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[ "The Hoysalas were compulsive builders of temple edifices, which is proved by the fact that they built more than 600 prominent temples in the 4 districts of Karnataka Mandya, Hassan, Chickmaglur and Tumkur Districts. There is sketchy information on location on various temples, which triggered an inquistiveness in me to systematically and over a period of time explore all the temples. I have been partially successful to explore some of the exotic temples of the Hoysala period with a passion.\nA learned villager, while i was on hoysala trail informed me that it was the hand of God that inspired and guided the artisans of the Hoysala Era to perfect the art of construction of an edifice, which symbolizes the blend of heaven, stone and landscape. Such architectural extravaganza is yet to exhibited anywhere in contemporary era. The miniaturization was perfected on stone, be it jewellery, animals, deities or pillars hoysala artisans had the technology as well as the fine art of sculpting. The chisel worked as a brush in the hands of a painter. The outcome leaves one gaping in astonishment of how a insignificant soapstone was transformed into an edifice of par excellence.\nThis ancient temple is located very close to Melkote and off the main road it is just 3 kms. The historical relevance of this temple is mixed bag, some say it is credited to the Gangas of Talkad and finished by the Hoysalas. There was a fort covering the entire town which has been erased from the topography. A beautiful tirumalsagara lake, which later converted to Moti Talab or Lake of Pearls after the adil shahi kingdom sultans annexed this place. There is a short cut to walk across the hill to the temple, one temple is completely renovated, which may have been a Hoysala temple. The main temple is Venugopalswamy temple or Namki Naryana swamy temple too. Here the hoysala king Bittideva was alleged to have converted to Vaishnava faith under the influence of sage Ramanuja charya. He adopted the name Vishnuvardhana after conversion to Vaishnava faith. The other temple is known as Gopalswamy temple which looks of Ganga origin but later the hoysala symbol of sala slaying the tiger is seen on the gopuram. This temple is built as a fortress with access to to upstairs of the temple compound. There are number of inscriptions in both the temples lying to be explored for historical students. One finds lot of villagers assembling on the Lake steps to pray for the local goddess of durga and shiva’s incarnation. A unique flag post like temporary prayer post is erected on the steps. One can relax on the small mantap erected to get a close look, boat ride is undertaken on coracles by local fisherman. The main temple has been completely renovated by ASI and the other temple is under Govt. of Karnataka. In both the temples poojaris are present. Majority of the idols seems to be taken away by ASI for preservation.\nThis beautifully well landscaped temple of Hosaholalu is known as Laxmi Naryana temple. It is credited to have built during the time of the Hoysala King Veera Someswara in 1250 AD. The outer façade of the temple is well decorated with various forms of Vishnu & goddess and elephants along with the platform typical of hoysala temples. The temple is built in the triangular form, also known as trikuta vimana syle. There are three statues of deities Venugopal, Naryana & Lakshminarasimha. We were unable to see the inside of the temple because it was locked by the poojary and we did not bother to search for him. It is very rare that inside the temple sanctum santorium one finds idols, which are mostly uninstalled or vandalized by smugglers of antiques. This temple is located close to K R pet town in Mandya district.\nHEMAGIRI RIVER FALLS : This place is located 8 Kms from KR pet enroute to Kikere town or Govindhalli. It is better to take the route back, in view of bad roads on the same stretch to reach Kikere town. The river is in full flow during monsoon and it is a treat to watch. This spot seems to be a film shooting locale for some of the Kannada movies.\nA real ancient temple located on the lake banks with water seeping into one corner of the temple where the idol was literally immersed in water. This Brahmeswara temple is one of the fine specimen of olden Hoysala style. It was built during the reign of Veera Narasimha I in 1171 AD. The façade is full of deities and animals. The workmanship is extra-ordinary. We have Nandi image sculpted in its glory with a verandah for seating outside the temple for piligrims. It is state of urgent need of repair and landscaping to prevent collapse and pristine beauty. The temple doors were locked and we had to jump into the compound to explore the heritage with a women cutting grass as caretaker. There are two more temple during the Vijaynagar era which has been literally painted with odd colours in the name of renovation and embezzling funds. I am sure if the temple had been maintained with basic water proofing and strengthening of pillars, it would have been a treat to admire. I hope the govt takes charge of such temples so that heritage is maintained.\nGOVINDAHALLI Many local villagers know this place as Gavihalli and it is just 4 kms away from Kikkeri village. There is no prominent sign post or locale signifying the existence of this beautiful well maintained monument. One has to just cross the town limit of Kikkeri and take a left turn if one is approaching from Bangalore, on the right the road leads to Shravanbelagola. This is the only Panchkuta temple built during the Hoysala reign by the famous sculptor Ruvari Mallitamma almost the same time of Kikkeri temple. There are five shivlings in each of the inner chambers. The outer portion has various deities. It is better to carry and torch to have a look at the intricately carved statues inside the temple. The location has been beautifully landscaped and well maintained by the ASI. One can fall in complete in love with the serene atmosphere without the disturbance of the local population. I hope the ASI is able to maintain the public from encroachment unlike majority of the hoysala temples.\nIt is located 18 kms away from the famous Shravanbelagola town. It is located on the nagamangala route enroute to belur cross or mandya town. One needs to keep watch on the milege point after 16 kms to take a deviation on the left. If one approaches from Nagamangala it is approximately 14 kms and better to watch for left turn from 12 km onwards for the arch. Kambadhalli was famous Jain settlement of ancient times, with more than 30 basadis, which are all ruined or destroyed according to fable stories. Only this temple has survived and it derives its name from its pillar on the enterance. Kambha means pillar in kannada and halli signifies village. It is a Jain temple with statues strewn outside. At least one consolation is that they are located in a vantage point. ASI would do good if they renovate and maintain this ancient heritage of Jains. The bell on the Pillar signifies some errie bed time horror story. It is alleged when the bell chimes it signifies death of a local villager. It is literally a parody of for whom the bell tolls. It is more a believe or not fable. One of the naked thirtankaras statue is the main worshipped god." ]

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[ "Are some of the plants in your garden already dying? Or are the top-heavy plants face down in the mud? The Chicago Botanic Garden’s Eliza Fournier joins us on Chicago Tonight at 7:00 pm to teach us about what plants in your garden need staking and why you should stake your tomatoes. She also gives us tips on what to buy and how to make your own supports, as well as some summer pests and plant diseases hitting gardens now. And, if your impatiens are dead or dying, try some alternative plants.\nTomato Blight—In cooler seasons like we’re having, tomatoes can fall prey to this disease.\n- Identify—yellow, droopy leaves with brown spots\n- Prevent—make sure to rotate crops, give plants space, water the soil rather than the leaves with soaker hose, and mulch to prevent soil splash\nPests and Diseases\nControl—use diatomaceous earth or shallow tins of oil sunk into the ground -- earwigs crawl in and don’t crawl out\nIdentify— a highly infectious fungus that wreaks havoc on bedding plants. Leaves turn yellow and drop, and plants just die\nPrevent—if you haven’t planted yet, don’t despair! Now is actually a better time to plant impatiens, as the cooler weather is subsiding, and the fungus won’t thrive\n- Use popsicle sticks to track tomato types and other plants in your garden. Also, write plant type and color on the sticks wherever there is leftover bulb foliage from daffodils and tulips, and plant sticks in the ground. In the Fall and next Spring, you’ll know what you have! AND mark areas with a dearth of color and write down what color you’d like to see there, so in the Fall you can collect your sticks and place your order informed.\n- Serviceberries are edible, in season and yummy. Don’t let the birds get them all. Try these recipes and let us know what you think:" ]

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[ "Send Letter to Editor\nBefore 1870, fisheries work in Wisconsin was carried out by private hatcheries and aquaculture hobbyists. Gentlemen like Alfred Palmer of Boscobel, H. S. Dousman of Waterville, and N. K. Fairbank of Lake Geneva ran small hatching facilities and independently distributed fry to stock private ponds and local waters. They mainly raised and stocked brook trout, collecting eggs from local, wild fish. These aquaculturists closely guarded their fish-rearing secrets and published little on the topic.\nThe decision to stock fish in state run hatcheries brought enormous changes to Wisconsin lakes and streams stocking expanded the natural ranges of brook trout, lake whitefish, lake trout, walleye, bass and muskellunge. Those efforts and the introduction of non-native species forever changed fish communities around the state. Not all of the state's well-intentioned efforts had favorable results; carp, for instance, were stocked in most counties that were within reach of rail lines by 1888.\nBy the end of 1874, the newly-appointed Wisconsin Commissioners of Fisheries realized that federal hatcheries could not provide enough eggs and fish to meet the stocking needs of all states. In Wisconsin, the commissioners saw opportunity and grandly envisioned using the state's abundant waters to raise enough fish to feed the state populace, if not the entire country.\n\"...The importance of these lakes to the State as a source of food-supply, can not well be exaggerated. With them well stocked with fish, Wisconsin can never have a famine.\"\nTo meet the demands for stocked fish within Wisconsin, the state would need to build its own hatching houses and hatcheries.\nBefore 1900, fish were artificially raised in two types of facilities: hatching houses and hatcheries. Hatching houses produced only fry (tiny, newly hatched fish). Zinc-lined pine hatching troughs, and later, stackable wire mesh trays held the eggs. These facilities had no artificial ponds or raceways to hold fish, so the fry were shipped as soon as they hatched. Hatcheries had the same equipment, but also had wooden raceways and earthen ponds for holding brood stock and rearing young fish to larger sizes. Brood stock were kept and spawned on site so there was no need to collect wild adult fish each year for this purpose.\nIn 1875 the commission was concerned about declining whitefish and lake trout fisheries of Lake Michigan. They searched for a hatching house site near rail lines and the lake shore. The hatching house needed a good source of water and adequate building space to house the hatching troughs. The commissioners arranged to use an old mill house on the Pensaukee River, a tributary of Lake Michigan, in the town of Pensaukee. Attempts to rear fish at this site began in October of 1875, but things went wrong from the start. Commercial fishermen who had been contracted to catch lake trout could not find ripe fish to spawn. Nets were set to collect whitefish, but earlier than usual winter weather forced the fishermen to pull their nets in the middle of the spawning run. Heavy rains that winter increased the silt load of the water supplying the hatching house and smothered most of the eggs.\nThis first failed attempt hardly dampened the commission's desire to raise fish. In 1875, commissioners again asked the Legislature for additional funds to build a hatchery and lawmakers allocated $10,000.\nThe selected site was in the Town of Fitchburg, just south of Madison. Forty acres of land were purchased from a Mr. Crawford for $35 per acre. During the summer of 1876 a hatching house, living quarters, and a storage barn were quickly erected at this site. Two raceways were built for holding fish next to the hatching house. M. D. Comstock, an aquaculturist from Columbia County, was appointed the first superintendent of this hatchery. His salary was set at $1,000 a year and hatchery operating expenses for the first year were $1,180.72.\nThat first summer 2,000 adult brook trout (\"speckled\" trout) were purchased for brood stock from a private Wisconsin hatchery. These fish were kept in raceways at the Nine Springs Hatchery and spawned in the fall. The temptation of all those trout dinners swimming around the raceways was too great for some Madison residents: 300 fish disappeared that summer. Fish dinners notwithstanding, 200,000 eggs were collected and incubated at the hatchery yielding 179,000 fry. These fish started the stream stocking program in southwestern Wisconsin.\nNine Springs Hatchery was later renamed for James Nevin, Superintendent of Fisheries from 1882 to 1915. It remained the state's only hatchery until the Bayfield Hatchery opened in 1895.\nAfter the Pensaukee problems, the fish commissioners sought a new location for a hatching house on Lake Michigan. In 1876 the City of Milwaukee offered its North Point waterworks building free of charge to raise lake trout and whitefish fry. H. S. Welsher, an experienced fish culturist from New York, was selected as superintendent. Renovations were quickly made and operations were in full swing by that fall.\nLake trout and whitefish eggs were collected and taken to the hatchery. The following spring, 1,736,000 lake trout fry that hatched were stocked into inland lakes around the state and in Lake Michigan. Of the 6.3 million whitefish fry that hatched, 40,000 stocked into Elkhart Lake in Sheboygan County and the rest went into Lake Michigan.\nThe North Point site was used until 1880, when urban expansion warranted returning the waterworks to its full capacity. The hatching house was relocated to the basement of the Milwaukee Exposition Association Building at Cedar and Fifth streets where it operated until 1898.\nDespite early setbacks, the fish hatchery program continues to grow and modernize. Through the years Wisconsin's hatchery personnel have attempted to raise fish of the highest quality and staff have developed rearing techniques that are used worldwide. Recent renovations of the state hatcheries at Bayfield, Lake Mills, Woodruff, and Spooner show continued commitment to providing anglers a quality, diverse fishery to enjoy.\nStephen J. Gilbert is a fisheries biologist stationed in Woodruff." ]

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[ "Posted on August 14th, 2022.\nCheck the Original Post to see images.\nEVERY AUTHENTIC PALEO-INDIAN PIECE HAS SAME SET OF THEMES ON IT.\nWith this knowledge, you can quickly distinguish a Paleo-Indian artifact from a pseudomorph (something created by nature).\nTHEMES ARE VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF SPIRITUAL BELIEFS THAT WERE PASSED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION.\nTHE THEMES ARE SIMILAR TO THE TEN COMMANDMENTS IN THE JUDEO-CHRISTIAN BELIEF SYSTEM.\nThroughout the world, most hunters and gatherers believe in a spirit-filled world. Their lives include a variety of rituals to give respect to spirits and to learn from them.\nThe caldera is the center of the geothermal volcano.\nTHE APPEARANCE OF THE CALDERA ON DIFFERENT MATERIALS\nThe area referred to in this website as \"The Caldera\" was the Sacred Ground of the Paleo-Indians. It was a place of sacrifice.\nTheir God lived within the Caldera and is shown on every piece with a distorted face. One eye is a always a different shape than the other. The shape of the mouth also differs, but to a lesser degree. The features of the face reflect changes in the shapes of the steam vents in the caldera over time.\nPaleo-Indians believed that the Deity would become angry if they failed to pay attention to the teachings of their forefathers regarding family, nature and survival. If the Deity became enraged, the volcano would erupt and every living thing for miles around would be killed. They tried to appease the Deity through sacrifice.\nAncient man had great respect for Birds and Flying Reptiles\nBecause they could fly to get food and fly away from danger.\nThe nest is always shown as a recessed or carved out area. If you look closely, the nest has babies in it. The easiest way to identify the nest is to look for a baby bird peeking out of it.\nThe baby bird peeping out of the nest symbolically represents that offspring may want to leave home before they are capable of fending for themselves.\nMost of us have seen pictures of a mother bird feeding its young in the nest. In this theme, the mother is always shown with an elongated neck that is slightly bent downward so that she can feed the screaming baby bird.\nIt is easier to locate the screaming baby bird than the neck of the mother bird. The screaming baby is often in the shape of a \"C\". Immediately below are examples of how the mother and screaming baby appear.\nThe Mother Feeding the Baby theme symbolically represents the care that parents must provide to offspring who are incapable of caring for themselves.\nAll creatures need to eat and in this situation the small snake mouth opens wide enough to swallow the rabbit.\nOne piece shows this perfectly!\nThe Snake Eating the Rabbit symbolically represents that a smaller opponent can defeat a larger opponent. Today, we might consider this the story of David vs. Goliath.\nAncient man had a good understanding of how babies are made! The penis and vagina are part of the fertility theme and are clearly visible on all pieces.\nImmediately below is how the Penis and Vagina themes appear on pieces." ]

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[ "American sociologist Dr. Robert Merton is considered by many scholars as one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. Dr. Merton is best known for coining the phrases “role model” and “self-fulfilling prophecy” which has become common terms in American culture.\nDr. Merton expanded on the work of French sociologist Émile Durkheim on anomie with his theory on deviance and social strain.\nAnomie in the simplest terms is a lack of social or ethical norms in an individual or group.\nWhen Dr. Merton was developing his theory on deviance, he analyzed American culture, structure, and anomie. Dr. Merton believed that all United States citizens believed and strived for the “American Dream”; however, the ways in which citizens obtain the “American Dream” of success are not the same, simply because not all citizens have the same opportunities and advantages.\nDr. Merton believed that this leads to deviance in achieving the “American Dream” by some who turn to illegal activity while still believing in the dream of success but using illegal means to obtain the dream by such activity as illegal drug dealing to achieve financial success. Dr. Melton also suggested that for some they drop out of society becoming drug addicts or drifters realizing the “American Dream” is unattainable for them and this can lead to deviant behavior.\nDr. Merton expanded research on anomie in his deviance theory, is widely used today in criminology when studying Strain Theory.\nMerton’s Deviance Criteria\n“A cardinal American virtue, ‘ambition,’ promotes a cardinal American vice, ‘deviant behavior.” ….Robert K. Merton\nDr. Merton believed there are two criteria that promote deviant behavior.\n- A motivation of the person to adhere to cultural goals.\n- A person’s belief in how to obtain these cultural goals\nDr. Merton believed that there are five types of deviance based on his criteria:\n- Conformity: Is when the person or group accepts cultural goals and the means of attaining them.\n- Innovation: The person or group accepting cultural goals; however, they reject the traditional and/or legitimate means to obtain cultural goals. An example would be organized crime families. They believe in the “American Dream”; however, use illegitimate and illegal means to obtain these goals.\n- Ritualism: Involves the person or group rejecting cultural goals but accepting the traditional and/or legitimate means to obtain cultural goals.\n- Retreatism: Is the rejection of both the cultural goals and the traditional and/or legitimate means to obtain cultural goals.\n- Rebellion: Is when the person or group rejects both the cultural goals and the traditional and/or legitimate means to obtain cultural goals. An example would be Outlaw Motorcycle Club culture in which they reject society cultural goals and the traditional and/or legitimate means to obtain cultural goals by replacing both elements with their own goals and ways to achieve these goals.\nThe strain that society places on achieving the “American Dream”, leads to deviance according to Dr. Merton theory. There are plenty of examples of Dr. Merton’s theory in today’s news headlines with criminal cases involving banking investors, politicians, organized crime, etc. The need for greed to achieve the “American Dream” has caused many to intentional break laws to achieve financial success.\nSadly, Dr. Merton passed in 2003, but his legacy lives on through his criminology work that he has left us with anomie and strain theory.\nThe challenge for today’s criminologist continues through scientific research for a better understanding as to the causes of crime in our society so that policy-makers, mental health professionals, and law enforcement leaders have current information to help make our society safer.\nAbout the Author\nMark Bond worked in law enforcement and has been a firearms trainer for more than 30 years. His law enforcement experience includes the military, local, state, and federal levels as a police officer and criminal investigator. Mark obtained a BS and MS in Criminal Justice, and M.Ed in Educational Leadership with Summa Cum Laude Honors. Mark has a Doctor of Education (Ed.D) with a concentration in college teaching and learning. Mark is currently an assistant professor of criminal justice at a university and adjunct professor of administration of justice studies at a community college." ]

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[ "“Perform every act in life as though it were your last.” – Marcus Aurelius, the Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD\nIt’s essential for leaders to develop skills and awareness to impact the culture positively.\nA Culture is a Reflection of the Leader, Part 2\nThe leader shapes the culture with their influence and skill good or bad. This included language.\nListen to the Podcast\nHere’s the Transcript\nLeaders Get Results with Language – Both Good and Bad\nChoosing When to Speak and What to Say\nWe can say whatever we choose to say…there are consequences to some word choices, however. If you take the quote by Marcus Aurelius one step further, “Speak every word as if it were your last.” Then it highlights the importance of how leaders choose words. There is power in the word chosen. There is also power in delivery since research tells us that 7% of the message is in the word and the rest is in facial expression and delivery. Having said this, the wrong word choices and block or change the intent of the intended communication.\nAnother favorite quote is from Mark Twain who said, “It’s better to keep your mouth shut and appear stupid than open it and remove all doubt.” Being transparent is good. It’s different showing ignorance or insensitivity.\nUsing Unacceptable Words\nWhen I get frustrated or excited, I might become careless with my word choices and event use some profanity. When leaders show insensitivity by using words that might offend someone else, the impact might be damaging to their reputation, and thus their position of influence. The choice of words and the way those words are delivered can make a huge difference.\nSome types of poor choices in words might be the following:\n- Harsh or Critical\n- Religious Bigotry\n- The list can go on…and on…and on..\nFundamentally, leaders impact others with actions and words. When combining negative word choices and negative emotions the negative impact is magnified greatly. Many times the damage is permanent and there’s no going back.\nLeaders are Encouragers\nOne good word of affirmation displaces 37 disparaging remarks. The job of the leader is to influence others. That influence can be either positive or negative. Even when there’s a need for correction, discipline, or delivering bad news, there’s a way to choose words that are helpful and constructive rather than critical and destructive.\nHaving positive impact on those whom we lead is using power of influence in a useful and engaging manner. Transformational Leaders use personal influence rather than power of position to facilitate actions and changes. It is important to realize that there is power of position when communicating with others in the organization. There is what is called a “power differential” when communicating with team members. Leaders who are not aware of that power differential leverage that position of power over others unintentionally. Some are intentional as well. Sending unintentional messages can damage the effectiveness of any leader and potential damage reputation and team morale.\nCarefully chosen words engage others in active listening and empower them to strive for results.\nExamples of Negative Words of Phrases\nNegative words creep into our language mostly by habit. We form bad habits and therefore send negative messages in our communications, both verbal and written, which can cloud the real message. Be aware of negative word choices.\nNegative messages might be one of the following:\n- Blaming tone or words\n- Communicate a position of doubt that the other person can’t succeed\n- Only stresses negative results and doesn’t include any possibilities of success\n- Includes negative words such as, can’t, won’t, unable to…etc.\nExamples of negative words and phrases:\n- You…when identifying a place for improvement or failure is received as blame…blame language\n- You have to understand…no they don’t have to do anything…power language\n- You should or you ought to…it’s demanding and and forcing…force leadership\n- We will thank you to…it’s sarcastic…not helpful\n- Fill in your options…\nExamples of Positive Words of Phrases\nPositive word choices empower others to look at their actions and want to improve as well as embrace their good qualities and actions. Positive words build people up and support healthy relationships.\nPostitive messages might be one of the following:\n- Opens up potential for results\n- Encourages action and problem solving\n- Prompts others to seek options and alternatives\n- Stresses positive results and consequences\nExamples of positive words and phrases:\n- The results were not what was desired. How can we solve that?\n- What support would be helpful in getting different results?\n- Are there other options to consider? (Suggest some if appropriate)\n- Was I clear in my instructions for this task (project, activity, etc)?\nUtilize Your Position of Influence\nWords can command or nurture. Words can damage or support. Words are missiles or affirmations. Words push or pull. Influential leaders bring out the best in others. Underneath the process of communication is relationship. Communication is limited without good relationship. Always work in relationship with everyone in your sphere of influence.\nMy special offer…\nIt’s Not Your Team…It’s YOU\nIf you are…\n- Facing leader burnout…\n- Struggling with an under-performing team…or\n- Not generating the revenue to achieve your mission…\nIt’s time to change the results.\nLet’s chat. Make an appointment on my calendar http://hughcalendar.com\nThe Transformational Leadership Strategist" ]

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[ "Many start a business after being sick of working for others. Many start business without knowing some of the basic rules. It might be important for you to learn some of the ground rules. Sometimes, having a successful business is not just about doing things you love, it is also about obeying certain entrepreneurial rules.\n1. Have a goal in mind\nOne of the first and most important rules of starting a business is to have a goal. Setting up a business and just expect success to come might be a naive move. A successful entrepreneur always have a mission statement and a goal so s/he has something to work toward. When starting your business, try to define one for your business and make sure you know what you want to achieve in a year or so. Setting a deadline for your goal is just important as setting up the goal.\n2. Your product or service must create value or solve a problem\nIf your product does not produce value for your customers, rethink your business.\n3. Your must know as much as you can about your target customers\nStart by Googling the demographic that you are targeting. Then set up a landing page to gather emails for your target customers and start surveying them.\n4. You must have a sizeable market.\nWhile you are Googling about your target audience, find out the size of the demographic. You probably don't want to only sell to a couple hundred of people.\n5. You must make your target market aware of the value you have created.\nBrand awareness is important. But more importantly, make sure your target audience knows what your company provides.\n6. Delegate your tasks\nNo one is Superman or Wonder Woman here. Even super heroes might get tired from their tasks. Learn to delegate. You do not want to spread yourself too thin and leave the money on the table. Try to get as many people as possible with your business within your budget. Do what you know best and leave the rest to others. If you want to be planning and marketing your business, don't waste time developing the products too. Think about the best use of your time and learn to rely on others.\n7. Learn the laws of your industry\nRead more relevant information here. Besides laws, learn if there are current unions and activists in the industry that your business is disrupting that could cause trouble for you.\nReview these rules of starting a business, and do not fear them. Use them as tips to guide you through your journey!\nRelated: Why Coworking Space is Vital for a Solopreneur" ]

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[ "Grażyna Pstrokońska-Nawratil: Le soleil\nOne of the important elements of so much of the Impressionist landscape painting is the sun. From the very first Impressionist painting, Monet’s Impression, Sunrise the sun is important, in this case, probably the most important part of the image.\nThe Impressionists, or Realists as they would like to be known, painted what was there, not what traditional training told them that should be there. Monet’s painting of the port of Le Havre, one of a series of six that showed the port ‘during dawn, day, dusk, and dark and from varying viewpoints, some from the water itself and others from a hotel room looking down over the port’, took its title from a throw-away comment by Monet. When asked for a title for the catalogue of the 1874 show where it had its debut, Monet said that as it wasn’t really a view of the harbour, it should just take the title Impression.\nPolish composer Grażyna Pstrokońska-Nawratil (b. 1947) used the painting as the first part of her three-part work entitled Le soleil, concerto for percussion and orchestra (1991). In her first movement, she uses the marimba to set up the movement of the waves – both as it affects the little boats and as it reflects on the movement of the water. The hushed dynamics could be the muffling mist that hugs the harbour.\nGrażyna Pstrokońska-Nawratil: Le soleil – I. Impression, Sunrise (Claude Monet) (Marianna Bednarska, marimba; Polish Sinfonia Iuventus Orchestra; Maciej Tworek, cond.)\nThe second movement is built around one of the most famous Impressionist paintings, done in the pointillist style. George Seurat’s Un dimanche après-midi à l’Île de la Grande Jatte (A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte) shows the sun through shadows – the whole painting is a study of light, colour, and form. The painting is enormous, 207.6 cm × 308 cm (81.7 in × 121.25 in), and was painted dot by dot with juxtaposed colours to trick the eye into seeing coherent single shades. Where the sun was important in Monet’s painting, in Seurat’s painting that shadow has its role: every figure in the painting is cast in shadows, either of the trees, an umbrella, or from another person.\nPstrokońska-Nawratil’s movement is based less on the picture and more on the technique of endless touches and dots that Seurat used to create this work. A similar idea was used in Stephen Sondheim’s Sunday in the Park with George.\nGrażyna Pstrokońska-Nawratil: Le soleil – II. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (Georges Seurat) (Marianna Bednarska, marimba; Polish Sinfonia Iuventus Orchestra; Maciej Tworek, cond.)\nThe final picture that inspired Pstrokońska-Nawratil has not the sun, but the reverse of the sun at its heart: the moon.\nThe only things that make us realize that this is night are the muted colours and the two lights in the sky – one is the crescent moon, shown in colours of orange and yellow, and the other a star, its yellow heart expanding into green and white concentric patterns. On the road are two men walking, and a horse and carriage. At the back right is a typical Brabant cottage and a wheat field brings its bright colour, somewhat scaled back, to the left side of the work. At the heart of the image is a large wavy cypress tree, which, for Van Gogh, was the symbol of Provence.\nPstrokońska-Nawratil uses the snare drum and cymbal in her work, making her music of the scene more fraught than Van Gogh did. Is the snare drum military or symbolic of the mysteries of a shadowed road at night? The arrival of the tubular bells at the end seems to be a redeeming, saving element.\nGrażyna Pstrokońska-Nawratil: Le soleil – III. Road with Cypress and Star (Vincent van Gogh) (Marianna Bednarska, marimba; Polish Sinfonia Iuventus Orchestra; Maciej Tworek, cond.)\nSun, shadow, and moon, or sun, blocked sun, and reflected sun are evident in the three paintings. The scan of the years: 1872–1886–1890 shows how far Impressionist painters could extend their idea of realism. Depicting the real colours of the world meant explorations of colour theory, of the effect of juxtaposing colours and forms, and showing a new vision of what surrounds us. Pstrokońska-Nawratil uses percussion to pick up elements of each painting, some visible, some implied.\nFor more of the best in classical music, sign up to our E-Newsletter" ]

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[ "White Blood Cells\nWhite blood cells ingest pathogens and destroy them by breaking them down.\nWhite blood cells produce antibodies which destroy pathogens. There are different types of antibodies; Phagocytes, lymphocytes.\nWhite blood cells produce antitoxins which cancel out the toxins released by pathogens.\n- An inactive or dead pathogen is injected to the body.\n-The antigens in the vaccine stimulate the white blood cells to ingest pathogens and produce antitoxins and antibodies.\n-This then makes the body immune to future infections by the pathogens because the body can now respond rapidly.\n-Vaccinations can wear off over time.\nEvolution - Natural selection\nIndividuals produce genetically diverse offspring.\nOffspring compete for food, habitats, mates and water.\nThe offspring with few competitive traits die out or reproduce less.\nThe offspring with many competitive traits survive and reproduce more.\nThe frequency of adaptation trait increases in the population.\nEvolution - Inheritance of Acquired Characteristic\nElephants used to have short trunks.\nThey used to reach up for their food source, supposedly stretching their trunks.\nThis adaptation of stretched trunks was passed onto their offspring, as it was useful.\nThis adaptation lead to elephants ending up with long trunks.\nSynapses (Nervous system)\nImpulse arrives in neurone.\nChemicals are released from neurone and cross the synapse and arrive at the receptor.\nThis starts an electricle impulse in the next neurone.\nFSH - Made in the pituary gland. This hormone matures the eggs in the ovaries and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.\nOestrogen - Made in the ovaries. This stimulates the lining of the womb to prepare for pregnancy. It inhibits production of FSH.\nLH - Made in the pituary gland. This stimulates the release of a mature egg when their levels reach peak in the middle of the menstrual cycle." ]

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[ "Asbestos May be the expression given to some kind of found naturally vitamin filaments which happen to be around for most years chiefly due to their durability and insulating material properties along with their fire immunity and corrosion within the building building industries.\nWhat Hazards are there?\nIn Recent times, it’s been found that if disrupted or in a porous condition (i.e., can readily be compacted from along side it ), the small fibers make up every asbestos testing could become airborne. The preceding ailments Might Be Caused by ingestion of those airborne fibers:\nIn General, substantial ongoing accessibility to asbestos fibers is needed before the growth of an asbestos-related illness. Asbestos usually kills amongst 25-40 several years after intake, so that it’s crucial to remember that though you might not instantly experience symptoms if you really don’t manage asbestos there are longterm consequences.\nPertinently, Because they are who is fit, nicely handled, and perhaps not disrupted, asbestos items that are anti-friable (i.e., in a reliable condition and not easily defeated in hand) do not induce health problems. However, it’s crucial to track each of the asbestos in your property to be certain that if — anti-friable asbestos becomes rancid, you can just take immediate action.\nUsing An asbestos testing package is an cheap way of monitoring the existence of asbestos testing on your house. The better kits may recognize debris fibers with the material as few as 1 ) percentage from weight and so are a great deal more responsive than demanded from EPA recommendations. To acquire the appropriate results, these experiments use searing light microscopy (PLM). All these kits are perfect for those who believe there’s an asbestos issue on your home." ]

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[ "(5/10) The first science fiction film in history was made by movie pioneer Louis Lumière in 1895, and depicts a futuristic machine turning a live pork into sausages and ham at lightning speed.\nThe Mechanical Butcher (La Charcuterie Mecanique). 1895, France. Directed, filmed and produced by Louis Lumière for Lumière.\nWhat better way to start off a blog about the history of science fiction film than with a clip by the Lumière brothers, Auguste and Louis, generally credited with giving birth to the art of cinema by hosting the first public screening of moving pictures? Except for the fact that Auguste had nothing to do with this short film, The Mechanical Butcher, or La Charcuterie Mecanique. And the fact that the Lumière brothers weren’t the first to host a public screening of moving pictures. Nonetheless, The Mechanical Butcher, a 44 second clip (or a one-reel film in those days) from 1895 is generally accepted as the first science fiction film ever made.\nIn this very short movie we are treated to a large wooden box with two hinged lids on top, and with a large text on the side reading: “La Charcuterie Mecanique”. Behind the box, presumably attached to it, is something that could either be a wheel or a circular saw. One man enters the frame with a pig, one of the lids is lifted and the hog is thrown in. Another man starts turning the wheel/saw, and from the other lid a third man starts taking out pork products, such as a cured ham and sausages. The machine, we are led to believe, is creating instant fast food from a (just previously) living pig.\nA modern viewer might be hard pressed to call this science fiction, and indeed: there was not even such a term in 1895. The director Louis Lumière himself classified it as a “humorous subject”. But still, it bears all the hallmarks of sci-fi. It depicts a technology that did not exist at the time of the film’s creation, indeed it still doesn’t exist. Despite this, the technology itself looks familiar enough, and the film might even be considered a satire on Ford’s conveyor belt principle, and as we know much of science fiction in both film and literature has been used as a commentary on current phenomena, by presenting an exaggerated image of current affairs. And the circular saw/wheel also leads us to understand that the box isn’t a magic box, but that there is clearly some sort of mechanical process going on – which is further cemented by the film’s title. Indeed, many later films we might lazily refer to as science fiction because they deal with space travel don’t really cut the muster, as many of them portray the means of travel through some supernatural explanation, magic or within a dream frame, making them fantasy rather than sci-fi.\nThe Lumière brothers would have very little to do with science fiction in the future, in fact they would have very little to do with the actual development of cinema as an art form altogether. In this sense, it is rather ironic that these two engineers are so widely hailed today as the creators of the movies. While few pioneers have had such impact on the very early development of films, their importance for the medium is often overstated.\nIn school textbooks and such it is often stated in rather sweeping terms that Thomas Edison created the first film camera, while Auguste and Louis Lumière held the first public film screening, but neither of these are true. Thomas Edison, the great inventor and businessman, best known perhaps for creating the electric light bulb, and waging patent wars with Nikola Tesla, was like a sponge. He was a shrewd businessman who often took credit for other people’s work, and blatantly stole ideas from others by imagining minor changes in their designs and filing caveats for these ideas. But he would also travel the world to see new inventions and gather all the latest scientific ideas, read all he could about new technologies and suck them all up. He had the uncanny ability to then put these ideas together and see possibilities in their future that few others saw, and he then put his best people to work on how these possibilities would be made reality.\nThe question of who invented the first movie camera depends on what you mean by movie camera. The basic idea was clear enough to anyone who understood how a still camera worked: if you could device of a camera that took multiple pictures a second, and then had a way to show these pictures in a rapid succession, like a flipbook or a zoetrope, one would have moving pictures. In fact photographer, artist, performer, murderer and madman Eadweard Muybridge devised of such a camera system in 1872, shot a horse galloping, showed the pictures in a zoetrope, and later projected them with what he called a zoopraxiscope.\nBut in fact, he used multiple cameras and his “films” were actually painted animations based on his photos, since the zoopraxiscope would distort the actual photos – so the pictures had to be painted in their reverse distortion to look like the originals. In the 1880’s he spent two years at the University of Pennsylvania where he created over 100 000 pictures of human bodies in motion, often against a background of grids, to help scientist measure accurately human motion. These photo series, which had a strange, clinical feel, had a big impact on both later film pioneers and artist, like Degas, Bacon and Warhol, and echoes of these beautiful, yet bizarre photos can be seen in many later science fiction movies which depict sterile, dystopian environments against which frail human bodies are pitted.\nIn other pictures taken at the University of Pennsylvania, he set up a semi-circle of cameras all rigged to take pictures simultaneously, catching a split-second of movement from multiple angles. This was the exact same technique used 125 years later by the Wachowski brothers to create much fussed about “bullet time photography” shots for The Matrix (1999).\nAlbert Londe and Etienne Jules-Marey created cameras that could take twelve pictures in rapid succession, and Jules-Marey was the first to capture them on a thin celluloid film, at a time when pictures were still primarily captured on glass plates. The result was long strips of film with twelve images exposed side by side, creating a sort of panorama of movement. Today he is perhaps best remembered for his iconic pictures taken of athletes at the 1900 Olympics in Paris. However, Jules-Marey’s pictures were stills, even if his so-called chronophotographic gun came to inspire the creators of the movie camera.\nIn 1887 British inventor William Friese-Greene invented a way to capture images on oiled paper strips, and shortly thereafter George Eastman and Thomas Henry Blair came up with the first commercial celluloid film strips, independently of each other. In 1890 Friese-Greene came up with the idea of perforating the film strip, so that it could be moved forward by sprockets in the camera. He then built and patented said camera, and claimed it was able to take up to 10 pictures in a second. His invention was heavily publicised in the world of photography, but in actual fact, the camera never quite lived up to its reputation. Some film fragments shot with the camera has survived, and it plays out more like a sequence of rapid still photos than like a film. However, the basic principle of the camera, with its perforated film and sprockets inspired Thomas Edison, who promptly sent the drawings of it to his employee William K. Dickson, with the order to create an improved version and patent it, thus creating what was probably the first actual functioning movie camera. It was also Dickson who produced the kinetoscope, the peep-hole projector, which was the first way to actually view films, in 1891.\nAs an aside, it can be noted that Friese-Greene died dramatically in 1921 at a seminar called together to discuss the crisis in British film. He had just delivered a short speech pleading the warring factions to reconcile, when he collapsed and died on the spot. Perhaps stricken with guilt over having more or less forgotten the now poverty-stricken and lonely Friese-Greene for so many years, the film community came together to organise a bombastic funeral, and he was honoured with a plaque calling him “the father of kinematography”. For decades Friese-Greene was hailed as “the forgotten inventor of the moving pictures”, as both scholars and the public were misled by his own admissions about the functionality about his failed camera. During his life he claimed to have filmed “the first moving pictures” before both Lumière and Dickson, and the Brits were naturally thrilled to have a countryman as the pioneer in the field. It was also claimed that Friese-Greene had developed a projector with which he had screened his his early films, which depicted people and traffic in the streets of London, five years before the cinematograph. Later research has found no basis for this claim, and the general advancements in the field in 1900 were at such a stage, that is inconceivable that he would have been able to create such a projector on hsi own at that time. In 1951 there was made a highly romanticised film about him called The Magic Box, which Martin Scorsese has named as a big influence.\nThe Lumière brothers, however, are credited with inventing the cinematograph, a movie camera that also functioned as a projector, bettering Edison’s kinetoscope by making films a public and social event, rather than a private experience. But the Lumières didn’t work in a vacuum either. Different projectors for moving images had been around for decades, and even projectors for celluloid film existed prior to their famed “first” public screening in Paris of December 1895. Kazimierz Prószyński made a so-called pleograph in 1894, and several months before the Lumières’ public screening brothers Max and Emil Skladanowksy held their own screening in Berlin with what they called a Bioscop. In the US Woodville Latham and Eugene Lauste developed what they called the Panopticon, and held a public screening in May 1895.\nWhile we often think of the history of film beginning with that legendary screening in 1895, IMDb lists around 150 films made before the end of 1984. Many of them would hardly be called films in the modern sense of the word, but there are quite a few films with even a rudimentary plot that were made after the introduction of the Easton or Blair celluloid film rolls.\nSo why have the Lumières been so deified in the annals of film history? Well, partly it is because they really were important innovators in the field of motion pictures, and they were the first Frenchmen to actually build a modern movie camera with which they made their first films as early as 1892, two years after William K. Dickson at the Edison Company shot his first film clip Monkeyshines. They also did hold one of the very first private screenings of films, as early as March 1895. But they were also men with means and a voice. Auguste and Louis inherited their family’s factory, where they produced photographic plates, and by the 1880’s the business was blooming. They were adept engineers and chemists, shrewd businessmen and clever marketers. When in March of 1895 they held their first private film screening, it was actually not meant to be the big attraction, but rather a side-show at a conference they had called for 200 Parisians, the crème de la crème of the photography world, engineers and businessmen. The purpose of the conference was to show off their latest developments in colour photography, and they were rather surprised that their moving pictures instead became the talk of the town.\nOver the years the Lumières amassed a library of over 1 000 films, either filmed by Louis or by a number of contractors and freelancers. The Lumières covered both important events and mundane day-to-day life in Paris and the world, and when film became more common, travelogues from all corners of the world. They are credited with creating the first French film clip, the first French story film, the first science fiction film, and a number of other firsts. But despite all this, the Lumières were not great cinema artists.\nThe Lumières were not that interested in the story-telling capabilities of film. That they achieved a number of firsts probably had mostly to do with the fact that they were the first to have actual functioning cameras. Le Charcuterie Mecanique doesn’t involve any advanced cinematic techniques, and could just as easily have been a street performance. Whatever the case, the films was still widely imitated by other filmmakers. They were, however, very adept documentarians, and first and foremost they turned the moving pictures into a mass medium, and made a good deal of money by touring the world with their movie screenings. But in 1905 the brothers decided to opt out of the movie business, instead focusing on developing colour photography, a work that had been sort of interrupted by their sudden movie fame. There seems to be a consensus that they saw movies strictly as a novelty, a fad, and therefore had no real interest in furthering the medium. But it’s also possible that their decision to leave movies behind was influenced by the giant leaps forward that cinematography made in the early 20th century. As fictional films gained popularity, movies were getting ever more elaborate and costly. Movie studios started popping up all over the world, people were imagining travels among the stars and the planets, retelling the life of Christ in hour-long presentations, creating huge costume dramas and fairy-tale magic on the screen. To be able to compete at any level in this ever-evolving game, the Lumières would have had to significantly step up their game, as they were competing with growing giants like Edison, Pathé and Gaumont. It is quite possible that the Louis and Auguste simply decided it was time to shit or get off the pot, so to speak, and settled on the latter.\nEvaluating a 40 second clip from any artistic viewpoints is naturally tricky, but at least it is clear that there is some level of preparation and thought put into the film. The direction is rather sloppy, with actors spending a considerable amount of time with their backs to the camera. It also seems to be a rather rushed procedure, probably due to the fact that the whole scene had to be done in under 50 seconds, which was about the length of a film reel. To a modern viewer it is interesting mainly as a historic milestone.\nThe Mechanical Butcher (La Charcuterie Mecanique). 1895, France. Directed, filmed and produced by Louis Lumière for Lumière." ]

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[ "Publication: Combining Image Enhancement Techniques\nAuthors: Gil Emmanuel Bancud, Alex John Labanon, Neil Angelo Abreo & Vladimer Kobayashi\nFirst Online: 31 January 2023\nPart of the Communications in Computer and Information Science book series (CCIS,volume 1752)\nThe scarcity of information about benthic marine litter especially in developing countries hampers the implementation of targeted actions to minimize the extent of its impacts. This study developed a system using image processing and deep learning methods for detecting/tracking marine macro litter that can efficiently identify and quantify its amount in benthic environments in shallow coastal areas. Shallow underwater litter detection poses several challenges. First is the low quality of images. Second is the difficulty in recognizing litter brought by their varying visual characteristics. Third is the lack of available data for training. Underwater images of litter were collected from marine litter hotspots in coastal areas in southern Philippines. This study experimented with various object detection algorithms. The best object detection model is then paired with various image enhancement techniques to determine the optimal combination. Among the combinations that were tested, YOLOv5n combined with CLAHE gave the best performance for simple binary task (litter or not litter) with a [email protected] of 0.704. Furthermore, the results showed that applying underwater image enhancement techniques provides noticeable improvement for object detection models on detecting marine litter.\nKeywords: Yolov5, Image enhancement, Marine litter, Object detection" ]

