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[ "Time Error is a simple concept, and is very important to understand the way time operates in the Chrono series. In the simplest of terms, Time Error is the way time flows in places like the End of Time compared to the way it flows in the rest of the world. Consider, for example, how people in 1000 A.D. would view Crono's changing history. The Porre Mayor is originally a greedy man; after Crono visits 600 A.D. and gives the Jerky to his ancestor, he becomes nice thanks to a family policy. Does anyone in 1000 A.D. recognize the change? No; history was always that way to them. However, aside from Crono's team, one other person is able to remember the old, evil mayor -- Gaspar, at the End of Time, who is able to watch Crono complete his quest and change history several times. The End of Time seems to transcend the normal flow of time; people there are aware of changes made to the normal timeline of the world. In essence, time can be said to flow at the End of Time \"perpindicular\" to the way it flows in the real world. This transcendental time flow is called Time Error. Another way to think of it follows; firstly, imagine that Crono goes back in time and labors hard for two hours. How would people in the normal timeline measure the duration of Crono's changing history? They could not; that history would seem normal to them. Yet from the End of Time, Gaspar can clearly watch Crono arrive, work for two hours, and then depart.\nThis theory was developed by Leebot in the article Beyond Time, which deals with locations exhibiting a flow of Time Error. Only time portals and locations outside the axis of time (such as the End of Time, the inside of the Black Omen, or the Darkness Beyond Time) exhibit this flow. Copied here from his explanation page is the full theory and its effects in time. Please note that the theory \"Determining the Destination of Time Travel via Epoch and Time Gates\" that appeared in the previous version of this article explained this effect, but the Time Error theory overall presents a more unified principle.\n- Time portals within the standard time axis flow through time and Time-Error at equal rates.\nExample: A time portal is created at time X and Time-Error 0. At time X+T, the Time-Error of the Portal is T.\n- The perception of time in locations outside the time axis is actually a flow of Time-Error.\nExample: A traveler enters the End of Time at Time-Error T. He spends a length of time* U at the End of Time. He exits at Time-Error T+U.\n- When a traveler enters a time portal, the Time-Error of the location at which they exit is the same as the Time-Error at which they enter, and the time at which they exit is determined by the Time-Error.\nExample: Two time portals exist, one at time X at Time-Error 0, one at time Y at Time-Error 0. A traveler enters the latter portal at time Y+T. Since the Time-Error of this portal is T at time Y+T, the traveler arrives at Time-Error T of the former portal. Since this Time-Error corresponds to time X+T, the traveler arrives at time X+T.\n- When a traveler travels to a time portal from a point outside the axis of time, they arrive at the same Time-Error as the Time-Error from which they left, and the corresponding time.\n- When a time-traveling device (such as Epoch) is used to travel through time from within the time axis, the Time-Error of one of the portals existing at the exit point is recorded. The exit location can only be a time when a portal exists. The recorded Time-Error is used to determine the exact time of arrival.\nExample: Two time portals exist, one at time X at Time-Error 0, one at time Y at Time-Error 0. A time-traveling device is used to travel to the former portal's time at time Y+T. The Time-Error of T is recorded from the latter portal. The time-traveling device arrives at time X+T.\n- When the Epoch is used to travel through time from a point outside the time axis, it can only reach a time when some portal exists. The exact time it arrives is determined by the Time-Error at which it left. (The Neo-Epoch may be able to arbitrarily access any era.)\nThis neatly explains the nature of the passage of time in places such as the End of Time and the Darkness Beyond Time. It also works for dimensions; if Serge leaves for Home World and returns to Another, he'll return at the time of his original departure plus how much time he spent in Home World. Time travelers conducting business in history can also said to exhibit a personal tabulation of Time Error. Let's say that after Crono went to the End of Time, it took him twenty days of his personal life to defeat Lavos. In actuality, he skipped all over the eras of the timeline, but at the End of Time, twenty days would have cleanly passed. This will come into play for the Time Bastard theory, presented a little later in this section. You can also think of it according to this example by DBoruta and Leebot:\n1) We know that there exists at least four dimensions: 3 dimensions in which an object can move physically, and then we have time being the fourth dimension. 2) When time travel is achieved, as in the case of the events of Chrono Trigger, we now have time being considered an axis of position instead of truly being an axis of time, and a new \"time\" axis is required to measure where the object is according to the other 4 dimensions (This is describing what you were talking about with the future continuing on and the past being time-bastarded out as far as the time travelers are concerned).\nSo, this agrees with the notion that there could be multiple time axes - one is 4-D time, and one is 5-D time. So, when time travel is achieved by an object, that object is being described in 5 dimensions instead of the normal 4.\nNote that it's never explicitly stated that anyone other than Gaspar and Spekkio can observe what's going on in the timeline from the End of Time. They alone may have this power thanks to their magic or supernatural nature. Thanks to Pyramid" ]

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[ "Developers and loggers are threatening to permanently destroy Cambodia's Prey Lang forest, one of Southeast Asia’s last remaining lowland evergreen woodlands. One rural woman is leading the fight to save the region.\nWhen people first meet Mao Chanthoeun, they might not associate this small, slight woman with the dangerous fight to save Cambodia's Prey Lang forest.\nBut appearances can be deceiving.\nThe 32-year-old has gone from being a traditional farmer in rural Cambodia to a highly visible and committed advocate for the forest, although her work toward preserving this natural resource has come with a good deal of personal sacrifice.\nChanthoeun's fight for Prey Lang is personal; she grew up along the forest's edges. And her activism comes not just from a desire to protect the wilderness, it's a matter of maintaining her and her community's way of life.\n\"If Prey Lang disappears, my community and my family will lose everything,\" she told DW, at a protest in Phnom Penh. \"We absolutely depend on the forest and if it's gone, we will have no way to earn a living.\"\nA unique natural environment\nPrey Lang, which means 'our forest' in the indigenous Kuy language, used to cover some 3,600 square kilometers across four provinces in Cambodia's north. But the largest remaining lowland evergreen forest on the Indochinese peninsula is succumbing to developers' bulldozers and loggers' saws, which for Chanthoeun and her community spells catastrophe.\n\"They get food like vegetables, mushrooms, and honey there but also traditional herbs for medicine and construction materials,\" said Seng Sokheng of the Community Peace-Building Network, a Cambodian NGO that works on natural resource issues. \"It is like the bank for the local community.\"\nAt the moment, weak existing regulations on forest protection are rarely enforced and international observers have estimated that if the current rate of deforestation continues, Prey Lang could vanish in two to five years. That would deprive the nation of a crucial watershed, an important fish breeding ground and a huge carbon dioxide absorber.\n\"The Kuy people also won't be able to make their living collecting non-timber materials from forest,\" said Svay Phoeun, a member of this ethnic minority which makes its home in and near the forest in interview with DW. \"More of us will have to migrate to look for work elsewhere.\"\nTaking a stand\nActivist Mao Chanthoeun, who’s one-half Kuy herself, says she saw several years ago what was happening and decided to take action.\nShe began working the local NGOs on environmental issues, learning about forest issues and the players involved. Slowly, an activist network began to emerge, which became the Prey Lang Community Network. Chanthoeun built up a women’s group within the larger organization, and started playing a more active role. It was unusual in rural Cambodian society, which is still largely patriarchal.\nIn 2011, she began participating in forest patrols to stop illegal loggers. Despite the fact that she was six months pregnant, she joined others in confronting powerful companies, who often don't look kindly on activists. Sometimes those involved in the illegal logging are even armed.\n\"Of course, I am afraid of being shot sometimes,\" she said. \"But I simply can't think like that. I'm trying to take care of the forest for my child’s generation, not just my generation.\"\nHer son was born in the forest in January 2012, and she named him Ros Prey Lang, which means 'Prey Lang lives.' Just weeks after the birth, Chanthoeun was back on patrol duty, her son on her hip.\nWhile she has served as an inspiration to many, especially other women, her activism has taken its toll. Her husband didn't approve of her activity in support of the forest, asking her repeatedly not to join the patrols. She didn't listen, and he left her while she was pregnant. Her activism also takes her away from her small plot of farmland, cutting into an already modest income.\nUncertain times ahead\nPrey Lang still faces huge challenges from agribusiness and a recently announced railroad, steel mill and port project that could make conservation in the area almost impossible.\nWhile the Cambodian government did draft legislation in November 2011 that would provide some protection to the forest, Chanthoeun and others have real concerns about enforcement and some of the draft law's provisions. They're lobbying the government to allow the community to co-manage the forest with the authorities.\nDespite the uncertainty, Chanthoeun says she remains optimistic that her son's generation and successive ones will know at least part of Prey Lang. She says she will continue to farm when she can, but when the forest calls, she'll put down her tools, and head back into the forest she loves and needs.\n\"If this movement stays alive, the forest will stay alive, too,\" she said." ]

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[ "- Historic Sites\nThe Key To The Warren Report\nSeen in its proper historical context—amid the height of the Cold War—the investigation into Kennedy’s assassination looks much more impressive and its shortcomings much more understandable\nNovember 1995 | Volume 46, Issue 7\nIn September 1994, after doggedly repeating a white lie for forty-seven years, the Air Force finally admitted the truth about a mysterious 1947 crash in the New Mexico desert. The debris was not a weather balloon after all but wreckage from Project Mogul, a top-secret high-altitude balloon system for detecting the first Soviet nuclear blasts halfway across the globe.\nDuring the half-century interim, flying-saucer buffs and conspiracy theorists had adorned the incident with mythic significance, weaving wisps of evidence and contradictions in the Air Force’s account into fantastic theories: Bodies of extra-terrestrial beings had been recovered by the Air Force; the government was hiding live aliens; death threats had been issued to keep knowledgeable people from talking. Such fictions had provided grist for scores of books, articles, and television shows.\nIn retrospect the Air Force had obviously thought the Cold War prevented it from revealing a project that remained sensitive long after the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb. And such surreptitiousness was certainly not isolated. Might it provide a model even for understanding that greatest alleged government cover-up, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy? Indeed our understanding of the assassination and its aftermath may, like so much else, have been clouded by Cold War exigencies. It may be that the suppression of a few embarrassing but not central truths encouraged the spread of myriad farfetched theories.\nAdmittedly there are Americans who prefer to believe in conspiracies and cover-ups in any situation. H. L. Mencken noted the “virulence of the national appetite for bogus revelation” in 1917, and more than a century after the Lincoln assassination skeptics were still seeking to exhume John Wilkes Booth’s remains. The Columbia University historian Richard Hofstadter definitively described this syndrome in his classic 1963 lecture “The Paranoid Style in American Politics,” later published as an essay. “Heated exaggeration, suspiciousness, and conspiratorial fantasy” are almost as old as the Republic, Hofstadter observed, as evinced by the anti-Masonic movement of the 1820s, the anti-Catholicism of the 1850s, claims about an international banking cartel in the early 1900s, and Sen. Joe McCarthy’s “immense conspiracy” of the 1950s. But a recurring syndrome is not to be confused with a constant one, Hofstadter argued. Paranoia fluctuates according to the rate of change sweeping through society, and varies with affluence and education.\nIn the case of the Kennedy assassination, unprecedented belief in all kinds of nonsense, coupled with extraordinary disrespect for the Warren Commission, has waxed in good times and bad and flourishes among remarkable numbers of otherwise sober-minded people. Even the highest level of education is not a barrier, to judge from the disregard for the Warren Report that exists in the upper reaches of the academy. In April 1992 the professional historians’ most prestigious publication, the American Historical Review , published two articles (out of three) in praise of Oliver Stone’s movie JFK . The lead piece actually asserted that “on the complex question of the Kennedy assassination itself, the film holds its own against the Warren Report.” In a similar vein, in 1993, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK , by an English professor named Peter Dale Scott, a book conjuring up fantastic paranoid explanations, was published by no less respected an institution than the University of California Press.\nThe Warren Commission’s inquiry occurred at what we now know was the height of the Cold War, and it must be judged in that context. Perhaps with its history understood, the Warren Commission, instead of being an object of derision, can emerge in a different light, battered somewhat but with the essential integrity of its criminal investigation unscathed. The terrible events that began in Dallas are not an overwhelming, unfathomable crossroads; they are another chapter in the history of the Cold War.\nIn 1964 the commission’s becoming a national joke would have seemed impossible.\nIn September 1964, when seven lawyers filed into Lyndon Johnson’s White House to deliver their 888-page report on the most searing national event since the attack on Pearl Harbor, the transmogrification of the commission into a national joke would have seemed impossible. Collectively the commission represented one hundred and fifty years’ experience—at virtually every level of American government, from county judge to director of Central Intelligence. Chief Justice Earl Warren’s reputation was nearly impeccable after more than twenty-five years of public service, and the influence of Georgia’s senator Richard Russell in Washington, so the cliché went, was exceeded only by the President’s, given Russell’s power over intelligence matters, the armed forces, and the Senate itself. Two other panel members, Alien W. Dulles and John J. McCloy, were singularly well versed in the most sensitive national matters, Dulles having served as CIA director from 1953 to 1961 and McCloy as an Assistant Secretary of War from 1940 to 1945." ]

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[ "Is there a point at rational distances from the vertices of a unit square? This unsolved question is known as the rational distance problem [1, 2].\nThis Demonstration gives 2877 canonical triples, which are points at rational distances from the vertices , , and . These triples were collected by analyzing primitive Heronian triangles (triangles with rational sides and areas). If is a triple, so are and the inverse , so each triple gives three others.\nA triple has rational coordinates. Consider the squares of the distances: , , and All of these need to be rational, so the differences and are also rational." ]

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[ "Keeping schools clean has always been a struggle. Children touch everything from walls and floors to their mouths and other kids in their class. It’s simple: kids will be kids. No matter how hard we try, a mess inevitably follows. As the coronavirus continues to be a problem across the country, despite vaccination numbers, it’s important to take every preventative measure possible so that our children can safely return to the classroom. As summer begins to inch closer, there’s never been a better opportunity to create a cleaning schedule for the fall and take advantage of the empty building. Keeping your school clean not only helps keeps the kids safe, but it also reduces teacher absence and helps to ensure there are no disruptions to the curriculum and overall teaching efficiency. However, not all cleaning methods are the same. There are some processes that are necessary and some that don’t quite get the job done. To better understand what is required to uphold safe sanitation levels, here are the 5 realities of deep cleaning in schools.\n1. Deep Cleaning Disinfects the Entire School\nProperly deep cleaning in schools is one of the only effective ways to disinfect the entire building. Since cleaning and disinfecting helps to reduce the risk of infection, it’s essential to curb transmission of bacteria, viruses, and other dangerous pathogens. With regular deep cleaning in schools, the rate of infection can be reduced tremendously. Deep cleaning is different than daily disinfection, as it includes a comprehensive approach that covers every square inch of the school’s property.\nDoing this helps to keep both the faculty and students healthy and safe. Along with eliminating harmful pathogens like COVID-19, deep cleaning reduces dust and allergens that can irritate children throughout the day. While janitorial services are commonly used throughout schools in the United States, utilizing the proper procedures and techniques is essential to completely sanitizing an area.\n2. There’s a Difference Between Cleaning and Sanitizing\nKeeping a school clean isn’t just about maintaining your image. It’s about protecting both students and faculty from dangerous microbes and creating a safe learning environment. The term cleaning itself is a surface level concept that’s done to make things look nice. It removes visible signs of dirt and residue, spills, and stains. Depending on how you go about cleaning, you might not even be lifting germs from a surface. Instead, cleaning commonly pushes germs from one place to another and transfers them from surface to surface. Deep cleaning in schools through a professional company like Bee Line includes high-performance surface level janitorial services and disinfecting to ensure that your school is sanitized to the highest standards.\nTo make sure that no inch goes untouched, Bee Line utilizes the PS 4/7 Misting System, which safely and effectively sprays high-touch surfaces to fully disinfect anything, anywhere. This ensures that all high traffic touch points are targeted and hard-to-reach areas are properly sanitized. Since it’s safe to use on any surface and can even sanitize carpet, Bee Line’s disinfectant misting services are the perfect way to get the most out of your school’s deep cleaning.\nWhen you prioritize disinfecting and sanitization, you’ll increase studkeent attendance, have staff with fewer sick days, eliminate any unwanted odors, and don’t have to suffer through harsh chemical smells. There are no VOCs in our green cleaning program, so no smell is left behind.\n3. Cleaning Products Should be Safe for Kids\nThe Environmental Protection Agency has outlined a number of different cleaning products and disinfectants that kill pathogens—including COVID-19. While utilizing efficient cleaning products is absolutely crucial to eradicating germs and creating a safe learning environment, you don’t want to put your students in harm. Cleaning products should be both safe for kids and effective at eradicating pesky germs and dangerous microbes. Bee Line adheres to EPA guidelines using a green cleaning program, which keeps classrooms and educational facilities pristine while protecting students from dangerous chemicals. Our professionals are well versed in deep cleaning in schools and armed with HEPA filter vacuums, Green Seal-certified disinfectants, and microfiber towels. We always put safety and sustainability first.\nAfter Bee Line comes in to deep clean your school, you’ll be eligible for GREENGUARD® Certification, which signifies the worlds’ most rigorous standard of indoor air quality.\n4. Routine Cleaning is Still Essential\nWhile deep cleaning services are perfect for keeping those hard-to-reach or neglected areas free of germs over time, routine cleaning and disinfecting is still essential. This is especially true as schools begin to return to in-person classes, despite the ongoing mutations with COVID-19 and subsequent infections. Since vaccines have not yet been approved for younger children, battling high-touch areas during the day is a great way to reduce the risk of transmission while school is in session. To make sure that you keep your students and faculty members as safe as possible, it’s important to make a plan, train your staff accordingly, develop a schedule for increased, routine cleaning and disinfecting throughout the day, and hire a professional cleaning company to perform professional disinfecting that will reach every inch of your school.\n5. Professional Cleaning Companies are the Best Option\nWhile many schools have janitors employed, it’s not the most effective way to disinfect an entire area. Janitorial services are great, but if you want to get the most out of your efforts, it’s important to work with someone who has the training and experience to banish germs from any surface. Bee Line is one of the few medical-grade cleaning companies in the region and we take that effort into any facility we enter. Schools and operating rooms are cleaned and disinfected with the same efficiency so you can rest easy knowing your students are in good hands. We’re proud to provide the most efficient cleaning services, advanced technology, well-trained teams, and immediate customer service available in the industry.\nLet your students and staff breathe easy with Bee Line’s deep cleaning services for schools. We always use state of the art HEPA filter vacuums, Green Seal-certified disinfectants, and microfiber towels to eliminate bacteria completely. With regular use of the Kärcher PS 4/7 Bp hospital-grade misting system and access to disinfecting porters available to clean high-touch points all day, your school will be kept clean, sanitized, and safe. Bee Line is committed to helping your school stay clean, especially during the ongoing struggles with COVID-19. If you’re ready to switch to a cleaning company that you can trust, Bee Line is here for you. All of our employees are pre-screened, professional, and always work with integrity. They undergo rigorous training procedures to ensure that your school is well taken care of pandemic or not.\nBee Line also offers high-quality, comprehensive school janitorial services that includes upholstery-cleaning services, carpet cleaning services, vacuuming, and garbage removal. To make sure that no spot goes un-cleaned, Bee Line uses quality control cleaning, routine management inspections, and continual onsite training for our employees. To learn more about Bee Line’s deep cleaning procedures for schools, contact one of our representatives today.\nCall Bee Line at 312-BEE-LINE or message us today to get started on the path to cleanliness!" ]

