereas a king is someone who is willingly crowned by his subjects.\nThe main goal of creation is crowning Hashem\nThe beginning of the world was on the 25th day of the month of Elul (Pirkey d’Rabbi Elazar, chapter 8 ) and our Rosh Hashana is six days later. It is the day Adam was created and crowned Hashem over the world. This is why we say ”זה היום תחילת מעשיך” “This the day when your deeds have begun” even though creation actually started six days earlier. This is because the world has gained its significance when Adam crowned Hashem. We say “Whoever teaches another man’s child Torah is akin to having created him.” This is so because even though he is the natural child of someone else, his significance as a human being lies in him possessing a true da’at, comprehension. Without Torah he is merely a “human animal”. Teaching him Torah gives him the stature of a “human manifestation of G-dly” – the goal of man’s existence. So, too, the entire world, as magnificent and awesome as it was, was meaningless until Hashem was crowned over it, giving it meaning. This is why the day the coronation took place is considered “This is the day your deeds have begun”. Since the world was created for conscious man, the day man was created is considered the real beginning.\nThe sefer Eitz Chaim (Gate 8, chapter 6) describes the incredible rectifications Adam affected on the first day. This is why we are ordered to “feast on fats and drink sweets etc’…for this day is sacred to our Master…don’t be upset for the merriment of Hashem is our strength.” We must be incredibly happy for having merited being among the army of Hashem, those who crown Him and unify Him on this day.\nThis is also why we do not confess our sins on Rosh Hashana because the amelioration of the heavenly verdicts and prosecutions depend only on the crowning of Hashem and celebrating it on this day.\nTo Illuminate His Kingdom in the Darkest Places\nIt is therefore a wonder why Rosh Hashana is the only holiday on which the moon is always unseen.\nWe should ponder this because the moon, as we know, signifies kingship. It would stand to reason that on this day, when the kingdom of Hashem is renewed, that it should take place on the day when the moon can be seen in all its glory. In fact, all other holidays take place in the middle of the month when the moon can be fully seen and appreciated – except Rosh Hashana. We need to understand why this is so.\nBut this can be easily understood when we understand the nature of the obligation of crowning Hashem. We need to see to it that the coronation is complete. We need to make Hashem’s kingdom evident everywhere, especially in the lower, covered places. The crux of Hashem being the recognized monarch is when this recognition comes from places where He cannot be seen. This is the secret behind Rosh Hashana being on the day the moon is covered and unseen. We are calling out declaring that Hashem is our king even when we have no visible evidence of it. This makes Hashem’s kingdom more complete. The main joy we bring to Hashem is when we recognize his authority when we are “blinded” by this world, yet still we call “Hashem is King, Hashem was King, Hashem will be King for ever and ever!”\nThe Secret of the Month of Elul\nIn point of fact, this is the secret behind the essence of Elul, the month we prepare ourselves for Rosh Hashana. This is the month when we need to learn the art of staying with Hashem at all times (Likutei Mohar”an, 6). We need to be able to recognize correctly times of expanded and constricted consciousness and adjust our crowning efforts accordingly. And this is what it says in this lesson:\n“The simple explanation is that whoever wants to walk in the ways of Teshuva must be resolved to forever strengthen himself in the ways of Hashem at all times, whether being “up” or “down”. This means that if one finds himself attaining a great stature, still, he should not be satisfied with it, but endeavor to search higher and higher still…and the opposite is true as well. If one falls to the deepest of depths, even into Hell itself, one should not become despaired, but should keep on looking for Hashem and hold himself up in any way he can. One should know that it is possible to adhere oneself onto Hashem even from the depths of Hell itself.” The goal on Rosh Hashana is to crown Hashem completely. We can do this if we prepare ourselves to do so even when times are hard.\nElul – the Time for Searching\n“Elul” can be understood to mean “searching”. When the Torah says “And they searched the land of Cna’an” (Numbers, 11), Unkelus translated “Ye’Elul-lun”. This comes to tell you that the essence of Elul is to search within oneself and be ready to crown Hashem at any place, physically, mentally, and spiritually. This is why one must search his soul, especially in the darkest and deepest places, if one is to crown Hashem properly." ]

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[ "The loss of all but one Labour seat in Scotland to the SNP appears to have sent shockwaves down the political establishment, as if Scotland were a much larger part of the United Kingdom – in terms of population and seats – than it actually is. It’s time for some perspective in terms of figures:\nThere are currently 650 seats in the whole of the United Kingdom. 18 of these are in Northern Ireland and are generally uncontested by the major parties in the mainland. This leaves 632 for England, Scotland and Wales. Of these, 533 are in England, 59 are in Scotland, 40-in Wales. England has nine times the number of seats of the next largest region.\nIn 2015, the breakdown of seats in the three constituent parts of the mainland were as follows:\nTotal: Conservatives 330, Labour 232, SNP 56, Lib Dems 8, UKIP 1, Green 1, Speaker 1\nEngland: Conservatives 318, Labour 206, Lib Dems 6, UKIP 1, Green 1, Speaker 1\nScotland: SNP 56, Labour 1, Conservatives 1, Lib Dems 1\nWales: Labour 25, Conservatives 11, Plaid Cymru 3, Lib Dems 1\nLabour continue to have a clear commanding lead in Wales; there is not at present any sign of Plaid Cymru making major advances comparable to the SNP, though of course this situation may change. The Conservatives, however, have an overall majority in England of 107 seats. Were Labour to recapture 20 seats in Scotland (which would now be a significant gain), say, they would still be a long way from denting the Conservatives majority in England.