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[ "Why are Chinese characters the only extant example of a logographic writing system?\nWhile there have been notably successful logographic writing systems, there are specific reasons why the non-phonetic Chinese characters have survived while overall the “phonetic revolution” that gained impetus from the success of the Phoenician alphabet has spread worldwide.\nIn considering the question we must ask both why the phonetic system took over, and why the Chinese characters retained their non-phonetic dominance, particularly within the sphere of Chinese languages.\nNearly every phonetic alphabet in the world can trace its ancestry back to the 22 symbols of the Phoenician alphabet (also known as the Proto-Sinaitic or Proto-Canaanite alphabet).\nThis innovation made reading and writing a much simpler task than earlier writing systems. Perhaps equally as important, the Phoenicians, being highly successful merchants, had a means to spread their writing system through their Mediterranean and Middle Eastern trading networks. The phonetic revolution went in two directions. The first was into Greek, and subsequently Latin and Cyrillic and other alphabets in which all vowels are included as standard letters along with the consonants. The second branch was into Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and other alphabets in which certain vowel sounds are not standard letters. In these “abjad” alphabets, a system of diacritical marks was developed as an add-on to the standard letters (note that Aramaic essentially became Hebrew, replacing what is called the Old Hebrew alphabet). These marks are not required by the writing system, but can be used in order to indicate all vowel sounds. Alphabets such as Coptic and Ethiopian Ge’ez and the precursor to most South Asian alphabets, Brahmi (labelled on the chart below as Indic), also derive from Aramaic and its descendants (the origins of Arabic are a bit more complicated than on the chart, but that’s for a different answer on a different day).\nWith the rise of phonetic alphabets the non-phonetic writing systems died out. Egyptian hieroglyphics and the unrelated Mayan glyphs and all the cuneiform writing systems (phonetic or not) are long gone. Phonetic writing systems make sense. They require far fewer symbols, are easier to learn and easier to write, and the alphabets can be altered or new ones created to match the phonetic requirements of any language.\nBy the time that the ancient Egyptian Hieratic writing system was transformed in 1050 BCE into the far simpler Phoenician alphabet, a number of writing systems had already been in wide use in the ancient world. These included various versions of the cuneiform script, Egyptian hieroglyphs as well as the hieratic, and a Cretan form of hieroglyphs. The Phoenician innovation was almost immediately recognized as a practical innovation, but rather than use the writing system in exactly the same form, each language group adopted the alphabet for its own use. In one direction the alphabet went in the wayof Greek, Latin and Cyrillic. In the other direction it became Aramaic (which became the standard Hebrew alphabet) and was adapted for a plethora of other Semitic languages, including a complicated path to Arabic script. The Indic branch, in the form of Brahmi, became the precursor to the South Asian scripts, Tibetan and Thai. Notably all of these regions were in contact with one another in the contiguous zone of trading and interlocking Empires and nations that ran from the Mediterranean into the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and Persia, and overland and via monsoon-driven trade routes to South and Southeast Asia. While China has never been as completely isolated as legend would have it, the trade routes across Central Asia were formidable. Scholars debate whether the Chinese writing system was informed by knowledge of the Mesopotamians, but it is likely to have been an independent invention. Even if it were not totally independent, it followed its own development pathway from its inception.\nThe Chinese writing system, while not quite as old as the ancient Middle Eastern/North African scripts, is still in full use by over a billion people. At the outset, Chinese operated in a sphere where there were no other writing systems, thus setting it apart from the more complex nexus to the west. In addition there have been specific reasons for the ongoing persistence of Chinese characters that do not match the circumstances of other languages. (Note: In referencing the characters I am calling them “Chinese” as this is indisputably the origin of all the symbols. Nevertheless, these same characters, being non-phonetic, are also in use to greater or lesser degree by other languages, most notably Japanese.)\nReasons for the ongoing success of Chinese characters:\n- Cultural history: over the course of time each character has gained layers of meaning. Being first and foremost symbols, and only secondarily “words”, the characters hold vast stores of cultural memory. Anyone who has gained even a small sense of the resonances within a character will instantly notice the paltry comparison with the phonetic replacement. In addition, the writing of the characters, in the form of calligraphy, is one of the highest art forms in East Asian cultures.\n- Homonyms: the various forms of the Chinese language share the fact that there are many, many words with exactly the same pronunciation. This is true even when tonality is taken into consideration. A phonetic writing system cannot distinguish between all these words, whereas a character gives instant recognition as to what word is being referenced.\n- Political unity: China is a vast place and the number of variants of the language is enormous. The “dialects” of Chinese can be much farther apart than various European “languages” and mutually unintelligible. A non-phonetic writing system, that could be read by someone speaking any dialect, has been a major contributor to political unity. Any phonetic writing system, such as pinyin, must be written in a specific form of the language. The standardization of Chinese characters under Qin rule (221–206 BCE) was a political act among many instituted by the Qin ruler to exert solid political control. The diversity of China, and the need to exert unified imperial or central government control over a large area has only magnified in the millennia since.\n- History again: If the writing system were changed—as, for example, was done in Turkey when Arabic script was dropped in favor of a Romanization system—subsequent generations are cut off from being able to read the past. The thought that all of the vast trove of inscriptions and books of Chinese history, not to mention the treasure of Chinese calligraphic art, would be severed from the majority of the population is nearly unthinkable. Chinese characters are not easy to learn. If they were no longer taught on a regular basis, the majority of people would never learn them.\n- Success: Japanese uses two phonetic scripts, Latin letters, and between 1000 and 3000 Chinese characters, and yet Japan boasts nearly 100% literacy. China has made vast strides in improving literacy, now reported at 96% (China: adult literacy 2015 | Statistic). Nearly the entirety of this population can communicate in both the Pinyin Romanization system and in Chinese characters. Therefore use of complex writing systems is no bar to success! Indeed, recent advances in AI (artificial intelligence) algorithms and the use of mobile phones as linked Pinyin and the character system in a way that was previously unimaginable. Hundreds of millions of people are now accustomed to using Pinyin phonetic input and reading Chinese character output.\nTo summarize: there are specific reasons why Chinese characters are in full use in China and the Chinese language and in partial use in Japan and the Japanese language. In large part this has to do with early success. Chinese characters had no real competition. By the time that other scripts began to be used in proximity to Chinese, the writing system was firmly established culturally, administratively and linguistically.\nBy contrast, in the western lands competing political empires chose from among a number of evolving writing systems in order to efficiently carry out trade and administration. The Persian empire would have been a strong contender for enforcing a writing system. But the Iranic peoples who dominated power were not strongly attached to using their “home” languages, instead using Aramaic, for example, as a lingua franca acceptable to the majority of its citizens. Nor was the empire attached to the use of a specific writing system for royal edicts or administration, using by turns Elamite, differing forms of Cuneiform, and Aramaic written in the Pahlavi script.\nThe Indian subcontinent is another place where a dominant script could have been enforced, perhaps for the same political unity motivation as occurred in China. Here, however, instead of maintaining one alphabet, it fractured into many, each language seemingly requiring its own identity in the form of a slightly different variation of the same original system, thus producing Sinhalese, Kannada, Tamil, Tibetan, Gurmukhi, Devanagari and many other related alphabets.\n- Mayan glyphs (shown above) are perhaps the closest historical analogy to Chinese characters in terms of longevity, class of writing system, and independence from other scripts. The writing system, which is made up of a combination of syllabic and logographic symbols, was in continuous use from the 3rd Century BCE to the 16th Century CE. Like Chinese characters, its dominance is due to a lack of competition and its use by a diversity of peoples. At least three of the many Mayan languages used the symbols (Ancient Scripts: Maya).\nWhat brought an end to the only other major logographic script to have survived so long? An event so unlikely that it was completely unforeseen by any of the actors, conquerors and conquered alike. The Spanish conquest brought an end to the Mayan script. The meeting of two nearly completely separated parts of the globe and the subsequent conquest of the Americas by the Spanish is unique in human history. No such event occurred to vanquish the Chinese characters and indeed, it is unlikely that a conquest of such vast and unexpected proportions will ever take place again." ]

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[ "Everyday Geography: revisioning primary geography for the 21st century\nVolume 19, 2006; Pages 31–36\nPrimary school students can be successfully engaged with Geography if it is connected to their own life experiences. This ‘Everyday Geography’ can start with such familiar topics as road maps, weather forecasts, holidays, shopping, walks through nearby localities, and general news items in the media. Teachers can use these topics to introduce the geographical concepts. These concepts include place, interconnection of the physical and human environments, scale (local, national or global), developmental processes in societies and natural environments, and the sets of skills and tools (including ICT) used to investigate these issues. This approach puts curriculum development ‘firmly back in the hands of teachers’. At present, most primary teachers lack confidence in their ability to teach Geography in a way that engages students. As a result, primary students tend to dislike the subject, contributing to a fall in take-up of the subject at secondary level.\nKey Learning AreasStudies of Society and Environment\nTeaching and learning\nGeography and geographical education in New South Wales, Australia\nVolume 15 Number 2, 2006; Pages 149–158\nIn New South Wales, Geography is currently part of the broader subject Human Society and its Environment (HSIE) up to Year 6. Geography is a mandatory subject at Years 7-10, with additional electives offered for those years. A revised syllabus was introduced into Years 7 and 9 in 2005, and into Years 8 and 10 in 2006. The new syllabus integrates cross-curricular content, covering such areas as ICT, VET, literacy and numeracy, as well as Indigenous, multicultural and environmental issues. It also covers skills and knowledge in the use of geographical tools and data, and in the analysis, expression and presentation of ideas. At Years 11-12, Geography is an elective subject. A new standards-based Higher School Certificate was introduced in 2000 and first taken by students in 2001. The Preliminary Course in Year 11 covers the topics of biophysical interactions and ‘global challenges’ such as natural resource use, with a project to be completed over 12 hours. The Year 12 course covers the broad themes of Ecosystems at Risk, Urban Places and People and Economic Activity. The decline in student take-up of the subject in the senior years is a major issue for the discipline. The problem may be due in part to the fact that, while Australian Geography became mandatory in 2002, there is a shortage of teachers who have studied the discipline themselves, so many teachers have struggled to make it engaging for students. Students have also been attracted to alternative subjects, such as VET and business studies, promoted by ‘principals and decision makers’. The amount of Geography fieldwork has declined, despite its importance to the discipline, due to its high cost, its disruption of other classes, and growing concern over litigation. The decline in student take-up of Geography needs to be addressed through improved pre-service education in the subject, and professional development of existing teachers. School careers advisors also need to be more aware of the subject’s potential as a career for current students.\nKey Learning AreasStudies of Society and Environment\nNew South Wales (NSW)\nThe key role of metacognition in an inquiry-based geography curriculum\nVolume 19, 2006; Pages 24–30\nStudent learning in Geography is enhanced by the application of the concepts of metacognition, inquiry-based learning, constructivism and related ideas. Constructivist learning theory emphasises the way that learners make sense of new knowledge by relating it to their existing framework of knowledge, which is itself revised in light of the new information. Social constructivism, as developed by Lev Vgotsky, emphasises the role of social interaction in such learning. Inquiry-based learning allows students to undertake open-ended, and to some extent self-regulated, tasks that highlight the importance of their own collective construction of knowledge. Geography has moved from the memorisation of facts to incorporate inquiry-based learning. However, inquiry-based learning is frequently applied by teachers only as a supplement to core teaching practices. It should instead be incorporated into regular classroom activity and fieldwork. For example, the process of learning through maps is encouraged when children are asked to make maps, use them in the field and interpret them in class. Fieldwork, which involves collection of primary data, should move away from activities prescribed by the teacher, to allow some scope for student reflection, including a degree of student input into the development of hypotheses to be tested. Metacognition refers to ‘thinking about one’s own thinking’. Metacognitive strategies for students include reflection on which learning strategies work well, and about whether they met their learning goals during a given class exercise. Metacognition can be encouraged by posing open-ended questions. By contrast, limiting learning to set texts with comprehension exercises can be demotivating, and does not develop students’ skills in locating or selecting information. Some Geography textbooks, such as Geography for Global Citizens, are now starting to include open-ended research questions. Self-regulated learning involves selecting cognitive strategies and transferring and developing the skills and strategies from one context to another. Students’ reflection on their learning is also important and can be encouraged through logs, journals and conferencing. Facilitated group interaction during fieldwork and class activities has been shown to be very effective in solving problems that require metacognitive insight. Self and peer assessment constitute other means by which students learn to monitor their own learning.\nKey Learning AreasStudies of Society and Environment\nThought and thinking\nInquiry based learning\nProject based learning\nTeachers' beliefs that matter in secondary mathematics classrooms\nVolume 65 Number 1, May 2007; Pages 95–120\nA Tasmanian study has explored the beliefs that underpinned two secondary mathematics teachers’ success in creating effective constructivist learning environments. The two teachers were identified, from an initial pool of 25, as those for whom constructivist principles were most consistently reflected in student perceptions, self-descriptions and independent observations of their teaching. The first teacher, Jim, had a Master of Educational Studies, and 29 years of teaching experience. He considered mathematics to be about connecting ideas and sense-making, and therefore endlessly fascinating and enjoyable. Jim felt that teachers have a responsibility to engage in ongoing learning. He often independently developed his own mathematical knowledge through reading, or ‘extra little things’ like sitting ‘folding bits of paper in times when I could be doing something adults think might be more important’. Jim regarded learning as organic, student-centred and unpredictable, and which could be influenced but not controlled by the teacher. His belief in the value of students’ contributions, and in the ability of every student to learn mathematics, was clearly reflected in his classroom practice. The second teacher, Andrew, had 25 years experience. Unlike Jim, the beliefs which underpinned his practice related more to the role of the teacher in a constructivist classroom, than to the nature of mathematics and student abilities. He believed teachers have responsibility for ultimate control in the classroom, to ‘send the kids off on appropriate paths, not just let them wander through the minefield.’ His classes involved many teacher-facilitated whole class discussions, where students felt comfortable writing their ideas on the blackboard and explaining them to the class. Andrew demonstrated a successful balance between devolving the construction of mathematical knowledge to the students, and maintaining the teacher’s authority over the social norms of the class. The differences between the two classrooms prove that constructivist principles do not prescribe specific pedagogies. The study also suggests that it is teacher beliefs, not methods or materials, which affect teachers’ practice at the level that makes the most difference to their students.\nKey Learning AreasMathematics\nInquiry based learning\nWhat do we mean by 'critical'? Implications and opportunities presented by the new SACE literacy strategy\nVolume 50 Number 1, Summer 2006; Pages 43–48\nIn South Australia, the new SACE Literacy Strategy makes use of critical approaches to literacy. The term ‘critical’ has three main applications in literacy, all of which the Strategy draws on. Firstly, being critical can mean a disposition to ask deep or ‘tough’ questions, to be curious and tenacious in investigation. While this application ‘verges on social critique’, it is ‘primarily concerned with authorial intention and clarity in transmitting messages from author to reader’. A second way to be critical is to examine the social purpose of a text, exploring how language embodies and expresses relationships of social power and identity. This approach raises social justice issues and suggests the possibility of social action. It is well explained in the outline of critical literacy provided by Tasmania’s Department of Education. Thirdly, a critical approach can be used as a framework in which to understand literacy more generally. A key example is the influential Four Resources Literacy Framework provided by A. Luke and P. Freebody. It identifies four levels of engagement with text which can be used to accommodate a range of literacy strategies (including phonics, reader response, whole language and critical literacy) which are often described as competing against one another. In the model’s first level of engagement with text, literacy take the form of a ‘code breaker’, covering the ability to recognise and use fundamental features of text such as the alphabet, spelling and word sounds. At the second level, the learner can ‘participate in the meanings of text’, understanding and using text in a given social setting. At the third level, the learner can ‘use texts functionally’, understanding the social issues and purposes that a body of text involves. At the fourth level, the learner can ‘critically analyse and transform texts’, perceiving how they advance some points of view and eclipse others, and understanding how they can be redesigned for other purposes. The four levels are interrelated. Narrower literacy models may succeed in imparting certain skills and knowledge, but they leave students unprepared for the current world’s conditions of employment and information delivery.\nKey Learning AreasEnglish\nSubject HeadingsEnglish language teaching\nGrammar knowledge and students' writing\nVolume 11 Number 3, October 2006; Pages 40–43\nThe teaching of grammar to middle and upper primary students should form part of the process of helping them to write clearly and effectively. It should be discussed in relation to whole texts rather than in isolation. Within this approach, there are a range of strategies for the teaching of grammar. During the writing demonstration, the teacher writes and revises a text, observed by students, and along the way explains the grammatical structures and techniques used to clarify meaning. Joint construction involves the teacher and students creating a text together. The teacher may wish to work through a particular grammatical issue using mini-lessons involving small groups. Teacher-student conferences involve the teacher working one-to-one with a student, contributing to the revision phase. Reading helps students to learn grammar, especially when it allows them to compare the grammatical and lexical features of fiction and non-fiction. Students are likely to benefit from explicit explanation of grammatical concepts such as word groups, clauses and conjunction, or linking words (although once again this learning is best achieved in suitable writing contexts rather than through the presentation of an abstract set of rules). These grammatical concepts can become the student’s grammar vocabulary, a metalanguage to inform their writing, reading and dialogue. The article includes a table listing 22 grammatical concepts, with descriptions of their meanings and examples, for use with students.\nKey Learning AreasEnglish\nEnglish language teaching\nFast start to phonics\nVolume 11 Number 3, October 2006; Pages 4–6\nMany children know the names of letters and the sounds of some common letter combinations by the time they start school, but find it hard to learn unfamiliar letter combinations. Teachers can show them a range of strategies with which these letter groups can be learned. One such strategy is teaching children to segment and blend sounds in their reading and writing. For example, to write the word ‘sun’, the child would segment the sounds they hear in the word, breaking the word into the three phonemes: s / u / n. Likewise, phonemes would be blended together in order to pronounce a word when reading. These strategies must be demonstrated or taught explicitly for phonics to become useful. Physical manipulation of letters also appears to facilitate learning, because children are able to physically move the same letter to make and break apart many words. Another teaching strategy is the use of memory aids in associating letter names and sounds. However, the association between the memory aid (or mnemonic) and the letter it refers to can sometimes become so strong that it distracts from the intended association between the letter and sound. When this occurs, a child trying to segment the written word ‘sun’ will sound out ‘Sammy snake’ instead of / s /. Multimodal mnemonics may be able to counteract this effect. By utilising audial, linguistic, visual, spatial and kinaesthetic mnemonics concurrently (rather than individually), children may better understand the sound and letter relationship and not fixate on a single memory tool. A ‘fast start’, teaching phonics at a rapid pace in short bursts of around 20 minutes a day, could allow children to use and practice word construction in other curriculum topics more quickly. Learning a sound a day, rather than a letter a week, is ‘crucially important’ for many children who have not been taught sounds and letters before school, and also advantages the many students who may find the traditional pace too slow.\nKey Learning AreasEnglish\nEnglish language teaching\nAuthentic practice and process in music education\nVolume 93 Number 3, January 2007; Pages 36–42\nThe article suggests ways to address a range of current issues in music teacher education (MTE). It argues that MTE should be holistic, treating the various components of music, such as rhythm and pitch, as interrelated 'dimensions', rather than as discrete 'elements', the most common model of MTE since the 1960s. MTE should take a contructivist approach to learning: with its emphasis on personal interpretation, music fits well with the constructivist belief that learners actively create knowledge. MTE should draw upon 'the most central and authentic conceptions of music and learning', rather than 'folk practices' which have long traditions but which are not connected to core concepts in music. MTE programs should be measured against formal standards, such as those set down by the USA's National Association of Schools of Music (NASM), that show how they enable students to acquire understanding of, and proficiency in, music itself. Key NASM standards cover the ability of MTE programs to enable students to analyse, evaluate and apply musical ideas, to synthesise different aspects of the program, and to generate new musical ideas. As well as music content knowledge, teacher education programs must also cover knowledge of pedagogy, and pedagogical content knowledge that deals with issues in teaching and learning that are specific to music. This learning can be achieved by the following set of courses. An Introductory course should stimulate students, bringing out their current ideas of music and the learning process, acknowledging what they already know and also introducing key ideas. Courses on learning and teaching should cover various theories of learning, if possible in specific relation to music. They should occur early in the program, so that students can relate them to their own current learning process. Methods courses should prepare students for all types of music teaching settings and should be linked to the theoretical base established in the rest of the program. Other courses should cover music theory and history, performance, and a philosophical component summarising the overall program.\nKey Learning AreasThe Arts\nSubject HeadingsTeacher training\n(Re)conceptualising connectedness as a pedagogy of engagement\nIncreasing connectedness between schooling and students’ real life experiences has frequently been identified as an effective means of improving learning outcomes, especially for students ‘at risk’. However, not all varieties of school connectedness are the same. The article sets out three different, but sometimes intersecting, interpretations of connected schooling. The first is motivated by utility, seeking to connect students to the workforce and the economy. It often involves programs aimed at developing students’ life skills, helping them ‘fit in’, and correcting perceived ‘deficits’ which prevent them from succeeding. It may also involve alternative vocational education programs which connect students directly with workforce participation. This approach rests on a ‘false construction of real life’, and ignores broader social conditions such as low wages and high unemployment. Ultimately, it produces a ‘culture of dependence’, in which students’ real lives are ‘written over’ in the interests of economic participation, and locks students into the self-fulfilling prophecy that they are ill-suited to an academic curriculum. The second variety of connected schooling relies on social constructivist pedagogies to improve educational opportunities for disadvantaged groups. While social constructivist schools may appear to be ‘nice places’, such an approach is unlikely to succeed with many students, as it does nothing to challenge the social structures that underpin disadvantage. Connecting learning to students’ real-life experiences will not necessarily give them the evaluative tools necessary to understand their position in the broader social context. Furthermore, curriculum focused on popular culture may disadvantage ‘at risk’ students further by reinforcing stereotypes, and limiting access to intellectually rigorous material. The author advocates a third version of connected schooling, which is critical, transformative and empowering. This requires teachers to do more than care about students, but also to care about issues such as inequality, injustice, poverty and environmental degradation. Students must be empowered to engage with these issues, and take action to increase social justice in their own lives and the lives of others. School connectedness can thus make a genuine difference for all students, by building bridges between private action and community concerns.\nSubject HeadingsSocial justice\nSpecial education: a service not a sentence\nVolume 64 Number 5, February 2007; Page 39\nThe inclusion of students with disabilities in neighbourhood schools benefits the entire school community by teaching diversity and tolerance. Inclusive schooling reflects the fact that in the ‘real world’ there are no specially segregated stores, workplaces or neighbourhoods. However, many schools still place students with disabilities in separate programs, often without regard for the type or degree of their disability and often before any attempt is made to accommodate them in the general education classroom. Schools need to work from the principle that all students belong in general education, and should only separate students when there is demonstrated need for alternative settings. Placing special needs students in neighbourhood schools without segregated spaces encourages development of social skills and inclusive communities. Teaching of students with disabilities needs careful forward planning between special teachers and other educators, rather than piecemeal, ad hoc collaborations. Where necessary, the curriculum should be customised to meet individuals' needs. Teaching should be creative, using techniques such as dialogue journals, simulations, thematic instruction, and drama and arts integration. Students with disabilities should also be encouraged to take part in after-school activities as this helps to foster the development of social relationships.\nUnited States of America (USA)\nSchool and community\nIntegrating ICT: the basics of successful strategic leadership\nVolume 6 Number 1, March 2007; Pages 22–29\nThe successful integration of ICT programs in State schools relies on sufficient professional development of teachers and principals, an issue Australian programs have often neglected. A 2003 study of the role of New South Wales principals in ICT program development found that the potential for ICT to aid teaching and learning is constrained by principals’ limited technical skills and understanding. Furthermore, chronic under-supply of technical support and the financial burden associated with ICT operation and maintenance have been major inhibitors of successful ICT integration. England has witnessed more advanced implementation of ICT by school leaders, through the Strategic Leadership in ICT (SLICT) program, which serves as a guide to improving ICT integration in Australia. SLICT, a government owned provider of information, resources and professional development, aims to build the confidence and inform the professional judgement of participating school leaders. Part of the program involves discussion of ideas, practices and policies amongst principals in an online community prior to an offline visit to a high-performing ICT school. An innovative feature of the program is its self-review framework, which enables schools to rate their progress in different aspects of ICT and plan future ICT direction in terms of their own curriculum. Principals have expressed a preference for local networks and the face-to-face interaction of school visits over online community forums, and this preference has led to the emergence of small, local versions of SLICT. Considerable funding and support from the English and Scottish governments underpins ICT success in the UK, in addition to strategies aimed at developing a ‘vision’ for ICT and its appropriate incorporation in the curriculum. Most importantly, professional development has provided school leaders with the confidence and skills to manage individual ICT programs effectively. Australian ICT integration would benefit from more government support for online communities and skilled facilitators, development of ICT accreditation to motivate schools, and installation of Interactive White Boards (IWBs).\nKey Learning AreasTechnology\nSubject HeadingsTechnological literacy\nInformation and Communications Technology (ICT)\nPractical programs to recruit and retain effective teachers and school leaders\nApril 2007; Pages 15–17\nThe aging of the teacher population, and a widespread reluctance on the part of teachers to apply for executive positions, has led the Catholic Education Office (CEO) in Sydney to pursue new ways to attract and retain good teachers. Two new initiatives have been produced with this aim. The Leaders for the future program seeks to stem the loss of teachers in their first five years by providing an accelerated route into leadership positions for promising young teachers. Since 2005, approximately 265 teachers under the age of 30 have undertaken the program, which involves nine after-school sessions over ten months and additional holiday sessions. Teachers who have completed the program testify to its effectiveness, citing the value of course material on relationship and conflict management, navigating change and succession planning as relevant to leadership positions. The program also instils young teachers with the confidence to apply for promotion and provides contact with a network of like-minded colleagues. However, although the program qualifies young teachers for leadership roles, establishing credibility with more experienced colleagues remains a major challenge for this younger generation of teachers. A second initiative of the Sydney CEO, the Early Employment Offer Awards, targets undergraduate teaching students in their final year who demonstrate sound academic results, good reports of teaching practice, and a commitment to Catholic education and values. Out of approximately 300 applicants, around 30 students are awarded $1000 and a guaranteed offer of employment in a CEO school in Sydney. In this way, CEO has been able to further its aim of attracting the most suitable new teachers to full-time positions in their schools.\nSubject HeadingsEducational planning\nThere are no Conferences available in this issue." ]

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[ "Gorsebrook Research Institute, St. Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia\n12-14 August 2016\nPlease join our annual workshop exploring the environmental history of northeastern North America.\nWe define both the theme and the area broadly:\n- The study of the role of nature in the past, environmental history encompasses aboriginals and settlers, rural and urban communities, material and imaginative uses of nature.\n- By northeastern North America, we envision a geography covering the American eastern seaboard from the Gulf of the St. Lawrence to the New Jersey shore and westward to the Appalachian Mountains.\nWhile any submissions that fall within this disciplinary definition and geographic region are welcome, this year’s workshop has a special focus on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Most transnational spaces are defined by the crossing — or overlay — of political boundaries. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is defined by geography. For over a millennia, its strategic location and rich marine resources have drawn a diverse range of interests. It has been both destination and gateway, cockpit and crossroads, traversed by fishing fleets and military expeditions, explorers and missionaries, traders and travel writers. From Vinland the Good to the novels of L. M. Montgomery, the Gulf has haunted the Western imagination, making it a worthy subject for environmental history exploration.\nThe goal of the workshop is three-fold:\n- to discuss works in progress;\n- to foster community among scholars in different fields and at different stages of their careers;\n- to work toward a sense of the distinct contributions of eastern North America to the field of environmental history. Please join our online discussion via nacehf.org in advance of the workshop.\n[Editor’s note: It’s also reams of fun, and there is ice cream.]\nParticipants are expected to circulate article-length drafts no longer than 25 double-spaced pages one month ahead of the workshop, which will also include ample time for interaction, tours, and free discussion.\nPlease submit abstracts of no more than 350 words to Claire Campbell ([email protected]) by 30 April 2016.\nLatest posts by Claire Campbell (see all)\n- CFP: Energy & the Environment, Association for Canadian Studies in the United States (ACSUS) - January 18, 2023\n- Call for Papers – Backyard Natures: An Exploration of Local Environments in the Northeast - January 10, 2023\n- The Thank-You Tree - December 20, 2022\n- Stuff Stories: The Confederation Trail - July 18, 2022\n- Summer Institute: Non/Humanity - April 1, 2022\n- Northeast and Atlantic Region Environmental History Forum (NEAR-EH) Call for Papers, 2022 - February 10, 2022\n- Appel à contributions: PiCHE - November 19, 2021\n- Call for Submissions: PiCHE - November 12, 2021\n- Call for Teaching Materials - September 9, 2021\n- History En Vélo - September 8, 2021" ]

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[ "To provide the students the knowledge and concept of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) to implement in software development so that the applications and systems are usable to the target users. This course provides the students the knowledge about how users interact with computers. The students will learn and practice the approaches of design, implementation, and evaluation of the system usability.\nContent Outline of the Course/Module:\n- Introduction to User Interface Design\nUpon completion of this course, students should be able to:\n- Point out what are the elements of a good interface design and a usable system.\n- Build an interactive system and evaluate the system's usability by applying the appropriate tools and techniques.\n- Develop a usable system and present the work comprehensively.\n- Design the interface with group members in the group assignment.\n|Teaching-learning Methods||Assessment Methods|\n|Lecture||Assignment, Progress Test, Final Examination|\n|Tutorial||Assignment, Progress Test, Final Examination|\n|Computer-based Learning||Assignment, Presentation|" ]

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[ "Courage - to accept and face new challenges\nDestiny - Each of us is gifted with a unique potential that defines a destiny.\nHumility - We trust in a power and purpose beyond ourselves.\nConscience - We achieve our best by an inner sense of right and wrong.\nTruth - Fact and reality is our primary guide.\nBrother’s Keeper - We help others achieve their best.\nIntegrity - to be truly themselves while acting in sound moral character\nConcern - for others\nCuriosity - to explore life and learning\nLeadership - in making the school and community a better place\nRespect - for the environment, others, and ourselves\nResponsibility - and accountability for our actions" ]

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[ "By Brendan Weafer [October 30th, 2016]\nHope everyone had a restful weekend, because this week’s FIT Facts remind us how vital sleep is to our bodies. Sleep is an easy way to support almost all of your body’s processes and functions. From your immune system to your nervous system sleep is an important time for everything to get a chance to “reboot”.\n- 33% of people who have 4 or more caffeinated beverages a day are at risk for sleep apnea.\n- Sleep deprivation can have the same adverse effects as alcohol.\n- 4 easy things to help get a better night’s sleep:\n- Cool room (60-68 degrees Fahrenheit)\n- Complete darkness (No light sources)\n- No food or liquids 2 hours prior to bedtime\n- No screens 1 hour prior to bedtime\n- Smokers are 4 times more likely to feel fatigued after a night of sleep than nonsmokers.\n- Food Friday- This weekend try drinking Tart Cherry juice. Tart Cherry juice not only has anti-inflammatory properties but also naturally improves your body’s production of melatonin which helps regulate your sleep cycle. Try drinking a small glass this weekend about an hour before bedtime and see how you sleep and feel." ]

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[ "Arbor Day was a few days ago, and it provided us with a great chance to learn about trees, their insides, the growth patterns, and what we've got in our own little interior garden here.\nSome trees grow very tall and create a canopy of leaves that keep other plants from growing beneath. We can simulate this effect with our Marigolds by putting a paper cup over the plant (with holes in it of course, some sun will get in) which will allow us to see what happens when plants don't get sun as much as others.\nKeep a little ruler near by and see what the difference is in growth on a daily basis with your first grader. Watch the plants which get more sun grow with gusto...\nNow we can simulate a much more arid environment as well. Set one Marigold aside from the sunny bunch and don't water it as often as its counterparts get watered. This will help your first grader learn about different climates and how certain plants grow with different conditions.\nHow are those Cherry Tomato's growing? Ready for a planter yet? No? Ok. Let 'em keep growing. That's the hardest part of Tomato's, watching them grow enough to transplant.\nHI Annie - I'm sorry this comment doesn't relate to this entry but we just had to say what a super list of films you like! Casablanca, Say Anything, Just One of the Boys, etc etc. All classics (in our opinion). Love Casablanca for its eeriness, Just One of the Boys for its gender politics.ReplyDelete" ]

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[ "The achievement of Solar Impulse 2 – circumnavigating the globe using nothing but the sun as a fuel source – has far reaching implications for the implementation of clean, energy efficient technologies.\nSolar Impulse 2 touched down in Abu Dhabi last week, after completing a round the world trip, using only the sun as its fuel source.\nThe plane – piloted by Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg – completed the first ever round-the-world solar flight in 21 days, over 17 legs.\nThis breakthrough is significant.\nNot only was the flight a world first, but because it has sparked an opportunity to implement clean energy technology initiatives on the ground as well as in the sky.\n\"Until recently, protecting the environment was expensive and threatened our society’s comfort, mobility and growth. Today, thanks to modern clean technologies, the energy consumption of the world, and therefore the C02 emissions, could be divided by two, while creating jobs and enhancing profits,” said Bertrand Piccard.\nSolar Impulse 2’s success has implications of for a variety of business and industrial sectors.\nAs solar and other non-renewable technology develops, so will their presence on infrastructure and transport.\nThis is not far off, as seen by the first test run of China’s elevated traffic-straddling bus, and the discovery of levulinic acid – a versatile oil substitute, recognised by the US Department of Energy.\nThe formation of the The International Committee of Clean Technologies (ICCT) – born from the team around Solar Impulse 2 – will further this clean energy ambition.\nThe non-governmental organisation’s patrons that include Richard Branson and H.S.H Prince Albert II of Monaco, will advise governments and corporations on how to develop and use clean technologies.\nAndré Borschberg, who helped establish the ICCT, said: “The International Committee of Clean Technologies is a fantastic opportunity to bring together a group of experts, with diverse experiences and backgrounds, to speak in one voice and leverage the efforts needed to bring change and influence global decision makers in the areas of clean technologies and renewable energy.”\nThis rally is not just environmentally necessary, it is financially beneficial.\nThe Climate 2030 Blueprint shows that deep emissions cuts can be achieved while saving U.S. consumers and businesses $464 billion annually.\nHomes and industries account for the majority of carbon emissions globally.\nEnergy-efficient building designs can significantly reduce the energy demands of both sectors.\nInvesting in energy-efficient tchnologies surrounding transport, and buildings combined with equivalent heat and power systems has long term financial and environmental benefits." ]

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[ "What is compost tea?\nCompost tea brewers\nDIY compost tea and extract\nAvailable at Rincon-Vitova aka Bug Farm\nWhat is Compost Tea?\nWhat is Compost Tea – There are lots of ways to extract microbes from various organic materials such as manures and composts. What we’re talking about here is a process that strips fungi, bacteria, protozoans, nematodes and other small living things from high quality, finished composts. Finished thermal composts are those that have gone through high temperature, aerobic processing (turned at least weekly) that suppresses or kills pathogenic organisms, seeds, etc.. Mature worm composts are also excellent sources. You need to do some reading before you decide which type of tea will work best on your farm or garden.\nThe extraction process gently separates organisms from the compost through agitation and, by the addition of various foods, grows bacteria and fungi to make either fungal dominated, bacteria dominated, or balanced tea.\nBacterial ingredients used in teas include bacterial compost, and foods such as molasses, fruit juices, fruit pulp, fish emulsion and others. Fish Emulsion and Fish Hydrolase are two very different foods. Emulsion, ground up fish, is relished by bacteria while Fish Hydrolase, changed by enzymes, is the best fungal food I have found.\nFungus producing ingredients include fungal compost (mature but undisturbed for a week or more) and foods such as fish hydrolase, yucca or aloe vera extracts containing saponin.\nPre-treating – I have found it necessary to pre-treat my composts with Fish Emulsion (2 oz fish/20 oz. moistened compost) in a plastic tub with perforated lid. Hold for 5 days at room temperature. Long, thick strands of fungi should appear.\nWater used to extract and grow microorganisms in these teas, water must be free of contaminants and Chlorine/Chloramines often used in municipal water treatment. Chlorine is easily removed by aeration, Chloramines must be removed using treatments sold at a pet supply store for fish tanks. Water must be aerated for fifteen minutes prior to adding compost materials.\nHigh Oxygen content is critical to producing disease free compost teas and any steps taken from start to application should keep this in mind. A completed tea is alive with organisms that grow in Oxygen rich solutions and will quickly use up dissolved Oxygen once the aeration stops at the finish of the brewing cycle. Beneficial organisms will go dormant and any remaining dormant disease organisms that like anaerobic conditions will start to grow. For that reason aerobic teas must be used within hours, not days. After just three hours the quality of a tea deteriorates.\nUses for Compost Teas\nThere are two general categories for the benefits of applying compost teas.\nFoliar application – Leaf pathogens that find their way on to leaf surfaces do not live alone, there are many other organisms that have blown onto or splashed upon the leaves. Bacterial dominated teas, when applied to leaf surfaces, compete with fungal organisms for space and nutrients. A quality tea may also contain organisms that are antagonistic and can suppress the ability of a pathogen to infect a leaf. Thus compost teas are applied to create a living foodweb that suppresses diseases such as downy mildew, bacterial spots and others.\nSoil applications- are useful to restore active biological soil process that may have been damaged through the application of herbicides or fungicides or lack of organic matter. A compost tea high in fungal and bacterial biomass will add organisms for decomposing organic materials and may include a variety of species that protect roots from infection in the same fashion as on leaf surfaces. The organisms in tea can colonize roots and suppress disease infection.\nResources – If you consider making compost tea please visit www.soilfoodweb.com to see the current research and methods for making and using tea extracts.\nThe handbook, “Compost Tea Brewing Manual by Dr. Elaine Ingham” is a great resource for understand the complicated process that I have only outlined here. Soil Foodweb, Inc. is located at 1750 SW 3rd St C, Corvallis, OR 97333 Phone: (541) 752-5066\nAlso visit the NCAT web page http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/compost-tea-notes.html for links and further information.\nBy David Loring Dietrick Institute December, 2002\nCompost Tea Basic Recipe\nA basic tea recipe would be as follows, with the understanding that if larger or smaller quantities of water are used, change the amounts of additives relative to the amount of water.\na. 25 gallons of water, aerated to remove chlorine, add two teaspoons of a humic acid solution (preferably humic acid extracted from your own compost).\nb. 1 to 2 tablespoons of humic acid diluted in 2 cups of water BEFORE adding to the compost tea water OR 1 to 2 tablespoons of fish hydrolysate (pre-diluted to neutralize the acid preservative according to the label on the container).\nc. 1/2 cup of kelp mixed in 5 cups of water BEFORE addition to the compost tea\nd. 5 pounds of good aerobic (good smelling, like deep forest soil) compost with excellent bacteria, fungi, protozoa in the compost.\nUsing a microscope, assess the compost: Using a 1:5 dilution of compost, 400X total magnification, there should be a MINIMUM of thousands of bacteria in each field of view, 1 strand of fungal hyphae in each 5 fields, 1 flagellate or amoebae in each 5 to 10 fields of view and 1 beneficial nematode per drop.\nAdditional foods if needed to improve fungi: 1 cup steel cut oats, or bran flour, or shrimp shells (no protein on the shells!) put in the compost bag with the compost Note: Rincon-Vitova has Bug Bits, dried insects available for use as a chitin source.\nReplace humic acids with the same amount of fish hydrolysate if the plants need a nitrogen boost NO MOLASSES!!!!!!!!\n1. Place the compost (please test so you know the compost contains the organisms needed as indicated above) in the compost bag (0.5 to 1 pound per 5 gallons of water)\n2. Briskly massage the bag for 30 seconds to a minute\n3. Check the tea to make sure it has the organisms needed.\n4. If not enough organisms, then extract another 0.5 to 1 pound, repeat if necessary until organisms reach minimum or desired levels.\n6. If the compost you are using has good sets of organisms in it, perform the procedure above.\n7. But if you do not know if your compost is good or not, then add foods (humic acid or fish hydrolysate, or steel ground oats, or bran or.....whatever fungal food desired) to the compost 3 to 7 days before extracting (good air flow around the compost, don't let it get stinky).\nCompost Tea Machines\nNotes on producers and machines\nNote: this list is dated, we are in the process of updating it. Send sugestions to [email protected]\nEPM (Eugene Precious Metals) www.composttea.com - manufactures compost tea brewers and vermicomposting systems. Excellent extraction of microbes from compost. Uses a centrifugal pump, 100 gallon ($3,500) and 500 gallon. PO Box 1295 Cottage Grove, OR 97424 541 767-2747\nKIS brewers www.simplici-tea.com – 5 gallon ($129) and 25 gallon Good extraction and easy to clean\nAlaska Giant www.alaskagiant.com – 1 gallon ($40) and 5 gallon ($80), good extraction, uses soaker hose for aeration, nylon stocking for tea bag.\nEarthworks www.soilfirst.com – 35 gallon ($1,500) and 85 gallon. Excellent extraction! Uses a tube diffuser and bag with large mesh for tea bag.\nGround Up - 50 gallon and larger, PVC tube with screen on bottom end and side that contains compost, air bubbles up through it.\nHendrikus Schraven www.hendrikusorganics.com - has been applying, innovating and researching with compost tea since the first brewers were available. Through his companies, he sells GSI compost tea brewers, HSO catalyst & compost mix for brewers, organic fertilizers and patent pending soils, and offers natural solutions and educational seminars to effectively respond to many of the environmental problems experienced in landscape, construction, erosion control, agriculture, turf and land development.\nGrowing Solutions www.growingsolutions.com – 25 gallon ($1,300) 100 gallon ($5,000) and 500 gallon ($12,000) Get bubbler for compost basket.\nSoilSoup, Inc. www.soilsoup.com – doesn’t extract fungi. Need to use a non-woven mesh bag to get better extraction. Nutrient mix may suppress fungal growth in tea. 9792 Edmonds Way #247, Edmonds, Washington 98020 877-711-7687\nSustainable Works James Sotillo 631-474-5309 [email protected] International Compara International, Holland, www.compara.nl\nCompost Tea Company, New Zealand www.compost-tea.com.au Compost Solutions, Australia\nSoil Food Web – a resource for information on soil microbes, compost, and compost tea www.soilfoodweb.com\nBBC Labs – information on compost tea www.bbc-labs.com\nCompost Tea Extractors\n-by David Loring\nThere are a half-dozen companies manufacturing compost tea machines, here are a few. Visit or call Soil Foodweb, Inc. www.soilfoodweb.com (541) 752-5066 for more information. Performance Standards These extractors have to basically do two things, aerate the solution to grow beneficial organisms (bacteria may increase hundreds of times given ample foods, fungi might increase ten times) and gently separate the organisms from the compost material held in the bag or other basket within the machine. My machine uses the bubbling action of an air diffuser located in the tank bottom to agitate a basket holding the composts that hangs from the top of the tank. The machine should also be easy to clean, including any piping, as unwanted bacterial films can develop. Don’t skimp on the air pump. When adding sugars for bacterial growth it is possible the explosion of bacteria will use up all available oxygen, especially 12-16 hours after the start. Air temperatures of 80 or 90 ºF can also increase growth rates that will use up oxygen, be careful adding sugars when temperatures are above 75-80*F. See the Compost Tea Brewing Manual for guidelines. In my experience there is never a need for more than 16 oz. of sugars in 50 gallons and adding only two ounces has generated the needed bacteria in my brewer when making a 25 gallon brew with 4 oz. fish hydrolysate also added.\nAvailable at Rincon-Vitova\naka the Bug Farm\nWe are now brewing activly aerated compost tea at the Bug Farm on Monday to be available on Tuesday and Wednesday until the batch is used up. What ever is not sold will be used to enhace the Bug Farm food forest.\n$9 per gallon for 1-4 gallon\n$8 per gallon if you bring your own bottle/container (BYOB)\n$7 per gallon for 5+ gallon\n$6 per gallon for 5+ gallon if you bring your own bottle/container (BYOB)\nWe can take orders and you can call to check to see how much is available. Any orders not picked up by Wednesday 5 pm will be used on the bug Farm.\nOur recipe for 25 gallon brewer is\n2 Tablespoons Humic Acid\n2 Tablespoons Molasses\n2 Cups Worm Castings\n1 Scoop Seaweed Powder\n¼ Cup Ground Fly Pupae\nCompost to Fill Tea Cylinder\nFill aerator with water and plug in; this will turn it on. Add humic acid first to dechlorinate the water. Add ingredients and cylinder with compost. Brew for 24 hours.\nWe can consider special brews and batches on other days, depending on having skilled labor available.\nWe have a 5 gallon brewer, 25 gallon Growing Solutions brewer, and an 150 gallon modified IBC tote\nRincon-Vitova Insectaries aka Bug Farm\n108 Orchard Dr\nVentura, CA 93001" ]

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[ "The bitterness aroused by the ardent and to some extent unjust zeal of the reforming element can only be conjectured.\nNever would Ignatius have countenanced so perverted an idea as that the end justified the means, for with his spiritual light and zeal for God's glory he saw clearly that means in themselves unjust were opposed to the very end he held in view.\nThe promise of \" special laws \" based upon such consideration was therefore not, in itself, unjust, nor unwelcome.\nIt exhibits an accurate knowledge of French constitutional history skilfully applied in an attempt to show that an existing actual grievance was not only philosophically unjust but constitutionally illegal.\nThis was unjust to the many men who were working, not without success, to raise the Republic out of its many difficulties.\nThe master (dominus) could inflict on his coloni \" moderate chastisement,\" and could chain them if they attempted to escape, but they had a legal remedy against him for unjust demands or injury to them or theirs.\nBoth were unjust to Voltaire, and Macaulay was unjust to Frederick as well.\nFroude's temperament was sensitive, and he suffered from these attacks, which were often unjust and always too savage in tone.\nNor is it unjust to infer that the sense of opposition provoked some of the Cynics to an overweening display of superiority.\nIn 1784 he entered a Sardinian regiment of marines, but on the outbreak of war with the French Republic, he refused to fight in what he considered an unjust cause, and was imprisoned for several months.\nYet it would be unjust to ignore the many brilliant and sometimes valuable thoughts that are scattered throughout the writings on Naturphilosophie - thoughts to which Schelling himself is but too frequently untrue.\nThe king had sent them there to make the people obey his unjust laws.\nAfter having preached the gospel in Wiirzburg, the whole party were put to death by the orders of an unjust judge named Gozbert.\nOn his deathbed remorse seized him; he bestowed his goods on the poor, restored unjust gains, freed his slaves, and every third day till his death listened to the reading of the Koran.\nThe result was the passage, in 1887, of the Interstate Commerce Act, which was directed towards the extirpation of illegal and unjust practices in commerce among the states.\nHe supported the king's administration in parliament, but opposed strongly the unjust measure which, on the abolition of the court of wards, placed the extra burden of taxation thus rendered necessary on the excise.\nAfter speaking of Ranulf's unique position in the kingdom, which \"fitted him for the part of a leader of opposition to royal or ministerial tyranny,\" Stubbs sums up his character in these words: \"On more than one occasion he refused his consent to taxation which he deemed unjust; his jealousy of Hubert (de Burgh), although it led him to join the foreign party in 1223, did not prevent him from more than once interposing to prevent his overthrow.\nSuch an idea is justly stigmatized by Mommsen as ridiculous, and reflecting a discredit as unfounded as it is unjust on the imperial police of the capital.\nBut this equality, which took no account of wealth or poverty, was felt to be unjust, and the assessment began to be made according to the resources of each family, \"the strong bearing the weak, and the weak relieving the strong.\"\nThe bull was to be sacrificed to Mithras, who was to mingle its fat with consecrated wine and give to drink of it to the just, rendering them immortal, while the unjust, together with Ahriman and his spirits, were to be destroyed by a fire sent from Heaven by Ormazd.\nBut, although the relation of reason to an external authority thus constitutes the badge of medieval thought, it would be unjust to look upon Scholasticism as philosophically barren, and to speak as if reason, after an interregnum of a thousand years, resumed its rights at the Renaissance.\nThis decision is so patently unjust that it has been very widely ascribed to a deliberate design to keep the two countries apart.\nLa Rochefoucauld's character of the cardinal is on the whole harsh but scarcely unjust, and one of its sentences formulates, though in a manner which has a certain recoil upon the writer, the great defect of Retz's conduct: \"Il a suscite les plus grands desordres dans l'etat sans avoir un dessein forme de s'en prevaloir.\"\nDuring the trying winter of 1854-55, the suffering he was compelled to witness, the censures, in great part unjust, which he had to endure and all the manifold anxieties of the siege seriously undermined his health, and although he found a friend and ardent supporter in his new French colleague, General Pelissier (q.v.), disappointment at the failure of the assault of the 18th of June 1855 finally broke his spirit, and very shortly afterwards, on the 28th of June 1855, he died of dysentery.\nNo longer deals with idolatry, but with the corruption of society, and particularly of its leaders - the grasping aristocracy whose whole energies are concentrated on devouring the poor and depriving them of their little holdings, the unjust judges and priests who for gain wrest the law in favour of the rich, the hireling and gluttonous prophets who make war against every one \"that putteth not into their mouth,\" but are ever ready with assurances of Yahweh's favour to their patrons, the wealthy and noble sinners that fatten on the flesh of the poor.\nHis subsequent defence of the proposed grant, on the ground that it would be improper and unjust to exclude the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland from a \" more indiscriminating support \" which the state might give to various religious beliefs, was regarded by men of less sensitive conscience as only proving that there had been no adequate cause for his resignation.\nRome, it is certain, deliberately favoured her ally's unjust claims with the view of keeping Carthage weak, and Massinissa on his part was cunning enough to retain the friendship of the Roman people by helping them with liberal supplies in their wars against Perseus of Macedon and Antiochus.\nHe may depose emperors and absolve the subjects of the unjust from their allegiance.\n\"It would be useless and almost unjust to insist upon a man's being virtuous if he cannot be so without being unhappy.\nHe is often outrageously unjust in the substance of what he says, and in manner harsh to cynicism, scornful to gruesomeness; but in no battle that he fought was he ever actuated by selfish interests.\nHaving witnessed the unjust exactions of a democracy at Athens, the dwindling population of an oligarchy at Sparta, and the oppressive selfishness of new tyrannies throughout the Greek world, he condemned the actual constitutions of the Greek states as deviations (7rapec- (3do as) directed merely to the good of the government; and he contemplated a right constitution (607) 7roAtTeia), which might be either a commonwealth, an aristocracy or a monarchy, directed to the general good; but he preferred the monarchy of one man, pre-eminent in virtue above the rest, as the best of all governments (Nicomachean Ethics, viii.\nThe criticisms are often excellent, and, even when grossly and provokingly unjust, well deserve to be studied.\nIn a narrow spirit, and strongly influenced, no doubt, by his enmity to the chancellor, Thomas Egerton (Lord Brackley), he sought to prevent the interference of the court of chancery with even the unjust decisions of the other courts.\nThe provincial population, crushed under a load of unjust taxation, could no longer furnish soldiers in the numbers required for the defence of the empire; and on the other hand, the emperors, ever fearful that a brilliantly successful general of Roman extraction might be proclaimed Augustus by his followers, preferred that high military command should be in the hands of a man to whom such.\nNo one will be so foolish or so unjust as to hold Leo XIII.\nAnd it should be noticed that this idea was put forward, not by the pope with the object of increasing his power, but by the opinion of the Church with a view to defending the bishops against unjust sentences, and especially those inspired by the secular authority.\nIn the affairs of the Church he favoured the mendicant orders, and declared against the cruel and unjust proceedings of the Spanish Inquisition.\nIf the result was satisfactory, he was admitted, but before partaking of the common meal he was required to swear awful oaths, that he would reverence the deity, do justice to men, hurt no man voluntarily or at the command of another, hate the unjust and assist the just, and that he would render fidelity to all men, but especially to the rulers, seeing that no one rules but of God.\nThe reply of the chambers was a protest against \"the unjust distrust of the sentiment and reason of France\"; whereupon they were first prorogued, and on the 16th of May dissolved." ]