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[ "[here Carrier omits 14 verses, making it looks that the allegory follows closely \"God sent his son, made from a woman, ...\", which is not the case]\nFor it is written, that Abraham had two sons, one from a slave woman and one from a free woman—but the one from the slave woman was born according to the flesh, and the one from the free woman by the promise.\n[no allegory so far. These women are presented as real, earthly & human, and having lived in the past. The allegory will start at the next verse]\nWhich things are said allegorically, for these [women] are the two testaments,\n[the two women are associated each to a testament. That does not make them \"allegorical\"]\nthe first being the one from Mount Sinai, which gives birth to slavery. That's Hagar—Hagar meaning Mount Sinai in Arabia, which corresponds to Jerusalem now, for she is enslaved with her children. But the Jerusalem above is free, and she is our mother ... [as scripture says].\n[so Hagar is corresponding to mount Sinai (where the Law came from) and the Jerusalem now (still existing and enforcing the Law). Sarah, the free woman represents the heavenly Jerusalem of Christians, the (figuratively) spiritual mother of (earthly & human) believers]\nSo now, [my] brothers, we are the children of the promise, like Isaac [the son of the free woman, i.e.. Sarah]. But as in those days the one born according to the flesh [i.e. Ishmael]persecuted the one according to the spirit [i.e. Isaac], so it is now. But what does the scripture say? Cast out the slave girl and her son, for the son of the slave girl will not be heir with the son of the free woman [= Genesis 21.10]. Accordingly, [my] brothers, we are not children of the slave woman, but of the free one. For freedom did Christ set us free [so don't go back to being a slave to the elements.]\n(Gal. 3.29-4.7 and 4.22-5.1).\"\nIt's clear that Paul is speaking from beginning to end about being born to allegorical women, not literal ones.\n[not really, the women here are not allegorical. They are understood to have existed in the past. Their biblical stories are used in the allegory to personify the Law and freedom from the Law. There are no allegorical Sarah and Hagar!]\nThe theme throughout is that Christians are heirs of 'the promise' (to Abraham), and as such have been born to the allegorical Sarah, the free woman, which is the 'Jerusalem above', meaning the heavenly city of God. Jesus was momentarily born to the allegorical Hagar, the slave woman, which is the Torah law (the old testament),\n[where did Paul say that? Carrier is imagining things here in a big way, Furthermore, according to Ro 1:3 (\"from the seed of David according to the flesh\"), & Ro 9:3-5 (from Israelites) & Ro 15:12 (from Jesse), Paul thought Jesus was a descendant of Sarah, not Hagar]\nwhich holds sway in the earthly Jerusalem, so that he could kill off that law with his own death, making it possible for us to be born of the free woman at last.\n[Carrier is acting like a theologian, interpreting the text in order to draw the conclusion he wants. Paul never associated Jesus' crucifixion with a (symbolistic) rebirth from a different woman]\nThis is what Paul means when he says Jesus was made 'under the law' and 'from a woman'; he means Hagar, representing the old law; but we now (like Jesus now) have a new mother: God's heavenly kingdom.\n[totally unevidenced in the quoted text. So now Jesus would change allegorical mother after his death! Paul never wrote about that. Carrier then continues on the same idea ...]\nAnd then he claims:\nIt's obvious to me that by 'born of a woman, born under the law' Paul means no more than that Jesus was, by being incarnated, placed under the sway of the old covenant, so that he could die to it (and rise free, as shall we).\n[back to Carrier's maverick theological explanations! Also he admits his interpretation is personal]\nSo the 'woman' here is simply the old covenant, not an actual person. Paul does not mean a biological birth to Mary or any other Jewess. Indeed, that would make little sense here. Other than to reflect his upcoming allegorical point, why would Paul mention Jesus having a mother here at all? What purpose does that fact serve in his argument?\n[according to my understanding, and what precede \"made from a woman\"\n(and NOT from verses located some sixteen ones later!), that can be explained very simply and straightforwardly\n: see here\nIt cannot be that this made Jesus a Jew, as in antiquity that fact would have been established by patrimony or circumcision (Exod. 12.48), not the identity of his mother (except in mixed marriages, which cannot have been the circumstance of Jesus—much less what Paul had in mind, as if he was implying Jesus did not have a Jewish father).\n[but who needs that woman to make a Jew out of Jesus? Patrimony by descendance from Jesse, David & Israelites, as evidenced in Paul's epistles, is good enough. And how was Paul implying Jesus did not have a Jewish father?]\nAs we have seen, Paul already says (even in this very argument: Gal. 3.16) that Jesus is of the seed of Abraham and David. If all he wanted to establish was that Jesus was a Jew, that would have sufficed. Indeed, Paul cannot be citing Jesus' birth 'to a woman' to establish he was a Jew, for he does not even specify that this woman was Jewish—she is simply 'a woman'.\n[now Carrier is contradicting himself: Paul did establish Jesus was a Jew! So why does Carrier insist the woman of Gal 4:4 could not have been cited by Paul for the purpose of making Jesus a human being and a Jew (\"under the Law\")? And who said Paul featured that woman in order to prove Jesus was a Jew? It looks Carrier made his own straw man and then refutes it]\nThat isn't even specific enough to certainly mean a human woman—gods, angels, spirits and demons could also be women, and give birth.\n[one of these female \"gods, angels, spirits and demons\" would need to be also real \"flesh & blood\" in order to generate a \"flesh & blood\" Jesus in the celestial realm: that's getting insane! And why would Paul need to be specific if Jesus was then thought to be normally conceived and born? Female spirits can give birth? As also Jewish gods (rather goddesses!), and female angels & demons? And go through nine months of gestation! with Jesus needing some twenty years to grow up to adulthood in the celestial realm! And Carrier forgot to mention his allegorical Hagar in the mix!]\nEven if we just assume he means a human, that is already a rather odd thing to say of a historical man—aren't all men born to a woman? What woman does Paul mean? Why mention her? And why mention her only in such an abstract way—as simply a generic 'woman'?\n[\"born to a woman\" or similar expressions are used in the Old Testament to indicate human earthly mortal persons (Job 14:1, 15:14 & 25:4) as also in the gospels (Mt 11:11 & Lk 7:28).\nAnd \"woman\" is not abstract. And yes, Paul needed only a generic woman in order to make his case, as explained here\nThe only plausible answer is the answer Paul himself gives us in the completion of his argument: he is talking about allegorical women. Hence the generic term 'a woman', and hence the paralleled concepts of being born enslaved to the law and being born free, and hence the whole point of even mentioning this detail about Jesus here in the first place. The assumption that he means Jesus had a human mother simply doesn't make sense of the text as we have it.\n[Carrier's convoluted interpretation and explanation are far from being plausible. The parallel concepts are Carrier's own invention & straw man]\nSo Paul's reference to Jesus being 'made' (genomenos) of the 'seed' (sperma) of David and being 'made' (genomenos) from a woman are essentially expected on minimal mythicism and thus do not argue against it. In fact, that Christians were aware of the distinction between Paul saying 'made' rather than 'born' is proved by orthodox attempts to change what he said from one to the other. And in fact we know many Christians did conceive of these things celestially. Irenaeus documents this extensively in his first book Against All Heresies, where we learn of celestial 'seeds' impregnating the celestial 'wombs' of celestial 'women' (e.g. 1.1.1; 1.5.6; 1.8.4), and of Jesus being fully understood as having been born to a 'woman' of exactly that sort (e.g. 1.30.1-3). Irenaeus also documents how these Christians saw the Gospels as allegories and not histories. Irenaeus himself assumes the Gospels are histories, of course, but it does not look like they did.\n[\"genemenos\" usually means \"become\" and is very well suited in order to indicate a change of forms, such as incarnation from a spiritual entity to a human being (Paul had Jesus as pre-existent). And the \"many\" Christians referred to by Irenaeus are actually 2nd century Gnostics]\nHow many other Christian sects had thought the same? How many of their ideas date back to the beginning? We have no way to be sure the answer is none (Element 22). All the sects Irenaeus speaks of are as late and evolved as the 'orthodoxy' Irenaeus was defending against them, and thus all as divergent from original Christianity (Chapter 4, §3). But they may have retained kernels of the original faith that Irenaeus's sect had abandoned or suppressed. So the question is which kernels are the more original, and which the later inventions? We cannot answer this from the armchair as Irenaeus did, and certainly not with his specious apologetical methods and biases. Instead, if we start with minimal mythicism, we can easily predict the original kernel to most likely have been that Jesus was indeed made from a celestial sperm that God snatched from David, by which God could fulfill his promise to David against the appearance of history having broken it. That this fits what we read in Paul therefore leaves us with no evidence that Paul definitely meant anything else. As for Jesus having a mother, Paul never says any such thing—he only speaks of women allegorically in that context.\n[again straw man, assumptions, speculations, suppositions, repetitions ... The rest of Carrier's rambling is confusing and complicated, but he does admit (grudgingly) \"become of the seed of David according to the flesh\"\nand \"become from a woman, become under the Law\"\nfit historicism at 100% (and mythicism at 50%)]\"Minimal mythicism practically entails that the celestial Christ would be understood to have been formed from the 'sperm of David', even literally (God having saved some for the purpose, then using it as the seed from which he formed Jesus' body of flesh, just as he had done Adam's). I do not deem this to be absolutely certain. Yet I could have deduced it even without knowing any Christian literature, simply by combining minimal mythicism with a reading of the scriptures and the established background facts of previous history. And that I could do that entails it has a very high probability on minimal mythicism. It is very much expected. So my personal judgment is that its probability is as near to 100% as makes all odds. At the very least, the probability that Paul would only ever speak of Jesus' parents so obliquely and theologically on minimal historicity is no greater than the probability that he would imagine Jesus was incarnated from Davidic sperm on minimal mythicism, making this a wash. But arguing a fortiori, I shall set the latter probability at 50%, against a 100% probability on minimal historicity. Thus, although I do not believe this counts as evidence for historicity at all, I am willing to allow that it might, in those proportions. In other words, although I doubt it, these vague passages might be twice as likely on historicity.\n\"The same follows for Paul's saying that Jesus was 'made from a woman, made under the law'. I showed how even in context that reads as an allegorical statement, not a literal one. And I am personally certain that's how Paul meant it. So I believe it has a 100% probability on minimal mythicism, given that such allegories are completely expected (Element 14), and given the context of the whole chapter in which he says it (and the preceding chapter as well, where Paul repeatedly talks about the law as a cosmic force and not a biological inheritance, and about assuming identities allegorically and not literally). But since all this is not yet commonly accepted (I am looking at the text without the presuppositions of historicity that all previous scholars have done), I will argue a fortiori by saying it has only a 50% chance of being what we'd expect given those facts. And for comparison I'll assume that this bizarre and inexplicable way of talking about Jesus' mother is 100% expected on minimal historicity—even though it isn't. So again, although I doubt it, this passage might also be twice as likely on historicity." ]

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[ "Bacterial canker is a disease that affects members of the Prunus family – including cherries and plums. Even large, badly affected trees can be killed by this disease.\nBacterial canker is a disease that is particularly common on cherries and plums – both edible and ornamental – as well as apricots, peaches and other Prunus species. The disease weakens the plant and can cause extensive dieback if not treated. Plants under stress and growing in poorly-drained soils are more susceptible to this disease.\nThese vary depending on the plant but are generally seen as sunken, dead and damaged areas of bark on the branches and stems. Look for swollen stems that ooze a gummy sap.\nOn the leaves, brown round spots appear that fall out later to leave a hole – as if it had been hit by shotgun pellets, giving rise to its popular name of the shot hole.\nTreatment And Control\nCut out all cankered areas, pruning back around 10-15cm (4-6in) beyond the affected parts into healthy wood.\nBacterial canker often enters the tree through wounds – including pruning wounds made in autumn and winter. Never prune members of the Prunus family in autumn and winter when they are dormant – only prune when the tree is in leaf and in active growth. The best time is July and August.\nAlways sterilise pruning tools to prevent the spread of the disease. Maintain good hygiene and burn all prunings.\nSpray With A Suitable Fungicide\nFor canker on plums and cherries, treat with a copper fungicide (containing copper oxychloride) 3 times a year: mid-August, mid-September and mid-October. Copper fungicides are also useful controls for peach leaf curl." ]

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[ "[I often say, “Technology must be ubiquitous, necessary and invisible.” I thought I’d take a little time to explore each item in that triptych. My first post was Ubiquitous. Here is my second in the series. — Chris]\nTechnology must be necessary.\nThat seems like an easy one. It is hard to think of a part of American life that is not touched by technology today outside of our schools. And yet, most students today do not feel that a laptop or a tablet is absolutely necessary to their success inside of school. This despite over 68% of American households having broadband internet at home. (http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/exploring-digital-nation-computer-and-internet-use-home) But for some reason, we continue to expect kids to dutifully take notes in an analog fashion and cut themselves off from the world outside the walls of the classroom while they aren’t.\nIt is time to admit that technology must be a necessary component to learning in school. Let’s use something as simple as note taking as an example. Why would we make students handwrite notes in a classroom anymore? Today, when students have the ability to use a tool like Evernote or Google Docs, notes can be compiled, reorganized, and shared. The ability to filter and the ability to search means that students can reference and use their notes more quickly and powerfully than before. That doesn’t mean that every note has to be taken online, in fact I enjoy using the Evernote moleskin to take notes the old-fashioned way and then digitize them, but the idea that students could create an electronic repository of their notes, their ideas, their work, should not be revolutionary anymore. It should simply be necessary. It should simply be done.\nBut that is the low-hanging fruit. Technology is necessary for reasons far greater than a better way to take notes or write a paper. Technology is necessary in our schools because it allows our students to see their work is authentic in the world. No longer is student work simply a one-to-one dialogue between teacher and student. Students can publish their work, students can take part in communities of practice both inside and outside of their immediate school community, And students can see their work is adding to the larger dialogue about topics that are of importance to them. The first time a student at SLA received an email from someone asking a follow-up question about a project, his vision of himself as a scholar completely changed. Every time students see their videos make the rounds on twitter, they understand they have created a vision of the world that is shared. When students use social media to reach out to experts in their fields, students develop their ability to inquire deeply and interact with adults who are further along on that path of inquiry. When students use technology in a science classroom to do powerful experiments or in an engineering class to make their idea become real, students no longer are only learning science, learning engineering, they are becoming scientists and engineers.\nTechnology becomes necessary when students see it as vital to the way they learn, when they cannot imagine doing the work without it. It is necessary when it allows them to do things, learn things, create things and share things like never before. Technology becomes necessary when it makes the work students do more authentic, more empowering and shared to the world. And, as educators, isn’t that how we want our students to view the artifacts of their learning? Technology is necessary not just because it is vital to the lives our students — and our society — leads outside of school. It is necessary because it can be married to progressive pedagogy and used to help students become fully realized scholars of the world." ]

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[ "Hello Little Chicks, Professor Hawkins here. This month BabyLit released Don Quixote: A Spanish Language Primer, and I’m here to teach you about the original book. Don Quixote, or The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha, was written by Miguel Cervantes. Cervantes lived in Spain, and his Spanish novel was published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615. It’s an especially important book because it is considered to be one of the first novels ever written and a founding novel of modern Western literature. That means that how we define good literature and what a novel is, was influenced by this book.\nDon Quixote is the story of a man who goes a little soft in the head from reading too many books (a gentle warning, all you readers out there!) and sets off on a road trip astride his horse Rocinante with his trusty sidekick Sancho Panza. He has many adventures, but the reader can see that what is really happening is different than what Don Quixote thinks is happening. He thinks he is living in a fairytale world full of knights and maidens in distress. One thing people may not know if they have not read the book is that it is a comedy. It is very funny as we see him interacting in totally inappropriate ways to the world around him. The most famous example of this is when sees windmills in a field and charges into battle to fight them, thinking they are giants.\nDon Quixote has inspired many movies and plays over the years. One of the most well-known is the musical Man of La Mancha, which features the famous song “The Impossible Dream.”\nSo until next time, fly clear of windmills.\nSincerely, Professor Hawkins" ]

