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[ "Fertility rates indicate the number of children that 1,000 women have had in a given year. This makes comparison of the figures over the years more reliable, as the number of newborn children is shown in proportion to the number of women in the same age bracket.\nTotal fertility indicates the number of liveborn children that 1,000 women will give birth to during their childbearing age of 15-49, if:\n1) none of the 1,000 women die before the age of 50.\n2) in each age bracket, they give birth to exactly the number of children specified by the fertility rates of the year.\nIf total fertility is approximately 2,100, it means that each woman has an average of 2.1 children, and this level is exactly enough to maintain the Danish population at the same level in the long term, if there is no immigration or emigration.\nThe fertility calculations include fertility rates, total fertility as well as gross and net reproduction figures.\nThe statistics are annual and published mid-February.\nDocumentation of statistics\nGet an overview of the purpose, content and quality of the statistics. Here you can find information on the sources that the statistics are derived from, what the statistics contains and how often it is published.\nDidn’t find what you were looking for?\nDo you need help finding the right statistics?\nContact our Information Service\nDo you need customised statistics, help with interview surveys, or do you, as a researcher, want access to microdata? Then you are in the right place.\nRead about our products and services" ]

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[ "You've probably heard this before. Learn to say no. Or it has been the title of some self-help book, or in an article that said will guarantee to change your life if you follow these five steps. Learn to say no is a \"buzz\" term and is often used in the self help space.\nBut, today we are going to be talking about the importance of learning to say from an athlete's stand point. As an athlete if you want to be an exceptional player or the best player at whatever level you are playing at, you have to learn to say no.\nThis all comes down discipline at the end of the day, if you have no discipline you will not be able to say no. Therefore we must develop a resilient and disciplined mindset in order to say no in situations.\nLook as an elite level athlete or someone who wants to be the best on there A, AA, AAA, Junior team, College team you will need to sacrifice some things. Early morning workouts, staying disciplined in your diet, putting int he extra work on the ice, giving 100% in practice and 110% in games, that extra 10-minutes in the gym, saying no social events, skipping the party at night, skipping the day-drink on Saturday, skipping the school football game. I can go on and on but as someone who wants to be a great player you will miss out on a lot of events. But, if you believe in yourself, stay disciplined, can say no and not give a crap what others say it will make it a lot easier to peruse your dreams.\nDiscipline, what is it? According to the web, it means \"train (someone) to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience\". Where the definition says someone, that someone is you. You have to take the time to develop a code of behavior to obey rules and if you do not follow your own code of conduct, you are punished. It sounds harsh but being punished means that you do not hang out with friends for five-hours today because you broke code, it means no video games for breaking the your own code of conduct. Start thinking along those lines. For myself I was very rigid my sophomore and junior year of college and my teammates/friends can attest to that I was probably a loser haha. As times change, my playing career is over. I have disciplined myself to not pick that high-sugar, fatty food late at night and if I do, I get rid of all that food. Out of sight out of mind, sounds ridiculous but if you cannot control yourself then get rid of the situation. I have disciplined myself to stop using technology one-hour before bed and if I break that rule, I do not use my phone for the first two hours of the next day. I used to discipline myself to not stay out late. drink, etc the day before games so I can be prepared for the game the next day. I disciplined myself to wake up at 515 a.m. Monday-Friday to either lift weights, do cardio or walk. It is little things like this that have allowed me to develop a disciplined mind and feel comfortable saying no to friends, social situations, etc. If you are an exceptional athlete/person you have to say no or learn to say no to certain things. You simply cannot go off and do what everyone else is doing, if you did you would not be the best or trying to be the best. Therefore, accept the fact that you are going to miss out on social situations, you are going to be a little different and you will need to say no, a lot.\nHow do you develop discipline though? By consistent effort. By doing the little things every single day and not skipping a beat or allowing the little things to fall to the way side on certain days. You develop discipline by feeling comfortable in your skin, and feeling confident in yourself. Discipline is not easy to develop now a days with all the quick gratification, easy to grab foods, social media out there. It is too easy to get sucked in and brought down to the level of those around you, it's too easy to fit in now a days and being disciplined makes you stand out and seen as a different person. But if you tell yourself being different is ok you are on the right track to be a high level performer.\nThe most important aspect to being disciplined though is, learning to say no. Learning to say no comes from one thing. Not giving a f*ck what others think or say about you. Friends ask you to go out for some drinks after the game but you say no and they start ragging on you. Who gives a sh*t what they say, they will be there in the morning. And for the friends that ask you out to drinks and rag on you for saying no and do not stay friends with you cause of it. Better for you, you just eliminated friends that were clearly no good for you. If you do not give a crap about what others are saying about you, saying no will be ten times easier. You will miss out on some social situations but not all of them just balance it out. Being disciplined comes with knowing how to balance, friends, family, sports and school or work, friends, family but that all comes down to feeling confident and comfortable in yourself. If you truly believe in what you are doing and you believe that what you are doing is going to better set yourself up for the future saying no should not be hard to do.\nBut, most importantly, learning to say no will be the easiest thing you do. Once you stop caring about what others think or say about you. If you want to be an elite player, top performer, etc. You will have to do things a little differently and you will have to say no a lot of the time. Just always continue to believe in yourself and your vision. It's your life do not allow others to suck you into there life, live your own life and accept the route you are heading down." ]

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[ "In Hurricane Development: From Birth to Maturity, hurricane-induced transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere through evaporation is discussed. Evaporation of water at the sea surface is enhanced by a hurricane’s surface winds, which transport water vapor into the troposphere. While the sea surface cools in response to this evaporation, the magnitude of the cooling is generally small compared to the cooling that results from other processes caused by the hurricane’s surface winds. To understand these other processes, it is necessary to look beneath the sea surface.\nIn the tropical oceans, the sea surface temperature (SST) is much warmer than that of the deeper water below the surface. In an ocean layer called the thermocline, the transition from warm water to cold water occurs rapidly. Above the thermocline, in the oceanic mixed layer, the water is fairly uniform in temperature and is approximately as warm as the sea surface. Below the thermocline, the water is also nearly uniform in temperature, but it is cold. The thickness of the oceanic mixed layer varies in different parts of the tropical oceans. In most parts of the Gulf of Mexico, for example, the oceanic mixed layer during the summer and fall is relatively thin and the thermocline is relatively close to the surface. In the Caribbean Sea, the oceanic mixed layer is relatively thick and the thermocline is deeper.\nThe primary process responsible for cooling the sea surface under a hurricane is vertical mixing. Vertical mixing occurs because the hurricane’s surface winds exert a stress on the ocean surface due to friction, generating ocean currents in the oceanic mixed layer. Vertical shear of the currents in the upper ocean then leads to turbulence. Turbulence mixes and entrains the colder water from the thermocline up into the oceanic mixed layer, thereby thickening and cooling the oceanic mixed layer. Some of this colder water makes its way up to the sea surface. Since this vertical mixing process happens within a few hours, it usually cools the sea surface underneath a hurricane, restricting evaporation and therefore limiting the heat available to the hurricane for intensification and maintenance.\nAnother process that can cool the sea surface under a hurricane is upwelling. Since the hurricane’s surface winds are cyclonic (see Hurricane Structure and Primary Circulation), the wind stress on the ocean surface is also cyclonic, causing the currents at the sea surface to be cyclonic initially. Just like in the atmosphere, however, the Coriolis Force deflects the currents to the right (in the Northern Hemisphere), and the net result is that on average, the currents in the ocean are directed outward away from the storm center. As the water in the upper ocean moves away from the storm center, colder water from below moves upward towards the sea surface to fill the void. This process is called upwelling. Unlike vertical mixing, upwelling caused by a hurricane usually occurs over a period of a half a day or more, so its contribution to sea surface cooling only occurs underneath the storm if storm is propagating slowly; fast-moving storms are gone before upwelling has an impact on the sea surface temperature. Regardless, upwelling by a hurricane can have strong influences, both positive and negative, on the biology of the ocean.\nThe thicker the oceanic mixed layer is before a hurricane arrives, the less vertical mixing and upwelling can cool the sea surface. In the image below, the combined effects of vertical mixing and upwelling on hurricane intensity are shown if the oceanic mixed layer is initially thin versus if the oceanic mixed layer is initially thick.\nAt the boundaries of different water masses, called oceanic fronts, strong ocean currents often exist. One of these currents, called the Loop Current, resides in the Gulf of Mexico. The Loop Current forms the boundary between the water in Caribbean Sea, which has a deep oceanic mixed layer during hurricane season, and the surrounding Gulf of Mexico Common Water, which has a shallow layer during hurricane season. Also, the Loop Current sheds warm ocean eddies in the ocean, which have a deep oceanic mixed layer in the center. Recent research suggests that a hurricane’s cold wake can be affected not only by the change in oceanic mixed layer depth across the Loop Current and across a warm ocean eddy, but also by the ocean currents within the Loop Current and the eddies.\nAnimation credit: Robert Leben, CU/CCAR.\nWhile a hurricane’s surface winds do generate upper-ocean currents, this process of current generation does not happen directly. The winds build up waves at the sea surface, and some of the energy from the winds goes into growing and propagating these waves. When the waves break, energy is transferred downward into the ocean currents, and sea spray is blown off of the wave crest into the atmosphere. Evaporation of sea spray can contribute to the transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere and may reduce the wind friction over the sea surface, thereby potentially impacting a hurricane’s intensity." ]

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[ "Washington, US: According to a research published in ‘Scientific Reports Journal’, consumption of traditional forms of media has very low and short-term effects on an adults’ well-being.\nIt is assumed that engaging with traditional media streams, such as books, music, and television improves well-being, while the new-age media streams such as social media, deteriorates well-being. However, the evidence of improvement in well-being due to engaging in traditional media is lacking.\nResearcher Niklas with his colleagues studied the behaviour in media consumption and levels of well-being of 2,159 adults. In the weekly surveys, participants reported the time they spent engaging in music, television, video games, films, books, magazines, and audiobooks, during the previous week. The happiness and anxiety levels during the previous day was also reported by the participants.\nSimilar levels of happiness and anxiety was found in those who consumed books, magazines, and audiobooks, compared to those who did not. While those who consumed music, television, films, and video games, experienced lower happiness and higher anxiety levels than those who did not." ]

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[ "Place matters. This simple concept has never been better understood than today. Mounting evidence suggests that where an individual grows up has a significant and causal impact on their life outcomes, from health to earnings. At a time when income inequality is dominating the political dialogue, policy-makers should not overlook geography’s important role in determining equality of opportunity.\nThat’s why the Economic Innovation Group (EIG) – a new ideas laboratory and advocacy organization in Washington, DC – recently released the 2016 Distressed Communities Index (DCI). The DCI incorporates seven metrics into a multidimensional survey of prosperity and distress across the United States, providing a high-resolution look at the disparities in economic well-being between American communities.\nAt its most granular level, the DCI’s zip code level analysis makes it possible to study the extent to which economic well-being varies within an individual city, county or metro area. Thus, the DCI presents a new way of measuring inequality as it is experienced at the community level – with lessons for those looking to ensure more broadly shared prosperity.\nWhy suggest a new way to look at inequality? Income inequality, while important, bears only indirectly on the neighbourhood effects that are so critical to determining equality of opportunity. A more nuanced understanding of the ways in which economic inequality manifests itself community by community should better enable policy-makers and civic leaders to tackle the problem at its roots.\nAs the two figures below show, inequality is about far more than income. The figures report the average value for each of the seven indicators making up the DCI in the most distressed and most prosperous fifth of US zip codes. The gap in community-level well-being is far larger than one might expect to find within a single developed country. In the US, distressed zip codes combine poverty with joblessness, low educational attainment, and a deep and ongoing recession, while the country’s prosperous zip codes flourish in every respect.\nIn fact, these yawning gaps in well-being often exist within close proximity to each other – a phenomenon EIG has called “spatial inequality”. To show how this type of inequality differs from conventional (income-based) measures of inequality, the below graph plots the difference between the rank of the 25 largest US cities in terms of spatial inequality (tick marks) and income inequality (circles). Cities are sorted by income inequality (based on GINI coefficients); spatial inequality, for its part, measures the breadth of the distribution of EIG’s distress scores within a city. The comparison produces two very different pictures of inequality.\nIncome inequality tends to run highest in the largest cities, but spatial inequality runs highest in a mix of Sun Belt and Rust Belt cities. The income gaps in New York, Boston and other dynamic cities are huge, but economic well-being at the community level does not vary significantly across zip codes. Most neighborhoods offer employment opportunities and socioeconomic diversity. By contrast, cities with more equal income levels – mainly due to their relative lack of extremely high earners – such as Columbus, Ohio or San Antonio, Texas, in fact hide extreme differences in community-level well-being.\nIn these spatially unequal cities, zip codes mere miles away can occupy completely different worlds and economic experiences. High-distress communities are not only poor but confront high housing vacancy rates, endemic worklessness, and active disinvestment. Where community-level factors diverge so starkly, economic mobility is likely to be low. The long-lasting, intergenerational ills associated with concentrated poverty are most likely to dig their roots deeply in these cities where socioeconomic mixing rarely takes place.\nRelative differences notwithstanding, very few cities have achieved true spatial equality. Even fast-growing knowledge-economy tech hubs such as Austin, Boston, Denver and Durham struggle to generate prosperity that is broadly shared across every neighbourhood. Across the 100 largest US cities, only nine combine relatively high levels of prosperity with relatively low levels of spatial inequality. Only one of those, Madison, Wisconsin, was a core city of a larger metropolitan region; others were prosperous suburban business hubs such as Arlington, Virginia, and Plano, Texas, or middle class enclaves such as Virginia Beach.\nPublic policy can be an important tool for catalysing economic activity in the places that need it most and connecting individuals in those places to greater opportunity. If policy-makers wish to expand equality of opportunity, attacking inequality at its community-level roots must be a priority in local and national efforts." ]

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[ "PORT WASHINGTON, N.Y. (MarketWatch) — Raising the minimum wage, like other interference in the market by the government, can cause more harm than good.\nA good example of this is when the government sets a price floor. That is, it mandates that all transactions of a particular type cannot be priced below a certain level.\nThe best-known example of this is the minimum wage. By definition, this is a wage that is higher than would ordinarily be set by the market for labor, based on the supply of workers and the demand for them.\n|Aug. 13||Retail sales||0.3%||0.2%|\n|Aug. 13||Retail sales ex-autos||0.4%||0.4%|\n|Aug. 15||Producer price index||0.3%||0.4%|\n|Aug. 15||Empire state index||26.0||25.6|\n|Aug. 15||Industrial production||0.3%||0.2%|\n|Aug. 15||Consumer sentiment||82.0||81.8|\nThe literature says that when the minimum wage is raised, the supply of workers increases as more people find it worthwhile to enter the labor force.\nMeanwhile, the higher minimum wage tends to decrease the demand for these workers. Either the higher rate of pay is more than employers think these workers are worth, and/or some simply cannot afford to pay this rate.\nObviously this causes unemployment to increase — especially among teens that are most likely to be paid this wage. As proof, their unemployment rate is consistently above the average for all workers, in good times and in bad.\nTo sum it up: The minimum wage may go up, but it benefits only a few — usually those who get paid more than this wage. Those on the bottom of the rung tend to suffer because there are fewer jobs available for them at this new rate.\nFarm products are another example of what happens when the government does not let the market clear on its own.\nThe price floor in this case is a subsidy to farmers so they can grow as much as they can of a particular crop.\nThis creates a surplus, since supplies are much greater than demand at this above-market price. To support farm prices, the government buys up the surplus food and stores it at taxpayer expense — an unintended consequence to be sure.\nThen there are price ceilings. The best example of this is rent control, a vestige of World War II, which, believe it or not, still exists in some locales.\nUnder rent control, the demand for apartments priced below the market is greater than the supply. This creates shortages, since landlords will supply fewer apartments at this price while renters will seek more.\nThe price of apartments may be held down, but few can take advantage of it. Meanwhile, those units in buildings that are rent controlled tend to be in worse shape than those in market-priced buildings.\nSo whenever the government tries to legislate a particular market outcome, it is hurting that market more than it is helping.\nThe best thing the government can do is to let the invisible hand of the marketplace determine the equilibrium price.This is the point where supply equals demand and where both sides can maximize their economic well being as well as that of the economy." ]

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[ "Beach at Skagen Vesterby, 1847\nOil on canvas, 38 x 53 cm.\nInventory number: 0138NMK\nAcquired in 1895. Bestowed to the museum in 1908\nFor Rørbye’s contemporaries, Jutland was as exotic as Rome or the Far East. The artist went to Jutland several times and was one of the first Danish painters to discover the unique qualities of Skagen. On a warm and windy summer day, Rørbye has painted the fishers on the beach in Skagen, as they unload peat from ships. His uses a liberated painting method with wide and brushstrokes, which suggests that it is a sketch. The composition is summary and some figures and elements are just barely suggested with a single blotch of paint. It is the totality of beach, wind, light and air that have interested Rørbye, and he in this way anticipates the characteristics of Skagen painting a whole generation before it became a concept.Download Photo »\nMartinus Rørbye (1803-1848)\nRørbye was born into a Danish official family in Norway, but moved with his family to Denmark as a child. He studied at the Art Academy under C.W. Eckersberg, from whom he inherited and continued the objective and realistic approach to subject matter. Rørbye loved travel and travelled more than any of the other Golden Age painters. His travels brought him to Norway, France, Italy, Greece and Turkey, where he carried out numerous ink and oil sketches in front of the subjects for later use in paintings. In 1844, Rørbye became a professor at the Academy, but died four years later of disease." ]

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[ "As California’s recycling industry struggles, companies and consumers are forced to adapt\nVisiting the Burbank recycling center is like stepping into an archaeological dig. Everywhere there is evidence of consumption — kombucha bottles, cardboard delivery packages, plastic water bottles, toothpaste tubes, vitamin bottles and plastic bags.\n“Our garbage tells our story,” said recycling coordinator Kreigh Hampel. “It drives home how disposable our lives are.”\nNot long ago, these byproducts of a throwaway lifestyle found a market in China, allowing Americans to toss their garbage in recycling bins with a seemingly clean conscience. But in late 2017, China imposed a stringent ban on imports of certain scrap papers and plastics, creating a glut of material and roiling the global recycling industry.\nNow, as still more Asian nations prepare to follow China’s lead, California’s recycling industry is struggling, posing hard choices for a state that prides itself on its image as an environmental beacon. A big hit came this month when RePlanet, California’s largest operator of recycling redemption centers, shut down and laid off 750 employees.\nConsumers and industry alike will need to brace for big changes.\n“The Chinese ban and everything else in the last couple of years made us realize we are living in a pretend world of ‘wishcycling,’” said Roland Geyer, an industrial ecology professor at UC Santa Barbara. “What we’ve tried hasn’t worked.”\nCalifornia’s recycling industry is struggling to survive after China banned imports of plastics and other scrap material. Experts say big changes are needed to avoid a waste glut.\nTo go beyond “wishcycling” — the assumption that everything in the blue bin gets recycled — consumers will need to change their purchase practices, avoiding single-use containers and packaging that have no recycling value, experts say. Industries that produce these products will need to be held responsible for their life-cycle impacts, possibly in the form of legislative mandates.\n“We’ve always recognized that, for many materials, we’re going to have to have producer responsibility,”said Mark Murray, executive director of Californians Against Waste, a Sacramento conservation group. “That idea is not new.”\nChina started banning certain scrap imports partly because of complaints that the United States was shipping “contaminated” and poorly sorted recyclables, and also because of internal changes in the Chinese economy and waste management systems.\nThe shift has prompted increased investment in U.S. recycling plants to fill the void. Nonetheless, scrap waste is piling up in warehouses and parking lots. Some is ending up in waterways, oceans, landfills and incinerators. In nearly all cases, waste disposal is more expensive.\n“It’s had a significant impact,” said Navnit Padival, senior engineer at the Los Angeles County Sanitation District. “The United States and the world over have been affected by China’s ban.”\nThe result: Companies that once turned a profit selling our used yogurt containers and water bottles now have accumulating piles of garbage and no place to sell it.\nWithin Los Angeles County alone, three recycling centers and two materials recovery facilities have closed since 2018, and as profits dwindle, many are operating at a loss and potentially risk closure.\nAbout a decade back, the Burbank Recycle Center earned roughly $50,000 a month on recycled materials. In the last year, the value of recycled goods plunged so low that it was paying as much as $40,000 a month to outlets overseas just to get rid of the material. It’s gotten so expensive that the center is resorting to the landfill.\nAt the recycling center, the warehouse is dominated by a pile of material roughly the size of a house, which slowly moves onto a conveyor belt to begin an elaborate, multi-step sorting process. The machine song of the sorting line drowns out all other noises, as some 25 workers sort through the sun-faded plastic and broken bottles.\n“We just don’t have a market for a lot of this stuff,” Hampel said. “We’re sending bales of plastic up to our landfill now and just burying it.”\nA collapsed market also translates to higher rates for residents — because the trash haulers who pick up blue bins at the curb rely on profits from selling them to operate. Without that revenue, haulers are having to raise their prices. Republic Services, which provides hauling services nationally and within Los Angeles, has begun raising its average $4-$6 weekly rate by as much as $1.50 a week in some places.\nWhile the industry stalls, residents and businesses are consuming and generating more waste than ever. In 2014, Los Angeles County generated approximately 22 million tons of waste. By 2018, that number had climbed to 30 million tons.\nSome see the current crisis as a wake-up call about the realities — and limitations — of recycling.\nEven during the days when China absorbed the bulk of American recyclables, much of what it purchased wasn’t actually recycled. After more desirable materials were gleaned, some of it was burned or sent to landfills, said David Colgan, director of communications at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.\nEven when a product is recycled, said Geyer, the UC Santa Barbara professor, its eventual destination is still a landfill. In the heyday of recycling, millions of tons of garbage still went to the landfill, and the production of virgin plastics increased at a steady rate alongside recycled products. Between 2010 and 2018, 36 landfills in California expanded and a new one opened.\nAt the same time, the number of CRV recycling centers — where the public can recycle bottles and cans in exchange for a refund — has been steadily declining statewide, with 996 closing since 2015,said Lance Klug, a spokesman for CalRecycle, a state agency.\nThe environmental cost comes in the form of methane gases emitted by landfills and the plastics and waste that end up in waterways, oceans and wildlands, often harming fish and wildlife.\n“Plastic is already everywhere in the environment by now, and it will get more and more pervasive in higher concentrations and higher levels,” Geyer said.\nDespite imminent gridlock, some say the situation calls for reform, not abandonment, of the recycling industry. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works is unveiling a campaign to encourage people to keep their recyclables well-sorted and clean, which will reduce contamination and make the recycling process more efficient.\n“A lot of people have built up good recycling habits in recent years, and we want them to keep up those habits,” said Coby Skye, assistant deputy director for environmental programs at the Public Works Department.\nStill, researchers and environmental advocates emphasize that simple changes to recycling habits won’t be enough. The recycling industry itself leaves a footprint resulting from its industrial processes, and even at its most efficient, it doesn’t outweigh the waste produced.\n“We need to stop looking at recycling as a primary solution to our waste problem,” said Colgan, of UCLA.\nA focus on recycling also shifts the burden to consumers, he said, while ignoring other avenues of sustainability, such as production and re-use.\nIn California, multiple reform bills are moving through the legislative process, including Assembly Bill 792, which would target beverage container producers by enforcing minimum requirements for recycled materials in production, and AB 1080, known as the California Circular Economy and Plastic Pollution Reduction Act, which would require that all single-use plastic products and packaging products in California be recyclable or compostable by January 2030.\nIndustry lobbyists have fended off previous legislative attempts to regulate single-use containers and may do so again.\n“The transformational question before policymakers is ‘who should be responsible?’” said Murray, adding that manufacturers want to maintain the status quo because they profit from continuing to buy cheap virgin materials with no disposal obligations.\nIn the recycling industry, strong markets remain for many goods, such as paper, cardboard, and aluminum. But there’s a growing volume of plastics and mixed plastics — things like plastic-coated cartons or potato chip bags— that no longer have a recycling value or never had one in the first place.\nThe path forward is uncertain.\n“The U.S. is having a come-to-Jesus moment,” said Hampel, Burbank’s recycling coordinator. “Recycling is not going to undo the damage done by consumption.”\nTimes staff writer Alex Wigglesworth contributed to this report.\nStay tuned for more Repowering the West\nGet our Boiling Point newsletter for the next installment in this series — and behind-the-scenes stories.\nYou may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times." ]

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[ "Water is an essential element of life. It makes our street trees grow tall, it collects in bodies of water that can transform a space into a place, and it heats beautifully in transportation professionals’ coffee makers as we prepare for a day of making roadways better, safer, and more connected. But water also makes our job as transportation planners and engineers really challenging.\nWater causes all sorts of problems, ranging from the mildly inconvenient pothole at the end of the driveway to life-threatening floods and landslides. This article is an aquatic exploration of some of water’s more notorious impacts to roadways past and present and how we can work with water, rather than against it, for a more resilient future.\nLong before we had paved roads, water wreaked havoc on human efforts to get from A to B. American roads in the late eighteenth century lacked nearly all of the features necessary for efficient, dry travel: grading, topographical contours, surfacing, and drainage. Many of them even had tree stumps, chopped just below wagon axle height. According to Ann Norton Greene, author of Horses at Work, water-logged roads would suck down horses’ hooves, making each step more taxing for the horse and ultimately reducing the distance and speed at which they could travel. In the early 1880s, Eureka Springs, Arkansas got its first main street. At low elevation and built along a creek, the roadway was so chronically wet that locals nicknamed the street “Mud”.\nWithout grading and drainage systems to shunt water away from the roadway, these soggy conditions prevailed through the nineteenth and twentieth century, and took time to catch up to the automobile, as this 1909 photo taken from southeast of Raleigh, North Carolina reveals.\nImage: An early automobile sunk deep in thick North Carolina mud. Source: Albert Barden, “Auto Stuck in Johnston County Mud 1909,” from the Albert Barden Collection, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC\nAccording to the Federal Highway Administration, even in 1960, more than 65% of the nation’s public roads were unpaved. Today, it’s closer to 30%. And increased pedestrian traffic and muddy streets are a bad match. When paving wasn’t feasible or desirable, towns and cities often turned to boardwalk stretched across wide downtown streets. The elevated platforms carried people and pets up and away from the mud. These original raised crossings functioned similarly to those we install today: they helped make crossings more visible to drivers and forced carriages and cars to slow down.\nIn clear recognition of the mud crisis, a 1908 manual on roads and pavements offered detailed advice on ways to manage water, arguing that better roads would improve the congestion that results from drivers taking advantage of the good season for travel: times when roads are not impassable due to water in the form of snow, rain, or mud. In addition to abating congestion, this manual argued that better (i.e., dry, unrutted) roads would also improve leisure, neighborliness, civic participation, community engagement, educational opportunities, and even church attendance. It offered advice on where to situate drains along the roadway (either in the center or to one or both sides), depending on local soil types and topography, and it set standards for the crown of the road: too high and water will form in longitudinal hollows made by concentrated traffic; too low and water will pool in small depressions and soften the roadbed.\nAnyone who has spent time in a state that freezes knows the dreaded thunk of a fresh pothole kissing the tires of your car come spring.\nThe pothole lifecycle begins when rain or snowmelt seeps through cracks in pavement into the sub-base below. If the water isn’t drained away, it freezes and thaws through the seasons. The hydrogen bonds in liquid water are irregular and grouped close together. But when water freezes, the hydrogen and oxygen molecules form hydrogen bonds in a six-sided lattice structure. This extra space in the crystal structure makes water expand by as much as 9% when it freezes. Water that freezes and thaws beneath roadway pavement, pushes against the asphalt and creates a hollow space. When a heavy vehicle then drives over the new void, the pavement crumbles and a pothole is born. A similar process occurs in warmer states when consistent rainstorms erode away poorly-constructed foundation materials underneath the road.\nManaging potholes is a time-consuming and expensive endeavor for local and state departments of transportation. Seattle DOT’s Pothole Rangers filled more than 35,000 potholes in 2017. (You can watch the Pothole Rangers in action here.) In Chicago, pothole teams work every day and also weekends during “pothole season”. The Portland Bureau of Transportation maintains a pothole map, where residents can check to see whether a pothole has been reported or fixed. The City of Boston uses an app called Street Bump to crowdsource pavement condition using cellphone accelerometer and GPS data. The City of Eugene’s street repair crews apply more than 20 tons of tar sealing material to local roadways each year.\nThe best way to manage potholes is keep pavement in tip-top shape, but funding for many agencies is tight and there’s a lot of infrastructure to repair. To get ahead of the next generation of potholes, we can plan pothole-proof streets. Many neighborhood alleys are small pothole cities, according to NACTO’s Urban Street Design Guide. These potholes and puddles make alleys “uninviting or unattractive.” Instead, we can turn to Green Alleys, which “use sustainable materials, pervious pavements, and effective drainage to create an inviting public space for people to walk, play, and interact.” Plus, because increased traffic volumes and more heavy trucks on the road exacerbate pothole formation, the more walkable and bikeable neighborhoods we can create today, the fewer potholes we’ll have tomorrow. (Our cars will thank us).\nRunoff, Ponding, & Flooding\nRain, snow, and major weather events like thunderstorms and hurricanes dump water onto our roadways. Along the road, the water picks up trash, bacteria, salts, oils, heavy metals, and other pollutants that it carries into our sewers and streams. Water pollution is detrimental to humans and native wildlife and negatively impacts health, economies, and recreation. When roadway systems rely on traditional sewer systems that lead to local waterways, it funnels this polluted water—which is often warmer and traveling at faster speeds—straight into waterways, blast eroding banks and harming delicate ecosystems.\nWhen too much rain falls for pavement or planted systems to accommodate, waters can rise rapidly and pick up speed. The force behind these floods can wash out bridges and destroy roads. And fast-moving water is strong. Just one foot of rapidly-flowing flood water can carry away most cars, and two feet can wash away large SUVs and trucks, according to the National Weather Service. Wildfire-scorched earth becomes hydrophobic when burned plant matter coasts soil particles in a waxy substance. When heavy rains occur after a fire, this hydrophobic soil takes in less water and is easily carried in debris flows. A type of landslide, these flows can be catastrophic for communities in their path.\nOne of the most successful ways to divert stormwater off our roadways is to think green and let water do what water does best: nourish life. Green infrastructure uses soils, plants, and permeable pavements and materials to collect or reuse stormwater. Green stormwater management practices are critical for recharging underground aquifers and ensuring there is enough safe and clean drinking water.\nPervious pavement has gaps that allow water to seep through the roadway material, whether that’s asphalt, concrete, or interlocking or grid pavers. This type of pavement is especially effective in places with significant rainfall. For example, to correct a section of History Street in Melbourne, Florida, we installed pervious pavers that drained stormwater and stored it in a thin retention area under the roadway until it could be absorbed back into the ground.\nRain gardens, planter boxes, and bioswales are planted spaces next to roadways or parking areas that collect rainwater runoff from buildings, streets, and sidewalks. Layers of soil and rock helps drain water away from the roadway and flowers, shrubs, and small trees pull water up from their roots and use it for photosynthesis, the process that sustains plant life by combining carbon dioxide from the air and hydrogen monoxide (water) from the soil. Oxygen is the handy byproduct of this process, which helps improve ambient air quality. As they suck the water up from their roots, many plants pull pollutants out of the soil and water, in a process we call phytoremediation. Some species of moss can even pull lead and arsenic out of water. The surface area of their leaves, especially for evergreen species with dense needles like pines and cypresses, help trees trap airborne particulate pollutants.\nEngineered or constructed wetlands use larger areas of marshy land to store water and grow an aquatic ecosystem that can uptake and filter stormwater and runoff. There are two main types of engineered wetlands that differ based on how the water moves through it. The first type sends water below the surface, flowing either horizontally or from top to bottom through the roots of the plants. The second type sends water along the surface, where UV rays from sunlight help kill waterborne pathogens. Depending on location, engineered wetlands can also function as a placemaking feature for a community, with trails, educational signs, and native wildlife habitat.\nThe real star of the engineered wetland, however, is its varied pool environment. Permanent pools create anaerobic conditions that allow certain microbes to thrive and breakdown common runoff pollutants. Shallow pools foster plants that help uptake and filter pollutants too. The biological complexity in these aquatic environments is what makes engineered wetlands so successful.\nWhen it comes to building engineered wetlands, we may be able to take a back seat to some surprising subconsultants. Enter the beaver. In her book Beaver Land: How One Weird Rodent Made America, Leila Philip writes of a conversation she had with a stormwater engineer while standing before a ten-acre beaver pond. Surveying the vast structure, the engineer tells her that a human-constructed stormwater management pond that big would come with a price tag of $1-2 million.\nAnd beaver dams do more than collect water—they filter it. According to new research by Stanford University, beavers and the dams they build with gnawed bits of trees can counteract water quality degradation brought on by climate change. With warmer, dryer summers, the American west will see water quality declines as ratios of contaminants and extra nutrients rise. In this serendipitous experiment, a beaver built a dam across a study site, so the team was able to record the impact of just one beaver, whose dam improved nitrogen removal in the stream by 44%.\nWith aging infrastructure and climate change, our industry will be busy as beavers in the search for natural and technological solutions that will meet the demands of our multimodal transportation system and the inevitable—and vital—presence of water.\nAt Kittelson, we know the importance of planning and designing roadways with stormwater facilities that protect and enhance water quality and our natural resources. Our stormwater engineers work alongside transportation engineers and planners to provide expertise in urban hydrology and hydraulics, water quality treatment, flood mapping, and green stormwater infrastructure. This partnership helps us build and maintain transportation networks that provide environmental protections, comply with regulatory agencies, and contribute to overall quality of life. If water on the roadway is giving you a hard time, we’d love to help!\nAlbert Barden, “Auto Stuck in Johnston County Mud 1909,” from the Albert Barden Collection, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, https://www.flickr.com/photos/north-carolina-state-archives/46977239112/in/photolist-2ezdCwu-RVAJCG-RVAJEf.\nMay Day, May 11th, 1917, Kamloops, BC. View looking west from the 400-block of Victoria Street towards the intersection at 4th Avenue, https://www.flickr.com/photos/45379817@N08/18837194233.\nOregon Department of Transportation, https://flic.kr/p/D5LbKu.\nYellowstone National Park, 2022, https://www.flickr.com/photos/yellowstonenps/52156165036/.\nLee’s County Sheriff’s Office, September 2022, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanibel-causeway-destruction.webp.\nFranklin Vera Pacheco, Wikimedia Commons, 2009, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlgonquinBeaverDam.JPG." ]

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[ "Removing a screwcap just doesn’t have the same theatre as removing a cork. Sadly, I can’t think of any solution to this problem.\nProduction of ‘reductive’ chemicals in the wine because air is excluded. These are sulphur compounds which may be produced in the bottle because of the absence of air. These compounds disappear quickly after a bottle is opened, but can be excluded by modifying the winemaking process.\nA little bit of oxygen appears to be necessary for a wine to age gracefully. Original screwcaps allowed almost no air to reach the wine.\nScrewcaps were associated with cheap wine, so producers of quality wine tended to shy away.\nThe seal in a screwcap is provided by padding at the top. Different materials are being used for this padding, which allow different amounts of oxygen to pass through. This means that they can potentially be used for ageing fine wine.\nThe obvious thing is to try long term tests, and some tests were initiated in the 1980s in Australia. However, the prestigious Château Margaux in Bordeaux has started their own long term trials. Endorsement by one of the great old names in the wine business would make all the difference in the acceptance of screwcaps. Time will tell.\nConclusion By choosing the correct seal, there will be screwcap closure for every wine, but it may take a while to prove the point.\nNatural cork provides a very good seal for a wine bottle, but a screwcap is potentially better still. There are pros and cons for each of them.\nCork has a unique cellular structure which allows it to be compressed, and then spring back to its original shape. This provides a very good seal to prevent wine from seeping out. It can still seep out if the bottle is overfilled, the cork damaged, or because of poor storage.\nScrewcaps prevent any wine from seeping out.\nCork. Oxygen can slowly diffuse through the cork into the wine. Some corks are more porous than others, and some have defects; this allows more rapid diffusion of oxygen into the wine, and more rapid ageing.\nScrewcaps. The original screwcaps allowed almost no oxygen into the wine, and this may cause unpleasant odours to develop. Different seals are now available which allow controlled amounts of oxygen into the bottle.\nCork. Bottles have to be stored with the wine in contact with the cork. If not, the cork dries out, and becomes a less effective seal. Rapid temperature fluctuations can cause a cork to move within the bottle neck, which can also cause sealing problems.\nBottles sealed with screwcaps do not suffer from these problems.\nCork has been used as a wine closure for centuries, and there is plenty of evidence that a good wine, with a good cork, stored in a good cellar, ages gracefully.\nScrewcaps have been around for decades, and there is evidence that some wines age well. However, plenty more trials will be needed over many years, before everyone is convinced.\nThe scientist in me says that a screwcap with the right seal, is the perfect closure. No bottles will be contaminated, and every bottle in a batch will mature the same way. My heart however, would rather see a cork pulled from a fine bottle of wine, rather than someone crack open a screwcap." ]