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[ "Protein is a natural food to lower blood pressure. A diet with greater protein lowers blood pressure more than a diet high in carbohydrates.\nReplacing Some Carbohydrates with Protein and Unsaturated Fat May Enhance Heart Health Benefits: The types of food eaten in an effort to cut down on saturated fat may make a difference in reducing heart disease risk, according to a study of people with either high blood pressure or prehypertension.\nThe study was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a part of the National Institutes of Health.\nInvestigators evaluated three diets that follow the principles of NHLBI’s DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan with some modifications.\nOne diet emphasized carbohydrates, another diet emphasized protein, and the third emphasized monounsaturated fat.\nThey reported that while all three diets lowered blood pressure, improved cholesterol levels, and reduced ten-year risk of heart disease by as much as 16 to 21 percent, two of these modified diets were even more effective in reducing some risk factors and estimated risk for heart disease than the diet richer in carbohydrates.\nThe Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease (OmniHeart) study will be presented today in Dallas at the American Heart Association annual conference, and also published in the November 15 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.\nThese new OmniHeart study results do not represent new guidelines for healthy eating and the proportions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat for all three diets are all within the ranges recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans and other national public health organizations.\nEarlier in 2005, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services incorporated NHLBI’s DASH eating plan as one option within the U.S. Dietary Guidelines.\nAll of the studied diets are a vast improvement over the typical American diet which can be high in saturated fat and low in essential nutrients, according to NHLBI Director Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D.\n“This study builds on an established body of evidence that shows following a dietary pattern lower in saturated fat, such as the DASH eating plan, can go a long way toward improving overall heart health. With these new data, we have been able to incorporate even more flexibility into the DASH eating plan by providing additional options for people seeking to improve their heart health through healthier eating,†said Nabel.\nThe study results reinforce the health benefits of following a DASH-type eating plan and suggests that tweaking certain components within that plan—protein and unsaturated fat—may yield benefits for specific risk factors.\nCompared with the study diet containing more carbohydrates, the diet with greater protein:\n• lowered blood pressure, LDL “bad†cholesterol, and triglycerides, and\n• lowered HDL “good†cholesterol.\nThe diet with more unsaturated fat, primarily monounsaturated fat:\n• lowered blood pressure and triglycerides,\n• raised HDL, and\n• did not lower LDL.\nBy providing all daily meals to 164 men and women for 41 days for each diet, researchers evaluated the three diets to determine whether replacing calories from saturated fat with calories from protein or unsaturated fat was better than replacing those calories with carbohydrate.\nSaturated fat is known to raise blood cholesterol, and public health officials recommend that it make up less than 10 percent of daily calories for healthy individuals and less than 7 percent of daily calories for individuals with heart disease risk factors.\nParticipants were age 30 or older and had either high blood pressure or prehypertension at the time of enrollment.\n“These new findings open the door to further research on the diets’ long-term effects and the ability of people to follow these diets,†said Eva Obarzanek, Ph.D., NHLBI research nutritionist and study co-author.\nThe OmniHeart study diets differed from each other in several ways:\n• The diet emphasizing carbohydrates contained 58 percent of calories from carbohydrates and 15 percent of calories from protein. In addition, it contained 21 percent of calories from unsaturated fat. The other two diets reduced carbohydrate to 48 percent of calories.\n• The diet emphasizing protein increased the protein to 25 percent of calories. To increase protein, mostly plant sources, such as beans and nuts, were used, although poultry, egg substitutes, and fat-free or low-fat milk products were also used. Like the carbohydrate diet, it contained 21 percent of calories from unsaturated fat.\n• The diet emphasizing unsaturated fat used primarily fats and oils rich in monounsaturated fat, like olive oil, to increase unsaturated fat to 31 percent of calories. Like the carbohydrate diet, it contained 15 percent of calories from protein.\n“Our results emphasize the impact that diet can have on blood pressure and cholesterol levels, two of the major heart disease risk factors,†said Lawrence Appel, M.D., M.P.H., of Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and lead investigator of the OmniHeart study.\nThe OmniHeart study did not address other types of diets such as the Atkins or Mediterranean diet.\nThe OmniHeart study was conducted at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. The first participants started the protocol in 2003, and the last participants ended the study in June 2005.\nNHLBI has long recommended changes in lifestyle, including following a heart healthy eating plan to reduce risk factors for heart disease. The DASH eating plan was developed through a series of clinical studies that showed that a dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, and whole grains substantially reduced blood pressure and had other beneficial effects.\nThe eating plan also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, legumes, and nuts and is low in saturated fats, cholesterol, sodium, and sweets and added sugars.\nThe new DASH Eating Plan menus are included in the book A Healthier You published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This newly released book is based on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.\nGarlic Lowers High Blood Pressure and Triglycerides\nVitamin D Deficiency\nMore Articles of Interest:\n- High Blood Pressure Lowered With Hibiscus Tea\n- Weight Loss & Diet Programs: Key to Weight Loss is Stick With a Diet!\n- Garlic Lowers High Blood Pressure and Triglycerides\n- Natural Ways to Lower Cholesterol\n- Help Reduce High Blood Pressure\n- Type 2 Diabetes Is Carbohydrate Intolerance\n- DHA Supplements Affect Triglycerides and Cholesterol\n- Heart Disease May Be Reversible in Adults with Diabetes" ]

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[ "Joanne Weidhaas is MiraKind’s founder and one of the scientists responsible for discovering the KRAS-variant, an inherited genetic mutation which predicts an increased risk of cancer. Following this breakthrough, Weidhaas and her team of researchers began exploring the connection between estrogen and breast cancer risk, particularly as it pertains to individuals who test positive for the KRAS-variant.\nWhy the interest in estrogen?\nThe role of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been a long and complicated tale. For decades, HRT was heralded as a wonderful solution for the woes of menopause for all women. However, in 2002, the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) a long-term national health study, published a report claiming that HRT posed a significant risk of breast cancer and breast cancer death. Suddenly, HRT was abruptly stopped on millions of women and withheld from millions of others.Follow-up studies contradicted the original findings from the WHI study, indicating that “one size does not fit all, †and in fact, estrogen alone appears to protect certain sub-groups of women from developing breast cancer, while also providing significant relief from menopause symptoms. Unfortunately, much of this updated information has been lost in the muddle of confusion following the WHI study, and women are left struggling to define their own course for managing menopause and its many symptoms.Following is some background about menopause, its symptoms, and the importance of being an advocate for your own health.\nWhat is menopause and what are its symptoms?\nPerimenopause marks the time in a woman’s life when the production of estrogen by the ovaries decreases significantly. A change in the frequency of one’s menstrual cycles and ultimately, a complete cessation of menstruation and fertility, follows shortly after this drop in hormones. Menopause officially begins when a woman has not had a period for 12 consecutive months, and usually occurs in a woman’s late 40s or early 50s, accompanied by a slew of symptoms, including fatigue, depression, weight gain, hot flashes and even changes in one’s cancer risk – the list goes on and on. These symptoms of menopause may leave menopausal women feeling frustrated by changes in their body and mood. Premenopausal women often dread such changes.\nMenopause is natural.\nIt is important to remember that perimenopause (the period directly preceding menopause when hormone levels begin to shift) and menopause are natural and unavoidable aspects of any woman’s life. While every woman’s experience with menopause is different, acknowledging feelings of fear, confusion or anxiety about menopause and channeling them into action and education – especially when it comes to cancer risk – is critical.Diet awareness, fruit and vegetable consumption, consistent exercise and adequate sleep are just a few of the lifestyle considerations we can make to best prepare for and manage menopause. Hormone replacement therapy is also a common option for women interested in relieving their menopausal symptoms. Weidhaas and her researchers further explore this topic below.\nMenopause provides an opportunity.\nMenopause provides a unique, empowering opportunity for women to take their health into their own hands. However, making decisions about hormone therapy and withdrawal can be confusing. Asking questions, talking to your doctor about your hormone-related options and being your own advocate will set you up for making crucial, informed decisions.If you’d like to learn more about menopause, its effects and symptoms, genneve has an extensive library of blogs and podcasts. You can also consult with a menopause specialist via their telemedicine service.\nWhat is there to know about estrogen and the KRAS-variant?\nAlthough high estrogen can increase primary breast cancer risk for some women, we have found that for women with theKRAS-variant, the opposite is true, i.e. estrogen may protect them from breast cancer! Could this be possible?Could it be that KRAS-variant patients represent one of the sub-groups for whom estrogen actually helps protect against breast cancer in the WHI study? The MiraKind research team investigated this question, presented in a paper titled “Estrogen withdrawal, increased breast cancer risk and the KRAS-variant†in which they collected demographic and health data from approximately 2,000 breast cancer survivors. Read below for a summary of the main findings of this paper. The study was conducted by Dr. Weidhaas and MiraKind to investigate the impact of estrogen levels on breast cancer risk for KRAS-variant patients. Through a collaboration with the Army of Women, Weidhaas was able to collect data from 2000 breast cancer survivors, as well as include data from a group of KRAS-variant positive women without breast cancer.\nThree Key Takeaways\n1. Estrogen withdrawal and a low estrogen state appear to increase breast cancer risk for women with the KRAS-variant.\nThe research team found that when comparing women with the KRAS-variant with, versus without breast cancer, that KRAS-variant women with breast cancer were more likely to be thinner, and have fewer pregnancies than women with the KRAS-variant without cancer.\nFurthermore, the team collected data on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, duration, and type among study participants. It was found that women who had tested positive for the KRAS-variant gene mutation who had stopped HRT were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) than KRAS-variant positive women who were currently using HRT or had never used HRT. These findings were supported by further research in the lab, where normal breast cells that underwent estrogen withdrawal were transformed into breast cancer cells.\nOverall, these findings suggest that aggressive breast cancer risk may be triggered in KRAS-variant women by lower baseline estrogen or estrogen withdrawal. Abrupt estrogen withdrawal, as found with oophorectomy, discontinuation of HRT or in cell experiments, may lead to the development of breast cancer cells and the development of aggressive breast tumors.\n2. Women with the KRAS-variant are at a greater risk for Multiple Primary Breast Cancer, meaning they may have multiple separate breast cancers at the time of diagnosis, or, develop a second, independent breast cancer after their first breast cancer.\nOverall, these findings suggest that there might be an event that triggers cancer in KRAS-variant women, or, that treatment for breast cancer, which consists of estrogen withdrawal for most, may, in fact, be a risk for a second independent breast cancer. Studies are continuing at MiraKind to better define the best approach to minimize second cancer risk for KRAS-variant women.\n3. Because women with the KRAS-variant may be a sub-group where estrogen protects against breast cancer development, knowing a woman’s KRAS-variant status may provide additional useful information to help doctors and patients navigate the challenging decisions around estrogen management and HRT use at perimenopause and beyond\nFor all women, menopause presents an oftentimes daunting challenge. However, it has been shown that KRAS-variant individuals are unique in the way that their body uses hormones to protect against cancer. These findings—including evidence that estrogen is protective for KRAS-variant women—can help alleviate our concerns regarding hormone-related decisions, and spur a positive course of action. If you fit this profile as a KRAS-variant-positive woman, do not be afraid to take a step back and look at your hormone regimen, ask your doctor questions, explore our site, and be a fierce advocate for your health. If you are interested in determining your KRAS-variant status and assisting us in our research, we invite you to participate in one of our studies.\nMiraKind is here for you, too.\nWe strive to be a resource aimed at providing KRAS-variant patients with information to demystify the complexities of genetics, cancer-risk and hormone management. In addition, we hope to provide a community where conversations can start, and individuals can support and learn from one another.\nWe bring together individuals with the KRAS-variant to share their stories, learn from one other, and offer support.\nRead more about menopause and myths about hormone replacement therapy.Â" ]

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[ "\"Endo\" is the Greek word for \"inside\" and \"odont\" is Greek for \"tooth.\" Endodontic treatment treats the inside of the tooth.\nTo understand endodontic treatment, it helps to know something about the anatomy of the tooth. Inside the tooth, under the white enamel and a hard layer called the dentin, is a soft tissue called the pulp. The pulp contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue and creates the surrounding hard tissues of the tooth during development.\nThe pulp extends from the crown of the tooth to the tip of the roots where it connects to the tissues surrounding the root. The pulp is important during a tooth's growth and development. However, once a tooth is fully mature it can survive without the pulp, because the tooth continues to be nourished by the tissues surrounding it.\nEndodontic treatment is necessary when the pulp becomes inflamed or infected. The inflammation or infection can have a variety of causes: deep decay, repeated dental procedures on the tooth, or a crack or chip in the tooth. In addition, an injury to a tooth may cause pulp damage even if the tooth has no visible chips or cracks. If pulp inflammation or infection is left untreated, it can cause pain or lead to an abscess.\nRead More About Endodontics" ]

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[ "The Beta Lab at UC Davis studies\nhow young people learn and develop through participation in\nmaking and the Maker Movement. We investigate the nature of\nlearning that occurs during extended, youth-driven maker\nprojects, and we design learning environments and tools to\nsupport learning through making.\nThe Integrating Literacies Project\nexplores the nature of work and communication in the lives of\nLatinx youth. Our aim is to generate knowledge about young\npeople’s work-related communication skills and strengths, and the\nconditions that encourage their development. The project’s\npractical goal is to inform programs and policies that shape\nthe career opportunities and trajectories of Latinx youth.\nOur research focuses on the language and literacy development of\nyoung children, particularly dual language learners. We have\nseveral ongoing projects. The lab is supported by grants from the\nNational Institute of Health, Foundation for Child\nDevelopment, Language Learning, and Yolo Community Foundation.\nWith Youth-focused Citizen and\nCommunity Science (YCCS), youth contribute to authentic science.\nThey can do this through data collection, but also interpreting\nor sharing findings. But what does this mean for science\nlearning? To answer this question, we began conducting case\nstudies with YCCS projects in Northern California and bringing\ntogether key stakeholders to explore when and how YCCS works" ]

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[ "Federal Mandates Documentation\nThis is a government-operated resource that focuses on sexual assault on school campuses. It has a wealth resources and data for students, schools, and anyone interested in finding information on how to respond to and prevent sexual assault.\nChange Happens Fourth Edition, SAFER Publication\nKnow Your IX is a national survivor-run, student-driven campaign to end campus sexual violence. They educate students across the country about their civil right to education free from sexual violence and harassment while also pushing policy and legislative change on the national level for better federal enforcement of that same right.\nEnd Rape on Campus (EROC) works to end campus sexual violence through direct support for survivors and their communities; prevention through education; and policy reform at the campus, local, state, and federal levels.\nHigh School Resources\nThis page provides information about Title IX and how it protects high school students from sex discrimination and sexual violence." ]

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[ "Question from Past Macroeconomics Qualifying Exam (Fall, 2004 - Question six) at George Mason UniversityEdit\nTwo macroeconomic models that are no longer highly regarded by mainstream macroeconomists are\n- (1) the classical model and\n- (2) the Austrian model:\n- a. Briefly outline the nature of one of these two models\n- b. Identify the principal strengths of this model.\n- c. Outline the principal weaknesses of this model\n- d. Should this model play any role in modern macroeconomics? Explain.\n- e. Why has this model failed to retain respect among mainstream macroeconomists?" ]

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[ "Bosnia and Herzegovina, country situated in the Western Balkan Peninsula of Europe. The central and eastern interior of the country is mountainous and the northwest is moderately hilly and the northeast is predominantly flatland. Bosnia is the larger region occupies the northern and central parts of the country, and Herzegovina occupies the south and southwest region. Christianity, Islam, Orthodox and Roman Catholicism are 3 major faiths of the citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The vast majority of citizens continue to desire sustainable peace. Conferences and seminars are organized in Bosnia and Herzegovina in popular locations of the country. Outdoor photo and film festival, arts and culture, concert and gigs, festivals and lifestyle, sport and outdoors are the main subject of the seminars and conferences." ]

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[ "|MIND DEVELOPMENT COURSE 1 - SUPER STUDENT|\nLearn to study easily and effectively\nThis course teaches you how to study a subject quickly and well - with maximum comprehension, recall and ability to apply what you have learned effectively.\nBenefits to you...\n- Know what the barriers are to learning and how best to overcome them\n- Learn how to investigate and research a new area of interest\n- Know how the mind works with regard to knowledge, so you can structure your knowledge effectively and easily perceive connections and implications\n- Repair your ability to study subjects you failed at before\n- Be well-prepared for further mind development practices such as speed-reading, memorization and reasoning skills.\nImplicit in any concept of learning is the notion of change. If we learn something, we change some part of ourselves: our attitude, behavior, values, assumptions, or perhaps the amount of knowledge we have. The change may mean a rejection or an alteration of previously accepted beliefs or behavior, or it may mean an expansion or extension of them.\nChange is often perceived as frightening as it threatens to rob us of the safety and legitimacy of our personal, often cherished, position and boundaries - especially since maintaining this safe space has helped us to survive as well as we have up to now (even if that's not as well as we could do).\nWhen change is demanded by another person or new circumstances, we tend to feel threatened, defensive and perhaps rushed. The new learning is not perceived as something desirable and of our own choosing. Pressure to change, without an opportunity for exploration and choice, seldom results in experiences of joy and excitement in learning.\nTo turn this around, we need to be proactive in our learning, to expand our knowledge and abilities in advance of forced changes of circumstance. If there’s one thing guaranteed in our lives it is that change will be upon us, sooner or later; usually sooner. If we are open to change, and are willing to learn whatever is necessary to predict and adapt to it, we can even become its master and control its direction. Self-directed learning is therefore key to mastery over life and to the creation of the life that we want.\nMany people had bad experiences at school and perhaps later in life, when attempting to study a new subject. It is easy to quickly get bogged down with new terminology, and often new concepts and procedures seem unclear. This situation can quickly get out of hand as the student gets left behind and the subject either becomes an ongoing struggle or it is abandoned. But none of that is necessary; it is possible to succeed with the study of any subject.\nWith this course you will learn how to study a subject with maximum comprehension, with excellent recall, and with the ability to apply what you have learned effectively.\nYou will also learn how to take notes at rapid pace from books or live lectures, and how best to represent that information with key words, mind maps and flow charts that aid memory and understanding.\nThese abilities will be useful for your home studies, at college or work, and for your study of further Mind Development courses. You will indeed be able to succeed at studying effectively those subjects you are interested in, even those that were difficult before.\nCopyright © 2004 Gregory Mitchell - Published by Trans4mind\nSUPER STUDENT is included in the\nMind Development Courses 1-7 Package\n- buy for just US$ 99.00!!\nThe package includes two valuable bonuses...\nSupport your personal development with these popular and effective hypnosis downloads...\n- Public Speaking Fear ~ Banish speaking anxiety and nerves with hypnosis.\n- Motivate Yourself to Exercise ~ Build a powerful exercise habit that you can't break.\n- Get Rid of Fear & Anxiety ~ Stop worry and apprehension wrecking your life.\n- Self Esteem ~ Break the negative trance of low self esteem and give yourself a chance in life.\n- Create Your Own Reality ~ Use the power of your unconscious mind to transform your life.\n- Deeper Self Respect ~ Use hypnosis to connect with your true inner worth.\n- Detach From Fear ~ Tune out nervousness and anxiety with hypnosis.\n- Improving Concentration and Focus ~ Learn how to discipline, direct and command your mind to improve your performance.\n- Exercise Motivation ~ Give you powerful keys to getting back on track with your exercise - and staying there.\n- Overcoming Shyness ~ Provides an invisible security blanket allowing you to develop social ease and overcome shyness.\n- Quick Confidence Booster ~ An audio hypnosis session that's specifically designed to get you (quickly!) back on track.\n- Stop Negative Thoughts ~ Learn powerful hypnotic techniques to stop negative thoughts before they start.\n- Overcoming Procrastination ~ Let hypnosis help you get on with what you need to do, when you need to do it. Let nothing hold you back.\n- Think Thin ~ Use hypnosis to re-train your brain and lose weight naturally... that's how to get and stay slim.\n- Fall Asleep Fast ~ Relearn how to fall asleep fast and enjoy a good night's sleep.\n- The Next Level ~ Designed to radically boost your performance in any field. It's based on a technique used by top athletes and other successful people to help them make a big stride forward." ]

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[ "This is a part of a longer text I published in January. Read the full text here.\nThe principle of freedom of speech is one of the most important ideas in classical liberal theory. In a liberal democracy, the people are at liberty to openly advocate their ideas and criticize their leaders and government’s policies without fear of retribution, civil or public. Not only that, classical liberals also believe that the freedom to openly discuss controversial issues leads to a better society. A free exchange of ideas renders ideas better. John Stuart Mill wrote:\n… the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it. If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth: if wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error. (On Liberty, Chapter II: Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion.)\nAmong other things, the classical liberal support of freedom of speech entails that the state is mandated to punish wrongdoers who, for instance, threaten to inflict harm to their political opponents. However, there are other issues than violence or the threat thereof relating to freedom of speech—perhaps most notably so in the digital age.\nUnder freedom of speech one is legally entitled to, for instance, cherry-pick bits of information to create a biased impression. For example, a journalist could choose to report of the tragic death of a young and promising student, intentionally leaving out the fact that the deceased was an activist who trespassed on dangerous grounds with the aim of conveying a political message. Thereby, the journalist could successfully bring about certain sympathies, set the tone for further reports, and stimulate public discourse on some chosen topic rather than another. She is a ”director” of public debate.\nDirecting political debate has always been a possibility in the modern world, at least for the rich. It is not uncommon, and not always a bad thing. When states do it we call it propaganda. In the digital age, the possibilities to influence public discourse accordingly has been multiplied countlessly. With very limited means, some people and organizations manage to achieve positions as powerful directors of public debate.\nThe recent rise of Western right-wing populism has been accompanied by the rise of directors of public debate. Having managed to establish the view of mainstream media as governed by a ”politically correct elite,” they have undermined the public’s trust in traditional news outlets. Among other things, this has facilitated anti-liberal migration policies, relativist whataboutism that may in the future affect foreign policies, and islamophobia that stigmatizes large groups of the population and creates divisions among people.\nOne might wish to claim that freedom of speech has failed to deliver the goods promised by classical liberal theory, though that would be false. Still, it is evident that freedom of speech has brought about unforeseen evils.\nIt is not the case that the classical liberal analysis of free speech has been wrong; it has instead been underexplored. The belief that a free exchange of ideas renders ideas better is only conditionally true.\nHere, in the spirit of hypothetical philosophizing, I present three phenomena that pose a challenge to the classical liberal belief in the benefits of freedom of speech. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, and I am fully aware of that each part of it is severely underdeveloped in terms of empirical support.\nFirst, the context in which the exchange of ideas takes place is fundamentally different from that of classical liberal theorists such as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. To them, and perhaps to everyone prior to the digital revolution, it was unthinkable that a civil person or organization could achieve an impact even remotely comparable to modern directors of public debate.\nAn updated classical liberal analysis of freedom of speech must take into account the fact that the modern arena of public debate is unequal, in the sense that the power—in terms of impact—of some players is immense while that of others is insignificant. The truth is often simply overrun by the mere quantity of false information and the force of its proponents.\nSecond, the strategy of many directors makes rational exchange of ideas impossible. One strategy, for example, is to distort information by overemphasizing some aspect of it. The image that directors manage to establish of a case may deviate from reality to a degree that makes the truth completely unrecognizable. They create irrational narratives that influence behavior.\nThese irrational narratives are stories of what is going on in society, how it should be interpreted, who the major actors are, and so on. The stories are nonsensical, yet they dominate much of the public’s mindset. When ordinary people assess political propositions their frames of references are skewed. They are unable to make rational political judgments.\nThird, the analysis has yet failed to appreciate the importance of social status in ordinary people’s appraisal of ideas. Ideas are often adopted not because of their merits, but because they are advocated by a certain kind of people. Sometimes that is the right thing to do. For instance, I do not assess the arguments for and against minor details in string theory in theoretical physics. I could not even if I tried! It is more rational of me to assess the trustworthiness of the proponents for and against, especially if decisions must be made when time is scarce. The same applies in politics.\nHowever, the arena of political debate is deeply infected by, among other things, negative campaigning, public image control, and directors’ influences. Thereby, many of us are unable to make real character assessments. We cannot effectively tell who is trustworthy and who is not.\nIn the words of John Stuart Mill, ”the opportunity of exchanging error for truth” does not arise. People do not enjoy the ”clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.”\nThus, there are at least three phenomena—inequality of influence, the creation of irrational narratives, and a general inability to make real character assessments—present today that both individually and jointly have a significantly negative impact on the quality of public debate, and may pose a serious problem for classical liberalism. Classical liberals must adapt to this development without committing to state intervention." ]

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[ "The Louisiana Perinatal Quality Collaborative, made up of 31 birthing facilities from around the state, met in Lafayette earlier this month for the second learning session of the Reducing Maternal Morbidity initiative. This work is aimed at reducing severe medical complications from bleeding or severely elevated blood pressure during and after the birth process. These complications, known as maternal morbidity, are unexpected outcomes of labor and delivery that result in short- or long-term consequences to a woman's health.\nA recent report shows that deaths related to pregnancy are rising faster in Louisiana than elsewhere in the country. The most common causes of those pregnancy-related deaths are hemorrhage and heart disease. Black women are four times more likely to die, with medical experts pointing to reasons for this disparity such as differences in the conditions of life, racism, differences in quality of medical care, and complexity of illness due to these factors.\nAccording to Dr. Pooja Mehta, medical director for the Quality Collaborative, these statistics are the driving force behind the group’s urgent focus to prevent maternal harm.\n“Our group is focusing on quick, consistent responses to bleeding and high blood pressure, and understanding and narrowing racial disparities,” Mehta said. “To be more effective, the many birth facilities in Louisiana have joined together to support each other.”\nMehta and other experts say that most childbirths are normal and safe. “So being prepared for a rare emergency requires partnering with women and families to know when to act, examining potential biases, conducting drills, huddles, checklists, screening everyone for risk and improving communication at important points in care,” she said.\nThe goal of the collaborative is to transform systems so that evidence-based best practices are followed for every family, every time, at every birth facility. Teams are supported by a group of expert faculty from health systems and community-based organizations around the state.\nBy participating in the Perinatal Quality Collaborative, hospitals are also participating in a similar national effort, the Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health. This quality improvement initiative has shown that best practices can lead to real change for a state’s maternal health outcomes.\nFor more information on the Louisiana Perinatal Quality Collaborative, visit www.partnersforfamilyhealth.org/lapqc." ]

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[ "Access-Friendly Tool Kit\nPhysical Activity and Access to Recreation are Important to the Health of Individuals in a Community\nWhy Recreation Matters…\nResearch indicates that participation in quality recreation opportunities enables participants to:\n- develop skills and competencies;\n- be exposed to program leaders and positive role models;\n- achieve better physical and emotional health;\n- develop psychosocial skills;\n- improve self-esteem, academic performance, peer and family relationships;\n- acquire pro-social values and develop life skills such as leadership, decision-making and problem solving;\n- form healthy habits that can be transferred into their adult lives;\n- participate and take pride in their community; and most of all\n- have fun, learn new skills, and be with friends.\nThe reality is that many families and their children are denied the opportunity to enjoy recreation activities that are vital to their health and personal development. Removing barriers to access, and creating the opportunities and conditions where all children can thrive is a shared responsibility.\n(Adapted from the Canadian Parks and Recreation Association Everybody Gets to Play™ – Recreation Without Barriers A Position Paper- CPRA)" ]

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[ "Rhode Island maybe the smallest of the 50 states, occupying only 1,214 square miles, however, it has played a much more significant role in U.S. history. Most noteably, Rhode Island was the first (of thirteen original colonies) to break away from British Rule and declare independence and was the last to ratify the Declaration of Independence, demanding that the Bill of Rights be added to guarantee individual freedoms.\nRhode Island has also been a leader in the clean energy revolution and in April 2007, Governor Donald L. Carcieri submitted Senate bill 943 to the General Assembly to form the Rhode Island Power Authority (RIPA), a quasi-public agency to facilitate the development of renewable energy projects and ensure that Rhode Island residents directly benefit from the electricity the projects produce.\nIn 2004, the state adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) that requires 20% of Rhode Island’s electricity needs be generated by clean energy sources. While this is an aggressive goal, the state has offered a solid set of individual incentive programs that will help drive the adoption of home solar power systems.\nPersonal Tax Credit\nRhode Island home solar systems must have a minimum module size of 24 square feet, and must either be connected to the grid or to a battery-storage system. PV systems up to $15,000 are eligible for the full 25% credit. (A resident or business that pays for a PV system that exceeds $15,000 in cost will receive a credit based on a $15,000 system cost.)\nThe Energy Consumers Alliance of New England (ECANE) offers to purchase RECs from PV systems and small wind-energy systems installed in Rhode Island after 1998 at $30 per megawatt-hour ($0.03 per kilowatt-hour) for a period of three years. After the three-year contract, owners can consider other opportunities for selling RECs in the green power market; these options include extending the purchase agreement with ECANE. PV system owners and small wind-energy system owners may also choose to donate their RECs as a contribution to green power market development. Income from the sale of RECs will not reduce the benefits of net metering.\nSales Tax Incentive\nCertain renewable energy systems and equipment sold in Rhode Island are exempt from the state’s sales and use tax. Eligible products include solar electric systems, inverters for solar electric systems, solar thermal systems, manufactured mounting racks and ballast pans for solar collectors, geothermal heat pumps, and wind turbines and towers.\nTime for an example, let’s visit Providence, and look at a home with an average monthly electricity bill of $110. A 3 kW (3,000 watt DC) system will meet 40% of the current electricity consumption (Why so small you ask? Well since the state rebate was discontinued in 2009 the cost to you the homeowner has gone up and therefore if you want to match what you are currently paying for electricity we have to size the system smaller. You can still reduce your risk from future electricity price spikes by installing some solar and in the future you can always add more panels to boost your solar energy generation). If we assume an installed cost of $7.50/Watt this is what the financials look like:\n|Av. Monthly Electricity Bill||$110|\n|System Size||3.0 kW|\n|% Reduction in Electricity Bill||40|\n|Cost / Watt (installed)||$7.50|\n|State Tax Credit||$3,750|\n|Less income tax on tax credit^||$1,238|\n|Federal Tax Incentive||$6,750|\n|New Av. Monthly Electric Bill||$74|\n|Effective Monthly Loan Payment#||$88 (30 yr, 7%, 0 down)|\n|NEW MONTHLY NET COST||$126Yes you are paying slightly more per month ($16) but you have reduced your risk (somewhat) to future electricity increases.|\n|CO2 Emissions Saved||3,828 lbs|\n^You might have to add $1400, as the IRS may treat the $5000 tax credit as income. Please check with your tax prepare\n* Tax savings will decrease as the principal is paid down. Please consult your tax preparer.\n# You will have to finance the tax credits for the first year until you receive your tax refund. Therefore this loan payment will be higher for the first year.\nSo if you are ready to take the next step, fill out our free evaluation form and a Rhode Island solar expert will contact you to dicuss how to best size and finance your home solar power system." ]

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[ "Ladislaus III, 1424–44, king of Poland (1434–44) and, as Uladislaus I, king of Hungary (1440–44), son of Ladislaus II. He led two crusades against the Ottomans; the first (1443) was highly successful, but the second ended with his defeat and death in the battle of Varna. In 1447 his younger brother was elected to succeed him as Casimir IV.\nThe Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.\nSee more Encyclopedia articles on: Polish History: Biographies" ]

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[ "Have all humans been more or less equally polygynous? The answer seems to be yes if we believe a team of researchers from the University of Arizona. They found that genetic diversity is higher on the maternally inherited X chromosome than on chromosomes inherited by both sexes (autosomes) in samples from five different populations: Biaka (Central African Republic), Mandenka (Senegal), San (Namibia), Basques (France), Han (China), and Melanesians (Papua New Guinea). Their conclusion: “our results point to a systematic difference between the sexes in the variance in reproductive success; namely, the widespread effects of polygyny in human populations.” In other words, proportionately more women than men have been contributing to the gene pool (Hammer et al., 2008).\nIt’s no surprise that polygyny has existed in the five populations under study. Almost all human populations are polygynous to some degree. The surprise is the relative lack of difference between the European and African subjects. Indeed, according to this study, the Basques have been more polygynous than the Mandenka have been. This is truly counterintuitive. Among the Basques, polygyny is normally limited to its serial form (marriage to a second wife upon the death of the first), as well as occasional cuckoldry. Among the Mandenka, polygyny is the preferred marriage type.\nFor some people in the blogosphere, this is simply scientific truth and we just have to accept it, however counterintuitive it may seem. There is nonetheless an alternate explanation: patrilocality. In many societies, a wife goes to live in her husband’s community after marriage. This has the effect of inflating the genetic diversity of women in any one community.\nThese two confounding levels of explanation, polygyny and patrilocality, bedeviled the previous methodology of comparing maternally inherited mtDNA with the paternally inherited Y chromosome. With the new methodology, patrilocality biases the results even more because the Y chromosome is no longer a point of reference.\nThe University of Arizona researchers do not mention patrilocality in their paper although they do discuss ‘sex-biased forces.’ Under this heading, they tested a model where only females migrate between communities (‘demes’) and at such a rate that panmixia eventually results. They concluded that this factor could not be significant. To my mind, the model is unrealistic, partly because the assumed migration rate is far too high and partly because two demes are used to represent a real world where brides are exchanged among many communities separated by varying genetic distances. To be specific, the more genetically different a bride is from her host community, the further away will be her community of origin, and the lower will be the probability of panmixia between the two.\nTo the extent that the methodology is biased toward patrilocality effects, any polygyny effects will be less apparent. If this new methodology primarily tracks differences in patrilocality, no major differences would be observable among the different population samples.\nIn addition, there may be a weak inverse relationship between patrilocality and polygyny. Patrilocality correlates with patriarchy, which correlates with high paternal investment, which inversely correlates with polygyny. If so, the two effects – polygyny and patrilocality – would tend to cancel each other out in the data.\nFinally, the burden of proof is on those who propose new methodologies, especially one that produces inconsistent results. The University of Arizona researchers themselves say as much: “Our findings of high levels of diversity on the X chromosome relative to the autosomes are in marked contrast to results of previous studies in a wide range of species including humans.” More importantly, their findings run counter to the comparative literature on human mating systems. To cite only one authority, Pebley and Mbugua (1989) note:\nIn non-African societies in which polygyny is, or was, socially permissible, only a relatively small fraction of the population is in polygynous marriages. Chamie’s (1986) analysis of data for Arab Muslim countries between the 1950s and 1980s shows that only 5 to 12 percent of men in these countries have more than one wife. … Smith and Kunz (1976) report that less than 10 percent of nineteenth-century American Mormon husbands were polygynists. By contrast, throughout most of southern West Africa and western Central Africa, as many as 20 to 50 percent of married men have more than one wife … The frequency is somewhat lower in East and South Africa, although 15 to 30 percent of husbands are reported to be polygynists in Kenya and Tanzania.\nHammer, M.F., Mendez, F.L., Cox, M.P., Woerner, A.E., & Wall, J.D. (2008). Sex-biased evolutionary forces shape genomic patterns of human diversity. PLoS Genet, 4(9), e1000202. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000202\nPebley, A. R., & Mbugua, W. (1989). Polygyny and Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. In R. J. Lesthaeghe (ed.), Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 338-364." ]