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[ "Photo shows a turtle footprint found in Zhucheng, East China's Shandong Province. (Photo provided to China News Service)\n(ECNS) -- Over 20 rare turtle footprints of diverse lengths and shapes have been discovered in Zhucheng, East China's Shandong Province, said Chen Shuqing, a staff member at the Dinosaur Culture Research Center of Zhucheng, on Monday.\nMost of the footprints are two to five centimeters in length except one, which is intact and 12 centimeters long and 11 centimeters wide. This footprint was named “Enact Zhucheng footprint” based on its shape, said Chen.\nAccording to Chen, this footprint, belonging to a new species of the early Cretaceous about 120 million years ago, has five toes and is concave.\n\"Compared with dinosaur footprint fossils, turtle footprints are rarely found in China, and related research is in its infancy,\" said Chen, adding that the “Enact Zhucheng footprint” is of great value to the study of paleogeography, paleoclimate and paleogeomorphology.\nThe research results have been published in the magazine Geological Review.\nMore than 30 dinosaur fossil burial sites with a total area of nearly 1,000 square kilometers have been discovered in Zhucheng since the 1960s, winning it the name \"Dragon City of China.\"" ]

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[ "About this Artist\nBorn: 1905, London, U.K.Died: 1998, London\n\"Like many other composers, from Berlioz to Gershwin, I have found myself stretching performers in ways they hadn't imagined.\"\nTippett was one of the great heroes of 20th-century English music. Well-connected to the British musical establishment, he composed major works in every traditional genre - operas, oratorios, symphonies, string quartets, piano sonatas, and songs. His early style was influenced by Beethoven and English renaissance and baroque music. With his second opera, King Priam (1958-61), Tippett began experimenting idiosyncratically with orchestration and form, working towards a \"mosaic of musical gestures\" rather than extended Beethovenian developments. He simplified much of this in his later music, creating a personal synthesis of refined poise.\nA Child of Our Time (oratorio, 1939-41) Soloists, London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Hickox (Chandos)" ]

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[ "At Joseph Leckie we see drama as a discipline rather than just another subject. During year 7 lessons, we promote the ethos that the skills students develop in the Drama studio are transferable to other areas of the curriculum and life outside the school gate.\nWe like to have fun teaching about drama through the drama and hopefully end the year with a wide range of drama skills.\nStudents will have the opportunity to perform to the rest of their class which will help to boost their confidence and communication skills.\n- Team work and Characterisation - A selection of drama exercises to develop the students’ skills of working with each other.\n- Genre - Exploring different genres in order to understand the different ways you can act on stage Evacuees - Students to explore the emotions of the evacuees of World War II.\n- The Identification - Drama strategies including mime and slow motion will explore the background of characters and how a poem could be performed. Island\n- Adventure - Students explore the story and characters on a desert island ,solving their problems Mime-Different scenarios are performed without using any words.\nGifted and Talented Provision\n- All the areas of study allow students to explore further.\n- Students will have the opportunity to use technical equipment to develop their work.\nExtra Curricular Opportunities\n- The Drama department runs an after school drama club open to all.\n- Whole school productions are also put on.\n- Students are assessed at the end of each project. The assessment is based on the Arts Council Drama levels.\n- Assessments will be used to track student progress, inform decisions about sets and create individual targets which will raise their aspirations.\n- All students will have a personal assessment log to record their grades and for them to track their progress.\n- Drama is a practical subject so the only thing required is a willingness to join in." ]

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[ "A total of 936 Primary Health Workers (Primary Health Nurses and Village Health Workers) were trained in 13 districts of Manicaland and Mashonaland West Provinces. The Primary Health Workers (PHWs) were trained on cataract case finding in order to identify cataracts with the aim of increasing the cataract surgical output in the two provinces.\nIn addition, the PHWs were trained on child eye health and preventative eye health in order to support awareness on eye conditions and promote access to services.\nWhile Zimbabweans continue to experience the burden of eye conditions such as cataracts due to barriers such as cost of surgery and fear, the Seeing is Believing Project has subsidized the cost of cataract surgery at Sakubva Eye Unit (Manicaland Province), Norton Eye Unit (Mashonaland West Province) and Sekuru Kaguvi Hospital – Children’s Eye Unit.\nIn addition, the government policy provides free of charge services to children below five years and adults above 65 years.\nThe Primary Health Care (PHC) system in Zimbabwe consists of community health workers and health centres.\nThe Village Health Workers (VHWs) are the most common cadre and the link between communities and health services. The training of primary health workers on cataract case finding will support the identification of cataracts and other eye conditions and promote the referral of patients to access eye health services." ]

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[ "California has a worldwide reputation as a place of healthy living – where residents eat natural, whole foods, exercise regularly and lead mellow lives largely free of stress.\nThe truth, as any real Californian knows, is a lot more complicated.\nBy some measures – say, smoking – the state is indeed a leader in healthy lifestyles. California has the second-lowest smoking rate in the nation, behind only Utah.\nBut in other ways California is struggling. The state’s children, for instance, drink more sugary drinks and exercise less than children elsewhere, and it shows. While California historically had a lower rate of obesity than the rest of the country, that gap has narrowed, and now our children are fighting their weight in numbers equal to kids elsewhere.\nWe are also a culture largely dependent on the automobile, with long commute times, polluted air and unsafe routes for kids to walk or bike to school. And because health tends to follow wealth, and California has many pockets of poverty, the state is home to some of the least healthy communities in the country.\nNow comes an ambitious effort to improve Californians’ health – from the ground up.\nA “Let’s Get Healthy” task force of experts and citizens appointed by Gov. Jerry Brown has compiled 39 benchmarks with which to measure the health of Californians and compare it with the rest of the country. The goal is to encourage us to work together to improve our health so that, within 10 years, we are considered to be the healthiest state in the country.\nThe standards literally range from cradle to grave – from infant mortality and childhood obesity to the management of chronic disease, preventable hospitalizations and the number of terminally ill people using hospice care.\nThere have been other efforts focused on improving health. But this one is different in important ways.\nFirst, it recognizes that health does not begin with health care but with healthy living and the conditions that make that possible. Many of the goals are aimed at keeping people healthy so they never enter the health care system.\nSecond, the report highlights ethnic and other disparities in health outcomes. For each of the 39 measures, the goal for the entire state in 10 years is the current performance of the group that is doing the best on that measure today. The message: If one group of Californians is already meeting a standard, we should be able at least to lift the average of the entire state up to that level.\nAn example: Currently, 73 out of every 10,000 California children visit an emergency room for asthma symptoms each year. But the numbers differ widely across ethnic groups. Among African Americans, 236 children per 10,000 visit the ER with asthma problems, while just 28 out of every 10,000 Asian Americans do so. The goal for 2022: 28 emergency room visits per 10,000 children statewide.\nFinally, the report does not make any one person or institution responsible for its implementation. This might seem to be a weakness, since no one, in the end, can be held accountable for the results.\nBut members of the task force see it as a strength. They’ve written no master plan, proposed no government mandates and included no lists of legislative and regulatory changes needed to make California a healthier place. Those might bubble up later, but they’re not included in this report.\nInstead, it is a call to action for individuals, neighborhoods, labor unions, employers, churches and others – California’s broad civil society – to innovate and do what they can, calling on their own expertise and experience, to make people healthier.\nThe watchword is what the task force termed a “triple aim” – better health, better health care and lower costs.\n“We can have it all,” said Dave Regan, a member of the task force and president of the Service Employees International Union’s United Health Care Workers. “But we can’t have it unless literally millions of people start behaving differently than they are behaving now. Unless we build a culture of health in California that is not just public relations … but is a deep commitment, and not just something that resides in state government but resides in neighborhoods, communities, businesses, in civil society, we will not get there.”\nDiana Dooley, secretary of Health and Welfare in the Brown administration and chairwoman of the task force, said the decentralized nature of the project will be a key to its success.\n“Everybody came to this work committed to determining for themselves what they can do in their own environment,” Dooley said. “Everyone has a piece of this.”\nEven as the task force completes its work, a website tracking the state’s progress toward the goals will live on. A key feature of that site will be a section where projects that are succeeding in one part of the state can be shared with others, and, hopefully, replicated.\nThe report cites some early examples: a childhood vaccination program in Fresno, an effort to fight childhood obesity in the San Fernando Valley and a program in San Diego that provides coordinated, interdisciplinary care to patients in the advanced stages of chronic disease.\nThere will be many more, and if the plan works as intended, people across California will embrace the goals and do what they can to achieve them, a little bit at a time.\nWe hear a lot of talk these days about the lack of leadership from the politicians we elect to office, and many of them are guilty as charged. But it is also possible, more often than we admit, for people to take matters into their own hands. This is one of those times. It will be interesting to see where it leads.\nDaniel Weintraub has covered public policy in California for more than 25 years. He is editor of the California Health Report at www.healthycal.org" ]

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[ "Travel related morbidity is high in foreign travel for\npeople with IBD. A study published in Frontline\nGastroenterology found that not many IBD patients seek information for\ntravel-associated risks. Several healthcare providers also are not confident\nenough in providing this information.\nInflammatory bowel disease\n(IBD) refers to chronic inflammation of all or a part of digestive tract. The\nmost common IBD conditions are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease\n. In Crohn's disease (CD),\nthe inflammation affects entire digestive tract, whereas in ulcerative colitis\n(UC), only the large intestine is affected. Both the conditions affect quality\nof life and cause severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss.\nIn the US, as per current\nestimates about 1-1.3 million people suffer from IBD. UC is slightly more\ncommon in males, while CD is more frequent in females.\nA study surveyed 132 IBD\npatients which included 67 patients with Crohn's disease and 65 patients with\n. It revealed\nthat most patients were affected during travel owing to IBD. However, only\naround 23% patients actually contacted their physicians for pre-travel advice. Nearly\nhalf of the patients who were taking immunomodulator therapy (drugs that affect\nimmunity) were not aware of any need of avoiding live vaccines. To make matters\nworse, only 40% patients had travel insurance.\nThe study also obtained\nresponses to questionnaires from health care providers. They found around 27%\nof health care providers were not confident in providing travel-related\ninformation to patients of IBD. Aspects that most healthcare providers were\nunsure of were related to vaccination, healthcare insurance and healthcare\nThe study thus emphasizes\nthe need for greater IBD-specific travel education and awareness for both\npatients with IBD and healthcare professionals dealing with these patients.\nfor Travel with IBD\nTraveling with IBD can be\ndaunting task. A change in climate, water, or food can upset bowels. But, with\ncareful planning and seeking professional advice would ease out and make travel\npossible to most places.\nLocating a doctor:\nAsk your doctor for names\nof physician in cities you plan to travel to.\nInsurance should be taken if\ntraveling to countries that do not have healthcare agreements with your\ncountry. Check with your insurance carrier if it covers foreign travel, as well\nas previously diagnosed chronic conditions.\nFor IBD patients on drugs\nthat can weaken immune system, live vaccination should be avoided. However, an\nappropriate letter needs to be sought from your doctor regarding avoiding\n- Enough prescription drugs\nshould be carried as filling prescription abroad can be complicated.\ntraveling by air, always carry your medication on the plane.\nyour medicines in their original containers. Carry enough medicines for entire\n- If traveling to malaria-prone area, anti-malaria medication needs to be\ntaken. Anti-malaria medicines can affect IBD, so a specialist has to be\nconsulted before their use.\n- Typed statement from physician\nthat describes your medical history and drugs being taken should be sought to\navoid hassles in a foreign country.\n- Copies of\nprescriptions, including foreign brand names or generic names have to be\nIf traveling by air, a long\nflight can upset bowels as cabin air is very dry. Therefore taking an\nanti-diarrhoeal beforehand can be considered and alcohol and caffeine need to\nbe avoided, so as to prevent dehydration.\nTraveling with Stoma:\nIf ileostomy or colostomy\nhas been done recently, then ample of stoma supplies need to be taken.\nEmergency travel kit:\nPacking an emergency kit or\nfirst aid box is useful for any accident during travel.\ndoctor's phone number and insurance card in your wallet so that you can access\nthem at all times.\nHot weather can make you\ndehydrated. Drink plenty of non-alcoholic liquids (at least 8-10 average\nglasses) to eliminate dehydration.\nProtection from sun is important if you are on immunosuppressive drugs\nsuch as azathioprine\n, mercaptopurine and methotrexate\nfor IBD treatment. Include high sun screen protector (SPF 25 or above) for\nAvoid traveler's diarrhea:\nTake the following steps\nduring your trip to avoid traveler's diarrhea.\nwater than normal water.\nmineral water even to brush your teeth.\nDo not swallow\nwater when swimming in fresh water, swimming pools as they may be polluted.\nnon-carbonated beverages such as iced tea and fresh juices.\nice and ice-cream, raw vegetables and salads, raw or\nuncooked meat, fish, or shellfish, uncooked dairy foods (unless confirmed for\npasteurization and sterility), food from vendor carts, prepared food (potato\nsalad and canapés), and food that is allowed to sit at room temperature.\nall fruits and egg shells completely by self." ]

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[ "Want to know what goes on inside that beautiful brain of yours? The short answer is: A LOT. This highly complex organ comprises several highly specialized parts. Though each part has a primary function, some parts play several roles, making some functions a product of many parts working together in harmony. Your memory, for instance, is built by the hippocampus, but organized by amygdala. The connection, communication and cooperation between these parts are what makes your brain such an efficient and amazing machine.\nThe Hindbrain – a.k.a. Reptilian Brain\nOur most primitive piece of brain anatomy is responsible for basic functions (i.e. breathing, heartbeat) and primal instincts (i.e. survival, dominance, mating). It includes the following parts:\nSpinal Cord: This tubular bundle of nervous tissue (surrounded by bones called vertebrae) serves as the main pathway between the brain and the central nervous system.\nMedulla Oblongata: The lower part of the brainstem (the part of the brain connected to the spinal cord) controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, and other functions that you don’t need to think about (a.k.a. autonomic functions). It also relays nerve signals going to and from the brain.\nPons: Located on the brainstem, the pons coordinates communication between the two brain hemispheres. It relays sensory information to the brain and plays a role in arousal, control of autonomic functions, and sleep.\nCerebellum: Located at the bottom of the brain, the cerebellum regulates and coordinates movement, posture and balance. It also plays a part in the learning of movement.\nThe Limbic System – a.k.a. The “Emotional Brain”\nThe Limbic System is where our feelings, memory, and value judgements originate. What we pay attention to, as well as our spontaneity and creativity levels, are also determined here. The Limbic System includes the following parts:\nAmygdala: This almond-shaped structure produces and processes emotions such as fear, anger and pleasure. It also helps out with memory, determining which memories are stored in the brain and where.\nHippocampus: You have the hippocampus to thank for all those happy childhood memories; it’s responsible for classifying information and forming the memories that go into long-term storage. It also plays a role in interpreting incoming nerve signals and spatial relationships.\nHypothalamus: This super-productive structure works with your pituitary gland to monitor and control a slew of bodily functions. These functions include your circadian rhythms (your daily sleep/wake cycle), homeostasis (your body’s way of maintaining internal equilibrium), appetite and thirst. It also participates in emotions, autonomic functions and motor functions.\nThalamus: The thalamus is THE relay station in the brain. Most of the sensory signals, auditory (sound), visual, somatosensory (from your skin and internal organs), pass through on their way to other parts of the brain for processing. It also plays a function in motor control.\nThe Cerebral Cortex\nThe cerebral cortex is the largest part of the brain, it occupies up to 2/3 of the brain space. And no wonder… this is where our brains packs the power to develop language, abstract thought, consciousness and imagination. The cortex divides into two hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and is involved in artistic, spatial and musical thought processes. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and highlights more linear, rational and verbal aspects. The cortex further divides into four lobes:\nThe Frontal Lobe serves as your body’s command center and is responsible for complex functions such as reasoning, problem solving, judgement, and impulse control. (It happens to be the last part of the brain to develop when we are young adults, which may explain some of the reckless decisions of our youth!) This lobe also manages our higher emotions such as empathy and altruism. This lobe is also involved in motor control and memory.\nThe Parietal Lobe integrates sensory information from various parts of the body, helping you to navigate your world. Pain and sensation are processed here, since this lobe contains the primary area of the somatosensory cortex (skin and internal organs). It is also involved in object orientation, movement, recognition and speech.\nThe Temporal Lobe controls auditory processing and language recognition and comprehension. It contains the hippocampus and amygdala, which are responsible for the creation and organization of our long-term memories.\nThe Occipital Lobe controls visual sensation and processing, and contains the primary area of the visual cortex." ]