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[ "For half the year, the temperature on Pall Olafsson's remote farm in Iceland often dips below freezing and the sun barely makes an appearance.\nYet the heat and light in his greenhouses allow Olafsson to grow his juicy tomatoes and cucumbers even in the depths of winter - thanks largely to the geothermal energy that gives his tiny North Atlantic nation its title, the Land of Fire and Ice.\n\"When we started using the lights and growing all year round, then it changed a lot,\" said Olafsson as workers busily pruned plants behind him.\n\"(Before), you were picking the last tomatoes in November and next you pick in April. Maybe 20 years ago, it was like that.\"\nOlafsson credits the hot springs that bubble up from the earth a short distance away with turning Hveravellir into one of Iceland's biggest vegetable farms, producing about 500 tonnes of tomatoes, cucumber and paprika a year.\nIceland's volcanic origins have blessed the island of 350,000 inhabitants with abundant geothermal energy - a renewable resource that, unlike solar or wind power, is unaffected by its unpredictable weather.\nGeothermal energy makes up a quarter of Iceland's electricity - all of which comes from renewable sources - and has helped boost the year-round availability of fresh food in the past two decades.\nThe naturally hot water is piped in to heat the greenhouses and the hot springs are also a key source power for the artificial lights that help farmers grow their crops even in winter, when the island sees barely three hours of sunlight.\nIcelandic farmers began artificially lighting their greenhouses about 20 years ago.\nBut the real game-changer was the technology that allows them to control every detail remotely from a smartphone, said Knutur Rafn Armann, who runs the Fridheimer tomato farm with his wife Helena.\n\"We have a steering computer in every greenhouse connected to our weather station, connected to our model PC computer, which is connected to the internet,\" he said.\n\"So whenever I go somewhere I always have my iPhone with me and I can water the plants, open windows, and change settings or steer everything through my phone.\"\nHave you read?\nThe remote island historically imported much of its food.\nBut the double whammy of the 2008 financial crisis and a volcanic eruption that prevented planes from landing in 2010 have encouraged greater self-sufficiency.\nNow, at least half the tomatoes and cucumbers sold here are locally grown, said Gunnlaugur Karlsson, managing director of Solufelag Gardyrkjumanna (SFG), which packages and markets fruit and vegetables.\nHe believes it is common sense for a remote, disaster-prone island to produce as much of its own food as possible - and besides, local produce sells.\nThis year SFG began working with farmers to take their food into kindergartens, ensuring the children eat produce that is locally grown and pesticide-free.\nThe industry is doing what it can to encourage people to buy local, but many believe the government could do more to help.\n\"The authorities do not care if the food is imported or locally grown, as long as it is not contaminated with harmful chemicals etc,\" said Helgi Johannesson, a farming consultant.\nA spokesman for Iceland's Ministry of Industries and Innovation said the government was working on a policy to procurement local food for government institutions.\nHowever, farmers say the government could achieve more by giving them preferential rates for electricity.\nCurrently just 0.5 percent of Iceland's total power goes to farmers, who say they have to pay a higher rate than the electricity-hungry aluminium industry.\nThe state-owned power provider Landsvirkjun does not disclose prices and the Icelandic government declined to comment.\n\"I often say to the government, if we decide to use 1 percent of electricity to make healthy, good food for ourselves, that would be great,\" said tomato farmer Armann. \"But of course (they) would have to lower the prices to the farmers.\"" ]

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[ "Karen Ensle Ed.D., RD, FADA, CFCS\nFamily & Community Health Sciences Educator\nRutgers Cooperative Extension of Union County\nMore than 29 million people in the U.S. have type 2 diabetes. Add to that another 86 million adults age 20 or older who have pre-diabetes, meaning their blood sugar is higher than it should be, but not high enough to be considered as having diabetes. It is clear that many people face a major health “issue.”\nType 2 diabetes is serious. Below are some health issues connected to having diabetes:\n- Adults who have diabetes are more likely to have high blood pressure and to die of heart disease than those without diabetes.\n- Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure and blindness in adults.\n- Nerve problems, such as loss of feeling in the feet or carpal tunnel syndrome, affect most people with diabetes.\n- People with diabetes are more likely than others to need a foot or leg amputation.\nEating sugar won't cause type 2 diabetes, but eating too many calories a day and carrying extra weight can make the body resist insulin and allow blood glucose levels to go up. Sugary treats such as cookies, cake, pie, or ice cream can be part of a healthy diet when you have them occasionally and in small portions. Consider what they add to the total daily calories and consider the entire daily diet before eating or drinking these extra calories.\nUnderstand the Risks. Make an appointment with your doctor and talk about the risk factors you are experiencing such as:\n- Having to urinate often\n- Extreme thirst and extreme hunger\n- Weight loss\n- Extreme tiredness and irritability\n- Frequent infections\n- Blurred vision\n- Bruises or cuts that heal slowly\n- Tingling or numbness in your hands or feet, skin, gum\n- Bladder infections that keep coming back\nMany people with diabetes don't have symptoms, so talk with your doctor even if you haven't noticed anything unusual. If you're at a higher risk for diabetes, it's important to ask about getting tested every time you see your doctor. That's the only way to know if you have diabetes or not and to find out the level of your risk. In the meantime, take control of your health by practicing healthy habits. Add these tips to your daily routine:\n- Eat a balanced diet of controlled calories\n- Get regular exercise and maintain a healthy weight\n- Don't smoke or be around smokers\n- Limit alcoholic drinks\n- Have regular checkups\nDevelop a healthy lifestyle, which will have benefits now and help prevent problems in the future. Fortunately, the small steps you take to lower your risk for diabetes are also good for your heart. Every small step makes a difference." ]

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[ "Travertine is a sedimentary rock. It is a natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; typically Aragonite, but often recrystallized to or primarily Calcite. Basically, calcium carbonate is deposited from the water of mineral springs or rivulets saturated with calcium bicarbonate. The spring water can either be hot, warm or cold. The amount of deposits may increase with the water's temperature or when biotic material accelerates the precipitation. The ornate columns of travertine in caves is one example of an inorganic chemical sedimentary rock.\nTravertine is an excellent product for interior and exterior residential and commercial use, it has become an increasingly popular choice due to its timeless nature, ruggedness and relative ease of maintenance.\nTravertine is a 50 million year old type of morphed limestone, a sedimentary stone of solid calcium carbonate produced in hot mineral springs that contain lime deposits.\nTravertine is a wise choice around swimming pools and external entertaining areas and walkways and delivers a surprisingly good slip resistant result. When used internally, delivers an ageless result, combining the unique beauty of natural stone with the flexibility to blend and co ordinate with modern building materials and designs. Travertine is known to strengthen with age and was the material mostly widely used by the Roman Empire when constructing some of histories most recognizable buildings such as the Colosseum.\nTravertine is available in a range of natural colors, dimensions and surface finishes, including filled and unfilled, honed, tumbled and random patterns." ]

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[ "Evidence from the Jewish cemetery of Oudekerk and in the local Sephardic records show people of African descent were part of the Portuguese Jewish community. Some were slaves, others as servants and some were free. All were Jews. But none were given the dignity they deserved.\nIf it seems strange that a group of Jews from Portugal wound up in Amsterdam in the 1600s, it helps to understand what started in Spain a little more than a hundred years earlier. In 1478, a Dominican friar convinced Queen Isabella of Spain that Jews who had converted to Christianity were still secretly practicing their old beliefs. The queen and King Ferdinand petitioned Pope Sixtus IV to start an inquisition." ]

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[ "This video will get you started on using a Ratchet Brace on your woodworking projects.\nThis content is meant to help you acquire a basic grounding in woodworking.\nIt's always a good idea to be adept at using hand tools. Don't miss out on the remaining videos in this series to familiarize yourself with all the various woodworking tools.\nThe step-by-step tutorial will tell you everything you need to know to use a ratchet brace in your own woodwork projects.\nMusic - Gilles B\nIn this Video you will learn how to use a Ratchet Brace.\nThe Ratchet Brace, also known as Brace and Bits, is a hand-tool used to drill holes or nails into wood.\nThe linear motion of its crank-shaped handle can provide ample torque when drilling.\nThe tools and materials you will need are: A Ratchet Brace, Drill Bits, Screws, a Saw Horse, a Hammer, a Vice and a Workpiece.\nBody weight is applied on the pivoting head of the Ratchet Brace as the U-shaped shaft is hand-cranked to rotate the bit.\nThe wider the sweep or diameter of the handle's movement around the tool, the higher the torque.\nThe ratchet mechanism consists of two pawls riding over a splined shaft that lets the brace turn the drill bit either clockwise or anti-clockwise.\nThis enables short, reciprocal ratchet strokes at tight corners where a full, 360 degree sweep is restricted.\nThe self-centering, four-jaw Chuck grips onto bits of different sizes.\nThere are different kinds of drill bits to serve each function.\nSome of the common varieties are the twist drill bit, spade or paddle drill bit and the screw bit.\nThe twist drill bit has helical flutes along the shaft with a centering point, and sometimes two auxiliary cutting points for additional support.\nThe Spade Bit has a centering point that starts the hole and anchors the bit while the two paddle-shaped blades shave out the wood around it.\nA Brace and Screwdriver Bit can exert a lot more pressure and leverage than a hand screwdriver.\nSpecialized bits are available to match each type of screw head.\nTo fix a Bit into a Brace, loosen the jaws of the chuck.\nHold the bit between the jaws, inserting the shank of the bit into the space in the middle.\nTurn the shell of the chuck until the jaws are secured around the shank.\nMake sure the chuck's jaws grab the bit as you tighten them, as any misalignment can stress and damage a jaw.\nTighten the shell until it's hard to turn.\nPierce the tip of the Twist Drill Bit into the desired point.\nStart drilling slowly.\nAfter the first few turns the bit will have engaged with the piece.\nHold the head steady as you crank the handle.\nNo matter how unwieldy a Ratchet brace may seem at first, with practice it gets easier and more precise.\nUse your shoulder to apply force behind the hand gripping the Head.\nIf your workbench is too high you could stand on a box or stool.\nHere, we have used a saw horse.\nWhen using a Spade Bit, be wary of the wood splintering as the drill bit emerges from the other end of the workpiece.\nYou can avoid splintering by completing the hole from the opposite side or by clamping scrap wood below the workpiece Use extra care during those last few turns.\nWhen the bit finally emerges, turn the piece over on the vice, place the bit on the point and finish the last section.\nWhen drilling a screw into a piece of wood, it is advisable to first bore a pilot hole using a bit that is slightly narrower than the threads of the screw.\nIf needed, lightly hammer the screw in before you start drilling so that it is held stably.\nTo remove a screw, adjust the ratchet mechanism and drill in the anticlockwise direction.\nEnsure that you always use a drill bit that matches the screw head.\nStick a tape on the bit for reference to the specific depth you want to reach.\nYou have now learnt how to use a Ratchet Brace." ]

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[ "Salvia battling drug addiction?January 17, 2012\nResearchers at the Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, are focussing on Salvia divinorum as part of their research into anti-addiction compounds that may ultimately form the basis of medications that help reduce cravings and prevent relapses for people addicted to stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine.\nThe study is led by Dr Bronwyn Kivell, a Senior Lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences. Collaborating with a medicinal chemist at the University of Kansas in the United States along with her Victoria University colleague Professor Susan Schenk, Dr Kivell is investigating ways of targeting a protein in the brain, called the kappa opioid receptor, which is the same receptor affected by Salvia.\nMost hallucinogenic substances affect serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the body that influences peoples sense of well-being, but Dr Kivell says salvia is different.\n“It has a unique structure and contains compounds that we think could have anti-addictive properties.”\nA usual problem with compounds that target kappa opioid receptors, says Dr Kivell, is their tendency to have extreme side effects such as nausea and depression.\n“However, some of those we are testing have much milder side effects.”\nRead the full article here: Research helping combat drug addiction\nAt Salvia.net we will be keeping a close eye on this study and report should there be any news." ]

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[ "A Canadian study has shown that angry, aggressive drivers have much higher odds of being in a motor vehicle collision than those who don’t get angry while driving.\nResearchers discovered that taking even simple steps to manage stress and reduce anger can lessen injury and harm. Although it is difficult to say if more motorists are stressed out and angry than in previous decades, research does show that a significant number of drivers have issues.\nIn the current study, investigators discovered nearly one-third of Ontario drivers reported acts of minor aggression.\n“Even minor aggression, such as swearing, yelling or making rude gestures, can increase the risk of a collision,” says lead author Dr. Christine Wickens, scientist in CAMH’s Institute for Mental Health Policy Research.\nDrivers who said they had also made threats, attempted or succeeded in damaging another car or hurting someone, had the highest odds of collision — 78 percent higher than those whose aggression was considered minor.\nThis risk is comparable to those who use cannabis and drive, Dr. Wickens notes, and represents two percent of Ontarians.\nStudy findings were drawn from the CAMH Monitor, an ongoing survey of Ontario adults’ mental health and risk behaviors, using responses from 12,830 people between 2002 and 2009.\nWhile past research has explored the relationship between aggression and collisions, this is the largest population-level study to analyze this association.\nJust under eight percent of Ontarians reported having a car collision in the previous year. This group was analyzed in relation to their reported aggressive behavior, while controlling for other factors that could increase the risk of collision such as age, sex, cannabis or alcohol use, and other factors.\nIt was striking how the risk of collision rose as the levels of aggression increased, says Dr. Wickens.\nPeople who reported no driving-related aggression had the lowest odds of collision, with increasing risk among those who had minor aggression, and the highest risk of all among those who reported both minor and more serious aggression.\n“The results clearly show that aggression is related to the risk of collision,” says Dr. Wickens.\nWhile the study doesn’t show that specific cases of anger directly caused a collision, the strong association suggests these drivers may have a greater chance of a collision because they either drive more aggressively or are distracted by their anger from other hazards on the road.\n“Reducing driver anger and aggression would potentially reduce the risk of collisions,” says Dr. Wickens.\nThere are well established approaches to manage stress and anger, ranging from deep breathing techniques and listening to music to cognitive anger management programs. Leaving enough time on a car trip to reach your destination could also reduce stress, the researchers write.\nThe study appears in Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour." ]

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[ "Winter temperatures may reduce energy costs for ectotherms. However, variable mid-temperate and low-latitude winters may interact with scaling of size, metabolism, and energy reserves to cause energy deficits and require trade-offs between foraging and predation. A dynamic optimization model explored how ration, fall fat, and both non- and size-selective predation influenced foraging (i.e., fast or forage) and energy allocation (i.e., length or fat) decisions that maximize winter survival of age-0 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). During a mid-latitude (38° N) winter, a pond experiment in which age-0 fish occurred with or without adult conspecific predators tested a subset of the model. In the model without predators, winter foraging occurred, with small size only reducing survival when low ration and low fall fat caused small fish to exhaust reserves. With predation, all sizes foraged to maintain mass and fat reserves when ration was sufficiently high, with small fish also growing in length. When modeled predation was nonselective, size-dependent mortality varied in complex ways. In contrast, size-selective predators consistently reduced survival of small fish. Generally consistent with the model, fish in ponds without predators gained mass and energy content, while those with predators only maintained these parameters. All small individuals grew more than large counterparts in length. Mortality in ponds never depended on size but was ∼20% higher with predators. Energy deficits often demand active foraging during mid-temperate winters, with predation rather than energy depletion influencing size-dependent survival.\n|Original language||English (US)|\n|Number of pages||12|\n|State||Published - Oct 2004|\n- Largemouth bass\n- Micropterus salmoides\nASJC Scopus subject areas\n- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics" ]

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[ "The small farmers in this region take an artisan approach to their production, taking their coffee from seed to dry parchment.\nThe La Concordia region is renowned for producing excellent coffee due to various factors such as: the agroclimatic conditions of the area, altitude, soils, great diversity of natural interactions and of course, the people who through effort and care are able to produce the “Oro Verde” (green gold as it is called).\nThis region is also well known for it’s dry and rainy seasons, which are very well synchronized with the physiology of the coffee plant. During harvest season, the weather is cold with little rain which helps to extend the fermentation time and drying conditions, and as a consequence, improves the coffee cup quality.\nVariables such as climate behavior, the endemic vegetation and fauna interaction creates a top priority responsibility to enhance sustainable coexistence between coffee productive activities and conservation of this environment.\nAs a result of this coffee culture and endemic ecosystems interaction, it is possible to offer sustainable and high-end quality coffee to the world." ]

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[ "Can Hepatitis C Be Prevented?\nWritten By: Teri Gottlieb\nUnfortunately, there is not yet a vaccine to prevent HCV infection, however, you can take steps to avoid coming into contact with the virus.\n- Not injecting or stopping injection drug use would eliminate the chief route of HCV transmission. If you continue injecting drugs, then be sure to use new, sterile syringes every time you inject—you should never reuse or share syringes, needles, water or drug preparation equipment.\n- You should not share toothbrushes or razors with someone you know is infected with HCV.\n- If you are considering a tattoo or body piercing, you should be sure that they are performed by reputable, licensed experts who follow strict hygiene procedures (e.g., sterile equipment). Be very cautious about tattoos and body piercings. If you choose to do this, look for a reputable shop. Ask questions beforehand about how the equipment is cleaned. Make sure they are using sterile needles. Also make sure that the ink that is being used on you is FRESH. Many shops will pour ink back into a larger container when they have finished with a tattoo. The HCV virus can live in the paint.\nIf you have HCV, please remember that your blood is contaminated.\n- Let your doctors and dentist know that you have HCV so they can take proper precautions.\n- Do not let anyone draw your blood or start an IV if they are not wearing gloves.\n- If you get injured and you are bleeding, if it is a small injury, clean it up so no one else is exposed.\n- If you are being treated by paramedics, please let them know of your HCV status." ]

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[ "|Author||Saddleback Educational Publishing|\n|File size||7.7 Mb|\nThe Common Core State Standards (CCSS) provide a consistent, clear understanding of what students are expected to learn. Aligning each lesson in these six Common Core titles to the CCSS ensures that students are being taught and assessed on what they are expected to learn and know. The alignment helps educators think critically about their curriculum, instruction, and assessments as they work to ensure that their students meet the rigorous new standards. Beginning with foundational skills, the activities teach students what they need to learn. The alignments offer a progressive development of reading comprehension skills so that students advancing through the levels are able to gain more from whatever they read. Each title includes a table of contents, a CCSS alignment chart, 130 reproducible lessons individually aligned to the CCSS (each lesson contains a discrete alignment at the bottom of the page), a scope and sequence chart, and an answer key." ]

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[ "Two essays on the topic of banning Huckleberry Finn: one for, one against. The task is the kind of task I like to set to draw ideas together from the teaching, whilst challenging the boys to explore and respond personally.\nI hope you enjoy this.\nYour local government has announced a ban on the use of the text Huckleberry Finn in schools and ordered its removal from library shelves.\nWrite an article in response to this action in which you focus on analysis of Twain’s writing to dispel the idea that the text is ‘damaging to the youth of today’.\nLast week, local government became part of a wider intellectual and academic mistake, one which is being perpetuated across the Western world with stunning alacrity. The idea is that we can apply modern standards to old literature. Thus, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is certainly racist and harmful to the young, so the reasoning goes, because it includes racial stereotypes and because the ending does not amount to what we, readers of our own time and society, might wish it to amount. This is an absurd argument which clouds worthwhile judgement on Huck and Twain, and means we lose the great value which we can, if we remain open minded, gain from them.\nThe reality is that Twain delivers a message of human dignity in Jim which radically transcends the narrow racism of his time, delivers a strong moral message in Huck’s clash between society and human goodness, and, even when his writing unsettles us, provides a crucial look at the values and mores of America at the time. When those values upset us, we should not cast them aside, but learn from them. Literature must be seen in its context. By doing so, young minds, rather than being harmed, grow.\nIn Huckleberry Finn, Twain confronts the sloppy racial assumptions of his time and gives us, in Jim, a well-developed black character. This was a ground-breaking literary direction in the 1880s, when the views of blacks as antisocial, lazy and stupid were the sum of black portrayal in literature, and they are still of great moral value today. While it is true that, in a novel which combines the comic with the serious, there are black stereotypes which offend us today, e.g. Jim’s belief in superstitions like ‘a hair-ball as big as your fist’ with which ‘he used to do magic’ and his occasional supinity, ‘doz[ing] off, pretty soon’, nonetheless Jim is a character with far more to offer. His desire for self-advancement, investing money in ‘live stock’, his common sense, pointing out that Solomon’s famous action over a disputed maternity ‘warn’t ‘bout a half a chile, de’spute was ‘bout a whole chile’, all of these characteristics move beyond the hollow caricatures which passed for black characters in 19th Century American literature, at a time when minstrel shows abounded through the Union. Above all, Twain’s antiracist approach can be seen in Jim’s loyalty. His close friendship with Huck, calling him ‘chile’ and ‘honey’ shows that blacks can be not just part of society, but even quasi-paternal figures to white boys. The loyalty he shows, waiting for Huck as he lives with the Grangerfords and greeting him by saying ‘Lawsy, I’s mighty glad to get you back agin, honey’, eradicates the stereotypes of blacks as untrustworthy, and his virtue stands in contrast to some of the more mendacious scoundrels whom we meet, like the Duke and Dauphin, both white. In Jim, Twain begins the journey of increasing seriousness in black portrayal in American literature, years before Bigger in Richard Wright’s Native Son, a novel which realistically captures the realities of black urban life. In fact, Twain’s sensitivity in his presentation of Jim puts to shame later American novelists like F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose derisive reference in The Great Gatsby to‘bucks’ de-humanises blacks as much as Twain humanises them. Twain’s novel cannot damage youth any more than a book like Gatsby based on racial prejudices, and it in fact damages them far less. (Yet there is no controversy over studying Gatsby, and correctly so.) Rather, Huck offers a decent, human portrayal of blacks which should enrich the moral compass of any school child. That is not to say that the racial stereotypes listed above are not upsetting: instead, we must bear them as the marks of a humourist who had to wrap a serious message in a marketable and profitable layer of contemporary comedy.\nThe argument put forward by Jane Smiley that Jim’s loyalty to Huck is itself disturbing, since he appears to become more and more subservient as he is mistreated by Tom Sawyer towards the end, holds no water. The bond between Huck and Jim is based, as Shelly Fisher Fishkin points out, on Huck’s intention to respect Jim’s feelings. The moment at which their friendship is cemented is arguably in Chapter 15, when Jim shames Huck into ‘humbl[ing himself] to a nigger’ and claiming that he ‘could almost kissed his foot’. When one considers that the postbellum period in which Twain wrote saw the retrenchment of white power south of the Mason-Dixon line, the development of violent white supremacist groups and the political disenfranchisement of blacks in Southern states, the idea of a white boy deigning to act in such a way to a runaway slave is revolutionary. This moment of recognition, of Jim’s humanity, means that even though Huck later allows Tom to misuse Jim, we know that he is cognisant of Jim’s human dignity. Simultaneously, Jim’s position towards the end of the novel is not a damaging assertion of black subservience, but arguably a contemplative narrative on the state of free blacks in Twain’s 1880s: like Jim, they are free, but like Jim, they are subject to the whims of careless, frivolous whites like Tom Sawyer, who would rather follow their own desires – here the insane ‘Chelleeny’-influenced designs of Tom- than improve the lives of blacks. Even when it appears at first glance that Twain has given in to the unsavoury racial sentiments of his time, he presents us with a nuanced and socially advanced view of blacks, and, in Huck, a hero for values of tolerance and brotherhood, certainly no causes of damage to any young reader.\nIt would also be ludicrous to argue that Huck’s constant battle with his own conscience is anything but moral nourishment for young readers. The fight of an independent free thinker against the hypocrisy, violence and injustice of the ‘sivilized’ world is far from a damaging tale. Huck’s rejection of societal hypocrisy at the beginning of the novel, realising that the Widow Douglas’ snuff habit was ‘all right’, unlike his pipe, ‘because she done it herself’, shows an ironic commitment to societal honesty from an inveterate and talented liar which strips bare the idiocies and fabricated niceties of a highly imperfect society. This is a lesson as crucial now as it was when the rugged American frontier was being tamed but its noble pioneer values crushed. Above all the conundrum of protecting Jim, resisting a conscience which, reflecting the social norms of a slaveholding society, tells him that he should have ‘told somebody’ about Jim, demonstrates what happens when, in Twain’s words, ‘A sound heart and a deformed conscience come into collision and conscience suffers defeat’. The triumph of innate human goodness, represented by Huck, over the greed and amorality of civilised society was not only a potent reminder to Twain’s readership that the honesty of the pioneer was superior to the capitalist excess and indifference to racism of the Gilded Age, but a universal, inspiring example of a good individual standing against the poisoned morals of society. This is what gives Huckleberry Finn a place in the innermost halls of Western literature: other novelists in the American canon have produced virtuous and single-minded protagonists, reflecting the rugged individualism to which the USA has often aspired, like Hemingway’s Frederick Henry, but in Huck, Twain also invented a voice through which he could lambast his nation and do so humorously, and provide an excoriating critique of societal duplicity which has stood the test of time and which should remain available to today’s youth.\nNone of this is to deny that there are unsettling moments in Twain’s novel. Though these exist, they are, when taken contextually, important to understanding the period and the text. They must be acknowledged and discussed. The straightforwardly racist elements of the narrative or plot are signs, not of a latent racism in Twain, but of Twain’s need to accommodate his readership: such are the references to Jim’s superstitions and his comically exaggerated, emotive language (‘Oh Lordy’). Had Twain produced, as a comic writer, a dour, dense, hectoring social commentary, it is unlikely that it would have been at all successful, and his antiracist message would have become lost in the sands of time. As for the repeated use of the ‘n-word’, often given as the cause for bans, Twain uses it as a man of his time, writing in the language of his time. Banning Huck Finn as a harmful work because it contains the n-word would be like banning The Age of Innocence because it depicts the close-minded bigotry of the Northeastern upper classes of the 1870s. Just as Wharton is portraying such bigotry to analyse and critique it, so Twain uses the language of a world still recovering from the end of slavery because he is thoughtfully discussing race in America. Moreover, his characters do not speak for him, and the word, pointing to notions of ownership and dehumanisation, further enriches his presentation of a world at ease with the vile practices of racism and slavery, and his protagonist’s resistance of those practices.\nWhen Twain introduces ugly racial tones into the novel, for example when Huck says of Jim at the end of the novel, ‘I knowed he was white inside’, they at first strike us as doubly repellent precisely because they do not fit with the general moral and social thrust of the narrative tone. However, the introduction of such ideas at the end of the novel do not suggest so much a sea-change in Twain’s views or intentions, but more the influence of a slave-owning environment on Huck. His rejection of that environment at the end, ‘light[ing] out for the Territory’ and the lawlessness and uncivilised return to nature it represents, assures us that this momentary change, while showing the insidious effect of a soured American society on those who live within it, cannot thwart the goodness and freedom from prejudice which Twain has represented in Huck.\nA cursory, uninformed reading of the text would yield consternation and outrage at certain moments. Such ignorant outrage has clearly gripped the council. Yet a nuanced, context-informed reading of the text reveals a clear line of good authorial intentions through the work. As David L. Smith writes, ‘Huckleberry Finn is without peer among major Euro-American novels for its explicitly antiracist stance’: Twain, in a world of bigoted darkness, built a literary lighthouse of societal, racial and moral honesty. Its rays should continue to guide the youth of today. The mollycoddling, philistine approach of those who are too unimaginative to do anything to challenging literature but ban it must be wholly resisted, in this case as much as all others.\nWrite an article in response to this action in which you focus on analysis of Twain’s writing to dispel the idea that the text is ‘damaging to the youth of today’.\n“All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since.” Such a bold and confident statement by, arguably, one of America’s greatest writers, Ernest Hemmingway, completely dismisses the notion of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being ‘damaging to the youth of today’. For one to argue that the novel is racist and offensive and attacks the black community simply highlights one’s misinterpretation of the novel. The main premise on which many of the debates to ban the novel have stood have been a result of pure misunderstanding of the writing of Twain and the reasoning behind his choice of plot, language and characterisation.\nThe greatest argument against the sale and distribution of this novel has been the use of the ‘N-word’ throughout the novel. However, many who have fought to ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, have arguably failed to understand the reason and particular use of the ‘N-word’ by Twain. As the novel progresses the use of the word is used less and less by Huck, as a means of addressing or referring to Jim, rather it is used by Huck with tact as he begins to defy the attitude that dictated that the black community, particularly those who were enslaved, were second class citizens. However, I disagree with this ideology and particularly the view of critic, David L. Smith who believes that Twain’s use of “Nigger” is a means of understanding the precise nature of American racism and Twain’s subtle attack on racism. There is no positive way in which such a word can be used. The word is used, by Twain, to degrade Jim and the black community. The enslaved black community as well as Jim in the novel are constantly referred to as “nigger[s]”. The word is used throughout the book a vast number of times by every white character as though there is nothing wrong with it. The main problem that many have with the ‘N-word’ being used so many times is the fact that the word has so many negative connotations and so its use shouldn’t be accepted or promoted. Furthermore, the ‘N-word’ dehumanises black people in the novel, it is used to objectify black people. We see through the line, “…and if you see any runaway niggers, get help and catch them.” They are talked about and treated as some wild animals that need to be hunted. Thus we see that the use of such a word cannot be a way in which Twain subtly attacks racism rather a device that magnifies racist and radical view towards black people.\nThe second issue with the novel which has caused such uproar is the widespread racism throughout the novel, though this racism is mostly targeting the black community, it is not always as blatant as the use of the ‘N-word’ for example. Twain uses the characters in the novel to express his own radical and racial views towards the black community of the time. This can be seen through Pap in chapter 6 where he is disgusted at the fact that “a free nigger … from Ohio; a mulatter, most as white as a white man … a p’fessor in a college” is allowed to vote. Twain, in this case, projects his angst and racist views through the character of Pap. The ending of the novel also works as an exposé of Twain’s disdain towards the black community. I am in agreement with Julius Lester, a critic and professor who believes that that the novel takes such a turn and has such a nonsensical ending as Twain didn’t care about the slaves and had only contempt for them. Thus we see that another motive for the banning of this novel is brought about through the rushed ending that dismisses the evil as well as the problems attached with slavery which questions the morals of Twain and the Novel.\nThis novel is arguably not completely bad and some might suggest it shouldn’t be banned as the fact that it is such a honest representation of the American society at the time, it is necessary for the youth of today to learn about the novel and more importantly, learn from the novel that the novel doesattack racism. It is somewhat obvious to the modern reader that the treatment of Jim and the black community in the novel is wrong and unjust and therefore, the novel acts as a form of guidance for society. Furthermore, it could also be suggested that this is not only a guidance for the reader in the 21st Century rather, a guidance for all of society and all readersof the novel whether past or present. There is a clear idea of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being a novel that is an innocent representation and a critic of the American society. This is seen through the way in which Huck rejects societal approval rather works to stop the unjust and immoral nature of slavery. Thus Kaplan, a critic and author, argues that Twain’s work is innocent and merely representing an honest society and is in fact highlighting the wrong in society through the way in which Huck fights and risks his life for Jim’s freedom.\nIn conclusion I agree that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnby Mark Twain should be banned as result of the racist ideology and objectification of the black community. It is clear that Twain used the Novel to push forward his own racist ideas and I believe that such a writer’s work should not be distributed despite the fact that it is seen as an attack on racism by some. Such work should also not be accepted as a historical insight into the treatment and life of the enslaved black community. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel submerged in racial and discriminatory undertoneswhich are not wholly attacked by any character. Finally, the ending of the novel and the way that it is written by Twain disrespects the plight of the black community in America at the time." ]

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[ "LOS ANGELES — Good news, coffee lovers: the secret to a longer life could lie in having a steaming cup of joe in the morning, a new study finds.\nResearchers at USC pulled data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, which illustrates health habits going back to 1992, to analyze how coffee-drinking habits correlate to health outcomes.\nIn all, more than 185,000 individuals were examined through the data used by the researchers.\nThe data’s analysis showed that all racial groups— whites, Asians, African Americans, and Hispanics — had a 12 percent lower incidence of death due to heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, respiratory problems, or kidney disease when they drank one cup of coffee a day.\nThis decrease in mortality was even greater — 18 percent — for those who drank two to three cups a day.\n“We cannot say drinking coffee will prolong your life, but we see an association,” says V. Wendy Setiawan, senior author of the study and an associate professor of preventive medicine, in a university news release. “If you like to drink coffee, drink up! If you’re not a coffee drinker, then you need to consider if you should start.”\nWhile noting that positive outcomes were seen for both decaf and non-decaf drinkers, the researchers weren’t able to confirm that the relationship between improved health and coffee consumption was causal — the two factors could merely be correlated.\nStill, this study is groundbreaking in that “until now, few data have been available on the association between coffee consumption and mortality in nonwhites in the United States and elsewhere,” the researchers say, noting that disease risk and incidence varies amongst different ethnic groups.\nIn recent years, numerous studies have shown the broad benefits of drinking coffee, after decades of belief that its consumption led to adverse health outcomes.\nDetractors had included bodies as big as the World Health Organization.\nUltimately, the rumors that “it might increase the risk of heart disease, stunt growth or lead to stomach ulcers and heartburn,” simply aren’t true, says V. Wendy Setiawan, the study’s senior author.\nWhile coffee is safe, it’s still best to avoid drinking coffee too hot, the researchers warn, as consuming boiling liquids can lead to cancer in the esophagus.\nFurther research is planned in looking into how coffee increases the risk of developing specific cancers.\nThe study’s findings were published this week in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine." ]

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[ "“If only he would pick up on my hints so I don’t have to spell it out!”\n“If only he would talk to me about his feelings!”\n“If only she would let me give her advice and not just want me to listen to her problems!”\nDo these thoughts ever go through your mind? I’m sure they have. We have all had frustrations with the opposite sex at one point or another. It can lead to conflict, divorce, and pain if we don’t try to understand each other more. But no one ever teaches us about gender differences, unless you happen to come across a class like mine when you are in college.\nI have been teaching gender communication for about 15 years, and it’s my favorite class. Why? Because my students become mesmerized. They have so many “Ah Ha!” moments. I love that!\nHere are eight research-proven facts about gender that could be helpful to you:\n1. People start “gender-izing” before a baby is even born.\nI know people who decorate their baby boy’s room with images of footballs, basketballs and anything else sports-related. And they decorate girls’ rooms with pink colors, flowers, and frilly things. And don’t forget the flower headbands on the girl babies! The point here is that we are all so obsessed with labeling our children that we automatically set forth these unspoken expectations even before they are born.\n2. Gender ideals are culturally bound (and time-bound).\nAmerican women shave their legs and arm pits. But in some other areas of the world, this isn’t so. And back several hundred years ago, the gender ideal for a woman was to be overweight and have very white skin (because it meant they were rich enough to eat well and not work in the fields). Now it’s the opposite. So gender ideals are very relative — even within families. Some families expect traditional gender roles from their children, while others welcome challenging those boundaries.\n3. We tend to model our same-sex parent’s behavior.\nThe Social Learning Theory suggests that we model the behavior that we see on a regular basis. Therefore, if your mom wore make-up, did all the household chores, and was a stay-at-home mom, then you are more likely to follow in her footsteps. However, if your dad stayed at home with the kids while your mom was CEO of a company, you are more likely to follow their behavior. This theory makes gender behavior a little more individualistic and relative to families.\n4. Males and females learn differently and are not treated the same in the classroom.\nI’m sure you’ve heard that boys tend to be better at math, science and spatial subjects. And girls are better at reading and language. But did you know that teachers also treat them differently? From pre-school to graduate school, teachers tend to focus more time and attention on male students. The reasons for this vary, but it is true.\n5. Men and women tend to have different leadership styles.\nTraditionally, men have dominated the public sphere (business world and everything outside the home), whereas women have dominated the private sphere. Because of that, there are different skills required to be successful in these different arenas. One of those differing skills is their leadership styles. While there is a lot of research on the topic, men tend to be more autocratic leaders — they “tell people what to do.” On the contrary, women tend to be more democratic leaders — they ask input from their subordinates and give them more of a voice. Of course, not every male or female leader falls into these categories, but those are the tendencies.\n6. Many women use “powerless” language.\nFemales tend to use language that undercuts their power and authority, and it is also excessively polite. They often say things like, “This might be a stupid idea, but …” or “I’m so sorry, am I bothering you? I can come back later…” or “You’ll be home soon, won’t you?” These types of ways of speaking gives up the power to the other person to say, “Yes, that’s a stupid idea” or “Yes, you’re bothering me — go away” or “No, I won’t be home soon.” Women are socialized to speak like this because they are supposed to be nice and polite to other people, but it undermines their self-confidence as well.\n7. Women listen to connect with another person, and men listen to solve a problem.\nWhen listening to a woman, men often think, “Oh my gosh, can she just GET TO THE POINT?” And women are thinking, “Why can’t he just listen to me without giving me advice and trying to fix my problem?” This is normal. Women view listening as something that bonds people. Men, however, are very goal-oriented. They don’t really see the point of just listening to someone vent if they can’t help them. Neither style is bad, they are just different!\n8. The media simultaneously creates and perpetuates gender stereotypes.\nAs I discussed in point number two, gender ideals change and are culture-specific. And a huge area where we get messages about how we should be as a male or female is from the media. For example, women are socialized to want to have extravagant weddings. And men are socialized to want their independence. It’s not true for ALL men and ALL women, but generally speaking, it’s true.\nThis is just the tip of the iceberg. I teach an entire semester-long class about the topic of gender differences, so there is no way that I could fit it all into one little article. But hopefully I gave you some information that will help you be more tolerant and forgiving of the opposite sex!" ]

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[ "203. Baker, Ernest A. The History of the English Novel. 9 vols. London: H. F. & G. Witherby, 1924-1939.\n204. Colby, Robert A. Fiction With a Purpose: Major and Minor Nineteenth-Century Novels. Bloomington and London: Indiana UP, 1967.\n205. Edwards, P.D. Some Mid-Victorian Thrillers: The Sensation Novel, Its Friends and Its Foes. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1971.\n206. Elton, Oliver. A Survey of English Literature 1830-1880. 2 vols. London: Edward Arnold, 1920.\n207. Hollingsworth, Keith. The Newgate Novel, 1830-1847: Bulwer, Ainsworth, Dickens and Thackeray. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1963.\n208. Horsman, Alan. The Victorian Novel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.\n209. Russell, Percy. A Guide to British and American Novels. London: Digby, Long, 1894.\n210. Saintsbury, George. A History of Nineteenth Century Literature (1780-1900). London: Macmillan, 1916.\n211. Showalter, Elaine. A Literature of their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. London: Virago, 1978.\n212. Walker, Hugh. The Literature of the Victorian Era. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1910." ]