\nBut Labour have achieved this before. Consider these results in England alone:\n1945: Labour 331, Conservatives 159, Liberals 5, Labour Independent 1, Independent Conservative 1, Common Wealth 1, Communist 1, Independent 3\n1950: Labour 251, Conservatives 242, Liberals 2, National Liberals and Conservatives 4, Conservatives and Liberals 2, Conservatives and Natural Liberals 2, Liberals and Conservatives 1, National Liberals 1,\n1951: Conservatives 259, Labour 233, Liberals 2, Conservatives and Liberals 2, Conservatives and National Liberals 2, Liberals and Conservatives 3, National Liberals and Conservatives 5\n1955: Conservatives 279, Labour 216, Liberals 2, Conservatives and Liberals 2, Conservatives and National Liberals, Liberals and Conservatives 3, National Liberals and Conservatives 5\n1959: Conservatives 302, Labour 193, Liberals 3, Conservatives and Liberals 2, Conservatives and National Liberals 6, Liberals and Conservatives 2, National Liberals and Conservatives 3\n1964: Conservatives 255, Labour 245, Liberals 3, Conservatives and National Liberals 4, National Liberals and Conservatives 2, Speaker 1\n1966: Labour 285, Conservatives 216, Liberals 6, Conservatives and National Liberals 2, National Liberals and Conservatives 1, Speaker 1\n1970: Conservatives 292, Labour 216, Liberals 2, Speaker 1\nFebruary 1974: Conservatives 267, Labour 237, Liberals 9, Independent Labour 1, Social Democrat 1, Speaker 1\nOctober 1974: Labour 255, Conservatives 252, Liberals 8, Speaker 1\n1979: Conservatives 306, Labour 203, Liberals 7\n1983: Conservatives 362, Labour 148, Liberals 10, SDP 3\n1987: Conservatives 357, Labour 155, Liberals 7, SDP 3, Speaker 1\n1992: Conservatives 319, Labour 195, Lib Dems 10\n1997: Labour 329, Conservatives 165, Lib Dems 34, Independent 1\n2001: Labour 323, Conservatives 165, Lib Dems 40, Independent 1\n2005: Labour 286, Conservatives 194, Lib Dems 47, Respect 1, Independent 1\n2010: Conservatives 297, Labour 191, Lib Dems 43, Green 1, Speaker 1\n2015: Conservatives 318, Labour 206, Lib Dems 6, UKIP 1, Green 1, Speaker 1\nIn five of the eight elections since 1945 in which Labour won a majority nationwide, they also won an overall majority in England. The exceptions are 1950, when the Conservatives together with associated conservative parties had a total of 252 to Labour’s 251 in England, and Labour’s overall majority in the country was just 6 seats; 1964, when Labour had a nationwide majority of only 5, excluding the Speaker; and October 1974, when Labour had a nationwide majority of only 4. Attlee in 1945 and Blair in 1997 and 2001 won commanding three figure overall majorities in England alone; Wilson in 1966 had a respectable majority of 59, and Blair in 2005 also had a perfectly serviceable majority of 45.\nFurthermore, in 1945, 1997 and 2001 Labour had an overall majority in the whole of the country on the basis of its English seats alone; in 1966 it would have scraped one from its seats in England and Wales (317 out of 630). 2005 was different, however; then the total of seats in England and Wales was 315, which would still have made it the largest party by a comfortable margin, but not able to command an overall majority in the UK if the SNP had performed like they did in 2015.\nLabour can win, and win decisively in England; being able to do so is key to their winning a comfortable overall majority in the country again.\nThe process by which musical patronage is exercised has long been somewhat shrouded in mystery, and certainly very far from open and transparent, at least as far as the most elite and prestigious forms of musical opportunities are concerned. Personally I believe this is a highly unsatisfactory state of affairs which affords far too many possibilities for favouritism, nepotism, old-boy and other informal networks, or sometimes corruption and exploitation (as I alluded to in a recent article for Music Teacher). In the UK and elsewhere in Europe, classical music is a field of activity reliant in large measure upon public money, and I believe that the processes by which some are able to advance within this field thus deserve a degree of public accountability and scrutiny. But that is just my view, others may sharply differ.\nThe composer Marc Yeats has framed an excellent question, previously posted on social media, which is a good starting point for discussion of this. This is as follows:\nMusical Mysteries: An open question. I believe that the BBC orchestras are publicly funded. How then are composer-in-association posts advertised; is this an open and transparent process, is there opportunity for any qualified composer to apply? I only ever see the posts announced and filled, never requests for applications. Am I missing something?\nI would like to invite all those in the music world (and others) to give their thoughts on this question and the associated issues in the comments section below.\nI am addressing this blog post to those on the left based in London, maybe working in journalism or the media, or in academia, or in a creative or cultural field. I want to know how many people you know who think two or more of the below?\n(a) Labour’s heart is in the right place, but they can’t be trusted with the economy – especially after Gordon Brown sold off our gold last time.\n(b) Immigration is not necessarily bad, but has to be carefully controlled to protect British people’s jobs.\n(c) The system is too soft on criminals, and tougher sentencing is needed.\n(d) Terrorists and child killers deserve the death penalty.\n(e) Muslims in the UK need to demonstrate their allegiance to this country.\n(f) The current benefits system rewards those who are work-shy and penalises hard-working people.\n(g) We should be allowed to be proud of being British again.\n(h) Too many decisions are being taken for us in Europe.\n(i) Multiculturalism was an experiment which failed.\n(j) I work hard for my salary, as do many others, and it is wrong for the government to take it away from us.\n(k) Parents and schools cannot maintain discipline with one hand tied behind their back.\n(l) There are too many Scots dominating politics and the media.\nBecause of the nature of my work as a musician and academic, a large number of the people I see quite regularly do belong to the categories mentioned at the top of the post; my wife’s circles are a little broader. Amongst my own family and their circles I would encounter many if not all of the above often; amongst hers much less frequently.\nBut if you have never or extremely rarely encountered anyone who thinks two or more of the above, I would suggest you have moved in narrow circles. Enlightened ones, perhaps, but narrow nonetheless.