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[ "Water scarcity is a major constraint to many countries such as Thailand, Lao, Vietnam, and Cambodia, which about more than half of the essential reservoirs representing stand below 40 percent of capacity and frequently occurs for wide fluctuations in rainfed production . Thailand is experiencing a severe drought event impacting large areas of many provinces are warning to prepare for serve drought in the country, especially Northeast (Isan), in particular, agriculture and industry sectors . Eastern of Thailand, the river level is quite low that saltwater from the ocean is creeping upstream and affecting water and drinking water supplies unpredictable . It can be seen that in a country where foremost environmental, crop production, social, economic, and industrial estates problems in the region are expected to suffer , . Therefore, treated wastewater for sustainable water reuse is recognized and challenged as a strategic option in industrial processes that must be integrated approach into comprehensive water resource management plans, including water supply, wastewater collection, reclamation, and reuse locally is required.\nThailand is one country of Southeast Asia that has many factories, such a process of pickling, curing, and preserving fruits and vegetables for all regions as rising export demands and domestic consumption . High water consumption is used in these processes, which have an effect on the high production of wastewater volume along with treatment costs account for 60–70% of the production cost that have been widely explored. In the present, wastewater from these processes has been investigated to study and improve for sustainable reuse. Hence, a purification method is essential to remove impurities such as protein, carbon source, and acetic acid from the production processes. However, acetic acid is one of the major organic acids (known as a non-degradable organic compounds) in a broad range of applications as a solvent in various industries such as textiles, pharmaceutical industry, synthetic fibers, synthetic polymers, plastics manufacturing , petroleum, fine chemicals and food industry . Acetic acid is used to food production , as a food ingredient such as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent, an acidifier, color diluent, curing, and pickling agent, pH control agent, solvent, and preservative. High concentrations of acetic acid can cause irritation or severe injury depending on the concentration. Other problems are also possible such as renal failure and interference with blood clotting . The acetic acid may react with strong reagents such as perchlorate and Puerto permanganate, which can cause explosions , in food processing industries. Therefore, the residual acetic acid like chemical effluents , after the production process needs to find a way to manage waste occurring , . If there is the contamination of acetic acid in the wastewater, resulting from the production process, then the high volume of wastewater may affect the function of microorganisms and the performance in wastewater treatment and biological treatment. Therefore, wastewater containing contaminants should be treated to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and metabolic depression, and the decomposition of organic matter in wastewater treatment containing acetic acid so as not to affect the biological wastewater treatment and discharge of wastewater containing contaminants into receiving water.\nNumerous traditional processes are applied for acetic acid removal from preserving fruits and vegetables industry or fermentation broths and industrial fields such as liquid-liquid extraction, vinyl acetate, reactive extraction, analytical chemistry, adsorption, electrodialysis, precipitation, solvents in many commercial products (inks and paints), distillation, membrane processes , bioelectrochemical , extraction and stripping processes , bulk liquid membrane and bulk ionic liquid membranes . Besides, adsorption technology also can be applied in removing for non-degradable organic compounds like acetic acid such as magnetic bio-adsorbent and Fe3O4 nanoparticles nanocomposite , , nanocomposite , , thorium-ethanolamine nanocomposite , , fruit peel and seed activated carbon , . Currently, the technology of treating acetic acid and organic contaminants in the wastewater industry uses chemical treatments such as Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) , , a process that involves the production of a hydroxyl radical (OH•) , . Deng and Zhao reported that AOPs could be applied in various pollutants in wastewater with a combination of hydroxyl radical, Ozone, Photocatalytic oxidation, Ultraviolet ray, Fenton process, and sulfate-based AOPs represents Advanced Oxidation Processes. Fenton oxidation processes are unstable and active oxidant agents that can react quickly with non-degradable organic compounds on the biological wastewater treatment (denoted as R) at a constant rate. The OH• is formed from the reaction of oxidizing agent (H2O2) and metal salt or oxide catalyst (Fe2+) to generate strong reactive species, as shown in the reaction chain of eq. (1) – eq. (7). The main reactions of Fenton oxidation process in an acidic medium are shown in eq. (1) of the conditional treatment, other reactions are shown in eq. (2) – eq. (7) , :\nwhile organic compounds reaction in an acidic medium is shown as eq. (8) – eq. (11) , which OH• can attract the organic radicals to form double-bound or by the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from aliphatic organic molecules such as additive radical, hydrogen abstract action, electron transfer, and radical combination:\nHowever, several studies have been reported that biological and ultrafiltration membrane treatment processes are of the promising options in the treatment of non-organic and organic loads such as dyeing wastewater, pulp and canned food factory. However, both treatments have a major limitation of inorganic and expensive and membrane fouling, respectively , . While the advanced Fenton oxidation process is an alternative method in reducing industrial wastewater organic loads due to advanced oxidation processes are capable of transforming non-biodegradable into non-toxic biodegradable substances . In case of acetic acid contaminated wastewater from food processing (Wastewater was brought from the process of pickling in Thailand) decomposition, the role of H2O2, Fe2+ ions, initial pH and reaction time are important in the Fenton process; however are has not been investigated yet. Therefore, the primary aim of this research was to investigate the degradation of acetic acid contaminated wastewater from the food industry using the Fenton oxidation process via response surface methodology (RSM) with applying the method from the literature . Besides, the effect of pH, temperature and ratios of H2O2: Fe2+ ions on the degradation efficiency of pre-treatment through advanced Fenton oxidation process in a batch system was evaluated by using RSM module in the design of experiment (DOE) for sustainable water reuse as reclaimed water.\nRaw wastewater, RSM relevant statistical analysis and RSM batch experiment were detailed in this section. The removal efficiency of COD and color was used as a surrogate parameter in the Fenton oxidation process as the following details.\nRaw wastewater was obtained from the food processing of pickling, curing, and preserving fruits and vegetables in the north of Phayao province, Thailand. In general, raw wastewater was contaminated with acetic acid and eliminated by pouring into the sludge drying area with other waste and let it evaporate naturally, which can affect humans and the environment inevitably. The preliminary characteristics of raw wastewater are presented in [Table 1].\nRaw wastewater quality parameters from food processing wastewater\n|Parameter||Raw wastewater range values|\n|Color ( Pt-Co)||2154-2545|\n[Figure 1] shows the physical characteristics of the raw wastewater used. It can be seen that the color is yellow-brown and unpleasant smell, which wastewater comes from the process of pickling, acetic acid is added to the salt solution (NaCl) to make the pickling brine. Acetic acid acts as a preservative and diffuses into the vegetables, while salt solution keeps the vegetables from swelling . However, to control the lab-scale experiment, this project only focused on the removal of acetic acid at a low pH via Fenton oxidation process.\nBrine wastewater from food processing industry\nThe finding of optimum conditions for pre-treatment of acetic acid in terms of four independent variables were selected for the initial pH, H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ ions concentration and reaction time along with a fixed temperature of 25 oC, was further investigated using with the advanced Fenton oxidation process. In this step of the experimental design, experimental range and levels of center composite design were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) via the design of experiment (DOE) software tools called central composite design (CCD). The optimal response of the operation factors was analyzed to obtain the statistical techniques (empirical regression model) and graphical data (ANOVA, analysis of variance) for pre-treatment of acetic acid through RSM. Then, the second-degree polynomial was computed through a four-factor of CCD in order to estimate the advanced design for 30 experimental runs. The experimental runs (N) were accomplished by using 16 (2n) factorial points, 8 (2n) axial points at the center run and 6 (N0) central points, which were attained according to eq. (12):\nwhere N is the experimental runs, n is the numbers of operational factors of the initial pH, H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ ions concentration and reaction time involved, 2n is the number of factorial points, 2n is the number of axial points and N0 is the centre points.\nThe eq. (13), a second-degree polynomial regression model was obtained from the experimental data of 30 runs that were analyzed through the CCD matrix:\nwhere y is the predicted response, xi and xj are the real or code values of the variable parameter obtained from pre-treatment acetic acid runs, ε is the random error and β0, βi, βii and βij are the constant regression coefficient, linear regression coefficient, quadratic regression coefficient and interaction regression coefficient respectively.\nFor the pre-treatment of acetic acid study via Fenton oxidation process from food processing, CCD allowed four numeric factors were set to range in five levels: low level (-, minus factorial point), high (+, plus factorial point ), center point level (0), and two axial points (plus and minus alpha) corresponding to -1 and +1. In terms of plus and minus alpha are not shown here due to it is the same range and levels of factorial point. The overall range and levels of CCD are illustrated in [Table 2].\nOverall of experimental range and levels for the center composite design of food processing wastewater\n|Variables||Unit||Range and levels|\n|x1, H2O2 concentration||mol/L||0.01||0.03||0.05|\n|x2, Fe2+ ions concentration||mol/L||0.02||0.05||0.08|\n|x3, Initial pH||-||2||3.5||5|\n|x4, Reactions time||min||30||90||150|\nLaboratory-scale, the degradation of acetic acid, the Fenton oxidation process were carried out in 1.5 L batch reactor. 1 L of raw wastewater was adjusted to the desired level (pH 2.0 ± 0.1 – pH 5.0 ± 0.1) using 1.0 N H2SO4 and/or NaOH (both was purchased from Ajax Finechem) before adding the ratios of hydrogen peroxide oxide (H2O2, 0.01 – 0.05 mol/L, Sigma-Aldrich) and Ferrous (FeSO4.7H2O, 0.02 – 0.08 mol/L, analytical grade, Ajax Finechem) reagent with the heating of 40 °C temperature and then followed by changing the reaction time of 30 – 150 min. After that, aliquots were withdrawn with adding 10.0 mL NaSO3 (sodium sulfite, 25% w/v, Sigma-Aldrich)) to stop the reaction immediately for each contact time and filtered through 0.45 μm syringe filters (Glass fiber filter, GA-55). COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, HANNA, HI 96727) and color (Pt-Co, HANNA, HI 96727) were measured as a surrogate parameter to obtain the optimization via Fenton oxidation process for sustainable water reuse. However, all batch experiments were run by following the CCD matrix (code and actual variables), as shown in [Table 6].\nThe results of Response Surface Methodology and model fit and Optimum conditions of treated acetic acid using Fenton oxidation process were evaluated as follows.\nThe computing of the empirical quadratic models was obtained by using 30 observed responses from the experimental runs that were formulated via the RSM. The percent of pre-treatment efficiency, the highest order polynomial of both empirical quadratic models for color and COD were remarked as suggested, and the model is not aliased by the software as shown in [Table 3].\nModel summary statistics for color and COD used as surround gate parameters for food processing wastewater treatment\n|Source||Standard derivative||R-Squared||Adj. R-Squared||Pred. R-Squared||PRESS||Remarks|\nThe optimum condition of pre-treatment for acetic acid, the best percent of removal efficiency for both color and COD was correlated with four factors of H2O2 concentration (x1), Fe2+ ions concentration (x2), initial pH (x3), and reaction time (x4). The final empirical models of the suggested quadratic model in terms of the four actual variable factors are shown by eq. (14) and eq. (15). Both suggested quadratic models of color and COD, the negative signs in front of the terms show antagonistic effects, and the positive sign indicates synergistic effects .\nThe ANOVA results analysis parameters for the quadratic regression models of Eqs. (14) and (15) are obtainable in [Table 4]. The t-test follows a Student’s t-distribution was used as a tool to verify the Fisher's F statistic (test statistic for F-test) value with a low p-value Prob>F less than 0.0500, indicating the model terms are significant for the regression models. It can be suggested that the regression models indicated the p-value Prob > F more than 0.0500, illustrating the model terms for the response surface quadratic model of eq. (14) and eq. (15) is insignificant. Therefore, the regression models needed to be reduced as shown in eq. (16) and eq. (17).\nThe analysis of variance table for the response surface quadratic model of eq. (14) and eq. (15) for food processing wastewater treatment\n|Source||Sum of Squares||df||Mean Square||F Value||p-value Prob > F|\n|x4 Reaction time||96.56||1||96.56||1.06||0.3195|\n|x4 Reaction time||426.9||1||426.9||8.89||0.0093|\n[Table 5] demonstrates the analysis of variance table for response surface reduced quadratic model, the statistical significance for the regression coefficient of the model terms were confirmed by the results of the p-value Prob>F less than 0.0500. The results found that the model terms of color and COD were of high significance. It can be suggested that these model terms can be successfully applied to predict the optimum conditions for the response of the maximum percent removal efficiency via Fenton oxidation process. Hence, the reduced regression model of eq. (16) and eq. (17) was obtained as follows:\nThe analysis of variance table for response surface reduced quadratic model of eq. (16) and eq. (17) for food processing wastewater treatment\n|Source||Sum of Squares||df||Mean Square||F Value||p-value Prob > F|\n|x4 Reaction time||96.56||1||96.56||1.42||0.2454|\n|Lack of Fit||925.46||17||54.44||0.48||0.8818|\n|x4 Reaction time||426.90||1||426.90||10.07||0.0056|\n|Lack of Fit||684.32||12||57.03||7.81||0.0169|\nNote: Values of “p-value Prob > F” less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant.\nValues of Df are the design factor, and the mean square indicates a variance in the linear fitting process.\nValues of F-values are generated when the model significance is examined.\nAs shown in [Table 6], both experimental and predicted percent removal of colure and COD on the Fenton oxidation process. Each of the experimental of percent removal was compared with the predicted value in terms of the errors. The comparison of percent errors with the mean square residual (MSR, [Table 5], 67.80 for color and 42.40 for COD) illustrated that for most of the percent errors of each runs not exceeded twofold as compared to the root mean square residual (RMSR). These results confirmed great appropriateness of the reduced quadratic model for pre-treatment of acetic acid in terms of color and COD as presented in eq. (16) and eq. (17).\nThirty runs of code and actual variables with experimental response values for food processing wastewater treatment\n|Run||Code variable||Actual variable||Responses|\n|x1||x2||x3||x4||x1||x2||x3||x4||Color (%)||COD (%)|\n|Observed||Predicted||Error (%)||Observed||Predicted||Error (%)|\nActual values; x1 = H2O2 concentration (mol/L), x2 = Fe2+ concentration (mol/L), x3 = pH and x4 = Reaction time\n[Figure 2] demonstrates the plots of actual values against predicted values of color and COD removal efficiency attained from the reduced quadratic model via the Fenton oxidation process. It can be signified that the responses from the reduced regression quadratic models for all values indicated well sufficiently complying with visually confirming the conclusion as shown in [Figure 2].\n[Figure 3] represents the normal percent probability versus externally studentized plot of the residuals, and it confirmed that there did not show any apparent problems with the normal probability plot. A good relationship between input and output variables could be derived from the reduced quadratic model that was established by forming a normal probability plot of the residuals. The normality assumptions were assured as the residual plot approximated along a straight line for both color and COD respectively, which indicates that the reduced quadratic model is accurate for decision.\nActual versus predicted values for color and COD removal efficiency obtained from the reduced quadratic model for food processing wastewater treatment\nNormal percent probability of residuals versus externally studentized residuals plots for color and COD removal efficiency derived from the reduced quadratic model for food processing wastewater treatment\nAdequate precision was computed the signal to noise ratio and found that a ratio of color (7.71) and COD (6.71) is greater than 4, indicating an appropriated signal to noise ratio . Hence, this reduced quadratic model could be applied to investigate the design space and to obtain the optimal operating conditions via the Fenton oxidation process. Moreover, model F-value of 2.71 indicates the reduced quadratic model is significant with only a 3.47% chance that an F-value this large could occur due to noise as shown in [Table 5] for the color. While COD, the model F-value of 2.46 suggests, the reduced quadratic model is significant with 4.39% chance that an F-value this large could occur due to noise. These results confirmed that the reduced quadratic models had enough precision for the removal of acetic acid via the Fenton oxidation process using RSM. Also, p-value Probe>F of the models showed less than 0.0500 for both color (0.0347) and COD (0.0439), indicating the models present the statistical significance. As the results. It can be seen that the classified reduced quadratic models were applied to display the response surface in three-dimensional (3D) plots and to assess the optimal operating conditions for color and COD removal efficiency via the Fenton oxidation process.\n[Figures 4] and illustrate that the reduced quadratic model predicted color and COD efficiency through the Fenton oxidation process. A comparison of the effects of all variable factors at the optimal operating conditions in terms of percent range for color and COD removal efficiency via Fenton oxidation process was achieved by using the perturbation plots as shown in [Figure 6]. However, the steep curvature of Fe2+ (B) concentration dose demonstrated the color removal efficiency. On the other hand, pH (C) and reaction time (D) illustrated the COD removal efficiency was extremely affected by those variables, which are clearly shown in [Figures 4] and with the results previously discussed.\n3D, color removal efficiency plot of Fe2+ vs. H2O2, pH vs. H2O2, Reaction time vs. H2O2, pH vs. Fe2+, Reaction time vs. Fe2+ and Reaction time vs. pH for food processing wastewater treatment\n3D, COD removal efficiency plot of Fe2+ vs. H2O2, pH vs. H2O2, Reaction time vs. H2O2, pH vs. Fe2+, Reaction time vs. Fe2+ and Reaction time vs. pH for food processing wastewater treatment\nPerturbation plot of color and COD removal efficiency via Fenton process at the optimal conditions: H2O2 = 0.03 mol/L (A), Fe2+ = 0.05 mol/L (B), pH = 3.5 (C) and reaction time 90 min (D) for food processing wastewater treatment\nThe optimization of the variable operating parameters for treated acetic acid during Fenton oxidation process was achieved with the target of desirability the highest removal efficiency for color and COD. Hence, various operational conditions were computed by using the design of the experiment software tool in covering the range of study. Obtaining the maximum percent removal efficiency was established following the desirable goals and the variable parameters of H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ concentration, initial pH, and reaction time as within the range. The desirability functions/ramps (d) were chosen to consider the various optimum conditions for the Fenton oxidation process, where the d value was set equal to 1.0. The numerical functional analysis and optimization examined that the maximum target percent removal 95.2 % for color could be obtained at H2O2 concentration of 0.004 mol/L, Fe2+ ions concentration of 0.02 mol/L, initial pH of 3.45, and reaction time of 149.08 min as shown in [Figure 7]. While, COD had a maximum target percent removal of around 84.7 % that could be obtained at H2O2 concentration of 0.014 mol/L, Fe2+ concentration of 0.051 mol/L, initial pH of 2.04, and reaction time of 144.58 min as shown in [Figure 8].\nIt can be concluded that Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) are an important role of reactive species, which might be the reactive species produced by the reaction of mixed Fe2+ or Fe3+ and H2O2 in water. Which it depends on the mentioned conditions as above from the viewpoint of the removal efficiency. Eq. (18) shows the mechanism of Fenton-like reaction (Fe2+:H2O2) at very slow of diffusion-controlled reaction rates (k = 0.001-0.01 M−1 s−1) exists that a few short-chain carboxylic acids (-COOH) are the major by-products (originating from acetic acid) decomposition during the treatment process at a certain level of pH and reaction time:\nThe significance of this study remarked that the COD 84.7% and color 95.2% removal efficiency were almost higher than of these literatures , and similar to this research as compared to triplicated runs via the Fenton process at the laboratory level.\nTo confirm the agreement of the reduced quadratic model and experimental results achieved, the optimum condition agreement was examined with the experimental data and found the highest percent removal of color and COD obtained. These results were achieved close to those estimated by using the reduced quadratic models as shown in eq. (16) and eq. (17). It can be concluded that using RSM module in the design of expert was appropriate for optimizing the operational conditions for color and COD removal through Fenton oxidation process.\nDesirability ramps of the Fenton oxidation process at the maximum of color removal efficiency for food processing wastewater treatment\nDesirability ramps of the Fenton oxidation process at the maximum of COD removal efficiency for food processing wastewater treatment\nResponse Surface Methodology is a mathematical method and statistics that are useful in creating trials and analyze problems, which shows the response to results from various variables to find the point or appropriateness to that result. Response surface modeling is used to create a significant problem for optimizing the levels and is also a time-taking process of varying a large number of operating variables.\nRSM was successfully achieved to optimize the removal of acetic acid via Fenton oxidation process by using color and COD as a surrogate parameter. The optimum of variable operating conditions to have the maximum target of color removal 95.2 % could be obtained at H2O2 concentration of 0.004 mol/L, Fe2+ concentration of 0.02 mol/L, initial pH of 3.45, and reaction time of 149.08 min. COD had a maximum of around 84.7 % removal efficiency that could be obtained at H2O2 concentration of 0.014 mol/L, Fe2+ concentration of 0.051 mol/L, initial pH of 2.04, and reaction time of 144.58 min. Also, RSM was achieved in predicting the absolute concentration of ferrous sulfate added in the process to avoid/reduce corrosion in the system for the long run.\nThese findings showed that the Fenton oxidation process, at a certain level, may be used as a useful and alternative technology for pre and post-treatment of wastewater from food processing, especially preserving fruits and vegetables industry before final discharge into a nearby water body. This process is also readily available, low cost, and hence reducing acetic acid as loaded organics.\nDrought: Economic costs and research implications, Drought Frontiers in Rice, pp 3-17, , https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814280013_0001\n, Extreme drought threatens Thailand’s political stability, 2016\n, Improving drought tolerance in rainfed lowland rice: An example from Thailand, Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 80 (1), pp 225-240, 2006, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.015\n, Impact assessment of climate change on groundwater and vulnerability to drought of areas in Eastern Thailand, Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 75 (1), pp 42, 2015, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4896-3\n, Wastewater reuse in Europe, Desalination, Vol. 187 (1), pp 89-101, 2006, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.070\n, Agricultural reuse of wastewater and global water management, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 40 (4), pp 339-346, 1999, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00516-8\n, Spirulina sp. production in brine wastewater from pickle factory, Proceedings of the International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, pp 415-418, 2011\n, Removal of acetic acid from aqueous solutions containing succinic acid and acetic acid by tri-n-octylamine, Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 42 (2), pp 151-157, 2005, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2004.03.015\n, Acetic acid production and purification: critical review towards process intensification, Separation & Purification Reviews, Vol. 46 (1), pp 44-61, 2017, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2016.1185017\n, Importance of acetic acid bacteria in food industry, Food control, Vol. 22 (5), pp 647-656, 2011, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.008\n, Structural analysis of fructans produced by acetic acid bacteria reveals a relation to hydrocolloid function, Carbohydrate polymers, Vol. 92 (2), pp 1234-1242, 2013, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.054\n- , , Acetic Acid Bacteria, 2017\nRole of acetic acid irrigation in medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media: a comparative study, Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Vol. 67 (3), pp 314-318, 2015, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-014-0815-2\n, Acute effects of exposure to vapours of acetic acid in humans, Toxicology Letters, Vol. 165 (1), pp 22-30, 2006, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.010\n- , , An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, 2013\nProduction of succinic acid by bacterial fermentation, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 39 (3), pp 352-361, 2006, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.043\n, Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits, Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 63 (8), pp 1023-1037, 2014, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.073742-0\n, Recovery of acetic acid from simulated acetaldehyde wastewaters: Bipolar membrane electrodialysis processes and membrane selection, Journal of membrane science, Vol. 379 (1-2), pp 184-190, 2011, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.05.059\n, Effects of osmotic pressure, acid, or cold stresses on antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes, Food microbiology, Vol. 46 , pp 154-160, 2015, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.07.015\n, Alkaline treatment for detoxification of acetic acid-rich pyrolytic bio-oil for microalgae fermentation: effects of alkaline species and the detoxification mechanisms, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 80 , pp 203-212, 2015, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.007\n, A novel approach for itaconic acid extraction: Mixture of trioctylamine and tridodecylamine in different diluents, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 18 (5), pp 1705-1709, 2012, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.03.010\n, Nemestóthy, Nándor, Microbial electrohydrogenesis linked to dark fermentation as integrated application for enhanced biohydrogen production: A review on process characteristics, experiences and lessons, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 251 , pp 381-389, 2018, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.064\n, Kinetic study of the effect of carrier and stripping agent concentrations on the facilitated transport of cobalt through bulk liquid membranes, Desalination, Vol. 184 (1), pp 79-87, 2005, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.067\n, Removal of acetic acid from aqueous solutions using bulk ionic liquid membranes: A transport and experimental design study, Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 224 , pp 51-61, 2019, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.001\n, Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bio-adsorbent developed from Aegle marmelos leaves for removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 26 , pp 946-958, 2019, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3643-1\n, Cigarette soot activated carbon modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an effective adsorbent for As(III) and As(V): Material preparation, characterization and adsorption mechanism study, Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 243 , pp 395-405, 2017, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.08.055\n, Modified Thorium Oxide Polyaniline Core–Shell Nanocomposite and Its Application for the Efficient Removal of Cr(VI), Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, Vol. 64 (3), pp 1294-1304, 2019, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.8b01225\n, Facile synthesis of poly o-toluidine modified lanthanum phosphate nanocomposite as a superior adsorbent for selective fluoride removal: A mechanistic and kinetic study, Chemosphere, Vol. 252 (126551), 2020, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126551\n, Synthesis of thorium-ethanolamine nanocomposite by the co-precipitation method and its application for Cr(vi) removal, New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 42 (7), pp 5556-5569, 2018, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nj05074g\n, Kendu (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb) fruit peel activated carbon—an efficient bioadsorbent for methylene blue dye: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic study, Environmental Science Pollution Research, Vol. 27 , pp 22579–22592, 2020, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08561-2\n, Adsorption of methylene blue on chemically modified lychee seed biochar: Dynamic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic study, Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 315 (113743), 2020, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113743\n, Use of selected advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment–a mini review, Global NEST journal, Vol. 10 (3), pp 376-385, 2008\n, Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment, Current Pollution Reports, Vol. 1 (3), pp 167-176, 2015, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-015-0015-z\n, Photocatalytic oxidation process using synthesized TiO2 in PLA/PBAT/PBS composite film for VOCs degradation, The 51st Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health Conference, Vol. 51 , pp 20-22, 2019\n- , Application of photocatalytic oxidation process using modified TiO2/PBS biocomposite film for dye removal, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020\nThe chemistry of water treatment processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation, Ozone: Science & Engineering, Vol. 9 (4), pp 335-352, 1987, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01919518708552148\n, Application of CCD in RSM to obtain optimize treatment of POME using Fenton oxidation process, Journal of Water Process Engineering, Vol. 8 , pp e7-e16, 2015, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.11.001\n, Application of CCD in RSM to obtain optimize treatment of recalcitrant acetic acid in wastewater from food industry using Fenton oxidation process, 1st Asia Pacific Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems, pp 57, pp 6-9, 2020\n, The role of inorganic carbon limitation in biological nitrogen removal of extremely ammonia concentrated wastewater, Water research, Vol. 37 (5), pp 1100-1110, 2003, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00440-2\n, A comparative study on the membrane based palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment plant, Journal of hazardous materials, Vol. 171 (1-3), pp 166-174, 2009, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.114\n, Advanced oxidation processes–current status and prospects, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem, Vol. 50 (2), pp 59-80, 2001\n, Application of mesoporous magnetic nanosorbent developed from macadamia nut shell residues for the removal of recalcitrant melanoidin and its fractions, Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 55 (9), pp 1636-1649, 2019, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1606\n- , , Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer, 2014\nPredictability by Box-Behnken model for carbaryl adsorption by soils of Indian origin, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, Vol. 48 (8), pp 626-636, 2013, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2013.77728\n, Tertiary treatment of palm oil mill effluent using Fenton oxidation, Malaysian. Journal of Civil Engimeering, Vol. 20 (1), pp 12-25, 2008, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v20n1.203\n, Effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation Efficiency in the Fenton process, Water Research, Vol. 34 (10), pp pp 2786-2790, 2000, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00388-7\n, A Comparative study of Fenton and Fenton-like reaction kinetics in decolourisation of wastewater, Dyes and Pigments, Vol. 76 (3), pp 714-720, 2008, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2007.01.012" ]

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[ "Edmee Richard January 2, 2020 Worksheet For Kids\nWorksheets for kids are widely used by parents in the form of monthly subscription based program, specially designed for nursery kids, LKG, HKG, 1st Grade and 2nd Grade levels. Following a plan with rewards introduced at various levels of completion can motivate the kids to complete their tasks and enjoy the learning process\nWorksheets give the added advantage of transforming into coloring worksheets where kids can express their creativity while playing with colors. 1 worksheet per day keeps tuition’s away. Kids have a short attention span, Worksheets simplify the learning process and each preschool worksheet can be completed in about 7 – 10 minutes.\nIf you happen to have a competitive child, chances are he will love worksheets always trying to beat his last time. This is great and if this is the case, let him work all of the worksheets he wants. Just be sure that it is ”child-driven” not ”parent-driven” meaning – let it be his idea.\nEven the youngest students–kindergartners–will benefit from printable worksheets. They will help your little one learn and master basic concepts in way that will capture and hold their attention. Remember that small kids enjoy doing things rather than simply reading or listening. For this reason, attractive, well-illustrated worksheets with something to do will make learning fun for them. What’s more, completing your worksheet will give the child a tremendous sense of fulfillment.\nFree homeschool worksheets that you can print are available online. Some of them may be excellent, but you will have to make sure that they are accurate and suitable for your curriculum or child. Multiplication worksheets are easy to find on the internet but before you start printing everything you find, you need to consult your child’s grade level math book or purchase a good scope and sequence book.\nHome school worksheets are far more than busy work. They are an important part of making sure that the concepts you teach in your home school stick with your child. Just make sure you have a good source for providing the worksheets, and that they’re the right ones for your kid or kids.\nTag Cloudcut and paste activities for kids letter k cut and paste worksheets cutting for kindergarten cutting worksheets for kids cut and paste rhyming worksheets cut and paste worksheets for kids kindergarten cut and paste worksheets cutting crafts for kindergarten pre k cutting practice pre k cut and paste worksheets cut and paste activities for kindergarten pasting activities for kindergarten color cut and paste worksheets for kindergarten scissor activities for kindergarten cut out activities for kindergarten rhyming worksheets for kindergarten cut and paste beginning letter sounds cut and paste worksheets cut and paste math worksheets for kindergarten scissor practice kindergarten kindergarten cutting worksheets kindergarten cutting practice paper cutting activities for kindergarten cutting exercises for kindergarten kindergarten scissor practice worksheets cut and paste phonics worksheets for kindergarten cutting pages for kindergarten cut and paste crafts for kindergarten paper cutting art for kindergarten cutting projects for kindergarten goods and services cut and paste worksheet cutting skills for kids" ]

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[ "If you get water from a municipal source, it’s consistently tested at the source. However, as water moves through aging infrastructure, it can pick up contaminants as it travels to your home. You should be testing water for quality regularly, as harmful bacteria and minerals could be hazardous to your family’s health.\nHow should you test, and what should you look for? Here are some of the water testing basics you need to know.\nWhen to test your water\nYou really should be testing your water as often as possible since you never know when your water quality could change. Here are some of situations that necessitate water testing:\n- Changes in color, taste or odor\n- When you move into a new home\n- Your family is growing\n- Someone in your household experiences unexplained gastrointestinal illness after drinking your water\nWhen it comes to water testing basics for well owners, the United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends yearly testing for bacteria and nitrates. Other contaminants, like iron or hardness, usually only need to be tested once.\nWhat to look for in a water test\nWhen choosing a water-testing kit, make sure you’re selecting the right option for the type of water supply you have, e.g., city water or well water. Most water-testing kits look for common contaminants based on the water source. If you get your water from municipal sources, testing kits will look for chlorine, fluoride and other treatment byproducts. If your water comes from a well, a test should look for bacteria, metals, nitrates and other contaminants you’d commonly find in groundwater.\nWhat can a water test detect?\nWhile you can conduct a test at home and send it off to the lab, it’s often better to work with water treatment professionals who perform routine testing for water quality. A typical water test can report any of the following issues:\n- Total coliform (e., bacteria): This test is extremely important, since it looks for disease-causing organisms that can be harmful to your health. While it’s impossible to test for all bacteria that could be in your water, total coliform tests look for indicator bacteria to give you an overview of how sanitary your water is.\n- Chlorine: Municipal water is treated with chlorine to remove diseases, but there can be residual chlorine in your water supply. Not only is this unappealing in terms of taste, but it also can be hazardous to your health.\n- Nitrates/nitrites: Naturally-occurring oxygen compounds in water can be dangerous at high levels. Make sure your nitrate level is under 10 parts per million (ppm); nitrate levels should be under 1 ppm.\n- Hardness: You might already see the signs of hard water as a white residue on your plumbing, but many tests can determine the hardness of your water. Investing in a water softener treatment can take care of the issue.\nTesting water for quality is the first step you should take if you want to ensure you maintain safe, clean water for you and your family. Contact Royal Water Works, Inc. to schedule your water test. If a problem is detected from testing, we’ll develop a treatment plan to restore cleanliness to your water supply.\nCategorised in: Water Testing" ]

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[ "Spring outlook: Normal temperatures for Northland, above-normal precipitation for Great Lakes\nLook beyond the tall piles of snow and teeth-rattling cold, and real spring is on the way. At least that's what the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday, in forecasting normal temperatures during April, May and June for t...\nLook beyond the tall piles of snow and teeth-rattling cold, and real spring is on the way.\nAt least that's what the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday, in forecasting normal temperatures during April, May and June for the Northland.\nMost of Minnesota and Wisconsin are at the northern edge a large pool of expected warmer-than-normal conditions that cover much of the nation for the next three months. The only areas expected to be normal or colder than normal are the northern Great Plains and Pacific Northwest.\nThe Northland is in a small wedge of territory with little variation from normal expected.\n\"We've been experiencing an unusually cold pattern with the jet (stream) far south of normal. But as the sun gets higher in the sky, sooner or later that's got to stop,\" said Ed O'Lenic, chief of operations for the National Climate Prediction Center, during a telephone news conference Thursday.\nAs the jet stream moves north into Canada, that allows warmer air patterns to move into the Upper Midwest, eventually melting our snowpack and giving relief after a colder-than-normal March.\nThe longer-term forecast, from May into July, shows the Northland moving into the warmer-than-normal area.\nForecasters said they look at current trends as well as snowpack, stream flow, Pacific Ocean temperatures and other factors in predicting the weather trend for the next three months. Water temperatures in the northern Pacific Ocean support a relatively warm pattern for the next few months, O'Lenic said, even though the larger El Nino Pacific warming is not occurring.\nForecasters also are predicting a wetter-than-normal calendar spring for the Great Lakes region, good news for water levels that, for some lakes, have been near record-low levels. O'Lenic said there is a 40 percent chance of above-normal rain in coming months.\nThe National Drought Monitor is showing improving conditions in 2013 for all of Minnesota, Wisconsin and parts of the Dakotas, thanks to more rain than last year. Nationally, winter snows and rains have helped bring the portion of the nation in moderate or more severe drought from nearly two-thirds to about 51 percent, officials said Thursday.\nIronically, while much of the Great Plains, southern Rockies and southwest remain in an entrenched severe drought, late-winter snows have rapidly increased the odds of flooding, especially along the Red River of North Dakota and Minnesota, where there's a better than 50 percent chance of moderate or worse flooding once again this year.\nIn the Northland, there is a less-than-50 percent chance of any flooding on the lower St. Louis or upper Mississippi rivers, although the Mississippi could cause problems farther south, in southern Wisconsin and Illinois, forecasters said.\n\"This outlook reminds us of the climate diversity and weather extremes we experience in North America, where one state prepares for flooding while neighboring states are parched, with no drought relief in sight,\" said Laura Furgione, deputy director of NOAA's National Weather Service\nLocally, March has been the first significantly colder-than-normal month in several years, 5 degrees below normal in Duluth so far. Daily high temperatures have been about 10 degrees below normal and the average lows have been about 12 degrees off the \"normal\" temperatures averaged over the past 30 years.\nThis March probably has seemed so cold in part because last March was so off-the-charts good -- if you like warm, sunny weather. In fact, March this year probably won't even break into the Top 10 coldest or snowiest on record in Duluth.\nMarch 2012 was a staggering 13.3 degrees warmer than normal, a variation from the usual temperature that is almost never seen. That difference meant shorts and T-shirts at this time last year, while this year we've seen winter storm warnings, wind-chill advisories and below-zero morning lows.\nThere are still 22 inches of snow on the ground in Duluth, the most since January 2011, and a whopping 29 inches on the ground now in International Falls. Duluth has seen 78.3 inches of snow so far this season, a few inches above normal and on course to match or top the 80-inch normal for an entire season, which ends sometime in May.\nShort term, the National Weather Service in Duluth is forecasting a slow warm-up to normal temperatures -- highs in the mid- to upper 30s by next week, with no major snowstorms in the near-term forecast." ]

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[ "Amazing. Look at how silver has held its value for 23 centuries\nFirst, I take you back to 1971 to President Richard M. Nixon (Tricky Dick) and his famous “let’s go 100% fiat money” speech in the first part of this video. He said “temporarily”. Politicians lie.\nSimon Black explains why silver is a monetary metal further.\nThousands of years ago in ancient city of Babylon, specially trained scribes gathered each day in the Temple of Marduk to record the day’s events.\nThey used cuneiform writing instruments and clay tablets, over 1200 of which still survive today.\nThese scribes kept excellent records, detailing astronomical observances and water levels of the Euphrates River, as well as market prices for the most popular commodities like wheat, barley, and wool.\nIt’s incredible that we have detailed records of grain prices going back thousands of years.\nThe ancient Babylonians quoted grain prices in shekels, a unit of weight equivalent to 8.33 grams of silver.\nOver the 3+ century period between 384 BC and 60 BC, for example, the price of barley averaged 0.02053 shekels per quart in Babylonia.\nAt 8.33 grams per shekel, this would be equivalent to about 0.171 grams of silver per quart, or about $3.75 based on today’s silver price.\nAfter converting the unit of measurement from ancient quart to modern hundredweight (cwt), that means that barley in Babylonian times sold for $5.23 per cwt when priced in today’s dollars.\nAnd according to the US Department of Agriculture, yesterday’s price for barley was… $5.25 per cwt.\nAmazing. When denominated in silver, the price of barley is almost exactly the same as it was thousands of years ago.\nIn other words, if a farmer from 23 centuries ago had sold a quart of barley, he would have received 0.171 grams of silver.\nFast forward to today and that 0.171 grams of silver would buy almost the exact same amount of grain as it did 23 centuries ago.\nThis is an important reminder, especially today as the entire financial system waits with bated breath to see if the US Federal Reserve will raise interest rates for the first time in nearly a decade.\nIt’s ultimately a complete farce. Our entire financial system is based on awarding total control of our money to a tiny, unelected committee of bureaucrats." ]

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[ "Presbyterian (adj., n.)\n1640, in reference to the Scottish church governed by elders (as opposed to bishops) and holding a modified form of Calvinism, from presbyter \"an elder in a church\" (1590s), from Late Latin presbyter \"an elder,\" from Ecclesiastical Greek presbyteros \"one that presides over assemblies or congregations,\" noun use of an adjective meaning \"elder (of two), old, venerable, advanced in life,\" comparative of presbys \"elderly, aged\" (see presby-).\nAlso used generally (with lower-case p-) of any system of ecclesiastical government by church elders. Presbyterial was used from c. 1600 in the sense \"of or pertaining to a presbytery;\" also from 1590s as \"presbyterian\" (adj.). Related: Presbyterianism.\nupdated on October 22, 2020" ]

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[ "The Georgia Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Program is a collaboration of professionals committed to assisting persons with mental illnesses and other brain disorders. This collaboration includes local members of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), mental health service providers, family members, and law enforcement officers. The most important aspect of the CIT Program is the training provided to law enforcement officers.\nCIT trains law enforcement officers to effectively and humanely interact with persons with mental illness. The CIT course is a 40-hour, five-day curriculum that is approved by the Georgia Peace Officers Standards and Training (POST)Council. It is comprised of both classroom instruction and practical exercises delivered by mental health professionals, other subject matter experts and CIT law enforcement instructors.\nWhen a public safety situation occurs involving a person in psychiatric crisis, law enforcement officers will be the first responders. The officers are responsible for handling the incident in the most professional manner possible. CIT training provides officers with the tools to professionally and humanely interact with persons with mental illness. Often situations involving psychiatric crises are higher risk and may escalate quickly into a situation where use of force may be a necessity. The CIT training will provide officers with skills that can minimize risk to responding officers and the person in crisis and may prevent the need to use force all together. Although the use of force may ultimately be necessary in some situations, we know from experience that the de-escalation skills learned in CIT training often reduce the level of needed force. Also these communication skills can be an invaluable tool to officers in their regular duties.\nThe SPD Training Unit extends the opportunity for other agencies in surrounding areas to attend CIT Training when it is offered at SPD. Since the program’s inception at SPD, approximately 750 officers have become certified CIT Officers." ]

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[ "THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD.\nOverlying the Devonian formation is the great and important series of the Carboniferous Rocks, so called because workable beds of coal are more commonly and more largely developed in this formation than in any other. Workable coal-seams, however, occur in various other formations (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary), so that coal is not an exclusively Carboniferous product; whilst even in the Coal-measures themselves the coal bears but a very small proportion to the total thickness of strata, occurring only in comparatively thin beds intercalated in a great series of sandstones, shales, and other genuine aqueous sediments.\nStratigraphically, the Carboniferous rocks usually repose conformably upon the highest Devonian beds, so that the line of demarcation between the Carboniferous and Devonian formations is principally a palaeontological one, founded on the observed differences in the fossils of the two groups. On the other hand, the close of the Carboniferous period seems to have been generally, though not universally, signalised by movements of the crust of the earth, so that the succeeding Permian beds often lie unconformably upon the Carboniferous sediments.\nStrata of Carboniferous age have been discovered in almost every large land-area which has been sufficiently investigated; but they are especially largely developed in Britain, in various parts of the continent of Europe, and in North America. Their general composition, however, is, comparatively speaking, so uniform, that it will suffice to take a comprehensive view of the formation without considering any one area in detail, though in each region the subdivisions of the formation are known by distinctive local names. Taking such a comprehensive view, it is found that the Carboniferous series is generally divisible into a Lower and essentially calcareous group (the “Sub-Carboniferous” or “Carboniferous Limestone\"); a Middle and principally arenaceous group (the “Millstone Grit\"); and an Upper group, of alternating shales and sandstones, with workable seams of coal (the “Coal-measures\").\nI. The Carboniferous, Sub-Carboniferous, or Mountain Limestone Series constitutes the general base of the Carboniferous system. As typically developed in Britain, the Carboniferous Limestone is essentially a calcareous formation, sometimes consisting of a mass of nearly pure limestone from 1000 to 2000 feet in thickness, or at other times of successive great beds of limestone with subordinate sandstones and shales. In the north of England the base of the series consists of pebbly conglomerates and coarse sandstones; and in Scotland generally, the group is composed of massive sandstones with a comparatively feeble development of the calcareous element. In Ireland, again, the base of the Carboniferous Limestone is usually considered to be formed by a locally-developed" ]

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[ "Source: Professional Development in Education, 45:5, 832-847\n(Reviewed by the Portal Team)\nIn this research, the authors present findings from one part of a longitudinal research project conducted in two countries (Canada and Ireland) that focuses on the development and articulation of pedagogical principles used by teacher educators to support pre-service teachers’ learning about meaningful physical education (henceforth referred to as LAMPE) (Ní Chróinín et et al. 2018).\nSpecifically, the purpose of this research is to examine how accessing and responding to students’ engagement with their learning about how to facilitate meaningful physical education experiences for pupils can inform teacher educators’ learning through a deeper understanding of innovative teacher education practices.\nIn this research, the authors demonstrate how they tried to explicitly place the views of pre-service teachers in relation to engagement with their learning and their teaching as a primary filter for their pedagogical decision-making.\nThe research was cross-cultural, with participants based in three universities in two countries.\nTim teaches in an undergraduate physical education program at Brock University in Canada and Déirdre teaches in a primary teacher education program at Mary Immaculate College in Ireland.\nBoth were directly involved in planning and teaching learning about meaningful physical education (LAMPE), and it is their experiences and practices that are the main sources of data collected in this study.\nIn this year of research, there were 28 students enrolled in Déirdre course and 21 students enrolled in Tim course.\nIn both courses there was a shared focus on positioning students simultaneously as learners and future teachers/coaches.\nTim and Déirdre also served as critical friends to each other, the purpose was to challenge assumptions, confront realities, and identify new ways of thinking about pedagogy (Baskerville and Goldblatt 2009).\nMary is Professor in physical education at University of Limerick and acted as 'meta-critical friend' to Tim and Déirdre.\nMary's role in the process was crucial in the research design – particularly in terms of suggesting and guiding approaches to student engagement – and in the interpretation of outcomes and understandings of teacher education practices.\nData sources and analysis\nData gathering took place in the third year of what is currently a four-year project.\nWhile still using collaborative self-study of teacher education practice (S-STEP) methodology, the authors concentrated on developing awareness of students’ engagement by committing to be more intentional in how they accessed (observed and listened to) and responded to their engagement with their planning and enactment of the pedagogical principles of LAMPE.\nThere were two main findings related to how the authors accessed and responded to students’ engagement with the pedagogical principles of LAMPE:\n(a) Intentionally accessing and responding to student engagement helps inform teacher educators’ learning about teacher education practice,\n(b) their attention to student engagement guided their reflection on- and in-action.\nThrough these processes, S-STEP methodology and the role of critical friendship enabled a deeper understanding and greater appreciation of student engagement, and had a positive influence on the authors’ professional learning by providing them with a mechanism to articulate how their knowledge of teaching teachers is constructed.\nThis research demonstrates the value to teacher educators that comes from intentionally accessing and responding to students’ on-going engagement with teacher educators’ practices that influence experiences of learning to teach.\nAlong with several challenges experienced they highlight the importance of teacher educators intentionally and systematically seeking input from students related to their experiences of and engagement with teacher education practices, in this case, those that are represented by the pedagogical principles of LAMPE.\nThis focus can lead to richer, more complex understandings of teacher education practice and inform teacher educators’ professional learning.\nThey identified several strategies to access students’ engagement with the pedagogical approaches of LAMPE including observations of students’ peer teaching; planned questions of individual students; individual and group written reflections, and exit slips and small class assignments.\nDespite being relatively experienced teacher educators who claim to enact student-centred approaches in their teacher education practice, this research challenged the authors to renew their commitment to focusing on the quality of students’ learning that came as a result of their practice.\nLike Bullock (2009), they did this by deliberately accessing students’ perspectives and taking those perspectives seriously.\nTheir findings point to ways teacher educators can embed accessing and responding to student engagement as an intentional and systematic part of their practice.\nHowever, due to the small-scale nature of this work, further research might consider what similar approaches look like with multiple cohorts of students on the same course across time.\nIt may also be worthwhile to further unpack the distinction between accessing and responding to student engagement on micro and macro levels.\nHow students respond to their learning in the moment and after (e.g. one to several years after their teacher education program) can produce very different outcomes.\nThis is because individual students and groups of students may have different needs and how we access and respond to these needs may require different approaches.\nBaskerville, D. and Goldblatt, H., 2009. Learning to be a critical friend: from professional indifference through challenge to unguarded conversations. Cambridge journal of education, 39, 205–221. doi:10.1080/ 03057640902902260\nBullock, S.M., 2009. Learning to think like a teacher educator: making the substantive and syntactic structures of teaching explicit through self-study. Teachers and teaching, 15, 291–304. doi:10.1080/13540600902875357\nNí Chróinín, D., Fletcher, T., and O’Sullivan, M. 2018. Pedagogical principles of learning to teach meaningful physical education. Physical education and sport pedagogy, 23, 117-133. doi:10.1080/17408989.2017.1342789" ]

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[ "Hurricanes are serious storms with the potential to cause extensive damage. Take a multifaceted approach to hurricane preparation by planning for power outages, flooding, high winds, contaminated water supplies and potential insurance claims. Though nothing can change a hurricane’s trajectory, you can minimize its impact on your family and property by following these crucial steps.\nGather food and water supplies\nYou should have one gallon of water per person, per day. To add to your water supply, clean your bathtub and fill it with fresh water. Gather ready-to-eat food that does not require cooking, such as dry cereal, granola bars and peanut butter sandwiches. Keep a manual can opener on hand for canned goods. Your food and water stock should last at least five days.\nStock up on special supplies\nStock up on power-related supplies, such as batteries, fuel for a generator and gas for your car. Ensure you have a full supply of medical necessities, including glasses, contact lenses and a first-aid kit. Withdraw money before the storm hits. If you lose power, you will be unable to use a credit card or an ATM.\nCheck your pets\nPick up an extra bag of pet food, and call your veterinarian for refills on any medications. Hurricanes are often frightening to animals, so consider using extra treats or a hairbrush to keep your pet calm. Check that your pet’s collar has an identification tag with your email address, phone number and address. Your email address gives you the best chance at reuniting with a lost pet: you can check your email from anywhere in the world, even if you move away or lose your cell phone.\nTake photographs of your property\nUse your phone or camera to document the pre-hurricane condition of your property. Time-stamped photographs help when filing a claim with your insurance company for hurricane damage repair and restoration. Be sure to get pictures of your doors, windows, gutters and roof. Upload your photographs to an online cloud-based storage service to keep them safe from blackouts, water damage or theft.\nSecure your property\nAfter taking pictures of your property, start securing your house and grounds. Bring outdoor furniture and decorations inside. Remove dead branches from nearby trees and board up your windows. Make sure all exterior doors have deadbolt locks. Extra-strength locks reduce the chances of your doors blowing away. Don’t take any risks with your safety. Head to your nearest evacuation point if you do not think you will be safe in your home. If the government issues mandatory evacuation orders, leave your house as soon as possible." ]

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[ "Jamilyn, a 26-year-old woman in California, noticed a hard lump on her right breast in June. She didn’t notice any color change to her breasts and did not have any other symptoms, but was concerned and booked an appointment with her physician. Eventually, the lump was biopsied and revealed to be metastatic breast cancer, or stage 4 breast cancer.\n“No one really knew if it was breast cancer or not. Next thing I know my breast was getting bigger and starting to hurt, and then I found out I had breast cancer,” Jamilyn said. The week after the biopsy, the lump “tripled in size,” with the cancer growing from five centimeters to almost a foot in a matter of three weeks.\nMore tests performed on Jamilyn showed the cancer had spread to both of her lungs, requiring chemotherapy. Since starting chemotherapy, Jamilyn had to do the indescribable task of shaving her head. She also lost at least 25 pounds in one month, lost her sense of taste and appetite to her favorite foods, and had to take medications to help her cope with the pain in order to sleep through the night. Her unbearable pain even limited her ability to speak during this interview. Jamilyn could not have imagined how drastically her life would change, especially at such a young age.\nReducing risk amid a pandemic\n“This actually concerns us greatly,” he added.\nThese concerns are in addition to the disparities present in breast cancer, seen especially among different races. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, between 1999 to 2013, Black women and white women get breast cancer at about the same rate, however the death rate in Black women is higher than white women. When compared to white women, there are higher rates of breast cancer in Black women younger than 60 years old. Although there are multiple facts involved in this, the CDC also reported breast cancer was found at an earlier stage among white women than Black women. These statistics are evidence of multiple health disparity factors at play, such as differences in health care access, poverty and social injustice.\nThankfully, multiple things can be done to help reduce the risks of breast cancer.\nKnow your family history: One of the most critical things to do today is to learn and know your family history. It’s essential to know whether your mother or father’s side of the family has a history of breast cancer, as family history can influence your risk. “We’re finding a significant minority of cases of breast cancer are associated with genetic abnormalities that you can inherit from your mother or your father,” said Norton.\nMonitor diet and exercise: Another key risk factor includes having a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25, making the case for exercise and eating a balanced diet. BMI is a measure of body fat based on a person’s height and weight, more than 25 is considered overweight, and more than 30 is obese. “It’s much better to eat a good diet, lots of fruits and vegetables, and limit your amount of animal proteins,” according to Norton. Even just getting out and walking can get your heart rate up and help your overall health.\nDiscuss your use of hormones: Estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy used together have also been shown to influence the risk of breast cancer, especially in women older than 50, so those using them may want to discuss reducing their use with their health care provider.\nGet tested regardless of your sex: “Yes, men do get breast cancer,” said Norton. “Most men present with a lump and a lot of men don’t realize they get breast cancer and ignore the lump. Therefore, most men come with advanced cancers because they’ve ignored it for a long period of time.” Experts in breast cancer recommend men and women should use the important screening tool of being aware of any changes in appearance or feeling of their breasts.\nLook for changes during self-exams: “Not all lumps are cancer, but every lump needs to be evaluated with imaging,” said Norton. Other changes to be aware of and should be evaluated by a health care expert include any abnormal nipple discharge, a change in the configuration of the breast, nipple dimpling (when your nipple is drawn in) or any kind of breast dimpling.\nHowever, modern advances in screening tests and images have almost become a gold standard for evaluating breast cancer. These include mammograms, which are recommended for all women 40 years and older every year. People younger than the established age of 40 and who carry genetic susceptibility could be screened earlier, although mammograms aren’t commonly done in people younger than 25. It is important to realize that although there are many advances in screening, it doesn’t guarantee the prevention or cure of breast cancer.\n“The reason to get screened is not just to save your life, the reason to get screened is because it’s much easier to take care of,” Norton said. “Don’t wait until you have symptoms”\nThrough the pause the pandemic placed on hospital visits, telemedicine has provided a bridge for communicating and can help with being evaluated for breast cancers. A tele-visit with a health professional can serve as a first step at getting evaluated if needed. However, having a lump means you will need to be evaluated in person. For those of you in a rural setting, “You might want to start with a tele-visit with a health professional, but if they tell you really need to go to get a test done, by all means you should do it,” said Norton.\nThrough this sudden roller coaster of being diagnosed and treated for metastatic breast cancer, Jamilyn hopes others will get tested to hopefully prevent the experience of breast cancer. “Even though it’s serious it’s going to be easier,” she said. “The pokes get easier, the vomiting gets easier. Hope is not all lost.”" ]

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[ "Everyone wants a great smile. It’s important to keep your smile strong to prevent problems such as breaking a tooth. Besides orthodontics or being genetically blessed there are things to look out for to help protect against tooth breakage. As a baby, thumb sucking is discouraged by parents. Why? Because it is one of the leading causes of misaligned teeth and broken teeth. Poor dental hygiene can make your teeth weak and susceptible to tooth pain.\nHave you ever wondered why teeth break? What can you do to make sure yours are safe?\nOne of the most common causes of a broken tooth is bruxism. In simple terminology, bruxism is also referred to as excessive teeth grinding. The condition of teeth grinding usually happens during the night and many sleepers do not realize it is happening. There are other generic causes, such as sleep disorders, anxiety, and stress. A dentist-approved mouthguard can control bruxism.\nA cavity in the tooth can be common due to poor nutrition or lack of dental hygiene. When the hole in the cavity deepens the teeth are prone to sensitivity and eventually can cause a split. Plaque and bacteria attack the enamel of the tooth, without proper plaque removal you are at risk of cavities and potential tooth breaks.\nFillings are placed when a cavity forms in the tooth. However, with time and if proper care is not taken, large fillings can start to disintegrate the tooth. This is typically found in the wisdom teeth which have a larger surface. Depending on how large the cavities are and the number of cavities, large fillings may be recommended.\nAccidents or biting into hard food can also cause tooth breakage. If your tooth breaks or cracks we encourage you to see a dentist in Saskatoon as quickly as possible. Trauma due to heavy blows to the face and the mouth can also result in tooth breakdown. Now that the causes of common took breaks are known to you, you may want to learn more about potential treatments for any dental issues you may be facing.\nCall our dentists in Saskatoon with any questions or concerns you may have or to schedule an emergency same-day appointment." ]

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[ "“Balance between one person’s right to freedom of speech and another’s right to protect their good name.”\nAny intentional false communication, either written or spoken , that harms a person’s reputation; decreases the respect, regard or confidence in which a person is held; or induces disparaging, hostile or disagreeable opinions or feelings against a person is known as defamation.\nDefamation is the act of making untrue statements about another which damages his/her reputation.\nIt is a statement that injures someone’s reputation. Defamation is the act of saying false things in order to make people have a bad opinion of someone. Defamation may be defined as a communication to some person, other than the person defamed, of the matter which tends to lower the plaintiff in the estimation of right thinking persons or to deter them from associating or dealing with him. Defamation is a wrong done by a person to another’s reputation by words, written or spoken, sign or other visible representation.\nIn the words of Dr. Winfield “Defamation is the publication of a statement which tends to lower a person in the estimation of right thinking members of the society, generally or, which tends to make them shun or avoid that person.”\nDefamation is of two kinds Libel and Slander. If the statement is made in writing and published in some permanent and visible form, then the defamation is called libel. Whereas, if the statement is made by some spoken words then the defamation is called slander.\nDefamation may be a civil charge or a criminal charge under Section 499 and 500 of IPC.\nSection 499 Of IPC:- Whoever by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person is said to defame that person.\nSection 500 of IPC:- Whoever defames another shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or with fine or both.\nWhat the victim must prove to establish that defamation occurred\nIf the victim has to win a lawsuit relating to defamation, then the victim has to prove the following essentials:\n1) Statement- There must be a statement which can be spoken, written, pictured or even gestured.\n2) Publication- For a statement to be published, a third party must have seen, heard or read the defamatory statement. If there is no publication there is no injury of reputation and no action will arise.\n3) Injury- The above statement must have caused an injury to the subject of the statement. It means that the statement must tend to injure the reputation of a person to whom it refers.\n4) Falsity- The defamatory statement must be false. If the statement is not false then the statement will not be considered as defamatory statement.\n5) Unprivileged- In order for a statement to be defamatory, it must be unprivileged. There are certain circumstances, under which a person cannot sue someone for defamation.\nDefences available under defamation\nThe following are the defences taken in an action for defamation:-\n1) Justification of truth-\nIf the defendant proves that the defamatory statement is true, no action will lie for it, even if the statement is published maliciously. It is not necessary to prove that the statement is literally true, it is sufficient if it is true in substance.\n2) Fair and bonafide comment-\nA fair and bonafide comment on a matter of public interest is a defence in an action for defamation. The essentials of a fair comment are:\n(i) That it is comment or criticism and not a statement of fact,\n(ii) That the comment is on a matter of public interest,\n(iii) That the comment is fair and honest.\n3) Privileged statement-\nLaw makers have decided that one cannot sue for defamation in certain instances when a statement is considered privileged. Whether a statement is privileged or unprivileged is policy decision that rests on the shoulders of the lawmakers.\nDefamation is tort resulting from an injury to ones reputation. It is the act of harming the reputation of another by making a false statement to third person. Defamation is an invasion of the interest in reputation. The law of defamation is supposed to protect people’s reputation from unfair attack. In practice its main effect is to hinder free speech and protect powerful people from scrutiny. Defamation law allows people to sue those who say or publish false and malicious comments.\nThe author can be reached at: [email protected]" ]