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[ "It’s High Summer, and a lot has been going on out there. Many species have already peaked and disappeared from the scene, assuming, until next year, whatever form they spend the majority of their lives in. Others are coming into their own. Here are some of the sights the BugLady has seen in local prairies and wetlands.\nANTS are everywhere, foraging for proteins and carbs, including milkweed nectar to take home to their families. Some species of ants have workers that are essentially tanker trucks. Ants are no great shakes as pollinators, due to their slippery little bodies and fastidious grooming habits, and besides that, they’re pedestrians, so the pollen doesn’t travel far. (Family Formicidae)\nBLUE MUD DAUBER WASP – Cup plants have “perfoliate” leaves that look like two “conjoined leaves” but are actually a single leaf whose base is joined around the stem, making it look like the stem is piercing it. For a few days after a rain, reservoirs made by the cup plant’s leaves hold water that’s appreciated by all sorts of small animals. The wasp uses mud to construct chambers for her eggs, but she doesn’t carry water to dirt, spit on it, and stir. She may just be thirsty. (Family Sphecidae)\nSTRIPED HAIRSTREAK – The BugLady found this small butterfly of dappled woods and edges while she was surveying water hemlock plants for an up-coming episode. Adults nectar on available flowers, and Butterflies of the Great Lakes Region tells us that “Early in the morning, they will sip dew from leaves as they bask.” They’re not-very-common – “scattered lightly over our landscape,” says “The Butterflies of Massachusetts” website, “widely distributed although nowhere abundant.” The theory is that the eyespots on the hind wing confuse predators. (Family Lycaenidae)\nHORSEFLY – Just a glamour shot of a horse fly, that’s all. (Family Tabanidae)\nPARASITIZED – This dangling caterpillar was discovered in its infancy by a small, parasitic wasp that laid an egg in it. The wasp larva hatched, and then it ate and grew within the caterpillar, which was trying to do the same, but whose existence had been repurposed. When it was ready to pupate, the wasp dealt the coup de grace to its unfortunate host, exited, and spun a cocoon on the outside. As Darwin once said of parasitoids, “I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of Caterpillars.”\nAMERICAN CARRION BEETLE – The BugLady has seen a number of adult carrion beetles flying around –black and yellow and big and buzzy – trying to convince her that they’re bumble bees, but she rarely sees the larvae. Adults lay their eggs on dead animals, and then stick around on the carcass doing “pest control” (eating the competition) before their well-armored larvae hatch and for a while afterward. The larvae will also eat other larvae they find on “their” carrion. (Family Silphidae)\nEASTERN AMBERWING – The BugLady’s favorite insect is the Tiger Swallowtail, but the Eastern Amberwing is on her long list of second-favorites. This feisty 0.9” dragonfly has an attitude way bigger than its size. (Family Libellulidae)\nA JUMPING SPIDER in the genus Pelegrina (thanks as always for the ID, BugFan Mike) is another critter with attitude. You can see why jumping spiders have fan clubs. (Family Salticidae)\nCOMMON BUCKEYE – The BugLady has way more shots of this beautiful butterfly sitting on the ground than on flowers (when it sits on flowers, it prefers composites); it typically flits along 6’ ahead of her on mowed paths. It’s a Southern migrant to God’s Country, arriving in early summer, but the migrants produce a brood once they’re here. The undersides of the wings of the migrants https://bugguide.net/node/view/1460171/bgimage and the later/fall broods https://bugguide.net/node/view/1301685/bgimage are different – if you’re lucky enough to see one with its wings closed. If the Striped Hairstreak’s eyespots are meant to confuse, the Buckeye’s are meant to intimidate. (Family Nymphalidae)\nCINNAMON CLEARWING MOTH – So cool! So speedy! Clearwing moths are in the Sphinx moth family Sphingidae; we have two species around here, and the BugLady has plenty of out-of-focus shots of each. Like chasing sprites.\nROBBER FLY – Some robber flies are small and shy, but Promachus vertebratus is neither. At about an inch long, it was almost the same size as the Halloween Pennant dragonflies the BugLady was photographing at the same time. It makes “annoyed” sounds when you kick it up in the fields (attitude again). These flies prey on anything they can catch – the BugLady has a shot of one holding a Clouded Sulphur butterfly. (Family Asilidae)\nWHITEFACE AND BLUET – The BugLady was stalking dragonflies at Spruce Lake Bog when a Dot-tailed Whiteface dragonfly grabbed a Marsh Bluet damselfly and sat down beside her. Something buzzed the duo loudly – maybe a robber fly – and the startled dragonfly released its prey. As the whiteface moved to a different perch, the damselfly shook it off and flew away. No damselflies were harmed to make this picture. (Families Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae)\nGo outside – look at bugs!\nKate Redmond, The BugLady\nBug of the Week archives:" ]

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[ "Plants could be unreliable for us as carbon sinks\nA new technique reveals how the metabolism of terrestrial plants has increased– and can decrease – with rising atmospheric CO2 levels.\nIn our era of climate crisis we humans are not the only living life forms that are eager to capture carbon dioxide. Plants – and significantly also algae in the oceans – have been doing it long before us.\nLand plants currently absorb about a third of the CO2 we produce. Plants are saving us from ourselves. But how long will they do so?\nMetabolism of dead flora\nThe parts-per-million levels of carbon in the atmosphere are rising dangerously. Is there a point where plants just can’t take any more? Climatologists would certainly like to know. Swedish scientists at Umeå University have found some answers from plants that died about a century ago.\nThe researchers have used a new method for analysing the metabolism of old, dead plants – find out how much carbon they took in through photosynthesis.\nThis enabled the scientists to chalk up a time line in the plants’ climate records. It also helps them to see how reliable plants might be as our carbon scrubbing helpers in the future.\nInitially more, then less CO2 absorption\nFortunately the plants are working for us – at least for now. The more carbon dioxide we emit, the more carbon they pull out of the atmosphere while releasing oxygen. This intensification of photosynthesis on a large scale is called CO2 fertilisation.\nThe problem is that additional CO2 in the atmosphere amplifies the greenhouse effect. Our planet heats up. Then another mechanism takes hold. Plants and algae accumulate less CO2. What happens?\nOxygen and heat\nThe problem is the oxygen in the air. As the atmosphere gets warmer, it gets harder for a plant to discriminate between O2 and CO2 in its metabolic processes and oxygen starts getting absorbed instead of carbon dioxide. This is called photorespiration.\nPhotorespiration is a chemical twist on normal plant metabolism – photosynthesis. Photosynthesis utilises light from the sun and carbon dioxide from the air and creates a building block in the form of a sugar – and releases oxygen.\nPlants store less energy when atmospheric oxygen replaces CO2 in photorespiration. The result can be a decline in future harvests, according to the Umeå University scientists.\nIn this twist, oxygen is neither good for the plants nor for their absorption of CO2.\nOscillating atom nuclei\nHow did the scientists manage to evaluate the metabolism of plants that have been dead for a century?\nThey used a method called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). It is the same thing as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conducted at hospitals – only the word “nuclear” is dropped as doctors know some patients might shun anything that could make them think they are being nuked.\nThe researchers break down plant material to the sugar molecules from their photosynthesis. These glucose molecules are placed in the NMR spectroscope.\nIn this machine they are subjected to a powerful magnetic field and to radio waves. The radio waves make the dense cores, or nuclei, of the atoms in the sugar molecule of the atoms oscillate something like the radio waves. These motions can be detected by a special radio receiver.\nDifferent atom nuclei oscillate in different frequencies, akin to the various frequencies used by competing radio stations.\nAtoms bind into molecules, for instance the glucose sugar molecule in the experiment, and specific molecules also oscillate at different rates.\nSugar molecules shimmy differently depending on whether they were created through photosynthesis or through photorespiration. This enables the scientists to reckon what kind of metabolism the dead plants had.\nThe scientists got old, dead samples of peat moss (sphagnum), cotton grass and spinach from the Swedish Museum of Natural History at Umeå University and placed them in the NMR machine.\nPeat moss is particularly important and prevalent in the Nordic countries. Old moss sinks down in bogs and becomes peat. Bogs are one of nature’s great carbon storage devices.\nBogs can exist for thousands of years. The Swedish scientists hope to develop their technique to study plants that lived much longer ago than their herbarium samples.\nThe annual rings in trees can be used and the scientists even hope that ancient plant fossils can be coaxed into revealing their metabolisms.\nSugar from plant metabolism can even be extracted from fossil leaves, according to the study, published in the journal Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).\nRead the Norwegian version of this article at forskning.no\nTranslated by: Glenn Ostling\n- Ökad koldioxidhalt i atmosfären har förändrat växternas fotosyntes under 1900-talet,press release from Umeå University.\n- Ina Ehlers et al.: Detecting long-term metabolic shifts using isotopomers: CO2-driven suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants over the 20th century, PNAS 7. December 2015, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1504493112." ]

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[ "Wildfires this year have been at an unusual intensity despite being common in the northern hemisphere between May and October\nArctic wildfires, some the size of 100,000 football pitches, emitted as much carbon dioxide (CO2) last month as the country of Sweden does in a whole year, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Friday.\nSince the start of June weve seen unprecedented wildfires in the Arctic region, a WMO spokeswoman, Clare Nullis, told a regular UN briefing in Geneva.\nIn June alone these wildfires emitted 50 megatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere, this is the equivalent of Swedens annual total CO2 emissions. This is more than was released by Arctic fires in the same month between 2010 and 2018 combined.\nWildfires are common in the northern hemisphere between May and October, but this year the fires have been at an unusual latitude and intensity, she said.\nMost have been in the US state of Alaska and the Russian region of Siberia, but one fire in Alberta was estimated to be bigger than 300,000 football pitches, or about the size of Luxembourg.\nAlaska had experienced more than 400 wildfires so far this year, with new ones igniting every day.\nSiberia was almost 10C higher in June than the long-term average, while Alaska had its second-warmest June on record, and on 4 July the mercury hit 32C (80F).\nThis is not Alaska type of weather, Nullis said.\nThe wildfires help to amplify global warming by coating the reflective white snow in a layer of black soot that absorbs sunlight, while also increasing the risk that the permafrost layer could thaw and release methane into the atmosphere.\nThey also create harmful smoke that can travel a long way.\nThe Alaskan city of Fairbanks has been hit by some of the worlds worst air pollution this month, forcing residents indoors and prompting one hospital to set up a clean air shelter." ]

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[ "5. The Curriculum Model\nIn developing a relevant curriculum model, the school explored several curricular theories. Professor Wragg’s ‘Cubic Curriculum: A Curriculum for the Twenty-First Century’\nplaced the reform of curriculum in a very broad context. He believed that the curriculum is not only school curriculum but that it ought to reflect seismic shifts in lifestyles, lifespan, aspirations and technologies. Professor Wragg suggested that a sort of three-dimensional Rubik’s cube was a useful metaphor, or image, for thinking productively about the curriculum of the twenty-first century. Wragg’s ‘cubic curriculum’ has three dimensions: subject matter; cross-curricular themes and issues that influence children’s general development; and the different methods of teaching and learning that can be employed.\nKeir Bloomer has a similar perspective: ‘Curriculum for Excellence\nis a multi-faceted programme addressing simultaneously almost every aspect of the educational\nprocess – organisation, teaching and learning, assessment and\nThis school’s curriculum therefore is much more than a collection of teaching content. It is an all-encompassing approach to meet significant and complex needs. The school has taken account of Professor Wragg’s thinking and has built the curriculum around the following criteria which are in accord with CfE:\n- What is to be learned (CfE outcomes)\n- How it is to be learned (CfE experiences, active learning and thematic approaches, taking account of each child’s needs).\n- The context in which it is to be learned (in and around the school, in the community and at home).\n- The positive ethos of the school and the permeating ‘I can’ attitude which develops personal and social development and promotes achievement.\nImportantly, staff recognise that their curriculum model needs to recognise the stage of development of each child – in some cases a developmental age of 6 months – and construct a personalised curriculum in harmony with each child’s ‘real’ interests, needs and learning patterns, whilst also providing small group learning opportunities. The result is that this school’s curriculum model is much more than a mere collection of subjects and activities. The totality of experiences provided for children and young people hang together and make sense to children and young people as well as to adults – professionals and parents.\nback to top\n|Prompts For Reflection\nHow well do you understand the legislative and philosophical background to Additional Support Needs?" ]

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[ "More frequent and intensified high-temperature extremes are acceptable indicators of global warming, which pose serious socio-economic impacts. In the present research, the Climate Prediction Center daily minimum and maximum temperature are used to characterize high temperatures into intensity of hot days (TXx), hot nights (TNx), and frequency indices based on the 90th percentile of hot days (TX90p) and hot nights (TN90p) as defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices from 1981 to 2020 over Africa. The regression approach based on iterative reweighted least squares and correlation analyses are used to estimate the trends in extreme high-temperature events and their relationship with various meteorological variables. Furthermore, the Pruned exact linear time algorithm is used to assess if the maximum temperature experienced an abrupt change. Results show that many parts of Africa experienced more frequent and intensified hot days and nights in the current period (1998–2020) compared to the recent past (1981–1997), suggesting a clear shift in climate. Thus, we used the climatological mean differences between meteorological parameters before and after the breakpoint to assess the relationship between atmospheric conditions and extreme high-temperature events. As a result, we found that the current period observed an increase in the geopotential height at 500 hPa and reduced total cloud cover, as well as an increase in upward longwave radiation resulting in an upsurge in the frequency of hot days over many African sub-regions. The present study's findings provide useful information for future planning and development of early warning systems to cope with risks associated with hot extremes.\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes\n- Atmospheric Science" ]

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[ "Top 4 Health Benefits of Dance\nBy Treva Bedinghaus, About.com Guide\n- Dancing is a great way for people of all ages to get and stay in shape. Besides being fun, dancing has many positive health benefits. Following are the top 4 health benefits of dance.\nFlexibility is an important part of being healthy. Dance requires a great amount of flexibility. Most dance classes begin with a warm-up including several stretching exercises. Dancers must strive to achieve full range of motion for all the major muscle groups. The greater the range of motion, the more muscles can flex and extend. Most forms of dance require dancers to perform moves that require bending and stretching, so dancers naturally become more flexible by simply dancing.\nDance is physical exercise. Exercise increases endurance. Endurance is the ability of muscles to work hard for increasingly longer periods of time without fatigue. Regular dancing is great for improving endurance, especially vigorous dancing such as line and ballroom dancing. Elevating the heart rate can increase stamina. Just as in any form of exercise, regular dancing will build endurance.\n4. Sense of Well-Being\nDancing is a social activity. Studies have shown that strong social ties and socializing with friends contribute to high self-esteem and a positive outlook. Dancing provides many opportunities to meet other people. Joining a dance class can increase self-confidence and build social skills. Because physical activity reduces stress and tension, regular dancing gives an overall sense of well-being." ]

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[ "This inquiry is not now so much in its infancy as to restrain me from speaking more positively than formerly on the important point of scrophula as connected with the smallpox.\nEvery practitioner in medicine who has extensively inoculated with the smallpox, or has attended many of those who have had the distemper in the natural way, must acknowledge that he has frequently seen scrophulous affections, in some form or another, sometimes rather quickly shewing themselves after the recovery of the patients. Conceiving this fact to be admitted, as I presume it must be by all who have carefully attended to the subject, may I not ask whether it does not appear probable that the general introduction of the smallpox into Europe has not been among the most conductive means in exciting that formidable foe to health? Having attentively watched the effects of the cow-pox in this respect, I am happy in being able to declare that the disease does not appear to have the least tendency to produce this destructive malady.\nThe scepticism that appeared, even among the most enlightened of medical men when my sentiments on the important subject of the cow-pox were first promulgated, was highly laudable. To have admitted the truth of a doctrine, at once so novel and so unlike any thing that ever had appeared in the annals of medicine, without the test of the most rigid scrutiny, would have bordered upon temerity; but now, when that scrutiny has taken place, not only among ourselves, but in the first professional circles in Europe, and when it has been uniformly found in such abundant instances that the human frame, when once it has felt the influence of the genuine cow-pox in the way that has been described, is never afterwards at any period of its existence assailable by the smallpox, may I not with perfect confidence congratulate my country and society at large on their beholding, in the mild form of the cow-pox, an antidote that is capable of extirpating from the earth a disease which is every hour devouring its victims; a disease that has ever been considered as the severest scourge of the human race!\nThe contagiousness of puerperal\nOliver Wendell Holmes\nOliver Wendell Holmes was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1809, and educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, and Harvard College. After graduation, he entered the Law School, but soon gave up law for medicine. He studied first in Boston, and later spent two years in medical schools in Europe, mainly in Paris. On his return he began to practise in Boston, but in two years he was appointed professor of anatomy at Dartmouth College, a position which he held from 1838 to 1840, when he again took up his Boston practise. It was soon after this, in 1843, that he published his essay on the “Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever,” his only contribution of high distinction to medical science. From 1847 to 1882 he was Parkman professor of anatomy and physiology in the Harvard Medical School. He died in Boston, October 7, 1894." ]

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[ "In recent weeks, there have been many metaphors and analogies from President Obama in describing the negotiations on the debt and the deficit. He's used terms like \"shared sacrifice,\" \"eat our peas,\" and putting aside \"our sacred cows\" in the name coming to an agreement. And during a town hall on Friday, he invoked Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation to urge for compromise in the debt talks.\nSpeaking at the University of Maryland, Mr. Obama said Lincoln had his convictions, but he was constantly making concessions and compromises. \"[T]he great emancipator was making a compromise in the Emancipation Proclamation because he thought it was necessary in terms of advancing the goals of preserving the Union and winning the war,\" Obama said.\nThe proclamation signed by Lincoln in 1863 did not abolish slavery all together. It applied only to states that had rebelled against the Union, leaving slavery legal in the border states during the Civil War. Total abolition of slavery was finalized by the 13th amendment which took effect 3 years later.\nObama brought up the proclamation, which he says is hanging in the Oval Office, after being asked a question by Mary Wagner, a school teacher in the audience. Wagner explained that she is teaching her students about the two-party governmental system and the importance of compromise. But Wagner asked \"[A]re things changing?...Do we not use compromise anymore?\"\nThe president said that Wagner was correct to question it because culture is now pushing against compromise. But \"if Abraham Lincoln could make some compromises as part of governance,\" Obama said, \"[T]hen surely we can make some compromises when it comes to handling our budget.\"\nWith the August 2 deadline to raise the nation's debt ceiling quickly approaching, President Obama is running out of time trying to convince the American people that Congress will compromise and decide to lift the limit on the nation's debt. But he explained that if everybody is demonizing the other side and becoming more extremist and untrustworthy, it's not going to be possible. \"In that kind of atmosphere, it's pretty hard to compromise,\" Obama said. \"So we have to wind back from that kind of political culture.\"\nBut by the end of the day Friday, there was no compromise and House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, announced he would stop negotiating with the president and instead turn to Senate leaders to continue the talks." ]

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[ "About Weiden Roman Burial Chamber\nThe Weiden Roman Burial Chamber, or Römische Grabkammer, is a 2nd century AD tomb located on the outskirts of modern day Cologne. As was typical, the chamber was built on the way out of the city. Now open to the public, you can explore the elaborate burial chamber, a monument to one of ancient Rome’s most notable families.\nWeiden Roman Burial Chamber history\nThe Weiden Roman Burial Chamber was originally called the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, in reference to who was born there: Agrippina was the younger daughter of the general Germanicus, known for his campaigns in Germania, and the wife of Emperor Claudius. Agrippina was born in Cologne and afforded the high status of Colonia to the city.\nDespite being a place associated with death, even in antiquity the Weiden burial chamber was built along a street where life pulsed. The Via Belgica was one of the most important traffic arteries in the Roman Empire’s north-west. The road linked Roman Cologne and the Rhineland with the interior of Gaul and the Channel coast, with British trade travelled this route.\nPassers-by would have paused in awe at the magnificent grave building beside the road, a symbol of family wealth and everlasting life. For the Romans, the deceased remained immortal in the memory of others.\nThe Roman burial chamber was discovered in April 1843 after Ferdinand Sieger wanted to build a new farm building. During the excavation work he found rubble that he wanted to use for his extension, but instead discovered a staircase heading more than five meters down to a stone closure plate.\nSieger, believing there to be riches hidden there, smashed the plate. After finding more rubble behind it he wanted to backfill the pit. However, then mayor of Üsdorf and a nearby landowner financed a further excavation and discovered the chamber – an ancient historical treasure. The chamber was bought by the Prussian state in 1844.\nWeiden Roman Burial Chamber today\nToday, visitors to the Weiden Roman Burial Chamber can step back to ancient times into the incredibly well-preserved tomb. View the burial chamber built from tuff, a light and porous rock, and the niches in the walls for leaving offerings once lined with coloured marble highlight the status of its inhabitant.\nWhile the marble sarcophagus no longer holds remains, whisked off to Cologne’s Romano-Germanic Museum, visitors can tour the pottery, murals and sculptures sitting in the tomb outfitted for a prestigious imperial family. Note that the chamber is only open on Thursday mornings and at the weekend.\nGetting to Weiden Roman Burial Chamber\nThe easiest way from central Cologne to the burial chamber is via tram: catch the Weiden West line 1 tram from Bf Deutz/Messe to Förderverein Römergrab Weiden, a 300m walk away. If driving, the burial chamber is a 25 minute drive from the city centre along the Aachener Strasse. There is parking at the Parkhaus Rhein-Center Köln.\nRoman Sites in Germany\nThe Romans left behind a number of fascinating sites such as amphitheatres, baths, villas, and burial grounds after being evicted from 'Germania'. Here's our pick of 10 of the most fascinating Roman ruins in Germany." ]

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[ "What is hearing loss?\nHearing loss can be defined as a partial or total inability to hear in one or both ears.\nIn children a hearing problem can affect the ability to learn spoken language and in adults it can cause work related difficulties and have a negative impact on their emotional and social well-being. In older people it can lead to severe loneliness.\nTreatment of a hearing loss\nAfter the diagnosis of a hearing loss, the patient will either be referred for further medical treatment or the option of hearing aid fitting will be discussed, depending on the type and degree of impairment." ]

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[ "By Krista Larson | AP August 11\nDAKAR, Senegal — Senegal’s Niokolo-Koba National Park is home to fewer than 50 lions after years of poaching decimated not only them but also their prey. Small patches of lion skin are sold at local fetish markets for $10, and their bones have a thriving market in Asia.\nSightings have become so rare that it once took researchers conducting a lion survey in the area two months before they spotted one of the big cats. Conservationists, however, believe the park could one day rebound.\n“This landscape is still in fantastic shape,” said Philipp Henschel, West and Central Africa regional director for the lion program at Panthera, a global wild cat conservation organization. “This area could potentially, if well protected, harbor between 400 and 500 lions.”\nA $150,000 grant from a fund launched this week by the Wildlife Conservation Network and The Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation is aimed at better equipping Niokolo-Koba’s park rangers for those efforts.\nThe Lion Recovery Fund is initially providing $800,000 toward bolstering lions’ habitat across the continent, from Senegal in the west to Tanzania in the east as well as Zambia and Malawi in southern Africa.\n“Lions in Africa are facing a whole range of human threats that are increasing in scope as the human and livestock populations grow,” said Peter Lindsey, conservation initiatives director for the Wildlife Conservation Network." ]

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[ "Table of Contents\nLanguage Features Definition\nLanguage is one of the effective communication tools and is also an essential part of our lives. Each language has its own features. Usually, poets and writers who engage in creating literature work predominantly use language features and literary devices while writing. If you have deep knowledge about the language features, then you can also understand the perspectives of an author or writer by doing a language analysis of their works.\nIn general, language features aid us to present our ideas in different forms from being formal to poetic. Not just poems or literature, with the help of language features and structural techniques, you can create all types of reports, documents, academic papers and letters of both formal and informal use.\nDo you know about the various language features? If not, you are in the right place. Here, in this post, we will let you know the different types of languages features and the language techniques the writers used to convey their ideas.\nList of Language Features\nThe language features are commonly grouped and listed as\n- Language Techniques\n- Structural techniques\n- Literary Devices\nThe language techniques are nothing but the words and phrases that a writer uses in his content or a story to emphasize the topic or a theme. The language elements can be used anywhere in your content to help the readers understand your write-up in a better way.\nYou can play smartly with your content if you have a deep understanding of the language techniques and elements. In English, there are many language techniques available. With the language techniques, you can present your content in any style and format.\nDiscussed below are some of the common verbal language techniques.\nIt is a word used for identifying a person, place or thing. The noun is of different types such as common noun, proper noun, abstract noun and collective noun.\nThe Common Noun refers to people or things.\nEg: Man, Woman, Boy, Girl.\nA Proper Noun is a name that identifies a specific noun.\nEg: Africa, Jenifer, Monday.\nThe Abstract Noun is a type of noun that refers to qualities, ideas and conditions that have no physical reality or cannot be touched or seen.\nEg: Friendship, Happiness.\nThe group of things or people is referred to as Collective Nouns.\nEg: Audience, Jury, Players.\nIt is a word that is used in place of a noun or a noun phrase.I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc. are the commonly used pronouns. It is more often used to connect with the readers.\nEg: I prefer it.\nIt is a word used to describe action. You can use a verb in different tenses depending on when the action is done.\nEg: He walked to the auditorium. Here, walked is a verb.\nThey are verb used for giving warnings, commands, orders or instructions .It can be positive or negative.\nEg: Don’t go there!\nIt is a word that describes the characteristics of a noun.\nEg: She is Sad. Here the word sad is the adjective which explains the emotion of a girl.\nThe adjectives are commonly classified as 12 types. The types of adjectives include\nIt is used to compare two different things or people. Some common comparative adjectives include taller, faster, more expensive, etc.\nEg: Jack is shorter than Robert.\nIt is used to compare more than two things or people by mentioning which one is the most supreme. Loudest, least valuable, fastest, etc. are a few examples of superlative adjectives.\nEg: Willium is the smartest member of our team.\nThis type of adjective occurs in the predicate of a sentence as a subject complement. It follows linking verbs in clauses and sentences.\nEg: The pizza is delicious.\nIt is formed from multiple words that are connected by a hyphen. Some examples of compound adjectives are cross-eyed, happy-go-lucky, etc.\nEg: He is tired of her never-ending complaints\nThis type of adjective is used to express ownership or possession. Some commonly used possessive adjectives include his, her, their, our, your, their and whose.\nEg: My favorite food is Biryani.\nIt is used to describe relative positions in time and space. This, that, those and these are the frequently used demonstrative adjectives.\nEg: This clock is costlier than that one.\nThis type of adjective is formed from proper nouns. Generally, proper adjectives are used to say something that is related to a specific person or place. Some examples of proper adjectives include Indian, Shakespeariean, etc.\nEg:I was reading an Indian Novel.\nIt is based on participles. i.e., the words that usually end in –ing or –ed. Some examples of participial adjectives are reading, impressed, bored.\nEg: I am impressed by your artistic skills.\nThis type of adjective restricts a noun rather than describing its qualities. It overlaps with possessive adjectives and demonstrative adjectives. The limiting adjective examples include your, some and these.\nEg: I bought some chocolates at the shop.\nIt describes the qualities, traits or characteristics of a noun or a pronoun.\nEg: She is a friendly person.\nThis type of adjective is used to ask questions. Some frequently used interrogative adjectives are what, whose and which.\nEg: What is your favorite movie?\nIt is used to refer to members of a group individually. The words that are distributive adjectives are every, each, neither and either.\nEg: Every player in the team performed well.\nIt is another important language feature. An adverb is a word or a phrase that modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb.\nA verb, for example, ‘She sings beautifully.’\nAn adjective, for example, ‘He is truly fascinating.’\nAnother adverb, for example, ‘She strolls gradually.’\nMany adverbs end in “-ly”.\nCommon examples of adverb include Financially, Abruptly,Willfully, Endlessly, Delightfully, Lightly,Quickly, Eternally, Firmly, Delicately, Sorrowfully,Wearily, Beautifully, and Truthfully.\nOther examples of adverbs would be words that portray how something was done or how it was finished. These future words like: Uneasily, Weirdly, Cheerfully, Expertly, Wholeheartedly, Randomly, Brutally, Really, Briskly, Sloppily, and Wickedly.\nSome adverb discloses to us that where the move has made a place. Here, There, Underground, Somewhere, Everywhere, In, Inside, Out, Upstairs, Outside, and Downstairs.\nA few adverbs disclose to us that when the move has made place: Now, First, Last, Early, Yesterday, Tomorrow, Today, Later, Regularly, Often, Never, Monthly, Always, and Usually.\nSome adverb discloses to us the degree of the activity: Very, Too, Almost, Also, Only, Enough, So, Quiet, Almost, and Rather.\nTill now we have seen the common verbal language techniques with some examples. Next, let us move to another language feature which is structural techniques.\nSo, what is a structural technique? In every language, the structural highlights are important. They mainly focus on detailing the structure of the language. A language will lose its significance if it is not structured appropriately. Even a simple sentence without a legitimate structure will also be meaningless. On an easy note, a language structure can be defined as the order of ideas in a text.\nFor example, take a story. To make a story interesting, the events in the story should be structured properly, or else, the story will sound blunt. Not just a story, even from a single sentence to a novel, structural techniques should be employed to add value to the language.\nIn language, structure plays a vital role. Here are some of the common structural techniques you should be aware of.\nA sentence that contains one clause with a subject and a verb is called a Simple Sentence. It is usually short and to the point. It is a popular technique used to attract readers easily.\nEg: The train was late.\nA compound sentence is a sentence that contains two independent clauses that are joined with a conjunction. It is one of the important language structures that are used to connect two ideas.\nEg: I like tea and my sister likes coffee.\nA complex sentence usually contains one or more subordinate clauses.\nEg: She returned her mobile after she noticed it was damaged.\nRepetition means using a word or a phrase more than once.\nEg: Hand in Hand\nPunctuations are marks that are used to sort out the meanings of different texts. Its main purpose is to clarify the meanings of the text by separating words, phrases, clauses or linking. Some commonly used punctuation marks are period, comma, colon, semicolon, a hyphen, question mark, exclamation, apostrophe, brackets and quotation. Punctuation is a commonly used structural device while writing poems.\nEg: “No, sir, I didn’t inform them”.\nHere, at least two thoughts, places, characters, and their activities are placed next to each other in a narrative or a sonnet for creating examinations and complexities.\nWriters utilize the artistic procedure of juxtaposition to astonish their readers and inspire their advantage. Usually, they build up a correlation between two disparate things by setting them one next to the other. The examination adds striking quality to a given picture, controls the pacing of a sonnet or a narrative, and gives a logical association between two different hazy ideas.\nEg: Beggars can’t be choosers. Here ‘beg and choose’ are contrasting functions and this proverb implies that one cannot be both desperate and have any choice in the decision.\nAnaphora means the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. Generally, the writers utilize Anaphora in writing or discourse. They purposely rehash the initial segment of the sentence to accomplish an artistic effect.\nAnaphora adds conspicuousness to thoughts as well as adds mood to it and accordingly, makes it more agreeable to read and simpler to recollect. This strategy gets the reader’s consideration.\nEg: If my daughter moves to New York, I will move there too.\nListing is the way of writing a number of connected items one after the other to emphasize a particular quality. It is a popular structural device used when writing essays and research papers. To make the points familiar to the readers, the writer uses a listing.\nArranging the events in an order of time is referred to as Chronology. In literature, the authors use Chronology to narrate the events in a story. Also, it is easy for the readers to understand the events when it is written in Chronology. The arrangement of events can be done in different styles. It can be linear, reverse and non-linear.\nThe link is also one of the structural techniques used to connect the start and the end of a text while narrating. For a natural narration, the authors use links.\nTill now, we have talked about the important language and structural techniques\nA language that is proposed to make an enthusiastic reaction is known as Emotive Language. Writers generally use this to trigger the emotions of the readers. When a sentence is said in a normal way, it won’t create any impact in the minds of the readers. If an emotional value is added to that same sentence, then it will create a different reaction in the minds of the readers.\n“Put that plastic bottle in the recycle bin”\nThis sentence sounds commanding.\n“You should recycle the plastics because it saves the planet”.\nHere, this sentence suggests action along with an emotional response.\nThe Emotive language when used effectively creates a relevant effect on the audience. But remember, you should not overuse emotive language. Use this language only when there is a need.\nBy now, you would have gained knowledge about the language and structural techniques. In the next section, let us have a deep look at the literary devices.\nThe literary devices are used by poets and literary writers to convey their ideas or messages. If you have knowledge about the literary device, then you can easily understand the author’s point of view.\nThe Literary Devices can be classified as literary techniques and literary elements.\nThe literary techniques are the figurative language used by writers for narration. It is nothing but the figures of speech that generally the authors or writers who are involved in creating poems or any other form of literary works use.\nHere are some common literary techniques the writers use predominantly.\nBasically, it is an indirect reference to an individual, place, thing, or thought of historical, social, abstract, or political significance. Furthermore, allusion doesn’t depict in detail the individual or thing to which it alludes. Also, it is only a passing remark. In allusion, the writer anticipates that the reader should have enough information to detect the allusion and handle its significance in a book.\nUsually, allegory is an interesting expression. With the help of Allegory, a writer can advance their good and political point of perspectives. A cautious study of a metaphorical bit of writing can give us an insight into its writer’s psyche concerning how he sees the world and how he wants the world to be. The goal of its utilization is to lecture an ethical exercise.\nThe repetition of vowel sounds that create an internal rhyming within sentences and phrases are called as Assonance. The writers use assonance to add literary value to their work and to catch the attention of the audience.\nAn idiom is a set of articulation or an expression that involves at least two words. Writers and open speakers use idioms liberally. The writer utilizes an idiom to expand their language, make it more extravagant and spicier and help them in passing on indirect implications to their purposeful crowd.\nGenerally, the writers utilize dynamic language to speak to objects, activities, and thoughts so that it offers to our physical faculties. It produces a lively and graphic introduction of a scene that interests to whatever number of the reader’s faculties as would be prudent. It helps the reader’s creative mind to envision the characters and scenes in the art piece.\nIt is a comparison of two different things using ‘like’ or’as’. To make a description more vivid, this figure of speech is used predominantly by the poets.\nIt is a word or a phrase that describes something in a literally untrue way. Metaphors are one of the common poetic devices used in poems and literature.\nIt is an exaggerated statement that is not meant to be taken literally by the reader. It is often used for emphasis.\nIt is a representation of an object or non-living thing as humans. It is a common literary technique the poets and storytellers use.\nUsing the same letter and the same sound at the beginning of pronunciation is called Alliteration. It is a literary device used to create a set of words that start with the sound of the same consonants.\nIt is a statement used to express an opposite meaning instead of a literal meaning. Verbal, Situational and Dramatic are three different types of irony.\nWords that give a vibe of a sound are called Onomatopoeia. Some examples of Onomatopoeia sound include giggle, grunt, sprinkle, drizzle, etc. Just to make the readers feel the action, the writer uses this figure of speech in their sentences.\nHere the expressions are joined with at least two opposing terms.\nSymbolism means the utilization of images to signify thoughts and characteristics by giving them representative implications that are different from their exacting sense. With the help of Symbolism, a writer adds twofold degrees of implications to his work. Symbolism in literature expands enthusiasm for readers as they discover a chance to get an insight into the writer’s psyche on how he sees the world and how he considers basic objects and activities, having more extensive effects.\nZoomorphism implies allocating an individual, occasion, or divinity with carnal qualities. While then again, anthropomorphism is attributing human characteristics to different objects, creatures, and cruel animals to give an insight into their capacities.\nTo develop a literary piece, the writer uses literary elements such as theme, plot, mood, characters, etc. For creating the work of their interest, the literary elements are great tools for the writers.\nTheme: Core concept or idea of a story.\nPlot: The logical order of events that form a story.\nConflict: A problem in a story. The entire story usually revolves around a conflict.\nProtagonist: A lead role in a story. It can be the main character.\nAntagonist: It is a character that is in conflict with the main character or a protagonist.\nDialogue: The characters in the story narrate using dialogues.\nWe hope you are now clear with the language features. You can do language analysis easily if you have good knowledge about the language techniques, structural techniques, literary elements and literary techniques. Learn all the language features discussed in this guide and try to use it when you compose any piece of writing. Knowing the language features is necessary, as it helps to write your homework or literary piece of work as well as to analyze other writer’s work." ]

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[ "Aquatic Insects of Michigan\nby Ethan Bright, Museum of Zoology Insect Division and School of Natural Resources and Environment\nErythrodiplax (Libellulidae) (Dragonlets) of Michigan - Identification\nThis group of small to medium-sized dragonflies are principally Neotropical, with several species extending further north and one species, Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus, 1758), having been recently collected in southeastern Michigan (Craves and O'Brien 2007), representing a northward extension of its range in Ohio.\nAdults ...Nymphs are ...\nNymphs are often found in lakes and ponds with aquatic vegetation...Life cycle information on Erythrodiplax is limited, but is probably univoltine in our area but, but for other species further south may be bivoltine (Kelts 1979).\nTaxonomic references: Needham et al. 2010, Paulson 2011\nCraves JA, O'Brien DS. 2007. Erythrodiplax umbrata (Odonata: Libellulidae): new for Michigan. The Great Lakes Entomologist 40(1-2): 95-97.\nPage created: July 17, 1998 - Last updated: February 19, 2017 (EB)" ]