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[ "Community Program Can Prevent Weight Gain in Women - Australian Study\nWednesday, 14th July 2010 at 4:37 pm\nA simple community program has been shown to be effective in preventing excess weight gain commonly experienced by young mothers according to leading women's health organisation, the Jean Hailes Foundation for Women’s Health.\nThe research, published online in the British Medical Journal (at bmj.com) has found that weight gain can be prevented with a program based on simple health messages, small changes to behaviour, and delivered conveniently in a community setting.\nHealth problems related to obesity are major issues in developed countries. Australia is the fourth biggest nation, with 60% of adults either overweight or obese. The World Health Organization recommends weight management initiatives to include efforts to try to prevent adults from gaining weight, even if they are in an acceptable weight range.\nThe Foundation says young women in Australia are now gaining weight at a faster rate than women in any other age, increasing their risk for weight-related illnesses.\nThe study investigated whether women who attended the Healthy Lifestyle Program (HeLP-her) gained more or less weight than women who attended a single thirty minute group lecture about the benefits of following population dietary and physical activity guidelines.\nTwo hundred and fifty women aged between 25 and 49 years of age took part in the research, led by Dr Catherine Lombard with Professor Helena Teede from the Jean Hailes Foundation for Women’s Health in collaboration with Monash University in Melbourne. Women within the healthy weight range were included as well as overweight and obese women.\nAccording to the authors, women are an important group to target in preventing weight gain because their lifestyle changes after they have children – and this can impact on the entire family.\nDr Lombard says their level of physical activity drops off and their diet changes and women also tend to be in control of what food is in the house so they can influence what their partner and children eat and how much activity their children do.\nWomen in the intervention group attended just four interactive sessions at the local primary school where they discussed how to change their behaviour.\nDr Lombard says women were not given a diet to follow or an exercise plan as they wanted the women to decide themselves what was important and possible to change at that time in their lives.\nDr Lombard, who is presenting additional study findings at an international obesity conference in Europe, says women were taught how to overcome barriers to healthy eating and physical activity and strategies to prevent relapses to help maintain their healthier lifestyles.\nThe study also looked at what stops them from adopting healthy eating or engaging in more activity and how they could overcome that.\nThe women in the intervention group also received monthly SMS text messages encouraging them to stay active, eat well and follow a healthy lifestyle throughout the twelve months of the research project.\nWomen in the control group gained an average of 830 grams – just under a kilo – during the 12-month study and overall there was a 1kg difference between the groups. Participants in the control group who were less than 40 and within a healthy weight range gained the most weight (1.72kg). In contrast women under 40 in the intervention group lost around 0.27kg.\nJean Hailes Director of Research and Monash University Chair of Women’s Health, Professor Helena Teede says while not a huge amount of weight was lost, the key issue is that this simple program stopped women putting on weight.\nProfessor Teede says that in another decade or two these women could be 15-20kg heavier, putting themselves at greater risk of chronic disease. The aim of the research was to develop a simple program that prevented women gaining more weight and the HeLP-her Healthy Lifestyle Program did achieve that.\nShe says the research found that you can’t just give women a few brochures about diet and exercise and expect them to do it themselves and excitingly, the research suggests that it only takes small, simple changes, together with a bit of support, for ordinary women to successfully control their weight.\nThe research was supported by funding from the William Buckland Foundation and Vicfit.\nWomen interested in learning more about healthy eating and physical activity can request a healthy lifestyle information pack online at www.jeanhailes.org.au or call toll free on 1800 151 441." ]

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[ "- About Us\n- What's New\n- Pet Library\n- Online Pharmacy\n- Contact Us\n- Site Map\n- How to Videos\nNational Microchipping Month\nDid you know: 1 in 3 pets will get lost. Without ID, 90% won't return home.\nThe most reliable way to recover your lost pet is by having them microchipped. Microchipping your pet is a quick procedure where the doctor inserts a small chip (which is a RFID-radio frequency identification transponder), approximately the size of a grain of rice, underneath's the pet's skin. The chip is programmed with a code that contains a unique number which is read by a special scanner and traces the number back to the pet's owners.\nThe SPCA, shelters, rescues, veterinary offices, and some police department or animal control have the special scanners necessary to read the pet's microchip. When your pet is found and taken to one of these locations, the staff will scan the pet to see if it has a microchip. If your pet does have a microchip, the number will appear on the scanner and the staff can call the appropriate company registry or look the number up with the Universal Microchip Search Tool, a website that will provide the information for any microchip company. The owner's information remains private, all communication is directed through the microchip company and the pet is reunited with it's owners.\nA microchip provides a permanent link for the pet to their owner. Even the most loved and well cared for pets can stray, become lost, or be stolen. Microchiping your pet provides the best chance for a happy reunion." ]

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[ "History, philosophy, and theology all testify that fear and anxiety have always been a significant part of the human experience. Nevertheless, the word anxiety has a contemporary ring to it. We live in an age of anxiety; it is a part of the fabric of modern life. And it is part of the experience of many believers.\nAnxiety is a chronic and pervasive feeling. While fear describes a response to specific and immediate threats, anxiety is a response to something more distant and nebulous. Kierkegaard referred to it as a sense of dread. When we are anxious, we often don’t even know what it is we are dreading, but a malaise can begin to settle over us, making it difficult to cope with life.\nThe Bible acknowledges that the natural propensity of the human heart is to be anxious and fearful. In fact, the very first thing Adam and Eve did after eating the fruit was to cover their bodies and hide from God’s presence (Gen. 3:7–8). So while we may live in an “age of anxiety,” anxiety itself has been a defining feature of the human experience for nearly as long as humans have been around—which means none of us is uniquely sinful because we feel anxious.\nNevertheless, we all ought to be aware that anxiety is not God’s desire for us. So the Bible also presents a solution. God’s word to us is never that we should ignore anxiety or push it away by sheer force of will. The answer is not detachment, and it is not bravado. It is not a magical, one-time cure. It is trust. The Scriptures recognize the reality of anxiety and teach us to displace it with a growing confidence in God.\nPeter’s Word to the Anxious\nThe apostle Peter wrote to the scattered believers of his day with advice on how to handle their anxieties. These Christians were normal people who worried about everyday things, but they were also believers in a hostile environment, regarded as a nuisance by many of their neighbors. They lived with both the prospect and the reality of rejection and suffering—and therefore, they had plenty to be anxious about.\nThe Bible acknowledges that the natural propensity of the human heart is to be anxious and fearful\nAmid this experience, Peter urged his readers, “Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God so that at the proper time he may exalt you, casting all your anxieties on him, because he cares for you” (1 Peter 5:6–7). These words provide both a framework to understand what we should do with our own anxiety and an assurance that can help us proceed when we feel overwhelmed by life’s troubles.\nAn Attitude to Adopt\nAt its heart, anxiety comes from our trying to assume responsibility for the things only God can do. It has to do with the urge for control. It takes root when we think something is ultimately up to us—that with a little bit more effort and organization, we can finally handle it (what “it” is) by ourselves. This perspective can take the shape of open defiance of God, but it is often a hidden attitude of the heart. With our mouths we say, “I trust You, God,” but within, we cling to the sense that we must do something ourselves.\nMany of us who fly frequently know the experience: You’re flying over an ocean in the darkness of a night, and paralyzing, bizarre thoughts creep in. That turbulence sure was unsettling. And I haven’t heard from the pilots in a long time. I hope they’re okay! What would happen if something went wrong now? Those fears can be sudden, unexplained, and overwhelming—but they’re not useful. Tempted as we may be to pester the attendants with our questions, it will do no good, because we are not the pilots. We actually have no power over the situation, and it is firmly in the capable hands of those who do.\nAt its heart, anxiety comes from our trying to assume responsibility for the things only God can do.\nThe key to dealing with our anxiety is to “humble [our]selves … under the mighty hand of God.” Before we can take any action, we have to learn the inner virtue of knowing our powerlessness and God’s power. He knows our beginning from our end, and nothing happens to us apart from His knowledge and will. His purpose is to work all things together for good—even the suffering and death of His saints (Rom. 8:28, 38–39). We can thus bow down under the loving sovereignty of God and turn to Him when circumstances are out of our power.\nAn Action to Take\nOur response to anxiety should be resolute and purposeful. As Peter writes, we are to be “casting” our anxieties onto God. The verb “casting” indicates decisiveness. It is similar to a schoolboy coming home on a Friday afternoon and tossing his bag in the corner. He has no thoughts of looking in that bag for the rest of the weekend. He is casting it aside for the time being.\nInstead of going through our days pressed down by the burden of anxiety, we are to cast all our anxieties on God. We should do this with fervor, with no intention of recovering what we’ve given to the only one who is perfectly capable. We can say, “God, I have to put this in Your hands. It will do me no good to think of this any longer, so I entrust it to You.”\nMany of us find, when we try to cast our anxiety away, that the feeling sticks to our hands and stays with us. A prayer asking God to take on our burdens is always a good first step—though it won’t always relieve the inner burden that we feel. But we can still take decisive steps forward in trust. When we know our concerns are in God’s hands, we can choose to focus on those things that He has given us power to do. It is important to acknowledge the difference between our feelings and the reality that God is faithfully working behind the scenes. Then we can act on what’s real, not on how we feel.\nAn Encouragement to Receive\nPeter finally encourages his readers with four words: “He cares for you.” Jesus already knows all our troubles, and His care extends even to the smallest details of our lives, for “There’s not a friend like the lowly Jesus—no, not one!”1 He is “touched with the feeling of our infirmities” (Heb. 4:15, KJV). And if we ever are in doubt of His care, then we must turn again to the cross, where the ultimate expression of God’s care is seen.\nUltimately, though, it isn’t “self-care” but “God-care” that is the key to combating our anxieties. The true antidote to anxiety is theological. Because of who God is, anxiety no longer needs to control us. We may not be able to deal with the cause of our anxiety—whether it’s unemployment, singleness, recurring illness, etc.—but by the help of God’s Spirit, we can refuse to be burdened by the care that weighs us down.\nGod works all things together for good for His people is “because he cares for you.” Our ultimate comfort is to be found in the fact that nothing can separate us from Christ’s love (Rom. 8:38–39). We may face all kinds of trouble, and this world may offer us every reason for fear and anxiety, but we can rest assured that we are secure in Christ and in His care for us. Just as He had victory over His sufferings when God raised Him from the dead, we will have victory when He raises us up with Him—and then “He will wipe away every tear from [our] eyes, and death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain anymore, for the former things have passed away” (Rev. 21:4).\nThe true antidote to anxiety is theological. Because of who God is, anxiety no longer needs to control us.\nAssurance amid Anxiety\nMany of us are fighting a battle in this realm of anxiety. We wonder if it will always be this way, if we’ll ever get over it, and why things can’t be different. Many of our friends and family don’t seem to understand. But God knows about our worry, and He is our confidence going forward. As we learn to trust in Him, we will find it easier to cast our cares on Him and move forward in doing what He has called us to. As J. B. Phillips paraphrases Peter’s words: “You can throw the whole weight of your anxieties upon him, for you are his personal concern.”\nThis article was adapted from the sermon “Anxiety” by Alistair Begg. Subscribe to get weekly blog updates.\nJohnson Oatman Jr.,“There’s Not a Friend like the Lowly Jesus” (1895).↩︎" ]

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[ "Tuesday, May 12, 2009\nHaiti's Rheumatic Fever\nRheumatic fever is a disease of poverty and social injustice.\nMost of the reduction in cases of rheumatic fever is attributable to improved living conditions, which have resulted in less overcrowding and better hygiene, with reduction of transmission of group A streptococci.\nIn the mid 20th century, children with rheumatic fever occupied many of the beds in pediatric wards in industrialized countries--indeed, entire hospitals were dedicated to the treatment of, and rehabilitation from, rheumatic fever. But in the latter half of the 2Oth century, rheumatic fever receded as an important health problem in almost all wealthy countries.\nToday, most physicians in these countries are unlikely ever to see a case of acute rheumatic fever, and their experience with rheumatic fever, and their experience with rheumatic heart disease will be limited to heart-valve lesions in older patients who had rheumatic fever in their youth." ]

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[ "As time goes on and societal norms change, the definition of what it means to be healthy also changes. On Sept. 7 Albion College Union Board invited certified nutritionist and creator of blog and brand Eat Cute, Alexandra Catalano, to have a conversation with students and staff about what being healthy should mean.\n“Honestly, I like to think about our bodies as a car,” said Catalano. “The better the fuel the better you run.”\nCatalano spoke about how there is no specific rulebook on how to be healthy, and just looking at a number on a scale doesn’t help. Instead, health should be about the energy a person feels in relation to the mindful relationship they have with their body.\nMost people count calories , but calories are calculated on a fixed system and the body is not a fixed system, Catalano told the audience, suggesting that everyone toss their scales away because they don’t really need them.\n“You can weigh yourself if you have specific health goals, but it’s not a good marker for whether you’re getting the results you want,” said Catalano.\nInstead of focusing on calories, everyone should focus on the ingredient list when buying a packaged item. Given that there are at least 61 different terms for sugar substances within our food, Catalano’s advice is to stay away from products that list sugar within the first few ingredients.\nShe also recommended buying local in-season produce for health and environmental efforts.\n“Sugar has a huge effect on our brains,” said Catalano. “[Sugar] is a drug. That’s why companies put it in everything, because they know it is so addictive.”\nShe went on to explain how if a person can’t control their sugar intake, it might be best to stay away from it. Catalano herself has cut sugar out of her diet for the past three years.\n“Always consider what is at the end of your fork,” said Catalano. She often reminds people that, whenever they eat something, they should pay attention to how they feel afterwards. Everyone is built differently with what their bodies can digest.\nCatalano suggests being flexible with the food that makes up weekly meals. “A pitfall we have is that when we eat something healthy, we just eat the same thing everyday,” said Catalano.\nEvery visit to the grocery store is an opportunity to try something new. Trying new foods introduces new bacteria to create a diverse gut, which can lead to a healthier immune system.\nCatalano also suggests keeping good snacks around to help stay on track in reaching health goals. “Snacks, such as walnuts, are good for your brain,” said Catalano. “Walnuts are shaped like brains, that’s why.”\n“Ashwagandha really helps manage stress,” said Catalano. As an adaptogen, ashwagandha is an herb that helps the body manage stress. She also suggests magnesium to help with a better night’s sleep. However, nothing is more important than drinking water, Catalano reminded the audience throughout the discussion.\n“When I change my diet, I change my life,” said Catalano.\nBeing healthy is not a once in awhile choice, it is a lifestyle – one she hopes college students will consider. This is why she wrote Beer Bongs to Broccoli, a humorous guide to avoiding the freshman 15 and losing weight while still in college." ]

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[ "Earth Day – #RestoreOurEarth\nBoth Cambridge and Oxford dictionaries define restore as a way to return something to a previous good condition or position; or “to bring back into use something that has been absent for a period of time”.\nBut we can only restore something if we acknowledge it has been deteriorated. As mentioned in my first post, Beginning, recent global warming has been caused by Anthropocene’s activity. Although these past 14 months economic activity has dropped deeply, emissions have only dropped slightly as a large amount of activity became digital, accelerating the digital transformation that many organisations were reluctant to join more significantly. As brick-and-mortar shops closed to contain contagium, the transport induced emissions increased due to a higher adoption of Covid-19 safer home deliveries. In some places electric delivery vehicles surged. A good time to show remote workers some of their products were sustainably delivered, but it hasn’t been enough.\nAs the Earth day approaches and lockdowns started to ease, which action are you taking from Earth’s day onwards to also contribute to #RestoreourEarth? Well, in case you haven’t thought of one, and haven’t become aware of your carbon footprint, I recommend you to use the carbon FOOTPRINT CALCULATOR (henkel.com) from Henkel, analyse your results. At the end you’ll find your footprint in comparison to the European Average, the Global average and the target carbon footprint, giving you an opportunity to think how much you need to change the unsustainable actions by sustainable ones and influence the people around you. This carbon footprint calculator contributes to a research #Henkel is doing with the aim of providing more sustainable goods in the near future. According to Henkel, the collected information remains anonymous.\nOnce your awareness has increased, you should consider some new sustainable habits to improve your Carbon footprint. (You may want to watch this 2015’s Nasa video showing a year of Carbon dioxide and monoxide emissions across the globe: NASA | A Year in the Life of Earth’s CO2 – YouTube).\nRemember that to be sustainable means that resources are used efficiently, with reduced extraction and longer usage, allowing future generations to also access and use it. You can do so by:\n- Reusing – stop the single use of all items which don’t convey a health risk.\n- Repairing so it can be used for longer (a good example can be an electric equipment that only needs its engine to be repaired, allowing a longer usage and less plastic or steel to be produced and consequently less GHG emissions released);\n- enable its Reincorporation in other manufacturing processes;\n- Recycling and contributing to a longer lifecycle.\nReduce the resources to be consumed and contribute to restore our planet! Remember that not all food locally produced suggests an adoption of a sustainable production method. Also, bear in mind, that less usage means less extraction, which consequently means less disturbance to ecosystems and higher biodiversity. The latter is at risk of huge loss with subsequent great impact in our wellbeing, if we don’t limit global warming to 1.5º C." ]

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[ "NCERT Exemplar Book Class 12 Maths: National Council of Educational Research and Training publishes NCERT Exemplar Books for the students of Class 12 Maths under the guidance of CBSE. Students of Class 12 must be aware of NCERT Exemplar Books for Class 12 Maths in order to prepare for their annual exams. Students who are clear with the content that is present in NCERT Class 12 Maths Exemplar Problems Book can easily secure good marks in the examination. In this page we are providing NCERT Exemplar Books for free. NCERT Exemplar Book Class 12 Maths PDF can be downloaded without any cost.\nNCERT Class 12 Exemplar Class 12 Maths Book PDF Download\nNCERT Exemplar Books for Class 12 Maths are provided in PDF form so that students can access it at anytime anywhere. Class 12 Maths NCERT Exemplar Books are created by the best professors who are experts in Maths and have good knowledge in the subject Class 12 Maths. CBSE Class 12 NCERT Exemplar Maths books are available in both English as well as Hindi Medium, for students of respective English and Hindi medium schools. Check the below links, click and download them for further use.\n- Class 12 Maths Relations and Functions\n- Class 12 Maths Inverse Trigonometric Functions\n- Class 12 Maths Matrices\n- Class 12 Maths Determinants\n- Class 12 Maths Continuity and Differentiability\n- Class 12 Maths Application of Derivatives\n- Class 12 Maths Integrals\n- Class 12 Maths Application of Integrals\n- Class 12 Maths Differential Equations\n- Class 12 Maths Vector Algebra\n- Class 12 Maths Three Dimensional Geometry\n- Class 12 Maths Linear Programming\n- Class 12 Maths Probability\nAll the questions that are asked in CBSE annual exams are completely based on CBSE NCERT Books. So it is must that students should have good knowledge over NCERT Class 12 Books. Having good knowledge over Class 12 NCERT Maths Book will not only help students to crack the annual exam but also helps to clear the toughest competitive exams.\nWhy NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Maths Book is Important\nNCERT Exemplar Books for Class 12 Maths covers all the important topics and concepts that are prescribed in NCERT Curriculum and CBSE Class 12 Maths Syllabus. All the topics and concepts are explained in easily understandable language. Class 12 Maths Exemplar Books Helps to build strong foundation on all the concepts. Most of the questions asked in the annual examination are completely from the Class 12 Maths NCERT Books Solutions.\nClass 12 Maths Chapter wise NCERT Exemplar Books PDF Available here for students so that they can offline also, without using the internet. Apart from CBSE NCERT Books, LearnCBSE is also providing students with NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Maths Solutions, where they can get solutions or answers for all the questions present in the exercise of each chapter and intext and Miscellaneous Questions." ]