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[ "This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License.\nSuggested Citation: Pauleit, Winfried; Greiner Rasmus; Frey, Mattias: Audio History of Film: Introduction. In: Research in Film and History. New Approaches (2018), pp. 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14813.\nThe relationship between film and history has assumed many and varied forms over the course of time. During the twentieth century, film increasingly became a medium through which contemporary political and historical events were discussed and interpreted.1 Cinematic narration of history influenced twentieth-century film production in myriad ways and constantly challenged “classical” historiography, especially its function of disseminating historical knowledge. Writing about history has been accompanied by documentary photography and film ever since. Meanwhile, fictional films undertake popular adaptations of historical narratives that shape people’s ideas about bygone eras.\nIn recent years, images have become a particular focus of scholarly interest. The historian Gerhard Paul’s “visual history” approach foregrounds the specific aesthetics of images as historical sources, something long neglected in his discipline.2 Proclaiming a paradigm shift from the dominance of writing to the dominance of images, “visual history” adapts important antecedents, such as the “pictorial turn”;3 another key influence is the work of the art historian Erwin Panofsky.4 In this context, the historian Bernd Roeck describes images as “stabilisers” that profoundly influence our ideas about the past but can be interpreted in various ways.5\nSince historical knowledge is acquired and inflected through media,6 films help shape understandings of history aesthetically and narratively; they not only bring major historical topics or biographies of historical figures to the screen, but also convey historical knowledge in audio-visual form, thereby influencing popular worldviews and perspectives. By doing so, film challenges established forms of written history and other modes of cultural memory.7 In the competition over which interpretations hold sway in society, film has proved itself a force to be reckoned with.\nNevertheless, studies of history have long neglected film. Though historians have debated the relevance of films as historical sources ever since Bolesław Matuszewski in 1898,8 films have tended to serve merely as evidence about the period when they were made, or else have been viewed through the lens of an aesthetically oriented history of film. In the wake of Siegfried Kracauer’s book From Caligari to Hitler (1947),9 there were numerous attempts to understand social and historical developments (such as the rise of National Socialism in the early 1930s) by analysing films contemporaneous with those developments. Even then, however, film and the history of film were still not recognised as legitimate fields of historical inquiry. It was not until the mid-1970s that Marc Ferro provided the crucial impetus for historians to understand every film as a historical document: as an interpretation of its subject matter and of the circumstances during which it was made.10\nThe auditory dimension of film continues to be neglected, even though it is an integral part of the medium. This is despite Thomas Lindenberger's call for historians to treat audiovision as an object of study with a status equal to writing, and his understanding of visual history in terms of a society not just of “co-viewers” (‚Mitsehende‘) but explicitly also of “co-listeners” (‚Mithörende‘).11 There needs to be a focus not just on the “generative powers of image” (‚bildgenerative Kräfte‘)12 – a term used by Gerhard Paul to emphasise images’ active role in shaping history – but also on the ‚generative powers of sound‘. Paul has taken the first steps in this direction with Sound des Jahrhunderts (Sound of the Century, co-edited with Ralph Schock, 2013),13 an extensive collection of texts on the cultural and media history of sound, the acoustic history of politics and the relevance of sound to twentieth-century history of memory. However, apart from a handful of references, the specific formal features of audio-visual media – especially film – are largely neglected. Other efforts suffer from similar limitations, such as histories of hearing as sensory perception and studies of sound’s role in political, social and cultural contexts.14\nA parallel shift in film studies gained momentum in the 1970s, when scholars of film initiated a variety of attempts to reformulate the writing of film history. In the 1980s, these critical approaches were collectively labelled the “new film history”,15 and later also the “new cinema history”16 and “media industry studies”.17 Although defined in various ways by their advocates, in general these labels refer to ways of writing history that consider not just aesthetic questions but also economics, exhibition and distribution practices, media censorship, technology, sociology and contemporary history. Practitioners of these approaches also sought to expand on the scope of the humanities’ conventional methods and objects of inquiry, for example by researching in state archives and the records of censors’ boards, or conducting longitudinal ethnographic studies of film producers or “below the line” freelancers.18 Thanks to these developments, calls for a more nuanced and complex conception of history emerged in film studies too.\nThis convergence between film studies and historical studies provides a basis for studying film sound and its significance for the production of history. The linguistic turn, common to both disciplines, provided one key driver. In particular, Hayden White’s much-discussed view that history and its structuring of data are necessarily narrative drew attention to cinematic forms of narration.19 Robert Rosenstone developed the notion of “history on film”, a new historiographical method based in the medium of film itself, and raised the prospect of multimedia forms of historical scholarship.20 A similar view is taken by Robert Burgoyne, who describes (historical) films as critical dialogues between past and present. Vivian Sobchack, meanwhile, interrogates the status of historical events that are constructed largely through the viewing and experiencing of film and media images.21 Other scholars have critically reflected on these constellations of film and history in the context of research on documentary films.22 Hermann Kappelhoff, by way of contrast, understands modern cinema as a site of historical consciousness that, rather than representing historical events, instead makes palpable the sensuous experiences of past eras.23 This observation does not just support Ferro’s thesis that films are able to depict the hidden functional mechanisms of a society.24 It also establishes far-reaching research perspectives concerning the audio-visual nature of visual spaces in film, which are in turn supported by other studies.25\nDespite the convergence between film studies and historical studies described here, previous research has almost always neglected to register the significance of film sound for the production of history; scholars have typically failed to explicitly consider sound’s relation to the cinematic narration of history26 or visual history-led approaches.27 One important exception is Carolyn Birdsall’s recent monograph Nazi Soundscapes (2012).28 Taking the city of Düsseldorf as a case study, Birdsall examines the cultural implications of sound and hearing under National Socialism and pointedly takes film production into account. Beyond this work, the scholarship remains piecemeal at best, usually honing in on close-up details (see, for example, Simon Rothöhler’s discussion of ‚acousmêtre‘ in his film analyses29 ) at the expense of panoramic treatments of big-picture conceptual issues.\nSince the 1980s, sound has become an increasingly important subfield of film studies.30 However, research on sound largely confines itself to aesthetics, film production and technology,31 occasionally extending into the cultural history of sound recording32 or the medium of documentary film.33 There are a whole host of studies scrutinising the dimensions and forms of voice in media, albeit with a primary focus on questions of media aesthetics,34 technology and narratology,35 the relationship between voice and image36 or feminist psychoanalytic theory.37 Very little scholarship attends to the voice in connection with film and history. One rare exception is Oksana Bulgakowa’s 2012 article on the changing timbre of voices in 1950s cinema, which examines historically, culturally and socially conditioned speech norms, technologically contingent recording practices, and artistic conventions.38 Another is Richard Dyer’s 2008 analysis of the African American singer Lena Horne’s Hollywood career, in which he considers the aesthetics of her voice from cultural-historical and sociopolitical perspectives.39\nResearch on film music40 and sound design41 evinces similar foci and lacunae. Although billed as histories of film sound production, they rarely, if ever, centre on the dynamic relations between acoustic dimensions and history. The subfield of film music has, admittedly, made some tentative steps in this direction, even if circumscribed perspectives and narrow analyses prevail: for example, Annette Kreuziger-Herr and Rüdiger Jantzen’s treatment of Miklós Rózsa’s music (and its desire for authenticity) in historical films such as QUO VADIS (Mervyn LeRoy / Anthony Mann, USA 1951), or Stephen C. Meyer’s Epic Sound: Music in Postwar Hollywood Biblical Films (2015).42 Despite perennial announcements of a new acoustic turn, only a handful of pioneering studies on film sound and history have emerged – even in the field of sound studies, which is explicitly concerned with sound and its cultural history.43\nThe study of film sound and its relationship to history is still in its infancy; only limited research has been conducted on topics such as sound recording for film and its relationship to contemporary history, or the status of film sound in the production of historicity and in discourses of film reception and film marketing. Against this background, the present volume, Audio History of Film, embarks on novel research avenues and explores productive new perspectives. Audio history of film is a field that provides the missing link between film studies, sound studies and historical studies. It investigates how film sound can generate and shape audiences’ experience of history. Our concern lies not just with the aesthetic dimension of film sound production, but also with its material, technical and cultural dimensions and their potential to model and produce history. Our endeavour attends not simply to imagined or ideal spectators (often stand-ins for the scholar’s own subject position), but also to how real audiences use elements of film sound to interpret history or to how critical and marketing discourses comment on sound and thus co-determine the reception of historical films. This volume presents three essays that offer three different approaches to the audio history of film. Each of them uses a unique approach and methodology in order to complement the others; this triangulation, an exploration of a multiperspectival research itinerary, is intended to establish and develop audio history of film as a viable and autonomous field of study.\nIn the first chapter, “Sonic icons: stand-out moments of cinematic self-reflexivity”, Winfried Pauleit investigates “sonic icons”, drawing on the work of Michel Chion and Brian Currid.44 “Sonic icons” are moments or short sequences in film that stand out prominently due to their acoustic qualities. However, they cannot be reduced to sound alone; rather, they are characterised by a combination of sound, image and text. Such moments can be initiated by, for example, the presence of microphones, sound recording devices or gramophones. They generate a self-reflexive potential that directs film audiences’ attention back to the production and reproduction of sound, identifying film sound as the product of prefilmic sound and the processes used to record and edit it. This form of self-reflexivity provides – often outside the scope of the film’s plot – historical evidence or models of film sound production equipment and the performative processes of work with this equipment. Pauleit hypothesises that the stand-out moments of sonic icons allow film spectators to simultaneously experience film sound as part of the aesthetics of film and as part of contemporary history.\nPauleit’s analysis of sonic icons draws on an understanding of modern film that characterises the autonomy of image and sound as an aesthetic play in which sound can seemingly be heard asynchronously or independently of the image.45 Modern film allows us to see and hear these processes that separate image and sound as relationships of difference, and in some cases also explicitly comments on them. In doing so, it highlights the importance of sound as an element of film aesthetics. Accordingly, sonic icons are primarily aesthetic figurations, but are also marked by, or shot through with, inscriptions of contemporary history. Pauleit studies this relationship between aesthetic production and historical inscription in order to lay out the fundamental features of an audio history of film. He also discusses the relationship between film sound and indexicality. These interrelations are understood not in terms of naive representational realism about sound but rather in terms of the inaccessibility of prefilmic sound events.46 This furnishes the foundation for an audio history of film, based on exemplary films and the discourses surrounding them, which cannot simply be experienced directly through attentive listening, but can nonetheless be accessed by indirect means.\nPauleit fleshes out his ideas by reference to films from very different genres and periods that are associated with key turning points in the history of sound films. He focuses on different uses of gramophone and phonograph records in cinema. His study ranges from Robert Siodmak and Edgar Ulmer’s silent film PEOPLE ON SUNDAY (D 1930) to Howard Hawks’s A SONG IS BORN (USA 1948), Agnès Varda’s SALUT LES CUBAINS (F/CUB 1963) and LES PLAGES D’AGNÈS (THE BEACHES OF AGNÈS, F 2008) and Tom Hooper’s historical film THE KING’S SPEECH (UK/USA/AUS 2010).\nIn the second chapter, “Sonic histospheres: sound design and history”, Rasmus Greiner examines the role of sound design in the audio-visual construction of historical films.47 His investigation is based on a conception of film experience drawn from Vivian Sobchack’s work on the phenomenology of film.48 Sobchack understands the experience of film as an embodied process of synaesthetic perception. In her theory, films convey the experience of history not simply through intensely affective images, but also by synaesthetically combining the visual and aural levels. In order to be able to better describe the role of film sound in this complex process, Greiner develops the model of the sonic histosphere.49 According to this model, sound actively contributes to the construction of a filmic space–time structure that models and makes palpable a living historical world. In the histosphere, spectators’ perceptions oscillate between a supposedly objective external view and the subjective experiences of the film characters. If soundtracks are analysed according to this approach, the great importance of sound design will become apparent. Greiner begins by discussing how reality and history are constructed through sound, and this discussion forms the theoretical basis for the subsequent investigation. He then analyses three films in turn, with each analysis focusing on different dimensions of the relationship between sound design and the sonic histosphere. Firstly, by reference to Tom Hooper’s THE KING’S SPEECH he investigates how film can model history through constructing space, time and characters. Secondly, by analysing Francis Ford Coppola’s APOCALYPSE NOW (USA 1979) he explores the auditory experience of trauma and painful history. In this context, sound design is linked to cinematic strategies of subjectivisation and forms of remembering, and its function as the emotional texture of history is examined. Finally, Greiner analyses Ari Folman’s animated film WALTZ WITH BASHIR (ISR/F/D/USA/FIN/CHE/BEL/AUS 2008) as an example of auditory reflection on the relationship between traumatic experiences, memory and history. He expands on his discussion of the sonic histosphere by considering, variously, a particular mode of reception (reflective listening), reflective intra- and interfilmic references, and mediatised historiography.\nIn the third chapter, “The authenticity feeling: language and dialect in the historical film”, Mattias Frey investigates how history and sound interact in period films and television series, by far the most widely consumed forms of historical narratives today. Although examples of this genre earn regular scorn in the arts sections of Die Zeit and The Guardian, such films remain extremely popular with the general public. The Academy Award for Best Picture went to a period production in forty-nine out of the last eighty-six years; every year historical films attract millions of cinemagoers and top lists of box office hits. In this genre, a particularly important role is played by authenticity: an aesthetic striving for “accuracy” and “veracity”, or rather a discourse in which this is promised (by filmmakers in interviews, or by adverts) or expected (by audiences and by many critics). Frey formulates the concept of an “authenticity feeling”. Authenticity, the main benchmark against which ordinary spectators judge historical films, ultimately amounts to a felt, embodied historicity, the successful confirmation of a subjective idea of historical reality.\nIn order to critically analyse this social phenomenon, Frey systematically dissects aesthetic strategies of authenticity, placing particular emphasis on the crucial yet under-researched functions of sound. The authenticity feeling is, to be sure, enhanced by costumes and props, set design and location shooting, casting and make-up, superimposed historical dates, text and other visual elements. But music, dialogue, sound effects and silence – the four main elements of film sound – also exercise substantial influence on audiences’ understanding of history. The chapter proceeds to hone in on dialogue, especially language and dialect. Frey explores the discourses that contribute to the authenticity feeling by examining interviews with directors as well as adverts, reviews, online forums and empirical studies on audiences’ reactions to historical films. Here too, the emphasis remains on film sound: Frey asks, for example, what expectations spectators have regarding sound in historical films, or how they subjectively respond to dialects.\nIn this way, Frey develops a method by which analyses of textual, contextual, paratextual and extratextual elements complement and mutually reinforce one another. The quality, reliability and validity of research results are strengthened and heightened by incorporating different data sources, approaches and methods – aesthetic analysis, discourse analysis,50 media industry studies,51 fan studies,52 empirical audience research53 and paratextual analysis.54 The chapter’s final section comprises three short case studies of recent historical films: ZODIAC (David Fincher, USA 2007), THE KING’S SPEECH and THE MIRACLE OF BERN (Sönke Wortmann, D/A 2003). This section attempts to sketch a polyvalent audio history of film based on the method put forward in the earlier sections.\nIn taking this multiperspectival approach, it is expressly not our intention to split off film soundtracks from film images and study their relationship to history in isolation. Nor do we seek to situate film within a general history of sound recording and production, à la sound studies. Rather, we understand audio history of film as a field of research in which, taking sound as our starting point, new and more complex answers about the relationship between film and history emerge. This entails concerns that include (but extend well beyond) soundtracks, the visualisations and narratives of audio history in film (i.e. the complex aesthetics of film), and ultimately also the discourses of film reception and other paratexts such as film marketing and advertising. We foreground the role of sound not in order to exclude other important issues, but rather as a way of highlighting how scholars discussing the relationship between history and film have often overlooked sound and failed to account for its crucial status in this relationship.\nStudying the audio history of film also presents us with epistemological issues: for example, the specific form and physiognomy of film sound – just like images – cannot be adequately reproduced in textual form. Readers can only rely on their own experience, perhaps recalling similar sounds and speculating on this basis about what the auditory phenomena described by a text might actually sound like. For, after all, a “description of a sound and the way it is conveyed [‚vermittelt‘] are only ever a circumscription, an outline of that sound”.55 This problem is further complicated by the fact that there is no sonic equivalent to a still image. “This means sound can only be perceived in passing by means of attentive reading; it is always in flux between appearing and disappearing”,56 as the sound designer Daniel Deshays explains. Digital technology has, for the first time in human history, made it possible to analyse every sound with pinpoint precision and to easily isolate audio fragments.\nAudio history of film attempts to take account of these processes of constant development and integrate them into theory formation. “Cinema changes, and the action of sound is one of the prime reasons for that change”,57 as Rick Altman pithily puts it. This means that ontological claims about soundtracks and their contribution to films’ production of history are at risk of overgeneralising and oversimplifying. For this reason, our project does not attempt an ontology of film sound, but instead critically investigates specific fields of inquiry with the aim of tracing multiperspectival connections between them. To this end, THE KING’S SPEECH, which all three authors analyse (from different angles and using different methods), plays a particularly important role: as a means to demonstrate how even small shifts in research approaches can produce whole new shades of meaning.\nAlter, Nora M. / Koepnick, Lutz (eds). Sound Matters: Essays on the Acoustics of Modern German Culture. New York 2004.\nAltman, Rick (ed.). Sound Theory, Sound Practice. New York et al. 1992.\nAltman, Rick. “Four and a Half Film Fallacies”. In: Altman, Rick (ed.). Sound Theory, Sound Practice. New York et al. 1992.\nAltman, Rick. Silent Film Sound. New York 2004.\nBarker, Martin. From Antz to Titanic: Reinventing Film Analysis. London 2000.\nBeck, Jay. Designing Sound: Audiovisual Aesthetics in 1970s American Cinema. New Brunswick, NJ, 2016.\nBirdsall, Carolyn. Nazi Soundscapes: Sound, Technology and Urban Space in Germany, 1933–1945. Amsterdam 2012; Michael Wedel: Der deutsche Musikfilm: Archäologie eines Genres. Munich 2007.\nBulgakowa, Oksana. “StimmBrüche: Marlon Brando, Innokenti Smoktunowski und der Klang der 1950er Jahre”. In: Oksana Bulgakowa (ed.): Resonanz-Räume: Die Stimme und die Medien. Berlin 2012.\nBurgoyne, Robert. The Hollywood Historical Film. Malden, MA, 2008; Vivian Sobchack (ed.): The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television and the Modern Event. New York 1996.\nButte, Maren / Brandt, Sabina (eds). Bild und Stimme. Paderborn 2011.\nButzmann, Frieder / Martin, Jean. Filmgeräusch: Wahrnehmungsfelder eines Mediums. Hofheim 2012.\nCaldwell, John Thorton. Production Culture: Industrial Reflexivity and Critical Practice in Film and Television. Durham, NC, 2008.\nChapman, James / Glancy, Mark / Harper Sue (eds). The New Film History: Sources, Methods, Approaches. Basingstoke 2007.\nChion, Michel. Audio-Vision: Ton und Bild im Kino. Berlin 2012.\nChion, Michel. Film, a Sound Art. New York 2009\nChion, Michel. La voix au cinéma. Paris 1984.\nChion, Michel. Le son au cinema. Paris 1985.\nCurrid, Brian. A National Acoustics: Music and Mass Publicity in Weimar and Nazi Germany. Minneapolis 2006.\nDeleuze, Gilles. Cinema II: The Time-Image . London and New York 2013.\nDeshays, Daniel. “Film hören”. In: Kamensky, Volko / Rohrhuber, Julian (eds). Ton - Texte zur Akustik im Dokumentarfilm. Berlin 2013.\nDyer, Richard. “Singing Prettily: Lena Horne in Hollywood”. In: Sabine Nessel, Winfried Pauleit et al. (eds): Word and Flesh: Cinema Between Text and the Body. Berlin 2008.\nDyer, Richard. In the Space of a Song: The Uses of Song in Film. London 2012.\nElsaesser, Thomas. “The New Film History”. In: Sight and Sound, 55:4, 1986.\nEpping-Jäger, Cornelia / Linz, Erika (eds). Medien/Stimmen. Cologne 2003.\nFalbe-Hansen, Rasmus. “The Filmmaker as Historian”. In: Point of View, 16:12, Film & Politics, 2003. http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_16/section_1/artc12A.html.\nFerro, Marc. Cinema and History. Detroit 1988.\nFerro, Marc. Cinema and History. Detroit 1988.\nFlinn, Caryl. The New German Cinema: Music, History, and the Matter of Style. Berkeley 2004.\nFlückiger, Barbara. Sound Design: Die virtuelle Klangwelt des Films. Marburg 2001.\nGray, Jonathan. Show Sold Separately: Promos, Spoilers, and Other Media Paratexts. New York 2010.\nGregor, Ulrich / Patalas, Enno. Geschichte des modernen Films. Gütersloh 1965; Christian Metz: Sprache und Film. Frankfurt am Main 1973.\nGreiner, Rasmus / Pauleit, Winfried. “Sonic Icons and Histospheres: On the Political Aesthetics of an Audio History of Film”. In: Leif Kramp et al. (eds): Politics, Civil Society and Participation. Bremen 2016.\nHediger, Vinzenz / Vonderau, Patrick (eds). Demnächst in Ihrem Kino: Grundlagen der Filmwerbung und Filmvermarktung. Marburg 2005.\nHenzel, Christoph. Geschichte – Musik – Film. Würzburg 2010.\nHickethier, Knut. “Filmgeschichte zwischen Kunst- und Mediengeschichte”. In: K.H. (ed.): Filmgeschichte schreiben: Ansätze, Entwürfe und Methoden. Berlin 1989.\nHills, Matt. Fan Cultures. London 2002.\nHohenberger, Eva / Keilbach, Judith (eds). Die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit: Dokumentarfilm, Fernsehen und Geschichte. Berlin 2003.\nHoll, Ute. “Medien der Bioakustik: Tiere wiederholt zur Sprache bringen”. In: Sabine Nessel, Winfried Pauleit et al. (eds). Der Film und das Tier: Klassifizierungen, Cinephilien, Philosophien. Berlin 2012.\nHolt, Jennifer / Perren, Alisa (eds). Media Industries: History, Theory, and Method. Chichester 2009.\nJäger, Jens. “Geschichtswissenschaft”. In: Klaus Sachs-Hombach (ed.): Bildwissenschaft: Disziplinen, Themen, Methoden. Frankfurt am Main 2005.\nKamensky, Volko / Rohrhuber, Julian (eds). Ton - Texte zur Akustik im Dokumentarfilm. Berlin 2013.\nKappelhoff, Hermann. Realismus. Das Kino und die Politik des Ästhetischen. Berlin 2008.\nKeilbach, Judith. Geschichtsbilder und Zeitzeugen: Zur Darstellung des Nationalsozialismus im bundesdeutschen Fernsehen. Münster 2008.\nKracauer, Siegfried. “Die Photographie” . In: S.K.: Das Ornament der Masse. Frankfurt am Main 1994.\nKracauer, Siegfried. From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film. New York 1947.\nKreuzer, Anselm C.. Filmmusik: Geschichte und Analyse. Frankfurt am Main 2001\nKreuziger-Herr, Annette / Jantzen, Rüdiger. “Mittelalter in Hollywoods Filmmusik. Miklós Rózsa, Ivanhoe und die Suche nach dem Authentischen”. In: Henzel 2010.\nKusters, Paul. “New Film History. Grundzüge einer neuen Filmgeschichtswissenschaft”. In: montage AV, 5:1, 1996.\nLange, Eric / Bromberg, Serge. Les premiers pas du cinéma: A la recherche du son. France: Lobster Films 2003 (DVD, 52 min.).\nLindenberger, Thomas. “Vergangenes Hören und Sehen. Zeitgeschichte und ihre Herausforderung durch die audiovisuellen Medien”. In: Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, 1:1, 2004. www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/16126041-Lindenberger-1-2004.\nLowry, Stephen. Pathos und Politik: Ideologie in Spielfilmen des Nationalsozialismus. Tübingen 1991.\nMaltby, Richard / Biltereyst, Daniel / Meers, Philippe (eds): Explorations in New Cinema History: Approaches and Case Studies. Chichester 2011.\nMatuszewski, Boleslas. Une nouvelle source de l’histoire. Paris 1898.\nMayer, Vicki. Below the Line: Producers and Production Studies in the New Television Economy. Durham, NC, 2011.\nMeyer, Petra Maria (ed.). Acoustic Turn. Munich 2008.\nMeyer, Stephen C.. Epic Sound: Music in Postwar Hollywood Biblical Films. Bloomington 2015.\nMitchell, William J. Thomas. Picture Theory. Chicago 1994.\nPaul, Gerhard / Schock, Ralph (eds). Der Sound des Jahrhunderts: Geräusche, Töne, Stimmen 1889 bis heute. Bonn 2013.\nPaul, Gerhard. “Das Jahrhundert der Bilder. Die visuelle Geschichte und der Bildkanon des kulturellen Gedächtnisses”. In: Stephen Lowry (ed.): Das Jahrhundert der Bilder. Bonn 2008.\nPaul, Gerhard. “Visual History, Version: 2.0”. In: Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte: Begriffe, Methoden und Debatten der zeithistorischen Forschung. 2012. https://docupedia.de/zg/Visual_History_Version_2.0_Gerhard_Paul?oldid=8….\nPaul, Gerhard. “Von der Historischen Bildkunde zur Visual History. Eine Einführung”. In: G.P. (ed.): Visual History: Ein Studienbuch. Göttingen 2006.\nPorcello, Thomas. “Three Contributions to the ‘Sonic Turn’”. In: Current Musicology, 83, 2007.\nRabenalt, Peter. Der Klang des Films: Dramaturgie und Geschichte des Filmtons. Berlin 2014.\nRancière, Jacques. “Die Geschichtlichkeit des Films”. In: Eva Hohenberger/ Judith Keilbach (eds). Die Gegenwart der Vergangenheit: Dokumentarfilm, Fernsehen und Geschichte. Berlin 2003.\nRoeck, Bernd. “Gefühlte Geschichte. Bilder haben einen übermächtigen Einfluss auf unsere Vorstellungen von Geschichte”. In: Recherche – Zeitung für Wissenschaft, 2, 2008. www.recherche-online.net/bernd-roeck.html.\nRosenstone, Robert A.. Visions of the Past: The Challenge of Film to Our Idea of History. Cambridge, MA, et al. 1995.\nRosenstone, Robert. History on Film/Film on History. Harlow 2006.\nRothöhler, Simon. Amateur der Weltgeschichte: Historiographische Praktiken im Film der Gegenwart. Zurich 2011.\nSegeberg, Harro / Schätzlein, Frank (eds). Sound: Zur Technologie und Ästhetik des Akustischen in den Medien. Marburg 2005.\nSilverman, Kaja. The Acoustic Mirror: The Female Voice in Psychoanalysis and Cinema. Bloomington and Indianapolis 1988.\nSmith, Mark. Listening to Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill 2001; Richard Cullen Rath: How Early America Sounded. Ithaca 2003.\nSobchack, Vivian. The Address of the Eye: A Phenomenology of Film Experience. Princeton 1992.\nThomas, Thony. Filmmusik: Die großen Komponisten – ihre Kunst und ihre Technik. Munich 1995.\nWedel, Michael. Filmgeschichte als Krisengeschichte: Schnitte und Spuren durch den deutschen Film. Bielefeld 2011.\nWhite, Hayden. “The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory”. In: History and Theory, 23:1, 1984.\nWhite, Hayden. Metahistory . Baltimore 2014.\nWierzbicki, James. Film Music: A History. New York 2009.\nWodak, Ruth / Meyer, Michael (eds). Methods of Critical Discourse Studies. Los Angeles 2015 (expanded 3rd ed.).\nWulff, Hans Jürgen. “Revisionistische Filmgeschichtsschreibung”. In: Lexikon der Filmbegriffe. 2011. http://filmlexikon.uni-kiel.de/index.php?action=lexikon&tag=det&id=311" ]

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[ "C++ worker tutorial\nThis tutorial branches out of the Pirates tutorial to show you an alternative way of architecting a SpatialOS game.\nWhat you’ll do\nYou’ll implement the behaviour of pirate ships. They’ll move randomly just like in Lesson 3 of Pirates. You’ll also add a shooting behaviour to pirate ships similar to how player ships shoot in Lesson 4 of Pirates. This will let you compare the Unity SDK and workflow with its C++ counterpart.\nAt the end, there are suggestions for more complex behaviours you could tackle on your own to reinforce what you’ve learned.\nWhat you’ll learn\nThrough adding features to the game you’ll learn:\n- how to add a C++ managed worker to an existing SpatialOS project\n- how to use the C++ SDK alongside a game running in a game engine\n- features of SpatialOS and its C++ SDK\nWhy is this useful\nSometimes you might want to take parts of the game logic out of the core game process. Some of the reasons for doing this are outlined in Designing workers.\nUnderstanding how to use the C++ SDK through simple examples is the first step on the way to building more complex logic workers. For example, if you want to integrate a game engine with SpatialOS, the concepts covered in this tutorial will lay the foundation.\nBefore you start\nIf you haven’t already completed the Unity-only version of the Pirates tutorial, you are strongly encouraged to do so. By doing this, you will find it much easier to follow this tutorial. You will start with the completed Lesson 2 of Pirates and add features to the game.\nYou will need:\nCMake which is used for building the C++ worker in this tutorial.\nA C++ compiler of your choice which supports C++11.\nGit - this is optional, but you might need to download some files manually if you don’t have it.\nBegin the tutorial by starting the first lesson." ]

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[ "Simple. Organized. Easy to Use.\nI like things orderly. Looking at my desk, with notes and pencils splayed out in front of me you would not know that, but I do….. I like things to be neat and easy to find. This need for order is exactly what appeals to me about the Task Cards, from Creek Edge Press.\nSee how neat and compact the assignments are? To best use the Task Cards you need a few resource materials:\nA History Encyclopedia\nAn Encyclopedia Set\nWe do not have all of these resources in our home, but we were able to find all of them at our local library. The “Teachers Book” that accompanies the Task Cards lists a great variety of literature books for you to use with the material. The book also lists each card, it’s topic of study, as well as what additional materials parents may need to gather from the store or from the internet to help the student complete that card.\nWe chose to learn about the Medieval World. Creek Edge Press, graciously gave the TOS Crew Members the ability to choose our area of study from their list of products. Hunter wanted to know more about Kings and Knights, Castles and Conquests, Popes and Dynasties.\nSo far, we have explored Rome and the collapse of that great empire. We have, through our reading, learned more about how the divided kingdom affected the collapse. We have studied Constantine and his importance to the church during their time of persecution. We have mapped that part of the world, and traced the routes of the Visigoths and the Vandals.…………and that was just Card 1. We spent about 3 weeks on Card 1; studying from it about two days a week.\nPrep time for me as the teacher is a few hours (about an hour or less a week). I research the books we will use and reserve them from the library, then skim for the portions we will read and cover, the night before we will work on them.\nThis method of study supports several main teaching methodologies. You could easily use it with the Classical approach, researching, responding, thinking and exploring. It fits well with Charlotte Mason, you may use narration as your form of responding to the reading tasks that are on each card. The cards also support a Montessori style, where the parents would organize the material and the child is allowed to investigate each point at a pace that best suits them. Our family falls somewhere in the Eclectic range, taking parts of all three methods of teaching and applying them as they fit the situation….. We found that the Task Card Approach suited our family learning style to perfection.\nHunter and I have really enjoyed learning History this way. The organization keeps me on task and gently gives us a direction in which to tread. It is a great way to get a whole family learning the same subject at the same time. Older children can do the cards at their own pace leaving Mom or Dad to help the younger ones with reading their information. Hunter and I can’t wait for our next big trip to the library to learn all about Augustine, the Barbarians, and the Christian Church in Europe.\nPriced at $20 a set, Creek Edge Press does a great job of keeping their material at an affordable price. They have discount pricing for larger complete History or Science Sets. They also offer studies in Art, Music, and Grammar. Please visit their website for more information on each of the products they offer.\nTo see more reviews on all the different products that Creek Edge Press produces, visit The TOS Homeschool Crew Blog.\nAs a member of the TOS Homeschool Crew, I received a set of Medieval World Task Cards free of charge, solely for the purpose of this review. No other compensation has been received. Thank you, Creek Edge Press, for introducing us to your Task Card Approach to learning." ]

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[ "Why is futuring an important exercise for educational organizations?\nFuturing is very important. Futuring can really benefit educational organizations because it has to do with strategic planning. In order to better educational organizations, there must be plans in place to do so. Futuiring is a great exercise because it not only plans but takes things a step further. Futuring plans with a purpose. With furting, we look into the big picture what is going to happen tomorrow and in the long run that is going to improve educational organizations. Technology is becoming a huge part of education. It is changing the way we think and learn. Futuring is important because we as educators need to learn how to incorporate technology and all of its advances to fully benefit the students we teach. To be better prepared for the many tomorrows we face.\nAccording to Houle, he is a futurist who is a catalyst to get us to really think about the future. There are three types of thinking of the future when he asks people, one all being personal, second being all negative and the largest group, in to which he was surprised is where people do not think about the future. We have to start thinking about the future if we do not already because things will happen on to us and the place in which we work and so forth without us being prepared. (2008). Houle calls if the shift age. I am taking it means that we are in a time where we must shift and move to make things happen. To think about our future not only personally but to expand outwards.\n- A product of your final paper is your vision of your educational context in 2017 – this is a scenario! Since you are writing only one scenario, rather than several alternate futures, what are some of the challenges you will face (in other words, discuss the pros and cons of scenarios.\nScenarios get us thinking about possibilities that may occur. They get us to think about and prepare what can happen in the future in certain instances. One pro is to be prepared and ready for things that can change and happen. To be prepared for the worst or most challenging but not expect it to happen. Certain scenarios give us a different outlook and offers insight on how to deal with situations. One con about scenarios that if we think too much about many different things that may happen or have a chance on happen we can develop anxiety. A con will also be focusing on negatives. We all want the future to be positive but building scenarios can cause us to dwell on negative possibilities that may never even occur and that can take away focusing on more what’s important. When educational organizations think of many scenarios, it may take away from other things or it can hault a process of development. Thinking of many scenarios as well can complicate ideas and ones thinking. All changes impact scenarios, no matter the size if they are large or small there is some effect on the outcome.\nHoule, D. (2008). What is a futurist? http://www.youtube.com/watch?viQyysb8ngMQ" ]

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[ "Many think that smartwatches, such as those in https://fanguider.com/the-best-smartwatches/, are simply for keeping connected or staying fit. In actuality, there are many other new usages for smartwatches as well other wearable technologies. Today, smartwatches present an extensive scope of new possible potentials for bettering learner experiences in the classroom and aiding to widen the horizons of education.\nImproving Learning Experiences With Smartwatches\nSmartwatches are an excellent means for tracking classroom activities as well as sharing accomplishments of groups. The capacity to work towards an objective and share the performance of a user isn’t simply a fantastic social tool, but also an excellent educational tool as well. Smartwatches works very well for physical education programs where learners could share their performances as well as compete in a manner that wasn’t likely before the arrival of wearable techs.\nAside from PE classes, smartwatches are a new method to help retain the concentration of learners could help better and enrich the way students learn. Smartwatches could be utilized to play numerous educational games and tasks, and offer a distinctive way to make a recording of lessons or enhance note-taking.\nSmartwatches could be of great help for learners being tutored or individuals offering a private teaching service. It is not only excellent at systematizing lesson plans as well as recording notes, but are also brilliantly portable therefore could be utilized anywhere, or in areas where schoolroom equipment isn’t an available or an option.\nEducational Apps for Smartwatches\nLeapfrog have developed a smartwatch designed for young children. It is an excellent activity tracker that’s simple yet colorful and fun.\nInstapper is a great app to take with you anywhere educational articles and books. Moreover, it could also convert these educational books and articles into speech which would be help in your learning anytime and anywhere. Instapper is compatible on various phones and smartwatches.\nInnovations aren’t plainly restricted to smartwatches only. There are many new wearable technologies such as virtual reality (VR) that can put learning and education to a higher level. The industry of wearable tech are expected to grow in the many years to come, and when it does, solutions to enhance, enrich, and better learning experiences and education must follow." ]

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[ "Upper respiratory infectious are the most common condition in the world and for decades over the counter (OTC) medications have been produced and sold for the relief of the associated symptoms. Because these medications are OTC the FDA has not exercised strict control although in 2007 the FDA did recommend that they not be used for children under six. When we look at the evidence a consistent message emerges relative to the effectiveness of OTC medications for adult and children’s coughs. That message is that they are not effective and could potentially cause harm. There are, however, other more natural approaches that appear to be somewhat effective in relieving the associated symptoms of upper respiratory infections.\nA clinical trial comparing honey, dextromethorphan and no treatment found that “…parents rated honey most favorably for symptomatic relief of their child's nocturnal cough and sleep difficulty due to upper respiratory tract infection.” In a more recent trial (November 2010) simple vapor rub, petrolatum and no treatment were compared and the authors concluded that “Despite mild irritant adverse effects, VR provided symptomatic relief for children and allowed them and their parents to have a more restful night than those in the other study groups.” A Cochrane Review of the effectiveness of over the counter medications also concluded that “There is no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of OTC medicines in acute cough”. In yet another study comparing two common medications with no treatment found “Diphenhydramine and dextromethorphan are not superior to placebo in providing nocturnal symptom relief for children with cough and sleep difficulty as a result of an upper respiratory infection. Furthermore, the medications given to children do not result in improved quality of sleep for their parents when compared with placebo. Each clinician should consider these findings, the potential for adverse effects, and the individual and cumulative costs of the drugs before recommending them to families.”\nMillions of dollars are spent promoting cough suppressants and other medications for relief of upper respiratory infections and the profits are staggering. Some authors suggest that the use of these products are somewhat engrained in our culture and it will take years of patient education and perhaps more action by the FDA to reduce the risk to society." ]

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[ "Following a global review of management responses to ecological thresholds, we share stories of tipping point management in practice\nIn order to assess what works and what doesn't in the management of systems that are prone to tipping points, our team analyzed 51 social-ecological systems from around the world - each with documented ecological thresholds. The case studies we examined ranged from marine to freshwater to terrestrial systems. Drawing on the scientific and gray literature and conversations with managers, Ocean Tipping Points researchers asked what was known about the tipping point, how management responded, and what the outcomes have been. In their Management Review they present the characteristics of tipping point management that tend to lead more often to success - either in reversing or preventing a system from crossing a tipping point.\nHere we highlight some of their case studies to help tell the real world stories of tipping point management.\nEcosystem tipping points around the world\nEcosystems ranging from tropical coral reefs to temperate kelp forests and from terrestrial fire-prone landscapes to agricultural systems have all experienced ecological tipping points, when a small shift in human pressures or environmental conditions brings about large, sometimes abrupt changes in a system. Here, we present 10 examples:\nWhat are we learning\nUnderstanding the science that drives an ecosystem toward a tipping point can help managers make decisions that increase the chances of avoiding or reversing potential tipping points. In our Management Review, we found that:\n- Threshold management works. More explicit use of thresholds in management is strongly associated with better environmental outcomes.\n- Responsive monitoring is key. Good outcomes are also associated with routine monitoring requirements in both retrospective and prospective cases.\n- Scale matters. Threshold-based systems with smaller geographic areas are more likely to have good management outcomes.\nLearn more about the Ocean Tipping Points project here or explore the management review case study examples from the menu on the right." ]

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[ "European Fertility Project\nIntroduction and Overview\nThe European Fertility Project had two objectives:\n- To create a quantitative record of the European fertility transition - the decline of 50% or more in the number of children the average woman bears. This profound demographic change, and the social changes associated with it, occurred within the past two centuries in almost all of the several hundred provinces of Europe, and\n- To determine the social and economic circumstances that prevailed when the modern decline in fertility began in the hope of elucidating the causal mechanisms of the fertility transition.\nTo accomplish the two objectives, two sets of measures were required, one to describe demographic characteristics (primarily marriage and fertility) and one to describe social and economic circumstances. The demographic measures had to be such that they could be calculated easily using the often limited census and vital resistration data available. To this end, a series of standard measures was developed which compared the fertility experience of the populations of the provinces of Europe to that of the Hutterites, a religious community residing in the western United States and Canada. The Hutterite women had the highest recorded levels of natural fertility known at that date.\nThe OPR archive contains the following data that is freely available to researchers:\n- Standard demographic measures collected for 1229 provinces and smaller districts in Europe at various points in time from the late eighteenth century to the mid twentieth century.\n- Socioeconomic data collected for some of the European countries that were included in the project.\n- The original Hutterite data used to establish the standard fertility measures.\nThe Princeton University Press published eight books, including a summary volume, in a series devoted to the Princeton European Fertility Project. These are:\n- Coale, Ansley J.; Watkins, Susan Cotts [editors]. The Decline of Fertility in Europe: the Revised Proceedings of a Conference on the Princeton European Fertility Project. Princeton University Press, 1986.\n- Coale, Ansley J.; Anderson, Barbara; Harm, Erna. Human Fertility in Russia since the 19th Century. Princeton University Press, 1979.\n- Knodel, John E. The Decline of Fertility in Germany, 1871-1939. Princeton University Press, 1974.\n- Lesthaeghe, Ron J. The Decline of Belgian Fertility, 1800-1970. Princeton University Press, 1977.\n- Livi Bacci, Massimo. A Century of Portuguese Fertility. Princeton University Press, 1971.\n- Livi Bacci, Massimo. A History of Italian Fertility during the Last Two Centuries.\n- Teitelbaum, Michael S. The British Fertility Decline: Demographic Transition in the Crucible of the Industrial Revolution. Princeton University Press, 1984.\n- Van der Walle The Female Population of France in the Nineteenth Century Princeton University Press, 1974.\nIn addition, the following articles summarize results for some of the other countries:\n- Demeny, Paul. \"Early Fertility Decline in Austria-Hungary: a Lesson in Demographic Transition.\" In Population and Social Change, D.V. Glass and R. Revelle (eds.) New York, Crane, Russak and Co., Inc., 1972.\n- Forrest, Jaqueline D. Fertility Decline in Austria, 1880-1910. Doctoral Dissertation, Princeton University, 1975.\n- Livi Bacci, Massimo. \"Fertility and Nuptiality Changes in Spain from the Late XVIII to the Early XX Century.\" In Population Studies, vol. 22, nos. 1 and 2. 1968.\n- Matthiessen, Poul C. \"Some Reflections on the Historical and Recent Fertility Decline in Denmark\". In Scandanavian Population Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, 1984.\n- Mosk, Carl. \"Rural-Urban Differentials in Swedish Fertility 1880-1960.\" Working Paper no. 123, Dept. of Economics, University of California at Berkeley. 1978.\n- Siampos, George S. and Valaoras, Vas G. \"Long-Term Fertility Trends in Greece.\" Paper delivered at the International Population Conference, London. 1969.\n- Van der Walle, Francine. \"Education and the Demographic Transition in Switzerland.\" Population and Development Review, vol. 6, no. 3. 1980." ]

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[ "Monday was International Day of Forests, a perfect moment for taking a walk under your local trees and reading a roundup of forest victories from around the world.\nThis year notes a turning tide in the global awareness of the value of trees. In several regions of the world, there are more acres of forest than there have been in the past 100 years: in Europe for example.\nIn other cases, reforestation stemming from a conscious change in attitudes towards conservation is now equal to existing deforestation in some of the most threatened areas, for example in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest biome.\nThe recent meeting of the parties to the Paris Climate Accords have given rise to an international agreement between two dozen countries to end deforestation this decade. Locally-speaking, regional victories drive these global trends, and these movements will certainly go a long way to making every future International Day of Forests even more special because of what has been saved.\nIn the U.S., Oregon lawmakers just passed legislation to conserve 81,544 acres (33,000 hectares) of the Elliott State Forest, protecting it against logging and future threats. The site contains significant old-growth forest and supports 20% of the wild Oregon Coast coho salmon population.\nContinue Reading on GOOD NEWS NETWORK" ]

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[ "The future of communication is young\n29 November 2019 | Written by La redazione\nThe ways and means to communicate change and if you want to keep up with the times it is essential to understand how young people communicate, to understand this we interviewed those who understand this topic: the Alessandro Politi Hyena.\n58% of children play video games, but fewer know how to ride a bicycle: it is an emblematic situation of the new generations that have been in close contact with screens of all kinds, from smartphones and tablets to televisions and computers. Screens become a real window on the world and the question at this point arises spontaneously: how do young people communicate and inform themselves?\nThe importance of writing. According to an authoritative survey promoted by Telefono Azzurro entitled “technological generation”, more than half of children between the ages of 7 and 11 (58.6%) own a mobile phone, while this percentage, reported by adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years old, over 96%. Furthermore, 73.4% of children aged 7 to 11 have a PC, while the same percentage, found in the adolescent age range between 12 and 19, rises to 93%. The means that young people use to communicate with each other, but also to relate to the outside world, are increasingly filtered by the pixels of the screens and if this is good in an increasingly digital world, on the other hand it means losing other abilities, such as that of writing, and risk coming across unverified and inexpensive news.\nThe problem of fake news is a complex issue that involves not only the information system and the means of communication but also the way in which we reason. The cognitive side of the matter is in fact not to be underestimated: when you encounter news that resonates with our vision of the world, and this also applies to young people, it is easier to get involved in the narrative and our rational side easily goes down the drain. To be able to communicate effectively to young people it is essential to take these considerations into account.\nTalking in group. While on the one hand there is concern that screen communication can accentuate cognitive problems on the other, it offers the possibility of further developing relationships and discussion: community, group chat, forums allow two-way communication between groups and individuals allowing understanding better his role in a group. On the other hand, certain group dynamics lead to the creation of the so-called “bubbles”, groups of peers in which a certain topic is discussed following the same point of view that is rarely challenged.\nCommunicating with young people is not a task to take lightly, so we asked those dealing with communication in the first person what could be a useful approach in this sense: we exchanged a few words with Alessandro Politi, one of the hyenas of the homonymous program television that with its pop approach certainly manages to resonate with young people. A life lived between China, the United States, Spain and Austria, Alessandro Politi is a hyena, an assault television journalist who describes himself as tenacious, determined and with a strong sense of justice. All features necessary for journalism investigation. We had the pleasure of interviewing him to try to understand in a minute what could be the best approach to communicate with young people." ]