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[ "Understanding genetics: What are “penetrance” and “expressivity”?\nWhen reading about genetics, you may wonder why some people’s eyes are brown while others’ are blue. Why are genetic diseases described with phrases like “not everyone with this variant will develop the condition”? Genetics isn’t always black and white—there are many factors that impact whether or not you might express a trait or condition. The genetics behind your physical appearance and the nuances of disease-risk can be confusing. But if you understand some of the terminology, you can use your DNA to learn about potential disease risks, personal athleticism, dietary intolerances, and more.\nToday, we’ll learn about two of the most important terms: penetrance and expressivity. Penetrance describes how likely a person is to present a specific physical trait based on their genetic profile. Traits are physical features that are coded in our DNA, such as eye color and height. Some traits are harder to see, like your blood type and what kind of skeletal muscle fibers you produce. The development of a disease that results from genetic variations is also considered a trait. A classic example of this is breast cancer, in which people who have a variation in a particular gene (like BRCA1) have a higher likelihood of developing cancer. In this case, cancer is the trait. But notice how we wrote “higher likelihood.” That’s because DNA variations affecting the BRCA1 gene increase your risks of getting cancer, but they don’t guarantee it. This is known as incomplete penetrance.\nPenetrance is considered incomplete if some people have a particular gene variant that is known to be associated with a disease, yet they never get the disease. Complete penetrance, on the other hand, is when everyone who carries a particular gene variant develops the disease. An easy way to represent this concept is with numbers: suppose 100 people have a disease related gene variant. If all 100 of them end up with the disease, then that gene variant would be considered fully penetrant. But if only 80 of them get the disease within the time frame evaluated, it would be incomplete penetrance.\nWhy is this important to you? The concept of penetrance can have a huge impact on how you view and respond to your personal genetic results. If you get genetic testing done, you are likely to see terms or phrases relating to penetrance. These terms are used when explaining the likelihood that you may develop a certain trait given your specific genetic results. By way of example, if you carry a gene variant that is associated with cancer and has an 80% penetrance, you may be more inclined to seek regular screening. However, if the gene variant penetrance is only 1%, your response might be quite different.\nSo if a person’s DNA carries a variation that is associated with a disease and is highly penetrant, does that mean they will get the worst of the disease? Luckily, no. Penetrance is simply a measure of how likely you are to display a trait and says nothing about the extent of the trait’s expression. This is called expressivity, and eye color is a good example of how it works. The color of your eyes is partly determined by the production of a brownish protein called melanin; high levels of melanin cause a person to have brown eye color, while low levels result in blue eyes. This means that even blue-eyed people have traces of brown in their eyes. The key factor here is the magnitude of melanin expression. In this case, brown eye color is fully penetrant because we all have some amount of brown in our eyes, but the expressivity of brown eyes is variable because there are different magnitudes of melanin expression among different people. This same concept can be applied to disease related genes: just because you have a fully penetrant disease does not mean you will present with the most severe form of the disease.\nWe don’t fully understand yet why there is so much variability in how genes affect people, but we do know that your environment, lifestyle, and other gene variations can all affect how expressive and penetrant a gene might be. Simply because your DNA tells us that you are likely lactose intolerant does not mean you are—but if you are, your symptoms might be so mild that you don’t even notice (an example of variable expressivity).\nWhat does it all mean? For starters, there’s much more to your genetic profile than meets the eye. Beyond the app-based guidance provided by certain products in the Helix marketplace, genetic counselors are a great resource that can help answer your questions. But no matter how you do it, learning more about your DNA can help you make more informed decisions and lead a smarter, healthier life.\nHelix is the leading population genomics and viral surveillance company operating at the intersection of clinical care, research, and data analytics." ]

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[ "The Yomiuri ShimbunA Japanese scientist conducting research in the United States and an information analysis company based in Tokyo have decided to jointly develop an artificial intelligence (AI) service capable of selecting suitable treatment methods for cancer patients and helping ease patients’ worries over treatment.\nProf. Yusuke Nakamura of the University of Chicago, world-famous for his research into cancer genes, and FRONTEO Inc. plan to develop the AI service, which will incorporate data taken from the experience and diagnostic criteria of Nakamura and other experts. It will then learn from huge volumes of medical research reports and propose the most suitable treatment methods based on each patient’s genetic information and other factors.\nFRONTEO already has an AI program capable of learning from humans’ experiences and senses. Nakamura and the company aim to begin the service within two years.\nThe new AI service will, among other things, provide explanations to patients and serve as a reference to help doctors in medical institutions choose treatment methods. It will also allow patients to access free, reliable and up-to-date information about diseases and medicines from home.\nThe AI service will include functions to detect patients’ interests and concerns through analyzing their written input, enabling it to accurately provide the information patients require.\nThe number of medical research papers registered in U.S. official databases alone exceeds 26 million. Academic studies just on cancer are published at the rate of 200,000 per year, and even doctors who specialize in cancer have difficulty staying abreast of the latest knowledge. Information accessible over the internet is of mixed quality, and patients often have difficulty separating the wheat from the chaff to find accurate information.\nThe University of Tokyo and other entities are also using IBM Corp.’s Watson computer to study how to select the most appropriate treatment methods from research papers. Watson’s main feature is its ability to learn efficiently by incorporating experts’ judgments and choosing only high-quality information.\nNakamura said: “There are still many patients who are unable to receive proper treatment since they can’t obtain correct information. We would like to design a system in which patients can be provided treatment without feeling regret.”" ]

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[ "Gimrinski highway tunnel\nGimrinski tunnel is the longest highway tunnel in the Russian Federation and countries of the former Soviet Union. Its length is 4,303 metres and it is surrounded by limestone at a depth of 850 metres; its diameter is 9 metres and the width of its carriageway is 7 metres.\nThe tunnel connects the town of Bujnaksk and village of Gimry. It also provides the shortest transportation link between 9 areas of mountainous Dagestan, the railway and the centre of the republic and it is not affected by weather conditions.\nConstruction has been conducted by SMU-55 in the harshest climate and geological conditions due to features of soil and the high pressure of underground water. SMU-55 had to use unorthodox construction technology and transportation methods for the materials since the traditional approach was impossible due to the higher than usual humidity and the extreme temperature conditions.\nSMU-55 used some technological innovations that had been specifically devised by the construction bureau of the company for this object." ]

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[ "The relationship of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt began as the courtship of two young people raised in the same elite New York social circle. Over the next four decades, it became something far more unusual.\nListen to the audio excerpt of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech\nOn January 6, 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his eighth State of the Union address, now known as the Four Freedoms speech. The speech was intended to rally the American people against the Axis threat and to shift favor in support of assisting British and Allied troops. Roosevelt’s words came at a time of extreme American isolationism; since World War I, many Americans sought to distance themselves from foreign entanglements, including foreign wars. Policies to curb immigration quotas and increase tariffs on imported goods were implemented, and a series of Neutrality Acts passed in the 1930s limited American arms and munitions assistance abroad.\nIn his address, Roosevelt called for the immediate increase in American arms production, and asked Americans to support his “Lend-Lease” program, which gave Allies cash-free access to US munitions. Most importantly, Roosevelt announced his vision for the world, “a world attainable in our own time and generation,” and founded upon four essential human freedoms: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.\nThese freedoms, Roosevelt declared, must triumph everywhere in the world, and act as a basis of a new moral order. “Freedom,” Roosevelt declared, “means the supremacy of human rights everywhere.”\nRoosevelt’s call for human rights has created a lasting legacy worldwide.\nThese freedoms became symbols of hope during World War II, adopted by the Allies as the basic tenets needed to create a lasting peace. Following the end of the war, the Four Freedoms formed the basis for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.\nThe Declaration was drafted over two years by the Commission on Human Rights, chaired by former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. It was adopted on December 10, 1948 and is one of the most widely translated documents in the world. Drawing on Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms speech, the Declaration calls for all governments and people to secure basic human rights and to take measures to ensure these rights are upheld.\nThe Declaration has inspired numerous international human rights treaties and declarations, and has been incorporated into the constitutions of most countries since 1948.\n“I had this thought that a memorial should be a room and a garden. That’s all I had. Why did I want a room and a garden? I just chose it to be the point of departure. The garden is somehow a personal nature, a personal kind of control of nature, a gathering of nature. And the room was the beginning of architecture. I had this sense, you see, and the room wasn’t just architecture, but was an extension of self.”\n“President Roosevelt won me completely with his charm, his beautiful voice and his freedom from constraint. He had an unshakable faith in man…. In Roosevelt’s tremendous relief program, the artist too was included, and the influence of the WPA projects was tremendous.”" ]

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[ "Masterpieces of Western Literature I\nI. Course Prefix/Number: EGL 241\nCourse Name: Masterpieces of Western Literature I\nCredits: 3 (3 lecture; 0 lab)\nIII. Course (Catalog) Description\nIV. Learning Objectives\nThe student will be able to:\n- Identify some of the major works and periods of the Western literary tradition from Ancient times through the Renaissance (1650).\n- Explain some of the distinctive characteristics and development of literary forms and conventions such as: as the epic, pastoral, comedy and tragedy.\n- Delineate the social, intellectual, cultural, and historical influences specific to each author and region.\n- Interpret the formal elements of these works, using appropriate terminology, such as: theme, conflict, figurative language, etc.\n- Analyze works in the context of their literary, cultural, and historical backgrounds.\n- Synthesize knowledge of genre, formal elements, and background material.\n- Incorporate secondary sources in the analysis and interpretation of literary texts.\nV. Academic Integrity and Student Conduct\n• plagiarism (turning in work not written by you, or lacking proper citation),\n• falsification and fabrication (lying or distorting the truth),\n• helping others to cheat,\n• unauthorized changes on official documents,\n• pretending to be someone else or having someone else pretend to be you,\n• making or accepting bribes, special favors, or threats, and\n• any other behavior that violates academic integrity.\nThere are serious consequences to violations of the academic integrity policy. Oakton's policies and procedures provide students a fair hearing if a complaint is made against you. If you are found to have violated the policy, the minimum penalty is failure on the assignment and, a disciplinary record will be established and kept on file in the office of the Vice President for Student Affairs for a period of 3 years.\nPlease review the Code of Academic Conduct and the Code of Student Conduct, both located online at\nVI. Sequence of Topics\nWeeks 1‑2: Introduction to Literary Analysis Texts will be drawn from the earliest periods or will illustrate themes or literary principles appropriate to developing skills of literary analysis.\nWeeks 3‑9: The Greeks. Texts to be drawn from Homer, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides, Sappho, Plato, Aristotle, and other classical dramatists, poets and philosophers.\nWeeks 10-11: The Roman and early Christian writers: Texts to be drawn from Virgil, Ovid, Catullus, Augustine, Aquinas.\nWeeks 12‑14: The Middle Ages: Texts to be drawn from such as Chanson de Roland, Dante, Chaucer, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the Bible and the Koran.\nWeeks 15-16: The Renaissance: Texts to be drawn from Shakespeare, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Marguerite de Navarre, Rabelais, Cervantes, Montaigne, Spenser, Sidney, Milton.\nVII. Methods of Instruction\nCourse may be taught as face-to-face, hybrid or online course.\nVIII. Course Practices Required\nCourse may be taught as a face-to-face, hybrid or online course.\nReading, writing and testing; possibly oral presentations. Out of class writing including short essays and research papers to total a minimum of 20 pages.\nIX. Instructional Materials\nTextbooks might be drawn from:\nMacMillan Literature of the Western World\nNorton Anthology of World Literature\nX. Methods of Evaluating Student Progress\nXI. Other Course Information\nIf you have a documented learning, psychological, or physical disability you may be entitled to reasonable academic accommodations or services. To request accommodations or services, contact the Access and Disability Resource Center at the Des Plaines or Skokie campus. All students are expected to fulfill essential course requirements. The College will not waive any essential skill or requirement of a course or degree program.\nOakton Community College is committed to maintaining a campus environment emphasizing the dignity and worth of all members of the community, and complies with all federal and state Title IX requirements.\nResources and support for\n- pregnancy-related and parenting accommodations; and\n- victims of sexual misconduct\nResources and support for LGBTQ+ students can be found at www.oakton.edu/lgbtq." ]

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[ "History of Father's Day Festival as seen today is not even a hundred years old. Thanks to the hard work and struggle of Ms Sonora Louise Smart Dodd of Washington that just as we have set aside Mother's Day to honor mothers we have a day to acknowledge the important role played by the father. However, some scholars opine that Father's Day history is much older than we actually believe it to be. They say that the custom of honoring dad's on a special day is over 4,000 years old. There are a few more claims about the Father's Day origin about which we will learn in this page.\n1、Some believe that the first Fathers Day church service was held in West Virginia in 1908.\n2、Others opine that the ceremony was first held in Vancouver, Washington.\n3、The president of Lions' Club, Chicago, Harry Meek is said to have celebrated the first Father's Day with his organization in 1915 to stress on the need to honor fathers. He selected third Sunday in June for celebration, the closest date to Meek's own birthday. In appreciation for Meek's work, the Lions Clubs of America presented him with a gold watch, with the inscription \"Originator of Father's Day,\" on his birthday, June 20, 1920.\n4、Some historians honor Mrs. Charles Clayton of West Virginia, as the Founder of Father's Day.\n5、In 1957, Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote Congress that, \"Either we honor both our parents, mother and father, or let us desist from honoring either one. But to single out just one of our two parents and omit the other is the most grievous insult imaginable.\"\n6、In countries where Catholic Church holds greater influence Father's Day is celebrated on St. Joseph's Day ." ]

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[ "Since 2001, English has been the international language of pilots and air traffic controllers, and airlines across the world have invested in English training programs for pilots, flight attendants, and other customer-facing staff.\nIn its pivot to English, the aviation industry is not unique: Around the world, companies and industries are recognizing the need for a lingua franca, or common language. We’ve published research that shows countries with higher English proficiency tend to be more innovative and have stronger economies. Corporate leaders, such as Rakuten CEO Hiroshi Mikitani, talk openly about the benefits of “Englishnization.” Tsedal Neeley, an associate professor of organizational behavior at Harvard Business School, has written about the benefits of setting English as the corporate language. She argues that businesses with strong English skills can buy from and sell to a more diverse range of customers and business partners. They also have better internal communication across geographically dispersed workforces. All of these benefits apply to industries as well.\nUntil now, it has been difficult to find data about the actual English skills — and skills gaps — of industries worldwide. Given the importance of English for companies’ competitiveness, we conducted a global study of workforce English, surveying 510,000 professionals across 16 major industries in 40 countries. These professionals work for more than 2,000 different companies, with sales that range from less than $1 billion to more than $60 billion.\nWe published the results of this survey in the third edition of the EF English Proficiency Index for Companies. Our findings reveal some unexpected patterns across industries and countries and within companies — and they suggest opportunities for global companies to gain a competitive edge.\nSimply put, we’re still far from a fully English-speaking world. Five findings in particular stood out:\nOn average, women have better English language skills than men in most countries, industries, and job functions. This skills gap might reflect an education gap: Women receive more years of formal education than men, are more likely to attend university, and are more likely to study the humanities.\nExecutives usually have lower English levels than the managers they oversee.Looking at global averages across industries, even the most junior staff outscored executives. This pattern is most likely a result of generational differences, as English skills tend to be lower among older adults than younger professionals. The result suggests that many executives from non-English-speaking countries may have trouble directing an English-speaking team, reading detailed reports in English, or taking the lead in complex meetings held in English.\nThere are wide skills gaps between industries. Certain industries where English-language communication seems critical, including the logistics industry and the aviation industry, show low levels of English proficiency. Only two industries surveyed — consulting and professional services and engineering — had consistently strong English.\nEnglish ability varies among companies of different sizes. On average, firms with sales of $10–$60 billion have higher proficiency scores than firms making less than $10 billion or more than $60 billion. It’s not surprising that smaller companies lag behind larger companies, which tend to be more global, but it is surprising that the largest companies do not perform better than midsize companies. It could be that the largest companies sampled are more mature businesses, where executives have not traditionally needed to use English. Another possibility is that these companies are structured differently, such that they have many employees who work exclusively on a national scale and don’t need to speak English.\nEnglish proficiency in companies is low in most countries. Professionals speak at least some English in all of the countries surveyed. However, global workforce English levels are generally low, with an average score of 52.56 on our 100-point scale and national scores ranging from 73.83 in the Netherlands to 33.64 in Iraq. Not a single country surveyed has workforce English proficiency that qualifies as “advanced” — level C1 or C2 on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Despite a near universal recognition of English as the international language of business, wide gaps in workforce English proficiency persist between countries.\nThe lack of strong English skills presents an opportunity for forward-thinking business leaders, and yet, as our data shows, many companies are not taking advantage of that competitive edge. Their hesitation to embrace English seems to be reflected even at the very top of the company.\nWe have several recommendations for business leaders who want to strengthen the English skills of their workforce.\n- Benchmark English proficiency. Employee testing can give you an immediate view of the linguistic strengths and deficiencies of your workforce.\n- Link English proficiency to business objectives. The most-effective English training programs motivate learners by highlighting the advantages of English proficiency for each job function.\n- Dedicate adequate resources to skills improvement. It is important to recognize that English-language training is a strategic investment akin to any other change in management.\n- Recognize the need for personalized sector-specific training. A one-size-fits-all English course may not adequately address the varying skill levels across your workforce.\nIn today’s globalized economy, these language skills can become a critical advantage. Therefore, as Neeley argues, every company should be thinking about the critical question: What is your language strategy?" ]

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[ "Educational math board games have long been used to nurture academic and social skills in kids through an enjoyable and interesting strategy. This game will sharpen your child’s emotional expertise—he’ll learn persistence, perseverance and the idea that just because you can’t see something, it does not imply it is not there. With that stated, right here is my listing of High Ten Learning Games for Children.\nNot only are there hundreds of various apps and on-line games for youngsters, however the edifying and educational potential they possess is appreciable. In terms of the most effective video games for kids, award-winning educational video games that can maintain them comfortable and engaged, as well as challenged and studying, MindWare has what you’re searching for.\nSequence is an award successful recreation that’s an superior game of technique that youngsters from 7 and up can play, and you may all have a blast. As I explain in my round-up of evidence-primarily based social skills activities, teenagers who performed Buffalo: The Title Dropping Recreation were subsequently more thinking about combating social stereotypes (Kaufman and Flanagan 2015).\nIn one recreation — called, yes, Age Invaders” — older players are allowed extra time to react to gradual-shifting rockets fired by youthful gamers, while younger gamers should react to the quicker rockets launched by their older compatriots.\nThere are five mini-games to play, every focusing on a special habitat, that can quiz kids on their data of all issues animal-associated. Whereas maintaining monitor of rambunctious kids, mopping up spills, washing laundry , and choosing up garbage could not sound like the form of fun most youngsters go for, this hectic time-administration recreation can be addictive fun." ]

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[ "Cleveland – How the adventures begin\nIn 1796, Moses Cleaveland, an executive with the Connecticut Land Company, was sent to survey this area with the possibility of developing it. Cleaveland arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, where it empties into Lake Erie, and recognized that it would make an excellent site for a port. He laid out a plan for a small village, named the town after himself and returned to Connecticut, never again to set foot in the city that bore his name.\nBesides the “A” being dropped CleAveland to Cleveland there has be lots of other changes over the past 200 plus years.\nBy 1800, with a booming population of only seven people Cleveland didn’t have a whole lot going on. In 1803, Ohio became a state and development around the region started to take place. Growth was slow in the Cleveland area until the first stages of construction and digging began for the Erie Canal in 1827. By 1850, the city had grown to 30 times its 1820 population. By 1860, it had become a well-established haven for new immigrants. During and following the Civil War (1861–65), Cleveland became a prosperous industrial city due to the discovery of large iron ore deposits and the establishment of the Standard Oil Company by John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937). Steel, shipping, and coal companies also flourished and created a class of rich merchants who built up the city. When exploring around Cleveland now we will be finding and seeing many examples of the structures that where built during this prosperous time. Since the early 1900’s Cleveland has been on a roller-coaster of ups and downs from the depression of the 1930’s to the cities 1776 bankruptcy. To spite some hard times and some even harsher criticism Cleveland has recently emerged from some of its gloomier days. Now known as “the comeback city” it is once again thriving, growing and drawing positive attention. So now it’s time for us to explore this cities future and past and find out everything that makes Cleveland EXCITING!!\n- My Recommended Cleveland Adventures\n- Top Attractions\n- Things To Do With In 60 Miles\nSome Of The Spots That I Really Like\nSakura Japanese – Hole in the wall that is undiscovered. Great food not so great part of town. Take out only.\nLucky’s Cafe – Amazing breakfast. Go on a nice morning and eat out by the garden.\nAlley Cat Oyster Bar – Great views and trendy atmosphere.\nGrumpy’s Cafe – What you would expect form a great breakfast place.\nBarrio – Some of my favorite tacos.\nJack Flaps – Cute breakfast spot with some next level pancakes.\nZocalo Tequilaria – One of the trendy spots on east 4th street.\nHarry Buffalo – The place to be, before and after the big games.\nBlue Point Grille – Great seafood especialy the lobster bisque. Close to all the fun on west 6th street.\nBakersfield – Good tacos and right next to the Cleveland Hostel.\nTripAdvisor’s Top Things To Do In Cleveland\nCleveland Museum Of Art\nCleveland Orchestra At Severance Hall\nRocky River Reservation\nCleveland Public Library\nOther Top Spots That Are Talked About\nRock And Roll Hall Of Fame\nChristmas Story House\nCleveland Script Signs\nCleveland Over View\nMore Content Coming Soon.\nWant to get out on more adventures?\nSome times it just takes teaming up. Do you need a tour guide and driver for your next trip to Cleveland? Or maybe someone to carry your bags and help you get around for that up coming business trip?\nWith adventures going on all the time there’s no reason to be missing out. Come join in on a group adventure with us some time or get in touch with me about helping you explore and have fun one on one." ]

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[ "The development of tomatoes depends of the way that they have been planted, so you need to plant the tomatoes correctly and you will enjoy in them during the summer.\nIn this article you will read the instructions for proper planting, and this technique will provide you with fresh, sun-warmed and the most delicious tomatoes.\nTomatoes are a plant that is very simple to grow and it produces lots of fruits. They cannot thrive in cold conditions and they need to be in heat.\nHere are the instructions for planting a tomato plant properly and achieve height of 508ft the next summer:\nThe first thing you need to start with is to buy a tomato plant, and you will plant it in your garden. If you want, you can also start with seeds. If you choose the seed, you need to plant it first in a pot and place it inside near a window or greenhouse for about 30 day before planting it outside.\nThen find the area with the most amount of sunlight in your garden. It must have at least 7 hour of direct sunlight. You must plant the tomatoes at least 1 ft from each other. Then dig a big hole, about 2 feet deep because the plant needs to be put whole in the soil.\nAfter that, put fish head inside the hole. You can find fish head easily, in some restaurants, at a fishmonger or at the butcher’s. Instead of heads, you can replace them and put shrimp shells, lobster, crab or guts, tails and spines from the fish.\nIf you do not want to use these, you can put 2 handfuls of fish meat. And also put 2 aspirins in the hole, in order to strengthen the immunity of the tomatoes, and also about 3-4 shells of chicken eggs, due to their content rich in calcium which is beneficial in preventing rotting of the blossom end.\nAfter you fill the hole, also put some bone meal which will provide the plant with organic phosphorus, needed for the production of blossom and it will also increase the number of fruits. Also it will increase the levels of calcium. You also need to put an organic fertilizer -- Gardner & Bloome’s Tomato, Vegetable and Herb Fertilizer. It is abundant in macronutrients of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus. If you like, you can also put some warm castings at the bottom.\nAfter you have added all of these things, the hole is prepared for planting. Then take the plant, cut off the lower leaves and plant it in the hole.\nAfter that, cover the plant and the hole with 1-2 inches of soil. To protect the plant from any disease, you need to spray it with 1/3 cup of Xtreme Gardening’s Mykos.\nBefore you finish, see again if the plant is down, and if it is put some extra soil before you put the plant inside. You should not press hard on the soil or stomp on it, because you will deprive the root from oxygen.\nWhen you plant the tomato, you should also dig a small well around the tomatoes for better watering.\nAt the beginning you need to water the tomatoes 3 times and then wait to completely drain.\nWhen you try this technique, these tomatoes will be the best you have ever eaten." ]

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[ "Dredge Spoil Deposit Sites - Closed and Disused\nThis map layer has been supplied directly by Marine Scotland National Marine Plan interactive. You can obtain additional information about the layer on this page\nThis layer shows the locations of dredge spoil deposit sites that are designated as disused (not used for at least 5 years) or closed (not used for at least 10 years or specifically closed). The spoil is usually as a result of navigational dredging (deepening of navigation channels) on the approaches to ports and harbours." ]

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[ "The purpose of My Health Project is to help in the eradication of poverty and hunger among the lower and middle-class citizens by raising the minimum wage.\nMy Health Project intervention ensures a rise in living standards of peoples health by the month of June 2018.\nBrief description of the evaluation methods\nPopulation health is a societal problem that faces two main social classes in the society. These two societies are the middle class and the lower class. Population health is impacted by biological, social, political, cultural, environmental and behavioral factors. Biological factors refer mostly to genetic compositions of people that lead them to have health related problems. Social impacts on individuals health include the education, income, and occupation of an individual.\nPeople earning less income are likely to suffer from health related problems compared to those who earn adequate salaries. An individual has to have the required skills required to earn real income. The latter can only be achieved if the person got a good quality education. The environment impacts on population health through the air that we breathe the quality of water individuals consume and the neighborhoods that people stay. Polluted air is likely to cause health problems to people living there. Human beings personal behavior can also affect their health. These actions include exercising, the diet that they consume and drug and substance abuse. People who do not use are likely to become obese. Obesity causes diseases such as stroke and high blood pressure.\nTo curb the health problems in the community, my Health Project focuses on the SMART economic and political strategies that will be used to lessen poverty levels. When the debt levels are eradicated, most of the health problems experienced will go down. The government needs to put up a law that raises the minimum wage earned by its citizens. The minimum wage being made currently does not succeed in fulfilling the human beings basic needs. As a result individuals with fewer job skills continue to live poverty even if they have a source of earning a living. In the 1960s a permanent employee with a minimum wage could raise a nuclear family out of poverty. If the minimum wage was increased since then till today to about $10.10 per hour about 4 million citizens are likely to survive poverty. Hunger or diseases a collateral damage is eradicated in the process.\nIt is essential to note that if the process of raising the minimum wage is not well planned for before it is implemented, it will be impossible to completely eradicate poverty. My Health project will ensure a thorough research on the ideals of living wages required for the health, competence and general well-being of the employees within the context of national commercial and social growth goals. The latter is to ensure that the increased wage will provide a change in the living conditions.\nIn addition to raising the minimum wage, my other intervention would be to urge the government to avoid National Debts. This awareness is compelled by the fact that national debts lead to a high maintenance economy and even with the raised minimum wage there will still be rampant poverty. My Health Projects advocates for a reformed criminal justice system. This is because when guardians are locked away for an extended period the children left behind are likely to struggle to make ends meet.\n21st Century Health Challenges: Can We All Become Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bibalex.org/supercourse/lecture/lec1361/origin.htm\nCIRCULAR, P. L. (n.d.). RULES OF PROCEDURE ON MINIMUM WAGE FIXING. Retrieved from http://www.chanrobles.com/minimumwagefixingrules.htm#.WVeQVYjyvIU\nPamela O'Neal, M. D.-R. (2012, October 1). Hunger is a public health problem! Retrieved from https://wsuhunger.wordpress.com/2012/10/01/hunger-is-a-public-health-problem/\nPublic Health Interventions. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.apha.org/what-is-public-health/public-health-interventions\nWhat Are Population Health Determinants or Factors? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bibalex.org/supercourse/lecture/lec1361/origin.htm\nIf you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to have it published on the customtermpaperwriting.org website, please click below to request its removal:" ]

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[ "Go where you may within the bounds of California, mountains are ever in sight, charming and glorifying every landscape.\n– John Muir, The Mountains of California (1894)\nAlong Big Oak Flat Road on May 26, after our day above the south rim of Yosemite Valley, we stopped to have a look at the wildflowers. The area the road passed through had burned in the late August/early September 2009 Big Meadows Fire. The fire, which began as a prescribed burn, escaped and burned 7,425 acres of mid-elevation forest west and north of Yosemite Valley.\nIn the seven years since the area was burned, a robust chaparral ecosystem has replaced what had been pine forest. The upshot is that this western section of Yosemite National Park, even at an elevation around 5,000 feet, feels like “California,” like the chaparral of Los Angeles or elsewhere in the state. There may be many high-elevation plant species that are the same as those found in the Rockies or the Cascades or Alaska even, but this chaparral was a reminder that Yosemite National Park is a California park and that these are the mountains of California.\nEven the rock outcrops here reminded us of other parts of California. I remarked to Sean that it felt like we could be standing in Joshua Tree National Park with rock like this.\nBelow the road and to the west an even more recent wildfire, the El Portal Fire of 2014, had burned acres of forest that had been spared by the Big Meadows Fire.\nThe mountains of California are stressed.\nThese fires and many others have ignited during the state’s devastating drought. And the Sierra Nevada is a tinderbox. Decades of fire suppression have ensured ample fuel for any fire that does light. Even more frightening are the swaths of brown in the green of the pine-covered mountainsides. There is a certain beauty and texture that these brown trees provide (in a purely visual sense), but these are standing dead pines, killed by the Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic that is destroying millions of acres of trees in western North America (from the Sierra Nevada to the Black Hills to Alberta). Usually severe winters and hardy trees keep the beetle under control. But the milder winters (which may be the norm in an era of climate change) and the stress on the trees caused by drought have weakened the forests and the pine beetle is killing trees in record numbers. The beetle is also spreading. In the United States, the Great Plains provide a natural barrier between the western and eastern forests, but in Canada, the Boreal Forest spans the continent. In Alberta, the Canadian government is destroying miles-wides expanses of forest as a last-ditch effort to halt the eastern spread of the beetle.\nThe trees killed or weakened by the pine beetle are susceptible to fire, the drought makes fire more likely, and the faces of mountainsides in the Sierra Nevada and throughout the West are changing.\nThe area along Big Oak Flat Road between Yosemite Valley and Crane Flat that was affected by the Big Meadows Fire now provides visitors with the transition of chaparral at lower elevations to mountain meadow at higher elevations, with portions of spared forest present too. The mountain meadow areas are filled with wildflowers. In late May, these were most abundant near 5,000 feet in elevation.\nWe stopped off at Crane Flat near the high point of the road to get some more firewood and gas. Back in camp, we made supper and settled in at the campfire.\nAdam and Randi, the couple in the campsite next to ours, returned. After they’d eaten, asked if they could share our fire in return for s’mores. It sounded like a great trade to us, and soon we four were sitting around the fire trading stories from our days. We had been glad for their suggestion of Sentinel Dome and Taft Point, which had been the perfect level of exertion for Sean. They had spent the day hiking up and down Yosemite Falls Trail. That was a feat in itself, but upon descending, they had checked and discovered that they had won the lottery to go up Half Dome the following day. (The Park Service instituted a daily quota several years ago on hikers on Half Dome to lessen traffic and enhance safety.) So after a big hike that day, they’d be doing a much bigger hike the following day, including leaving camp at 4am to get started. “But it’s Half Dome, so how can you not?” asked Adam.\nWe got chatting about other National Parks, and for the third time, we found ourselves reminiscing about how fantastic Big Bend National Park is while sitting in another National Park. There really is something magical about Big Bend.\nAfter the s’mores, Adam and Randi excused themselves to prep for their early morning and to get to bed. Sean didn’t last much longer. And I sat and thought and gazed at the campfire for a long time before I too climbed into the tent and into my sleeping bag.\nNext morning was warm and bright and lovely in Hodgdon Meadow Campground. Adam and Randi were long gone by the time we woke up. The highlight of this Friday morning, May 27, was being visited in camp by a Douglas Squirrel (also called a Chickaree). He was a charming fellow full of personality who eventually sat on a rock near our campsite having his breakfast. In My First Summer in the Sierra (1911), John Muir called the Douglas Squirrel “the brightest of all the squirrels I have ever seen, a hot spark of life, making every tree tingle with his prickly toes, a condensed nugget of fresh mountain vigor and valor, as free from disease as a sunbeam.”\nAnd our usual morning friends, the California Ground Squirrels, were also about camp. Rotund compared to the Douglas Squirrel, they preferred to warm themselves in the sunshine." ]

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[ "Chicago's first round of testing for a toxic metal called hexavalent chromium found that levels in local drinking water are more than 11 times higher than a health standard California adopted last month.\nBut it could take years before anything is done about chromium contamination in Chicago and scores of other cities, in part because industrial polluters and municipal water utilities are lobbying to block or delay the Obama administration's move toward national regulations.\nThe discovery of hexavalent chromium in drinking water is renewing a debate about dozens of unregulated substances that are showing up in water supplies nationwide. Potential health threats from many of the industrial chemicals, pharmaceutical drugs and herbicides still are being studied, but researchers say there is strong evidence that years of exposure to chromium-contaminated water can cause stomach cancer.\nTest results obtained by the Tribune show that treated Lake Michigan water pumped to 7 million people in Chicago and its suburbs contains up to 0.23 parts per billion of the toxic metal, well above an amount that researchers say could increase the long-term risk of cancer.\nChicago began quarterly testing for the dangerous form of chromium this year after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency urged cities to track it while the Obama administration wraps up a scientific review — the first step toward a national standard. Until now, the results have not been shared with the public.\nFederal officials are being nudged to act by California, which took a three-year look at the science and last month established the nation's first \"public health goal\" to limit hexavalent chromium, an industrial pollutant made infamous by the 2000 movie \"Erin Brockovich.\"\nThe California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment defines the goal, 0.02 parts per billion, as an amount that reduces the risk of developing cancer to a point considered negligible by most scientists and physicians. Studies show that exposure to the metal also increases the risk of reproductive problems, interferes with childhood development and causes liver and kidney damage.\nEchoing their counterparts in other cities where the metal has been detected, Chicago officials stress that local tap water is safe and suggest that if a national limit is adopted, it likely would be less stringent than California's goal. But the findings raise new concerns about a toxic metal that can pass unfiltered through conventional water treatment.\nCity officials are studying ways to tweak equipment at Chicago's two massive treatment plants to screen out the metal. At home, people can reduce chromium levels with reverse osmosis technology or special filtration products; inexpensive and widely sold carbon filters aren't certified to address the problem.\n\"We are asking our customers to be as interested as we are in the scientific advances that produce these findings, but we are urging them not to overreact,\" said Tom LaPorte, a spokesman for the Chicago Department of Water Management.\nMost of the nation's water suppliers meet health standards for the 114 contaminants that are regulated. Yet when a new risk is identified, it can take years before the EPA adds the pollutant to its official list of drinking water contaminants, in part because municipal utilities and industrial polluters fiercely object to changes that could cost them money.\nThe Government Accountability Office, the investigative arm of Congress, sharply criticized the EPA last month for failing to add new pollutants to the list during the administration of President George W. Bush. The GAO concluded that the agency has done little to monitor unregulated contaminants in drinking water, and that the lack of data hamstrings the EPA's ability to determine which substances pose the greatest health threats.\nEarlier this year, the Obama EPA overturned a controversial 2008 decision to keep perchlorate off the list, making the rocket fuel ingredient the first new chemical to be regulated since a 1996 overhaul of the Safe Drinking Water Act. The agency is expected to complete its health assessment of hexavalent chromium by the end of the year.\n\"Strong science and the law will continue to be the backbone of decision-making at EPA,\" an agency spokeswoman wrote in an email response to questions.\nIndustry groups question the validity of research that led the EPA and the National Toxicology Program to identify chromium-contaminated water as a cancer risk. Chemical companies have sponsored their own studies, many of which downplay the potential dangers.\n\"The interests of public health and industry are best served by ensuring that our chemical assessments are based on the best science,\" said Cal Dooley, president of the American Chemistry Council, an industry trade group. \"These decisions have significant public health consequences as well as economic impacts.\"\nTracing newly discovered pollutants is difficult because local water utilities aren't required to test for contaminants unless they are on the EPA's list. And if a utility decides on its own to conduct testing, it isn't required to divulge the results.\nBottled water is no different. Food and Drug Administration regulations for bottled water limit most of the same contaminants monitored in tap water but are silent when it comes to hexavalent chromium, drug residues or other unregulated substances. Moreover, some brands of bottled water use municipal tap water supplies.\n\"The argument here is really about the cost of cleanup and treatment,\" said Thomas Burke, associate dean of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and a former New Jersey environmental regulator. \"Raising doubt about public health impacts has become a successful strategy for delaying action, especially when huge financial interests are at play. What we really should be talking about is how we can manage these risks.\"\nFederal, state and local officials started testing for hexavalent chromium after the Environmental Working Group, a research and advocacy organization, detected the metal in treated drinking water from Chicago and 30 other cities.\nIn their own tests, Chicago officials found there is little difference in hexavalent chromium levels before and after Lake Michigan water is treated. Levels averaged 0.21 parts per billion and peaked at 0.23 parts per billion, according to results posted on the city's website last week after the Tribune requested the information.\n\"The water utilities would rather have people not ask questions about this,\" said Ken Cook, the Environmental Working Group's president and co-founder. \"But it's totally fair for people to ask why we aren't doing more to address this problem.\"\nChromium can be found naturally in the environment and also is dumped into waterways by industry, which uses it to make steel, plate metal, tan leather and prevent corrosion. Current federal regulations limit and require water testing only for total chromium, a more lenient standard that includes another form of the metal, chromium-3, that is an essential nutrient. Critics say the rules need to be strengthened to target the dangerous form, also known as chromium-6.\nThe source of chromium in Chicago drinking water is unclear, though federal records show that some of the nation's biggest industrial sources are four steel mills in northwest Indiana that discharge wastewater into the city's source of drinking water.\nLast year, records show, the U.S. Steel and Arcelor Mittal mills dumped a combined 2,350 pounds of chromium into Lake Michigan and its tributaries, less than 9 miles from Chicago's water-intake crib off 68th Street. (The federal Toxics Release Inventory doesn't require industry to report specific types of the metal, but chromium-3 can convert to chromium-6 and vice versa in the environment.)\nIndustry stepped up its fight against tougher regulations when it became clear that chromium has contaminated water supplies throughout the nation. The award-winning movie \"Erin Brockovich\" dramatized one of the most high-profile cases: a miles-long plume of hexavalent chromium dumped by a utility in rural Hinkley, Calif., that led to a $333 million legal settlement over illnesses and cancers.\nDuring congressional testimony earlier this year, representatives for the nation's water utilities and chemical companies said more research is needed.\n\"In the absence of solid human health data from EPA, it is impossible to tell the public with any certainty what exactly the results of these tests may mean,\" Carrie Lewis, superintendent of the Milwaukee Water Works, wrote in a statement submitted on behalf of the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies.\nBut after its own review of the science, California decided to move forward with its public health goal, based in part on a growing amount of research showing that young children and other sensitive groups face greater risks from toxic chemicals and heavy metals.\nWhen California first proposed its chromium standard, industry and water utilities demanded another look at the science behind it. Four of the five reviewers agreed with the state's conclusions, including one who said the standard \"should be accepted as one based upon sound scientific knowledge, methods and practices.\"\nCorrection: A sentence in the online version of this story on Aug. 7 implied that the toxic metal hexavalent chromium had been detected in the drinking water of 74 million Americans in 42 states. That figure, however, applies to total chromium and does not distinguish between hexavalent chromium, or chromium-6, and chromium-3, which is an essential nutrient. There are no national figures on testing specifically for hexavalent chromium. The original sentence has been removed from this article." ]