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[ "- Open Access\nAccounting for variation in designing greenhouse experiments with special reference to greenhouses containing plants on conveyor systems\nPlant Methods volume 9, Article number: 5 (2013)\nThere are a number of unresolved issues in the design of experiments in greenhouses. They include whether statistical designs should be used and, if so, which designs should be used. Also, are there thigmomorphogenic or other effects arising from the movement of plants on conveyor belts within a greenhouse? A two-phase, single-line wheat experiment involving four tactics was conducted in a conventional greenhouse and a fully-automated phenotyping greenhouse (Smarthouse) to investigate these issues.\nResults and discussion\nAnalyses of our experiment show that there was a small east–west trend in total area of the plants in the Smarthouse. Analyses of the data from three multiline experiments reveal a large north–south trend. In the single-line experiment, there was no evidence of differences between trios of lanes, nor of movement effects. Swapping plant positions during the trial was found to decrease the east–west trend, but at the cost of increased error variance. The movement of plants in a north–south direction, through a shaded area for an equal amount of time, nullified the north–south trend. An investigation of alternative experimental designs for equally-replicated experiments revealed that generally designs with smaller blocks performed best, but that (nearly) trend-free designs can be effective when blocks are larger.\nTo account for variation in microclimate in a greenhouse, using statistical design and analysis is better than rearranging the position of plants during the experiment. For the relocation of plants to be successful requires that plants spend an equal amount of time in each microclimate, preferably during comparable growth stages. Even then, there is no evidence that this will be any more precise than statistical design and analysis of the experiment, and the risk is that it will not be successful at all. As for statistical design and analysis, it is best to use either (i) smaller blocks, (ii) (nearly) trend-free arrangement of treatments with a linear trend term included in the analysis, or, as a last resort, (iii) blocks of several complete rows with trend terms in the analysis. Also, we recommend that the greenhouse arrangement parallel that in the Smarthouse, but with randomization where appropriate.\nTwo competing approaches for dealing with microclimate variation in the design of greenhouse experiments are:\nPlace the experimental material in a convenient location in the greenhouse and then re-arrange the relative locations of plants in a haphazard manner throughout the experiment.\nEmploy an experimental design that keeps the plants in the same relative positions throughout the experiment and then use a statistical analysis to adjust for microclimate, and other, differences.\nThe justification for the first approach is that the rearrangement will even out the plants by exposing all plants to a range of the microclimates occurring in the greenhouse in which the experiment is conducted (see for example ). The disadvantages are listed in as being the labour involved, the possibility of injury to plants, and the opportunity for unobserved biases. The latter relates to the possibility that not all plants will be equally exposed to the different microclimates that occur because, generally, there is no defined process to ensure that this is the case. A mechanical rotation system for reducing the labour required is described in . It is speculated in that, provided the possibility of plant injury could be avoided, then there could be substantial improvements in precision, provided that an assumed decrease in variability due to location eventuates. Reduced variability in rice grown in pots on a continuously rotating platform was reported in , and so that experiments run using this system would have better precision than pots in fixed positions on benches. Another advantage of moving the plants is the potential for a thigmomorphogenic effect that would result in shorter, thicker plants. Given that plants normally grow in fields, with wind moving them, possible thigmomorphogenic effects from movement in the greenhouse could lead to plants having growth more like that found in field-grown plants. On the other hand, there is also the possibility of soil compaction due to the movement of pots on the belt which could potentially have adverse effects on plant growth . It is our experience that excessive soil compaction can occur when the soil in the pots on the belt have a very high clay content. Similarly, we have found that substrates with a very high sand content are not suitable for conveyor experiments due to soil shifting in the pots on the belt and roots being damaged as a result.\nThe justification for the second approach is that major differences in microclimate experienced by the plants, resulting in what can be termed global variation, can be accounted for in the experimental design and adjusted for in the statistical analysis. Some references in which the use of designs with rows and columns for experiments in greenhouses is recommended to achieve this are [7, 8]p. 117] and [9–11]. Often the plants in greenhouse experiments are arranged in square or rectangular grids and such designs will deal with trends in the north/south direction that might be caused by the changing angle of the sun during the growing season and also trends in the east/west direction caused by difference in microclimate experienced by the plants during a day.\nAnother possibility is that spatial designs might be employed to take account of the tendency for neighbouring plants to be similar that results in small-scale trends in variation, referred to as local spatial variation. Some evidence for the need to account for local spatial variation comes from , in which small-scale spatial variability in photosynthetically active radiation in a gable-roof greenhouse is demonstrated. Spatial designs have been recommended for field trials to deal with such variation and so one might do the same for greenhouse experiments.\nIt was decided to investigate these issues in designing greenhouse experiments in the context of The Plant Accelerator® (PA) at the Australian Plant Phenomics Facility in South Australia [14, 15]. This facility consists of four Smarthouses and 34 conventional greenhouses. The technologically advanced Smarthouses utilize the LemnaTec-Scanalyzer 3D platform and are fully climate-controlled greenhouses equipped with computer-controlled conveyor belts carrying up to 600 plants per room. Plants are carried on this conveyor system in individual carts for regular imaging, weighing and watering. There is the possibility that this movement may have a thigmomorphogenic or other effect. As well as managing plant movement and tracking, the conveyor system allows for plant locations to be rotated during an experiment. The facility is aligned on a north/south axis and so a trend from south to north can be expected due to changes in the angle of the sun. Also, both the Smarthouses and the greenhouses have air conditioners, usually along one side and so a trend away from the air conditioners can be expected. The primary response measured on plants is the total area exhibited in three images, this being related to plant biomass .\nWe conducted an experiment, the PA experiment, an overview of which is given in Figure 1, along with a factor allocation diagram showing the assignments of the factors to each other; full details are in the Methods section. In this experiment, plants of a single line of wheat were housed in a (conventional) greenhouse within the facility for germination and initial growth. Here, they were in pots arranged in 6 rows by 48 columns. After 18 days they were transferred to the Smarthouse for the remainder of the experiment, where the pots were placed in carts arranged in 4 zones each of which initially consisted of 3 lanes by 24 positions. Thus the experiment is two phase : a first phase in a greenhouse and a second phase in a Smarthouse. In the Smarthouse phase, the plants in a zone were subjected to one of the following four tactics:\nBench: the plants were placed on fixed benches located alongside the conveyor system at its southern edge. These plants were weighed and watered manually and were always replaced in the same positions on the benches.\nSame lane: the plants were placed in lanes 1–3 in the Smarthouse. These plants were always returned to the same positions after imaging/watering.\nHalf lane: the plants were placed initially in lanes 4–6 in the Smarthouse. After imaging/watering, these plants were moved forward a half lane so that the 12 carts in the western half of a lane were moved to the eastern half of the same lane and the 12 carts in the eastern half of a lane were moved to the western half of the next lane. Once carts had occupied the eastern half of lane 11, they were next moved back to the western half of lane 4.\nNext lane: the plants were initially placed in lanes 12–14 in the Smarthouse. After imaging/watering, these plants were moved forward to the lane next to the one from which they had come. Once a lane of plants had been in lane 24, they were next moved back to lane 12.\nThat is, each tactic was applied to 72 carts initially arranged in 3 Lanes by 24 Positions in the Smarthouse.\nSame lane is the standard tactic for glasshouses with this system. The bench tactic corresponds to traditional greenhouse practice, when pots are not relocated. It was included in order to compare it with the same-lane tactic so that the effect of the movement of carts in the Smarthouse could be assessed. The half-lane and next-lane tactics represent relocation of the carts across the directions in which the major trends are expected during the Smarthouse phase. Differences in the analysis results between these two tactics and the same-lane tactic will provide an evaluation of the strategy of relocating plants during an experiment, as opposed to statistically adjusting for trends.\nThe results of this experiment are analysed to establish the important sources of variation in such experiments, although it is not possible to use them to study variation across the full set of 24 lanes in the Smarthouse. For this latter aspect, the results of three multiline experiments, described in the Methods section, are used. We will also use the results of the PA experiment to examine the effect of movement in the Smarthouse and the effectiveness of the relocation strategies. Finally, an investigation of alternative statistical design and analysis strategies for greenhouse experiments will be examined using the data from the PA experiment. Because the plants in a tactic are from a single line, this data is well suited to such a study.\nThe main response is total area of the plants measured between 21 and 51 days after planting, although only that for 51 days after planting is available for the bench tactic. In addition, shoot fresh weight, height and a density index at 51 days after planting are reported. Hereafter, days after planting will simply be referred to as ‘day’. Plots of the raw data are available (see Additional file 1). They show the variability in the responses and the evidence for trends in the data.\nSources of variation and tactic differences in the PA experiment\nMixed models were fitted, as described in the Methods section, to all the response variables from the PA experiment. The results of these analyses are given in Table 1. It is noted that the autocorrelation terms are fitted to assess the presence of local spatial variation. All the other terms tested represent various forms of global variation, except for heterogeneous variances and for the terms with just Locations or Tactics.\nThe results for the total areas on day 21, which reflect the variation that had arisen in the greenhouse phase, show that Locations differ in their variances and that there is a curvilinear trend over Columns that differs between Locations. To examine in more detail the sources of variation that the mixed model fitting indicates are present in the total areas on day 21, the predicted averages at the centre of a Row, along with their standard errors, and the coefficients of variation (CVs) are given for each location in Table 2. The predicted average for the south-east location is close to being significantly less than that for the north-west location, but appears to have higher variance than the other locations. Plots displaying the Column trend are in Figure 2A. They show a flat undulating trend on the northern side and a more pronounced increasing trend in the south-east.\nFor all the response variables on Day 51, except Density, the variances differ between Tactics. All variables show a smooth trend over Position with the trend being linear for total area and density index and curvilinear for shoot fresh weight and height.\nTo examine in more detail the sources of variation that the mixed model fitting indicates are present in the day 51 response variables, the predicted averages at the centre of a Lane, along with their standard errors, and the CVs are given for each tactic for all response variables in Table 2. Plots displaying the Position trend for total areas and for fresh weights are in Figures 2B and 2D, respectively.\nFor the total areas on day 51, the predicted average for the next-lane tactic is significantly less than that for the bench and same-lane tactics, and all of these are significantly less than the half-lane tactic. It would appear that the next-lane tactic is less variable than the other tactics. The Position trend, in Figure 2B, is an increasing trend from west to east for all tactics, except for the half-lane tactic, which is flat. A supplementary hypothesis test shows that the linear trend does not differ significantly (P = 0.7260) between the bench, same-lane and next-lane tactics.\nFor fresh weights on day 51, the predicted average for the next-lane tactic is significantly less than that for the other tactics, none of the other tactics being significantly different. It would appear that the next-lane tactic is less variable than the other tactics. The Position trend, in Figure 2D, is an increasing trend from west to east for all tactics, except for the half-lane tactic, which is flat. The trends in the total area are consistent with those in fresh weight.\nFor height on day 51, the predicted average for the next-lane tactic is significantly less than that for the same-lane tactic, but none of the other tactics are significantly different. While the addition of autocorrelation to the model was initially significant for this response variable, the estimated values of the correlation coefficients for the tactics are –0.361, 0.331, –0.215 and 0.004, respectively. These indicate that the autocorrelation is, at best, weak and in the end is not significant (see Table 1).\nFor the density index on day 51, plants from the next-lane tactic are on average less dense than those for the bench and half-lane tactics; the plants for the same-lane tactic are intermediate between them, not being significantly different from any of the other tactics (P > 0.05).\nAdjusting total area on day 51 for total area on day 21 in the PA experiment\nAn analysis of covariance examined how total areas on day 51 are related to total areas on day 21 by using linear and spline terms for day 21 as covariate terms. It showed that, while the curvature in the relationship, as measured by a spline term, does not differ significantly between tactics (the estimate for this term was zero), there is significant curvature common to all tactics (P = 0.002). On the other hand, differences between tactics in the linear relationship are effectively significant (P = 0.051). Having adjusted for the relationship with total areas on day 21, it was found that (i) the linear trend over Positions differs significantly between Tactics (P = 0.015), (ii) there are no differences between Lanes within Tactics (P = 0.197), and (iii) Tactics differ significantly (P < 0.001). The predicted averages at the mean for total area on Day 21, along with their standard errors, and the CVs are given for each tactic in Table 3. The CV is between 7% and 10% less as a result of the inclusion of the total area on day 21 as a covariate. There is very little difference between the variance for same and half- lane tactics. The fitted linear trend over Positions for the total area on day 51 adjusted for the total area on day 21 is given in Figure 2C. It shows that only for the same-lane tactic is the trend in adjusted total area across the positions not flat.\nThe effect of separating the Position trend on the precision of total area on day 51 in the PA experiment\nTo examine the effect on the precision of an experiment of not isolating Position trend, we have fitted two sets of separate mixed models to each tactic. In the first set, the model for a tactic has Lane and Position terms and in the second set it has just a Lane term. The precision is measured using the standard deviations and their values are in Table 4; also shown are the relative precisions that are calculated as the ratios of the variance when Positions are pooled with the error variance to that for when Positions are separated.\nFor all, except the half-lane tactic, separating Positions from the error variance increases the precision by as much as 37%. In the case of the half-lane tactic, there is a small decrease. It is of note that the bench and same-lane standard deviations are increased to a value nearer that for half-lane. That is, the magnitude of the half-lane error variance is consistent with being inflated by an amount equivalent to that resulting from position differences of the magnitude observed in this experiment.\nGrowth trend for different tactics in the PA experiment\nThe longitudinal data for total area from day 21 to day 51 is displayed in an additional figure (see Additional file 1). The mixed models fitted to this data showed that (i) the variance differed between Tactics (P = 0.004), (ii) of the possible random deviations from the trend over time, the significant deviations were those depending on the Tactic and Lane combination (P = 0.020) and on the Tactic and Position combination (P = 0.001), (iii) the trends over time are described by splines that vary between individual plants (P < 0.001) and with Tactic (P < 0.001), (iv) the trend over time did not vary between Lanes (P = 0.641 for the spline term and P = 0.419 for the linear term), and (v) there is a linear trend over Positions that varies with Tactic (P < 0.001), the splines over Positions being not significant (P = 0.210). There is correlation between the measurements on different days (P < 0.001), this correlation decreasing with the number of days between measurements and varying between Tactics. It is expressed as ρd, where ρ is the correlation between measurements separated by one day and d is the number of days between measurements. The estimated values of the correlation coefficient for the Tactics are 0.422, 0.456 and 0.312, respectively. The fitted time trends for the different tactics are in Figure 3; the trend differs for all three tactics.\nLane and position trends in the three multiline experiments\nWhile the PA experiment is suited to examining east–west trends in the Smarthouse, lane trends cannot be investigated. Three two-phase multiline experiments were also conducted in 2011. Each filled the same Smarthouse as the PA experiment and so lane trends can be ascertained from them. Mixed models fitted to each of their results revealed that plant-to-plant variability is the main source of variation and this varied between the experiments, although the magnitude of this also differed between zones in some experiments. The CVs are in Table 5. Clearly, zones 3 and 4 in experiment 1 exhibited much greater variability than any of the other zones in any of the experiments, these being the more northern zones. In experiment 2, there was lower variance in zone 3, but the mean was also lower in that zone. The variances in the different zones of experiment 3 were not significantly different (P = 0.177); the differences in zone CVs are due to differences in the zone means.\nIn all three multiline experiments there was a trend for lanes to decrease in total area from the south (lane 1) to the north (lane 24) as illustrated in Figure 4, although only in experiment 2 was the trend smooth. It appears that dividing the lanes into sets of four lanes would produce sets, each of which is homogeneous. The decrease in total area, which is focused on the northern end, is attributed to shading of some of the lanes at the northern end of the Smarthouse by the equipment in the adjoining imaging room (see Methods section). It was observed on 8 May 2012 that lanes 18–24 are shaded at midday. The extent of the decrease in total area was less for experiment 3. The plants were placed in the Smarthouse on 17 May 2011 for experiment 1, on 28 July 2011 for experiment 2, and on 12 September 2011 for experiment 3. The altitude of the sun was approximately 35° for the first two experiments and 50° for experiment 3 (Source: http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/smpos.jsp, last accessed 11 April 2012). The greater height of the sun in September would have resulted in less shading from the imaging equipment and so explain the restriction of the decrease to the last four lanes of the Smarthouse. In the first experiment, there were significantly greater total areas for plants on the west side as compared to the east side of the Smarthouse. In the other two experiments, total area tended to increase towards the eastern side.\nA summary of the relative efficiencies for detecting line difference in analyses of the multiline experiments that include lane or position trends, as compared to the analysis with no trends included, is given in Table 6. Clearly, gains in efficiency of 40% or more can be expected from allowing for lane trends. On the other hand, no more than a 10% gain in efficiency can be expected from allowing for position trends, and this is provided that lane trends have been allowed for. This is consistent with the results from the PA experiment.\nComparison of alternative designs and analyses\nEach tactic in the PA experiment can be viewed as a uniformity trial and so can be used to compare different designs for investigating treatments, for example a set of lines. Given that each tactic involves just three homogeneous lanes, our investigation of alternative designs using this experiment essentially considers only how best to block for east–west trends.\nFirst, we focus on how blocks might be formed in the Smarthouse based on the total areas for day 51. Figure 5 gives the precision, relative to no blocking, of several potential blocking arrangements. It shows that precision for the half-lane tactic cannot be improved by blocking. For the other tactics there is a general tendency for the precision of the block designs to fall away as the block size increases, this being most pronounced for the same-lane tactic. For designs with rows and columns, the relative precision displays a flatter trend, with a few combinations showing superior precision. However, the designs with the better relative precisions vary between tactics. Of the arrangements that do not include rows and columns, blocks that have the following combinations of numbers of lanes and positions give better precision: 3 × 1, 3 × 2, 3 × 4 and 1 × 2 for the same-lane tactic; 1 × 4 and 1 × 12 for the next-lane tactic, although all the other blocking arrangements, except 1 × 24, are only a little less precise; 3 × 1 is the best blocking arrangements for the bench tactic. Designs with rows and columns within blocks of larger size have better precision than just blocks of a similar size; increased precision is likely to be obtained if 3 lanes by 6, 8, 12 or 24 positions are used.\nHowever, relative precision is not the only consideration in comparing designs — other aspects, outlined in the Methods section, are also taken into account using relative efficiencies. So next, the relative efficiencies of designs and analyses selected for their better precision are examined, beginning with designs for 36 lines, all replicated twice. Reflecting on all the results so far, we investigate the relative efficiencies of the following designs and analyses: (i) a completely randomized design (CRD); (ii) a CRD with adjustment for trend across the positions (CRD+Adj); (iii) a trend-free design without blocking (TFD); (iv) a randomized complete block designs with two replicates of 3 lanes by 12 positions (RCBD3x12); (v) an RCBD3x12 with adjustment for trend across positions within a block (RCBD3x12+Adj); (vi) a trend-free design with two replicates of 3 lanes by 12 positions in which allowance is made for trends with equal slopes between blocks (TFCDB3x12EqLin), unequal slopes between blocks being inestimable; (vii) a resolved row-column design with 3 lanes by 12 positions in each replicate (RRCD3x12); (viii) a resolved incomplete block design with two replicates containing 12 blocks consisting of 3 lanes from the same position (RIBD3x1); (ix) a resolved incomplete block design with two replicates containing 9 blocks consisting of 4 consecutive positions from the same lane (RIBD1x4); and, (x) a resolved incomplete block design with two replicates containing 2 blocks consisting of 3 lanes by 6 columns (RIBD3x6). In all designs, except the CRD, a replicate consists of 3 lanes by 12 positions and contains one complete set of the treatments. The relative efficiencies (REPDA) for these designs and analyses with 36 lines, when run on each of the bench, same-lane and next-lane tactics, are given in Figure 6. It is noted that all the values shown are based on Monte Carlo samples of the randomizations and, in the case of (nearly) trend-free designs, regenerations of the design; exact values can be computed for the RCBD3x12, but they differ by less than 1% from the simulated values. We conclude that in general the simulated values are likely to be accurate to ±1%.\nThe designs and analyses that are at least 10% more efficient than a CRD for all 3 tactics from the PA experiment are the CRD+Adj, the TFD, the RRCD3x12, the RIBD3x1, and the RIBD1x4. There is very little difference in efficiency between the RRCD3x12 and the RIBD3x1. The essential difference between the two designs is that, while both separate Position effects, the former isolates Lane differences as well, whereas the latter does not. Ignoring the bench tactic, the most efficient design and analysis is the TFCBD3x12EqLin, with TFD only slightly less efficient.\nRelative efficiencies for a similar set of designs and analyses, but with 24 thrice-replicated lines, are also given in Figure 6. In this case, when there are blocks, only nearly trend-free designs (NTFD) are possible; however, in designs with blocks, they allow for unequal trend-slopes between blocks. In particular a nearly trend-free design with three replicates of 3 lanes by 8 positions is investigated, with equal slopes for the different blocks (NTFCBD3x8EqLin) and with different slopes for the different blocks (NTFCBD3x8UneqLin). The efficiencies show a similar pattern to that for 36 treatments, although the efficiencies are generally greater for the 24-line designs; the 24-line designs have more replication. In this case, none of the (nearly) trend-free designs perform better than the other designs and analyses; it seems that, with the smaller blocks, there is nothing to be gained from their use.\nTrends in the greenhouse and Smarthouse\nIt is concluded that, in the greenhouse, trends can occur down its length in even approximately 3 weeks of growth (Figure 2A). We believe that, in this case, the higher growth at the eastern end of this greenhouse, particularly on the southern side, was because these plants are next to an external eastern wall and so they received more light in the early morning. On the other hand, differences over the short distance encompassed by three rows of pots are unlikely, although there was evidence of a difference between sides.\nThe results of the analysis for the PA experiment (Figure 2) established that there is an east–west trend in the Smarthouse for the same-lane tactic, and that this has overshadowed minor column trends in the north-west of the greenhouse. One contributing factor to a Smarthouse position trend is the greater exposure of plants in the western half to the effects of the air conditioners. Presumably, the same is true for the bench tactic, although it cannot be confirmed because there is no data from day 21 for this tactic. For the half-lane tactic, the minor column trend in the north-east of the greenhouse has been also overshadowed in the Smarthouse, but in this case to produce no position trend for reasons discussed below. In contrast, the more pronounced column trend for total area in the south-east of the greenhouse is paralleled by a similar position trend in the day 51 total area for the next-lane tactic. The evidence for this is the disappearance of the position trend when the total area for day 51 is adjusted for the total area for day 21 using an analysis of covariance. It is not possible to be certain of the source of the position trend in total area from day 51. In particular, the contribution of the column trend in the greenhouse to it cannot be determined. On the other hand, it seems most likely that, like for the same-lane tactic, there is a contribution by the Smarthouse phase to the position trend in the day 51 total area for the next-lane tactic, although the trend might not be as great as in other tactics because of the suppressed growth for this tactic in the Smarthouse phase. Ultimately, the origin of the position trend is of little import here, because column trends in the greenhouse are aligned with position trends in the Smarthouse: whatever measures are taken to deal with one will deal with the other.\nThe three multiline experiments have shown that there is a trend for growth to decrease from south to north in the Smarthouse (Figure 4). This is in large part due to shading of some of the lanes at the northern end of the Smarthouse by the equipment in the adjoining imaging room, the number of shaded lanes being a maximum in winter. However, the PA experiment revealed that there were no differences within sets of three lanes in Smarthouse and the multiline experiments confirm this, although perhaps even sets of four lanes are homogeneous.\nThigmomorphogenic or other movement effects\nPredicted averages and variances generally differed between tactics in the PA experiment (Table 2). However, there was no average or variability difference between the bench and same-lane tactics for any of the responses from day 51, in particular, height or density index. Thus the movement three times a week for imaging and watering had no effect over and above that associated with traditional greenhouse practices. We infer from this that there was no thigmomorphogenic or other effects of movement in the Smarthouse. The lack of a thigmomorphogenic effect is perhaps not surprising given that no such effect has been found in wheat when the plants were stimulated by rubbing . It would also appear that the potential effects of pot movement on the soil, and thence on plant growth, have been circumvented by the soil substrate chosen for use in this experiment (see the Methods section).\nRelocation of plants versus experimental design and statistical analysis\nThe results of the half-lane and next-lane tactics are informative in considering the issue of how to deal with microclimate variation: relocation of plants or experimental design and statistical analysis. At first sight, it may seem that relocation of plants is the better option because, as seen in the half-lane and next-lane tactics, trends can be reduced and perhaps nullified by appropriate movement. We now discuss why this may not be the case.\nThe half-lane tactic differed from the other tactics in displaying no east–west trend over positions (Figure 2B), because plants spent half their time in the each half of the Smarthouse. However, in order for plant relocation to be successful, it must result in plant variability that is similar to that for plants that maintain their position, as in the same-lane tactic, after lane and position trends have been removed in a statistical analysis of the data. This did not happen for the half-lane tactic; instead, while no east–west trend was detected, the variability of plants was inflated, relative to that for the other tactics. The magnitude of this inflation was similar to the amount of variation that is removed by a position trend in the bench and same-lane tactics. It is noted that, while plants have spent time in both the east and west halves of the Smarthouse, there are still differences between plants in the exposure to the east–west trend. Within a set of 12 plants that start in the same half, plants retain their east–west order for the whole experiment. Also, plants that start together in the middle of a lane spend half their time at opposite ends of the lane. That is, while the half-lane tactic does reduce the trend to the extent that it was not detectable, it does not eliminate it because plants are not equalized with respect to the trend. Further, the tactic increases the inequality in exposure.\nThe next-lane plants, compared to same-lane plants, have smaller total area on day 51, are less variable for total area on day 51, are significantly shorter on average and have a lower density index (Table 2). This is consistent with the next-lane plants having been shaded during their growth. Further, evidence for this shading effect comes from the three multiline experiments, for which we argue that some of the lanes at the northern end of the Smarthouse are shaded by the equipment in the adjoining imaging room. At the time of the year that the PA experiment was run, it would have been the 6 most northern lanes at most that were shaded during it. That is, the plants in the next-lane tactic would have been shaded during only part of their time in the Smarthouse. They would have entered the shaded area sometime after the 6th time point, depending on how many lanes were shaded. However, all would have been shaded for the same amount of time, the number of time points spent in the shade being equal to the number of shaded lanes. The first lane of the tactic would have entered and left the shaded area two time points after the third lane, which is 5 days or less. So, any retardation in growth would begin after at least the 6th time point (day 32) and this is what is observed in Figure 3. There is also evidence of an increased growth rate after time point 12, time point 13 being the point at which all lanes have emerged from the shade. The lack of a difference between the three lanes for the next-lane tactic confirms that the effect of shading during the Smarthouse phase was similar for all the plants in this tactic. The variance of plants in this tactic was smaller than for the same-lane or bench tactics. A smaller variance for this zone was also observed in multiline experiments 2 and 3, in which carts were always returned to the same position. This suggests that the smaller variance for plants in the next-lane tactic is most likely due to the reduced growth of plants in this tactic, rather than the more equal exposure of plants to the microclimates in the Smarthouse leading to reduced variability. In any case, this decrease in variance would only be beneficial in an experiment involving multiple lines if there was not a matching reduction in the differences between lines.\nClearly, both half-lane and next-lane tactics have had the effect of spreading microclimate effects across all the plants in these tactics, position trends in the first case and lane trends in the other. However, while the half-lane tactic does not equalize the plants experience of the east–west trend, the next-lane tactic evens out the exposure of the plants to the north–south trend. This demonstrates that for rearrangement of plants during the experiment to be an effective strategy requires that the plants experience equally every microclimate in the experimental area. Even if this is achieved, the precision of the experiment will be no better than can be achieved by adjusting for trends in the analysis. The reason for this is that the effect of rearrangement is limited to removing microclimate differences, such as can be adjusted for in the statistical analysis, but has no effect on the other sources of variation in the experiment, such a soil and plant variability.