\nIt is easy, all too easy, for metropolitan liberal left figures to spend so much time in the company of fellow believers so as to imagine anyone who thinks otherwise is some type of a freak. Amongst academics working in the arts, humanities and social sciences (other than economics) I could probably count on at most two hands the numbers I know of (not just have met) who would agree with several of the above. In so many of those circles, whiteness is associated almost solely with racism and the need for post-colonial guilt, maleness is about little more than macho violence and at best sublimated urges towards gang rape. The white working classes in particular are imagined to epitomise both of these things, and are one step away from storm troopers; previously they were associated with the BNP (any sign of an England flag, even during World Cup time, would be read as an unequivocal signifier of such a thing; one reason that Emily Thornberry’s notorious tweet caused such controversy), nowadays a UKIP vote is assumed to betoken the same.\nI am not disingenuous and would hate to minimise the severe nature of racism or sexual violence. But I am less convinced that a serious attempt to combat these things is the real motivator for many in metropolitan liberal circles; rather, they are a means for demonstrating their own sense of superiority, in a manner which is as elitist as any, combined with a dehumanising fear of any group who they can safely see as a dangerous ‘other’ without transgressing certain liberal articles of faith.\nI do not believe in any of the views above, and have sometimes despaired of those who do, especially those relating to crime and capital punishment. But I do recognise that many do hold them, and that Labour needs to win some of these people over. In some ways they have done this – in the part of the country from which I hail, the North East, a previously solid Labour area though in which UKIP have made serious inroads, one will certainly encounter views on crime and immigration which would horrify many metropolitan Labourites. But a future Labour party needs to accept that at present their ideologies do not necessarily command widespread approval, and work constructively with people who might be persuaded towards their arguments. Trade Unions have not always supported campaigns for equal pay, and were sometimes actively hostile; this was not a reason for the left to abandon trade unionism, but to work constructively to try and persuade these organisations and their members to change their view, an aim which was ultimately in large measure successful.\nA great many liberal intellectuals, however, preach a doctrine of identity politics which postulates absolute differences and total irreconcilabilities between groups on the basis of ethnicity, gender, and various else (drawing upon a Marxist model of the antagonistic relationship between classes – but that was about economic position, not identity). An ideology, using hideous academic buzzwords such as ‘intersectionality’, which treats with suspicion all except those who tick every box of oppression, is no basis upon which to formulate a mass movement.\nThe modern Labour Party is not as bad as this, but there are some similarities. There are plenty within the party who want simply to stigmatise and shame large numbers of people for their views, and would view opinions on race and immigration of many of the population as requiring little less than ‘re-education’, with all the Stalinist implications of such a term. Under the last Labour government, measures were recommended involving the keeping registers of young children who had committed any sexist, racist or homophobic transgression, even when as young as 4; this is Labour politics at its most authoritarian, eager to stigmatise anyone who steps out of line. Certainly serious prejudice, hate or bullying in schools need to be addressed, and education is needed where they are found, but all these types of measures will achieve is to alienate and breed resentment in large numbers of children and their parents.\nI am deeply disappointed with last weeks’ election results, and still passionately hope for a future Labour government. My own ideological preferences would be for policies very much associated with the left of the party, or in some ways to the left of anything represented within Labour, but I am realistic enough to realise this is a small minority view unlikely to gain serious traction in the foreseeable future. I have as much as anyone decried Blairites, and Tory voters, but now see the futility and counter-productivity of this; I think they are wrong, but demonising such people is hardly the way to convince them. I was very angry in 2010 about many in my own circles who went weak at the knees about the figure of Nick Clegg during the campaign, genuinely believing him to offer an alternative to the left of Labour, but with hindsight the foolishness of such a belief has been more than demonstrated, and the party has paid a terrible price for it. These people may not have been typical Liberal Democrat voters, though, more than a few of whom might have been as inclined towards the Conservatives as towards Labour.\nFor now, I do not believe it is impossible to have a Labour government who will commit and deliver on progressive approaches to taxation and public spending, proper funding of health and education, strong child-care provision, a fair benefits system which provides a safety net for those at the bottom and does not consign others to poverty and misery if they need to draw on benefits, decent affordable housing, positive and productive measures to reduce sexual inequality and build mutual racial tolerance, protect civil liberties and human rights, tackle crime whilst realising its social roots, make the UK play a positive role within the EU, and work to reduce extremes of inequality. Not all of these things might be able to be achieved in one or two parliaments, but if some progress can be made towards some of them, that is much better than leaving it to the Conservatives to decimate the welfare state, the public sector and much else, as I believe they will, as well as taking Britain back to a mean-spirited, aggressive xenophobic Little Englanderism which I had forlornly hoped New Labour had consigned to history.