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[ "People with low vision often report problems with seeing faces, even though they might still have good VA.\nReading is an integrative task which primarily involves the area just to the right of fixation. Recognising faces is another significant integrative task, in which we build up a complex image by quickly saccading our fovea around the facial features, a bit like the way we build up this view of an island.\nGuided saccades build up a larger detailed image\nNote re the Above Awesome Graphic\nAs I’ve mentioned before, I’ve scrounged graphics from all over the place over the years, and have no idea where most of them originated. This one is a particularly good and useful graphic. Clearly, someone’s put serious thought and work towards making it, so if you know who made it please contact me so I can credit them.\nOur facial landmarks are the eyes and the mouth, with only brief excursions around the rest of the head.\nGuided saccades build up an integrated image of a face\nPatients with macular disease often have trouble with recognising faces. It’s partly a contrast task — after all, faces aren’t high-contrast black and white, they are shades of skin tone viewed at a variety of distances and at a variety of illumination levels. But it’s also a task that requires putting careful putting together the parts in relation to each other, which is a task that needs some field of view. Anyone with significant patchiness of their macular field will start having trouble with recognising faces.\nI actually use this as a kind of VA measurement, but as a rough proxy for how patchy the patient’s macular fields are. I’m usually seated about a metre away, and I ask the patient if they are confident they would recognise me just from looking at my face. If they say yes, I move my chair right back to the door and ask again. Or if they say no, I move closer, even to as close as 30cm.\nIt’s not uncommon to have a patient with 6/9 high contrast VA but unable to recognise my face until I’m within 50cm — that’s a dead giveaway that they have massive macular field loss with a foveal remnant.\nI record that as ‘recognise face at 1.5m’ or similar. It’s a useful bit of information. Patients often present some years later saying that their vision is worse, but they have almost the same VA. But if they can only recognise your face at one metre, where before they could recognise you at three metres, that’s an easy confirmation that they’ve lost significant macular field.\nImpaired facial recognition can be a source of great anxiety, even to the point of patients withdrawing from social contact (which further increases the chance of becoming depressed). The anxiety generally relates to the fear of being in a public place, and failing to recognise and acknowledge (and thereby offend) someone they know. It’s a reasonable fear. Most patients with macular disease don’t ‘look blind’. They usually don’t have a white cane, they don’t wear Stevie Wonder’s black sunglasses, they don’t bump into people or walk around staring into space with their arms out in front. Mostly they appear just like their peers… until they need to recognise a face. There’s not a lot they can do about it, except educate their social circle about their vision impairment. Some people will accept wearing a badge advertising the fact that they have a problem, but many patients baulk at that.\nRecognising a face is one thing. Once you’ve established that a certain person is present, you don’t have to keep on recognising them. You can keep track of them by other cues — what they are wearing, how tall they are, and of course voice.\nRecognising facial expressions is a whole different thing. Faces are dynamic, rapidly changing as an important part of any interpersonal interaction.\n\\Same face, dynamic facial expression.\nSame face, different expressions\nWe all know how different it is talking to a person over the phone. Because we can’t see each other’s faces, we tend to talk slightly differently, with more verbal indications that we are paying attention, surprised, amused or cross. For our patients who can’t see a facial expression change it can be very difficult to socialise appropriately. It’s especially hard to deal with people who have a dry sense of humour — their voice might say they are cross, and it’s only the twinkle in their eye that says they are just joking." ]

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[ "It is natural to work on the non-dominant hand (the left hand for a right-handed, and vice versa) on the drumset, where it is required that both hands develop equal strength and precision. It is not considered when drawing, but as my recent studies focused more on observing than on technique, why not letting my non-dominant hand draw too?\nI felt that the observation step was as accurate as by right-hand drawings. The difference came when I had to draw – my left hand has very seldom held a pencil, so there is no muscular memory of a pencil grip. I somehow grouped my fingers together and started with the mare’s head. You can see the hesitations and trembling. There was sometimes too much opposition from the paper, that my left hand had to try hard to move the pencil. Another difficulty that arose half-way was that I started drawing, as usual, from the left – not taking into account that my hand would cover the drawing, therefore I went on holding the hand and arm above the drawing, like left-handers do when they write.\nThe drawing took maybe ten minutes to be done. It is of course very sketchy and by no matters finished, but the point is made: a good observation matters more to me that technique. Even from an unschooled hand, the subject is recognisable and with acceptable proportions.\nThat made me also think how adults can forget how hard it was to learn to write and draw when they were children. It is a good refresher for my teacher’s future.\nI hope this is of encouragement for you! Let me know in the comments or on your blogs about your drawing experiments." ]

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[ "Conradi, K., Jang, B.G., Lawrence, C., Craft, A., & McKenna, M. C.\nMotivating adolescents to read is an attainable goal. The first step is assessment. This article offers teachers and researchers a new tool for planning instruction and gauging its impact.\nListen to Dr. Conradi discuss the research on a podcast here: http://www.reading.org/downloads/podcasts/jaal-56-7-KristinConradi.mp3\nConradi, K., Jang, B.G., Lawrence, C., Craft, A., & McKenna, M. C. (2013). Measuring adolescents’ attitudes toward reading: A classroom survey. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 56, 565-576." ]

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[ "Sealaska Heritage Institute receives grant to study historic Tlingit recordings\nOldest recordings date to early 1900s\nSealaska Heritage Institute (SHI) has received a federal grant to research and migrate old Tlingit language recordings to a format that will make them more accessible to modern-day Native language students and scholars.\nThe $150,000, two-year grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services will allow SHI to migrate more than one hundred recordings of people speaking Tlingit from an old format to a digital format, said SHI Archivist Zachary Jones. Recordings with the potential to aid language studnts and educators will be placed online.\n“We’re very excited about this grant because it not only helps us with our archival collections, but it also helps us with our language,” Jones said.\nThe oldest Tlingit recordings date to the early 1900s, and historic Tlingit recordings from that era will undergo a review. SHI will contract fluent Tlingit speakers to listen to the recordings and provide detailed information on topics such as traditional ecological knowledge and Tlingit history.\n“It will help document the content of them in great detail right down to the clan or clan-house level if possible,” he said.\nThe grant also will fund an internship program between the institute and the University of Alaska Southeast, allowing undergraduate students studying Tlingit language to become involved in this language orientated project. And, it will establish a sharing partnership with the University of Alaska Fairbanks’ Alaska Native Language Archive, meaning the organizations will donate copies of some materials in their archives to each other.\nSealaska Heritage Institute is a regional nonprofit representing the Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian people of Southeast Alaska. Its mission is to perpetuate and enhance Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian cultures. SHI maintains a large collection of archival materials that document the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian cultures." ]

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[ "The tornado kick, also known as the triple crescent, is a complex kicking technique that offers two key advantages over simply planted kicks. Torsion, or rotating momentum, is developed in the hips and core during the tornado kick, giving it maximum force.\nWhere did the taekwondo originate\nTaekwondo (/taekwondo/) is a Korean martial art that emphasizes kicks heavily. Various Korean martial artists developed taekwondo in the 1940s and 1950s as a fusion of indigenous Korean fighting techniques such as taekkyeon, gwonbeop, and subak and influences from foreign martial arts such as foreign karate and Chinese martial arts.\nWhat is the deadliest taekwondo move\nLeap kicks, spin kicks, jump spin kicks, and multi-rotational spin kicks are all options. All of these tasks can be handled by either the front or back leg in a given stance.\nWhy are there nine degrees of black belt in Taekwondo\nThe goal of anyone that starts to practice TaeKwonDo is to get a black belt. Getting to your first-degree black belt will take a minimum of 2 to 3 years. To go from one black belt degree to the next will take as many years as the belt you are going to test for. Getting a black belt is not an ending to your training but, it is just the beginning of learning Taekwondo, and that is why there are nine degrees of black belts.\nWhat is the order of belts in Taekwondo\nSince the 1940s, Taekwondo’s Belt System has been an integral aspect of the Taekwondo tradition. Belts and rankings are awarded to students and practitioners who are disciplined, skillful and dedicated to their art. Belt colors in Taekwondo signify the level of training (rank). The belt system incentivizes students to progress to the next level of instruction.\nWhat taekwondo belt colors represent\nFor someone new to the sport, the variety of colored belts can be baffling. The most popular colors and the levels they belong are listed below." ]

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[ "Quebec, one of the most prominent provinces of Canada identifies the immigration requirements, and accordingly selects the skilled workers who are eligible to be employed and considered for permanent settlement in the province under the Canada-Quebec Accord on Immigration. Quebec is concerned about the adaptability of the future immigrants and thus, it has set a number of eligibility requirements to be meet by each Skilled Worker Program applicants before they get to immigrate to the province.\nBelow are a few of the requirements that Quebec expects every foreign Skilled Worker applicants to fulfill:\n- Applications must have the intention, as well as the abilities to settle and get employed in Quebec.\n- Applicants must have minimum one diploma, which is equivalent to any of the following Quebec education system’s diplomas:\n- Diploma of Secondary School\nDiploma of Vocational Studies\n- Applicants must have the required training to be employed in Quebec. They must also possess other occupational skills which will enable them to contribute to the Quebec labor market.\nThe aforementioned are the basic requirements for the Quebec Skilled Worker applicants. Prospective applicants must also know that a little knowledge of French is also important! Besides English, applicants are also required to have basic level of language proficiency in French. To learn more about Quebec Immigration Selection System, contact an Immigration and Visa Consultant!" ]

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[ "Today, nearly all of Afghanistan’s 38 million people are Muslim and Islam is the official religion of the country. This, however, has not always been the case.\nBefore becoming an Islamic state, Afghanistan — being the subject of numerous conquests over the centuries — was once home to a medley of religious practices, most of which prospered for long periods. Of all these religions, none is older than Hinduism, whose connection to the region goes beyond that of modern historical dating.\nOnce upon a time, much of Afghanistan was part of an ancient kingdom known as Gandhara, which also covered parts of northern Pakistan, spreading over the Peshawar Valley, Kabul River Valley, and the Pothohar Plateau. Today, many of Afghanistan’s province names, though slightly altered, are clearly Sanskrit in origin, hinting at the region’s ancient past. To cite a few examples, Balkh comes from the Sanskrit Bhalika, Nangarhar from Nagarahara, and Kabul from Kubha.\nThough Gandhara’s earliest mention can be found in the Vedas (Hinduism’s most ancient sacred texts), it is better known for its connections to the Hindu epics the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Most famously, Gandhara is described as the kingdom from which the queen Gandhari came, whose son Duryodhana fought and lost a great war to his cousins, the Pandavas.\nGandhara is also renowned for being home to Taxila (located today in Pakistan near Rawalpindi), a city described in the Ramayana as being founded by Rama’s younger brother Bharata, who named it after his son Taksha. (Some say it was Taksha who founded Taxila). Furthermore, Taxila is said to have been where the Mahabharata was first recited.\nSituated at the junction of three great trade routes connecting Eastern India, Western Asia, and Kashmir (a renowned Hindu center of learning) and Central Asia, Taxila was and remained wealthy and prosperous for a long time, even as it changed hands from one ruling empire to the next.\nHome to one of the world’s earliest universities that gained recognition as a center of not only Hindu and Buddhist learning, but also the arts and sciences, Taxila attracted students from all over, producing many of history’s finest minds. Some of these include:\n- Charaka: an Ayurvedic physician who compiled the Charaka Samhita, a foundational text on Indian traditional medicine;\n- Jivaka: also an Ayurvedic physician, who specialized in marma (a therapy involving the stimulation of sensitive points on the body), panchakarma (a vigorous detoxification process that rejuvenates the body), and surgery, and who became famous for treating Gautama Buddha;\n- Panini: a Sanskrit grammarian who compiled the Astadhyayi, a work on Sanskrit grammar that is now considered one of the greatest intellectual achievements of any ancient civilization;\n- Chandragupta Maurya: the founder of the Mauryan Empire, which covered much of the Indian subcontinent from 321 BCE to 185 BCE;\n- Chanakya: prime minister of the Mauryan Empire and mentor to Chandragupta Maurya, he also authored the Arthashastra, a classic Indian treatise on statecraft;\n- Vasubandhu: one of history’s most prominent and influential Buddhist philosophers.\nGandhara eventually came under Mauryan rule in the fourth century BCE. During this time, Ashoka, Chandragupta’s grandson, embraced Buddhism. As a result, the religion grew and flourished, even after the region was taken over by the Greeks and other subsequent rulers.\nThe mid-third century CE to 543 CE, however, saw the emergence of the Gupta empire. Staunch followers of Hinduism — especially Vaishnavism — the Guptas strove to revive Hinduism, which had been in decline due to the popularity of Buddhism.\nBut in the fifth century CE, the Gupta empire came to an end as the Huns invaded, causing widespread devastation and destruction. Taxila, among the destroyed, never truly recovered.\nFor a while, local leaders fought amongst themselves for power in the area until it was taken over by the Turkish Shahi dynasty of Kabul, which controlled the area until the ninth century CE, when they were replaced by the Hindu Shahis.\nHolding sway over the Kabul Valley, Gandhara, and Western Punjab, the Hindu Shahis were the last great Hindu rulers of Afghanistan and built numerous temples and religious monuments throughout the region.\nUnfortunately, the Hindu Shahi dynasty was ended in the 11th century with the eastward expansion of Muslim forces from Ghazni. Buddhism was more or less eradicated that same century, as other religions were also either stamped out or made to dwindle during the Muslim conquests of Afghanistan.\nDespite this, Hinduism managed to survive alongside Sikhism, which became established in Afghanistan about 500 years ago when the founder of the religion, Guru Nanak, is believed to have visited the region. Because the people of both religions have similarities, get along with each other, and share places of worship, they have an undeniable kinship, and are even often viewed as a single community in Afghanistan.\nFor generations most of them have lived in the city of Kabul, and could be found at the Asamai Mountain — a place that has always been a hub of worship for Hindus and Sikhs, and notably home to the famous Asamai Hindu Temple, named after the Hindu goddess of hope.\nSadly, increased persecution has caused this community to decline at an accelerated speed in recent decades.\nIn the 1970s, there were about 700,000 Hindus and Sikhs in Afghanistan. In the 1980s, this number fell to about 200,000-300,000 when the Pakistan-backed Mujahideen, supported by the US Central Intelligence Agency, won the Soviet-Afghan war and took control of the country.\nThe Afghan Mujahideen, who came into power with Pakistan and US help, then formed the Taliban in the early 1990s, commencing a period of time that proved particularly dark for Hindus and Sikhs. Forced to wear yellow armbands for identification, Hindus and Sikhs became the victims of constant and widespread atrocities that included kidnappings, murders, and the stealing of properties.\nThe Taliban’s attitude towards minority religions became so aggressive that they commenced a campaign to rid Afghanistan of all idolatry, destroying statues and deities — even of religions that had already been eliminated. One of the more infamous examples of this was when, in 2001, they demolished the Buddhas of Bamiyan, two sixth-century statues of Gautama Buddha carved into a cliff in the Bamiyan Valley. A seventh-century painting of Shiva Avalokiteshvara that was inside the caves of Bamiyan was destroyed with them.\nAs of 2021, there are fewer than 700 Hindus and Sikhs left in Afghanistan, according to The Associated Press.\nAnd with the US set to completely pull out of Afghanistan by August 31, 2021, and the Taliban at its greatest strength since 2001, it seems inevitable that there will soon be no Hindus and Sikhs left in the region.\nFortunately, Afghanistan’s Hindu community continues to exist outside of the country. Many Asamai temples named after the famous one in Kabul have been established around the world, including Amsterdam, London, New York, Frankfurt, and Faridabad.\nAfter centuries of persecution, the communities of these temples are a reminder of Afghanistan’s once rich and prosperous Hindu history.\nAn enduring people who have been the subject of terrible atrocities, their continued perseverance to practice a religion in spite of all odds is a testament to the depth and richness of their culture and devotion.\nIt is through such perseverance that perhaps this culture can prosper once again.\nFor anyone wanting to visit an Afghan Hindu temple in the US or learn more about the community, visit asamai.com and/or asamaihindutemple.com." ]

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[ "DINOLINGO The most important holidays in Poland are Christmas Eve and Easter. Christmas Eve, celebrated December 24th, is called Wigilia, and it celebrates the birth of Jesus. Traditionally, Poles put up a Christmas tree and decorate it with ornaments, stars, candy, and oranges, and presents are placed underneath it. The biggest meal of Christmas is eaten during Wigilia, and it contains no meat, but usually many fish dishes including carp and herring. The Christmas celebrations typically begin at the sighting of the first star in the sky (and the sun sets early in Poland in the winter, so the first star is usually seen around 3 p.m.), and families get together to eat and open presents. December 25th and 26th are considered the “second day of Christmas” and “third day of Christmas” and are celebrated with family get-togethers and holiday meals (this time containing meat). In many cities and villages, there is also usually a Christmas procession where people walk through the streets with candles, and end up in church to celebrate Mass.\nEaster celebrates the resurrection of Jesus, and takes place on a Sunday in March or April. Easter is celebrated in Poland with the dyeing and painting of eggs (called pisanki) and an elaborate meal eaten with the family. A traditional cake called mazurek is made for Easter, and is a flat cake filled with chocolate or a caramel-like filling called kajmak. Common symbols of Easter are eggs, rabbits, and flowers.\nThe day after Easter is a children’s holiday called śmingus-dingus, in which children pour water on each other, often after planning an elaborate ambush or hiding out to surprise their siblings or friends with the water.\nAnother traditional holidays is All Saints’ Day (Dzień Wszystkich Świętych) on November 1, which celebrates the dead and people visit the graves of loved ones, leaving candles and flowers. In the evening, graveyards in Poland are lit up with candlelight and are eerily beautiful.\nPolish lessons for kids" ]

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[ "Fun fact: it is not possible to divide any number by 0. Any number divided by 0 is undefined.\n6 divided by 30 = 0.2\nDivision is one of the fundamentals of arithmetic. For a general intro to division, check out this article. For calculating division yourself, it may also be worth it to check out our long division section.\nLearning how to solve these problems yourself will be helpful to you in school and in life. We recommend practicing division problems by hand and checking the solution with a calculator.\nThere are a few ways to calculate division problems on your own. The first way, which is the easiest, is to use a calculator. Another way, which is often taught in schools, is to use long division. Long division is a technique for dividing two numbers. It is easy to learn and fun to practice! Check out our long division article to learn how to do it yourself.\nSimilar Fraction ProblemsWhat is 232 divided by 130? What is 63 divided by 248? What is 140 divided by 233? What is 43 divided by 129? What is 92 divided by 18? What is 240 divided by 178? What is 92 divided by 196? What is 228 divided by 241? What is 33 divided by 36? What is 145 divided by 92?\nRandom articlesComplete the Square Volume of a Cylinder Square Root Rules Inverse Proportion Cartesian Coordinates Integers, Dividing/Multiplying Dividing Decimals" ]

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[ "What Does Place Mean in Corgi Training\nWhat Are The Different Types Of Corgi\nCardigan Welsh Corgi\nCardigan Welsh corgi is a small type of herding dog that was born in Wales. Cardigan Welsh corgi is one of two corgi breeds, with the one being called the Pembroke Welsh corgi. Both of these breeds can be used to herd cattle, however this breed, the Cardigan Welsh corgi is the larger of both. What does place mean in corgi training.\nCardigan Welsh Corgis are one of two varieties of Welsh corgis, with the other of which is known as known as the Pembroke Welsh Corgi. Sometimes, they are referred to simply as \"Corgis,\" these low-to-the-ground dogs are well-known for their bayonet-like tailsand furry ears and fox-like faces. Cardsigans are social creatures who would rather be in the company of their families, whether exploring new surroundings or just taking a break at home.\nThe Cardigan Welsh Corgi is a tiny, long and low dog. They have short legs as well as a long body, which is commonly described as sufficient to cover all their vital organs. Their head is wedge-shaped with their ears pointed, and they are set up high on their heads. The eyes of these dogs are almond-shaped while their tails look curly. They sport a thick, medium-length coat that can be either straight or curly. Cardigan Welsh Corgis can be found in a range of colors like black, brindle the blue-merle variety sable and tan.\nThe Cardigan Welsh Corgi can be described as a smart loved, loyal and loving dog. They're reserved around strangers, but are not in any way aggressive. They will signal for help if they suspect that someone is on your property who shouldn't, however, they usually greet visitors after they realise that they are not a threat. Cardis are devoted to their families and love children, even though their natural instinct to herd could lead them to bite at kids' heels trying to herd them. When well-socialized, Cardigan Welsh Corgis are able to get along well with other dogs and household pets What does place mean in corgi training.\nPembroke Welsh Corgi\nThe Pembroke Welsh Corgi is a small, lively breed that is ideal for families and those seeking a lively companionship. Pembroke corgis are affectionate and loyal, and make great protectors. They're also one of the most intelligent breeds and are easy to train.\nPembroke Welsh Corgis are one of two breeds of Corgis that are recognized by the American Kennel Club. It is the Pembroke Welsh Corgi is the more common of the two breeds. They're a small herding dog that was used in the past by farms across Wales for herding chores. Nowadays, they're loved by many and known for their short legs, big ears and amiable personalities. Pembroke Welsh Corgis come in different colors such as red, sable and fawn as well as black and brown. They have short coats that are easy to take care of. The adult Pembroke Welsh Corgis typically weigh between 25 to 30 pounds. If you're thinking of adding an Pembroke Welsh Corgi to your family, make sure you investigate the breed first. Like all dogs, they need dedication, time and training. But if you're prepared to do the work, a Pembroke Welsh Corgi will make a wonderful addition to your home.\nPembroke Welsh Corgis are fairly small dogs, measuring between 10 and 12 inches tall at the shoulders and weighing 20-30 pounds. The breed has short legs and a large body, which makes them have a low center of gravity. This makes them suitable for herding activities, as they are quick to dodge and change direction. Pembroke corgis come in a wide range of colors like red, sableand fawn and black, and brindle. They sport pointed ears, and their tails tend to be cut to around half its original length.\nIt is the Pembroke Welsh Corgi is an capable, intelligent, and loyal dog breed. They make great companions for active people who can provide them with lots of exercise and love. Pembroke Welsh Corgis are friendly and friendly with the people that they are familiar with, but they can be reserved with strangers. They generally get along with pets and other dogs However, they can attempt to herd them. Socialization at an early age and puppy training classes are suggested to assist you and your beloved Pembroke Welsh Corgi understand how to communicate effectively with humans and other dogs. Pembroke Welsh Corgis are active pets that require plenty of exercise. A regular walk or play session is essential, along with a well-fenced yard where they can run and romp. What does place mean in corgi training." ]

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[ "Water is essential to all life...too little water and we die, too much and we drown. The same is true of the grass in our lawns.\nWater makes up 70% to 80% of the weight of our lawn grasses and the clippings alone are nearly 90% water. While most people are concerned about not watering their lawns enough, the fact is that more lawns are damaged or destroyed by over-watering.\nNewly installed turf grass sod has very important watering needs. Proper watering immediately after installation will ensure the turf gets established, and it will also have an impact on how well the lawn continues to flourish for years to come.\nStart watering immediately after the sod is installed. A sprinkler should be turned on as soon as there is an area big enough without getting the next soil area wet. It is essential that enough water is put down the first time to thoroughly soak the sod and the soil under the sod. Water each area with about 0.5\" of water.\nAfter a few hours, pull back one of the corners of the rolls to see if the dirt is moist. If the soil is not damp, water more. You can check the moisture content by lifting a corner of the sod and sticking your finger into the soil. By giving the sod a heavy first watering you will rid the area of air pockets which dry out the sod. If you make deep footprints when walking across your lawn, the sod is almost too wet.\nWatch all of the edges of the sod, these edges are typically the hardest to keep moist and may need to be watered by hand. After the first watering, water enough to keep the soil under the sod moist, but not muddy. In cool weather this may mean watering only every 3 or 4 days. In warmer weather, you may have to water daily or every other day. Try not to allow the ground to dry out too much between the watering.\nAfter the first couple of weeks you can start to back off of the frequent watering. Remember that frequent shallow watering is not good for your lawn. This can cause the root system to grow near the surface. Water less often, but water deeply. Over time the roots will follow the water down into the soil and you will have lush healthy turf." ]

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[ "ORLANDO, Fla. (Ivanhoe Newswire) — To freeze or not to freeze? That’s the question when you’re left with a pile of leftovers. But did you know, keeping some foods at zero degrees can do more harm than good? to freeze or not to freeze\nFruits, meats, sauces these are a yes when it comes to what foods are safe to freeze. But not everything should be kept so cool.\nA good rule to know keep salads and leafy greens out of the freezer. When they defrost, they’ll lose their flavor and become limp. And don’t put your fried foods in there! They will lose their crunch and lose all their oil if reheated making the food soggy. Be mindful of your desserts! Desserts with an egg wash frosting or with crumb toppings should not go up top. Both toppings will make your cake or pie soggy. Finally, beware of dairy. Yogurt, cream cheese and sour cream ingredients will separate, and it will be inedible.\nAs a general rule, most foods last for 3 months in the freezer before showing signs of freezer burn. Keeping the right items stored in the right places, for the right amount of time.\nAnother thing to keep in mind, most foods in the frozen section of the grocery story contain added starch for taste, which can cause diabetes, the added sodium and trans fats used as preservatives cause heart disease, and many frozen foods are high in fat.\nContributor(s) to this news report include: Keon Broadnax, Writer and Robert Walko, Editor.\nTo receive a free weekly email on Smart Living from Ivanhoe, sign up at: http://www.ivanhoe.com/ftk" ]

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[ "Museum Exhibit Proves That Americans Love to Drink\nCulture and booze are currently colliding at the National Archives Museum in Washington D.C. From now until January 11, 2016, the museum is hosting an exhibit called “Spirited Republic: Alcohol in American History.”\nAccording to the museum, the exhibit “uses National Archives documents and artifacts to show how government programs and policies changed over time and to illustrate the wide variety of views Americans hold about alcohol.”\nIncluded in the exhibition are interesting historical documents such as the 18th and 21st Amendments (the 18th created prohibition and the 21st repealed it) as well as oddities such as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s cocktail shaker and Prohibition-era prescriptions for medicinal alcohol. Plus there’s a large graphic model showing how much Americans drank throughout US history, so you can see what year would have been the best fit for your drinking habits.\nUnlike a visit to some of our favorite breweries, this tour doesn’t end with a tasting section. However, it may encourage you to up your drinking game. As the BBC points out, one of the most interesting revelations from the exhibit is how much alcohol consumption in the US has decreased. Turns out, American booze consumption peaked in 1830 at 7.1 gallons of pure alcohol per person a year. Compare that to the mere 2.3 gallons guzzled today and it’ll finally make sense why we’re so much more technically advanced than our sloppy forefathers.\nThe exhibit, which began on March 6th, is open to the public from 10am to 5:30pm daily. It’s also free, making it a much cheaper option than just drinking away the afternoon." ]

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[ "Can seaweed help solve the world's plastic crisis?\nJacqui Palumbo, CNN\n(CNN) -- After you finish your fries, eat the ketchup packet. When you add your pasta to boiling water, toss the bag into the pot, too.\nIf these instructions sound confusing to you, it's only because you haven't yet heard of Notpla, a London-based startup company that is designing a seaweed-based replacement for single-use plastic packaging. Founded in 2014, the company closed a £10 million ($13.5 million) Series A financing round last month, led by the VC firm Horizons Ventures, to scale and further develop its product line.\nNotpla's products are meant to be composted or dissolved after use -- though some are edible, too. Current offerings include sachets for condiments, water and even alcohol; a film wrap for products in your pantry or bathroom, like coffee or toilet paper; and takeaway boxes that replace plastic-based coating with seaweed lining to make them fully biodegradable.\nNotpla design director Karlijn Sibbel says they look to nature as inspiration \"for the ideal packaging,\" like the skin on a fruit. \"A peel will eventually be used (as nutrients) by nature, and disappear and become a part of the cycle,\" she said.\nThe approach feels especially relevant as the world is coming to terms with the effects of decades of unfettered plastic production. According to the UN, 300 million tonnes (331 million tons) of plastic waste are produced globally each year, and out of the estimated 8.3 billion tonnes (9.15 billion tons) of plastic produced since the early 1950s, about 60% has been landfilled or discarded outdoors. Microplastics -- tiny particles that are often the result of larger plastics breaking down -- pollute the ocean, the air and our bodies.\nOver the past few years, there has been a growing movement against single-use plastics as many experts have argued the products are unnecessary and harmful, and businesses have come under fire for using them excessively -- like in 2019, when Whole Foods' peeled and individually wrapped oranges went viral. In the US, some states and municipalities have taken action: New York banned most plastic shopping bags, and in Miami Beach, plastic straws have been outlawed. Overseas, the European Union put a broad ban on single-use plastics into effect this summer, and India plans to follow suit next year, the government announced in August.\n\"It's getting more and more clear how big the plastic problem is,\" Sibbel said. \"Manufacturers are \"using materials that last for thousands of years,\" she explained, but for products that are only in use \"for a few minutes.\"\n\"That mismatch is something that we need to solve,\" she added.\nNotpla's founders, Rodrigo García González and Pierre Paslie, initially looked to seaweed as the solution to the world's plastic problem because it is abundant, grows quickly, doesn't compete with land crops, and sequesters carbon from the air, Sibbel explained.\nThere are also many different seaweed species, and it can be harvested or farmed. (Notpla uses farmed plants.)\n\"Seaweed doesn't use land; it doesn't use pesticides,\" Sibbel said. \"It can grow into the ocean and the sea, where it actually has a lot of positive benefits so it can create new ecosystems for other organisms to thrive in.\"\nSince its founding, the startup has been awarded grants from the British government agency Innovate UK and the circular economy nonprofit Ellen MacArthur Foundation for its first product, the Ooho sachet, which holds single servings of liquids. The new financing round will go toward ramping up the production of the Ooho and Notpla coating, while further developing their new seaweed paper and multipurpose film wrap.\nThe paper is made from the fibers left over from creating other Notpla products and can be used to make items like gift wrap or clothes tags, while the film wrap can hold most dry goods or wet goods with low water content.\n\"The exciting thing is that this is a film that can replace most of the flexible packaging that you see around,\" Sibbel said. The potential contents could include coffee grounds, toilet paper or the screws included for furniture assembly. For food items, such as pasta, they have even experimented with adding flavors to the packaging, so that dissolving the bag could add seasoning to the skillet.\n\"You can cook with it. And you can really start to rethink what we can do with these materials,\" she explained.\nSome of Notpla's products are available online, but the company has also landed some major partnerships in the UK and around Western Europe to provide beverages at festivals like DGTL in Amsterdam and Glastonbury in Somerset. In 2019, Notpla distributed 36,000 Oohos filled with the energy drink Lucozade Sport during the London Marathon, and it provided edible Glenlivet capsules at London Cocktail Week.\nLast year, the startup tested 30,000 takeaway boxes at different UK restaurants in collaboration with the online food ordering service Just Eat, and plans are underway to offer the boxes around Europe in 2022.\nAs they scale up, Notpla's team hopes seaweed could replace single-use plastic in the supply chain more broadly, Sibbel said, but with the volume of plastics used around the world, she understands the enormity of such a task.\n\"I don't think one material (or) one solution is going to solve everything, but we think that seaweed really ticks the right boxes,\" she said.\nRethinking when and why we used plastic will be crucial to Notpla breaking into other industries, Sibbel said. \"Plastic can do a lot of things,\" she added. But it's about asking, \"Is it really necessary for this application?\"\nShe points to packaging for produce like tomatoes, which have holes to let the food breathe.\n\"You don't have to have the properties of plastic. Why are we using plastic?\" Sibbel asked, laughing. \"I really hope to see the industry move and also embrace (change) in a positive way.\"\n™ & © 2022 Cable News Network, Inc., a WarnerMedia Company. All rights reserved." ]

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[ "Photo adapted from a Clipart.com photo.\nTry this experiment. Ask your staff, how do people keep a bicycle upright when they ride it? You will get some interesting answers. But you’ll probably not get the scientific answer — the one that has something to do with centrifugal force and shifting the angle of the wheel in inverse proportion to the bicycle’s angle to the earth when it begins to fall. This is because we naturally understand that learning to ride a bicycle takes more than words. In fact, learning has not taken place until the learner puts the concepts into practice, until they get on the bicycle and begin riding.\nOne study of effective managers found the key factors were not academic achievement but competency in management, problem solving, planning, delegating, inspiring, leading change, resolving conflicts, and interpersonal communicating, all of which are people-intensive skills. In most universities today, however, students are given only a smattering of real-time workplace experience. They learn theories about management in the sterile context of the classroom–theories often based on solutions designed to answer yesterday’s questions–many of which must be unlearned because they no longer make sense in today’s business environment.\nA fresh approach is needed in the educational world, one that seeks to recover the ancient practice of learning by doing. Before the industrialization of education, students experimented with possible solutions to problems, tested their solutions, pondered the results, adjusted their theories to the realities of their results, and then came back to tackle the problem again. This is the cycle of Action Learning.\nThe time has arrived to rethink model-T style mass-produced education, classroom-bound education. education measured by credit hours rather than the ability to produce successful solutions, education answering questions before they are asked, education consisting mainly of filling empty heads with words. An approach is needed that fuses good information with good practice and thereby prepares students for today’s challenges.\nMore important than learning a “body of information,” management students today need to gain the ability to adapt to real-life situations they will face in the workplace. A farmer’s seed has no effect until it is planted in the soil. In the same way, cognitive learning has no effect until it is planted in the soil of real-time experience. Leadership quality is produced in the crucible of life experience.\nI’m suggesting the professor’s role may need to change from a source of information to a facilitator of processes — one who encourages the process of learning by experience. This model would change the educational program from providing answers to unasked questions into helping students discover answers to questions born from their own experience. Once action spawns questions, these questions can also direct the university as it learns more effective ways to prepare leaders. By expansively understanding today’s business context and the people with whom they will relate, students in an Action Learning project will be better prepared for management in the real world.\nThe Action Learning model sees learning as the product of tackling real problems in real situations. By taking the approach of Action Learning students would not be required to wait until they graduate to begin doing something real. Their education would not be hypothetical; instead of learning prior to action, they would learn through action.\nLearning divorced from action can produce only a caricature of leadership. To avoid this, the student’s education needs to include the development of people skills and these can only be learned by engaging in real management. What about a system where, each year, new recruits would join an Action Management Cohort Team whose main learning activity would be a real entrepreneurial project? What if the main evidence for a successful education would be the launching of a new small business enterprise? How would the world be different if educational institutions all began to measure success by the production of workable solutions and not just by the accurate reproduction of past learning?\nWhat might that look like?\nGreg Waddell provides consulting services for churches and organizations. Contact Dr. Waddell today at gregwaddell[at]leadstrategic.com to discuss the needs of your organization." ]