\nAttaining equal exposure to microclimates is probably easiest with systematic relocation, such as was used with the half-lane and next-lane tactics. Even so, while accomplishing equalization in small experiments may well be practicable, it is likely to be difficult to achieve in large experiments. For example, consider an experiment to be conducted in a Smarthouse that occupies 24 lanes by 24 positions. We have identified that areas of 4 lanes by 6 positions are reasonably homogeneous in our Smarthouse, which means that in the proposed experiment there are 6 by 4 or 24 such areas. The relocation strategy would need to rearrange the plants in the experiment so that each of 24 groups of 24 plants is located for the same amount of time in each of these 24 areas. This is not possible in a 31 day experiment. It would be for a 24 day experiment, but then, for each area, some plants would start the experiment in that area and other plants would finish in it; these plants would be at different stages in their growth. On the assumption of the same east–west trend for all lanes, it would only be necessary to ensure that plants spent the same amount of time in each of the 4 sets of 6 positions and the 6 sets of 4 lanes. This could be done in 12 days. Our data support such an assumption.\nOn the other hand, random or haphazard relocation of plant during an experiment will not equalize plant exposure to microclimates. Rather it will make it difficult, if not impossible, to adjust for microclimate differences and so will almost certainly result in greater variance than if adjustment can be made.\nWhich experimental design and statistical analysis?\nGiven that microclimate differences are to be accounted for by experimental design and statistical analysis, rather than relocation of the plant during an experiment, the question that arises is which experimental designs and statistical analysis are best as far as minimizing the variance of treatment differences is concerned. In answering this question, our investigation of alternative designs using total area from the PA experiment is relevant to dealing with the east–west trend, while the three multiline experiments provide information about the north–south trend. The result of these investigations (Figures 4, 5 and 6) is that, in general, blocks should be as small as possible, consisting of 4 lanes by 4 or 6 positions. It might appear that small blocks are the obvious solution, but this is not necessarily the case. While one would expect smaller blocks to be more homogeneous, and so be preferred, there are other elements of an experiment that may result in greater efficiency for larger blocks. In particular, with larger blocks, the amount of information estimated from within blocks will be higher and the error variance will be more precisely estimated, thereby counterbalancing the superior homogeneity of smaller blocks. Our results show that alternatives to small blocks are to use (nearly) trend-free designs with larger blocks and fit position trends as equal slopes for blocks or, as a last resort, blocks of several complete rows with trend terms for position in the analysis.\nIn the PA experiment, the exposure of plants to the increasing trend in total area from west to east in the greenhouse was aligned with their exposure to a trend from west to east in the Smarthouse. Consequently, the PA experiment conforms to Principle 8 (Big with big) in in that comparisons between greenhouse columns and between Smarthouse positions are confounded with each other. This means that whatever steps are taken to adjust for east–west trend will do so simultaneously for the greenhouse and the Smarthouse. It also has the advantage of keeping the design simple and so observing Principle 5 (Simplicity desirable) in .\nHow many replicates?\nAn important issue in designing an experiment is the number of replicates for each treatment. Unfortunately it is impractical to give general guidelines because the number of replicates for each response variable depends on the amount of variation to be expected, the size of the difference to be detected, the number of treatment to be employed, how the error degrees of freedom are calculated, the significance levels to be used and the power required. Many different combinations of the values for these quantities occur, even in greenhouse experiments, and so the number of replicates will vary between experiments. The contribution of this paper is in suggesting ways in which the amount of variation to be expected can be minimized. Further, the results in this paper suggest that a CV in the range 20% to 30% can be expected in total area for day 51 in such experiments (see Tables 2 and 5). If one expresses the difference to be detected as a percentage of the expected mean value, then this value can be used in calculating the number of replicates required.\nA limitation of the PA experiment is that each tactic was applied in only one zone, this being a necessary, practical restriction. We are of the opinion that this is unlikely to have affected our comparison of the bench and same-lane tactics, these being located next to each other and covering no more than 6 lanes at the unshaded, southern end of the room. Our main results for the half-lane and next-lane tactics are concerned with the position trend. It would appear that the position trend is consistent across the whole Smarthouse as the slope does not differ significantly between the bench, same-lane and next-lane tactics. However, while we also consider it unlikely, we cannot rule out that the extra variability associated with the half-lane tactic is due to its being in a zone that is inherently more variable than the other zones.\nThe movement three times a week for imaging and watering in the Smarthouse had no thigmomorphogenic or other effect, over and above that associated with traditional greenhouse practices.\nIt is concluded that the decrease in variability arising from relocation in a greenhouse, hoped for in , will occur provided the plants are equalized in their experience of the microclimates present in the experiment. However, an appropriate experimental design and analysis will achieve the same result more easily and reliably and so is to be preferred.\nThe results of the PA and the multiline experiments indicate that spatial designs are not required in greenhouse experiments involving single-plant pots on a conveyor system. Further, they suggest that complete or incomplete block designs or, when blocks are larger, (nearly) trend-free designs may well be better suited to such greenhouse experiments than designs with rows and columns. Of course, it will depend on the configuration of the greenhouse and Smarthouse. In general, to take account of variation in microclimate in a particular greenhouse, the options are: (i) blocking in designing and analysing an experiment, (ii) the inclusion of trend terms in the analysis or, (iii) when blocks are larger, a (nearly) trend-free design. Experiments using one of these options are likely to be more efficient than those in which the positions of plants are rearranged during the experiment.\nIn our case, any blocking in the greenhouse should ensure that pots close to external walls are in different blocks to other pots. In our Smarthouse, blocks need to account for the substantial north–south trend and the smaller east–west trend as well. The results of our investigation indicate that there is little difference over 3 or 4 lanes and so it is advantageous to form blocks consisting of up to 4 lanes. There is a smaller east–west trend, but the use of appropriate designs and analysis has been shown to produce at least a 10% increase in efficiency. Overall, it has been demonstrated that more than a 40% increase in efficiency can be achieved, with blocking of lanes being the most important contributor to this. It should be noted that this conclusion applies to total area and similarly-behaved measurements. It would not be valid for a variable that changes substantially during the day and so would change during the hour or so that it takes to measure 3 or 4 lanes. Such a variable would need to have blocks within lanes.\nBeing a two-phase experiment, the principles outlined in are relevant. Here we recommend that the arrangement in the greenhouse parallel that in the Smarthouse, but with randomization where appropriate. The general principle is that sources of significant variation in the greenhouse should be associated with such sources in the Smarthouse, thus satisfying Principle 8 (Big with big) in . For example, blocks in the greenhouse randomized to blocks in the Smarthouse and trend in the greenhouse associated with trend in the Smarthouse.\nWe acknowledge that the greenhouse facility employed in the PA experiment we report, The Plant Accelerator®, is not typical of those in use more broadly and so our conclusions are not necessarily applicable to standard greenhouses. However, in our experience, the behaviour that we have observed in the PA experiment is similar to that which occurs in greenhouse experiments more broadly. We expect that our general conclusions will apply, but that their specific application to other situations requires investigation of the local circumstances.\nThe PA experiment\nThe experiment used seed from a single line of wheat (Triticum aestivum), Gladius (AGT), and it is a two-phase experiment. Seed was planted in a greenhouse on 6 June 2011 and the plants moved to a Smarthouse on 24 June 2011. They remained in the Smarthouse until the 27 July 2011, when they were harvested and the shoot fresh weight measured. Seeds were obtained directly from Australian Grain Technologies (AGT) and three seeds were planted in each pot. The soil substrate used was specifically designed for the use on a conveyor system, consisting of about 50% (v/v) sand, 35% (v/v) coco-peat and 15% (v/v) clay/loam with minerals and slow release fertilizer added (Osmocote Exact Mini 16+3+9+1.2Mg+TE). The substrate has a high enough sand content to reduce compaction on the belt and at the same time reduces soil shifting within the pot due to the peat and clay content. After germination only one plant was retained in each pot, plants being selected so that those remaining were as similar as possible. While in the Smarthouse, each plant was imaged three times a week, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, resulting in each plant being imaged on each of 14 days; they were weighed and watered twice a week, on Mondays and Fridays, immediately after imaging. The imaging of a plant involved taking three 5 megapixel RGB images: one top view image and two side view images at a 90° horizontal rotation. These images were processed to obtain the area of plant exhibited in each image and the total area calculated by summing the areas for the three images. The total area calculated in this way has been shown to be related to the shoot dry weight of the plant . The height of the plant was also obtained from the two horizontal images and their maximum taken as a measure of the height, dividing by 19.5 to convert the measurement to centimetres. A density index for the plant was obtained as the ratio of the total area to the height. One would expect thinner plants to have smaller values of this index.\nThe greenhouse in the first phase was aligned on a west/east axis with a door at the western end and two air conditioners on the northern wall. The layout of the plants in this greenhouse is shown in Figure 7. There was a row of tables on each of the northern and southern sides of the door and on each side there was an eastern and a western block. Thus there were 4 locations and each of these contained a grid of 3 rows by 24 columns of pots.\nThe Smarthouse conveyor system has capacity for 624 pots arranged in 24 Lanes of 26 carts, with lanes numbered from south to north and positions of carts within a lane from west to east. There are air conditioners along the western side and the imaging equipment is located in an adjoining room to the north of the Smarthouse (Figure 8). For the PA experiment, only 24 carts per lane were used and the Smarthouse was divided into four zones: (i) a set of benches, (ii) lanes 1–3, (iii) lanes 4–11, and (iv) lanes 12–24. The pots from a location in the greenhouse were placed initially in a grid of 3 lanes by 24 positions in the Smarthouse, the order of plants within a block from the greenhouse being maintained in the Smarthouse. That is, there is a direct correspondence between the Row-Column coordinates in the greenhouse and the Lane-Position coordinates in the Smarthouse. However, the location to be placed in a zone was randomly selected. In this phase, one of four tactics outlined in the Background section was used with the plants in a zone. The layout of the plants in the Smarthouse is shown in Figure 8.\nThe factor allocation for the PA experiment is summarized in the factor-allocation diagram in Figure 1B. The allocations shown are coincident in that, in the allocations of pots and treatments to carts, both Tactics and the four combinations of Sides and Blocks are assigned to the Zones.\nThe design used will allow the assessment of combined east/west trends across columns and positions. It is possible to determine if trends become established across the columns in the greenhouse, through the analysis of day 21 observations when it can be assumed that any influence of the Smarthouse will be negligible. However, it is not possible to separate the contributions of greenhouse and Smarthouse to any position trends that are observed in the total areas for day 51. North/south trends across sides and rows in the greenhouse can also be evaluated using day 21 observations. However, north/south trends across lanes in the Smarthouse are not be fully assessable in this experiment.\nThree multiline experiments\nThree multiline experiments conducted in The Plant Accelerator® investigated lines of wheat grown under different conditions. Each of them took up the whole of the same Smarthouse as the PA experiment. All of them employed split-plot designs, with the lines assigned to the main plots and the conditions randomized to the subplots (carts); each main plot consisted of 2 or 3 carts depending on the experiment. The arrangements of the lines in the Smarthouse for these experiments are illustrated in Figure 9. The experimental designs used for the three experiments are summarized as follows:\n22 varieties were grown under 3 conditions using 24 lanes by 22 positions; the 24 lanes were divided into 4 zones each of 6 lanes and the 22 positions into 2 sides each of 11 positions; the combinations of the 4 zones with the 2 sides formed 8 blocks that contained a replicate of the varieties-conditions combinations; within each block the 6 lanes were divided into 2 strips of 3 lanes; a main plot consisted of the 3 adjacent carts from a strip in one of the positions; a complete set of the varieties were assigned to the main plots in each block using an equally-replicated spatial design generated with the R package DiGGer ; the 3 conditions were randomized to carts within a main plot; the plants to go in each block of 6 lanes by 11 positions were placed in the greenhouse together, sometimes in 6 rows by 11 columns, but in other cases in irregular configurations; the 3 pots for a main plot were usually adjacent.\n153 lines were grown under 2 conditions using 24 lanes by 22 positions; the lines were applied to main plots using a partially-replicated spatial design generated with the R package DiGGer ; in this design the experimental area was divided into 3 zones of 8 lanes, within each of which the main plots were arranged in 8 lanes by 11 pairs; the 2 conditions were randomized to pairs of consecutive carts in the same lane; the plants to go in each block of 8 lanes by 22 positions were placed in the greenhouse in 16 rows by 11 columns, with the 2 pots for a main plot in adjacent rows.\n214 lines were grown under 2 conditions using 24 lanes by 23 positions; the lines were applied to main plots using an augmented block design; as for the first experiment, the experimental area was divided into 8 blocks arranged in a rectangle of 4 zones by 2 sides; within each block, the main plots were arranged in 3 strips by 12 positions on the left side of the rectangle and 3 strips by 11 positions on the right side of the rectangle; a strip of main plots consists of 2 lanes and the 2 conditions were randomized to carts in 2 adjacent lanes in the same position; the plants to go in each block of 6 lanes by 12 or 11 positions were placed in the greenhouse in 6 rows by 12 or 11 columns.\nThese experiments are included in this paper in order to investigate the trends in the Smarthouse. This will be done by estimating the effects for strips of main plots and the effects of positions. It is noted that, given the results of this paper, we would no longer use spatial designs for experiments like this.\nThe response variables for the PA experiment, whose analysis we report, are the total areas on day 21, the first day of plant imaging, for all but the plants going to the benches in the Smarthouse, and the fresh weights, total areas, height and density index on day 51, the harvest date. We first plotted row profiles of the raw data in order to gain an impression of the responses (see Additional file 1). To assess the sources of variation active in the PA experiment, mixed models were fitted using GenStat (, Chapter 5) that uses the numerical routines from the standalone program ASReml™ . The models were formulated as described in and we express them using the notation in (, Table 1). A term in a model consists of a set of one or more factors, with multiple factors separated by a ‘wedge’ (‘∧’) that indicates the term is for the combinations of the levels of those factors. For example, the term Side∧Row is a term for all 6 rows, 3 from each side. The model is formed as the sum of two sets of terms, the sum to the left of a ‘straight line’ (‘|’) are considered fixed while those to the right are considered random. However, the mechanics of the fitting is that spline terms are fitted and tested as part of the random model even though they model systematic behaviour in the data and so are shown as fixed terms.\nThe sequence of fitting, following that described in , is:\nAn analysis-of-variance model is fit that does not include any trend terms, in which variances for all terms are homogeneous and in which there is no autocorrelation between plants. In this model, all terms are fixed except the residual error term, the term that involves all factors.\nA term is added that allows unequal residual variances between Locations or Tactics, these being the most likely source of heterogeneous variance, given the physical layout of the experiment.\nHaving decided to reject or retain unequal variances, we include autocorrelation between Columns or Positions that is allowed to differ between Locations or Tactics; autocorrelation between Rows or Lanes is not appropriate as there are too few of them to estimate it. Inclusion and testing of this term allows an assessment of whether local spatial variation is present in the experiment, because there is a tendency for neighbouring plants to be similar.\nNext, in order to examine global variation, in the form of east–west trends, the terms involving Columns or Positions are reparameterized to allow for systematic trends across their levels. Linear tends are fitted, as are curved trends, the latter being fitted using cubic smoothing splines . The reparameterization consists of replacing each term (for example, Columns∧Blocks) by three terms: linear, spline and random deviations terms. For the first two terms, the factor Columns or Positions is placed in parentheses and preceded by ‘lin’ or ‘spl’; for the last term, the term is plain and designated as a constrained random term. Thus, to choose which of the following models best describes the trend associated with a term, hypothesis tests are performed in the following order, dropping nonsignificant random terms and stopping when a significant term is encountered: (i) there is no smooth trend because of significant random deviations, (ii) the trend is curved as evidenced by a significant spline term, the spline term being constrained to be nonnegative, (iii) the trend is linear as it has a significant linear term, or (iv) there is no effect associated with the particular set of factors because no terms involving that set are significant.\nThen hypothesis tests for unequal residual variances between Locations or Tactics and autocorrelation between Columns or Positions are performed again to check whether these terms are needed in the context of the model chosen in the previous step.\nHypothesis tests for the nontrend, fixed terms were conducted. A test for a fixed term was not conducted if (i) its factors are a subset of those for a significant fixed term or (ii) it has the same factors as a higher-order fixed term that is significant. In the present context, random deviations terms are of higher order than spline terms, which are of higher order than linear terms. Nonsignificant fixed terms were not removed from the model.\nExcept where stated otherwise, all hypothesis tests employ a significance level of 0.05. However, we do not religiously omit terms with a P-value greater than 0.05; on occasion terms with a P-value between 0.05 and 0.10 are retained on the grounds that this is some indication that the terms are required. To test for terms in the random part of a fitted model Restricted Maximum Likelihood Ratio Tests (REMLRT) were used, the calculation of the P-value being adjusted when the test involved a variance component constrained to be nonnegative . Tests for fixed effects were carried out using F-tests with Kenward-Roger adjustments . The estimated denominator degrees of freedom for these tests were in excess of 125 for day 21 measurements and 140 for day 51 measurements. The standard errors of predicted averages are based on approximately 68 degrees of freedom when separate variances are estimated for each tactic and 272 degrees of freedom otherwise.\nThe analysis-of-variance model for measurements on day 21 is based on the factors in the leftmost panel of Figure 1B, because none of the other factors could have come into effect at this juncture. The model, with Locations substituted for Blocks∧Sides, is:\nThe maximal model for measurements on day 21 includes the reparameterization of terms with Columns into three trend terms, heterogeneous variances for Locations and autocorrelation between Columns. The ‘idh’ preceding the Locations factor indicates that allowance is made in the model for unequal variance between the Locations. Similarly, ‘ar1’ is used to specify autocorrelation of order 1 between the levels of the columns factor. The maximal model is\nOn the other hand, the analysis-of-variance model for measurements on day 51 is based on the factors from the two righthand panels of Figure 1B; the factors in the leftmost panel are not included as they are equivalent to those in the middle panel and Zones is not included as it is equivalent to Tactics. The model is:\nThe maximal model is:\nIn the above models, all terms except for the first and last, represent some form of global variation. The autocorrelation terms represent local spatial variation.\nIn addition, the extent to which the differences between the plants arising in the greenhouse phase are related to the total areas on day 51 are examined by including the total area on day 21 as a covariate in an analysis of total area on day 51. For this analysis of covariance, the bench tactic had to be omitted. The model for it began with the selected model for total area on day 51 to which were added linear and spline terms for total area on day 21 to allow for curvature, as well as terms allowing the relationship to differ between tactics. The analysis will adjust total areas on day 51 for differences in total areas on day 21.\nMixed models were also investigated for the longitudinal data for total area from day 21 to day 51 using GenStat (, Chapter 5) and ASReml-R , the latter being a package for the R statistical system that uses the numerical routines from the standalone program ASReml™ . These models took into account the results of the analyses for total area for days 21 and 51 and, in addition, included (i) trends over time that varied with tactic, (ii) random deviations from these trends, (iii) random deviation of a plant from the trend over time for its tactic, and (iv) correlation between time points that decreased as the distance between the time points increased, as indicated by the ‘exp’ function on Day.\nThe maximal mixed model was:\nModel fitting in this case began with all terms in the maximal model except the last. The fitting strategy used was that described in in that, after testing for heterogeneous variances between Tactics, random trend modelling was followed by investigation of the covariance structure and finally testing of fixed terms was performed.\nFor the three multiline experiments, the only response variable analysed was the total area at the end of the Smarthouse phase. The analyses also involved fitting mixed models, but using ASReml-R , in a similar manner to that described for the PA experiment. The main differences are that unequal zone variances were incorporated into the model and tests performed to see if the model was significantly different to one with equal zone variances and trends across the lanes were fitted. In the case of the trends, they were fitted to the strips that consisted of three, one and two lanes in the three experiments, respectively. This is because differences between lanes within a strip are confounded with Conditions.\nInvestigation of alternative designs\nWe first investigate the blocking that will result in the best precision (lowest error variance) for total area on day 51 in each zone in the Smarthouse phase, irrespective of any treatments that might be applied. While different zones were subject to different tactics, it is not inconceivable that similar plant behaviour to that in the different zones, except perhaps for that having the half-lane tactic, will occur in other experiments. For example, the bench tactic would be relevant for an experiment involving manual imaging and the next lane in situations where the whole of the experimental area is shaded. In any case, it will help to make the selected designs robust to a range of situations. To examine the relative merits of various alternative blocking arrangements, they are applied to each zone and the results analysed for each arrangement for each zone. That is, the null mixed model analysis, that ignores any treatments that might be applied, is obtained. Designs are compared using the relative precision, being the ratio of the error variance for an arrangement with no blocking to that for a proposed arrangement. The error variance for no blocking is the variance of the 72 observations for a zone. Designs with a relative precision greater than one will usually be preferred, although designs with larger block size have the advantage of greater error degrees of freedom.\nHaving identified appropriate blocking arrangements, these will be examined in more detail for specified treatment factors with particular numbers of levels. It is common for experiments run in The Plant Accelerator® to have a large number of lines and few replicates. Hence, given 72 carts in a zone, experiments with 36 or 24 lines, each replicated twice or thrice, would be analogous to such experiments. Additionally, analyses in which adjustment is made for position trend are compared with those in which they are not, as are designs that are trend-free or nearly trend-free compared with those that are not. The (nearly) trend-free designs arrange the treatments so that they are either orthogonal to (trend-free) or as close as possible to orthogonal to (nearly trend-free) trends, in this case, position trend. Then appropriate linear trend terms are included in the analysis to remove the effect of the trend. DiGGer , a package that runs in the R statistical system , is used to generate the designs. These designs have restricted randomizations. In general, the order can be reversed across the whole set of positions and the rows can be randomized. Additionally, if there are blocks, the block orders can also be permuted between blocks. Further, regeneration of a design in DiGGer results in different designs that are not merely the result of swapping treatment labels, which introduces a further random element to the design.\nTo compare designs, the relative efficiency of a completely randomized design to a proposed design or analysis, REPDA, is used. It is based on the A-optimality criterion and, in effect, compares the average sizes of the confidence intervals for pairwise differences between predictions for treatments. Designs with smaller confidence intervals have greater efficiency. It is computed as follows:\nwhere APCRD and APPDA are the modified A-optimality criterion of for a completely randomized design (CRD) and a proposed design or analysis (PDA), respectively. The value of AP for a design is calculated as where F1, d,1−α is the 1 − α quantile of the F distribution for 1 numerator and d denominator degrees of freedom, d is the error degrees of freedom and is the average of the variances for all pairwise differences between the predictions for the combinations of a set of factors of interest in an experiment. In addition to the precision of the design, discussed above, this measure of efficiency depends upon the number of replicates for the treatments, the manner in which treatment information is confounded with the several sources of random variation in an experiment and the degrees of freedom associated with the error variance estimate on which is based. This last aspect is accounted for with the inclusion of F1, d,1−α into the criterion. In the case of orthogonal analyses, such as for completely randomized and randomized complete block designs without trend isolation, AP can be calculated using standard formulae for the standard error of pairwise differences in treatment means. In the other cases, it is approximated by (i) obtaining a Monte Carlo sample of size 5000 of the randomizations for the design (1000 for (nearly) trend-free designs), (ii) calculating, from a mixed model analysis for each randomization, the average of the variances for all pairwise differences between a set of predictions and (iii) taking the mean of these averages over all randomizations in the sample. Being mixed model analyses, the predictions are the result of combining information from all random sources of variation. The mean of the denominator degrees of freedom from the Monte Carlo sample and α = 0.05 is used for obtaining F1, d,1 − α.\nHardy EM, Blumenthal DM: An efficient and inexpensive system for greenhouse pot rotation. HortSci. 2008, 43: 965-966.\nCox GM, Cochran WG: Designs of greenhouse experiments for statistical analysis. Soil Sci. 1946, 62: 87-98. 10.1097/00010694-194607000-00009.\nKempthorne O: 126. Query: Arrangements of pots in greenhouse experiments. Biometrics. 1957, 13: 235-237. 10.2307/2527805.\nWallihan EF, Garber MJ: Efficiency of glasshouse pot experiments on rotating versus stationary benches. Plant Physiol. 1971, 48: 789-791. 10.1104/pp.48.6.789.\nJaffe MJ: Thigmomorphogenesis: The response of plant growth and development to mechanical stimulation. Planta. 1973, 114: 143-157. 10.1007/BF00387472.\nKhan SR, Abbasi MK, Hussan AU: Effect of induced soil compaction on changes in soil properties and wheat productivity under sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils: A greenhouse experiment. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2012, 43: 2550-2563. 10.1080/00103624.2012.711877.\nYouden WJ: Experimental designs to increase accuracy of greenhouse studies. Contr Boyce Thompson Inst. 1940, 11: 219-228.\nCochran WG, Cox GM: Experimental designs. 1957, New York: Wiley, 2\nEdmondson RN: Glasshouse design for repeatedly harvested crops. Biometrics. 1989, 45: 301-307. 10.2307/2532054.\nWilliams E, John J: Row-column factorial designs for use in agricultural field experiments. J R Statist Soc C. 1996, 45: 39-46.\nWilliams ER, Matheson AC, Harwood CE: Experimental design and analysis for tree improvement. 2002, Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Publishing, 2\nGuertal EA, Elkins CB: Spatial variability of photosynthetically active radiation in a greenhouse. J Am Soc Horti Sci. 1996, 121: 321-325.\nCullis BR, Smith AB, Coombes NE: On the design of early generation variety trials with correlated data. J Agric Biol Environ Stat. 2006, 11: 381-393. 10.1198/108571106X154443.\nCrowe M: The plant accelerator. Phytogen - Newsletter of the ASPS. 2011, 13: 35-38.\nThe plant accelerator.http://www.plantaccelerator.org.au/,\nScanalyzer 3d plant phenomics.http://www.lemnatec.com/product/scanalyzer-3d-plant-phenotyping,\nGolzarian M, Frick R, Rajendran K, Berger B, Roy S, Tester M, Lun D: Accurate inference of shoot biomass from high-throughput images of cereal plants. Plant Methods. 2011, 7: 2-10.1186/1746-4811-7-2.\nBrien CJ, Harch BD, Correll RL, Bailey RA: Multiphase experiments with at least one later laboratory phase. I. Orthogonal designs. J Agric Biol Environ Stat. 2011, 16: 422-450. 10.1007/s13253-011-0060-z.\nBrien CJ, Bailey RA: Multiple randomizations (with discussion). J R Statist Soc B. 2006, 68: 571-609. 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2006.00557.x.\nR Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2012, Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing,http://www.r-project.org,\nCoombes NE: Digger design search tool in R. 2009,http://www.austatgen.org/files/software/downloads/,\nPayne RW, Harding SA, Murray DA, Soutar DM, Baird DB, Glaser AI, Welham SJ, Gilmour AR, Thompson R, Webster R: The guide to GenStat release 14, part 2 statistics. 2012, Hemel Hempstead: VSN International\nGilmour AR, Gogel BJ, Cullis BR, Thompson R: ASReml user guide release 3.0. 2009, Hemel Hempstead: VSN International\nBrien CJ, Demetrio CGB: Formulating mixed models for experiments, including longitudinal experiments. J Agric Biol Environ Stat. 2009, 14: 253-280. 10.1198/jabes.2009.08001.\nVerbyla AP, Cullis BR, Kenward MG, Welham SJ: The analysis of designed experiments and longitudinal data by using smoothing splines (with discussion). J R Statist Soc C. 1999, 48: 269-311. 10.1111/1467-9876.00154.\nKenward MG, Roger JH: Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics. 1997, 53: 983-997. 10.2307/2533558.\nButler DG, Cullis BR, Gilmour AR, Gogel BJ: Analysis of mixed models for S language environments: ASReml-R reference manual. 2010, Brisbane: DPI Publications\nYeh C-M, Bradley RA, Notz WI: Nearly trend-free block designs. J Amer Statist Assoc. 1985, 80: 985-992. 10.1080/01621459.1985.10478214.\nGilmour SG, Trinca LA: Optimum design of experiments for statistical inference. J R Statist Soc C. 2012, 61: 345-401. 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2011.01000.x.\nThe authors wish to thank Joanne Tilbrook for allowing us to use the data from her experiments and Penny Sanchez for her contributions to the planning of the PA experiment. We also thank the reviewers whose comments helped to improve the paper.\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\nCB and MT conceived the study. All authors were involved in planning the study. BB implemented the PA experiment. HR designed the multiline experiments. CB and HR performed the statistical analyses. CB wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript and have given final approval of the version to be published\nElectronic supplementary material\nAdditional file 1: Plots of observed data. Two set of plots of the original raw data are presented: 1) row profiles for the measured responses on days 21 and 51 that show the column and position trends in the raw data; 2) trend in total area over time for individual plants. (PDF 777 KB)\nAuthors’ original submitted files for images\nBelow are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.\nRights and permissions\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nBrien, C.J., Berger, B., Rabie, H. et al. Accounting for variation in designing greenhouse experiments with special reference to greenhouses containing plants on conveyor systems. Plant Methods 9, 5 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-9-5\n- Automated phenotyping\n- Conveyor system\n- Greenhouse experiments\n- Greenhouse experimental design\n- Microclimate variation\n- Plant relocation\n- Statistical analysis" ]