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[ "By: Richard Meyer ~Copy Editor~\nScotland has voted to stay within the United Kingdom after putting its independence on the ballot.\nOn Sept. 18, around 85 percent of the Scottish population voted on the independence referendum after more than 300 years of union with the U.K. This is the highest voter turnout on record in a British election.\nNearly 55 percent of the voters said ‘no’ to seceding from the U.K. while the remainder of the participating voters voted in favor of independence.\nOnly three of the voting districts within Scotland voted in favor of independence.\nThe Scottish National Party won the Parliament in 2011 through First Minister Alex Salmond with the main goal as independence from the U.K. With the win, the party also won the right to put the independence on the ballot.\nThe largest argument surrounding the fight for independence was whether Scotland would be able to support itself fiscally without help from the U.K.\nThose in favor of the independence argued that the oil industry in Scotland is strong enough to support the country and make it a world economic power without the aid from England.\nBritish Prime Minister David Cameron led the opposition to independence, saying that the oil in the North Sea is getting more difficult to recover and the resources will eventually run out.\nSince the vote, officials have begun attempting to restore peace to a largely-torn country because of this issue.\n“Consign these to the history books,” former Prime Minister Gordon Brown said in a statement at one of the peace rallies being held throughout the country. “No longer think of yourselves as ‘Yes Scots’ and ‘No Scots,’ but all of us Scots.”\nMany peace rallies have turned to riots including several arrests. Violence has erupted throughout the nation as people protest the results." ]

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[ "Source: City of Albuquerque\nALBUQUERQUE, NM – When the bold balloon flight of S.A. Andrée began on July 11, 1897, no one had yet reached the North Pole. There had been other attempts, all unsuccessful, but this expedition intended to fly there by balloon from Danes Island, an icy outpost at nearly the top of the world.\nThis dramatic and often misunderstood story is the subject of the Anderson Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum’s newly opened special exhibition, Arctic Air: The Bold Flight of S.A. Andrée.\nHis balloon, which was named Örnen (Eagle), and the expedition as a whole was well equipped and supported by technology that was innovative or state-of-the-art for the time. Andrée had also designed, tested, and installed a combination of balloon steering systems – sails and guide ropes – that were intended to influence their direction and altitude.\n“Arctic Air explores the history and technology of the expedition,” said Marilee Nason, Balloon Museum Curator, “and it delves into who these explorers were, their experiences in the Arctic, the people in their lives at home and the motivation for such a journey.”\nJournals of the three crew members, as well as photographs taken on the journey, tell a detailed story, one that the Balloon Museum presents in an immersive display.\nThe façade of the exhibition is a replica of the prefabricated balloon house, or hangar, that Andrée transported from Sweden and assembled on Danes Island in 1896. An interior portion of the replica balloon house forms one of the exhibition’s galleries. Another is designed to look like a late-19th Century parlor, while the third simulates an Arctic camp used by Andrée and the two men who joined him on the flight, Nils Strindberg and Knut Fraenkel.\nThe high-tech exhibition, designed and installed by Sightworks, LLC, has a multi-media design. It includes interactive touchscreens, videos, photographs, text panels, artifacts, newspapers and replica items central to the story such as a polar bear.\nSince it opened in 2005, the Museum has welcomed nearly one million visitors from Albuquerque and many other communities in New Mexico, as well as from across the country and around the world. Through its extensive collection of artifacts, interactive special exhibitions and engaging educational programs, the Museum is a gateway to science, exploration and discovery. The Museum is open year-round and hosts many community-oriented special events, features unique art and architecture, and offers distinctive rental spaces for meetings, weddings, receptions and other celebrations.\nSource: City of Albuquerque http://www.balloonmuseum.com/" ]

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[ "Sonata for Violin and Piano in F major MWV Q26\nSonatas for Violin and Piano\nSonata for Violin and Piano in D minor op. 121 no. 2\nThe sonatas in this captivating recital epitomise three key stages in the history of Romanticism. Mendelssohn did more than any other composer to ensure a seamless transition between the Classicism of Haydn and Mozart and the lyrical expansiveness of a new era. His 1838 Sonata tantalises the senses, combining passion and brilliance with meticulously balanced precision. By the time his friend Schumann began work on his D minor Sonata just 13 years later, the Romantic era was in full swing, and his lifelong exploration of alternative dreamworlds had begun to affect his own ability to keep a firm hold on reality. Janáček’s Sonata was composed on the eve of the First World War at a time when the old social order and the Romantic dream were on the point of extinction, reflected in a multi-faceted score of searing emotional intensity and often startling changeability. Mendelssohn was one of the great musical polymaths of the 19th century. There was seemingly nothing he could not turn his hand to with equal success, from philosophy, linguistics and swimming to water colours, poetry and gymnastics, yet it was above all music that activated his insatiable genius. In addition to his almost unparalleled achievements as a boyhood composer and pianist, he was also an outstanding violinist and violist. ‘He never touched a string instrument the whole year round,’ recalled fellow composer-conductor Ferdinand Hiller (1811–1885), ‘but if he wanted to he could do it, as he could most other things.’ Yet in later life, with many other commitments sapping away at his energies, the violin only came out of its case when Felix was called upon to fill out domestic chamber ensembles as the need arose." ]

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[ "One of the last things you might think about when you think of the aging population is sexually transmitted diseases. But according to a recent study, this is a much more common issue than you might be willing to admit, and damage is beginning to be seen. In fact, not only are the numbers on the rise, but they have in fact, doubled among North American and UK baby boomers in the last 10 years as statistics show more and more of the aging population not practicing what they preach, which is safe methods of sexual activity.\nThe Report Meaning Damage for the Aging Population\nThe report which was featured in a 2012 Student British Medical Journal, shows that a staggering 80% of the aging population (categorized as being between the ages of 50 and 90 years old) are still very sexually active.\nOf those 80% some numbers really stood out when it came to the aging population and STD’s:\n-706 elderly people were diagnosed with infectious syphilis\n-By 2010 those numbers had risen to 2056 (in people aged 45-56)\n-To 493 infected people between the ages of 55-64\n– In Canada from 1997 to 2007 cases of gonorrhea among adults aged 40-59 rose from 379 to 1,502\n– In Canada infectious syphilis rose from 34 to 527 in the older population.\n-In 2010, there were 16,106 in the under-54 age group diagnosed with chlamydia, versus 5,601 in 2000, a marked increase.\nSTD’s Damaging Our Aging Population\nThose in the UK saw some very shocking numbers as well. In fact, in England, over a 9 year period ending in 2009, diagnosis of STD infections in the aging population (in this case, those studied were age 49 and older) doubled to almost 13, 000 cases. Not only was this number shocking in itself, but even more so was the number of people being infected with HIV in the older crowd. HIV cases in the UK for the age group between 50-90 years old make up 20% of the reported HIV cases. That’s up from 11% in 2001.\nWhile survival and safety need to be key factors when it comes to thoughts of anti-aging, but those wishing to live longer also need to remember that STD’s are not just a young person affliction. While experts say that it’s not exactly necessary to walk around in fear of STD’s or HIV, remembering a few important points could make a real difference in the STD battle of the elderly, as well as keeping damage in general at bay.\nRELATED READING: What is Dementia Night Camp?\nThere are changes in the body of an aging individual that does make them more likely to acquire an STD, such as the changes that occur after a woman has reached menopause. Narrowing of the vagina, and decreased lubrication can open an older woman who is going through menopause up to a whole host of potential issues and damage. Minor genital injuries can be left untreated which can lead to a very real possibility of infection.\nAs a result of these findings, authors and experts, as well as healthcare practitioners are urging aging individuals to take a proactive approach to the potential for STD’s and damage in general. Seniors are now, more than ever, urged to consider continuing testing for STD’s and HIV, and also remember that even though birth control may no longer be an issue, protection during sex is now increasingly important, for all ages. Older women are especially at risk." ]

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[ "Wednesday, November 26, 2014\nFriday, November 14, 2014\nSunday, November 9, 2014\nTuesday, October 28, 2014\nSunday, October 19, 2014\nEnrique Ramos, Eminem made from m&ms\nAnd let's not forget about the Pumpkins...\n* PAFA Instructors I studied under\n** fellow alumni of PAFA\nJacob Collins (born 1964)\nCharles H. Cecil Studios\nHarvey Dinnerstein (born 1928)\n**Saskia Ozols Eubanks\nMax Ginsburg (born 1931)\nSamizu Matsuki (born 1936)\nThursday, October 16, 2014\nTuesday, September 23, 2014\nSunday, September 21, 2014\nI believe that you must learn to draw things as you see them - realistically. That is, you must reproduce the dimensions and proportions of a given subject. To render a faithful, realistic drawing, you must be able to observe the basic structure of an object, regardless of how complex and obscure by detail it may be. You must train not only your hands but your eyes as well.\nHowever, the ability to depict an object literally doesn't make you an artist. No one ever claimed that the faithful duplication of nature (an impossible task anyway) produces art. But the ability to draw things as you see them is the first step toward becoming an artist.\nIn other words, throughout this series you'll learn to draw realistically. The objects before you will dictate what you should do, and the result will be the literal representation of the object. When you've finished the projects in this series, you'll be equipped with the necessary skills to enable you to express yourself as an artist. Having learned the fundamentals, the craft of drawing, you'll have a solid point of departure from which to create. Then, if you wish, you can leave the literal imitation of a subject to the students behind you.\n|Basic Structure of Objects|\nEvery object you see has a structure or form based on either the cube, the cylinder, the cone, or the sphere. Any object may be based on one or a combination of these four geometric solids. A solid, for our graphic purposes, means an object that has three dimensions: height, width, and depth.\nBasic structure doesn't mean that things are geometric perfect cubes, cylinders, cones, or spheres. (They can be, of course - for example, a square box, a round can, or an ice cream cone.) It means that objects are based on these four geometric solids. The shape of the object is modified in various ways that depart from the strict geometrical form (Fig A).\nThis principle was a revelation to me. I found that I could concentrate on overall dimensions of an object; then at my leisure, I could add whatever details I wanted to include. In addition, because the four basic geometric forms are solid, i.e., three dimensional, you get a feeling for the bulk and the weight of everything you draw. In the next three projects, we'll explore the first of these basic forms - the cube. We'll flatten it down, pull it up, or lengthen it, depending on our needs for representing an actual object. There are so many things that have the cube as their basic shape that it seems logical to begin with it. But before you can draw cubes, you must practice drawing the straight lines that form them.\n|Drawing Straight Lines|\nAll you need to do the exercises in this project is a standard \"office\" pencil and a pad of drawing paper. I've used a KOH-I-NOOR #555, grade #2 pencil, and a #307 Ad Art layout and visualizing pad made by the Bienfang Company.\nThe range of pencils and drawing papers is so wide that I won't even attempt to enumerate them. Actually, for your first explorations, almost any pencil and any type of paper will do. Later you'll be more discriminating.\nDrawing Lines Freehand\nSince the first objects you are going to draw require primarily straight lines, let's look into ways of making them without any mechanical aids. I want you to draw them freehand; it's awkward and impractical to be encumbered with rulers and triangles as you sketch, especially outdoors. Besides, there's a certain life and vibrancy to a line drawn freehand when compared to the cold and mechanical line made with a ruler.\n|Holding the Pencil|\nDrawing a straight line, despite the old adage about it being awfully difficult, is easy and fun to do if you use the right approach (Fig B). Begin this very moment. Don't procrastinate. It doesn't matter in the least if the way you hold your pencil isn't the same as mine.\nHold your pencil in the usual writing position or \"under the palm\", whichever feels more comfortable (Figures C and D). Swing the straight lines from the elbow, not from the wrist. Swinging from the wrist will make your stroke too short and your line will be choppy and labored.\n|Angle and Direction of Lines|\nBy practicing, you'll discover the best angle at which you can draw a straight line. Then, all you have to do is turn the paper to execute a horizontal, a vertical, or diagonal line. Try them all. My own personal choice is in a northeasterly direction, beginning southwest. Your favorite direction may turn out to be the same or be a horizontal line that runs from west to east. The direction of the line isn't important. It's the\nDon't be timid and make short stabs at drawing lines. Dash them off with one stroke. No one is going to see or evaluate them. Relax. Let yourself go, and swing away so that you can limber up your entire arm. If you can draw a straight line in any direction - without turning the paper - you're to be envied. find out right now if you're one of the fortunate few.\n|This is the end of the first lesson. In the next lesson, we talk about Eye Level, the foundation of perspective. See you then!|\nMonday, September 15, 2014\n*Disclaimer: SOME NUDITY- Male models are strategically posed in this series, however the female models do display some frontal nudity.\n2. Make sure you are working in a well lit area with your drawing surface perpendicular to your eye as well.\n3. Play the video and try to work in real time (no pausing!). First you will see a series of one minute poses. This doesn't give you much time so you'll want to try to get a sense of the whole figure, whether you're drawing gesture lines or an interconnecting lay-in. Even for the one minute poses, don't rush! Just set realistic goals for yourself.\nTip: When two images are shown side-by-side choose whichever image you like. If you repeat the same video session again (and we recommend you do) you can do the drawing over again or choose the other side.\n4. After five one-minute poses, you'll get the chance to do five two-minute poses. Here you are going to work the same way that you did with the one minute poses but you'll also be able to start defining the forms (starting with major forms) and how they connect with each other.\n5. The last two-poses are 5 minutes each. We have chosen particularly difficult poses here so take your time to work them out.\nWhat if I want to draw for more than 5 minutes?\nClick here for the static images:\nWhere can I get more reference images?\nSubscribe at New Masters Academy for thousands of model images, real-time 3D scans and hundreds of hours of art instruction.\nSunday, September 14, 2014\nFriday, September 12, 2014\nWednesday, September 10, 2014\nA drawing technique: http://donnayoung.org/art/draw1.htm\nThe human Form:" ]

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[ "Skipping over the familiar story of Daniel in the Lions’ Den in chapter six, we move into chapter seven. The shift is like going off the shallow waters of the continental shelf and into a deep ocean trench! But it is as interesting as it is deep.\nThis is complicated, but let me try to sort it out quickly. Believe me when I tell you that there is a tremendously huge amount of supporting material for what I’m going to say in comparing this chapter with Daniel 2, Ezekiel 38 and 39, much of the book of Revelation, and a number of other passages as well. To put all of that in here would be to write a book – of which many have been written on this subject.\nThe first six chapters of Daniel are about experiences of his life in the Babylonian and Persian empires. The last six chapters will be the record of various dreams and visions, including this dream of chapter seven that troubled Daniel – as it would anyone who had such a nightmare of beastly animals … but, putting it ALL together, here we go …\nThis dream came to Daniel about three-fourths of the way through his years of service – in about 555 BC. It is a vision of what would happen after Daniel’s life – depicting “the time of the Gentiles” – from the conquest of Judah until the coming of Messiah’s Kingdom, which we know as the Millennium or 1,000-year rule of Christ upon the earth after his second coming.\nFour great beasts come up out of the sea – these beasts representing world empires.\nBeast 1 – Lion with eagles wings – represented the Babylonian Empire through which Daniel was living, and particularly the great King Nebuchadnezzar.\nBeast 2 – Bear, with one side higher than the other – represented the Medo-Persian Empire, where the Persians were stronger than the Medians – and they conquered three kingdoms – the Lydians, Chaldeans, and Egyptians.\nBeast 3 – Leopard with four heads and four wings – represented the Greek Empire and the swift conquering of the world by Alexander the Great, whose empire fell apart and went to his four leading generals. We’ll talk more about this before this week is over.\nBeast 4 – A horrifically powerful mongrel beast with 10 horns – represented the Roman Empire. And here is where it gets really hairy!\nLet me ask you this – who conquered the Romans? The answer – nobody really… they more or less fell apart. So, putting it all together (all those other passages I mentioned above), in the last times, the Roman Empire will be revived in the European/Mediterranean world. The one horn that rises up boastfully is the Antichrist, the Beast, who unites a coalition of nations around him. He guarantees safety to Israel in a treaty of protection – thus marking the beginning of a seven-year period known as The Tribulation. Halfway through this time, Israel is attacked by kings from the north and south. The antichrist (called also the king of the west) moves to protect Israel, while the attackers are miraculously destroyed by God. Taking credit for this, he breaks his treaty and what follows is a terrible time of 3.5 years of great tribulation.\nAt the end of this, Jesus returns and wages a war of judgment upon the Beast and all the other peoples of the earth who rebel together against God. This ends the campaign of battle over this final half of the seven years – a campaign (not just a single battle) called Armageddon. Thus follows the 1,000-year kingdom rule of Christ upon the earth, in fulfillment of Scriptures throughout the whole Bible.\nYa got all that? Let me make one big statement of application, and a couple of extra thoughts at no extra charge.\nThe main idea is this: God is in control of the big picture and is the sovereign over the nations and over all of time. This gives us peace in the midst of living through uncharted times … because … well, honestly, though we don’t know all the details, God has the master charts already drawn up. Daniel, Ezekiel, and later John on Patmos – they got to see some of it and write it down for us to have. Why would God include this in the Holy Scriptures? To give us peace – the knowledge of where it is all headed, and that by being connected to him, we are ultimately in safe keeping.\nExtra free stuff …\n#1 – As a child growing up in a Bible prophecy-enriched home and church during the era of the Cold War, it was always preached that the country of Germany had to be unified as one land – not divided into East and West Germany. This seemed ludicrous to imagine such in the days of the Iron Curtain. My grandparents talked about this and looked to see this happen, though they died in the 1960s. I lived to see it with the fall of the Soviet Bloc. However …\n#2 – A confusing part of the collapse of Russia as a front-burner world power is that this does not comport well with Ezekiel… especially with the loss of Ukraine. For the events of which I’ve briefly spoken about just above to transpire, at a minimum, Russia needs to be a formidable power, and Ukraine as an ally would seem to also best fit the narrative. So what is happening on the world scene right now? Hmm?\nDaniel’s Dream of Four Beasts\n7:1 In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon, Daniel had a dream, and visions passed through his mind as he was lying in bed. He wrote down the substance of his dream.\n2 Daniel said: “In my vision at night I looked, and there before me were the four winds of heaven churning up the great sea. 3 Four great beasts, each different from the others, came up out of the sea.\n4 “The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I watched until its wings were torn off and it was lifted from the ground so that it stood on two feet like a human being, and the mind of a human was given to it.\n5 “And there before me was a second beast, which looked like a bear. It was raised up on one of its sides, and it had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. It was told, ‘Get up and eat your fill of flesh!’\n6 “After that, I looked, and there before me was another beast, one that looked like a leopard. And on its back it had four wings like those of a bird. This beast had four heads, and it was given authority to rule.\n7 “After that, in my vision at night I looked, and there before me was a fourth beast—terrifying and frightening and very powerful. It had large iron teeth; it crushed and devoured its victims and trampled underfoot whatever was left. It was different from all the former beasts, and it had ten horns.\n8 “While I was thinking about the horns, there before me was another horn, a little one, which came up among them; and three of the first horns were uprooted before it. This horn had eyes like the eyes of a human being and a mouth that spoke boastfully.\n9 “As I looked, “thrones were set in place, and the Ancient of Days took his seat. His clothing was as white as snow; the hair of his head was white like wool. His throne was flaming with fire, and its wheels were all ablaze. 10 A river of fire was flowing, coming out from before him. Thousands upon thousands attended him; ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him. The court was seated, and the books were opened.\n11 “Then I continued to watch because of the boastful words the horn was speaking. I kept looking until the beast was slain and its body destroyed and thrown into the blazing fire. 12 (The other beasts had been stripped of their authority, but were allowed to live for a period of time.)\n13 “In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man,[a] coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence. 14 He was given authority, glory and sovereign power; all nations and peoples of every language worshiped him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that will not pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed.\nThe Interpretation of the Dream\n15 “I, Daniel, was troubled in spirit, and the visions that passed through my mind disturbed me. 16 I approached one of those standing there and asked him the meaning of all this.\n“So he told me and gave me the interpretation of these things: 17 ‘The four great beasts are four kings that will rise from the earth. 18 But the holy people of the Most High will receive the kingdom and will possess it forever—yes, forever and ever.’\n19 “Then I wanted to know the meaning of the fourth beast, which was different from all the others and most terrifying, with its iron teeth and bronze claws—the beast that crushed and devoured its victims and trampled underfoot whatever was left. 20 I also wanted to know about the ten horns on its head and about the other horn that came up, before which three of them fell—the horn that looked more imposing than the others and that had eyes and a mouth that spoke boastfully. 21 As I watched, this horn was waging war against the holy people and defeating them, 22 until the Ancient of Days came and pronounced judgment in favor of the holy people of the Most High, and the time came when they possessed the kingdom.\n23 “He gave me this explanation: ‘The fourth beast is a fourth kingdom that will appear on earth. It will be different from all the other kingdoms and will devour the whole earth, trampling it down and crushing it. 24 The ten horns are ten kings who will come from this kingdom. After them another king will arise, different from the earlier ones; he will subdue three kings. 25 He will speak against the Most High and oppress his holy people and try to change the set times and the laws. The holy people will be delivered into his hands for a time, times and half a time.\n26 “‘But the court will sit, and his power will be taken away and completely destroyed forever. 27 Then the sovereignty, power and greatness of all the kingdoms under heaven will be handed over to the holy people of the Most High. His kingdom will be an everlasting kingdom, and all rulers will worship and obey him.’\n28 “This is the end of the matter. I, Daniel, was deeply troubled by my thoughts, and my face turned pale, but I kept the matter to myself.”" ]

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[ "About the book\nThe book is the authors thesis for the degree of Ph.D. of the University of Sheffield, U.K. It describes the historical research into the subject of smoke ejection by steam locomotives. Within the smokebox of a steam locomotive two gas flows meet, the one is the exhausted steam from the blast orifice, the other is the smokegas from the firebox which is drawn through the boiler by the artificial draught caused by the exhaust steam.\nThe title of the thesis is after the written observation by Richard Trevithick in 1804. The first five chapters treat the historical development of locomotive chimneys and exhaust systems from 1804 to 2004.These chapters are accompanied by thirty Appendices with excerpts of the original publications, translated into English where necessary.The sixth chapter treats the research and developments outside the railways. A number of these could have influenced the design of proper chimneys.The seventh chapter is a theoretical approach which uses data of the historical tests of British Railways of the 1950s, among others.The optimal dimensional ratios of chimneys and blastpipes, the front end, are derived. An explanation of the function of the chimney system is given, leading to suggestions of improvements like multiple orifices. A present day theory, expressed in non-dimensional parameters, is presented and used for calculations of different front ends. Chapter eight describes the tests with the 0-6-0 steam locomotive RTM 54 which was used for verification of a number of assumptions.\nIn the conclusions of chapter nine it is stated that any present day steam locomotive front-end could be improved, leading to a decrease of water and coal usage and air pollution.\nThe final two appendices are meant for the live steam locomotives of model engineers.\nReviews of the thesis by Geoff Lambert of Australia, Michael Guy of Canada and Hugh Odom of the USA can be found at the website Ultimate Steam Pages of Hugh Odom:\nBook dimensions, l x w x h : 240 x 172 x 24 (mm)\nWeight: 910 gr.\nFigures: 224 b&w\nThe revised second printing:\nWeight: 1060 gr.\nFigures: 225 b&w\nThis version has an extra Appendix C with a very elaborate description of the functioning of the front-end including the proof of the improved behaviour of a front-end with multiple orifices.\nThe book can be bought from Camden Miniature Steam Services of the U.K\nContact about the book contents and its availability:\n(Replace _at_ by @ and _dot_ by . (the usual dot))\nAbout the author\nBorn 1940, married, four children, nine grandchildren\nStudied Naval Architecture at Delft University 1959-1968,\nRoyal Netherlands Navy, sublieutenant 1968-1970.\nNaval Architect, IHC Holland 1970-1979.\nSelf employed, Computer sales 1979-1990\nSenior Logistics Engineer with Frans Maas: 1990-2005\nRetired since 01-10-2005\nWriting and publishing the Ph.D thesis lasted from 1987 to 2006.\nSince 2005 self employed consultant on Steam Locomotive Front-ends.\nHobbies:classical music, trains, trams.\nPresident of Dutch Tramway Foundation (heritage trams) 1996 - 2016." ]

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[ "Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacteria, considered one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections. Bacterial cultures produce an exchange of energy as a result of the bacteria metabolisms. The rate of heat production is an adequate measure of the metabolic activity of the organisms and their constituent parts. Microorganisms produce small amounts of heat: 1–3 pW per cell. Although the heat produced by bacteria is very small, their exponential reproduction in a culture medium permits heat detection through microcalorimetry. In this study, we analyzed the microcalorimetric behavior of Enterococcus faecalis. A thermal Calvet microcalorimeter was used. The inside of the calorimeter contains two stainless steel cells (experimental and reference). Experiments were carried out at final concentrations of 106,105,103, and 10 CFU/mL and a constant temperature of 309.65 K was maintained within the microcalorimeter. Recording the difference in calorific potential over time we obtained E. faecalis’s growth curves. Thermograms were analyzed mathematically allowing us to calculate the constant growth, generation time and the amount of heat exchanged over the culture time." ]

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[ "The oldest known photograph of New York City is a daguerrotype—a common early photo process used to make images publicly available—which is believed to have been taken in 1848.\nIt may be hard to imagine, but the photo depicts a home on a hill in the Upper West Side! According to Gizmodo, the road shown at the forefront of the image is none other than Broadway, and was noted as “a continuation of Broadway” on the image which was likely that of Bloomingdale Road, which was the street’s name prior to being incorporated into Broadway.\nDaguerrotypes were not introduced to the world until 1939 and took several minutes to take. Prior to this photo’s discovery, the oldest known photo of NYC was of lower Manhattan’s Chatham Street, believe to have been taken sometime between 1848 and 1853.\nOne brand, OldNYC, decided to map all of the city’s oldest photos pulled from the New York Public Library. You can check out the map here and discover photos that range from the 1800s up until the early 2000s." ]

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[ "For 10 years, central Chile has been gripped by unrelenting drought. With 30% less rainfall than normal, verdant landscapes have withered, reservoirs are low, and more than 100,000 farm animals have died. The dry spell has lasted so long that researchers are calling it a “megadrought,” rivaling dry stretches centuries ago. It’s not so different from the decadelong drought that California, some 8000 kilometers away, endured until this year.\nBy analyzing tree ring records, scientists have now found evidence that such tandem droughts are more than a coincidence: They are surprisingly common over the past 1200 years, and they may often share a common cause—an abnormally cool state of the eastern Pacific Ocean known as La Niña. “We did not expect there to be as much coherence as we see,” says Nathan Steiger, a paleoclimatologist at Columbia University who presented the work this month at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union. “They just happen together.” The results suggest that, in the future, extreme aridity could strike all along the Americas’ western coast.\nEvidence for synchronous, hemispherewide droughts first emerged in a 1994 study in Nature, which documented dead tree stumps in the middle of lakes and rivers in both Patagonia and California’s Sierra Nevada. For trees to grow in stream- and lakebeds, the droughts must have lasted for decades, and at least one of these megadroughts seemed to have hit both continents simultaneously.\nBut pinning down the exact timing wasn’t possible in the 1990s. Ancient drought is typically detected in variations in the width of tree rings, but tree ring records then were spotty. Since, however, tree ring scientists have put together “drought atlases” that provide consistent records for much of the world. “We’ll have most hemispheric land areas covered by the end of the year,” says Ed Cook, a tree ring scientist at Columbia.\nSteiger combined these records with thousands of other proxies for dryness and temperature from trees, corals, ocean sediments, and ice cores, and fed them into a global climate model. Aligning itself to the records, it generated a global view of the changing climate, even in places with sparse proxies. The model confirmed that, from 800 to 1600 C.E., multiple megadroughts occurred simultaneously across the hemispheres. “It’s there,” Cook says. “Without question, it’s there.”\nBesides correlating the varied climate records, the model also identified the key factors driving the climate variations. Steiger and his co-authors, including Cook, first used the new tool to look at megadroughts in the U.S. Southwest. Their study, published this year in Science Advances, is “amazing,” says David Stahle, a tree ring scientist at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville. “It’s a bit like … they took those black-and-white films and colorized them.” They found that megadroughts in the Southwest were influenced by three factors: an anomalously warm North Atlantic Ocean, small global temperature rises driven by factors such as a brightening Sun, and, especially, La Niña. The cold cousin of El Niño, La Niña can persist for years, deflecting rainstorms away from their usual tracks.\nIn the new work, the team finds that La Niña is almost the sole driver of the South American megadroughts. And because La Niña affects conditions on both sides of the equator, it could plausibly trigger simultaneous droughts in both hemispheres.\nJessica Tierney, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Arizona, says this marriage of proxy records and models is a powerful tool for understanding past climates. “Nathan has really been leading the way on that,” she says. But she cautions that models don’t perfectly simulate the La Niña cycle. It’s also uncertain whether the link between La Niña and distant droughts is a stable dynamic that lasts centuries or might change over time. And the randomness of weather is always a factor: The current South American drought, for example, has endured through both El Niño and La Niña conditions.\nNor is it clear how the drought patterns will change as climate warms. A warming atmosphere alone seems certain to make megadroughts more frequent, especially in the Southwest. But scientists remain divided on how climate change will affect the El Niño-La Niña cycle. Models suggest El Niño will dominate, but in the past few decades, La Niña has seemed to be more frequent. “There are still camps,” says Daniel Griffin, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Minnesota. “I see people trying to hold their noses for consensus statements.”\nAs bad as the drought in Chile is today, it barely qualifies as a megadrought when compared with the medieval ones, which were longer and more severe. Clearly, there was something about that period that switched off in recent centuries, Cook says. If that pattern somehow came back, with greenhouse warming amplifying it, Cook says, “then things could get quite catastrophic.”" ]

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[ "What does Juliet mean when she says she would be as swift in motion as a ball?\nIf she weren't old, \"Had she affections and warm youthful blood, / She would be as swift in motion as a ball; / My words would bandy her to my sweet love, / And his to me\" (2.5. 12-15). The \"ball\" in Juliet's metaphor is a tennis ball, bandied back and forth between young folks.\nWhat is a metaphor in Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 5?\nIn Juliet's tennis metaphor, the nurse is like a tennis ball being hit back and forth between the two lovers. Each time they strike the ball, they impart their words of love to be carried to the other person.\nWhat is an example of personification in Romeo and Juliet Act 2?\npersonification - gives human qualities to the moon. It is sick and pale with grief. \"The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars, as daylight doth a lamp...\" (2.2.\nWhat is an example of oxymoron in Romeo and Juliet Act 2?\nparting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow.” Juliet knows that Romeo's life is in danger if he stays, but mourns the thought of him leaving. “Kill thee with much cherishing” indicates that her love will end with his death, and “sweet sorrow” is an oxymoron describing a lovely sadness.\nWhat is an example of verbal irony in Romeo and Juliet Act 2?\nVerbal irony: Juliet proclaims she would rather marry Romeo than Paris, which is surely not what her mother expected to hear. However, it is also dramatic irony: while Juliet's statement is undoubtedly taken as exaggeration in her mother's eyes, the audience knows that Juliet has indeed married Romeo.\nWhat is an example of situational irony in Romeo and Juliet Act 2?\nWhen Romeo's friends can't find him, they assume he is mad about Rosaline when really he has fallen in love with a new girl. It's irony because we already know he is love with Juilet, but they think he is still mad about Rosaline.\nWhat are three examples of personification in Romeo's final speech?\nPersonification in “Romeo and Juliet”Example #1. “Alas that love, so gentle in his view, ... Example #2. “Alas that love, whose view is muffled still, ... Example #3. “Earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she; ... Example #4. “When well-appareled April on the heel. ... Example #5. ... Example #6. ... Example #7. ... Example #8.More items...\nWhat is the symbolic metaphor used by Shakespeare in Friar Lawrence's monologue in Scene 3?\nFriar Lawrence use herbs and plants as a metaphor to say everything in nature has good and evil (like humans) and it depends on how their power are used.\nWhat is an example of personification in Act 1 Romeo and Juliet?\nThe first is grey-eyed morn smiles. This description of the morning tells you that it was grey, but it does it in a way that personifies the morning, by giving it eyes.\nWhy does Juliet use so many oxymorons Act 3 Scene 2?\nJuliet--\"Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical!\" (Act 3 Scene 2 Line 75) When Juliet refers to Romeo as a \"beautiful tyrant,\" she is expressing an oxymoron because the acts of a tyrant are rarely referred to as beautiful. Juliet uses two oxymora (plural for oxymoron ) to describe her conflicting feelings toward Romeo.\nWhat is an oxymoron in Romeo and Juliet Act 1 Scene 1?\nOxymoron in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet In these lines from Act 1, Scene 1, Romeo tells his cousin Benvolio about his feelings for a woman named Rosamund who doesn't love him back: O heavy lightness, serious vanity, Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!\nWhat is an example of an oxymoron used by Romeo?\nExample #1 Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate…” This quote is spoken by Romeo after Benvolio advises him to forego his infatuation with Rosaline. Unable to overcome his obsession with Rosaline, Romeo has an emotional outburst, and he uses the oxymoron – “loving hate” to express his inner turmoil.\nWhat are some metaphors in Romeo and Juliet?\nRomeo begins by using the sun as a metaphor for his beloved Juliet: “It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. In these same lines Romeo has furthered his metaphor by using personification. He creates for us the idea that the moon is a woman who is “sick and pale with grief,” seemingly jealous of Juliet's beauty.\nWhat is a metaphor from Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 3?\nFriar Lawrence use herbs and plants as a metaphor to say everything in nature has good and evil (like humans) and it depends on how their power are used. 2. Friar Lawrence thought Romeo has slept in sin with Rosaline but Romeo assures him that he is over that girl.\nWhat are two examples of a metaphor?\nA metaphor is a literary device that imaginatively draws a comparison between two unlike things.“Bill is an early bird.”“Life is a highway.”“Her eyes were diamonds.”\nWhat is the tone of Act 2 Scene 5 in Romeo and Juliet?\nAnalysis: Act 2, scenes 5–6 Throughout these scenes, Shakespeare emphasizes the thrilling joy of young, romantic love. Romeo and Juliet are electric with anticipation. In a wonderfully comic scene, Juliet can barely contain herself when the Nurse pretends to be too tired to give her the news." ]

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[ "Hanuman Jayanti is a Hindu holy festival commemorating the birth of the Hindu god Hanuman, who is widely worshipped in India and Nepal. In different parts of India, this festival is observed on different days. The festival is celebrated in Chaitra (usually on the day of Chaitra Pournimaa) or Vaishakha in most states of India, though it is celebrated in Dhanu in a few states such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu (called Margazhi in Tamil).\nWhen is Hanuman Jayanti in 2021\nPeople all over India, will celebrate Hanuman Jayanti on Tuesday 27th April 2021.\nDevotees will visit Hanuman temples and offered prayers to him, marking the day with great dedication. To appease Lord Hanuman, they chant holy mantras and read the ‘Hanuman Chalisa.’\nSalasar Balaji in Rajasthan, which is one of the holiest pilgrimages for Lord Hanuman devotees, is all set to host a grand fair as usual. It is one of Lord Hanuman’s ancient temples, and his statues have beards and moustache\nThe Hanuman temples in Varanasi are lavishly adorned with flowers and lightings, and a huge number of devotees pay their respects. People chanted Ramayana and Ram Charitmanas verses to thank their god and pursue his blessings for a peaceful life.\nOn Hanuman Jayanti, a big crowd gathered at the SIES Hanuman Temple in Nerul, Mumbai. People prayed to the 33-foot-tall Hanuman idol, which is considered one of Lord Hanuman’s highest idols in the world, and asked for his blessings.)\nHanuman Jayanti 2021 In Andhra Pradesh\nHanuman Jayanti is observed at different dates depending on the regions. In the state of Andhra Pradesh, it will be observed on Wednesday, January 13, 2021.\nHOW AND WHEN Can HANUMAN JAYANTI BE CELEBRATED?\nLord Hanuman, a devout follower of the Hindu god Rama, is revered by Hindus in India for his unwavering devotion to the god Rama. On the day of Hanuman Jayanti, all of the Hanuman temples are packed, as people begin puja early in the morning after a holy bath. Hanuman Jayanti is a Hindu festival that is celebrated with great enthusiasm by Hindus. It is a significant Hindu practice that is observed in a cultural and traditional manner.\nLord Hanuman is revered as a sign of loyalty, magical skill, courage, and energy. People read Hanuman Chalisa because it has the power to defeat evil spirits and bring mental peace. After performing a holy ritual in the early morning, devotees of Lord Hanuman visit Hanuman temples to apply red tilak (vermillion) to the idol’s foreheads, read the Hanuman Chalisa, offer Prasad of laddoo, perform Aarti by chanting mantras and Aarti songs, and perform many other rituals.\nSince Lord Hanuman was born into the Vanara group and has a reddish orange colored body, reddish orange colored Hanuman idols can be found in all Hanuman temples. Following the puja, people apply red Sindur as a Prasad to their own foreheads and distribute laddoo Prasad to others in order to be blessed with what they have prayed to their God Hanuman.\nIt is celebrated in Maharashtra on Purnima in the Hindu lunar month of Chaitra. It falls on the 14th day (chaturdashi) of Ashvin month in the dark fortnight, according to another Hindu calendar. Following the puja, Prasad is distributed among the participants to ensure that everybody receives full blessings.\nIt is celebrated in Tamil Nadu and Kerala during the Margazhi month (between December and January) in the belief that Lord Hanuman was born during the amavasya month. It is observed in Odisha on the first day of Baisakha month (in April). It is observed on the 10th day of Vaishaka month in the Krishna Paksha in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is a 41-day festival in Andhra Pradesh that begins on Chaitra Purnima and ends on the 10th day of the Krishna Paksha of the Vaishakha month.\nTHE CELEBRATION OF HANUMAN JAYANTI HAS SIGNIFICANCE\nThe Hanuman Jayanti festival symbolizes the harmonious coexistence of all human beings with nature’s amazing creature, Lord Hanuman of the Vanara clan. The Hindu faith considers Lord Hanuman to be a holy being. This festival holds great significance for everyone, but Brahmacharis, wrestlers, and bodybuilders are particularly drawn to it. Lord Hanuman is known to his devotees by many names, including Bajrangabali, Pavanasuta, Pavankumar, Mahavira, Balibima, Marutsuta, Anjanisut, Sankat Mochan, Anjaneya, Maruti, Rudra, and many others.\nHanuman is Lord Siva’s 11th Rudra avatar, possessing great devotion, strength, knowledge, divine power, bravery, intelligence, and a spirit of selfless service, among other qualities. He has dedicated his entire life to his Lord Rama and Mata Sita, never displaying his courage or wisdom for no reason. Lord Hanuman’s devotees constantly pray to him for the same blessing for their promising future. His devotees worship him in a variety of ways; some meditate by repeating his name many times in order to gain power, fame, success, and other benefits in life, while others read the Hanuman Chalisa to achieve the same.\nTHE HISTORY OF THE HANUMAN JAYANTI CELEBRATION\nAngira, a great saint, once went to see the heaven king, Indra, and was welcomed there with a dance performed by Punjiksthala, a damsel in distress. Saint, on the other hand, was not used to that type of dance and began meditating on his God. Indra questioned him about the dance performance after the dance was finished. He remained silent and said that I was in deep meditation to my Almighty because I had no desire to participate in such a dance. It was humiliating for the Indra and damsel in distress; she began disappointing the saint and was then cursed by the Angira, who said, “Behold! From Swarg, you will degrade to earth. In the mountain forests, you will be born as a female monkey.”\nShe then expressed her regret to the saint, and a merciful saint aided her with blessings such as, “A great devotee of Paramatma will be born to you.” He would devote his life to Paramatma”. She married the Kapiraj Kesari of Mount Sumeru and became the daughter of Kunjar (King of the Monkeys on Earth). She gave birth to Hanuman with the aid of five divine factors, including the curse and blessings of the saint Angira, her prayers, Lord Shiva’s blessings, Vayu deva’s blessings, and the fruit of the Putreshti Yagna. Lord Shiva is said to have had to reincarnate as a human being on Earth in the form of Hanuman in his 11th Rudra avatar because He could not serve Lord Rama in His true form.\nThe entire Vanara clan, including all of humanity, was ecstatic and joyfully celebrated his birthday with dancing, singing, and a slew of other events. It was then that his devotees began to celebrate it as Hanuman Jayanti in order to gain strength and wisdom like him." ]

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[ "Transracial adoption is when an adoptive family adopts a child that is of a different race. The adoption process has become a much more open process and families no longer feel the need to conceal the fact that their son or daughter is adopted. Because of this openness, adoptive families don’t feel they need to adopt a child that “looks like them” or comes from the same ethnic background that they do. They do not have concerns about ethnicity; they merely want to become a family.\nExpectant mothers are able to choose the adoptive family that they wish to place the child with. Many women decide to complete a transracial adoption because they feel a connection with the family and they do not care about the race or ethnic background of the family. They merely want to be assured that the child will be raised in a loving and open home. Birth parents should discuss with adoptive family how the child will be raised and how the issue of race will be discussed in their home. Ultimately, it is the birth parent’s choice as to whether or not they are comfortable placing their child with a family of a different race.\nMany adoptive families embrace the opportunity to learn more about the culture of their adopted son or daughter, so that they can teach them about their heritage and their history. Families who complete a transracial adoption should be dedicated to teaching their children that they should be open and loving towards all cultures and ethnicities. Expectant mothers ultimately have the choice if they would like to place their child with a family of a different race, and this largely depends on what type of home and family the expectant mother would like to see her child placed in.\nFamilies should learn about their child’s heritage, and teach their children about the practices, holidays and traditions that are important for the child to understand their ethnic culture. It is important for a child to be aware of and have an understanding of their heritage. Children of a different race than their parents should have the opportunity to observe and interact with children, adults and mentors of their own race.\nFamilies can educate themselves and their children by:\n• Reading books about diversity and race to their children;\n• Going to social activities where the child can interact with other children of their own race;\n• Contacting a mentor who is of the same ethnic background as the child;\n• Talking about race openly and honestly;\n• Implementing a no tolerance policy regarding racial or ethnic biased remarks;\n• Celebrating traditional holidays that are a part of the child’s ethnic culture by cooking traditional foods and playing games;\n• Joining a church that has a diverse congregation;\n• Becoming more aware of discrimination and addressing these issues openly with the child;\n• Engaging in activities where individuality and uniqueness in children is encouraged and rewarded.\nMost importantly, adoptive parents who complete a transracial adoption must be dedicated to providing a home where the family regularly communicates about race and ethnicity and is open about cultural issues and identity.\n©2017 American Adoptions - All Rights Reserved" ]

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[ "With the very dry conditions we are currently experiencing, it is extremely important to ensure you are irrigating ginseng enough. This is a critical time of year for root development, since leaves are still healthy and green. Any stress at this time of year can lead to early senescence, which can reduce root growth for the remainder of the year. It is especially important to irrigate sufficiently in seed production fields because water stress can lead to berry abortion and poor seed development. Water stress can also lead to more wind burn and heat stress and can make the plants more susceptible to foliar diseases.\nOver the past few weeks Rebecca Shortt, OMAFRA Water Quantity Engineer has put out two irrigation articles to help in calculating your irrigation needs. The following article provides the calculations on water needs for the week. Crop factors for ginseng have not been established, but they have been estimated at 0.3 for seedling gardens, 0.7 for 2-year old gardens and 0.8 for 3-yr old gardens and older. This estimate is based on a fully grown ginseng crop using about 80% of the water a crop in an open field would use. You might think it should be a lot lower because of the straw mulch, the shading and the lower air flow in a garden. However, it is actually much warmer under ginseng shade, which would counteract much of the benefits of the mulch and the shade. High cloth shade and wood shade gardens would use less water because it is cooler under these structures.\nIrrigation Update – June 24, 2016\nFor those with drip irrigation, it is often difficult to know how often to run the system and for how long each time. The following article provides examples for determining your drip irrigation needs:\nHow Long Do I Run My Drip Lines?\nDespite the dry conditions, root diseases continue to show up. New infections of Phytophthora and Cylindrocarpon have been reported. Frequent irrigation can lead to wet spots where there are leaks in the system, where sprinklers overlap and near drip irrigation emitters. These can be localized sites of root infection. Do not forget about your root disease management!\nThe main problem with applying fungicides for control of root diseases at this time is difficulty getting the product to the root zone. For those with overhead irrigation, you can time your fungicide application before irrigation to move the product into the root zone. For those with drip irrigation, this is not an option. The only viable option in this case is to irrigate before spraying to wet the soil, spray at the highest water volume you can practically achieve, time the spray before a rainfall (even if it is only a few millimetres), and if rainfall is not sufficient, irrigate again to move the product around. In order for the product to be effective, it will need to get through the straw before drying, and there is no point in applying the product if this is not possible." ]

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[ "Chirag Patney talks First Nations fisheries governance on the The Why and How Podcast\nFishing is an important cultural and economic activity for many of the First Nation communities in Canada, but the governance of their fisheries is complicated. Chirag Patney, a rural planning and development master’s student under the supervision of Dr. Nicolas Brunet, explains how he hopes his research will help shine a light on one community’s concerns when it comes to policies and programs that govern their fishing activities. Listen to the Why & How Podcast: Episode 8: How is research supporting First Nations fisheries?\nPhoto: Shawanaga First Nation Hatchery visit" ]

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[ "Be Dog Smart is our safety Education Campaign aimed at keeping children, and their families, safe around dogs while at home and out and about in the community.\nBe Dog Smart is our safety campaign to help all family members understand how to behave around dogs in order to keep themselves safe.\nDogs Trust Education and Community Officers bring FREE workshops to schools to teach children how to approach and say hello to a dog who is with their owner, what do to if they are frightened by a dog, and how to behave around dogs so that they can stay safe. We also go into the community to teach parents how to help keep their children safe around dogs with our family friendly workshops. We have workshops for expectant parents ,toddlers and primary aged children and a workshop for parents of teenagers. All of our workshops are presented by our dedicated Education and Community Officers. Check out our videos below to see an example of some of the advice that we offer during our Be Dog Smart workshops.\nIf you are interested in finding out more about Be Dog Smart and would like to arrange a ‘Be Dog Smart’ workshop in your school, library or community centre, you can find your local Education and Community Officer at our Meet the Team page\nWe also offer a range comprehensive educational resources which can be downloaded below, or can be ordered via this form.\n*Please note, as a charity we have limited resources and currently cannot offer evening or weekend workshops." ]

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[ "Early in the 19th century various denominations and non-denominational organizations began to create Sunday schools in an effort to educate the illiterate, particularly children. By mid-century, the Sunday school movement had become extremely popular and Sunday school attendance was a near universal aspect of childhood. Working-class families were grateful for this opportunity to receive an education. Religious education was, of course, always also a core component. The Bible was the textbook used for learning to read. Likewise, many children learned to write by copying out passages from the Scriptures. A basic catechism was also taught, as were spiritual practices such as prayer and hymn-singing. Inculcating Christian morality and virtues was another goal of the movement. Sunday school pupils often graduated to become Sunday school teachers, thereby gaining an experience of leadership not to be found elsewhere in their lives." ]