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[ "As many have written about, there was a unique, profound, and dramatic transformation that happened across many civilizations, maybe initiated by the Bronze Age collapse (c. 1200 BCE) but not culminating until later in the following millennia (from Athenian democracy to Hellenism; also Buddhism) and lingering still further many centuries beyond that (e.g., Isis worship in the Roman Empire, one of the models for Mariolatry in particular and Christianity in general). This is what some refer to as the Axial Age, after which human society and culture would never again be the same.\nOut of this era of tumultuous change, there would develop distinct categories of politics, religion, philosophy, science, etc that would proliferate in complex new understandings often in conflict and competition, particularly as distorted and co-opted by the emergent reactionary mind. But underlying it all, there were similar ideas and ways of thinking, a basic ideological worldview. As differently and partially as it came to be articulated and institutionalized among various populations and traditions, this set of beliefs can be somewhat fairly summarized and generalized as the following:\nAlthough each of us may be a distinct expression or manifestation of individuality shaped by separate inner and outer conditions, but with independent selves, autonomous souls, and free psyches; in essence and value, we are all equal members, maybe even in some ways fundamentally identical beings (beyond false egoic identities, superficial personality differences, socially constructed social roles, etc), of a unified humanity with a shared human nature and human rights that exist within a common reality, holistic cosmos, and singular universe; an orderly and comprehensible world of natural or supernatural laws and systems where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; as originated from the same source to which everything ultimately returns or from which nothing ever actually departed.\nThis is the counterbalance between three main principles, as understood in human terms:\n- Liberty and freedom (negative and positive; from and toward; in theory and in reality; opportunities and results; possibilities and actions; resources and availability), guaranteed rights and protections (autonomy, security, and safety); the anti-authoritarian basis of civil society and social liberalism as part of a democratic republic, particularly more direct democracies and social democracies, including democratic socialism such as anarchosyndicalism (e.g., worker-owned-and-operated businesses).\n- Egalitarianism and fairness; respect, support, and tolerance; in the context of what is universal within the universe or at least within a given society, such as universal civil or human rights that are expected to be applied to all equally and fairly, maybe even as an expression of natural law or otherwise a cultural inheritance of shared values; with pre-Axial origins in archaic humanity, as demonstrated by many anti-authoritarian and anti-hierarchical hunter-gatherers through the common practice of meat-shaming and meat-sharing in order to discourage individualistic pride and sense of separation.\n- Fraternity, solidarity, and class or group consciousness; communalism and collectivism, mutuality and interdependence; shared compassion, care, and concern; brotherhood of man, family of humanity, and citizens of the world; similar to a specific people as the body politic and the kinship of the faithful as Body of Christ, as well as feudal commoners with common rights to the Commons; the idea that with freedom comes responsibility, that is to say we owe others in the living generation or even in future generations (Germanic ‘freedom’, meaning to be a member of a free society, to be among friends who will support and defend you).\nOne example of the above is what some consider the original baptismal creed of the earliest known Christians. It bluntly states that we are, in reality, all equal; that social positions and roles are unreal, including ethnicity (Jew or Gentile), legal status (slave or free), and gender (male and female). It is one of the most radical and absolute declarations of egalitarianism of any recorded text in history, and it was far from being mere words. The man who wrote it down, Paul, also described the practices of his fellow faithful. They lived, acted, and worshipped as if they were all literally equal before God, on Earth as it is in Heaven. The evidence of this being an already established creed is that Paul obviously was not writing about his own personal beliefs, considering he had doubts not shared by many others in the early churches.\nAs embodied by the communitarian and sometimes collectivist Christians, the first wave of charismatic and zealous radicalism was later violently suppressed, expunged from the Church, and the memory of it largely erased. The only evidence we have of the first generations of Christians are the Pauline Epistles, as the Gospels were written after all known living witnesses of that era were dead. The memory of the previous radicalism, nonetheless, lingered because of Paul’s awkward placement in the New Testament — thanks to the inclusion of the Epistles in the first New Testament canon created by the Pauline Marcion, a Church Father who was later slandered as a heretic.\nIntriguingly, Paul never speaks of a physical and historical Jesus. His salvific figure appears to be the Cosmic Christ, more of a visionary and gnostic experience than a literal human that walked on the earth. This might be the significance of why Jesus, after asserting his own divinity, then points out that according to the Bible we are all gods; indicating that his divinity was not unique and isolated (as told in the apparently Gnostic Gospel of John). Now that would be some mind-blowing egalitarianism. This message is emphasized by Jesus’ teaching that the Kingdom of God is all around us, not in some distant and rarified Heaven. That is to say the divine and spiritual is commonplace, is in and of the world. A priestly class is not needed to reach God.\nMore than a millennia later, some Christians took this kind of crazy talk quite seriously. It inspired, among the peasantry, multiple class wars and political revolts across Europe. That set the stage for the Protestant Reformation, the English Civil War, and the Enlightenment Age. Some consider the English Peasants’ Revolt to be the first modern revolution in its violent and organized challenge of caste and class, privilege and authority; in its demands for equality of rights and economic reform. This would establish a pattern of rhetoric that would revive ancient Christian radicalism.\nThe reverberations would be felt in the early modern revolutions of America, France, and Haiti. In echoing the Axial Age prophets, many revolutionaries proclaimed themselves citizens of the world. That was not an entirely alien concept, since Paul’s letters had saved that pre-heresiological belief in a greater common identity. It was the seed of an ancient utopian ideal finally taking root, if it still to this day has not yet fully come to fruition. The radical challenge remains. In a sense, the Axial Age has not yet ended for the transformation is not yet complete." ]

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[ "In Economics and Law, exclusive dealing arises when a supplier entails the buyer by placing limitations on the rights of the buyer to choose what, who and where they deal. This is against the law in most countries which include the USA, Australia and Europe when it has a significant impact of substantially lessening the competition in an industry. When the sales outlets are owned by the supplier, exclusive dealing is because of vertical integration, where the outlets are independent exclusive dealing is illegal (in the US) due to the Restrictive Trade Practices Act, however, if it is registered and approved it is allowed. While primarily those agreements imposed by sellers are concerned with the comprehensive literature on exclusive dealing, some exclusive dealing arrangements are imposed by buyers instead of sellers.\nAnti-competitive business practice where a supplier limits the rights of the buyer\nExclusive dealing can be considered as a barrier to entry especially in market that operate under imperfect competition, which is either Monopoly or Oligopoly where there is price and product differentiation as well as an imbalance of market power between incumbent, entrants and competitors due to the existing of vertical integrations within the market, leading to market inefficiencies." ]

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[ "WHAT CAUSES THRUSH?\nThrush is caused by an overgrowth of yeast within the vagina. It is very common and about 75% of women will have thrush at some time in their life. It is usually caused by a yeast called \"Candida albicans\" (these are not the same type of yeasts that are in your diet).\nYeasts often live in small numbers in the vagina and cause no problems - it is only when they overgrow that they cause symptoms. The yeasts are very irritating to the sensitive vaginal and vulval skin. Thrush can occur for no obvious reason, but there are some things that make thrush more likely or being on certain antibiotics, being pregnant, having diabetes, having sweaty and moist skin (eg cycling) or lots of friction (eg after sex). Having another skin condition in the area will also make you more prone to having thrush with symptoms eg eczema or psoriasis.\nSymptoms usually include itch and discomfort around the opening of the vagina, a burning sensation and pain when passing urine and during sex. Sometimes a thick white lumpy discharge occurs which is described as ‘like cottage cheese’. The area around the vulva and vagina may look red and swollen and there may be small skin cracks or splits. Sometimes women experience swelling of the vulva after sex.\nIS THRUSH SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED?\nMost people carry yeasts in their mouth and bowel without any symptoms and it is not sexually transmitted, but male partners can sometimes get redness and irritation of the penis after sex.\nHOW IS THRUSH TREATED?\nThrush can be treated easily by anti-fungal creams and pessaries (a pill that is inserted into the vagina) which you can buy without a script at the chemist. The treatments take from 1 to 7 days and are put inside the vagina with a special applicator. Some women need a second course of treatment.\nThere is also a tablet available at the chemist that you can take once by mouth called fluconazole, which is more expensive. It has similar effectiveness to vaginal treatments.\nIf you take any other medications discuss with the pharmacist before using fluconazole because it can interact with certain medications..\nFluconazole is safe to use if you are on the contraceptive pill.\nWHAT IF I AM PREGNANT?\nOnly vaginal treatments are used in pregnancy.\nOral treatments are NOT used.\nSHOULD I SEE MY DOCTOR?\nIf your symptoms fit with the typical description of thrush you can usually treat yourself from the chemist. However, you should see you doctor if:\n- You are not sure you have thrush\n- You have had several episodes of thrush\n- You have had recent unprotected sex with a new partner\n- You have pain in your pelvic area or abnormal bleeding\n- You have tried the thrush treatment and didn't get better\nCAN I STILL HAVE SEX?\nYes. If it is not too uncomfortable you can have sex though you may experience a burning sensation during or afterwards. Use plenty of lubricant to protect your skin. The thrush treatments can weaken condoms so if you are using condoms don’t put the treatments in until after sex.\nIS THRUSH DANGEROUS?\nNo. Thrush can be very uncomfortable but it does not cause long term damage.\nRECURRENT VULVO VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS (RVVC)\nThis is where there are more than four diagnosed episodes of candidiasis per year. It affects about 5% of women in the reproductive years. Often symptoms do not resolve completely after treatment and there may be a resultant dermatitis, for instance with skin splitting, or pain with or after intercourse. This condition can be quite different to acute candidiasis, as discharge is not always present. Women often complain of vaginal dryness and lack of lubrication with sexual activity. Often symptoms are worse before periods or only occur before periods. (Cyclic vulvitis).\nMost women with RVVC are healthy and do not have anything wrong with their immune system. It is not uncommon to have a previous history of hayfever, eczema or asthma. It seems that there is a specific vaginal hypersensitivity to candida, which can be reversed with long-term suppression of the amount of candida present (but not complete elimination).\nTREATMENT FOR RVVC\nTreating RVVC requires good basic skin care and long term antifungal medication to suppress yeast growth. Whilst none of the currently available antifungal medications kill yeasts, they suppress growth while medication is being used This is whether they are taken by mouth (oral fluconazole or ketoconazole) or per vagina (pessaries or cream).\nThe usual minimum length of treatment is about 6 months. Episodes will still occur after this, but should be less frequent.\nPlease talk to a doctor if you feel you may suffer from chronic or recurrent candidiasis\nThis fact sheet is designed to provide you with information on Thrush. It is not intended to replace the need for a consultation with your doctor. All clients are strongly advised to check with their doctor about any specific questions or concerns they may have. Every effort has been taken to ensure that the information in this pamphlet is correct at the time of printing.\nLast Updated February 2016" ]

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[ "Human Developmental Biology Initiative announced\n- The Human Developmental Biology Initiative (HDBI) is a Wellcome-funded initiative to unlock the secrets of human development.\n- The initiative will harness the latest technologies and bring together researchers to deliver unprecedented insights into human development.\n- Institute researchers Professor Wolf Reik, Dr Gavin Kelsey and Dr Peter Rugg-Gunn will contribute to the research effort.\nInstitute researchers are part of a world-first research project that will unravel how human embryos develop in the first weeks and months after fertilisation, improving our understanding of fertility, birth defects and regenerative medicine.\nThe £10 million Wellcome-funded Human Developmental Biology Initiative (HDBI) will build a ‘family tree’ of how cells divide and specialise following fertilisation, to understand how tissues and organs develop and reveal new insights into how this process can go wrong. Professor Wolf Reik, Dr Gavin Kelsey and Dr Peter Rugg-Gunn, all group leaders in the Institute’s Epigenetics research programme, will contribute their expertise in studying early development utilising single-cell analysis and stem cells.\nAround 3% of babies are born with developmental defects – problems that often start very early in pregnancy such as heart defects, spina bifida and cleft palate. But we know very little about why and how they happen.\nThe Initiative will create ‘family histories’ of cells from four particular time-points in development or organ systems – the early human embryo, the brain and spinal cord, the blood and immune system, and the heart and lungs.\nFor many years, developmental studies have relied on cellular and animal models. While this has provided important information, it’s also become clear that our understanding of early human development remains extremely limited.\nTo address this, the HDBI will tackle some of the biggest challenges that are holding the field back. Very few labs have access to human embryo tissue samples meaning that key pieces of research that will underpin the field have yet to be carried out. And when available, this tissue is incredibly diverse, reflecting the genetic and environmental origins, making insights hard to define.\nBy bringing the research community together, along with recent advances in embryo and organoid models, more sophisticated imaging techniques and genome editing mean that researchers can now gain unprecedented insights into human development. Analysis of cell-fate specification in the early embryo will use a parallel nucleosome, methylation and transcriptome sequencing method (scNMT-seq) pioneered in the Reik and Kelsey labs.\nProfessor Wolf Reik, Head of the Institute’s Epigenetics programme, commented: “The HDBI will support research into the earliest stages of human development by developing key experimental and computational methods. From a biological perspective, we are excited to understand early cell fate decisions at the epigenome level and to explore events which may prepare the embryo for gastrulation.\n“From the technology perspective we are keen to apply our advanced single cell multi-omics sequencing methods to human embryos at different stages, thus contributing to this community-driven effort to understand human development better.”\nDr Peter Rugg-Gunn, group leader of a team studying human stem cells and the establishment of cell identity, added: “Our research over the last few years has uncovered new ways in which gene activity is controlled as human stem cells specialise towards particular tissues. The HDBI provides a tremendous opportunity for us to discover how these control mechanisms work directly in human embryos so that we can learn how these tissues are formed during development and why this process sometimes goes wrong.\n“In turn, this information will help us to improve our stem cell models so that we can produce more accurate cell types for applications in regenerative biology.”\nThe project will involve donated human embryos and human foetal tissue. The UK has a strong regulatory and legal framework and the HDBI will work within and respect these regulations. The Initiative will actively work to consider the ethical issues raised by this growing area of research and includes a specific ethics programme and public engagement programme.\nAndrew Chisholm, head of cellular and developmental science at Wellcome, said: “This new initiative brings together a diverse group of biologists from across the country to share their expertise and work together to build a ‘family tree’ of how different cells and tissues come together to form organs. This will create a treasure trove of data and technologies that will be made available to the community.\n“Thanks to new techniques and technologies to study human development the HDBI will provide insights that could help our understanding of developmental disorders.”\nThe Human Development Biology Initiative is a five-year programme which involves researchers from UCL, the Francis Crick Institute, the Babraham Institute, University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, the University of Dundee and the University of Newcastle. In addition, it will partner closely with the MRC-Wellcome Human Developmental Biology Resource.\nNotes to Editors\nFor media enquiries contact: Simon Shears, Wellcome Trust, [email protected] , 020 7611 7372\nFor enquiries about the Babraham Institute’s involvement, please contact:\nDr Louisa Wood, Babraham Institute Communications Manager, [email protected], 01223 496230\nInstitute news: New technique offers insights into early life 22 February 2018\nAbout the Babraham Institute:\nThe Babraham Institute receives strategic funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) to undertake world-class life sciences research. Its goal is to generate new knowledge of biological mechanisms underpinning ageing, development and the maintenance of health. Research focuses on signalling, gene regulation and the impact of epigenetic regulation at different stages of life. By determining how the body reacts to dietary and environmental stimuli and manages microbial and viral interactions, we aim to improve wellbeing and support healthier ageing.\nAbout the MRC-Wellcome Human Developmental Biology Resource\nThe HDBR is a resource that allows researchers access to human embryonic and foetal material ranging from four to 22 weeks of development. It is organised from two sites: the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle, and the Institute of Child Health, London.\nWellcome exists to improve health by helping great ideas to thrive. We support researchers, we take on big health challenges, we campaign for better science, and we help everyone get involved with science and health research. We are a politically and financially independent foundation." ]

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[ "new look for the National Park Service line-item construction program suggests that resource managers should pay more attention to construction projects as potential natural resource management solutions. This program was reengineered in 1995 and 1996, partly in response to congressional expressions of concern that included cost overruns and a finding that \"the priority system [used by the National Park Service] is undecipherable.\"\nIn the past, the National Park Service relied on the collective wisdom of its senior managers in an informal process to set construction priorities. In 1996, we adopted a new system that uses a formal process and a project assessment team to rate and rank projects. Called choosing by advantages, the decision-making process focuses on the importance of individual contributions, or specific advantages, of each project, rather than the importance of broad, abstract categories.\nLast July, the results of reengineering the priority-setting process were implemented for the first time and numerous projects with benefits to natural resources were evaluated. Most of these were projects to reduce or eliminate water pollution, and sewage treatment projects were the most common. Upgrades of such plants at Yellowstone and Glacier Bay national parks that would eliminate discharges to sensitive waters, and had good information about the discharges and the threats they pose, scored relatively high in the \"eliminates threats\" category. Projects to remove septic systems that were leaking near wetlands or significant water resources at Cape Cod National Seashore and Acadia National Park also scored well. Two high-scoring projects at Mammoth Cave and Wind Cave national parks dealt with preventing polluted waters from entering cave systems. Many additional projects that would benefit natural resource preservation in other ways also scored well.\nWe learned some lessons here. First, if construction can provide solutions to natural resource problems, resource personnel should work closely with their facility manager as they design projects. Second, the definition of what constitutes a \"construction\" project is broader than many believe. If a project costs more than $500,000 and less than $20 million, it may be eligible for construction funding and it could be a resource rehabilitation project. Third, projects that have resource benefits of any kind will receive more credit if objective data are included in the package. Fourth, the system is explicitly open to resource protection projects and will give them a fair evaluation. Finally, the new process adds value to parks by favoring those projects that contribute to resource protection, high quality visitor experience, or improved park operations, including operating in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner.\nOther articles in the \"New Horizons\" chapter:\nNew program prescribed for wildfire management\nKatmai takes on a dirty job and does it right\nCollaborative decision making in the Pacific Northwest\nCanada thistle control by insects\nBuilding public support for natural resource management\nTaking advantage of the Information Superhighway\nReturn to Front Page\nLast Update: 7 / 22 / 99" ]

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[ "“Make no little plans”: Impactful research to solve the next generation of transportation problems\nThe transportation science research community has contributed to numerous practical and intellectual innovations and improvements over the last decades. Technological advancements have broadened and amplified the potential impacts of our field. At the same time, the world and its communities are facing greater and more serious challenges than ever before. In this paper, we call upon the transportation science research community to work on a research agenda that addresses some of the most important of these challenges. This agenda is guided by the sustainable development goals outlined by the United Nations and organized into three areas: (1) well-being, (2) infrastructure, and, (3) natural environment. For each area, we identify current and future challenges as well as research directions to address those challenges.\n|, , , , ,|\n|Organisation||Department of Technology and Operations Management|\nAgatz, N.A.H, Hewitt, M., & Thomas, B.W. (2020). “Make no little plans”: Impactful research to solve the next generation of transportation problems. Networks. doi:10.1002/net.22002" ]

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[ "We humans are visual creatures. It’s in our nature to focus on what we can see, it’s in our nightmares to focus on the unseen and the hidden because we just aren’t very good at preparing ourselves for what isn’t readily visible. Even within our own bodies, some of the most dangerous illnesses are the ones with few symptoms – at least until they suddenly erupt. High blood pressure seems like no big deal until a stroke hits.\nSomehow, we manage to have the same approach to pathways and passages which we ourselves have built. Like forgetful squirrels, we lay pipelines for oil and gas supplies, assume the supply will remain intact, and then put them out of our minds.\nPipelines to carry oil have been laid all around the world for a century. And like any pipe, at some point they show their signs of age. Pipes can break due to corrosion, excavation work, material and welding errors, natural force, external damage (such as anchors hitting underwater pipes), and faulty operation.\nMostly, though, it’s age and material failure that cause leaks like the recent Tioga leak in North Dakota, the largest U.S. onshore spill in history. A quick glance here will reveal an unsettling, ongoing litany of oil spills during any given month.\nIn Michigan, two 50 cm (20 in.) pipes were laid down in 1953 as a part of the 3000 km (1900 m.) Lakehead System that runs from North Dakota down to points east and south. Most of the Lakehead system is underground, this segment, known as Line 5, runs underwater through the Straits of Mackinac between northern Wisconsin and Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.\nThe pipes traverse the juncture between two Great Lakes, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. “While Line 5’s capacity has increased, neither regulatory scrutiny nor corporate transparency have followed suit. The Great Lakes, which contain 84% of North America’s and 20% of the planet’s surface freshwater, are at a greater risk than ever,” according to FLOW, a non-profit organization working to protect the Great Lakes.\nLine 5 is owned and operated by Enbridge Energy Partners LP, a company that insists the lines have been operating well for ‘decades’ and are perfectly intact. This is the same company whose lines burst and polluted the Kalamazoo River at a continuing clean-up cost of four years and over $1 billion.\nSometimes, the unseen around which we build our nightmares doesn’t merit closer examination; it’s just smoke and ephemera, the stuff of tall stories." ]

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[ "The blue whiting fishery that takes place west of Ireland and Scotland in the spring is know for tight concentrations of fish, often resulting in big bags after short tows.\nResearchers at the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research have been examining the performance of trawl gear, and by placing 10-15 sensors on the trawls of five fishing vessels have been tracking how gear handles during a tow, as they look for ways of preventing codends from bursting under the pressure of the fish inside.\nThere is heavy fishing at this time of year, and with hundreds of tonnes of blue whiting in the codend, there’s always a risk of bursting the netting and losing the catch.\n‘In addition, the swim bladders of blue whiting expand as the fish are brought to the towards the surface from depths of several hundred metres. This causes the codends to lift to the surface like a torpedo,’ said marine scientist Ólafur Arnar Ingólfsson.\nBy collecting data and simulating the codend behaviour, it is possible to see the whole process.\n‘We wanted to see the shape of the trawl below the surface. We were most interested in the last phase – the ascent,’ he said, adding that as the codend approaches the surface, it gathers pace and lifts almost vertically.\n‘We had to find a way to be more precise about the catch, so that we avoid bursting,’ he said.\nDuring a research survey in 2021, they tried different solutions to release excess fish. a number of different options with large openings ahead of the codend were tested, and the challenge is to find something that ensures there is no loss of catch until the codend is full.\n‘I think we have now found a decent solution,’ Ólafur Arnar Ingólfsson said. ‘Blue whiting largely seek upwards, so openings in the lower panel in front of the codend mean that there is little loss of fish until it’s full,’ he said.\nThe research team will continue testing various gear arrangements in March." ]

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[ "Researchers at the critical care centre felt that, everyone should be aware of the dangers of sepsis, a life-threatening response to infection. Sepsis occurs when the body over-reacts to an infection. It often follows trauma, surgery or is associated with cancer but it can attack anyone. In fact sepsis claims more lives than breast, colorectal, pancreatic and prostate cancer together, and is the leading cause of death in intensive care.\nDr Jean-Louis, a critical care expert at the University of Belgium, thinks everyone should be more aware of the possibility of sepsis. Symptoms include fever and shaking chills, reduced mental alertness might be with confusion nausea and vomiting. Be concerned if an infection does not clear up within a few days, or seems to be getting worse. Sepsis can take hold very rapidly, so prompt medical attention is essential." ]

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[ "As waters rise inexorably over the ruins of an ancient Roman town here, an international team of archaeologists has sprung into action to save whatever can be rescued in the next three months.\nBuoyed by a $5 million grant from an American foundation, the team hopes to dig up mosaics and artifacts, and to create a historical park and resort.\nA new lake is being formed as water from the Euphrates River backs up behind a new dam. Turkey is in the midst of a huge dam-building project that is to provide electric power for the country's booming economy and irrigation for parched farmland in southeastern provinces.\nThe ruins here are those of Zeugma, an important Roman garrison town on the ancient Silk Road. Trade made many of its merchants wealthy, and they decorated the floors of their villas with elaborate mosaics.Continue reading the main story\nExperts say there may be hundreds of exquisite mosaics under the dusty hills, along with a rich trove of other artifacts.\nAlthough archaeologists have been working here sporadically for more than 20 years, they began intensive work only recently after realizing that the inundation was imminent. It quickly became clear that Zeugma was a far more bountiful site than most specialists had realized, but by then it was too late to stop the flooding.\nBelkis, the town that once stood below the Zeugma site, has already disappeared under the new lake. A new Belkis is being built on a nearby hillside, but many residents are embittered by what they say is the government's indifference to their plight.\nNews accounts of the flooding of Zeugma have appeared in many countries. Hardly a day goes by without a foreign journalist or television team appearing here.\nIn Gaziantep, the nearest city, more than 1,000 tourists have arrived in the last few weeks, according to hotel managers, restaurateurs and taxi drivers. Before the wave of publicity, they said, it was a rare month when even a dozen tourists came.\nSome Turkish archaeologists and government officials seem uncomfortable with the clamor from abroad, apparently viewing it as a form of interference that borders on insult. Directors of the Gaziantep archaeology museum, where artifacts dug up at Zeugma are piled high, scorned an American philanthropist, Shawn Estes, who appeared here two weeks ago and offered the museum a gift of $20,000. They also refused to allow him to work as a volunteer at the site, and when he addressed the local Rotary Club he was accused of harboring a secret plan to steal mosaics.\n''I suggested that he ask permission from the Directorate of Museums in Ankara if he wanted to work or donate money,'' said Kemal Sertok, who is coordinating work at the site. ''In Turkey we only employ staff archaeologists.''\nThe authorities have, however, accepted a $5 million grant from a California-based foundation, the Packard Humanities Institute. Louise Schofield, who represents the foundation here, said it might donate more money in the future.\n''Our work is going to be in three phases,'' she said. ''First is the rescue excavation of the area that will be covered by water after Oct. 4. Then there will be a very large conservation program in cooperation with the Turkish team. And then, in the long term, there is a plan to turn this site into a major archaeological park.''\nWith at least 10 more dams scheduled to be built in southeastern Turkey in the coming decades, conflict between advocates of economic development and historical preservation may grow.\nThe next focus of this conflict is likely to be Hasankeyf, a historical town 260 miles east of here that is to be inundated in a few years.\nA British company has won the contract to build the dam at Hasankeyf, but opponents are waging a vocal campaign in Britain. When they invited the mayor of Hasankeyf to attend one of their protest rallies in London, the Turkish authorities advised him not to go, and he canceled his trip.\n''We're hoping to defuse this sense of confrontation,'' said Richard Hodges, a British archaeologist who is helping to direct the Zeugma excavation. ''I'm interested in preserving culture, but I also like to drink water and use electricity. If we can make this project work, it can be a model for Turkey's future.''\nBut some Turkish preservationists reject the idea of such compromises. ''The appropriate lessons should be drawn from this and newly planned dam projects should be halted,'' said Asket Tibet, general secretary of the Archaeologists' Association.\nThat call was echoed by the general secretary of the History Association, Orhan Silier. ''The world's leading historians are trying to reinterpret history by using findings from these regions,'' Mr. Silier said. ''Yet we leave them under water.''\nIt is still unclear, and may be for years, how much of Zeugma is being lost. Some specialists believe it may be less than 10 percent. Others say there is no way of being sure, since an unknown portion of the city is already under water and no one is certain how much remains buried beneath the adjacent hills.Continue reading the main story" ]

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[ "CT History Day Participation\nParticipate as an individual or in groups in junior and senior divisions in these categories: paper, documentary, exhibit, performance, website. Regional, state, and national competition.\nCT History Day is part of National History Day. Every year NHD frames students' research within a historical theme. The Annual Theme is chosen from a broad application to state, national or world history and its relevance to ancient history or to the more recent past.\nIdea: start or continue a journal about every day living so people in 50 years or more understand how we used objects and how we thought about the world around us.\nMaster Gardener Program\nStarting a garden or a long time gardener? Garden Master Classes are offered by the UCONN Extension Master Gardener Program\n4-H Clubs - not just about animals and farming\nLearning by Doing. For children ages 5 to 18 years old. Be an adult volunteer also. Acquire knowledge, develop leadership and life skills. There are 4-H clubs throughout Connecticut, all states, and the world.\nPrograms designed to promote the joy of reading and encourage families to create literature rich home environments.\nDon't forget your local library with its wealth of knowledge in books and activities." ]

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[ "Abstract: Fossils from Liang Bua (LB) on Flores, Indonesia, including a nearly complete skeleton (LB1) dated to 18kyr BP, were assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis. We hypothesize that these individuals are myxoedematous endemic (ME) cretins, part of an inland population of (mostly unaffected) Homo sapiens. ME cretins are born without a functioning thyroid; their congenital hypothyroidism leads to severe dwarfism and reduced brain size, but less severe mental retardation and motor disability than neurological endemic cretins.\nWe show that the fossils display many signs of congenital hypothyroidism, including enlarged pituitary fossa, and that distinctive primitive features of LB1 such as the double rooted lower premolar and the primitive wrist morphology are consistent with the hypothesis.\nWe find that the null hypothesis (that LB1 is not a cretin) is rejected by the pituitary fossa size of LB1, and by multivariate analyses of cranial measures. We show that critical environmental factors were potentially present on Flores, how remains of cretins but not of unaffected individuals could be preserved in caves, and that extant oral traditions may provide a record of cretinism.\n“1-2-3-4, cretins wanna hop some more!”" ]

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[ "More than eight million adults age fifty and older are affected by isolation. AARP Bulletin\nIsolation is different from loneliness. Isolation is when someone is physically or emotionally disconnected from friends, family and community. Loneliness describes how people perceive their situation. Prolonged isolation is a risk factor for poor health, an impact equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes a day, according to a recent study.\nAARP (American Association of Retired Persons) is experiencing with Alexa, voice-activated technology, to help alleviate isolation. Residents of retirement communities testing the device enjoy asking Alexa to tell them jokes, play certain music, give them the news, play audiobooks, or access the community calendar. Seek out someone you know who might be isolated and pay them a visit.\nAffirmation: I’m blessed with community.\nCoaching questions: If you live alone, how do you combat isolation and loneliness? Consider the future….how will you combat isolation? Developing interests, hobbies, and friends now will help you cope later." ]

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[ "- slide 1 of 2\nIt has long been known that there is a link between the academic achievement of kids and what they eat. The level of good nutrition they get both at home and in school can be easily tied to their performance in academic subjects. This has always been a general understanding, but it is often misunderstood when it gets down to specifics.\nHere are some specific truths about the link between nutrition and academic performance to consider:\n- Children who go to school hungry, or without breakfast, tend to have lower math scores and are more likely to have to repeat at least one grade in school.\n- Academic problems, as well as emotional and behavioral difficulties can be tied directly to poor nutrition.\n- Undernourished kids tend to score lower on cognitive tests than those who get the right nutrition.\n- Teenagers who experience hunger are more likely to be suspended from school and have more difficult getting along.\n- Children will poor nutrition report receiving more special education services or mental health counseling then low-income kids who do not have nutritional deficiencies.\n- Children who eat breakfast at school, closer to the time they take tests, perform better on standardized tests.\n- Children who participate in school breakfast programs tend to show improved math grades, and have higher attendance and punctuality.\n- slide 2 of 2\nAdditional Benefits to Healthy Eating\nIn addition to these specific facts, better nutrition among young people improves their overall behavior, yields more positive results in other areas of their lives, and also helps reduce obesity issues. The most important thing is to eat healthy foods, limit “junk food” intake, and sodas, or things with “empty calories,” as well as to start the day with a healthy meal full of nutrients. It not only affects school academic performance, but also behavior trends, and ability to perform specific tasks.\nProblems with Implementation\nOne of the problems with getting a breakfast program to work is the resistance of participants. Often kids do not want to eat breakfast and it is very difficult to get them to do so. There are many reasons for this.\nSome of the reasons kids are reluctant to participate in school breakfast programs are:\n- Girls think they will gain weight if they eat too much.\n- Kids think it’s not important to eat breakfast as long as they eat lunch.\n- Parents don’t encourage or understand the importance of breakfast as a meal.\nWhat You Can Do\nWith increased awareness of the apparent benefits of breakfast as a meal, parents can work together with schools to encourage their children to eat in the morning, which has been shown to increase their overall ability to focus and learn. Like anything else, the more people get onboard with the idea, the better it will work.\nYou can start by telling your child what you learned and encouraging them to eat a healthy breakfast, either at home or at school, every day. Lead by example and prepare a healthy breakfast to eat with them in the mornings.\n- Nutrition and It's Affects on Academic Performance: How Can Our School's Improve? http://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEducation/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/GradPapers/Projects/Ross_Amy_MP.pdf\n- Diet, Breakfast and Academic Performance in Children http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275817/" ]