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[ "In English we will be starting a new book called 'The 3 Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig'. We will looking at alternative traditional tales and we will go on to write our own twist on a familiar story.\nIn maths we will be continuing our work on multiplication, division and times tables. We will then move on to measurement and end the term with work on fractions.\nIn science we will be trying to answer the question 'Which materials should the Three Little Pigs have used to build their houses?'. We will be exploring different building materials and testing their properties.\nAnother busy half term ahead." ]

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[ "Choosing the Right Educational Path for Your Child: Options and Forces\nThis session, led by prominent independent school leaders and contributors to the new book Choosing the Right Educational Path for Your Child, gave us an overview of an emerging landscape of educational choices. Paula Carreiro Beauvoir, The National Cathedral Elementary School (DC). Peter Branch, Georgetown Day School, Rich Fitzgerald, Head of School at the Bentley School in Oakland, and Dick Jung, Education Access Strategies were the presenters.\nNew understandings of learning and the brain, a greater appreciation of the impact of culture on learners, and the differing values and expectations of families have created an educational environment ripe for expanded school choice. The result has been a rapid and little understood expansion of precollegiate educational opportunities. For parents anxious to find the best fit for their children, the growth in choice has been both a boon and a challenge.\nChoosing the Right Educational Path for Your Child reveals various school designs, from public to private, from secular to religious, and from progressive to conservative. The mission assumptions, the economic models, and the pedagogical practices of each design are examined. With chapters by leading experts from a variety of educational paths, the books offers readers a thorough understanding of the ever-changing landscape of American education in the twenty-first century. http://site.choosingtherighteducationalpathforyourchild.com/\nThe book emerged from Oxford Rounds Table conversations. The book is an excellent exposition of the current issues facing parents and society in the provision of education for the youth of America. Paula Carreiro and Eileen Shields-West (not at the conference for she was in Africa at the time) credit the discourse at the Oxford Round Table that was devoted to the exploration of the many aspects of the concept of choice in schools with providing the foundational thinking for the book. This Oxford Round Table was held at St. Antony’s College in the University of Oxford in July, 2003. The book has received excellent reviews, notably, Howard Gardner, Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education, wrote, “If the proverbial visitor from Mars or Venus wanted the scoop on the gamut of American Schools, I’d recommend this book.” Amy Dickinson, nationally syndicated columnist, Chicago Tribune, observed that “we parents owe the authors a gold star for doing our homework for us,” and David Ignatius, columnist, The Washington Post, added a rich accolade that concluded “I can’t think of a book that would be more helpful for parents who are trying to figure out what’s best for their kids.” Carreiro’s pervasive knowledge as an educational leader, Head of School at the National Cathedral Elementary School, Beauvoir, Washington DC and Shields-West’s work as a freelance writer, her in-depth experience as well as her tenure as a former San Francisco bureau chief for Time, combine to form a highly insightful view of the issues that will help define the schools of the future. http://oxfordroundtableessays.com/\nPaula Carreiro, Head of School at Beauvoir, The National Cathedral Elementary School, her comments:\n- The idea for the book grew out of a partnership between a school head and a board chair, Paul Carreiro and Eileen Shields-West, the board chair for her school and a journalist. A quotation from Michael Thompson who wrote the introduction: “When I grew up in NY in the 1950’s there was no school choice for me; I went to where my parents sent me. If I have been unhappy there, they would have concluded that I wasn’t much of a student, not that it was the right school. After all, I went to one of the best schools in the city.” Families cannot wait today: they will choose the best schools for their children and we need to be prepared by focusing on our mission.\n- The book talks about all kinds of schools, from home schools, and virtual schools and traditional schools to charter schools and magnet schools. In short, every kind of school that might help students learn and grow.\nPeter Branch: Head of School at Georgetown Day School\n- The book was written in a better financial time. Peter, “I am a sailor; calm water is no fun. During a storm, that is the time to sail.” His chapter in the book is Financing education; the worm in the apple. Money has always been a keen element in distinguishing who gets a good education and who doesn’t. Understanding the relationship between giving, endowment, government contributions is essential as parents look at schools and determine if it is right school for their children. There have been similar financial challenges, but they have been located specific schools, regions, or particular places; now with the impact on all sectors, we all have decreasing endowments, loss of retirement values, etc, and it all affects the economics of schools. As much as it affects independent schools, it also affects public schools as well. As challenging as it all seems, we are rushing toward the bottom when we don’t have to do so. Schools, even ones that are strong, feel pressure to hold the line on tuition increases. Even the NAIS initiatives on global education and environmental sustainability need to be kept alive as we focus on our goals and our missions–children and faculty centered–while we live in fear. We have to focus on our missions not this current financial piece. Some schools are gutting pensions and not giving cost of living increases, and this is wrong. It is better to cut out programs and to let people go than to hurt our missions. Parents with limited funds will spend it on what they believe is important. Applications at Georgetown have increased 17%; that stems from value. Parents will spend toward value, but if we gut our values, we will have a short term gain, but a long term disaster. If schools gut what they do, we will put ourselves at risk.\nRichard Fitzgerald, Head of School at Bentley School in Oakland, California\n- Give this book to your Parents Association so that they can read it and share it with other parents. The history of education intrigues Mr. Fitzgerald. Was asked to write a piece about traditional education, since Bentley is a traditional school, but wanted to write about progressivism and traditional school and consider the connection. When you look at the progressive moment, we see the second or third or fourth movement of the 60’s. When people weren’t thinking in the philosophical terms of John Dewey, who had a long educational life. After Dewey’s death, progressivism takes a different turn in the 60’s with tearing down walls and combing classrooms, but that is superficial and leads away from the progressive movement of the 1890’s: how do we improve the lives of individuals. Progressive education started the idea of community service which started in the 1920’s in a progressive school. We have carpets in schools because of the progressive education, and we have reading circles in schools because of progressive schools, we have standardized testing in our schools, because of progressive education. The progressives were the first to say we need to know how students are doing in a standardized way.\n- Traditional schools: educational in them was all over the map, so a committee of ten, chaired by Harvard President Eliot in 1893, determined to give a standardized curriculum. Comprised of university representatives and national education leaders, this group was chaired by Harvard’s Charles Eliot, and included William Torrey Harris, U.S. Commissioner of Education. Its purpose was to establish order and uniformity in a secondary education system that included public high schools, academies, private and religious schools, and various other institutions. That committee had come out in favor of traditional academic study in the public schools, which they fancied should be devoted to the pursuit of knowledge and the training of the intellect. But what can you expect from a bunch of intellectuals? The Eliot Report of 1893 was given to things like this: ‘As studies in language and in the natural sciences are best adapted to cultivate the habits of observation; as mathematics are the traditional training of the reasoning faculties; so history and its allied branches are better adapted than any other studies to promote the invaluable mental power which we call judgment’ [p.168]. They asked of the high schools to help in the pursuit of knowledge and the exercise of the mind in the cause of judgment.\n- Is there community in these schools? What separates out successful school is the governance structure at these schools. We need to make sure that we are not only educating the students before us but providing education for our communities. Schools too often make cautious moves, not courageous ones, and that will hurt us in the long run." ]