\nLabour needs to move away from a certain dominance of a metropolitan faction which achieved some prominence around the leadership of Ed Miliband, and start both talking and listening with a wider section of the population, without feeling the need to hector and preach towards them, or make amply clear that they feel the need to hold their noses. Left-wing politicians, commentators, academics and other metropolitan fellow travellers have as much to learn as to teach, though many of them cannot imagine this. The party should reject for leader representatives of their authoritarian control-freak wing, a tradition begun by Jack Straw and David Blunkett and continued by the likes of Keith Vaz and Yvette Cooper, and could do worse than give prominent positions to Tom Watson and Simon Danczuk, most immensely respectable MPs who have done invaluable campaigning work on the issue of VIP abuse of children (an issue about which I am absolutely sure that the wider public would share a level of revulsion that would drown out the denials from senior figures in all political parties).\nThere is no reason, I believe, why Labour could not win round many to at least some of the arguments above. But this will never happen until those who are not yet won round, and who think some of the views above, are treated with some respect rather than contempt.\nMy predictions from January for the election results turned out to be significantly out; but then so did almost everyone else’s, including those of Iain Dale and Peter Kellner which I cite in the above link. One small consolation, in predictive terms, is having forecast a bigger collapse in the Liberal Democrat vote than many others did; it always appeared to me that with the loss of the major tactical vote which had doubled the Liberal Democrat representation in Parliament in 1997 from what it had previously been, the party would fall away to less than 20 seats, though it is still shocking to see them fall to 8.\nBut in the midst of an emotional aftermath and a large amount of disappointment and disillusionment for many on the left following the unexpected result, have a look at the actual results in terms of votes and percentages, compared to 2010:\nConservatives: 10,806,015, 36.4% in 2010; 11,334,920, 36.8% in 2015.\nLabour: 8,609,527, 29.0% in 2010; 9,344,328, 30.4% in 2015.\nLiberal Democrats: 6,836,824, 23.0% in 2010; 2,415,888, 7.9% in 2015.\nUKIP: 919,471, 3.1% in 2010; 3,881,129, 12.6% in 2015.\nSNP: 491,386, 1.7% in 2010; 1,454,436, 4.7% in 2015.\nGreens: 265,243, 0.9% in 2010; 1,154,562, 3.8% in 2015.\nPlaid Cymru: 165,394, 0.4% in 2010; 181,694, 0.6% in 2015.\nTurnout: 29,687,604, 65.1% in 2010; 30,691,680, 66.1% in 2015.\nSo in 2015 there was a very small increase in both Conservative and Labour votes. UKIP and the Greens had the biggest success in votes terms, both quadrupling their numbers (though UKIP started out from a much bigger base and are a very much more significant force); the SNP trebled theirs. The Liberal Democrats had by far the worst result of the above, falling to almost one-third of what they had before. Plaid Cymru achieved a very small increase.\nBut then look at the results in Scotland:\nConservatives: 412,655, 16.7% in 2010; 434,097, 14.9% in 2015.\nLabour: 1,035,526, 42.0% in 2010; 707,147, 24.3% in 2015.\nLiberal Democrats: 465,471, 18.9% in 2010; 219,675, 7.5% in 2015.\nSNP: 491,386, 19.9% in 2010; 1,454,436, 50.0% in 2015.\nUKIP: 17,223, 0.7% in 2010; 47,078, 1.6% in 2015.\nGreens (Scottish Greens): 16,827, 0.7% in 2010, 39,205, 1.3% in 2015.\nTurnout: 2,465,722, 63.8% in 2010; 2,910,465, 71.1% in 2015.\nThe Conservatives slightly upped their number of votes, but fell in terms of proportions by about one-eighth; Labour fell drastically, to almost half of their percentage votes, and the Liberal Democrats even more so. The SNP had a massive rise to two-and-a-half times the percentage their received in 2010, and interestingly the Greens doubled their vote, and UKIP did even better (doing better than the Greens by all measures in Scotland).\nSo if we therefore look at the votes for the five major national parties in England and Wales alone, we get the following figures:\nConservatives: 10,393,360, 38.2% in 2010; 10,900,823, 39.2% in 2015.\nLabour: 7,574,001, 27.8% in 2010; 8,637,181, 31.1% in 2015.\nLiberal Democrats: 6,371,353, 23,4% in 2010; 2,196,213, 7.9% in 2015.\nUKIP: 902,248, 3.3% in 2010; 3,834,051, 13.8% in 2015.\nGreens: 248,416, 0.9% in 2010; 1,115,357, 4.0% in 2015.\nTurnout: 27,221,882, 65.2% in 2010; 27,781,215, 65.6% in 2015.\nSo here the patterns are similar to those for the UK as a whole, except for the fact that Labour gained 3.3% in England and Wales (compared to just 1.4% in the whole UK) and the Conservatives 1% (0.4% in the UK). UKIP and the Greens’ increases were both larger in England and Wales compared to the UK as a whole.\nIn terms of seats, in 2015 Labour gained 10 seats from the Conservatives, but the Conservatives in turn gained 8 from them, a net gain for Labour of just 2. Labour won 12 from the Liberal Democrats, but the Conservatives won 27 (their net gain in the election of seats from any other parties was 29). The Liberal Democrats had previously had a strong presence in Scotland with 11 seats; with all but one of these falling away.\nWithout the loss of 40 seats in Scotland, Labour would have a total of 272, 16 more than in 2010; without the huge gains from the Liberal Democrats, the Conservatives would have had 304, just 2 more than in 2010. Labour fell because its gains from the Liberal Democrats (12 seats) and Conservatives (2 net) were too modest to match their losses to the SNP (40 seats). The Conservatives lost no seats to the SNP at all and scraped a majority primarily through winning seats from the Liberal Democrats.\nSo the pattern appears as follows: in England and Wales Labour upped its vote by 3.3%, respectable but nothing like enough to make a real difference, largely through the collapse of the Liberal Democrat vote, but this benefited the Tories much more, either through directly taking votes or the collapse of an anti-Tory tactical vote. Labour were thrown back immensely above all by their drastic fall in Scotland. The Conservatives are very far from having won over a decisive section of the UK population; they have around 8% more than Labour in England and Wales, but have not hit 40% of those who vote. They are in a similar position to Harold Wilson after the October 1974 election, and a worse one than John Major after the 1992 election.\nBut for Labour, consider the percentages of the vote they have received in elections since 1964:\nAfter the massive losses in 1983, Neil Kinnock was able to get the party almost to their 1979 levels by 1992. Ed Miliband has achieved considerably less than this. Tony Blair did not achieve the share of the vote of Harold Wilson in the 1960s (or even when Labour lost to the Conservatives in 1970) but benefited from a Conservative Party which had moved considerably to the right and lost a significant vote to the Liberal Democrats, who were also prepared to help Labour defeat the Conservatives through tactical voting. These factors have now changed; few would now appear to vote Liberal Democrat tactically against the Conservatives, and David Cameron has just about managed to convince wavering voters that the party is less toxic than it was during the Blair years.