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[ "crushed stone, crushed slag or water worn gravel used for surfacing a built-up roof. Any granular mineral material.\nthe cracking of the surfacing bitumen on a built-up roof, producing a pattern of cracks similar to an alligator’s hide; the cracks may or may not extend through the surfacing bitumen.\na group of natural, fibrous, impure silicate materials.\na dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens, which occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing.\nan asphalt-saturated felt or an asphalt coated felt.\na mixture of asphaltic material and graded mineral aggregate that can be poured when heated but requires mechanical manipulation to apply when cool.\nthe cavity or open space above the ceiling and immediately under the roof deck of a steep-sloped roof.\nthe lower most ply of roofing material in a roof assembly.\na heavy felt that is used as the first ply in a modified bitumen roof system.\n(1) a class of amorphous, black or dark colored, (solid, semisolid or viscous) cementitious substances. Natural or manufactured, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, soluble in carbon disulfide, and found in asphalts, tars, pitches and asphaltites;\n(2) a generic term used to denote any material composed principally of bitumen.\ncontaining or treated with bitumen. Examples: bituminous concrete, bituminous felts and fabrics, bituminous pavement.\n(1) a suspension of minute globules of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution;\n(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or an aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material (invert emulsion).\nan enclosed pocket of air mixed with water or solvent vapor, trapped between impermeable layers of felt, or between the felt and substrate.\nthe adhesive and cohesive forces holding two roofing components in intimate contact.\nBritish Thermal Unit (BTU)\nthe heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.\nan upward, elongated tenting displacement of a roof membrane frequently concurring over insulation of deck joints. A buckle may be an indication of movement within the roof assembly.\npublished regulations and ordinances established by a recognized agency prescribing design loads, procedures, and construction details for structures. Usually applying to designated jurisdictions (city, country, state, etc.). Building codes control design, construction, and quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of building and structures within the area for which the code has been adopted.\nBuilt-Up Roof Membranes\na continuous, semi-flexible roof membrane assembly, consisting of plies of saturated felts, coated felts, fabrics or mats between which alternate layers of bitumen are applied, generally surface with mineral aggregate, bituminous materials, or a granule-surfaced roofing sheet. (Abbreviation: BUR)\nan individual package of shakes or shingles.\na beveled strip used under flashing to modify the angle at the point where the roofing or waterproofing membrane meets any vertical element.\nusually composed of metal, used to cover or shield the upper edges of the membrane base flashing, wall flashing, or primary flashing.\na granule-surfaced coated sheet used as the top ply of a built-up roof membrane or flashing.\na composition of vehicle and pigment, used at ambient temperatures for filling joints, that remains plastic for an extended time after application.\na line made on the roof by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with colored chalk. Used for alignment purposes.\nstone, masonry, prefabricated metal, or a wood framed structure, containing one or more flues, projecting through and above the roof.\nan upward extension of enclosed space created by carrying a setback vertical, wall (typically glazed) up and through the roof slope. Two intersecting shed roof on different planes.\na gable cutback at the peak in the hip-roof form.\na method of valley application in which shingles from one side of the valley extend across the valley while shingles from the other side are trimmed back approximately 2 inches from the valley centerline.\na continuous, semi-flexible roof membrane, consisting of plies of felts, mats, or fabrics that are laminated on a roof with alternate layers of cold-applied roof cement and surfaced with a cold-applied coating.\nthe conversion of water vapor or other gas to liquid as the temperature drops or the atmospheric pressure rises.\nthe covering piece on top of a wall exposed to the weather, usually sloped to shed water.\nformed metal or elastomeric sheeting secured on or into a wall, curb, pipe, rooftop unit or other surface, to cover and protect the upper edge of a base flashing and its associated fasteners.\n(1) the term used for each application of material that forms the waterproofing system or the flashing; (2) one layer of a series of material applied to a surface (i.e., a five-course wall flashing is composed of three applications of mastic with one ply of felt sandwiched between each layer of mastic.)\nthe surface area continuously covered by a specific quantity of a particular roofing material.\na separation or fracture occurring in a roof membrane or roof deck, generally caused by thermal induced stress or substrate movement.\nthe permanent deformation of a roofing material or roof system caused by the movement of the roof membrane that results from continuous thermal stress or loading.\na relatively small, elevated area of a roof constructed to divert water.\nthe effect that is provided when air moves through a roof cavity between the vents.\n(1) a raised member used to support roof penetrations, such as skylights, mechanical equipment, hatches, etc. above the level of the roof surface;\n(2) a raised roof perimeter relatively low in height.\na detail designed to prevent lateral water movement into the insulation where the membrane terminates at the end of a day’s work, or used to isolate sections of the roofing system. It is usually removed before the continuation of the work.\nthe open portions of a strip shingle between the tabs.\nabsolutely horizontal, or zero slope.\nnonmoving rooftop loads, such as mechanical equipment, air conditioning units, and the roof deck itself.\nan area where a low slope internal angle is formed by the intersection of at least 2 sloping roof planes where there is a good chance of standing water.\nthe structural surface to which the roofing or waterproofing system is applied.\nthe surface – usually plywood or oriented-strand board (OSB) – to which roofing materials are applied.\nseparation of the plies in a roof membrane system or separation of laminated layers of plywood.\nthe temperature at which water vapor starts to condense in cooling air at the existing atmospheric pressure and vapor content.\nA shingle that is textured, overlayed, or laminated and designed to produce a three-dimensional effect.\na roof that is shaped like a half-circle, or a variation of one.\na structure projecting from a sloping roof usually housing a window or ventilating louver.\na device that allows for the flow of water from a roof area.\nan L-shaped strip (usually metal) installed along the edges of the roof to allow water run-off to drip clear of the deck, eaves and siding.\nDry-In or Dry-In Felt\nusually the underlayment or the process of applying the underlayment for steep roofing.\nthe lower edge of a sloping roof that projects beyond the wall.\nsee Gutter. Edge Venting\nthe practice of providing regularly spaced protected opening along a roof perimeter to relieve moisture vapor pressure.\nEPDM Roof Membranes\nis a thormoset single-ply membrane. EPDM stands for ethylene propylene diene monomer. This is a rubber roof membrane.\nthe property of a body that causes it to tend to return to its original shape after deformation (as stretching, compression or torsion).\na rubber like synthetic polymer that will stretch when pulled and will return quickly to its original shape when released.\n(1) the process of pressing a felt, aggregate, fabric, mat, or panel uniformly and completely into hot bitumen or adhesive;\n(2) the process of pressing granules into coating in the manufacture of factory prepared roofing.\nthe homogeneous dispersion of an organic material and water achieved by using a chemical or clay emulsifying agent.\nthe distance of overlap where one ply, pane, or piece extends beyond the end of the immediately adjacent underlying ply, panel, or piece.\nEthylene propylene diene monomer (see also Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer.)\nair that is vented or exhausted from the roof cavity, typically through vents installed on the up slope portion of the roof. For example, with most steep-slope roof assemblies, exhaust vents are typically located at or near the ridge.\na structural separation between two building elements that allows free movement between the elements without damage to the roofing or waterproofing system.\n(1) the traverse dimension of a roofing element not overlapped by an adjacent element in any roof system. The exposure of any ply in a membrane may be computed by dividing the felt width minus 2 inches by the number of shingled plies.\na process in which heated or unheated material is forced through a shaping orifice (a die) in one continuously formed shape, as in film, sheet, rod or tubing.\na dormer, usually of small size, whose roof line over the upright face is typically an arched curve, turning into a reverse curve to meet the horizontal at either end. Also, a small shed roof projecting from the gable end of the larger, main roof area.\na woven cloth of organic or inorganic filaments, threads or yarns.\nany lightening of initial color.\nthe Underwriters Laboratories (UL) system for classifying the fire-resistance of various materials. Roofing materials are rated “Class A,” “B” or “C,” with “A” materials having the highest resistance to fire originating outside the structure.\n(1) in steep-slope roofing, a board that is nailed to the ends of a roof rafter; sometimes supports a gutter; (2) in a low-slope roofing, the vertical or steeply sloped roof or trim located at the perimeter of a building. Typically, it is a border for the low-slope roof system.\nany of a wide variety of mechanical securement devices and assemblies, including nails, staples, screws, cleats, clips, and bolts, which may be used to secure various components of a roof assembly.\na flexible sheet manufactured by the inter locking of fibers through a combination of mechanical work, moisture and heat. Felts are manufactured principally from vegetable fibers (organic felts), or glass fibers (glass fiber felts); other fibers may be present in each type.\na metal sleeve placed inside a gutter at the top. A spike or screw is nailed / screwed through the gutter face and ferrule into the fascia board to hold the gutter in place. The ferrule acts as a spacer in the gutter to maintain its original shape.\nField of Roof\nthe central or main portion of a roof, excluding the perimeter and flashing.\na relatively inert ingredient added to modify physical characteristics.\n(1) a half-cylindrical or half-conical opening formed by an edge wrinkle;\n(2) in shingles, a half-conical opening formed at a cut edge.\npieces of metal used in a system to seal membrane edges at walls, expansion joints, drains, gravel stops, and other places where the membrane is interrupted or terminated. Base flashing covers the edge of the membrane. Cap flashing or counter flashing shields the upper edges of the base flashing.\n(sometimes referred to as a pipe jack or roof jack) an accessory flashing used to cover and / or seal soil pipe vents and other penetrations through the roof.\nthe top layer of bitumen into which the aggregate is embedded on an aggregate-surfaced built-up roof.\nthe vertical triangular portion of the end of a building having a double-sloping roof, from the level of the eaves to the ridge of the roof.\na single-ridge roof that terminates at gable end(s).\nto coat steel or iron with zinc.\nRing something like rubber used to cover and/or seal something like metal penetrating metal.\na mat composed of glass fibers with or without a binder.\ncourse, granular aggregate, with pieces larger than sand grains, resulting from the natural erosion of rock.\na flanged device, frequently metallic, designed to provide a continuous finished edge for roofing material and to prevent loose aggregate from washing off the roof.\nof cement, sand, and water used to fill cracks and cavities in masonry.\na channeled component installed along the downslope perimeter of a roof to convey runoff water from the roof to the drain leaders or downspouts.\nthe minimum distance, measured at 90 degrees to the eaves along the face of a shingle or felt, from the upper edge of the shingle or felt to the nearest exposed surface.\nTorch down is installed using heat from a propane torch to melt the bitumen on the back of a sheet. It adheres to a substrate when it cools.\nthe inclined external angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.\na roof that rises by inclined planes to form one or more hips.\n“Hot Stuff” or “Hot”, the roofer’s term for hot bitumen.\na mass of ice formed at the transition from a warm to a cold roof surface, frequently formed by re-freezing meltwater at the overhang of a steep roof, causing ice and water to back up under roofing materials.\nin roofing materials manufacture, to completely surround the fibers in a felt or mat with bitumen, with the spaces between the fibers partially or completely filled without a continuous coating of bitumen on the surface.\nthe slope of a roof expressed either in percent or in the number of vertical units of rise per horizontal unit of run.\nbeing or composed of matter other than hydrocarbons and their derivatives, or matter that is not of plant or animal origin.\nthe fresh air that is drawn into a passive ventilation system through vents typically installed in the soffit or eave of a roof.\na felt, metal, or membrane sheet material used between courses of steep-slope roofing to improve the weather and water-shedding characteristics of the primary roof covering during times of wind-driven precipitation. Typically used with wood shakes.\nbeing or composed of matter other than hydrocarbons and their derivatives, or matter that is not of plant or animal origin.\n(Roofing Slang) that space between 2 wood shakes, or that gap or cutout between roofing shingle tabs.\nto join layers of materials together using fusion; the process of joining layers of materials together using adhesion.\nsee Dimensional shingles or Architectural shingles.\nthat part of a roofing, waterproofing, or flashing component that overlaps or covers any portion of the same or another type of adjacent component.\nan asphalt-based roof cement formulated to adhere overlapping plies or asphalt roll roofing.\na soft malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal expansion.\nthe percentage of light that is not absorbed by the surface of a material.\nmoving roof installation equipment, wind, snow, ice or rain.\nLow Slope Application\ntype of application of roofing on a slope as low as 2/12 pitch, double felt and sealing edges.\na decorative steep-sloped roof on the perimeter of a building.\na steeper roof that terminates into a flat roof at its high point.\nconstruction, usually set in mortar, of natural building stone or manufactured units, such as brick, concrete block, adobe, glass block, tile, manufactured stone or gypsum block.\na thick adhesive material used as a cementing agent for holding waterproofing membrane in place.\na thin layer of woven, non-woven, or knitted fiber that serves as reinforcement to the material or membrane.\na flexible or semi-flexible roof covering or waterproofing layer, whose primary function is the exclusion of water.\naccessory components fabricated from sheet metal and used to weatherproof terminating roof covering edges. Frequently used as through-wall flashing, cap flashing (coping), counterflashing, step-flashing, etc. (See Flashing.)\na superficial growth produced on organic matter or living plants by fungi.\nopaque, natural, or synthetically colored aggregate commonly used to surface cap sheets, granule-surfaced sheets, and roofing shingles.\nbuilt-up roofing materials whose top ply consists of a granule-surfaced sheet.\na felt that is coated on one or both sides with asphalt and surfaced with mineral granules.\na modified bitumen membrane roof system is typically composed of factory-fabricated composite sheet consisting of a copolymer modified bitumen which is typically reinforced and installed in one or more plies. The modified sheets are typically fully – adhered by heat welding (torching).\nan application procedure in which roofing elements (insulation boards, felt plies, cap sheets, etc.) are initially placed upside down adjacent to their ultimate location, are coated with adhesive, and are then turned over and applied to the substrate.\nthe application of hot bitumen with a mop or mechanical applicator to the substrate or to the felts of a built-up roof membrane.\na synthetic rubber (polychloroprene) used in liquid-applied and sheet applied elastomeric roof membrane or flashings.\n(1) the installation of new metal roof deck directly on top of existing metal roof deck;\n(2) a method of re-routing with new asphalt shingles over existing shingles in which the top edge of the new shingle is butted against the bottom edge of the existing shingle.\nNet Free Vent Area\nthe area (measured in square inches) open to unrestricted air flow and commonly used as a yardstick to measure relative vent performance; the area of the opening of a vent minus the area displaced by the screening material.\na prepared organic felt roll roofing with a granule surfaced exposure that has a mass of approximately 90 pounds per 100 square feet.\nOpen / Skip Sheathing\nSee Spaced Sheathing.\na method of valley construction in which the steep-slope roofing on both sides are trimmed along each side of the valley, exposing the valley flashing.\nbeing or composed of hydrocarbons or their derivatives, or matter of plant or animal origin.\nundesirable depositions of airborne spray.\nthat part of any wall entirely above the roof.\n(1) any construction (e.g., pipes, conduits, HVAC supports) passing through the roof.\nthe capacity of a porous material to conduct or transmit fluids.\nan accessory flashing used to cover and/or seal pipe vents and other penetrations.\nsee Roof Slope\nwhere one or more angles or pitches come together either at one spot or along the roof surface parallel to the gutters.\na flanged, open bottomed enclosure made of sheet metal or other material, placed around a penetration through the roof, filled with grout and bituminous or polymetric sealants to seal the area around the penetration.\na roofing industry generic term used to describe asphalt roof cement that is a trowelable mixture of solvent-based bitumen, mineral stabilizers, and other fibers and/or fillers. Generally, intended for use on relatively low slopes, not vertical surfaces.\na layer of felt in a built-up roof membrane system. A four-ply membrane system has four plies of felt.\nPolymer Modified Bitumen\nsee Modified bitumen.\nthe excessive accumulation of water at low-lying areas on a roof that remains after the 48 hours after the end rainfall under conditions conducive to drying.\nthe drainage condition in which consideration has been made for all loading deflections of the deck, and additional roof slope has been provided to ensure drainage of the roof area within 48 hours of rainfall.\na thin, liquid bitumen applied to a surface to improve the adhesion of subsequent applications of bitumen.\none of a series of sloped structural members, that extend from the ridge or hip to the downslope perimeter or eave, designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads.\nthe slope edge of a roof at the first or last rafter.\na method of asphalt shingle application, also referred to as the straight-up method, whereby shingle courses are applied vertically, up the roof rather than laterally or across and up.\nRake-Starter (Bleeder Strip)\nstarter-strip used along rake edges in conjunction with asphalt shingle roofing.\nthe process of covering an existing roofing system with a new roofing system.\na roofing or waterproofing membrane reinforced with felts, mats, fabrics or chopped fibers.\nthe ratio of the weight of moisture in a given volume of air-vapor mixture to the saturated (maximum) weight of water vapor at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage. For example, if the weight of the moist air is 1 pound and if the air could hold 2 pounds of water vapor at a given temperature, the relative humidity is 50 percent.\nthe practice of removing an existing roof system and replacing it with a new roofing system.\nthe process of re-covering or replacing an existing roofing system.\nhighest point on the roof, represented by a horizontal line where two roof areas intersect, running the length of the area. Insert scan here.\na material or covering applied over the ridge of a roof.\na ventilator located at the ridge that allows the escape of warm and/or moist air from the attic area or rafter cavity.\nsmooth-surfaced or mineral-surfaced coated felts. Roof Assembly\nan assembly of interacting roof components (including the roof deck) designed to weatherproof and, normally, to insulate a building’s top surface.\nThe Resistance to heat transfer of a material. Insulators have relatively high R values.\na metal or wood bracket used to support toe-boards on steep-slope roofs. (Also see Flashing Collar.)\na roof extension beyond the exterior wall of a building.\nthe angle a roof surface makes with the horizontal, expressed as a ratio of the units of vertical rise to the units of horizontal length (sometimes referred to as run).\na small tapered/sloped roof area structure that helps to channel surface water to drains. Frequently located in valley. A saddle is often constructed like a small hip roof or pyramid with a diamond-shaped base. (See Cricket.)\na felt that has been saturated with low softening point bitumen.\nan apparatus with circular apertures for separating sizes of materials.\na hatch that provides access to the roof from the interior of the building.\n(1) a generic term for a function that prevents or controls the passage of water; (2) to secure a roof or structure from the entry of moisture.\na coating designed to prevent excessive absorption of finish coats into porous surfaces; a coating designed to prevent bleeding.\na joint formed by mating two separate sections of material. Seams can be made or sealed in a variety of ways, including adhesive bonding, hot-air welding, solvent welding, using adhesive tape, sealant, etc.\nan asphalt shingle containing factory-applied strip or spots of heat sensitive adhesive intended to adhere the overlying shingle once installed on the roof and warmed by the sun. V Selvage\nan edge or edging that differs from the main part of (1) a fabric, or (2) granule-surfaced roll roofing material.\nan edge designed for certain sheet good materials, e.g., mineral-surfaced sheets. With mineral surfaced sheets, the surfacing is omitted over a portion of the longitudinal edge of the sheet (e.g., mineral surface cap sheet) in order to obtain better adhesion of the overlapping sheet.\nThe boards or plywood which are fastened to the roof rafters to cover the house.\nmaterial used to cover or lane a surface.\na roof having only one sloping plane and no hips, ridges or valleys.\nthe maximum time a package material can be stored under specified conditions and still meet the performance requirements specified.\n(1) a small unit of prepared roofing material designed for installation with similar units in overlapping rows on inclines normally exceeding 25 percent; (2) to cover with shingles; (3) to apply any sheet material in overlapping rows like shingles\n(1) the procedure of laying parallel felts so that one longitudinal edge of each felt overlaps and the other longitudinal edge under laps, an adjacent felt. Normally felts are shingled on a slope so that the water flows over rather than against each lap.\n(2) the application of shingles to a sloped roof.\na roof having only one sloping plane and no hips, ridges or valleys.\nthe continuous longitudinal overlap of neighboring like materials.\nthe bottom horizontal framing member of an opening, such as below a window or door.\na flashing of the bottom horizontal framing member of an opening, such as below a window or door.\nroofing membranes that are field applied using just one layer of membrane material (either homogeneous or composite) rather than multiple layers.\na roofing system in which the principal roof covering is a single layer flexible membrane often of thermostat or thermoplastic membrane.\nan opening in a roof that is glazed with a transparent or translucent material; used to admit diffused light to the space below.\na hard, brittle metamorphic rock consisting mainly of clay minerals, used extensively as dimensional stone for steep roofing and in granular form as surfacing on some other roofing materials.\nrelative lateral movement of adjacent components of a built-up membrane, It occurs mainly in roofing membranes on a slope, sometimes exposing the lower plies or even the base sheet to the weather.\nthe angle of incline, usually expressed as a ratio of rise to run, or as an angle. (See Roof slope.)\na built-up roof membrane surfaced with a layer of hot-mopped asphalt, cold-applied asphalt clay emulsion, cold-applied asphalt cutback, or sometimes with an unmopped inorganic felt.\nthe live load due to the weight of snow on a roof; included in design calculations.\nthe exposed undersurfaces of any exterior overhanging section of a roof eave.\na premanufactured or custom built air inlet source located at the downslope eave or in the soffit of a roof assembly.\nthe temperature at which bitumen becomes soft enough to flow.\nSee Spaced Skip Sheathing.\nSpaced Skip Sheathing\nType of deck surface used for roofing with wood shakes and wood shingles. Instead of a solid deck like plywood this deck has empty spaces between the boards. This space enables the wood shake or wood shingles to dry out from within. If the wood shake or wood shingle, are removed & neither are replaced, a new plywood or OSB deck is required prior to re-roofing. For example a 1″ X 6″ with a 3″ space then another 1″ X 6″ and another 3″ space. This is followed throughout the entire roof structure.\na precise statement of a set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, product, system, or service.\na membrane tear resulting from substrate or membrane stress.\nthe process of removing the roofing aggregate and most of the bituminous top coating by scraping and chipping.\nthe term used to describe 100 square feet of roof area.\na vertical outlet in a built-up roof system designed to relieve the pressure exerted by moisture vapor between the roof membrane and the vapor retarder or deck.\nin metal roofing, a type of seam between adjacent sheets of material made by turning up the edges of two adjacent metal panels and then folding or interlocking them in a variety of ways.\nthe first layer of roofing, applied along a line adjacent to the downslope perimeter of the roof area. With steep-slope watershedding roof coverings, the starter course is covered by the first course.\nroll roofing or shingle strips applied along the downslope eave line before the first course of roofing and intended to fill spaces between cutouts and joints of the first course.\nany load, as on a structure, that does not change in magnitude or position with time.\na roof of suitable slope to accept the application of water shedding roofing materials.\na category of roofing that includes water shedding types of roof coverings installed on slopes exceeding 3 12 or 25%.\na tower or spire, usually located on a church.\nindividual pieces of sheet metal material used to flash walls, around chimneys, dormers and such projections along the slope of a roof. Individual pieces are overlapped and stepped up the vertical surface.\nthe surface upon which the roofing or waterproofing membrane is applied.\nan intentional depression around a drain.\nthe exposed portion of strip shingles defined by cutouts.\na brown or black bituminous material, liquid or semisolid in consistency, in which the predominating constituents are bitumens obtained as condensates in the processing of coal, petroleum, oil-shale, wood, or other organic materials.\nthe maximum force required to tear a specimen. Tensile strength: Definition: the strength of a material under tension as distinct from torsion, compression or shear.\na sample of the roof membrane that is cut from a roof membrane to: (a) determine the weight of the average interply bitumen moppings; (b) diagnose the condition of the existing membrane.\na material applied to reduce the flow of heat. Thermal Shock\nthe stress-producing phenomenon resulting from sudden temperature changes in a roof membrane when, for example, a rain shower follows brilliant sunshine.\n(1) a volatile liquid added to an adhesive or coating material to modify the consistency or other properties;\n(2) a liquid used to clean equipment or other surfaces.\na water-resistant membrane or material assembly extending through a wall and its cavities, positioned to direct water entering the top of the wall to the exterior.\n(in roofing and waterproofing) the transitional seal used to terminate a roofing or waterproofing application at the top or bottom of flashings, or by forming a watertight seal with the substrate, membrane or adjacent roofing or waterproofing system.\nTongue and Groove Planks\none of the oldest types of dimensional structural wood used as roof decking. The sides are cut with convex and concave grooves so adjacent planks may join in alignment with each other to form a uniform roof deck.\nSee Modified Bitumen\nThe engineered components which have supplemented rafters in many newer houses. They are designed for specific applications and cannot be cut or altered in any way.\n(1) troweling mortar into a joint after masonry units are laid;\n(2) final treatment of joints in cut stonework. Mortar or a putty-like filler is forced into the joint after the stone is set.\na small tower projecting from a building usually at a corner, around with a dome roof.\nan asphalt-saturated felt or other sheet material (may be self-adhering) installed between the roof deck and the roof covering, usually used in a steep-slope roof construction. Underlayment is primarily used to separate the roof covering from the roof deck, to shed water and to provide secondary weather protection for the roof area of the building.\nthe internal angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.\nthe movement of water vapor from a region of high vapor pressure to a region of lower vapor pressure.\na material designed to restrict the passage of water vapor through a roof or wall.\nan opening designed to convey water vapor or other gas from inside a building or a building component to the atmosphere, thereby relieving vapor pressure.\nthe resistance of a material to flow under stress. For bitumen, measured in centipoise. (See Viscous.)\nresistant to flow under stress. Void: Definition: an open space or break in consistency.\nthe level within the ground, below which the soil is saturated with water.\nthe quality of a membrane, membrane material, or other component to prevent water entry.\ntreatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure.\nsmall openings whose purpose is to permit drainage of water that accumulates inside a building component (e.g., a brick wall, skylight frame, etc.).\nto join pieces of metal together by heat fusion.\na condition where free water is present in a substance.\nthe process of moisture movement by capillary action.\nforce exerted by the wind on a structure or part of a structure.\nthe force caused by the deflection of wind at roof edges, roof peaks or obstructions, causing a drop in air pressure immediately above the roof surface.\nbeing in or facing the direction toward which the wind is blowing. The side exposed to the prevailing wind.\na method of valley construction in which shingles or roofing from both sides of the valley extend across the valley and are woven together by overlapping alternate courses as they are applied.\na hard blush white metal, brittle at normal temperatures, very malleable and ductile when heated; not subject to corrosion; used for galvanizing sheet steel and iron, in various metal alloys, and as an oxide for white paint pigment." ]

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[ "The method len() returns the number of elements in the list or length of the string depending upon the argument you are passing.\nHow to implement without using len():\n1. Take input and pass the string/list into a function which return its length. 2. Initialize a count variable to 0, this count variable count character in the string. 3. Run a loop till length if the string and increment count by 1. 4. When loop is completed return count.\nThis article is contributed by Sahil Rajput. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.\nPlease write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.\n- Python | os.write() method\n- Read, Write and Parse JSON using Python\n- How to write an empty function in Python - pass statement?\n- Python | Write multiple files data to master file\n- Python | Create and write on excel file using xlsxwriter module\n- Count of lines required to write the given String\n- Python | Merge Python key values to list\n- Python | Convert list to Python array\n- Python | Index of Non-Zero elements in Python list\n- Reading Python File-Like Objects from C | Python\n- Important differences between Python 2.x and Python 3.x with examples\n- Python | Set 4 (Dictionary, Keywords in Python)\n- Python | Add Logging to Python Libraries\n- Python | Sort Python Dictionaries by Key or Value\n- Python | Add Logging to a Python Script" ]

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[ "Class 6 Hindi Bal Ram Katha NCERT Solutions for Chapter 8 Seeta Kee Khoj\nNCERT Solutions for CBSE class 6 Hindi Bal Ram Katha Chapter 8 cover the chapter summary, important notes as well as questions and answers that make learning this chapter easier. By referring to the NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 6 Hindi Bal Ram Katha Chapter 8 Seeta kee Khoj, students can now expedite their learning and revision for exam preparations. These solutions have been developed and revised thoroughly by subject experts of Hindi which makes them trustworthy and credible. The NCERT Solutions are available in PDF format. These PDF files are easy to read and free to download.\nNCERT Solutions for Class 6 Hindi Vasant Chapter 8 Seeta Kee Khoj PDF will be updated soon on this page.\nFAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Hindi Bal Ram Katha Chapter 8 Seeta Kee Khoj\n1. In Chapter 8 Seeta kee Khoj from Bal Ram Katha, Vishwamitra Says: “The Flora and Fauna is the Pride of this Jungle”. Why do you Think he Said that?\nThe chapter Bal Ram Katha mentions Vishwamitra who played a huge impact on the lives of Ram and Lakshman. He talks about the flora and fauna of that jungle and considers them as the utmost pride of the forest. He mentions that one cannot even imagine a forest or jungle without it. The importance of flora and fauna in maintaining a balance in nature is also specified by him. Vishwamitra also reiterates that life cannot exist in the absence of plants and animals. He then lastly concluded that one doesn't need to fear the jungle and its inhabitants as humans exist because flora and fauna exist.\n2. Why do you Think Ram and Lakshman Happily Agreed to Raja Dushrath’s Decision?\nRam and Lakshman are two of the four sons of Raja Dushrath. They greatly respected their father and tried their best to never disappoint him. That is why they are considered as brave and dignified sons of their father. All their childhood and even adulthood they ensured that they could keep their father’s promise and not let him down. Moreover, they were also well aware of the rules and regulations of their kingdom and strictly abide by those. Keeping all these values in mind, Ram and Lakshman happily agreed to the final decisions made by their father Raja Dushrath and followed all the rules and regulations of their kingdom without any arguments or discourse.\n3. Are Vedantu’s NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Hindi “Seeta Kee Khoj” available for download?\nYes, you can easily download Vedantu's NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Hindi Bal Ram Katha Chapter - \"Seeta Kee Khoj\" following these basic steps:\nClick on the link provided.\nOn the page of the NCERT Solutions for this chapter, scroll down to select the option to \"Download PDF.\"\nThis will redirect you to the page containing the link to download the pdf of the NCERT Solutions.\nThese solutions are free of cost and can be downloaded from the Vedantu Mobile App as well.\n4. How can students build up their understanding of chapter “Seeta Kee Khoj” using Vedantu?\nCertain Hindi words and the language of the chapter may sometimes be difficult for Class 6 students to comprehend. This is because classical Hindi has rarely been spoken anywhere these days. Hence Vedantu attempts to explain the context, theme, and plot of the chapter using simple English explanations. This allows the student to retain the chapter better. Hence, Vedantu magnifies your overall understanding of the chapter. You can refer to these explanations and solutions of the Chapter \"Seeta Ki Khoj'' on the Vedantu website and Vedantu Mobile app.\n5. How did Ram react when he could not find Seeta in the ashram according to Chapter 8 of Bal Ram Katha In Class 6 Hindi?\nRam lost his sense of reason when he couldn’t find Seeta in the ashram. He was so stumped that he asked every tree there about Seeta. He even went to the Godavari River to see if it had any information on Seeta. He then went to the rocks and asked them the same question. He even asked the elephant, lion, and flowers but how could they answer? He even started hallucinating and thought she was playing with him from behind the tree.\n6. What important information did Jatayu pass on to Ram according to Chapter 8 of Bal Ram Katha In Class 6 Hindi?\nAfter searching tirelessly for Seeta, Ram and Lakshman stumbled upon wounded Jatayu who was taking his last breaths. Jatayu told Ram that Ravan had kidnapped Seeta and was taking her in the southwest direction. Jatayu had bravely fought with Ravan trying to rescue Seeta. He challenged Ravan, destroyed his chariot, and killed his charioteer and horses. But Ravan broke Jatayu's wings and injured him badly, managing to take Seeta away. Sadly, Jatayu passed away after accounting the details of the encounter to Ram.\n7. Who was Kabandh according to Chapter 8 of Bal Ram Katha In Class 6 Hindi?\nKabandh was a deadly demon whom Ram and Lakshman encountered on the way to find Seeta. Kabandh was huge and terrifying. He was scary to even look at. He looked like a huge piece of flesh. He did not have a neck and had only one eye. His teeth were protruding and his tongue slithered like a snake. Even after being so deadly-looking, he did not scare Ram and Lakshman and they both cut his hands with their swords." ]

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[ "SO HOW BAD IS MY POSTURE?\nby Dr. Brian S. Seaman, DC, FRCCSS(C), FICC\nStand up straight!\nHow many times did our parents say that?\nHow many times have you said this to your children or grandchildren?\nProbably lots of times!\nPosture is something that develops with time; it can be good or it can be bad. Many things can be affected by your posture. Even as a young child our posture changes as we start crawling, then standing, walking and running.\nSitting in classrooms for years and working at computers for hours on end, can adversely affect our posture as well. Poor posture can also be contributed to by a lack of strength of the postural muscles in our necks and backs.\nPostural Muscle Weakness\nThis can be related to:\nImproper exercise technique.\nInappropriate exercise selection.\nWhen we are younger, slouching can be a problem; especially if you have a growth spurt or are quite tall. We all know people who are quite tall in junior high and high school who slouch. Sometimes their muscles would not keep up with their growth, and at other times, they were self conscious of their height. Unfortunately, if it is the latter, that can follow a young person into adulthood.\nOther times, scoliosis may affect our posture. This is a lateral curvature of the spine. Through the teenage years, any curvatures should be monitored closely. Slight curvatures are generally not of concern. However if the curvature progresses to a significant degree, it can potentially cause compression of the heart and lungs due to a change in the shape of the ribcage. Thankfully, this degree of curvature is rare.\nAs parents and grandparents, there are a few hints on what to look for with your children through their teenage years:\nCheck for an unevenness of the hips or shoulders.\nTilting of the head to either side.\nPants, slacks or trousers sitting unlevel on the hips, or uneven leg lengths when hemming these articles of clothing.\nThese could be early signs of a scoliosis developing. If you notice any of these, please check with your health care professional. Depending upon the degree of scoliosis, it may be necessary to arrange for an x-ray to assess the degree of the curvature and also provide a baseline for future comparisons. A rapidly progressing scoliosis or curvature is of concern.\nMild curvatures are generally of no significant concern. Encouraging exercise and activity is a common approach although specific exercises provided by your health care professional may be indicated. As we mature there is always the possibility of developing osteoarthritis and degenerative changes in our spine. Although uncommon, such changes, if advanced, can contribute to the development of a curvature or kypho-scoliosis secondary to degenerative changes. A kypho-scoliosis involves not only a lateral curvature but also a forward flexion or bending of the spine. This can occur in the lower back (lumbar) or in the mid/upper back (thoracic area). This can cause difficulties with your posture and daily activity level. Your health care professional can advise on what combination of treatment, exercises or therapy might be beneficial.\nBack to posture\nPoor posture can be dealt with in a variety of ways:\nErgonomics involves modifying or changing your work area or computer station to reduce the strain on your body. This may include a well designed chair, adjustable chair, adding a keyboard tray or mouse tray, changing the position of your computer screen and using a headset for the phone. It may also involve re-organizing your desk drawers or files to make your work area more efficient.\nPoor posture usually involves:\nAn anterior carriage or position of the head (chin juts forward).\nSway back which is an increased lumbar lordosis.\nSome of the key exercises which can be beneficial include a posterior chin tuck, stretching the chest muscles, thoracic extension exercises, stretching the lumbar spinal muscles and strengthening the abdominals. Specifics as to these exercises and to ensure that proper form is being used, you should check with your health care professional.\nPostural problems may also be contributed to by lower limb problems. As an example, pronation of the feet (flattening the arches) can cause an internal rotation of the shin (or tibia) which in turn increases the strain on your hips, as well as your lower back.\nAlthough this is not postural in the sense we normally think about, poor foot posture can affect not only the foot mechanics but also your hips and lower back.\nSo how bad is it? The ideal posture line should run through your earlobe, tip of the shoulder, lateral hip, lateral knee and foot.\nIf your posture is not what it should be, it is time to take note of the changes you can make and talk to your health care professional.\nSo chin back, chest out, shoulders back and tummy in yes there is a reason we are told to do this when we are young!\nReprinted with permission of download a printer friendly version\nThe Seniors' Advocate. P.O. Box 5005, Waverly, Nova Scotia, B2R 1S2" ]

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[ "By Rudolf Steiner\nIn those 8 talks on schooling for adolescent-aged youth, Steiner addressed the lecturers of the 1st Waldorf college years after it was once first opened. A highschool was once wanted, and Steiner desired to supply a beginning for learn and a advisor for academics already conversant in his method of the person, baby improvement, and schooling in accordance with religious technology. Steiner's schooling affirms the being of each baby in the international of spirit. This strategy works in the context of the kid's sluggish access into earthly existence, aided through religious forces, and kid's desire for an schooling that cooperates with these forces. a few of Steiner's comments might be debatable, yet impartial examine will bring about an appreciation of the profound inspiration and knowledge at the back of what's offered right here.\nRead or Download Education for Adolescents (Foundations of Waldorf Education, 10) PDF\nSimilar education books\nThe Engineering Book: From the Catapult to the Curiosity Rover, 250 Milestones in the History of Engineering (Sterling Milestones)\nEngineering is the place human wisdom meets real-world problems—and solves them. It's the resource of a few of our best innovations, from the catapult to the jet engine. Marshall mind, writer of the How Stuff Works sequence and a professor on the Engineering marketers application at NCSU, offers a close examine 250 milestones within the self-discipline.\nWie man einen verdammt guten Roman schreibt.\nDas Buch ist unterhaltsam zu lesen, es ist jedoch schwierig, den Nutzen zu\nbewerten. Grundsätzlich würde ich das Buch empfehlen, weil es unterhaltend\nist und schnell fertig gelesen, so dass sich die Zeitverschwendung bei Nicht-\nZufriedenheit in Grenzen hält.\nWenn guy ernsthaft daran interessiert ist, seinen Schreibstil zu verbessern,\nwird guy von diesem Buch vermutlich enttäuscht sein.\nWenn guy vor allem daran interessiert ist, wie guy sich einen Bestseller-Plot\nfür eine Geschichte ausdenkt, ist guy hiermit vermutlich intestine bedient.\n- Learning to Teach: A Handbook for Primary and Secondary School Teachers, 2nd Edition\n- Boundaries of Competence: How Social Studies Makes Feeble Science\n- How to Sew a Button: And Other Nifty Things Your Grandmother Knew\n- Selected problems on exceptional sets (Van Nostrand mathematical studies, no. 13)\n- Small States: Making the Most of Development Assistance: A Synthesis of World Bank Evaluation Findings (Operations Evaluation Studies)\n- Geographies of Commodity Chains (Routledge Studies in Human Geography, 10)\nExtra info for Education for Adolescents (Foundations of Waldorf Education, 10)\nThe rhythmical organism is essentially the basis for the mediation of feelings. Judgments are, you will agree, deeply related to feelings, even the most abstract of judgments. When we say “Carl is a good boy,” this is a judgment, and we have the feeling of confirmation. The feeling of confirmation or negation—any feeling actually that expresses the relation between predicate and subject—plays a major role in judgments. It is only because our judgments are already strongly anchored in our subconscious that we are not aware of our feelings’ participation in them.\nThis additional effort is necessary. We must do something. It is, after all, the task of the Waldorf school to use methods different from those practiced elsewhere.\nNow imagine thirty people holding hands. ” In this way, the children get a feeling for the distance in time. It is important to teach history in this way—not placing isolated episodes next to each other but rather giving the children the feeling of distance in time. It really is important to point out the characteristic differences [in consciousness—translator] when we deal with specific epochs in history, so that the children can have an idea of them. Lecture Three 57 What matters is that historical events are seen to be living within the framework of time." ]

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[ "TPS Workers Are Rebuilding States Devastated by Natural Disasters\nOver the past two years, the Trump administration has taken steps to terminate Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for nearly all of the 318,000 immigrants that the program protects. These immigrants’ futures—as well as those of their families—are in limbo as legal challenges to the termination make their way through the courts.1\nThe vast majority—94 percent—of these immigrants are from El Salvador, Honduras, and Haiti.2 Under TPS, they hold a legal status that protects them from deportation and authorizes them to work. TPS holders have lived in the United States for an average of 22 years, in households with a total of 620,000 family members, and are crucial contributors to the U.S. economy.3\nOne outsized way in which TPS holders contribute to the economy is their role in the construction industry. With 45,900 workers, construction is the second-largest occupation group for immigrants with TPS who are from El Salvador, Honduras, and Haiti.4 One-quarter of these workers are laborers, but workers with TPS can also have more-specialized occupations as carpenters, at 7,900; brick masons, at 2,400; plumbers or pipe layers, at 1,800; and electricians, at 1,500. They are also in more senior roles, with 2,700 employed as first-line supervisors and 1,600 employed as managers. Among their many roles, construction workers are key to rebuilding efforts after the occurrence of natural disasters.\nTPS holders in construction jobs help rebuild their states after extreme weather events\nOver the past two years, seven weather and climate disasters caused more than $5 billion in damages each across the United States and took hundreds of lives: Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Maria, and Hurricane Irma in 2017; Hurricane Michael and Hurricane Florence in 2018; and the western wildfires of both 2017 and 2018.\nHurricane Harvey damaged or destroyed more than 200,000 homes and businesses in Texas and Louisiana, causing an estimated $127.5 billion in damages.5 Hurricane Irma damaged or destroyed 90 percent of homes and businesses in the Florida Keys, as well as 13,000 other buildings throughout the rest of the state and Georgia; it was responsible for an estimated $51 billion in damages.6 Hurricane Michael damaged 50,000 homes and businesses along the eastern seaboard from Florida to Virginia, causing an estimated $25 billion in damages,7 while Hurricane Florence damaged or destroyed 86,000 homes and businesses in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, causing an estimated $24 billion in damages.8 The western wildfires and California firestorm of 2018 also caused an estimated $24 billion in damages, destroying more than 33,500 homes and buildings,9 while the western wildfires and California firestorm of 2017 damaged or destroyed 15,000 homes and businesses, causing an estimated $18.4 billion in damages.10\nWith the exception of Hurricane Maria, which caused an estimated $91.8 billion in damages mostly in Puerto Rico,11 the states hit hardest by these disasters are also home to large communities of TPS holders. The large numbers of TPS holders who work in construction occupations in the following states demonstrate how inextricably TPS is linked to the efforts to rebuild:12\n- California, which is recovering from two extreme wildfire seasons and ranks first for TPS recipients, is home to 5,100 TPS holders in construction-related occupations.\n- Texas, which is recovering from Hurricane Harvey and ranks second for TPS recipients, is home to 6,800 TPS holders in construction-related occupations.\n- Florida, which is recovering from two hurricanes: Irma and Michael and ranks third for TPS recipients, has 4,200 TPS holders who are in construction-related occupations.\n- Virginia, which is also recovering from two hurricanes, Florence and Michael and ranks fifth for TPS recipients, has 8,400 TPS holders who are in construction-related occupations.\n- North Carolina, which is recovering from Hurricanes Florence and Michael as well and ranks eighth for TPS recipients, is home to 1,800 TPS holders in construction-related occupations.\n- Georgia, which is recovering from Hurricanes Irma and Michael and ranks ninth for TPS recipients, is home to 1,000 TPS holders in construction-related occupations.\nAlthough TPS holders are a small share of the total U.S. population—between 0.1 percent and 0.3 percent for each of the states listed above—they are overrepresented in construction occupations, making up between 0.4 percent and 4.7 percent of all construction workers in the above states.13 While these shares may seem minor, they represent thousands of workers.\nThe end of TPS would make all of these immigrants ineligible to work, removing them from their roles in the U.S. workforce and potentially jeopardizing or setting back recovery efforts in each of these states. On top of this, all individuals from a given country would lose their protections and work authorization on the same day,14 potentially bringing some rebuilding efforts to a halt. It is long past time for Congress to protect immigrants with TPS and their families; doing so would ensure that progress on rebuilding efforts continue apace in disaster-affected communities.\nNicole Prchal Svajlenka is a senior policy analyst of Immigration Policy at the Center for American Progress.\n- Dara Lind, “Judge blocks Trump’s efforts to end Temporary Protected Status for 300,000 immigrants,” Vox, October 4, 2018, available at https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/4/17935926/tps-injunction-chen-news; Jill H. Wilson, “Temporary Protected Status: Overview and Current Issues” (Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2018), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RS20844.pdf.\n- Wilson, “Temporary Protected Status: Overview and Current Issues.”\n- Nicole Prchal Svajlenka, “What Do We Know About Immigrants With Temporary Protected Status?”, Center for American Progress, February 11, 2019, available at https://americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2019/02/11/466081/know-immigrants-temporary-protected-status/.\n- Center for American Progress analysis of 2017 1-year American Community Survey microdata. Data accessed via Steven Ruggles and others, “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, U.S. Census Data for Social, Economic, and Health Research, 2017 American Community Survey 1-year estimates” (Minneapolis: Minnesota Population Center, 2018), available at https://usa.ipums.org/usa/. A February 2019 CAP publication cites 44,000 TPS holders in construction occupations; here, 1,600 construction managers were included in the count. See Svajlenka, “What Do We Know About Immigrants With Temporary Protected Status?” Totals differ from text above due to rounding.\n- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events,” available at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/2017-2018 (last accessed February 2019).\n- Ibid.; John P Cangialosi and others, “National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irma (AL112017)” (Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2018), available at https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf.\n- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters”; National Weather Service, “Catastrophic Hurricane Michael Strikes Florida Panhandle: October 10, 2018,” available at https://www.weather.gov/tae/HurricaneMichael2018 (last accessed February 2019).\n- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters”; National Weather Service, “Hurricane Florence: September 14, 2018,” available at https://www.weather.gov/ilm/HurricaneFlorence (last accessed February 2019).\n- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters.”\n- The ranking of TPS beneficiaries and numbers of TPS holders in construction-related occupations were determined through CAP analysis of 2017 1-year American Community Survey microdata. Data accessed via Ruggles and others, “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, U.S. Census Data for Social, Economic, and Health Research, 2017 American Community Survey 1-year estimates.”\n- Catholic Legal Immigration Network, “Temporary Protected Status (TPS) and Deferred Enforcement Departure (DED),” available at https://cliniclegal.org/tps (last accessed March 2019).\nThe positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone. A full list of supporters is available here. American Progress would like to acknowledge the many generous supporters who make our work possible.\nDirector of Research, Rights and Justice" ]