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[ "The ability to exercise control over one’s behavior amidst temptation is known as self-discipline. Dr. H. Stephen Glenn, of Developing Capable Young People, and Jane Nelsen, of Positive Discipline, both agree that children below the age of 7 or 8 are really incapable of self-discipline. (Glenn & Nelsen, 2000) In terms of Montessori, immediate gratification and lack of impulse control is a concrete behavior while self-discipline is more abstract. Young children are not capable developmentally to understand the consequences of giving into impulsive behavior. (Glenn & Nelsen, 2000)\nThis modern research clearly supports Dr. Montessori’s doctrine of the Three Levels of Obedience. “What we call the first level of obedience is that in which the child can obey, but not always. It is a period in which obedience and disobedience seem to be combined.” (Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, 1964)\nThis first level of obedience is generally observed in children 3 and under, however, older children may also exhibit disobedience. “Even after 3, the little child, must have developed certain qualities before he is able to obey. He cannot, all of a sudden, act in conformity with another person’s will, nor can he grasp, from one day to the next, the reason for doing what we require of him.” (Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, 1964)\n“The second level is when the child can always obey, or rather, when there are no longer any obstacles deriving from his lack of control. His powers are now consolidated and can be directed not only by his own will, but by the will of another.” (Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, 1964) This may appear to be the highest level of obedience; however, because it is dependent on outside variables (adults or authority figures), this is not true obedience. The child is merely satisfying someone else’s wishes, not his own.\nThe third level of obedience is when the child “responds promptly and with enthusiasm and as he perfects himself in the exercise, he finds happiness in being able to obey.” (Montessori, The Discovery of the Child, 1967) This is the stage of true self-discipline.\nSelf-Discipline in the Montessori Environment: Making Mistakes Is a Normal Part of Life\nChildren are often punished when they make mistakes because adults think they are being naughty. Rather than punishing the child, either physically or emotionally through shame and humiliation, we need to see the misbehavior as a teaching moment. The adult’s response should not take the form of revenge, such as “your behavior disrupted my lesson so now I will punish you.” Instead, the response should be a logical consequence that:\n- relates directly to the behavior\n- is respectful to both the child and adult\n- is reasonable to both the child and adult (Glenn & Nelsen, 2000)\nIn responding to misbehavior the Montessori teacher always considers the child’s level of obedience and developmental ability to obey, and remembers that children are deserving of rational, respectful treatment at all times.\n© North American Montessori Center - originally posted in its entirety at Montessori Teacher Training on Friday, September 20, 2013." ]

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[ "Architecture of Aylesbury\nThe architecture of Aylesbury, the county town of Buckinghamshire, reflects the ordinary architecture which can be found in many small towns in England where the buildings of the town were designed by local architects. This is characteristic of the built environment of Aylesbury, itself a good example of an English county town. The local architecture and vernacular buildings in the market towns were usually inspired at second hand by the work of the great master architects or the general architectural style popular at the time. England had a middle class long before many other European countries, these bourgeois merchants would often return from a visit to one of the cities, or having seen a glimpse of one of the great country houses then require a replica of what they had seen. A local architect would then be employed to recreate it, within limited financial restraints. Sometimes the patron would merely draw an image of what he required and a builder would then interpret the requirements to the best of his ability.\nThis percolation of architectural style was not confined to private houses, but to civic architecture too: an illustrious architect added to civic pride; and when an architect was too expensive for the civic coffers, for a fraction of the price he would judge a competition between local architects, for the privilege of designing a town hall or church. This is exactly what happened in Aylesbury. John Vanbrugh judged two sets of plans for the County Hall (now Aylesbury Crown Court). Thus for ever Vanbrugh's name was remembered in association with the building, the local architect almost forgotten, and civic pride maintained.\nIt is this provincial, often unappreciated and unnoticed architecture, by nationally unknown architects still being produced today which continues to give many English market towns their unique atmosphere and character, the architecture of Aylesbury demonstrates this admirably Aylesbury retains some buildings from the medieval, Stuart, Georgian and Victorian periods, as well as the 20th century. Ceely House, Ardenham House, the Union Workhouse and The County Gaol are among the most notable buildings in the town.\nSt Mary's Church, sited upon a hill surrounded by narrow streets and squares of substantial 18th-century town houses, such as Castle Street, Temple Square and Parson's Fee give an indication of how Aylesbury may have appeared in the 18th century.\n- 1 Saxon to medieval period\n- 2 15th century to 18th century\n- 3 18th-century architecture\n- 4 19th century\n- 5 20th century and modernist period\n- 6 Late 20th- and 21st-century architecture\n- 7 Notable buildings that have been demolished\n- 8 Aylesbury's smaller churches\n- 9 References\n- 10 External links\nSaxon to medieval period\nThe earliest stone buildings in the town were the castle and the parish church. Little is known of the castle: its existence is speculation based on the names Castle Street and Castle Fee, though archeological excavations in the 1960s uncovered a section of the castle wall and part of an Iron Age fort. It is likely that it was a Norman structure consisting of just a motte-and-bailey. Built immediately after the conquest it was probably demolished after outliving its requirement following the quelling of the Anarchy of the early 12th century.\nThe parish church St. Mary the Virgin, Aylesbury, dedicated to St Mary is the oldest surviving building in Aylesbury. Cruciform in design, it follows a common layout of English churches, the tower in the centre, the nave with aisles in the west, leading to the chancel in the east, and chapels in the north and south transepts. The eastern chapel, known as the Lady chapel has beneath it a crypt containing Saxon brickwork, possibly dating from circa 571 when Aylesbury was a Saxon settlement known as Aeglesburge. It is thought a Norman church, of which only the font remains, then stood on the site. The present church was built during the first half of the 13th century, and has later perpendicular battlements. The tower is crowned by a small spire dating from the reign of Charles II. Between 1850 and 1869 the church was restored under the direction of Sir George Gilbert Scott. Pevsner describes this restoration as \"so reckless both exterior and interior look mostly Victorian\". Scott removed features such as the intricately carved manorial pew, the \"three decker\" pulpit and replaced some perpendicular windows with Gothic triple lancet windows beloved of the Victorians (the original east window can now be found in the gardens of Green End House in Rickford's Hill). The church was, at this time, in a dilapidated state, the roof was perilous, and innumerable internal burials had undermined the foundations, in addition to this much of the church was let to local organizations, the local fire service kept three fire engines in one of the chapels, and the local regiment and militia stored their stock of gunpowder in part of the church. Many fine architectural details did survive the neglect and following restoration - the large west window, the perpendicular roofs to the transepts, the late 12th century font and the four misericords besides some well carved stone monuments and memorial tablets. In the 1970s the church was again considered perilously unstable, and at one time appeared to be facing demolition, though was eventually restored, and is today the town's principal Church of England place of worship.\nThe former friarage at 27 Rickfords Hill is the oldest residential building in Aylesbury. Constructed circa 1386 as a Franciscan priory the substructure remains intact although the exterior is more modern. Part of the original foundation of the building can still be seen at the side in Friarage Passage.\nIt is possible that the building was re-fronted shortly after the dissolution of the monasteries by King Henry VIII in the 16th century. Re-fronting was a common practice in British building techniques and involves stripping away the external shell of the older building, sometimes just the front, and then adding a new shell.\nThere is a high likelihood that the building was re-fronted for a second time or had extra features added to it in the 18th century: the front door, for instance, is of a much later design than 16th century. However records suggest that the size of the doorway, and the position of the windows are original features from the 14th century structure.\nToday the building is one of the offices of a firm of solicitors, who have been based in this building for over 20 years, the main office is 25 yards away at 14 Bourbon Street. It had been the private residence of one Colonel Crouch a Clerk of the Peace and Clerk of Buckinghamshire County Council (1924–1955).\n15th century to 18th century\nAylesbury has always been quintessentially a market town, with the Market Square at its heart. The Market Square is still used for four markets a week and other events on special occasions. The siting of the medieval market stalls both semi-permanent and temporary has given the Market Square an unusual architectural character. As the temporary medieval market stalls, or allocated lots of the traders, on Market Square became less transient so the stalls began to become permanent buildings. Many of the square's oldest buildings such as the King's Head Inn are hidden in what appear to be back alleys on the periphery of the square.\nThis encroachment continued into the 16th century until the western area of the square (where the Dark Lantern public house is today) was a complex of alleys and lanes. This curious maze-like complex existed until the 1960s redevelopment of the town, and the King's Head still appears to be partially hidden by buildings in front of it.\nParsons Fee has its name steeped in history. Aylesbury remained a feudal manor until the 13th century when new smaller landholdings were formed. These new small manors created by royal grant were often known as fees: Aylesbury had several fees about the time of Henry II. These included the Castle Fee held by the principal lord of the manor of Aylesbury, who also held the Lord's fee; Otterers fee which was granted to Roger Foll, the King's otter hunter in 1179 and Church Fee endowed to the church, which eventually in Aylesbury was allowed a small degree of autonomy as a prebend of the Diocese of Lincoln. Hence church fee was controlled by the \"parson\" or priest of Aylesbury, and thus Church Fee came to be known as Parson's Fee.\nThe row of cottages in Parsons Fee adjacent to the parish church are some of the oldest dwellings in Aylesbury. These timber framed dwellings which date from the 17th century have oversailing upper stories, a common feature of the period, which had the advantage of increasing the space of a small land site.\nThe brick-built cottages to the left are almshouses belonging to the Thomas Hickman charity. Thomas Hickman was a resident of Aylesbury in the 17th century who left money in his will to provide money for dwellings for the old and infirm. These dwellings were built in the 19th century to look like their neighbours.\nAylesbury has many public buildings which reflect its position as the county town of Buckinghamshire since the 16th century. In the early 18th century plans were submitted by two architects, Mr. Brandon and Thomas Harris, for a new County Hall. John Vanbrugh selected Harris' plan.\nThe building was completed in 1740, a red brick building of seven bays and two stories. The windows are round topped on the lower floor and pedimented on the upper. The three central bays are unified under a pediment. The whole style is Palladian with some baroque influences. One feature on the principal facade shows the building's provincial pedigree, Vanbrugh or Wren would have left the facade undecorated, or the windows interspersed by pilasters: here in rural Aylesbury the architect chose to place a humble drainpipe symmetrically between the windows, in London plumbing was discreet or hidden. The interior contained a panelled court room, and a council chamber.\nAlmost from the moment of the building's completion, the 18th century County Hall was not large enough. As local government became more complex and bureaucratic more office space was required and so Judges's lodgings were constructed in 1849-50 on the back of County Hall. Following the Local Government Act of 1888 the newly established Buckinghamshire County Council based itself here, thus further council rooms, including a Mayor's parlour, were added too.\nCeely House is one of Aylesbury's larger houses. Of medieval origin it was the brotherhood house of the Fraternity of the Virgin Mary. In the mid-18th century it was converted to a private house and given a new classical front, by the Aylesbury lawyer Hugh Barker Bell. Constructed of red brick, its main facade is five bays. The centre bay projects slightly to accentuate the main entrance, which is protected by a porch in a loose palladian style of two unfluted Corinthean columns supporting a pediment. The pitched roof is hidden by an unusual parapet masquerading as an undecorated entablature. As in the case of the Friarage however Ceely House is another example of a much older building with a new front: medieval wall paintings may be found in the upper storeys of the house, which is now part of the Buckinghamshire County Museum.\nJoseph Nollekens is said to have designed the large neoclassical Ardenham House for his sister-in-law a \"Miss Welch\".The daughter of Justice Saunders Welch, (a friend of both Samuel Johnson and Hogarth) Nollekens had married her younger sister Mary in 1772. This means the house can be no earlier than this date. Miss Welch is reported to have been a great intellectual, using Ardenham house as a literary salon. The large square red bricked edifice is of a simple design - a three-bayed front of three floors. The severity of the facade is only alleviated by a porch with tuscan columns, with a tripartite window above, and above that a tripartite lunette window. The roofline is hidden by a broken parapet. The design of this facade is typical of the more simple neoclassical approach to architecture of the late 18th century.\nThe 19th century saw a period of unprecedented expansion to the town brought about by improved methods of transport allowing increased industry: in 1814 the Grand Union Canal reached the town which then had a population of 3,450. When the London and Birmingham Railway arrived in 1839, the population was 5,000. The second railway, the Great Western in 1863, served a population of 6,170. By this time, the town had the first of its large national employers the printers Hazell, Watson and Viney. By the end of the century, Aylesbury had a population of 10,000, all of whom had to be housed, many in the solid 19th-century houses which grew up on the roads approaching the town - Tring Road, Bierton Road and Wendover Road. Many of these large Gothic villas still stand today.\nTwo of Aylesbury's earliest notable 19th-century buildings were at the time of their erection built for social reasons in open countryside, opposite each other, on the road to Bierton immediately adjacent to the town. These were the Union Workhouse in 1844, and the County Gaol in 1845.\nPevsner dismisses Aylesbury Workhouse as \"Red brick, gabled, dull\". Workhouses were frequently designed to be as austere and forbidding as possible in order to deter the undeserving. However, Aylesbury's workhouse was built of a mellow redbrick, designed by the architects Strethill Oakes Foden and Henry W. Parker to resemble an inviting Tudor manor house with large bay windows and tall decorative chimneys. The large gatehouse, reminiscent of an Elizabethan or Jacobean manor, was designed to provide the barest legal accommodation for passing vagrants, on whom the town did not wish to spend its money. These unfortunates were allowed one night's refuge before being sent outside of the town's confines. The building still stands, and houses the Tindal Centre, a hospital for people experiencing mental illness.\nIf the Workhouse was designed to be inviting and warm, the County Gaol most definitely was not. Designed by a Major J Jebb in 1845 the layout of the original design was to serve one of the Victorian eras most controversial methods of penal reform. Prisoners were kept in complete solitary confinement, and silence, for the duration of their sentences. 250 men were kept in individual cells in which they ate, slept and washed alone and in silence. They left their cells only to worship. The prison chapel (described by Pevsner as \"elegantly built\" had 247 seats designed that while the convicts could see the priest, they could not see each other.\nThe architecture externally of the Gaol could be described as typical 19th century prison architecture, the principal facade facing onto the Bierton Road, the only part of the prison visible to the public has classical pretensions. Built of red brick with dressed stone quoining the focal point is the large central bay containing the arched entrance. The bay has an entablature but no pediments. The frieze bears the date 1845 in Roman numerals. The central bay is flanked by two short wings containing administrative offices leading to two large cubed blocks which were the residences of the governor and his deputy. An unexplainable architectural mystery here is that the short flanking wings are dwarfed by massive chimneys containing far more chimney pots than the rooms within could possibly require. Behind this severe public face of the prison, all attempts at attractive architecture ceased. Tall red brick cell blocks several stories high under a slate roof surrounded the central courtyard. The architecture was utilitarian in the extreme. The building still stands, the main facade largely unchanged. It remains a prison.\nThe Old Aylesbury Bank was founded in 1795 by a local entrepreneur William Rickford and was for many years the only banking establishment in the town. The quality of the bank's architecture is a good barometer of the wealth that came from being the sole financial depository within a large rural area. The building dates from 1853. It seems that the highly fashionable Gothic revival had not yet reached Aylesbury, as the owners of the bank selected an Italianate classical style. The ground floor is rusticated but the blocks of ashlar are imitation, as is the quoining on the floors above. The upper floor, which would have been the banks administrative offices, suggests a piano nobile, with tall sash windows crowned by segmental pediments. The Bank standing on the junction of Market Square and Kingsbury Square has a canted facade in order to suit the triangular junction cause by the meeting of the two squares and a common street. The building in style is very reminiscent of those buildings of Thomas Cubitt and Edward Blore in London at this period. The possibility of a notable architect is likely as in nearby Leighton Buzzard the great Gothic revival architect Alfred Waterhouse was commissioned to design an equally small provincial bank (the Basset Bank) in the town's High Street and there was great rivalry between the small rural banks. The appearance of the Bank itself was seen not only as a sign of prestige, but also financial security, both evaluated by small local businessmen and farmers when entrusting their money.\nFrom the beginning of the 19th century, most towns in England had a building known as the corn exchange. Here farmers and grain merchants bartered for, and fixed the price of grain. In a rural community, where the greatest percentage of the community was directly involved with agriculture, this was a very important building, as here was decided the economy of the district. Often other agricultural commodities such as wool, were traded here. The corn exchange was often a grand imposing building which doubled as a venue for public entertainments, such as concerts and plays. The corn exchange in Aylesbury is less grand than some of its contemporaries: at nearby Leighton Buzzard the corn exchange was an Italianate palace. The building was erected by a consortium of local business men known as the Aylesbury Market Company, with capita of £18,000. They purchased and demolished the White Hart Inn replacing it with a new cattle market and the Corn Exchange. The site adjoined the County Hall which conveniently reflected its intended importance in the community. Designed by David Brandon in 1865, the Corn Exchange takes the form of a red brick triple triumphal arch leading to further council offices. Above the arches the reception rooms have large mullioned and transomed windows. This Jacobethan building sits incongruously in the corner of the Market Square next to the classical county hall and opposite a bow fronted regency public house with an ornate entablature. However, this siting of opposing styles of architecture, and constant change is the essence of character of an English market town. The agricultural depression which occurred from the 1870s resulted in a steep decline in the value of grain, the corn exchange never realised the profits its builders intended and in 1901 it was eventually sold to the Urban District Council as a town hall. The Corn Exchange today houses council conference rooms and a youth coffee bar.\nMarket Square is the historic trading centre of the town, and indeed markets are still held here weekly today. The site at the centre of the square was formerly occupied by the market house which served on the ground level as an open covered market. Stall holders would pay extra to have their market stall here, above it would have been a town meeting room, where the stallholders' fees were collected and kept. Often these upper chambers also served as a form of town hall, a similar market house is at the nearby town of Amersham. The Market House was demolished in 1866: by this time markets while still a popular occurrence had been replaced in importance by regular and permanent shops. Ten years later on the site was built the clocktower, constructed of local stone, in the Gothic revival style, designed by the local architect D Brandon, also responsible for the Corn Exchange and many other public buildings in the town. The clocktower complete with spire sits on a slightly raised dais from the rest of the square and has been used as a platform from which important speeches have been made in the past. The horse troughs that had been placed adjacent to the clocktower when it was constructed have since been removed.\n20th century and modernist period\nAround 1929 the county architect C. Riley was commissioned to design a large office block for Buckinghamshire County Council. The County Offices (later known as County Hall) was a three-storey building of 17 bays in an almost Second Empire design. The flat facade has a slight projection of the terminating bays, and a low stone portico at the centre. On the first floor the centre window, and the windows at the centre of the terminating bays were given pediments. Otherwise the facade beneath a mansard roof is unadorned.\nToday this building known as Aylesbury Vale District Council's Exchange Street Offices is part of the administration centre of the local government. Completed in 1931 This building's original use was industrial - the home of the electricity board. The ground floor being showrooms, with offices above, while at the rear of the building was the power station supplying the town with electricity. The architecture of the building is a subtle form of the classical united with the Baroque. The sophisticated proportions and design of the building are unusual for a mundane utility building of the early 1930s - a period of general depression when cost and economy of design took precedence over the aesthetics of architecture. The ground floor suggests the open loggias of town architecture of the Renaissance, where open arcades provided covered space for market stalls and vendors, while above was living accommodation. However, here, to suit both the 20th century and more northern climate, the arcade is closed. The windows above are slim and elongated redolent of those used by such architects as Vanbrugh and Hawksmoor during the English Baroque period of the early 18th century.\nThe facade is given an importance and a focal point by a low pediment very much in the English Queen Anne style which immediately followed the short lived English Baroque period. building was demolished in November 2007 by Aylesbury Vale District Council in order to make way for the new Waterside development.\nBuckinghamshire County Council appointed a new County Architect Fred Pooley in 1954, previous being the deputy architect in Coventry. He influenced many new buildings in Aylesbury and around the county. Pooley was experienced in the design of schools having drawn the plans for three educational establishments in the town: Quarrendon County Secondary School in 1957, Grange Secondary Modern School in 1954, and Oak Green Primary School in 1950. Pooley's choice of architecture was Brutalist, an architectural style sometimes referred to as \"the celebration of concrete\" - its chief building component, the first example of this style in the town.\nIn the mid-1960s, a large part of the town centre was redeveloped to designs by Bernard Engle (now tp bennett + Engle) under the direction of Fred Pooley, who prepared the general plan for public inquiry in 1962. The projected provided a new shopping centre, bus station, and linking with the new County Hall. The new town centre was tiered, with an underground bus station and market, an open ground level pedestrian square around which were larger shops and a cafeteria built high on stilts, and above, a three floored department store. While this form of town planning is often scorned today, at the time it provided exactly what was required by its consumers, greater shopping choices with easy access and convenient public transport all in a modern environment contrasting with the war time building restrictions which had lingered, in Britain, until the previous decade.\nThe foundation stone of the new concrete and glass County Hall was laid on 22 October 1964 by Sir Henry Floyd, Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. The building stands 200 ft. high and consists of 15 floors sitting above a complex containing the County Reference Library, Aylesbury Register Office, and the County Record Office. Inside it brought together for the first time all the departments and machinations of Buckinghamshire County Council. The building is visible from many villages and towns several miles distant. Dominating a predominantly low-rise 18th-century town, it proved to be a conversational piece of architecture. Often referred to locally as \"Pooley's Folly\" or \"Fred's Fort\" (after the architect Fred Pooley) the building took just two years to build and was completed in 1966 at a cost of £956,000. Today its architectural merit is recognised by some, and the building is listed for preservation as Grade II.\nThe Jarvis building was originally intended to be one wing of a large department store, extending from the High Street to the Market Square. It was built in the early 1960s on the site of Jarvis' original shop. The wooden painted panels beneath the many windows of the 1960s block are here accentuated, almost caricatured, to become the most dominant features of the facade and the windows become of negligible value.\nLate 20th- and 21st-century architecture\nDuring the late 20th century, Aylesbury began to expand industrially with several well known companies establishing in the town and bringing with it a new type of commercial office accommodation.\nHampden House at the junction between the High Street and Vale Park Way was conceived as an office block for an international company, its curved facades hint at the Streamline Moderne: this is further enhanced by the upper floors themselves appearing as bands of brickwork and glass. The large store on the ground floor is recessed into a faux arcade of a lighter stonework than the upper floors.\nThis large office building in Walton Street was constructed in 1982 and designed by GMW Partnership. It has won awards for the its design with sloping blue mirrored facades. When first built it was thought to be a potential hazard to passing motorists, due to the sun reflecting from its glass surfaces: a row of trees were therefore planted alongside the main road to prevent dazzling.\nAylesbury Waterside Theatre\nNotable buildings that have been demolished\nOther buildings in Aylesbury have, for one reason or another, been demolished over the years and certain of these were remarkable or notable in their own right. The Church of St John in Cambridge Street was designed by the eminent Gothic revival architect J P St. Aubyn between 1881 and 1883, a tall red brick, church with no tower it had lancet windows and a later chancel of 1894. The former Wesleyan Chapel, in Friarage Passage, later the \"Ex-Services Club\" this is a three-bayed structure under a large pediment, with segment headed windows, and had blind arcading as a decorative feature, unusual in a Wesleyan Chapel, usually known for the simplicity of their design.\nOther notable buildings that have disappeared that have not already been mentioned elsewhere in the article include the Railway Hotel (described by Pevsner affectionately as: \"an engaging little horror built in 1898\" ) in Great Western Street, the Baptist Chapel in Walton Street, the public baths in Bourbon Street and the Union of London & Smith Bank in High Street. In 1935 a public lido was opened in Aylesbury, this has undergone a number re-building works and is the current location of the Aqua Vale Swimming and Fitness Centre which still incorporates a 20-meter outdoor pool.\nAylesbury's smaller churches\nOther places of worship in the town include the remainder of the Congregational Church in the High Street designed by Rowland Plumbe in 1874. It originally had a simple asymmetrical facade though now only the tower remains and is used as offices. In Buckingham Street is the Methodist Church of 1893 designed by James Weir, and described damningly by Pevsner as of a \"terrible Italianate style\". This description is a little harsh, as the church also displays not only Italianate features but also some Byzantine and Romanesque features too.\n- The borough of Aylesbury - Introduction and borough | British History Online\n- Aylesbury Castle\n- Pevsner, Niklaus. The Buildings of Buckinghamshire\n- Parrott & Coales Solicitors\n- Buckinghamshire County Museum - History - Ceely house Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Aylesbury Town Council - Workhouses in Aylesbury Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Canterbury Workhouse Archived 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Photograph of the White Hart circa 1863 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. The White Hart, at one time the town's chief coaching inn was Palladian style building said to have been refaced in 1816 with the stone from the demolished Eythrope House. It was demolished in 1864.\n- Hanley, Hugh & Hunt Julian. Aylesbury a Pictorial History. 1993. Phillimore & Co. Ltd.\n- Photograph of the Market House Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.\n- The Bucks Herald online[permanent dead link]\n- Design, issue 269, May 1971 [permanent dead link] Design magazine archive\n- The Times 1 April 1998 p21\n- Image of the Church of St John Archived 19 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Image of the former Wesleyan Chapel Archived 28 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Image of the Railway Hotel Archived 5 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Image of the Baptist Chapel in Walton Street Archived 21 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Image of the public baths in Bourbon Street Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.\n- The Union of London and Smith Bank on the right of the image Archived 16 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine.\n- Callum Jones (16 January 2008). \"Aqua Vale set for makeover\".\n- Stephen Wood (12 July 1997). \"The sensational art of swimming\". The Independent. London.\nThat year pools also opened at Ilkley, Norwich, Peterborough, Saltdean and Aylesbury.\n- Picture of the Holy Trinity Church in Walton Street Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Aylesbury.|" ]

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[ "Authors born between200 BCE and 200 CE\nClick Up For A Summary Of Each Author\nBenefits of Unification of China\nThe Emperor on his Treatment of his People\nDestruction of History and Free Speech\nThe Search for Immortality\nThe Scholarís Plot\nThe Execution of 460 Scholars\nThe First Emperorís Treatment of his People\nThe First Emperorís Rule\nSima Qian (about 145- 90 BCE), or Ssi-ma Chíien, inherited from his father the position of grand historian to the Emperor, which had been a position largely concerned with keeping astronomical records. However, Sima Qian also took on an ambitious project started by his fatheróproduction of the first full history of China. This broad ranging work extending over 130 chapters is not in historical sequence but divided into particular subjects, including annals, chronicles, treatisesóon music, ceremonies, calendars, religion, economicsóand extended biographies. In this way, the Shih chi, or Records of the Historian, covers the period from the Five Sages of prehistoric times, through the Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin dynasties to the Han dynasty of Sima Qianís own time. The Zhou dynasty, probably founded just before 1,000 BCE, represents the beginning of the historic period and has provided archeological evidence that confirms some of Sima Qianís history.\nThe extracts give here are taken from the annals of the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) and from the biographical chapter on the First Emperor. This emperor unified China, built the Great Wall, ordered the burning of books, and was responsible for the army of life-size terracotta figures discovered near his mausoleum. Sima Qin presents us with historical facts, with the Emperorís own account of his reign, and with a commentary by a Han statesman, Jia Yi, in the Second Century BCE. In this way he shows how different views of history may emerge and how a rulerís claims should be viewed with some suspicion.\nSima Qian made the political mistake of seeking to intercede for a general who had lost a battle when faced by overwhelming forces. This offended the Han Emperor Wu, who sentenced Sima Qian to castration. Such a sentence was calculated to cause an honorable suicide. Sima Qian, however, accepted the punishment and consequent disgrace in order to finish his history, as he explained in a letter to a friend. We are indebted to Sima Qian for most of the history we have of early China and for his demonstration that some things are more important than personal honor.\nThus the empire was divided into thirty-six provinces, each province provided with a governor, a military commandant, and a superintendent. The common people were renamed \"black-headed ones\". There was great feasting. Weapons from all over the empire were confiscated, brought to Xianyang, and melted down to be used in casting bells, bell stands, and twelve men made of metal. These last weighed 60 metric tons each and were set up in the palace. All weights and measures were standardized, the gauge of wheeled vehicles was made uniform, and the writing system was standardized.\nSima Qian, The Basic Annals of Qin\nThe merit of the August Emperor lies in diligently fostering basic concerns,\nexalting agriculture, abolishing lesser occupations, so the black-headed people may be rich.\nAll under heaven are of one mind, single in will.\nWeights and measures have a single standard, words are written in a uniform way.\nWherever sun and moon shine, where ships and wheeled vehicles bear cargo,\nall fulfill their allotted years, none do not attain their goal.\nTo initiate projects in seasonósuch is the August Emperor's way.\nHe rectifies diverse customs, crossing rivers, traversing the land.\nHe pities the black-headed people, morning and evening never neglectful.\nHe erases doubt and establishes laws, so all will know what to shun.\nLocal officials have their respective duties; order is achieved with ease.\nDecisions are certain to be just, none not clear as a drawing.\nThe August Emperor in his enlightenment scrutinizes the four quarters.\nSima Qian:The Emperor's Stone Inscription, Langya Terrace\n\"Now the August Emperor has unified all under heaven, distinguishing black from white and establishing a single source of authority. Yet the adherents of private theories band together to criticize the laws and directives. Hearing that an order has been handed down, each one proceeds to discuss it in the light of his own theories. At court they disapprove in their hearts; outside they debate it in the streets. They hold it a mark of fame to defy the ruler, regard it as lofty to take a dissenting stance, and they lead the lesser officials in fabricating slander. If behavior such as this is not prohibited, then in upper circles the authority of the ruler will be compromised, and in lower ones cliques will form. Therefore it should be prohibited.\n\"I therefore request that all records of the historians other than those of the state of Qin be burned. With the exception of the academicians whose duty it is to possess them, if there are persons anywhere in the empire who have in their possession copies of the Odes, the Documents, or the writings of the hundred schools of philosophy, they shall in all cases deliver them to the governor or his commandant for burning. Anyone who ventures to discuss the Odes or Documents shall be executed in the marketplace. Anyone who uses antiquity to criticize the present shall be executed along with his family. Any official who observes or knows of violations and fails to report them shall be equally guilty. Anyone who has failed to burn such books within thirty days of the promulgation of this order shall be subjected to tattoo and condemned to 'wall dawn' [convict] labor. The books that are to be exempted are those on medicine, divination, agriculture, and forestry. Anyone wishing to study the laws and ordinances should have a law official for his teacher.\" An imperial decree granted approval of the proposal.\nSima Qian: Chancellor Li Si's Advice, Biography of the First Emperor\nMaster Lu said to the First Emperor, \"I and the others have searched for zhi fungus, rare herbs, and the immortals, but we can never seem to encounter them. There would appear to be some entity that is blocking us. The magic arts teach that the ruler of men should at times move about in secret so as to avoid evil spirits. If evil 'spirits are avoided, one can reach the status of True Man. If the whereabouts of the ruler of men are known to his ministers, this hinders his spiritual power. A True Man can enter water without getting wet, enter fire without getting burned, soar over the clouds and air, and endure as long as heaven and earth. But now Your Majesty, though ruling the whole world, has not yet been able to attain calm and quietude. When you are in the palace, do not let others know where you are. Once that is done, I believe that the herbs of immortality can be obtained.\"\nThe emperor said, \"I long to become a True Man. From now on I will refer to myself as True Man and will not call myself zhen.\"\nHe then had elevated walks and walled roads built to connect all the 270 palaces and scenic towers situated within the 70 mile environs of Xianyang. He filled the palaces with curtains and hangings, bells and drums, and beautiful women, each assigned to a particular post and forbidden to move about. Anyone revealing where the emperor was visiting at any particular moment was put to death.\nThe First Emperor visited the palace at Mt. Liang and happened to look down from the mountain and observe the carriages, outriders, and attendants of the chancellor. He was not pleased. One of the eunuchs reported this to the chancellor, who thereafter reduced the number of his carriages and outriders. The First Emperor was furious, saying, \"Someone among the eunuchs is leaking word of what I say!\" He examined the eunuchs, but none would confess to the crime. He then ordered the arrest of all those who had been in attendance, and had every one put to death. From that time on, no one knew where he was when he was absent from the palace. Whenever he listened to reports or passed on decisions to his officials, it was always done at the palace in Xianyang.\nSima Qian, Biography of the First Emperor\nMaster Hou and Master Lu plotted together, saying, \"The First Emperor is by nature obstinate, cruel, and self-willed. He rose up from among the feudal rulers to unite the entire empire, and now that he has achieved his ends and fulfilled his desires, he believes that there has never been anyone like him since remote antiquity.\n\"He entrusts everything to the law officials, and the law officials alone are allowed into his presence. Although seventy men have been appointed as academicians, they are mere figureheads and are never consulted. The chancellor and the other major officials are all handed decisions that have already been made, and they simply second the emperor's opinion. The emperor delights in showing his authority by punishing and killing, and everyone throughout the empire dreads punishment and tries merely to maintain his position, none daring to exert true loyalty. The emperor never learns of his mistakes and hence grows daily more arrogant, while his underlings, prostrate with fear, flatter and deceive him in order to curry favor.\"\nSima Qian, Biography of the First Emperor\nHe [the Emperor] then ordered the imperial secretary to subject all the scholars to investigation. The scholars reported on one another in an attempt to exonerate themselves. Over 460 persons were convicted of violating the prohibitions, and were executed at Xianyang,word of it being publicized throughout the empire so as to act as a warning to later ages. In addition, increasing numbers of convicts were transported to the border regions.\nSima Qian, Biography of the First Emperor\nThe First Emperor trusted his own judgment, never consulting others, and hence his errors went uncorrected. The Second Emperor carried on in the same manner, never reforming, compounding his misfortune through violence and cruelty. . .\nAt that time the world was not without men of deep insight and an understanding of change. The reason they did not dare exert their loyalty and correct the errors of the ruler was that Qin's customs forbade the mentioning of inauspicious matters. Before their words of loyal advice were even out of their mouths, they would have been condemned to execution. This insured that the men of the empire would incline their ears to listen, stand in an attitude of solemn attention, but clamp their mouths shut and never speak out. Therefore when the three rulers strayed from the Way, the loyal ministers did not dare remonstrate, and the men of wisdom did not dare offer counsel. The empire was already in rebellion, but the ruler was never informed of the villainyóhow pitiful!. . .\nIn the south he seized the land of the hundred tribes of Yue and made of it Guilin and Xiang provinces, and the lords of the hundred Yue bowed their heads, hung halters from their necks, and pleaded for their lives with the lowest officials of Qin. Then he sent Meng Tian north to build the Great Wall and defend the borders, driving back the Xiongnu over 230 miles, so that the barbarians no longer ventured to come south to pasture their horses and their men dared not take up their bows to vent their hatred.\nThereupon he discarded the ways of the former kings and burned the books of the hundred schools of philosophy in order to make the black-headed people ignorant. He destroyed the walls of the great cities, put to death the powerful leaders, and collected all the arms of the empire, which he had brought to his capital at Xianyang, where the spears and arrowheads were melted down and cast to make twelve human statues. All this he did in order to weaken the black-headed people.\nSima Qian: Li Jianís Commentary\nThen Qin faced south to call itself ruler of the empire, which meant that the world now had a Son of Heaven to head it. The masses hoped that they would be granted the peace and security to live out their lives, and there was not one of them who did not set aside selfish thoughts and look up to the sovereign in reverence. This was the moment for demonstrating authority and proving one's merit as a ruler, laying the foundation for lasting peace in the empire.\nBut the First Emperor was greedy and short-sighted, confident in his own wisdom, never trusting his meritorious officials, never getting to know his people. He cast aside the kingly Way and relied on private procedures, outlawing books and writings, making the laws and penalties much harsher, putting deceit and force foremost and humanity and righteousness last, leading the whole world in violence and cruelty. In annexing the lands of others, one may place priority on deceit and force, but insuring peace and stability in the lands one has annexed calls for a respect for authority. Hence I say that seizing, and guarding what you have seized, do not depend upon the same techniques.\nQin put an end to the Warring States period and made itself ruler of the empire, but it did not change its ways or reform its system of government, which shows that the means employed to seize an empire differ from those needed to guard it. Qin tried to guard it alone and single-handed, and therefore its downfall was merely a matter of time.\nSima Qian: Li Jianís Commentary\nRecords of the Grand Historian: Quin Dynasty, by Sima Qian, translated by Burton Watson. Research Center for Translation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Columbia University Press, 1993. © 1993 The Chinese University of Hong Kong." ]

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[ "What is a domain?\nDomain name means which in essence corresponds to the physical address of your website. Think of a navigation satellite, for example. In order to provide you with the necessary directions, it first needs an address or postal code. Likewise, your internet browser needs a domainname to get you to a site.\nFor example, the “Facebook.com” domain name includes the name of the website (ie Facebook) and the extension of the domainname (.com). When a company (or person) buys a domainname, it can determine which server the address points to.\nDomain name registrations are monitored by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). ICANN maintains a central database that indicates where domainnames point to, specifying which domain extensions are available.\nNot all domain names follow the same formula. For example, “.com” domains make up 46.5% of all websites, but there is still a large area for domain names like “.org” and “.net”. In general, the most common types of domains are:\nTLD: Top Level Domain\nAs the top-level domains or top-level domains name implies, the domainname is the type of domain name at the top of the system. There are over a thousand TLDs available but the most common extensions are “.com”, “.org”, “.net”, and “.edu”.\nccTLD: County Code Top Level Domains\n“ccTLD” contains international country codes and consists of only two letters, for example the extension “.us” uses for the United States. They are frequently using by companies that create private sites and make visitors feel that they have reached the right address.\ngTLD: Generic Top Level Domain\nA “gTLD” is a “TLD” that does not actually require a country code. Most “gTLD” is for private use, for example the “.edu” extension is for educational institutions. However, you do not have to meet any criteria to create a “gTLD” record. So the “.com” extension does not use for commercial purposes only.\nSecond Level Domains\nYou’ve probably seen these domainnames before. These are the addresses just below the top-level domain names. We won’t go into too much technical details. Because it’s easier to show by example, especially when it comes to country codes.\nFor example, British companies sometimes use the extension “.co.uk” instead of “.com”, which is a great example of a second-level-domain. Another second level domain is the “.gov.uk” extension, which is often used by government agencies. Finally, “.ac.uk” uses by academic institutions and universities.\nWhat is subdomain?\nSubdomains are very useful because they don’t require web developers to get extra domainnames to create sections on their sites. Instead, they can effectively point to a specific directory on the server by creating a subdomain. This is especially useful for campaign sites and different web content that needs to be separated from the home page.\nLet’s explain again with an example. Facebook provides useful information for web and application developers who want to use the Facebook API via “developers.facebook.com”. Another example is “support.google.com”." ]

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[ "What is Data Science? Also, list the differences between supervised and unsupervised learning.\nData Science is a blend of various tools, algorithms, and machine learning principles with the goal to discover hidden patterns from the raw data. How is this different from what statisticians have been doing for years?\nThe answer lies in the difference between explaining and predicting.\nWhat is Selection Bias?\nSelection bias is a kind of error that occurs when the researcher decides who is going to be studied.\nIt is usually associated with research where the selection of participants isn’t random. It is sometimes referred to as the selection effect. It is the distortion of statistical analysis, resulting from the method of collecting samples.\nIf the selection bias is not taken into account, then some conclusions of the study may not be accurate.\nThe types of selection bias include:\n- Sampling bias: It is a systematic error due to a non-random sample of a population causing some members of the population to be less likely to be included than others resulting in a biased sample.\n- Time interval: A trial may be terminated early at an extreme value (often for ethical reasons), but the extreme value is likely to be reached by the variable with the largest variance, even if all variables have a similar mean.\n- Data: When specific subsets of data are chosen to support a conclusion or rejection of bad data on arbitrary grounds, instead of according to previously stated or generally agreed criteria.\n- Attrition: Attrition bias is a kind of selection bias caused by attrition (loss of participants) discounting trial subjects/tests that did not run to completion.\nWhat is the difference between “long” and “wide” format data?\n- In the wide format, a subject’s repeated responses will be in a single row, and each response is in a separate column.\n- In the long format, each row is a one-time point per subject. You can recognize data in wide format by the fact that columns generally\nWhat do you understand by the term Normal Distribution?\n- Data is usually distributed in different ways with a bias to the left or to the right or it can all be jumbled up.\n- However, there are chances that data is distributed around a central value without any bias to the left or right and reaches normal distribution in the form of a bell-shaped curve.\n- The random variables are distributed in the form of a symmetrical bell-shaped curve.\nProperties of Nornal Distribution:\n- Unimodal -one mode\n- Symmetrical -left and right halves are mirror images\n- Bell-shaped -maximum height (mode) at the mean\n- Mean, Mode, and Median are all located in the center\nWhat is the goal of A/B Testing?\n- It is a statistical hypothesis testing for a randomized experiment with two variables A and B.\n- The goal of A/B Testing is to identify any changes to the web page to maximize or increase the outcome of an interest. A/B testing is a fantastic method for figuring out the best online promotional and marketing strategies for your business.\n- It can be used to test everything from website copy to sales emails to search ads. An example of this could be identifying the click-through rate for a banner ad.\nWhat are the differences between overfitting and underfitting?\nIn statistics and machine learning, one of the most common tasks is to fit a model to a set of training data, so as to be able to make reliable predictions on general untrained data.\nIn overfitting, a statistical model describes random error or noise instead of the underlying relationship. Overfitting occurs when a model is excessively complex, such as having too many parameters relative to the number of observations. A model that has been overfit has poor predictive performance, as it overreacts to minor fluctuations in the training data.\nUnderfitting occurs when a statistical model or machine learning algorithm cannot capture the underlying trend of the data. Underfitting would occur, for example, when fitting a linear model to non-linear data. Such a model too would have poor predictive performance.\nPython or R – Which one would you prefer for text analytics?\nI will prefer Python because of the following reasons:\n• Python would be the best option because it has Pandas library that provides\neasy to use data structures and high-performance data analysis tools.\n• R is more suitable for machine learning than just text analysis.\n• Python performs faster for all types of text analytics.\nDifferentiate between univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis?\n- Univariate analyses are descriptive statistical analysis techniques which can be differentiated based on the number of variables involved at a given point of time. For example, the pie charts of sales based on territory involve only one variable and can the analysis can be referred to as univariate analysis.\n- The bivariate analysis attempts to understand the difference between two variables at a time as in a scatterplot. For example, analyzing the volume of sale and spending can be considered as an example of bivariate analysis.\n- Multivariate analysis deals with the study of more than two variables to understand the effect of variables on the responses.\nWhat is Cluster Sampling?\n- Cluster sampling is a technique used when it becomes difficult to study the target population spread across a wide area and simple random sampling cannot be applied. Cluster Sample is a probability sample where each sampling unit is a collection or cluster of elements.\n- For e g., A researcher wants to survey the academic performance of high school students in India. He can divide the entire population of India into different clusters (cities). Then the researcher selects a number of clusters depending on his research through simple or systematic random sampling.\nWhat is Systematic Sampling?\nSystematic sampling is a statistical technique where elements are selected from an ordered sampling frame. In systematic sampling, the list is progressed in a circular manner so once you reach the end of the list, it is progressed from the top again. The best example of systematic sampling is equal probability method.\nCan you explain the difference between a Validation Set and a Test\n- A Validation set can be considered as a part of the training set as it is used for parameter selection and to avoid over fitting of the model being built.\n- On the other hand, a Test Set is used for testing or evaluating the performance of a trained machine learning model.\n- In simple terms, the differences can be summarized as; training set is to fit the parameters i.e. weights and test set is to assess the performance of the model i.e. evaluating the predictive power and generalization.\n- Cross-validation is a model validation technique for evaluating how the outcomes of statistical analysis will generalize to an Independent data set. Mainly used in backgrounds where the objective is forecast and one wants to estimate how accurately a model will accomplish in practice.\n- The goal of cross-validation is to term a data set to test the model in the training phase (i.e. validation data set) in order to limit problems like over fitting and get an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent data set.\nWhat is Machine Learning?\nMachine Learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. Closely related to computational statistics. Used to devise complex models and algorithms that lend themselves to a prediction which in commercial use is known as predictive analytics.\nWhat is the Supervised Learning?\n- Supervised learning is the machine learning task of inferring a function from labeled training data. The training data consist of a set of training examples.\n- Algorithms: Support Vector Machines, Regression, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, Knearest Neighbor Algorithm and Neural Networks\n- E.g. If you built a fruit classifier, the labels will be “this is an orange, this is an apple and this is a banana”, based on showing the classifier examples of apples, oranges and bananas.\nWhat is Unsupervised learning?\n- Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning algorithm used to draw inferences from datasets consisting of input data without labeled responses.\n- Algorithms: Clustering, Anomaly Detection, Neural Networks and Latent Variable Models.\n- E.g. In the same example, a fruit clustering will categorize as “fruits with soft skin and lots of dimples”, “fruits with shiny hard skin” and “elongated yellow fruits”." ]

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[ "I was never that much of a history buff, so it’s pretty rare for me to sit down and watch a documentary about a war that ended before my mom was born. But I’m rethinking my slacker ways after watching The Great War, a captivating new series premiering April 10 on PBS’ American Experience.\nThe history of this nation’s involvement in World War I is as fascinating as it is unsettling. The Great War also was our global coming of age, the beginning of America’s transformation into a nation deeply engaged in world affairs and conflicts. Perhaps what struck me most about the three-part, six-hour series was the familiarity of so many of its themes—a sense of déjà vu that left me feeling like even those of us who know our history are doomed to repeat it.\nHere are 10 big takeaways from the series to accompany this exclusive clip (above) about the wartime crackdown on dissent.\n1. America was as polarized a century ago as it is today. In 1917, the country was split over race relations, voting rights, domestic politics, our place in the world, and whether we should be fighting foreign wars at all.\n2. The “great” war was so not great. Like all big conflicts, World War I had its inspiring tales of duty, bravery, and heroism, but the primary narrative was one of staggering deprivation and devastation. By the time America came in, some 15 million soldiers and civilians were already dead. (The 1918 flu pandemic, made worse by the war, would kill millions more.) Beyond the bullets and shells, the Germans introduced frightening new weapons including mustard gas, which was soon adopted by the Allies. During the Meuse-Argonne offensive, US soldiers fighting the Germans lost an average of 550 men per day for 47 straight days. Three times that many were wounded. “It was, and remains,” notes one commentator, “the bloodiest battle America has ever been involved in.” But the longest conflict we’ve ever been involved in is still happening—over in Afghanistan.\n3. Immigrants were scapegoated. Sound familiar? With Americans being shipped overseas to backstop French and British forces against the Kaiser’s army, German Americans became the bad guys at home. They were forced to register with the federal government. German language and songs were banned from schools. There were stein-smashing events, and citizens were encouraged to report those they suspected of disloyalty. Anyone deemed pro-German might be beaten, tarred and feathered, hauled to an internment camp, or even lynched. Now we have anti-Muslim travel orders, rising hate crimes, and an anti-immigrant president who supports the notion of a Muslim registry—during the campaign, a Trump surrogate cited internment camps as a precedent. This is a slippery slope, people.\n4. You were either with us or against us. Remember how the politicians who refused to fall in line with George W. Bush’s post-9/11 crackdown on civil liberties (and his move to invade Iraq) were attacked for giving aid and comfort to the enemy. Rewind to 1917: At first reluctant to enter the war, President Woodrow Wilson went all in, brooking no dissent from the public. Conformity was enforced by means of federally funded propaganda, as well as vigilante groups that, with the blessing of the Department of Justice, conducted “slacker raids.” Police, too, conducted mass roundups, locking up draft evaders, conscientious objectors, and war critics such as socialist leader Eugene Debs. Hutterite religious objectors were tortured (some to death) at Leavenworth military prison.\n5. Laws were passed to justify repression. With today’s Republican lawmakers proposing harsh penalties for peaceful protest activities such as blocking traffic, it’s instructive to recall the Espionage and Sedition acts that Congress passed in 1917 and 1918 at the urging of President Wilson. (One of the film’s featured historians, Michael Kazin, calls Wilson “both the great Democrat and one of the most oppressive figures in American history.”) Used to prosecute more than 2,000 Americans, “these two acts really become tools to shut up people who refuse to be quiet about their opposition to the war, especially left-wing organizations—socialists, the IWW [International Workers of the World],” historian Jennifer Keene explains. Simply griping to a colleague about food rationing might get a man locked up. “For every prosecution,” adds historian Christopher Capozzola, “there may be tens, hundreds, thousands of ‘friendly’ visits by government agents warning someone not to say what they said or write what they wrote.”\n6. World War I spawned a huge propaganda machine. Wilson enlisted marketing guru George Creel to sell the war and made him the head of a new federal Committee on Public Information. Creel was masterful in controlling the narrative of the conflict at home and spreading the view that if you weren’t actively down with the war effort, then you were disloyal. Years later, the administration of George H.W. Bush relied on PR firms to gin up public support for Operation Desert Storm. You might recall the fabricated story of Iraqi troops ripping babies from their incubators at a Kuwait hospital and leaving them to die—brought to you by a Kuwaiti government front group that hired companies such as Hill & Knowlton to make its case for America to go after Saddam.\n7. America betrayed her black soldiers. The documentary, whose commentators include several black historians, does a fabulous job of showing how the war was transformative for African American soldiers. Handed over to fight hellish trench battles under French command, they were treated, if not as equals, then at least as worthy comrades by their white French counterparts. The returning veterans were no longer content to accept the racist status quo in America; hundreds were lynched for resisting white supremacy. The “red summer” of 1919 was “a wave of racial violence unparalleled in United States history,” notes historian Chad Williams. “It was a horrific statement about how the aspirations of African Americans were going to be met with violent resistance from white people.” Thousands of blacks wrote to the White House begging for help, but they were given the cold shoulder. President Wilson, at once a global visionary and a small-minded bigot, refused to acknowledge the slaughter, and America remained as violently racist as it ever was. But the new perspective and sense of entitlement among black veterans planted seeds for a civil rights movement yet to come. America, of course, is still pretty darn racist.\n8. The war was a turning point for women’s voting rights. The suffragists of the time, led by Alice Paul, were deft at turning Wilson’s war rhetoric against him: Even as young Americans died to “make the world safe for democracy,” they said, Wilson was stifling democracy at home. Anti-government protests had all but evaporated once America declared war, but Paul and others continued their daily vigil outside the White House gates. Even after Wilson had the women locked up, they continued to make him look bad by launching a hunger strike. Wilson eventually capitulated. Congress approved the 19th Amendment in 1919—the states ratified it in 1920. (Now it’s people of color who are stuck fighting—yet again—to protect their voting rights.)\n9. Petty bipartisan squabbling ruined everything. After the immense effort of negotiating the terms of peace in Europe and selling the treaty to the American public, the president let his petty rivalry with Republican Henry Cabot Lodge doom the treaty’s ratification by the Senate. What if Wilson had let the pact proceed with Lodge’s inconsequential amendments attached? Or what if he’d brought the Republican leader along with him to Paris when he negotiated the treaty? What if America had ratified the treaty and stayed intimately involved in the postwar order? “Just what if?” asks historian Margaret MacMillan. Her implication is clear: World War II might never have happened.\n10. Hillary Clinton actually would have been our second female president. Shortly after Congress nixed Wilson’s hard-fought treaty, the president suffered a massive stroke. His inner circle covered up the severity of his condition for a year and a half, while first lady Edith Wilson essentially served as a covert chief executive: “A handful of people in the White House,” says Wilson biographer A. Scott Berg, “engaged in the greatest conspiracy in American history.” Yet." ]