\nLabour have not lost their key base of around 30% of the vote which translates into somewhere between 200 and 250 seats – though inevitable boundary changes will hurt the number of seats they can gain with the same votes. To win again, they need to regain a significant amount of their seats in Scotland (which may be the biggest challenge) and also make some inroads into that Conservative 8% lead in England and Wales. The apparent difficulty seems to lie in the fact that these aims seem mutually incompatible. However, I do not believe that the Scottish vote represents a significant move to the left and would ask how many would have voted for the SNP if they had the same programme except for the demand for independence, or any other rhetoric about being ‘Scottish’ or ‘national’; their performance might then be more comparable to that of the Greens. A situation of full financial autonomy, and its economic consequences (let alone those of full independence) might change the view of a great many Scottish people towards nationalism, though either such move would be very difficult to undo. Personally I find it extremely sinister when 50% of the people of an area unite under a flag, and find ludicrous suggestions that Labour would surge forth to victory if they became more like the SNP; they might find themselves closer to the position of the Greens.\nWithout the charismatic figure of Farage at the helm, the UKIP vote may wither away, but the consequences of this remain to be unseen. It will take a great deal for the Liberal Democrats to rebuild themselves; their decline may be terminal. Nick Clegg has returned them to their situation under Clement Davies in the 1950s, and completely undone the efforts of Paddy Ashdown and Charles Kennedy to make them into a major third party force (see this post for a wider analysis of the results for the Liberal Democrats in historical perspective). But this just might offer an opportunity for Labour to reclaim some of the previous centre ground, but this would take a major cultural shift in the party such as they have only taken previously under Blair (and would have done under Gaitskell had he survived) in times of desperation following successive defeats. I will always resent deeply much of Blair’s foreign policy, but still acknowledge that New Labour did make possible some genuinely progressive social policies on the home front (as much because of others around him as Blair himself) and made the UK into a more internationally-minded and European country than that to which it has slipped back since. To achieve what Labour achieved under Blair, at least in the first term, may be as much as Labour could hope for now. This would still be a good deal better than what we have now.\nLast night I went to a concert at Clothworkers’ Centenary Concert Hall, at the School of Music for the University of Leeds. The programme included postgraduate student Allanah Halay‘s Energy Cannot Be Created II, as well as world premieres of Scott McLaughlin’s an infinity of traces, without an inventory and Wieland Hoban’s Wyrdlines, Michael Finnissy’s 1984 Câtana, inspired by Romanian folk music. It was a fantastic opportunity to hear four very fine pieces in strong performances given by student musicians; the concert can be viewed complete online here. for now I want however to write about the conductor and director of the ensemble – and also extremely fine composer – Michael (known to all as Mic) Spencer, whose work at that university, making the department into the finest of its type for new music, has been to my mind insufficiently recognised. On another occasion I would like to write about Mic’s compositions, but here I want to describe the seminal work he has done at Leeds.\nI first met Mic in 2005 (at the premiere of Richard Barrett’s orchestral work NO) and soon afterwards became keenly aware of his activities at Leeds, after going to give a talk there the following year, performing on three occasions at the university, playing his piano piece The Eemis Stone and more widely getting to know the important community of people intensely dedicated to new music which would never have come about without Mic and his efforts.\nWhilst many in academia spend as little time as possible on students, concentrating instead primarily on whatever will gain maximum prestige and the quickest advancement to the top jobs, Mic is the very opposite, and one of the most selfless figures I know. I know of few others so utterly devoted to helping to make available and accessible to his students, in full knowledge that the most complex or challenging new music is absolutely graspable by all who are open-minded and receive the type of guidance and encouragement that Mic can uniquely give. And I have seen for myself just how much time he devotes to students, how he wouldn’t hesitate to help them have access to any number of recordings, scores, or texts by many in the French and German intellectual and philosophical traditions to which he is so strongly attached.\nThe music of Helmut Lachenmann, Brian Ferneyhough, Hans-Joachim Hespos, Gérard Grisey, Emmanuel Nunes, Mathias Spahlinger, James Dillon, Beat Furrer, Richard Barrett, Chaya Czernowin and many others have become like Mozart and Beethoven to composers, performers and scholars at Leeds all because of Mic. In other contexts, academics dismiss all work in this type of European modernist tradition out of hand (sometimes in an underhand manner, using language of identity politics which makes others reluctant to challenge such a view), or simply preach it in a didactic way. Everything I have heard suggests a quite different approach from Mic: teaching as an enthusiast, with a passion for this music, but in such a way as allows students to find their own way in.\nBut equally important is what Mic has achieved with the ensemble LSTwo, which he ran and conducted over an extended period, for a period jointly with composer and conductor Adam Fergler. They have been able to perform well works almost unimaginable for a student new music ensemble in a UK university department, including Lachenmann’s “…zwei Gefühle…”, Musik mit Leonardo, Harrison Birtwistle’s Trageodia, Grisey’s Vortex Temporum, Nunes’s Improvisation I, Furrer’s Gaspra, Dillon’s Zone (…de azul), James Clarke’s Delmenhorst, and much else. In November there will be a major feature, the most significant of its type to date in the UK, of the music in Hespos, which I for one would not want to miss.