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[ "It has been found that wolves and dogs can actually understand each other well, at least for the most part. Since they are so far removed from one another, there are differences in the language and communication style for obvious reasons.\nWolves are also very aggressive toward domestic dogs. Although encounters between a single wolf and a domestic dog sometimes result in play behavior, encounters between several wolves and a dog usually result in the wolves aggressively attacking the dog.\nPet dogs. Although wolf attacks on pet dogs in residential areas are rare, they do occur and have increased in recent years. These types of attacks represent a special kind of wolf depredation to domestic animals.\nA new study of young wolves suggests they are indeed capable of making doglike attachments to people. Under some circumstances, they might even view humans as a source of comfort and protection.\nYes, wolves and domestic dogs can breed and produce fertile offspring. However, dogs have been shaped for human needs in the process of domestication, so that they are different from their wild ancestors in many characteristics.\nAustralian law also does not allow the entry of domestic and non-domestic dog hybrids (such as wolf crosses) into the country. The following hybrids are not permitted to enter Australia: Czechoslovakian wolfdog or Czechoslovakian Vlcak. Lupo Italiano or Italian wolfdog.\nThe Siberian Husky, originally and still used for sledding, is very similar to wolves. Overtime not only has the resemblance to wolves stayed similar, but the genetic composition has as well.\nWolves Really Can Become Attached to Humans Like Dogs Can, Adorable Study Finds. Few animals show as much affection and loyalty as dogs. But a new study offers evidence that the same human-to-animal attachment can develop in wolves, too.\nWolves generally avoid human interactions, unless they have become acclimated to people. Please do your part to keep wolves where they belong—in the wild. Don't feed the wolves. Wolves are wary of people; they can lose their fear of humans by becoming used to them.\nUnfortunately, there is no way at this time to train dogs and wolves to communicate or understand each other, and it is something this is never advised to do.\nYelling, throwing sticks or stones, waving your arms, and generally making yourself look as big and scary as possible can deter predatory wolves, which tend to become submissive when other animals demonstrate dominance.\nThe emotionally sensitive and loyal dog gets along well with children, but they're also the only breed of dog that can kill a wolf. Have you heard of Turkey's Kangal dog? Also called Karabas, meaning black head, the sand coloured, muscular animals are considered the country's national canine.\nIn fact, on some tests of logic, wolves come out on top. In some experiments conducted in 2009, dogs followed human cues to perform certain tasks—despite evidence that they could see that suggested a different strategy would be smarter. In contrast, wolves made the more logical choice based on their observations.\nWolf: Bite Force. A wolf has a bite force of 406 pounds per square inch, compared to the 142 pounds per square inch of an African wild dog. The wolf also has larger canine teeth than the African wild dog, which explains why it can kill the latter relatively quickly.\nAs wolves are not as fast as smaller canids such as coyotes, they typically run to a low place and wait for the dogs to come over from the top and fight them. Theodore Roosevelt stressed the danger cornered wolves can pose to a pack of dogs in his Hunting the Grisly and Other Sketches: A wolf is a terrible fighter.\nDirect eye contact in these canids is often a behavior in establishing or challenging dominance, so staring at a dog or wolf makes them uncomfortable, if not irritated.\nDuring a close encounter with a wolf, people should do the following: Stand tall and make themselves look larger. Calmly but slowly back away and maintain eye contact. If the wolf does not run away immediately, continue making yourself large, keeping eye contact, and backing away.\nIf a wolf wants you to touch it, the animal is likely to initiate the touch either by rubbing against you, submitting and exposing its belly, or perhaps even pawing you or attempting to stand up to get close to your face.\nDogs avoid each other after aggressive encounters, whereas wolves rapidly reconcile. (Inside Science) -- Wolves aren't the type to hold a grudge. When two pack members squabble, they often reconcile immediately afterward through friendly interactions.\nDo Wolves Like to be Petted? Wolves like to be petted by humans they have grown comfortable with. But unlike dogs, they will usually not beg to be petted. Rather, wolves use touch as a sign of trust and affection and prefer to be petted sparingly.\nStatistically, the answer is no. In 60 years, only three, nonfatal wolf attacks occurred in the lower 48 states, all in Minnesota [source: McNay]. Wolves naturally shy away from people, preferring to stick to wild, hoofed prey.\nMost domestic bred wolf dogs can trace their lineage back to the fur farms of the 1950's. A wolf dog is the offspring of a wolf and a dog, a wolf and a wolf dog, or two wolf dogs. Many hybrids are part German Shepherd, Alaskan Malamute, or Siberian Husky, but Chow Chows, Akitas, and other breeds are often used.\nWolves Don't Make Good Pets\nWhile a small research study indicates that wolf pups raised by people can get attached to them, these wild animals don't turn into adorable human companions. They haven't been domesticated over thousands of years like dogs.\nShih Tzus share more DNA with wolves than most other breeds. The only breed group with more shared wolf DNA is the Nordic spitz group (Huskies, Samoyeds, and Malamutes). The breed almost went extinct in the early 1900s after the death of Empress Tzu Hsi." ]

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[ "There are different teachers with different accents delivering the Spanish lessons at Spanish Pod 101. Despite that they are mainly divided in Mexican and Castilian Spanish (ie from Spain) and formal and informal Spanish, you will also listen to conversations in Argentinian, Cuban and Venezuelan accents, to give you a few examples.\nYou will be able to see what type of Spanish is being used under the “Line-By-Line Audio” tab, on “Lesson Materials”.\nOn Spanish Pod 101, you will be able to distinguish what type of Spanish is used in different types of conversations and how to differentiate it.\nHere is an example. You can see at the top of the dialogue it says where the conversation is taking place (en la calle, on the street).\nThen it gives you the type of Spanish used: Informal.\nNow you know that if you are on the street and meet a friend, it’s ok to use informal Spanish.\nNot only will the Spanish lessons on Spanishpod101 show you what form of Spanish is correct depending on the situation, it will also teach you about culture and customs.\nYou can browse through the Spanish lessons to find certain celebrations, customs, festive days and holidays to learn more about them. You will see Spanish Lessons that focus on art, like the one about El Greco, a famous Spanish Painter.\nSo, as you see, Spanishpod101 offers you more than just learning the language. It will also teach you about culture and costumes through well-designed lessons that will take you along traditions, local artists, musicians and cooks. Yes, you will even learn about spices and recipes and buying the required ingredients.\nSpanish pod101 knows that learning Spanish is not only about learning the words but also about the magic of knowing how and where to use them, and about the life styles of the country that speaks the language we are so eagerly trying to learn.\nMany people find that learning Spanish is hard and you either end up bored or the programs to be too complicated and hard to learn. Spanish Pod 101 is an antidote to this and wants to make things as simple as possible!" ]

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[ "Initial treatment of iritis which is not caused by a pathogen (virus, bacteria, mycobacteria, ureaplasma, yeast, mold or fungus) is through the use of topical corticosteroids. if adhesion is anticipated then a dilating drop is used to relax the ciliary body preventing the iris from adhering to the lens in a closed position.\nIritis that is stubborn, recurrent or chronic may require systemic treatment through the use of oral steroids, or other immunomodulating drugs. Some individuals will have genetic predisposition to uveitis which is related to autoimmune disease processes. The most common of these ‘genes’ is the HLA B27 Haplotype which can predispose to uveitis alone or also to the Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies and the enteropathic arthropathies. examples are Ankylosing spondylitis, Reactive arthritis (Reiters syndrome), psoriatic Arthritis, irritable Bowel disease and Crohn’s disease. there are other autoimmune disease processes also related to iritis/uveitis.\nMultiple Sclerosis (HLA B15), Sarcoidosis, systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Lyme disease, Juvenile Ideopathic Arthritis. Sexually transmitted disease processes can also be related to uveitis as can Cat Scratch disease, Toxoplasmosis, toxocardia, Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis syndrome, Lyme disease, whipples disease, valley fever, Tuberculosis, leptospirosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted fever etc.\nBecause of the relationship between Uveitis and over 90 different pathogens and autoimmune disease processes we suggest that individuals with recurrent or chronic uveitis be treated by an uveitis specialist or ocular immunologist. One may have to travel to see one of these very rare specialists but by doing so, the health of the patient as well as long term positive outcomes for the uvietic eye will occur. some of these consequences to lack of treatment or under treatment are: epiretinal membrane formation, cystoid Macular edema, cataracts, Glaucoma, detached retina, Vitreous hemorrhage, vascularization of the retina." ]

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[ "In Egypt, She was called T3 w’t (Tah Uwah-et), “The Only One.” In Greek, this same epithet of the Goddess became Thiouis (Thee-oou-iss). (For some reason, I really like “Thiouis;” I have a chant I like to use with that epithet for Her.) The way some Romans expressed this concept may be summed up in a graffito found on one of the walls of the Temple of Isis in Rome: Una, quae es omnia, Dea Isis, “Being one, Thou art all, Goddess Isis.”\nStrange in a polytheistic world, isn’t it?\nMaybe yes, maybe no.\nIt could be confusing to those of us who have been born into a culture steeped in the singularity of the one male Deity. But that was very far from the experience of the ancient world. They were used to dealing with any number of Deities—as well as other Divine beings. The face of the Divine could be seen and sensed in many ways and many places and be known by many names…as we are seeing again today, even though cultural elements struggle against it.\nIn ancient Egypt, Isis is the Only One and the Unique One; but so are other Deities. Re is the Only One and the Unique One…and so are Atum and Ptah and more.\nErik Hornung in Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt explains this as each Deity being considered unique in Her or His own way. But it may be more than that. There are Egyptian texts, especially the wisdom literature, that simply refer to “God.” This may have been purposely vague so that the student of wisdom could “insert your God here.” Or it may have been an expression of what is today know as henotheism (the term was only coined in the 1800s) which is devotion to one particular Deity without denying the reality of all the rest of Them. We also know that multiple Egyptian Deities could form a unity—and even be referred to with a singular pronoun. For example, in some mortuary literature, Ptah-Sokaris-Osiris is invoked “that He may give…” Atum, when He brought forth Shu and Tefnut was said to have been “One Who became Three.”\nJan Assman, in The Price of Monotheism, discusses what he calls “the Mosaic distinction,” the concept that my God is the One True God and every other Deity is a “false god” and he names the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaton as its first known practitioner. Assman also makes the interesting observation that following Akhenaton’s “revolution,” as the old Deities were restored to worship, Akhenaton’s influence nevertheless continued to be felt as the idea of a Hidden Deity Who existed behind and was expressed in all the other Deities came into prominence. He calls this development “evolutionary monotheism” and notes it in the mature stages of polytheism not only in Egypt, but in Mesopotamia, Greece, and India as well.\nThinking through the complexities of poly-mono-heno-pan-and-all-the-other-theisms out there is a worthy meditation for today’s devotees of Isis. For if we look back to the traditions of ancient Isiacism to instruct or inspire our modern devotion at all, then we will inevitably find ourselves confronted with the puzzle. How is Isis The Only One and yet part of a pantheon? What does that mean to my personal devotion to the Goddess? If I am a priestess or priest of Isis, must I also serve other Egyptian Deities—or should I specifically not serve others in order to serve just Her? In what way is Isis a Divine Unity and thus All?\nAs we meditate on these things, we will likely find our own answers…at least for now. Personal answers to questions like these can change over time as we discover, experience, and learn more about ourselves and about our relationship with Her.\nI’m not certain this is original (I might have found it in reading Hornung perhaps??), but I see nothing that says all the laws of Western formal logic have to apply, especially when we’re considering the Divine. If I’m asked, “Are Isis and Nephthys different Goddesses, or are They the same?” I ignore the formal law that says the answer has to be either-or and simply reply, “Yes.”\nI love old history especially of Egyptian ancient history.\nReblogged this on Sanctuary of Horus Behdety." ]

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[ "A ballad is a beautiful narrative composition which is garland with rhythmic verses, making it possible for a person to sing it like a song. It is nothing, but bringing together of vague idea or imagination in a sequence, with the help of creatively and carefully used phrases and words. Traditionally, ballads were never written down. They were, in fact, just passed down the generations orally with the music, helping the people to remember it. Singing a ballad is an imaginative exercise using which one can convey or narrate a story, situation or an incident in a way gives message as well as entertains. For a beginner, there are certain guidelines which need to be followed, in order to come out with a decent work. The following article will provide you with important guidelines that will help you in writing a ballad.\nTips For Writing A Ballad\nRead few examples of famous ballads to get a rough idea of the format. This exercise will give you a feel of the rhyme and the rhythm, which is the main part of the poem for a ballad. There are many online sites and books available that will help you research to create your own beautiful composition.\nThe endeavor of writing a ballad has to start with thinking of a plot or a theme. A plot or a theme serves the same purpose as it plays for a writer. So, let your imagination spread its wings and come out with an impressive piece. You can also think out-of-the-box and materialize a fictional and fantastical story with mysterious creatures and places. You can also narrate a story which you always wanted to as a child through your ballad.\nThink of any starting phrase, word or a line relevant to your storyline or theme and then build your song using the phrase as a medium. It can also occur to you to just write a song without any decided plot or story. In such a case, a phrase or an inspirational line will help you a lot in framing your ballad. The starter phrase need not necessarily be the starting lines of your song; in many cases it can form the chorus for the song.\nAn idea or a phrase that pops out instantly in your mind can become your inspiration for a beautiful ballad. If the phrase you came up with is catchy and sounds like summarizing the plot, it can be taken as a chorus. If your ballad is about a particular thing, then think about few words that describe the nature of the particular thing. Any such word can be used as an inspiration to create the entire ballad.\nThe next step in creating a ballad is to complete the verse or a chorus that contains the starter phrase. Ballads generally consist of four lines, out of which two or more lines rhyme. Some of the common rhyme schemes are one in which the word at the end of the first line rhymes with the word at the end of the second, and the word at the end of the third line rhymes with the word at the end of the fourth line.\nWhile few rhyming schemes have the second and the fourth line in rhyme, there are others in which the first line rhymes with the third. You can build a verse around your starter phrase, using any one of the following techniques. Use a consistent meter to create the verse. A meter is a pattern of linguistic units in a song. The meter for the chorus can remain the same as in case of most of the ballads or can even differ from verse to verse.\nOnce you have the first chorus for your ballad, you need to just complete the remaining choruses and verses using the same template. However, don’t be a slave to the same format, keeping the length and the placement exactly the same. You can go ahead and vary the length of the line or the verse. You can even deviate from your rhyme pattern, if you come up with something more interesting related to the particular verse.\nOnce you have completed all your choruses, your ballad is ready to be sung. However, it will be better to look at it with fresh eyes after some time. Come back to your ballad after a while and critically view it to check the flaw in the rhymes and ideas, all the way till the end of the song. Cut out any unnecessary verses or add on few new phrases relevant to the story line. Once you are done with the editing, read it once to feel contended and satisfied with your endeavor." ]

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[ "There are excellent supplemental materials and lesson plans designed to guide teachers through all the possible worlds. The best way to use these games is precisely as suggested because the lesson plans have a wide scope, even including pre-made slideshows. It would be perfectly feasible, however, for a teacher to use the games as review or to encourage critical thinking by students. Adventurous teachers could encourage students to come up with other ideas about common scientific misconceptions and design their own games or stories to address those issues.Continue reading Show less\nDeveloped by the National Research and Development Center on Instructional Technology, Possible Worlds is a collection of learning games designed to teach commonly misunderstood scientific concepts well by using best practices in pedagogy and conceptual learning. The covered concepts include photosynthesis, heredity, electricity, and heat transfer -- each tackled in a different game. The games are designed to be easy to play, with simple narratives and featuring different, familiar genres like adventure and platforming. Play is supported by useful extensions and activities that build critical thinking and that meld well with teachers' instructional needs.\nThe Possible Worlds website is well-researched and meticulously organized. Each game is accompanied by suggested lesson plans and supplemental materials to help teachers communicate the concepts as thoroughly as possible. The site's developers understand that many scientific concepts are difficult to comprehend and easily misunderstood. These games target those misunderstandings, helping students clarify common misconceptions rather than teaching core concepts. Games aren't designed to replace teacher-led learning, but to supplement it. When used in this context, they're engaging ways to help students understand difficult ideas." ]

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[ "Black-owned newspapers have shaped conversations on current events, arts and culture for nearly two centuries. What impact do these newspapers continue to have on the African-American community and beyond? Part 1 of a discussion with Dr. Benjamin Chavis, Jr., President & CEO of the National Newspaper Publishers Association. This discussion continues in part 2 (The Black Press).\nSee a partial transcript of this interview below:\nTraynham: Black owned newspapers have shaped conversations on current events, arts, and culture for nearly two centuries. From the first edition of the New York City´s Freedom Journal published in 1827 to today, their impact continues to be felt in all of the African-American community and beyond. Hello, everyone, and welcome to “Comcast Newsmakers.” I´m Robert Traynham, and joining me is Dr. Benjamin Chavis Jr., the President and CEO of the National Newspapers Publishers Association. Dr. Chavis, welcome to the program. It is good to see you.\nChavis: Thank you, Robert. It´s good to see you again, and I appreciate the good work that you continue to do.\nTraynham: Thank you, sir. And speaking of good work, let´s talk about our African-American newspapers. As I mentioned a few moments ago, they go back almost two centuries. They have always been, in my opinion, the bedrock of the community, talking about the achievements in the black community, talking about our weddings and our funerals and talking about that first person in the family that went to college, everybody that talks about it. You just go down the list.\nTraynham: Frankly, when no one else would tell our story, we had to tell our own story.\nChavis: Tell our own story from March 16, 1827, to 2017. The black press has been on the frontline of not only as an advocate, but also a disseminator, distributor of the truth, the reality. We say we´re the voice of black America.\nTraynham: Dr. Chavis, fast forward to today. There are a lot of people out there that are saying, “Well, are black newspapers needed? We´re so integrated. We´ve just had our first African-American President, there´s more diversity. I can pick up any newspaper or go into any website and read about ´the community´.” Are black newspapers still needed?”\nChavis: I would say, Robert, that black newspapers are needed today more than ever before.\nChavis: Because not only has our population grown over the years and over the centuries, but our impact on America. So, the trend setters — we´re trend setters. If you want to know where America´s going, you better check out where black America already is. And the black press represents that trusted view. You know, there´s a debate about alternative facts versus facts or alternative news versus real news. We´re known for reporting the truth of our community and our society and the world in which we live in. So I´m thinking, and I´m glad you asked the question ´cause I want to report to you that our readership is up.\nChavis: Millennials are reading black newspapers all over the country.And of course, we also entered a digital age,so our print content is also digitized,distributed on digital formats,and we´re very much involved in social media.But everything´s driven by content,and the content starts,I´m proud of our 211 African-American newspapers.And I know you at onetime were affiliated with the Philadelphia Tribune.That´s one of our leading newspapers.Bob Bogle is one of the leaders of the NNPA. We´re gonna give him our Lifetime Achievement Award during Black History Month this year.So we´re very pleased and proud not only of the past,but the contemporary reality that black newspapers are not only relevant,but they´re completely necessary." ]

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[ "One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.\nThe German republic of 1919–33, so called because its constitution was drawn up at Weimar. The republic was faced with huge reparation costs deriving from the Treaty of Versailles as well as soaring inflation and high unemployment. The 1920s saw a growth in support for right-wing groups and the Republic was eventually overthrown by the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler.\nIn this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV." ]

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[ "The wedding cake is a beautiful centrepiece in most weddings, but for many couples it’s much more than that. There’s a time-honoured tradition that involves carefully saving the top layer to share after the first stage of married life is over, during the firstborn’s christening or on the first year anniversary.\nWhere did this custom come from?\nTo understand that, let’s look first at where wedding cakes come from. That deliciously sweet, beautifully white tower presiding over your wedding table had its origin in a much humbler food: simple breads made of wheat, water, and salt and served at Roman weddings. The common factor between our cakes today and Roman wedding breads is in the chief ingredient: wheat. Wheat is an ancient symbol of fertility and the wedding bread was considered to carry the blessing both of a fertile womb and fertile fields.\nIn England, the wedding cake also began with simple food. The centrepiece for the wedding was a huge stack of rolls or sweetbread piled high. The bride and groom would be stood up with the stack of rolls between them and attempt to kiss over the bread. If they succeeded without any disaster to the tower, they were promised a happy marriage and many children.\nChildren were very important to our forefathers and mothers; they were seen as a blessing and as a direct result of a happy marriage.\n“…an ancient symbol of fertility…”\nOver the years, the stack of rolls morphed into a special wedding cake, often made of rich fruit-bread as fruit was also considered a symbol of fertility. Wedding fruitcakes were originally simple one layer affairs, and may not have been frosted. Sugar was expensive, and having a cake at all was a great luxury.\nWedding cake saved past the date was considered a magical thing. To a guest, a piece of wedding cake was considered to bring abundance and joyful marriage, and a small morsel was often put under the pillow of a young, unmarried person to enable him or her to dream of ‘the One’ . When saved by the bride, a slice of wedding cake became a talisman of good luck to the newly wedded pair, (a well-preserved piece – no crumbling!), being considered by some as a symbol of the husband’s fidelity.\nIn the eighteenth century the trade routes widened, sugar became more available, and cakes became bigger. Two special cakes figured in old time cookbooks: the wedding cake and the christening cake. During the nineteenth century both of these cakes became more and more elaborate.\n“…a small morsel was often put under the pillow of a young, unmarried person…”\nWhen Queen Victoria had a tiered cake for her wedding in 1840, many regular people wanted one too – but how to justify the expense? One way was to spread the expense out between the two major celebrations. With a three-tiered cake, one could use the bottom layer to serve guests at the wedding reception, the second layer to give away, and the top layer could be saved and served at the first baby’s christening. It gave many an economical bride an excuse to justify a slight splurge for this special day.\nIt is here we find the origin of saving the top tier for a christening – a way of blessing the christening from the sanction of the wedding day, and of blessing the wedding with the miracle of the christening that is to come.\nIn recent years the average time between the wedding and the advent of a first baby has increased. As the concept of birth and the wedding becomes more separated, saving the top tier for a christening is becoming more impractical and, in many cases, it is instead saved as a special treat for the first anniversary. It’s the same tradition, but with a different twist.\nWritten by: Hannah Mosher\nEdited by: Caitlin Mitchell" ]

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[ "Organized by the Armenian Studies Center at UCLA's Promise Armenian Institute, this Zoom-held international conference on the region's troubled history seeks to raise critical awareness of the complex and variegated history behind the current violence. The gathering will be the first of its kind to frame the conflict around its “deep” history, revealing its Soviet, Ottoman, and more recent geopolitical layers.\nIn this presentation, Professor Akçam will explore the contrasting popular and scholarly views of the role of Cemal Pasha in Ottoman and Armenian history. While a commonly-held view of non-historians considers Cemal Pasha to be one of the “Three Pashas” (along with Talat Pasha and Enver Pasha) who were largely responsible for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during the Armenian Genocide (1914-1923), many historians in fact have argued that he actually opposed the annihilationist policies directed toward Armenians.\nIn this presentation, Professor Taner Akçam will introduce some newly unearthed documents from the Ottoman archives in Istanbul that indicate that the first decision to exterminate Armenians was taken on December 1, 1914, well before most scholars in the field ever suggested." ]

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[ "Socio-Economic Effects of Proverty\n(International Journal of Business, Economics and Management Works)\nVol. 6, Issue 2, PP. 1-11, February 2019\nSocio-economy, Eradicate poverty, North-west Peshawar city\nThe Poverty is one of the major problems facing by countries of the world today. Poverty arise when people of a country are not able to achieve the standard of living that is usual for their society. Poverty is not only having no money but in developing countries it is also not having the materials and resources to fulfill their basic needs. Poverty is most wide spread in sub-Saharan and South-Asia where 40% of the population lives on less than $365 a year. Poverty is distributed in absolute and relative terms. On global systematic causes such as track, aid & debt etc. & on national level deficiencies of public administrations and financial management are the causes of poverty. The purpose of this study is to find out the socio-economic status of the residence of Gharibabad, and to identify the socio-economic effects of poverty in Gharibabad. The study also aims at giving suggestion to eradicate poverty. The methodology used is on the basis of primary as well as secondary data. The data was tabulated, carefully checked, and then tables were provided for data analysis. Simple bar graph was used to show the data graphically. The study area is Gharibabad which is a part of Shaheen Town, situated in the North West of Peshawar City. A sample of size 78 respondents was drawn. It was selected on the basis of random sampling technique. The study finds that most of the people were unemployed. Highest unemployed was 78%, next was 21%. 36% of respondents have income between 5000-10,000 and 29% having income above 15,000. Most of the respondents were illiterate. 63% of the houses are semi Pakkah, 20% are Kacha and 9% are Pakkah. The study suggests that there should be a zakat committee, availability of employment should be made soft loans should be provided and emphasis should be given and health facilities too. The education system should be improved in order to encourage and aware the people.\n- Syed Ibrahim Shah: Institute of Management Sciences KPk Peshawar-Pakistan.\n- Muhammad Umer: Institute of Management Sciences KPk Peshawar-Pakistan.\n- Babar Nawaz Abbasi: Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an Shaanxi, China, Email: [email protected].\n- Ihsan Ullah: University of Peshawar Statistics Department-Pakistan.\n- Hifza Abbasi: Federal College of Education Islamabad-Pakistan.\nSyed Ibrahim Shah, Muhammad Umer, Babar Nawaz Abbasi, Ihsan Ullah, Hifza Abbasi, \"Socio-Economic Effects of Proverty\" International Journal of Business and Economics and Management Works, Vol. 6, Issue 2, PP. 1-11, February 2019.\n- Aram A. Yengoyan, Jan 1974,”Comparative Studies in Society and History”, Volume 16,Issue 01 , pp 58-72.\n- Asian Productivity Organization,Report of the APO seminar on Rural Poverty Alliviation in Asia and Pecific, held in Tehran from 18-25 February (1997), pp. 129-137.\n- Behzad, Matin, 2000, “A mix of trade and aid to alliviate poverty”, Daily Dawn, May 1.\n- Dupere V., T. Leventhal and É. Lacourse,”Neighborhood poverty and suicidal thoughts and attempts in late adolescence” Psychological Medicine , Volume 39 , Issue 08 , Aug 2009 , pp 1295-1306.\n- French C. E., m. E. Kruijshaar, j. A. Jones and i. Abubakar,” The influence of socio –economic deprivation on tuberculosis treatment delays in England”, 2000–2005.\n- Ferreira M.“The Differential Impact Of Social-Pension Income On Household Poverty Alleviation In Three South African Ethnic Groups Ageing & Society” ,Volume 26 , Issue 03 , May 2006 , pp 337-354\n- Fugleasang, Andreas & Dale Chandler, 1993, “Participation as process-process as growth”, Graphtone Printers, Dhaka, pp. 3.\n- Hussain, Muhammad Jahangir, SirajuddinSathi, KhabirUddin, Abdul Quashem, AktarHossain, Abdul Hye Khan, M.A. Halim, M.A Musa, H.A. Sjajmewaz, A.S.M. Mohiuddin, 1996, “Jorimon and others”, Packages Corporation Limited, Chittagong, pp. 14-15.\n- Heath J., and Hans Binswanger,”Natural Resource Degradation Effects of Poverty and Population Growth Are Largely Policy-Induced”Environment and Development Economics , Volume 1 , Issue 01 , Feb 1996, pp 65-84\n- Jose Cuesta, Political Space,”Pro-Poor Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy in Honduras”, Journal of Latin American Studies, Volume 39, Issue 02, May 2007, pp. 329-354\n- Epidemiology and Infection, Volume 137, Issue 04, Apr 2009, pp. 591-596\n- Karim, Abdul, 2000, “poverty Alliviation in Pakistan”, Journal of the Institute Of Bankers, Pakistan, vol. 66. No 2, June, pp. 20.\n- Population Census Organization, Gulbahar, Peshawar. Population Census (1998).\n- Pagani L., Bernard Boulerice, Frank Vitaro and Richard E. Tremblay,”Effects of Poverty on Academic Failure and Delinquency in Boys”The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , Volume 40 , Issue 08 , Nov 1999 , pp 1209-1219\n- Redford K. H., Marc A. Levy, Eric W. Sanderson and Alex de Sherbinin Oryx , Volume 42 , Issue 04 , Oct 2008, pp 516-528.\n- SAARC-UNDP Partnership Programme (19-30 sep, 2005).\n- Sullivan Arthur, Urban Economics, 3rd Edition, lrving Mc. Graw Hill. Pp. 313-336." ]

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[ "How to Convert Teeth That Need Root Canal Back to Healthy Teeth\nRoot canal therapy is a procedure that removes the affected tooth and puts a healthy tooth in their place. Infected pulp can cause inflammation of surrounding teeth , which can impact the overall health. If the tooth has reached this stage the root canal procedure is the most appropriate method of treatment.\nThe procedure is painful and painful\nA root canal procedure is necessary when you have an infection of the pulp, or “pulpit,” of your tooth. This condition is not treated with any natural method and is not reversible. The reason for pulpitis is usually tooth decay or an injury to the tooth. If you experience toothaches, it is essential to maintain a healthy dental hygiene.\nWhile the procedure isn’t painful, you may experience some discomfort. The dentist will probably do it as quickly as they can to reduce the discomfort and preserve the quality of your tooth. You’ll want to avoid chewing on any item, including pencils and packages, as they’ll likely cause significant pain.\nInfected teeth can be transmitted to your bloodstream and airway. The jawbone as well as the surrounding tissues may also be affected by infection. While root canals typically don’t cause serious issues however, they can cause systemic disease if not done correctly.\nOnce your tooth has had root canal therapy, it’s important to see your dentist for a follow-up examination about a week after the procedure to ensure that your tooth is healing as expected. You should also schedule an appointment every three to five years. This will allow your dentist to monitor the healing process and examine for a failing or re-infected root canal.\nA root canal procedure is often required when a tooth is infected because of trauma or severe decay. Root canals serve to remove the soft tissue and nerves from the tooth. This procedure is essential in order to protect the tooth, which can cause pain and bone loss.\nA temporary filling is placed for patients with roots that require the use of a root canal. To safeguard the tooth from further damage the dentist will put the crown over it.\nRoot canal treatment can weaken the structure of teeth and reduce their function. This process can also lead to more fractures in teeth. People should avoid hard foods and be cautious with their teeth. It is also possible to consider dental crowns that protect their teeth from fractures that could occur in the future. Treatment for root canals can cause an infection to a tooth that has been treated. This could result in an infection, and eventually tooth loss.\nFollowing the treatment for root canals, the tooth’s surface could be sensitive for up to a few days. This is due to inflammatory tissue. This discomfort can be relieved by taking pain medication. Based on the severity of the pain, it may take several days back to your normal activities.\nDental lesions that are pre-operative were found to be at the most risk of failing, according to the study. This was especially relevant for teeth with transverse diameters of more than 5mm. In other words, these teeth were likely to develop an infection that could be difficult to treat. However, the success rates were identical for pre-operative and post-operative lesions.\nThe study included a group of healthy individuals as well as chronically sick patients. They included seven patients with cancer, 32 patients with chronic fatigue, nine with rheumatoid conditions, nine with degenerative neurological conditions, and 12 patients with digestive symptoms. Dental x-rays of the patients were also checked to determine whether they suffered from apical or lateral periodontitis, which is a type of inflammation that can result in an abscess or cyst.\nThe results of the study revealed that root canal therapy was more effective in keeping teeth from losing than periapical tissues deterioration. This finding was confirmed by the fact that root canal treatment can often keep teeth functioning for a long period of time. It was also concluded that the decision to remove a tooth may not be due to failure of the periapical tissues.\nThe procedure of root canals is more secure than any other dental procedure, but there are still myths to keep people from undergoing root canals. This makes it difficult for patients to get the treatment they require, and could cause health problems. In the absence of root canal treatment, it could result in tooth abscess, a massive toothache, or even bone loss and infection.\nThe need for X-rays is essential\nRoot canal treatment is often required. A scan can help determine if you’re in need of it. Broken teeth can be difficult to determine, but they can cause discomfort when you chew. Your dentist will take xrays of the affected tooth and the root when you visit. These x-rays may reveal the extent of tooth damage. They are particularly crucial following an injury or accident.\nThere are a variety of X-rays that dentists can utilize to determine if you require root canal treatment. Some are designed to show just a few teeth, while some show a full set of teeth. The smaller films can be used to assess local problems , while the bigger films can be used to evaluate the entire mouth and determine your treatment.\nAn x-ray can show radiolucency surrounding the tooth’s root if you suspect it needs root canal treatment. This dark area indicates problems in the nerve space or changes in bone density. It does not suggest that surgery to repair the root canal is the only option.\nDigital X-rays offer a number of advantages over traditional films. They allow you to see the image right after taking it. They also let you choose the image manipulation options you want to use, although these do not ensure a more accurate interpretation. Additionally, digital x-rays are more precisely duplicated and are sent electronically.\nX-rays are also a way to detect bone loss caused by gum disease. They can identify cancers, cysts, and impacted tooth. They can also help dentists determine whether you’re an ideal candidate for dental implants.\nYour dentist may also take radiographs of the periapical area to assess the root canal and surrounding structures. These X-rays can reveal if your tooth is decayed or has fractures, or how much damage the root canal has done.\nAfter taking an xray, your dentist will go over every image. They will look for any variations in the x-ray, which will reveal any issues that require more attention. Radiographs can reveal large gaps, periodontal problems or previous endodontic treatments in some cases. Your dentist will complete the diagnosis by identifying root canal issues.\nThere are a variety of treatment options\nThere are a variety of options to treat teeth that been required to be root canaled back to health. First, you must determine the condition of your tooth. If the decay has gotten to the dentin layer a root canal is recommended. The root canal involves the dentist removing the pulp and nerve from the tooth’s inside. After the procedure, a sterile inert substance is placed in its place.\nDental fractures, tooth decay and deep fillings could cause damage to the pulp – the soft, inner part of a tooth, which houses blood vessels and nerves. If untreated this could lead to serious infections and even bone degeneration. When a tooth is infected, bacteria can enter the pulp and cause damage to the tooth and the adjacent teeth. Root canal treatment is an excellent option for patients with a decayed tooth. It helps prevent the infection from spreading.\nIn certain instances, the infection can extend to adjacent teeth, which requires expensive procedure. Grafting is another option. However, this procedure can be expensive and may harm adjacent teeth. Therefore, patients must consider the treatment of their root canals carefully. Root canal treatments are typically performed by an experienced dentist who specializes in restoring healthy teeth from damaged teeth.\nRoot canals don’t just stop the spread of infection, but also ease the symptoms of an tooth that is infected. Additionally, they eliminate the need to extract teeth. A successful root canal procedure could boast a 98% success rate. In rare cases however, root canal procedures can fail. In these cases patients may be required to undergo a root canal retreatment or alternative procedures.\nIf you suspect that you may have an abscess in your tooth, you must immediately see your dentist for the diagnosis. If the pain is severe enough, you might need the procedure of a root canal. If the infection spreads to other areas of your body, it could lead to serious health issues.\nSome patients require a second appointment to complete the process. Your dentist may prescribe anti-inflammatory medication or antibiotics if your condition is serious. You should also refrain from smoking for at least a few days prior to the root canal. The procedure can take anywhere from an hour and a half." ]

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[ "Written by: Stephanie Borjas, NP\n‘Tis the season… for a lot of yucky respiratory infections. The winter months bring cold weather, and more time spent together indoors places us at risk for viruses and illnesses. Our immune systems need us now more than ever to support it with the best vitamins and supplements for this winter season.\nVitamin C is probably the most recognized immunity booster, and for good reason! Vitamin C is a staple of the immune system because it supports the cellular function of the cells of the immune system. Vitamin C tells your body to make more white blood cells that help fight infection. Vitamin C is involved in the process of cell death, meaning it can help the body clear itself of cells it no longer needs and replaces it with new cells! Vitamin C has the ability to lessen the severity of coughs & colds as well as shortening the duration of symptoms. Natural sources of vitamin C include oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, strawberries, bell peppers, spinach, kale and broccoli.\nKnown as the sunshine vitamin, Vitamin D is essential for immune system function because it has anti-inflammatory properties and helps your body fight against pathogens .Since vitamin D is absorbed by the skin less in the winter months, this is the time of the year when many individuals are deficient. Healthy levels of vitamin D help lower the risk of upper respiratory infections, and it is even shown to reduce the risk of\nadverse outcomes caused by COVID-19! Natural sources of vitamin D include salmon, tuna, mackerel, sardines, and vitamin D fortified milks and foods.\nZinc is a mineral that is known to boost the immune system by both preventing common cold and flu symptoms and reducing the duration after illness. Zinc is needed for the formation of new immune system cells and plays an important role in inflammatory response. Zinc deficiency is common in older adults, predisposing this population to upper respiratory infections. Natural sources of zinc include oysters, clab, lean meats and poultry, yogurt and chickpeas.\nThese vitamins can encourage your immune system to be the healthiest you can be year round. Many of us walk around with vitamin and mineral deficiencies without even knowing it! Come see us at L-Aesthetics for our “Immunity Plus”\nIV infusion with all three of these vitamins during your lunch hour!" ]

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