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[ "The identification and allocation of costs determine the profitability of the product or the organization. The costs are classified into direct and indirect costs based on the cost’s traceability to the product.\nIt is called direct cost when the expenditure can be identified and feasibly allocated to a particular product.\nContrary to this, those costs that cannot be tied to a particular cost center or cost object owing to the difficulty in tracing the cost are indirect costs.\nThe two of these are explained below in a detailed manner:\nThe costs that can be directly attributed to a particular cost center or cost object of the product or department are called direct costs.\nDirect costs are roughly divided into three types:\n- Direct Material: The direct material can be directly traceable to a product. It includes raw material expenses. For example, wood bought for making furniture can be directly traceable as direct material and falls under direct cost.\n- Direct Labor: This is incurred on workers directly involved in developing a product or with a particular cost center. It includes pay to workers who are directly involved. For eg: Foreman’s pay.\n- Direct expenses include all other expenses other than direct material or direct labor that can be linked directly to the production of the product.\nThe combination of direct material, direct labor, and direct expenses is also called prime cost. The direct cost can be both variable and fixed.\nThe traditional thinking that direct costs are only variable is the wrong notion. For example, the salary of labor directly employed is fixed and can be traceable to a product.\nThe costs that cannot be directly traceable to a particular cost center or cost objects like a product or department are called indirect costs. The indirect cost is divided into the following categories:\n- Indirect Materials: The materials that cannot be directly identified. For example, metal screws are used in making wooden furniture.\n- Indirect labor: Similar to indirect materials, these cannot be traceable or allocated feasibly to a product, for example, security guard personnel of factories.\n- Indirect expenses: All indirect costs other than indirect materials or labor are called indirect expenses. It includes interest, tax, cess, etc.\nNow, we shall study in-depth the differences between direct costs and indirect costs:\n|Basis for Comparison||Direct Cost||Indirect Cost|\n|Meaning||The cost apportioned to a particular cost object is called direct cost.||The cost which cannot be directly apportioned to a particular cost object is called indirect cost.|\n|The benefit to product(s)||Direct cost only benefits a single product or project.||Indirect cost benefits range of products.|\n|Total of costs||The sum of direct material, direct labor, and direct expense is called direct cost. In other words, it is called prime costs.||The sum of indirect materials, indirect labor, and indirect expenses is an indirect cost. In other words, these are called overheads.|\n|Traceability||These costs can be directly traceable to a product.||These costs cannot be directly traceable to the product.|\n|Classification||Direct costs are divided into direct material, direct labor, and direct expenses||Indirect costs are divided into indirect materials, indirect labor, and indirect expenses.|\n|Presentation in the cost sheet||It is computed at the beginning of the cost sheet.||It is determined after computing the direct costs.|\n|Nature in General||These are generally variable however it is not necessary to be variable.||These are generally fixed in nature. It is not, however, necessary to be variable always.|" ]

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[ "A study carried out by researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania finds that low wages and poor benefits leave many female health care workers living below the poverty line. The report that will appear in the January issue of the American Journal of Public Health has been published online.\n“Every day in the clinic and in the hospital, my colleagues who work in low-wage positions – as cleaners, dietary workers, medical assistants and nurse’s aides – make vital contributions to the care of our patients.” says Kathryn Himmelstein, MD, lead and corresponding author of the paper. “These workers should not have to go home to poverty or be unable to afford health care for themselves and their families.” A resident in the MGH Department of Medicine and postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School, Himmelstein initiated the study as a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania.\nThe authors note that more Americans are employed in health care than in any other industry, and three quarters of them are women. Their analysis of data from the 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, found that 18 percent of employed women responding to the 2017 survey and 23 percent of employed Black women work in health care, many of them in low-paying jobs.\nAlthough the average hourly wage for female health care workers of more than $19/hour was higher than the average of around $16/hour for all other industries, it was almost 25 percent lower than the average for men working in health care. The data suggested that 34 percent of female health care workers, and nearly half of the Black and Latina women working in the health sector, earned less than $15/hour. While the largest number of health care workers making less than $15/hour were employed by hospitals, such workers made up a larger share of the total workforce in home health care and at nursing homes and other residential care facilities. Relatively few women and even fewer women of color worked as physicians or managers.\nProjecting the survey’s results across the entire U.S. population suggests that 5 percent of all women health care workers – including 10.6 percent of Black and 8.6 percent of Latina women health care workers – live in poverty, the authors note. Overall, 1.7 million women health care workers and their children lived below the poverty line in 2017, accounting for nearly 5 percent of all people living in poverty in the U.S. The researchers also found surprisingly high numbers of the female health care workers surveyed lack health insurance. Overall, 7 percent – projected to represent more than 1 million women nationwide – were uninsured, including more than 10 percent of Black and Latina women employed in health care.\nThe researchers also projected the potential impact of raising the minimum wage to $15/hour, a policy already implemented in several cities and some medical centers. They found that adopting such a policy nationwide would decrease poverty rates among female health care workers by up to 50 percent, while increasing U.S. health care costs by less than 1.5 percent.\nHimmelstein says, “Public health experts have been urging hospitals and other health care providers to focus on the ‘social determinants’ of ill-health, and these institutions should start by addressing their own employment practices. But we shouldn’t just leave that up to health care employers; lawmakers have a tremendous opportunity to lift millions of people out of poverty and promote racial and gender justice in health care employment by raising statutory minimum wages.”\nSenior author Atheendar Venkataramani, MD, PhD, assistant professor of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the Perelman School of Medicine, adds, “Wage inequality in the health care sector reflects what we are seeing in other sectors of the economy in the United States. In that spirit, these findings should inform active debates around the role of new policies – for example, raising minimum wages, expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit or expanding access to higher education – that seek to address widening income inequality and diminishing opportunities for upward mobility.”\nSupport for the study includes National Institutes of Health grant K23 MH106362.\nMassachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH Research Institute conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the nation, with an annual research budget of more than $900 million and major research centers in HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, genomic medicine, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, photomedicine and transplantation biology. The MGH topped the 2015 Nature Index list of health care organizations publishing in leading scientific journals and earned the prestigious 2015 Foster G. McGaw Prize for Excellence in Community Service. In August 2018 the MGH was once again named to the Honor Roll in the U.S. News & World Report list of \"America's Best Hospitals.\"\nPress ReleaseJan | 2 | 2019" ]

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[ "Arachibutyrophobia is the fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth!\nI found this information on page 22 in the book Ripley’s Believe It or Not! Body & Mind. This is a children’s book full of facts, stats, lists, records and more. It is so fun to look at and wonder why people do these kinds of things.\nOf course, being afraid of peanut butter is rather an odd phobia… most people are just afraid of things like speaking in public, thunder, spiders or heights. The children’s book What to Do When You’re Scared & Worried by James J. Crist, Ph.D. is a good guide to helping children (and adults) understand their fears. The book also provides some very good tools and exercises to help calm some of the worries you might have. Are You Afraid Yet? by Stephen James O’Meara explains the science of being afraid.\nHow can you tell if you are just afraid of something or if it is a full blown phobia? The book Phobias And How To Overcome Them by James Gardner, M.D. and Arthur H. Bell, Ph.D. delves deep into the problems of phobias. The book is an immensely helpful guide to understanding and coping with these deeply rooted and widespread afflictions. It also has a whole list of other types of unusual phobias.\nOn another note, I think that even people with arachibutyrophobia would probably still enjoy making a fun bird feeder with peanut butter. This very simple book, Watch Me Make A Bird Feeder by Jack Otten, gives easy directions to create a bird feeder with your kids or grandkids.\nAnd if you’re not afraid of peanut butter, you may be interested to see how it is made. From Peanut To Peanut Butter by Robin Nelson explains the process in easy to understand steps with pictures.\nAnd lastly, there is a cute song about peanut butter “Sticking” by Raffi on his Singable Songs Collection." ]

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[ "Wellesley High School\nDepartment of English\n21st Century Literature\nAcademic Year 2022-2023\nTeacher: Mr. Day\nOffice Hours: Mon-Thurs before/after school or by appt.\nThis core senior course will study literature written in the 21st century. Specific historical events - such as 9/11 and the subsequent global war on terror, the mass introduction and use of smartphones and the rise of social media, and the pandemic - make life in the 21st century tangibly different from life even in the 1990s. Add phenomena begun in the 20th century but only coming into mass consciousness in the last two decades - like climate change, global migration and open discussion of race and gender - and the distinction of 21st century literature becomes obvious. This course will reflect growing awareness of 21st century literature and other forms of cultural production as distinct from what came before them, a distinction that can be understood both through esoteric theories such as postcolonialism and through simple things like having characters in novels who carry smartphones. Students will study the stories we tell about ourselves, our world, and ourselves in the world primarily through what we call literature - novels, poems, plays, short stories and essays - but film, music, history and current events will also regularly be used to supplement our studies.\nLike all 12th grade English students, those in 21st Century Literature will:\n- improve their reading comprehension and critical analysis through exposure to a variety of literature;\n- improve their ability to communicate clearly and concisely in written form;\n- employ a variety of technologies to both acquire and share knowledge;\n- learn research skills to access, evaluate, analyze and employ information;\n- develop their skills at public speaking.\nCrying in H Mart: Michelle Zauner\nExit West: Moshin Hamid\nSweat: Lynn Nottage\nThe Wall: John Lanchester\nKlara and the Sun: Kazuo Ishiguro\nStudents will write a lot in this course. Assignments will vary in length and style - from analytic to personal to creative - with a heavy emphasis on revision and rewriting. Students will also engage regularly in project based learning. Daily class participation and unannounced reading quizzes should be expected. Grades will be calculated on a straight point system.\nHomework and Preparedness:\nIn order to reach our fullest potential (and have fun and create an engaging classroom environment), we must all first commit to doing the reading! ACTIVE READING is crucial (and required). Read with a pencil in hand, take notes, use post-it notes, make connections, and ask questions. Avoid SparkNotes. Use that time to read the actual text.\nYour thoughtful and active participation in discussions and activities during class will determine how much you learn this year. This category includes whole-class and small-group discussions, in-class writings, group activities, creative projects and posters, acting/speaking, peer editing, and more.\nWe will be using the online platform Membean for our formal vocabulary work this year. Each week you will be required to do two 15-minute sessions. One session we will do in class, the other you will do on your own. We will have an online vocabulary quiz at least once a term\nThe syllabus page shows a table-oriented view of the course schedule, and the basics of course grading. You can add any other comments, notes, or thoughts you have about the course structure, course policies or anything else.\nTo add some comments, click the \"Edit\" link at the top." ]

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[ "We all know exercise is important for the health of our dogs. In addition to burning calories, a daily walk also helps with socialization and building a bond between the dog and owner. But walking your dog has another benefit – stimulating your dog mentally. The following are some tips for adding mental challenges for your dog on your daily walks.\nWalk somewhere new.\nDogs get bored with the same old routine, so mix up your route once in a while. You can do this by simply walking in a different direction than usual. You can also try driving to a new park or trail and starting your walk from there. Your dog will naturally be exposed to new sights and smells, different dogs, and different people.\nWork on obedience skills and other training.\nAll dogs should learn solid obedience skills such as sit, stay, down, heel and come. Practicing these skills in new areas is an easy way to work your dog’s brain. You may need to start out with really simple concepts like “sit” in exchange for treats, especially if your dog is just learning these commands or if he’s easily distracted on walks. With time, you can add more challenges such as a “sit-stay” for up to 3 minutes in a busy area or working on “watch me” while other dogs walk by.\nStop and let your dog sniff.\nI like to work on “heel” or loose-leash walking for a good 10 minutes at the start of each walk. Then, I like to reward my dog with a chance to explore an area with his nose. This is fun for him, but it also tires him out. He has to process all the information he’s taking in such as who else has been in the area, what types of animals, which dogs, and so on. I can’t even begin to imagine all the information my dog gathers by using his nose.\nReward your dog for standing on different obstacles.\nI encourage my dog to sit or stand on different surfaces or obstacles on walks because it helps him learn to be more aware of his own body. He has to figure out how to climb onto the object and how to remain balanced. Then, he also has to learn self-control by remaining on the object just long enough to get praise and a treat. Park benches are good obstacles to start out with because they’re flat and easy for dogs to jump on. Large rocks are also an option. Even simply walking over a new surface such as sand can be a mental challenge for a dog.\nHave your dog carry a backpack.\nI like to use dog backpacks when I’m walking high-energy dogs because the backpacks give them both a mental and physical challenge. You can add a small amount of weight to the pack to burn extra calories. Carrying the pack also gives the dog a job to focus on throughout the walk. This drains some of the dog’s mental energy, leaving her tired.\nWhat are some other ways to add mental challenges for a dog on walks?\nAbout the Author: Lindsay Stordahl is the blogger behind ThatMutt.com. She writes about dog training, behavior, adoption and more." ]

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[ "The education system of Republic of Gabon is primarily patterned from French education. However, changes and developments are being made that will meet the needs of Gabonese and their tradition. Education is of high priority for the government and this is proven by the construction of various rural schools across the country.\nChildren aged 6 to 16 are required to pursue their basic education and it is free education. Based on statistics conducted in 1996, there were 1,147 primary schools and the recorded number of enrolled students is 250,683 with 4,943 teachers. In secondary level there are 80,552 students and 3,094 teachers. In 1999, the ratio for the number of teacher to pupil is 1 to 44. Adult literacy program is provided by the government. Based on records, Gabon has a 36.8% of adult illiteracy rate in 1995. The projection is that: by year 2000 the illiteracy rate will decrease to 29.2% where 20.2% are males and 37.8% are females.\nHalf of the number of schools in the country are supported by the church or are privately-operated. The government has spent an estimated 3.3% of the country’s GDP in 1999 for public expenditure on education. Gabon’s higher education level like the Omar Bongo University in Libreville provides degree programs in faculties of law, letters, sciences, engineering, forestry, administration and management. The general baccalaureates include: French language, philosophy, mathematics, economy, physics, earth sciences and biological sciences. Up to the present, French still remains the language of education in Gabon." ]

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[ "Similar to Articulation and Phonology disorders, Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) also affects how children produce speech; however, there is a fundamental difference between CAS and Articulation/Phonology: a child with CAS experiences a motor planning/coordination issue. What this means is that the brain has difficulty coordinating some or all of the following things:\n- Telling the respiratory system how much air to push out of the lungs\n- Telling the vocal folds (“voice box”) when to start and stop vibrating to make sound\n- Activating different muscles so that sound resonates in a specific way in either the mouth or nose; or\n- Moving the tongue and lips to control air flow and produce vowels and consonants\nCAS is not a typical developmental pattern, and it isn’t something that children will outgrow on their own.\nUnfortunately, treatment for CAS is something professionals in the speech field still need to learn more about; however, there is some evidence that more frequent treatment sessions can give the most benefit to children. Additionally, individual treatment sessions may produce more progress than group sessions, and children may also do better being seen in multiple, natural environments. VocoVision’s ability to work in the home is the perfect approach to all three of these treatment options. Many school-based SLPs carry large caseloads, and may not be able to provide these extra, individual sessions to children with CAS. Bringing intervention into the home via VocoVision, and the potential to interact with people and activities that are part of the child’s natural environment, increases the child’s likelihood of generalizing motor speech practice to other situations." ]

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[ "Published On September 22, 2012\nIN JUNE, THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE TOUTED Eva Redei’s discovery—of 18 genetic markers in the blood that appear to identify major depression and anxiety in adolescents—as an innovation “that will change your tomorrow.” It could certainly help solve an acute problem. Only a quarter of depressed and anxious young people get treated, many self-medicate with drugs and alcohol, and suicide is all too common.\n“Adolescents must overcome horrendous hurdles just to be diagnosed,” says Redei, professor of psychiatry, behavioral sciences and physiology at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. “Parents have to recognize signs of depression, and teens have to be willing to talk about it—and adolescents aren’t communicative. They’re also dealing with significant peer pressure and having to make major decisions about their lives.” A blood test could ease the stigma of depression by objectively diagnosing the disease, says Redei.\nBut translating her findings, 12 years in the making, into a diagnostic test could take several more years, might cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, and may never happen. Yet she and many other scientists continue their quest for biological clues—often in the form of changes in blood, urine or body tissues—that signal the risk or presence of disease. Such “biomarkers” are at the root of every routine screening or diagnostic test. Fasting glucose is a biomarker for diabetes, high readings for cholesterol or blood pressure indicate an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, and liver enzymes that spill into the blood suggest liver disease.\nAll of those biomarkers, however, are fairly blunt tools, and science has long been anticipating much more sensitive measurements. In the wake of the Human Genome Project and other advances in molecular biology—and with technology now able to quantify thousands of changes involving proteins, enzymes, DNA, RNA and antibodies—there have been more than 150,000 published papers heralding thousands of new biomarkers. Yet there are only about 100 biomarkers in routine use, and many have been around for decades. “In cancer, there are about 3,000 papers every year proposing biomarkers,” says John Ioannidis, director of the Stanford Prevention Research Center. “But we use only about a dozen—because all the others either have failed or have not yet shown they’re really helpful.”\nAnd recently, even some long-established biomarkers have been discredited. In separate announcements this year, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended against PSA testing, which measures levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood, for routine screening of prostate cancer, and said that women without symptoms should no longer get the cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) blood test, which detects a protein that ovarian cancer cells produce. The task force said the tests weren’t sensitive or specific enough to distinguish between aggressive cancer and benign changes.\nThat judgment has been controversial, with many physicians and patients insisting the tests often lead to early, lifesaving cancer detection. And the search for valuable new biomarkers continues for good reason—because effective finds can do a world of good. After the HIV virus was discovered in 1982, scientists worked with unprecedented speed and funding to come up with an HIV antibody blood test just two years later. That was an invaluable step in controlling the spread of AIDS, in part by preventing HIV-infected donors from contaminating the global blood supply. And the test let people know they were at risk well before they had symptoms—early enough to benefit from the effective treatments that eventually arrived.\nTo facilitate the hunt for the next great biomarker, a few nonprofit organizations have established collaborative research networks, while other scientists are urging higher standards in biomarker research. Further advances in technology should also help. But it may take all of these developments, and more, to reverse the recent pattern of disappointment.\nBIOMARKERS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN INTEGRAL TO MEDICINE, even though the term didn’t show up in the scientific literature until 1977. The first person to record a patient’s temperature, for example, was using a biomarker of fever and infection. As early as the 1940s, physicians measured rheumatoid factors in the blood to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. In the 1950s, scientists identified cardiac troponin, an enzyme released by dying heart cells; in the 1990s, when they developed a lab test to measure it, cardiologists and emergency physicians were handed a superbly accurate biomarker. “It’s an amazing test,” says Eleftherios Diamandis, head of clinical biochemistry at the University of Toronto, who says that a high troponin score is a definitive sign that someone has had a heart attack.\nMany other well-established biomarkers, along with a handful of recent arrivals, provide crucial information. Several, including simple blood tests that measure cholesterol and C-reactive protein, a marker for inflammation of the arteries, help gauge the risk of heart disease. And for kidney disease there’s serum creatinine, which measures kidney function.\nImportant cancer biomarkers are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations on genes that normally inhibit tumor growth. Analyzing DNA in blood samples can detect those alterations, which put women at higher risk of breast cancer. Other cancer tests look for proteins found in blood, urine, stool or body tissues. The blood markers AFP and beta-HCG can indicate testicular germ-cell cancer and can help monitor a patient’s response to treatment. “But only half of germ-cell tumors make those proteins,” says Timothy Gilligan, an oncologist at the Cleveland Clinic who develops biomarker guidelines for his specialty.\nThere are also a few biomarkers that can identify who’s most likely to respond to treatment. Women with breast cancer who produce an excess of a protein called HER2 may benefit from the drug Herceptin, while Tarceva is active against lung cancer cells with an EGFR mutation; Gleevec, meanwhile, targets the abnormal proteins of chronic myelogenous leukemia. There have also been exciting discoveries to identify key mutations in kidney cancer, says Gilligan.\nFor now, however, very few biomarkers can identify early-stage cancer, and a few do more harm than good. For example, although a blood test showing a high level of PSA may point to prostate cancer, an elevated reading can also stem from benign disease or infection. “PSA really can’t tell you what you most want to know—who needs to be treated,” says Carolyn Compton, president and CEO of the Critical Path Institute, a nonprofit group created by the FDA and the University of Arizona to reduce the time it takes to develop medical products.\nThat situation may improve with the introduction of the Prostate Health Index, a follow-up test for men with high PSA readings that won FDA approval in June after clinical trials showed a 31% reduction in unnecessary biopsies—thanks to the test’s ability to distinguish prostate cancer from benign conditions. And earlier this year, the FDA gave the go-ahead to a gene-based urine test, PCA3, that is more sensitive than PSA in detecting whether a slow-growing cancer is progressing.\nCompared with other disorders, psychiatric disease may have the fewest revealing biomarkers, in part because criteria for diagnosing depression, schizophrenia, autism and other mental illnesses have shifted radically during the past 50 years. “If the experts can’t agree on how to recognize a disease, it’s very hard to come up with a surrogate to help measure whether it’s present,” says Compton.\nREDEI’S INDICATORS FOR TEEN DEPRESSION COULD HELP CHANGE THAT, and there may be other landmark biomarkers waiting to be discovered. But research flaws often impede progress. Consider a seemingly momentous study published in The Lancet in 2002, in which investigators from the FDA and the National Cancer Institute announced they had discovered proteins in the blood that could be used to diagnose ovarian cancer with near-perfect accuracy. “That was a huge claim, and it caused the NIH and other institutions to spend hundreds of millions on proteomics technology,” including mass spectroscopy machines that could analyze almost any protein or peptide, says David Ransohoff, professor of medicine and epidemiology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Yet as remarkable as such machines may be, problems with research design and analysis can fool researchers into thinking they’ve discovered an important association to disease that isn’t really there.\nWith mass spectroscopy, researchers analyze blood samples from people with and without a particular disease, and by examining complicated patterns of protein expression and interaction, try to discern differences. But when you try to fit a huge amount of data on many variables into a mathematical model that predicts a single outcome, you may find a pattern valid only for blood samples you’re analyzing, says Ransohoff. You could end up “overfitting” the data, identifying chance patterns that won’t reappear in samples from other people. Or you might detect a spurious signal that has to do with an extraneous factor—such as the calibration of a mass spectroscopy machine, which may wander from one day to the next—and says nothing about a disease process.\nThat’s what happened in the 2002 Lancet study. “The different signals the researchers found weren’t due to cancer at all,” says Ransohoff. Two years after publication, with no independent validation of the study’s findings, plans to develop a blood test for ovarian cancer had to be abandoned.\nOther research errors also continue to impede progress. One rampant problem occurs when tissue samples are poorly matched—when, for example, because of the difficulty of obtaining tissue for testing, a researcher compares 10-year-old specimens from one clinic with freshly taken samples from another institution. Or some biopsies may have been taken under general anesthesia while others were harvested under local anesthesia—a difference that can alter proteins and lead to flawed comparisons.\nIn a study of 35 novel studies widely considered influential, Ioannidis found that associations between biomarker and disease were exaggerated 83% of the time. Even in cases in which there was a true association between biomarker and disease, very few ended up having much value for physicians. Says Diamandis: “If you discover a biomarker that improves prediction of disease by another 5% to 10%, that’s not enough. Most markers we find today offer marginal improvements over what we already have.”\nThat was also the upshot of a 2011 study of more than 1,000 women to validate 28 biomarkers, also for ovarian cancer. “The study found that none of the assays was any better than the one we had known about for years—the blood test CA-125, which doesn’t work very well,” says Ransohoff, who worked on the study. “Ten years ago, we thought that if we did enough measurements and math, all of nature’s secrets about prognosis, prediction and early detection would be unveiled, but it hasn’t worked out that way.”\nIoannidis advocates testing biomarkers in randomized controlled trials that compare new tests with the best existing options. Such studies would consider whether labs get consistent results as well as whether physicians can correctly interpret findings and use them to make treatment decisions.\nEVEN WHEN NEW BIOMARKERS SHOW PROMISE, funding to explore their potential can be hard to come by. And while it may be somewhat cheaper to create a new test than to come up with a novel cancer drug, the treatment will provide a much greater return on investment, with patients often spending $50,000 to $100,000 per year. The financial upside of creating a $60 diagnostic test isn’t great, and few biomarkers get strong financial support.\nTo help find and develop biomarkers, the U.S. government recently formed the Early Detection Research Network, a program at the National Cancer Institute that funds work at dozens of academic labs. Yet while Joshua LaBaer, chair of personalized medicine and director of personalized diagnostics at the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, welcomes that commitment, he wishes it were larger. LaBaer, who is on the NCI’s board of scientific advisors, notes that the funds earmarked for biomarker research amount to less than 10% of the institute’s budget for cancer drug research. “Yet discoveries of cancer therapeutics aren’t coming out any faster.”\nGeorge Poste, chief scientist and professor in health innovation at Arizona State University and former president of research and development at SmithKline Beecham, believes the solution is to form large collaborative research networks that include scientists from academia and pharmaceutical companies, as well as experts in clinical trial design, data analysis, epidemiology and regulatory compliance. Such a network could also set standards for biomarker research.\nOne such private-public partnership, the Critical Path Institute, brings together more than 1,000 scientists and 41 pharmaceutical companies to share data, and the FDA and other countries’ regulatory agencies to sanction candidate biomarkers for speeding drug development. Critical Path takes credit, for example, for the decision of the European equivalent of the FDA to approve the use of magnetic resonance imaging to measure the volume of the hippocampus, a brain region, as a biomarker to select people likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Those individuals can then be recruited for clinical trials to test drugs that might arrest the disease before symptoms occur. “We want everyone to be able to use these biomarkers for research instead of having to develop their own,” says Critical Path’s Compton.\nDESPITE FUNDING ISSUES AND OTHER PROBLEMS, plenty of researchers still believe in the potential of biomarkers. LaBaer thinks a test to detect early gastrointestinal cancers may be a real possibility, because cells from an emerging cancer often break off and travel through the gut and might be detectable in DNA studies on stool samples. Other potentially important biomarkers might test immune system responses. “Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis all involve an overactive immune system that causes trouble by attacking ‘self,’” says LaBaer. “If we can identify these so-called auto-antibodies in the blood and determine what they are attacking, we might be able to detect early chronic diseases.”\nBiomarkers’ predictive ability may also improve as researchers develop panels of markers rather than today’s single-molecule indicators. To find such biomarker “signatures,” researchers will need technologies such as mass spectroscopy to become even more sensitive—so they can analyze up to 1,000 proteins in the blood rather than the 100 proteins they can find today. And technologies such as nanotechnology or microfluidics, which can monitor individual cells and perform complex analyses on minute amounts of fluid, may facilitate analysis of biological changes that can’t be detected now. “Beyond proteomics and genomics, multiple new ‘omics’ fields—transcriptomics, metabolomics, epigenomics and ribonomics—will also be explored for cancer and for other diseases,” says Ransohoff.\n“The quest to discover more important biomarkers is certainly not over,” says Diamandis. “But the biomarker of the future may be defined very differently than the classical biomarkers we use today.”\n“Comparison of Effect Sizes Associated with Biomarkers Reported in Highly Cited Individual Articles and in Subsequent Meta-Analyses,” by John P.A. Ioannidis and Orestis A. Panagiotou, JAMA, June 1, 2011. Highly promising initial biomarker studies appearing in scientific journals often turn out to have exaggerated associations to disease, according to these researchers, who urge greater skepticism in interpreting published reports and higher standards for claiming biomarker success.\n“So, You Want to Look for Biomarkers,” by Joshua LaBaer,Journal of Proteome Research, June 2005. Biomarker researcher LaBaer outlines the basic rules for discovering clinically useful biomarkers, including understanding the consequences of being wrong, such as developing a biomarker that is so sensitive it generates unacceptable false-positive results.\n“Bias as a Threat to the Validity of Cancer Molecular-Marker Research,” by David F. Ransohoff, Nature Reviews Cancer, February 2005. Researchers can unwittingly compromise the specimens they are analyzing for possible biomarkers, making their discoveries impossible to validate. Ransohoff explains how bias occurs in biomarker research and how to avoid it.\nStay on the frontiers of medicine" ]

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[ "Meaning of the Veterans Remembered Flag:\n- The Flag depicts the founding of our nation by the thirteen stars that emanate from the hoist to the large red star that represents our Nation and the five branches of our country's military that defend her.\n- The white star indicates the Veteran's dedication to service.\n- The blue star honors all who serve in the military in the past, present, and future.\n- The gold star memorializes those who fell defending our Nation.\n- The green field represents the hallowed ground where all rest eternally.\nAbout James Parks (creator/designer):\nFor the past six or seven years, WWII Veteran and 93 year old James (Jim) Parks life mission has been to serve all Veterans. He is responsible for the Veterans cemetery and \"Sonoma Veterans Memorial Park Association\" in California. For the past six to seven years he has been dedicated to establishing an official Flag honoring all Veterans. To date, 25 States recognize the \"Veterans Remembered Flag\" as a National Symbol of the service provided by all the members of our Military, both living and deceased. The Petition to the Government of the United States of America is asking for other states to adopt the \"Veterans Remembered Flag Resolution\" as well.\nThe following states have recognized the Veterans Remembered Flag (in red):\nAs well as:\nThe U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation\nIt is now awaiting seconding votes from our other great States and the U.S. Congress.\nContact your state representatives to help us make this flag a national symbol in all 50 states honoring all military veterans. http://www.house.gov/representatives/find/" ]

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[ "By Krisztina Veres\nHave you ever thought about the amount of cream we put on our body, hair, or face every day? Do we know what are the ingredients contained by the dearly bought creams and what their real impacts are on our health and more widely on our world? As the crop production and animal husbandry recognize the harmful effects of chemicals and are being encouraged into organic farming, we must consider whether we really need those chemicals to be beautiful and stay healthy. And no less importantly conserve our planet’s own health and beauty.\nIt is well known how agricultural pesticides can destroy the ecosystem of rivers, lakes, oceans, ground, and how human health has been affected by these indirectly. But we hear less about our cosmetics and their multiple toxic effects on us. First when you spread it on your skin; and secondly, when the residue that you shower off pollutes our river water and its fauna and flora. And later after being treated by different disinfection procedures, most of these synthetic components go back into our drinking water in various chemical forms; which then gets used for cooking, cleaning and drinking. Unfortunately because of their strong chemical stability, their effects tend to last for longer and can be more damaging than naturally occurring ones.\nLet’s do some calculations: the population of our planet has just passed the 7 billion landmark. The gender distribution is about 55-45% in favour of women, so female population is around 3.84 billion. An average woman begins to use cosmetics on daily basis quite early as 13-14 years, about 12 different products, which contain on average 161 chemical ingredients. Interestingly, men use 6 products which contain 85 different chemical compounds (based on Environmental Working Group survey). But for now let’s consider only female users for the sake of simplicity. After removing girls under the age of 14, and those who do not live in a western societies, we still find ourselves facing over 1 billion female buyers who want to accomplish the expectations of today’s image of beauty and youth.\nLet’s focus on one chemical component from the 161, in this case Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). Almost every shower gel, shampoo and toothpaste contains it. It is also used as a strong cleaning and wetting agent in commercial floor cleaning and car washes as well. I personally do not want to use anything on my skin which I would use for my car as well. SLS as available in pharmacies with the following warning on the package: “Inhalation and ingestion are harmful to health. Can irritate the respiratory system and skin. Can have dangerous and serious damage to the eyes. In case of eye contact rinse thoroughly and consult a doctor! After skin contact wash immediately with plenty of water!” So we have more than 1 billion people who use SLS daily, can you imagine the quantity going down to the drain?\nBut why are cosmetics companies using SLS if it can be so dangerous? Remember, we are talking about not just a daily dose but regular use, as virtually all shower gels, shampoos, toothpastes contain SLS. Even if we change the brand, we are not able to avoid this ingredient (again, it’s just 1 of the 161); so we have probably been using it for many years on our skin. It’s clear that every company works in order to generate profits. The purpose of the company’s activities is to make a financial profit and increase capital assets. The industrial revolution in all its glory displaced the old natural manual production system and its products resulting in cheaper produce, most of lesser quality and effect. (www.hu.wikisource.org). Big companies seek to find the cheapest method of production, this involves sourcing cheaper ingredients. Furthermore products have to be aesthetically pleasing, easy to use, so that they meet the customers’ needs. We expect our shower gel to be bubbling and rich scented, preferably in a well-designed package and no longer care about how our needs will be fulfilled and what the consequences maybe.\nSo what is the solution if you would like to use natural ingredients to protect not only your health but the environment as well? This question doesn’t have an easy answer; often organic, natural products do not contain 100% natural ingredients. Despite the strict regulations it is really difficult to avoid all the suspicious compounds; but you might not have to go far to find something really good. English goat’s milk soap manufacturers are re-creating the products that existed centuries ago before the chemical industry existed. The main advantage of their products is that only natural fats and oils are used and also contain many vitamins. Another advantage is that their animals are kept in excellent conditions. Written records give us evidence that goat milk is really good for the skin; in the 19th century this natural beauty and medicinal agent was so popular that Bad Aibling and Bad Reichenhall, well-known areas because of them thermal water, offered a wide range of treatments based on goat milk serum. Goat’s milk is a natural source of coenzyme Q10 and alpha-hydroxy / AHA / acid. Some cosmetic products also contain Q10, like Nivea Visage Anti Wrinkle Q10 Plus Night Cream. But check out the label as you will find a large number of chemical ingredients too:\nC12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Stearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Glyceryl Stearate, Methyl propanediol, Hydrogenated Coco-Glycerides, Creatine, cyclodextrin, a-Methylhydantoine -2-imide, Retinyl Palmitate, Cera Micro Crystalline, paraffinum Liquidum, Dimethicone, Butylene Glycol, Sodium carbomer, Tetrasodium Iminodisuccinate, BHT, Phenoxyethanol, Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde, Alpha-lsomethyl lonone, Benzyl salicylate.\nSounds like Chinese? The websites below can help, if you need a “A to Z” Cosmetic Chemical Watch-List.:\nPersonally I think there is a lot to be done to change how we consider our values and in consequence how we can change our buying habits. But the increasing number of visitors to the websites above means that there are plenty of people who are concerned with environmental problems and are actually trying to change their daily habits in order to make the planet cleaner. It seems to me that we are heading in the right direction.\nSources for this article:\nJudi Vance: Beauty to Die For -The Cosmetic Consequence" ]

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[ "Climate and solar signals in property damage losses from hurricanes affecting the United States\n- First Online:\n- Cite this article as:\n- Jagger, T.H., Elsner, J.B. & Burch, R.K. Nat Hazards (2011) 58: 541. doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9685-4\nThe authors show that historical property damage losses from US hurricanes contain climate signals. The methodology is based on a statistical model that combines a specification for the number of loss events with a specification for the amount of loss per event. Separate models are developed for annual and extreme losses. A Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure is used to generate posterior samples from the models. Results indicate the chance of at least one loss event increases when the springtime north–south surface pressure gradient over the North Atlantic is weaker than normal, the Atlantic ocean is warmer than normal, El Niño is absent, and sunspots are few. However, given at least one loss event, the magnitude of the loss per annum is related only to ocean temperature. The 50-year return level for a loss event is largest under a scenario featuring a warm Atlantic Ocean, a weak North Atlantic surface pressure gradient, El Niño, and few sunspots. The work provides a framework for anticipating hurricane losses on seasonal and multi-year time scales." ]

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[ "One explanation for what causes bone spurs is the reaction of the body to stress, pressure or rubbing that exist for a long period. Such stress or pressure could be a result of:\n- activities such as dancing and running\n- obesity or overweight\n- poor fitting shoes or women’s high heals causing pump bump.\nIn such stress-induced cases of heel spurs, the plantar fascia, or the long ligament at the bottom of the foot become tight and subject to inflammation. As the bone tries to mend itself, a bone spur may form. Such heel spurs may cause foot pain, tenderness and swelling.\nAnother of the common causes of bone spur is repetitive movements of the bone joints, especially in the shoulder area. The rotor cuff muscles that attach to the tendons allow flexible movements of the shoulder in many directions. Over time, repetitive movements of the tendons through the narrow space between the top of the shoulder and the upper arm cause the bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments to wear, causing inflammation, stiffness, pain and sometimes tearing of the tendons. As the body tries to mend itself, bone spurs may form.\nAthletes, baseball players, other sports persons, painters and those who frequently work with their arms lifted above their head remain most susceptible to such types of bone spurs.\nThe third common cause of bone spur is aging. Aging results in cartilage, a slippery tissue that covers and protects the ends of the bones, wearing away in a process known as osteoarthritis. Aging also causes breaking down of the discs that provide cushioning between the bones of the spine. Such degeneration causes bones to come in direct contact with other bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and nerves, causing pain and swelling over time. The body tries to mend by forming bone spurs along the edges of the joint, especially in the spine and knees, to add stability to such aging joints, redistribute weight and protect areas of cartilage yet to break down.\nMost bone spurs have no symptoms and remain undetected for years, whereas others cause varying levels of wear and tear and consequently discomfort and pain. Bone spurs may press against nerves and spinal cords to cause numbness and pain anywhere in the body, may intrude and obstruct bones and tendons making joint movements painful, may protrude in the neck making breathing and swallowing difficult, or may appear at lumps disfiguring fingers and causing loss of dexterity. At times, bone spurs break away from the parent bone to float in the joint or embed in the lining of the joint and cause intermittent locking that inhibits movement of the joint.\nThe coping and treatment options depend on what causes bone spurs and the severity of the symptoms. Possible options include removing the source of stress such as changing shoes or learning to take up a less stressful posture when performing, taking anti-inflammatory medications, or surgery.\nAt-home treatment such as administering an ice pack to the affected joint for 15 to 20 minutes several times a day or taking over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen may help relieve pain and swelling and provide temporary relief from the inflammation, pain and swelling.\nPeople who experience symptoms of bone spurs would do well to contact a certified medical practitioner at the earliest. Make a list of recent injuries or activities that cause stress for effective diagnosis. Confirmation of bone spurs nevertheless require X-rays, ultrasound imaging, MRI scan, CT scan or myelograms.\nEarly diagnosis and treatment prevent aggravation of the condition.\nWebMD. “Bone Spur.” Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/bone-spur-topic-overview on April 30, 2011." ]

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[ "Gallery Keywords: Adams, Architecture, Boston, Brick, Building, City, Colonial, Downtown, England, Faneuil, Faneuil Hall, Government, Hall, House, Independence, Liberty, Market, Marketplace, Meeting, People, Quincy, Quincy Market, Revolutionary, Sam, Samuel, Shop, Shopping, Sightseeing, Square, Statue, Store, Tourism, Tourist, Mayor, Kevin White, Michael Curley\nDescription: “Faneuil Hall located near the waterfront and today’s Government Center, in Boston, Massachusetts, has been a marketplace and a meeting hall since 1743. It was the site of several speeches by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and others encouraging independence from Great Britain. Now it is part of Boston National Historical Park and a well-known stop on the Freedom Trail. It is sometimes referred to as “the Cradle of Liberty”. Quincy Market is a historic building near Faneuil Hall in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It was constructed 1824 1826 and named in honor of Mayor Josiah Quincy, who organized its construction without any tax or debt. The main Quincy Market building continues to be a source of food for Bostonians, though it has changed from grocery to food-stall, fast-food, and restaurants. It is a popular and busy lunchtime spot for downtown workers. In the center, surrounding the dome, is a two-story seating area. Further street vending space is available against the outside walls of the building, especially on the south side, under a glass enclosure. Most stalls in this space sell trinkets, gifts, and other curiosities. A few restaurants also occupy fully enclosed spaces at the ends of this enclosure.” [Text from Wikipedia]." ]

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[ "Imagery in Martin Luther King Jr.'s \"I Have a Dream\"\nIn Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s most famous speech, “I Have a Dream”, he describes a world in which Americans of all racial backgrounds live in harmony with total equality and freedom. He gave this speech in 1963 to over 200,000 people in Washington D.C. One significant feature of his speech is the imagery used throughout to depict both the hardships African Americans have faced and also the future they hope to achieve. King uses vivid nature imagery in order to allow the masses to understand and relate to his ideas in a simple, yet effective way.\nKing’s imagery focuses on two categories in his imagery: landscape and time. He encourages African Americans to be discontent with the inequalities they face and to push for more freedom: “Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice; now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood” (King 103). Valleys typically symbolize as a low point out of which it is difficult to escape. The sun symbolizes enlightenment and a bright future in which all people are equal. In addition, quicksand symbolizes a trap from which it is hard to rise, while the “solid rock of brotherhood” is a dependable and stable goal toward which they strive. King not only addresses the struggles which lie before them, but he also illustrates the future rewards of their efforts: “We will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream” (King 104). Water is used as a rejuvenating and cleansing image, which is appropriate when depicting a civil rights revolution, as the hope is that people will shed their prejudices and racism for a more sophisticated and compassionate stance. Time is also used in King’s imagery, such as when he demands that civil rights activists not be satisfied until equality is achieved: “This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality” (King 103). By referencing the seasons and their qualities in his speech, King is comparing the unrelenting and unpleasant summer sun to the oppression that the African Americans face. He contrasts that with the merciful, welcomed relief that autumn brings, which is similar to the feelings that would come with true freedom. All of these images utilize natural structures and attributes to support King’s main idea that African Americans should have full equality.\nBy using nature imagery in his speech, King is setting himself up for success. Studies show that African Americans, on average, tend to be less educated than Caucasians in America. Rather than using fancy rhetoric, King sticks to basic images and symbols with which even the most uneducated follower can relate. Most of his images, even the ones regarding time, include some physical, natural aspect which every person has experienced, be it darkness, water, or summer heat. This makes his speech easily accessible and very comprehensible, which works in his favor to gain support. His tactics of using universal symbols also make it more likely for Caucasians to join him in the civil rights movement because they, too, can relate to the images he describes. In this way, King is able to garner support from as many people as possible through his eloquent nature imagery, making his “I Have a Dream” speech one of the most successful and illustrious speeches of all time.\nKing, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream”. Writings and Speeches That Changed the World. Ed. James M. Washington. New York: Harper Collins, 1992." ]

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[ "Paddington Bear lived at which fictional London address?\nPaddington Bear is a fictional character in children's literature. He first appeared on 13 October 1958 in the children's book \"A Bear Called Paddington\" and has been featured in more than twenty books written by British author Michael Bond and illustrated by Peggy Fortnum and other artists.\nThe friendly spectacled bear from \"darkest Peru\" (with his old hat, battered suitcase, duffel coat and love of marmalade) has become a classic character from British children's literature. An anthropomorphised bear, Paddington is always polite – addressing people as \"Mr\", \"Mrs\" and \"Miss\", rarely by first names – and kindhearted, though he inflicts hard stares on those who incur his disapproval.\nIn the first story, Paddington is found at Paddington railway station in London by the Brown family, sitting on his suitcase with a note attached to his coat that reads \"Please look after this bear. Thank you\". They take him home to 32 Windsor Gardens near Notting Hill. While there is a real Windsor Gardens off Harrow Road between Notting Hill and Maida Vale (close to the location as described in the books) the Windsor Gardens in the book is fictitious and does not resemble the real road." ]

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[ "A decline in South Africa's infection rates\nSouth Africa has the world's largest number of people living with HIV – 5.6 million, according to AVERT, a UK-based international AIDS organization. But it is also one of the 56 countries that have slowed or stabilized their HIV infection rates. There was a 25 percent decline in the infection rate between 2001 and 2009, according to the UN. The HIV infection rate among 18-year-olds declined from 1.8 percent in 2005 to 0.8 in 2008, and among women ages 15 to 24, it dropped from 5.5 percent to 2.2 percent between 2003 and 2008." ]

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[ "Cereus peruvianus \"Monstrosus,\" commonly known as the monstrose apple cactus, is a grey-blue cactus with a branching, treelike form. This slow-growing cactus even produces fruit similar to dragon fruit when mature.\nCereus peruvianus is a large, erect, thorny columnar cactus up to 9m (30 feet) tall when growing in the wild. Though less gigantic in pots, they are much admired for their sculptural, columnar shape, which contrasts impressively with that of most other plants in any collection of cacti. Cereus peruvianus is native from rocky outcrops and the savanna in South America. Cereus peruvianus flowers in summer and opens at night time. Each flower blooms only one night and then dies. The flowers are followed by red fruits 2.5-5cm (1-2 inch) in diameter." ]

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