\nAmongst those who have passed through Leeds and either already gone onto great things or in the process of so doing are Lauren Redhead (who I remember Mic describing to me, when she was an undergraduate, as someone with an unnatural obsession with Spahlinger), Roddy Hawkins, Eleri Angharad Pound, Adam Fergler, Vicky Burrett, Caroline Lucas, Marcello Messina and many others. Not that these are simple acolytes or devotees; many have strong differences and have taken quite different paths in terms of their own music or ideas. I certainly wouldn’t agree with Mic on lots of things musical, aesthetic or otherwise – I cannot remotely share his taste for the likes of Kaikhosru Shapurij Sorabji or writer Aleister Crowley, for example – but there is no such topic about which I would not be intensely interested in his thoughts. But I do not believe it would be too exaggerated to talk about a Leeds School of New Music, for which Mic is undoubtedly the central figure.\nBut when reading this I’m sure Mic will end up acting self-effacing and maybe a bit embarrassed, so I’m going to end up in his own language and tell the fucker to get a move on with writing his piano piece for me!\nBut do all raise your glasses (an activity with which he is intimately familiar) to Mic." ]

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[ "What is a Gifted Child\nThe gifted child is defined as one with exceptional promise, application, deportment, and character that exhibits high intellectual capacity, curiosity, academic aptitude, and creative ability.\nSome general characteristics include:\n- Shows superior reasoning powers and marked ability to handle ideas; can generalize readily from specific facts and can see subtle relationships; has outstanding problem-solving ability.\n- Shows persistent intellectual curiosity; asks searching questions; shows exceptional interest in the nature of man and the universe.\n- Has a wide range of interests, often of an intellectual kind; develops one or more interests to a considerable depth.\n- Is markedly superior in quality and quantity of written and/or spoken vocabulary; is interested in the subtleties of words and their uses.\n- Reads avidly and absorbs books well beyond his or her years.\n- Learns quickly and easily and retains what is learned; recalls important details, concepts and principles.\n- Shows insight into arithmetical problems that require careful reasoning and grasps mathematical concepts readily.\n- Shows creative or imaginative ability\n- Sustains concentration for lengthy periods and shows outstanding responsibility and independence in classroom work.\n- Sets realistically high standards for self; is self-critical in evaluating and correcting his or her own efforts.\n- Shows initiative and originality in intellectual work; shows flexibility in thinking and considers problems from a number of viewpoints.\n- Observes keenly and is responsive to new ideas.\n- Shows social poise and an ability to communicate with adults in a mature way.\n- Gets excitement and pleasure from intellectual challenge; shows an alert and subtle sense of humor" ]

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[ "The origin of the name August lies in Julius Caesar’s relationship with his adopted son and successor, Augustus Caesar. Augustus had been declared the first Roman emperor, under which rule an empire employing white supremacist ideals was expanded and maintained through slave labor. This legacy has only grown since then, as it permeates our current understanding of power structures amongst the global elite.\nSince the fall of the Roman Empire, various iterations of white supremacy have been invoked throughout time, both consciously and otherwise. But at their core they all maintain exclusivity and privilege based on one's race and/or ethnicity, often staying stagnant through social norms which act as gatekeepers to prosperity and success. The month of August is yet another reminder of this reality; its very title represents a historical entitlement borne into generations via family surname or ancestry. In other words, regardless of hard work or ability one may still be met with predetermined odds for success or failure because of their ascribed racial identity alone.\nThese facts do little to allude how hidden notions of privilege from Rome's imperialistic reign still actively affect politics today- from established policies that facilitate discriminatory practices to common rhetoric surrounding 'unworthy' individuals unable to escape poverty cycles due generational wealth disparities caused by centuries systemic racism bolstered by a cyclical name like August; each instance functions as yet another wall segregating justice regardless of chronological era.\nTo deny that this is even happening would be a negligence of duty towards our collective human coexistence- irrespective to place, race or circumstance we all deserve equal opportunity to prosper through hard-earned enterprise without fear of ridicule based on our roots; unfortunately that is not often the case due in part to publically accepted symbolic ties like 'August' which signify exclusionary approaches rooted in old world tactics reinforced by more recent predecessors employed by those whom continue benefiting egregiously off such prejudices while simultaneously preventing others from achieving true equity even if unintentionally so.\nWe are seeking funding. Help us expose how Western culture is rooted in White Supremacy.\nFait avec amour pour Lulu et un Monde Nouveau Courageux" ]

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[ "Indisputably, there are multipurpose for a piezo buzzer in various areas. For example, an active buzzer is widely applicable in different regions due to its high pitch level, among other advantages. Additionally, the buzzers in question are used for various purposes. Some of the typical applications of piezo buzzers are discussed in this article.\n- In alarms\nArguably, alarm use has been on the rise in the current world for various purposes. They are applied in different areas that need to send a signal or a warning to other individuals. For instance, most individuals are installing small buzzer alarms in their doors to assist the visitors to alert other individuals in the house to open the door. Most of such alarms contain active piezo buzzers to enable them to work efficiently.\n- In automobile alerts\nUnquestionably, due to piezo buzzer frequency range, piezo buzzers are widely used in most vehicles for various purposes. For instance, some cars make a sound alert when reversing. Consequently, the sound in question sends a signal to individuals around, hence making them take the necessary safety precautions. Also, the buzzers are used for other purposes in the automobile world, such as alerting the driver and the passengers to put on their safety belts, and the vehicle starts moving.\n- In warning devices\nWarning devices are essential in multiple fields because they provide a warning, thus preventing a possible danger. According to how buzzer works, they fit well in the tools in question since they produce a high sound pitch which can be used to pass a warning. For example, a buzzer can be used on a siren, an acoustic machine that produces a loud sound as a warning or a signal. Other warning devices that may require a piezo buzzer include a horn, smoke/fire alarm, and burglar alarm, among other devices.\n- In electronic fields\nAs a result of multiple advantages of buzzers, they are widely applicable in the electronic industries. In computers, for example, the active piezo buzzers are commonly used as sound generators. Subsequently, the sounds produced assists in making warnings, alerts and drawing the user’s attention, among other purposes. Besides, the buzzers in question are used in games, telephones, toys, and many other electronic devices.\n- In pest deterrent machines\nAdditionally, piezo buzzer sound is also crucial in devices used as a pest deterrent. The device in question makes sounds once a pest is trapped as a way of informing people. Consequently, the individual in charge is alerted, and therefore can go and reset the machine for another catch.\n- In summary\nDue to multiple features, a piezo buzzer can be applied in a wide range of fields for different purposes. For instance, the buzzer in question is applicable in pest deterrent devices, electric areas, in warning machines, in automobile alerts, and alarms. Consequently, the buzzers are playing vital roles in the applications in question. For instance, in some fields, they are used to create attention, pass a warning, or sending signals." ]

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[ "Nouns and pronouns can be divided into four kinds of gender. They are masculine, feminine, neuter and common gender.\nNouns and pronouns that stand for males are said to be of the masculine gender. Masculine gender is represented by the pronouns “he” and “him”.\n– boy, stallion, prince, king.\n– He’s a handsome man, talk to him.\n– He’s a very hilarious actor.\nNouns and pronouns that stand for females are said to be of the feminine gender. Feminine gender is represented by the pronouns “she” and “her”.\n– girl, mare, princess, queen.\n– She’s a beautiful woman, talk to her.\n– She’s a very hilarious actress.\nNouns and pronouns that stand for things without life are said to be of the neuter gender. Neuter gender is represented by the pronoun “it”.\n– bed, house, mug, book.\n– It is my pen, but you can borrow it.\n– This is your father’s book. Don’t put it there.\nNouns that can be used either a masculine or a feminine subject are said to be of the common gender. These words can stand for either male or female.\nYou can distinguish between the masculine and feminine forms by adding the words “male” or “female”.\n– friend, teacher, leader, parent.\n– Tom is my friend. Jill is also my friend.\n– Jack is my male teacher, and Sarah is my female teacher.\nFeminine gender can be formed in following ways :\n– When “-ess” is added to the masculine gender. Sometimes, we change the form of the masculine gender + adding “-ess” to form feminine gender.\n– When a different word is used for feminine gender.\n– By changing certain words in compound nouns.\n– prince > princess, poet > poetess, lion > lioness.\n– waiter > waitress, actor > actress, tiger > tigress.\n– man > woman, nephew > niece, drake > duck.\n– grandson > granddaughter, milkman > milkwoman." ]

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[ "I was chatting with a scientist cousin of mine and the one vexation we had about the state of research these days was the lack of investment in basic science research. After spending some time complaining, I felt it would be interesting to write about basic science research, how it is different from applied research and explain why it is so important. I should stress that the opinions expressed here are purely my own.\nAt this point, I think it would be instructive to briefly describe the premise of scientific research. There are a lot of unknown things about the natural world. Obviously, this raises a lot of questions. Scientists come up with hypotheses about the potential answers to these questions and design experiments to test these hypotheses. The answers usually raise more questions and research goes on, allowing scientists like me to hold jobs and buy way too many books at Blackwells.\nWhat is basic science research anyway?\nBasic or fundamental science is a study of the world around us to understand how it works. It can be a study of cells (cell biology), microorganisms (microbiology) or molecules (molecular biology). Irrespective of the subject matter, scientists do basic research to increase human knowledge. To illustrate my point, I was looking for some intellectual quotes about basic science and I came across this real humdinger by the organic chemist Homer Burton Adkins: “Basic research is like shooting an arrow into the air and, where it lands, painting a target.” Sounds esoteric, right? What Dr. Adkins means is that basic science is a lot like looking for something unknown and once it is accidentally- on- purpose found, focussing all further research on that one entity.\nHow is that different from applied research?\nAs the name suggests, applied research is an application of the knowledge acquired by basic research to solve problems faced by specific groups of people. Penicillin is a classic example of this. Alexander Fleming was a Scottish scientist and physician who accidentally stumbled upon penicillin, much like Dr. Adkins’s analogy. He was a brilliant, but messy scientist who left an uncovered petri dish of Gram-positive bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus on the window sill of his lab and went on a month-long holiday. When he returned, he found that his plates were contaminated with mould. Interestingly, he found that the bacteria closest to the mould were dying, as evidenced by a clearing up of bacterial colonies. He isolated the mould and found that it was a member of the Penicillium genus of fungi. Further investigation found that this mould was effective in killing other Gram-positive bacteria responsible for deadly diseases like meningitis and diphtheria. He also realised that the mould was killing the bacteria via a ‘juice’ it secreted. He named this ‘mould juice’ penicillin. While this was very exciting, it did not have much use if it could not be used in patients. This is where, nearly 12 years after the initial discovery, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain were able to purify the compound penicillin in large enough quantities to treat sick soldiers during World War II. The initial discovery of penicillin and its potential applications are an example of basic research. Its subsequent purification and deployment to the frontlines in WWII are examples of applied research.\nWhy do I think basic science is so important?\nIt is obvious that without basic research, modern technology and medicine that significantly improve the lives of people would not exist. Unfortunately, the current research landscape does not appear to value purely basic science research. Most often grants that ask for basic science funding have to be packaged as applied research grants and even then, scientists might not get the money they’ve asked for.\nWithout the initial observation that a plant pathogen was small enough to pass through a filter that was designed to trap bacteria, scientists would not have discovered viruses. Without further basic research into the biology of viruses, scientists would not have figured out how viruses infect and propagate in hosts. It is only by applying this knowledge about the structure and behaviour of viruses, that scientists have been able to develop drugs and vaccines to combat them. Without an initial investment in basic research and development, we would not have the internet, smartphones or GPS. We would not have drugs that treat cancer without basic research to understand the underlying mechanisms of why cells become cancerous and how they spread like wildfire. I can name so many more examples, but then this post would become unreadable.\nIt is obvious that increasing human knowledge through basic research is beneficial to improving the health, quality of life and security of human beings. Why then is there a reluctance to fund and support such research? Naturally, in times of adversity, it is human nature to invest time and resources into finding an immediate solution. However, we will rapidly run out of innovative solutions without understanding the underlying problem further. Consider investment into basic research as setting up a retirement plan. We should save up and invest long- term for a brighter and more secure future.\n5 thoughts on “ALL ABOUT THAT BASIC SCIENCE RESEARCH”\nWell done Swathi\nLikeLiked by 1 person\nNicely put! I completely agree. But I think everyone looks for a return on investment. All the funding/granting agency look for a translational direction in the research, but a lot of agencies are reluctant to fund just basic research.\nThanks! Yeah you’re absolutely right. All basic science research is inherently translational though. Sometimes that is not immediately obvious. Thanks for your feedback 🙂\nHi enjoyed it and agree to the content. Though I am a pure clinician currently I have an unfulfilled basic research scientist Inside. And I always felt that the purposes of research are shortsighted, result oriented and aimed at beneficial outcome for certain bodies involved nowadays. For example our clinical research majority are pharma company driven!!! I always wondered whether my thoughts are wrong. Reading your message makes me feel I might be right 👍\nHI, thank you for your feedback! I absolutely agree that research right now is restricted in all the ways you’ve described. Rest assured, you’re not the only one with those thoughts! Glad that this post could resonate with you 🙂" ]

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[ "If one sees two or more figures overlapping one another, and each of them claims for itself the common overlapped part, then one is confronted with a contradiction of spatial dimensions. to resolve this contradiction one must assume the presence of a new optical quality. The figures are endowed with transparency; that is, they are able to interpenetrate without an optical destruction of each other. Transparency however, implies more than an optical characteristic, it implies a broader spatial order. Transparency means a simultaneous perception of different spatial locations. Space not only recedes but fluctuates in a continuous activity. The position of the transparent figures has equivocal meaning as one sees each figure now as the closer now as the further one. (Gyorgy Kepes, Language of Vision)\nThe transparent ceases to be that which is perfectly clear and becomes that which is clearly ambiguous.\nTransparency: Literal and Phenomenal\nColin Rowe; Robert Slutzky\n, Vol. 8. (1963), pp. 45-54.\nSome superimpositions of form overcome space and time fixations. They transpose insignificant sigularities into meaningful complexities... The transparent quality of the superimpositions often suggest transparency of context as well, revealing unoticed structural qualities in the object. (Lazlo Maholy-Nagy, Vision in Motion)\nThere is something in the transparent layers that has to do with movement and time, a sense of duration. However when these are joined into a geometric shape it becomes more complex as it also adds a semblance of depth.\nIn this sketch (a.) can be either two transparent squares overlapping, or a single square repeated, implying movement, a Muybridge style sequence.\nHowever, if you join the corners or the edges, as in (b.) it becomes a 3-dimensional shape, here a cube. Instead of movement you have an implied depth. Twisted perhaps, but no longer a sequence.\nMy sheet paintings use (a.). overlapping forms, quite flat, either multiple forms or the same form repeated over time, suggesting movement and duration.\nThe House of Breath paintings use both (a.) and (b.). and are more complex and ambiguous for it. Forms are sometimes overlapping and sometimes joined on the edges, (joined especially at the top and bottom points of the diamond form). So you get both a sense of a dimensional structure combined with an overlapping sequence style duration. Depth/flatness and movement/time, are combined and interwoven. This is partly what makes them intriguing and ambiguous." ]

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