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[ "An expedition to Damar Island, South West Maluku, Indonesia\nby Colin Trainor, OBC Bulletin 36, December 2002\nShaped like a dinosaurs head, with a steaming fumarole emitting discrete clouds of sulphur through a hypothetical nostril, the island of Damar has lain in wait for birders for over 100 years. That is, until recent work in August 2001 by BirdLife International to rediscover the Damar Flycatcher Ficedula henrici.\nDamar, like many islands in eastern Indonesia is remote more than 100 km to the nearest similarly sized islands of Romang and Babar. It is one of a string of volcanic islands starting with Java in the west and ending with the Banda Islands, south of Ambon. Damar is only about 198 km2, however it has a distinctive avifauna with its single endemic, the Damar Flycatcher Ficedula henrici and two endemic sub-species, Rufous-sided Gerygone Gerygone dorsalis kuehnii and Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis dammeriana. Fifteen restricted-range species have also been recorded, including the near threatened Blue-streaked Lory Eos reticulata (perhaps introduced from the Tanimbar Islands), Green-cheeked Bronze Cuckoo Chrysococcyx rufomerus (a South-west island endemic), Orange-sided Thrush Zoothera peronii (a Timor-group endemic) and Cinnamon-collared Kingfisher Todiramphus australasia (widespread in the Lesser Sundas). Prior to their rediscovery in 2001, the Damar Flycatcher was first and last recorded in 1898 and the Green-cheeked Bronze Cuckoo (endemic to Damar, Romang, Kisar, Leti, Moa and Babar) in 1902. Damar is perhaps also the easiest place to see the other restricted-range species listed above. Combine this with extensive and scenic forest, coastal landscapes, and two spectacularly intact small islands to the south teeming with turtles, extensive fringing reef and Beach Thick-knees, Damar offers much for guests during a 7-10 day visit.\nDamar is, however, desperately undeveloped and has no electricity, no telephones, cars, motorbikes, hotels or losmen though hot running water is available from volcanic springs! Its isolation has maintained a particularly strong culture with tight social control managed by village heads. A total of 5000 people lives in seven villages, most of whom rely on the cash sale of coconuts and cloves together with subsistence crops (banana, cassava, chilli, tomato and papaya) and fishing for their livelihoods. Local transportation involves walking (23 h) or chartering motor boats (Johnsons) to other villages (30-90 min), which are all along the coast. Damar is best visited between July and October when the seas are calmer (especially September) and likelihood of rain lower. There are two separate local languages with the villages of Wulur through to Kumur having different local names for birds compared to the two westernmost villages of Batumerah and Kwai. Manu is the word for bird in the Wulur language.\nAccess and accommodation\nGetting to Damar is difficult. Damar is accessible by public transport from Ambon and Saumlaki (Tanimbar Islands) and with greater difficulty from Kupang via Kisar Island (contact author for details). The most comfortable option would be to charter a yacht from Bali at about $US1500 per person/week. Access is perhaps easiest from Ambon, however this needs to be weighed against the ongoing civil unrest in this area (1998present). About every 20 days a kapal perintis ship, either the Iliana or Mentari 2 (but not both) departs Ambon on a route including Damar as the first port of call after about 26 h of travel (400 km). The ship is owned by PT Pelayanan Mentari Sejati Perkasa Ambon. Tickets cost only c. $US 2, however it is much more comfortable to arrange a cabin and bed ($US 10-15/night per bed). From Saumlaki, Tanimbar, the same ships are available at the other end of their route (ticket $US 34, bed as above), but travel to Damar takes 56 days via the islands of Babar, Sermata, Moa, Leti, Kisar, Wetar and Romang. Depending on your perspective, this is either wasted time or an opportunity to see some seabirds and get a look at some very remote and poorly known islands many without bird records for more than 100 years! From Kupang, West Timor, the ship Iramuar travels past the coast of Timor stopping a couple of times on Wetar, then on to Kisar (after c.48 h), where it will be necessary to disembark and wait for a boat continuing on to Damar. The Iramuar continues on to the Tanimbar Islands.\nThe village of Wulur is the largest on the island (c.1000 people) and all major ships stop in the Solat Bay between Wulur and Kehli making it the best base for birding on Damar. Stay with the kepala desa or village head Sigrandus Romode (until the year 2006) who can assist with arranging guides and other logistical aspects. Giving $US 23 per person/night for the accommodation and food will make any village stay more friendly and comfortable. Although there is much secondary forest and interesting mangroves and sago swamp at the mouth of the bay, it is best to head straight to the primary semi-evergreen forest about 2 km southwest of the village (a one hour walk) (ask to go to Yan Lutruwowans garden). This can be done as a day walk, or it is easy to arrange to camp in the garden, which is adjacent to primary forest.\nAfter leaving Wulur, the White-tufted Honeyeater Lichmera squamata (known locally as Sunusopa) is the most abundant species, using all habitat including the canopy of mangroves, coconut trees and in shrubs. The Rufous-sided Gerygone Gerygone dorsalis (Lapitis) is also very common and particularly confiding when foraging in grass or low shrubs. Other common birds in the coastal woodland and mangroves near Air Panas include Pacific Reef Egret Egretta sacra (Sulit), Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus (Manu apruru the name given for all raptors), Variable Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae, Spotted Kestrel Falco molluccensis, Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeon Ducula concinna (Walur/pombo), Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon D. rosacea (also Walur), Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica (Imuan/pau pau) Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris (Aratilu), Black-faced Cuckooshrike Coracina novaehollandiae, White-bellied Whistler Pachycephala leucogastra, Northern Fantail Rhipidura rufiventris (Loi loi papa), Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons (Loi loi) and Ashy-bellied White-eye Zosterops citrinellus (Manu malar). As you begin the gradual climb from Air Panas Spectacled Monarch Monarcha trivirgatus will likely be seen in secondary woodland along streams. In banana and vegetable gardens Green-cheeked Bronze Cuckoo will be calling constantly but getting good views will be more difficult.\nWithin Yans garden the surrounding forest is a cacophony of sounds dominated by the abundant, small-island specialist Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeons urrauw call, uttered continuously through the day. The density of this pigeon reaches 2070 individuals/ha, and it can be observed feeding on Nutmeg fruits, the dominant forest tree, from July to September along with another abundant frugivore, the Black-backed Fruit Dove Ptilinopus cinctus. However, Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon and Rose-crowned Fruit Dove (Towo towo) are less confiding. The Green-cheeked Bronze Cuckoo is easily seen here as it frequently perches on stumps and logs where it gleans caterpillars and other insects from chilli bushes and the ground. Two other restricted-range species the Cinnamon-collared Kingfisher and Orange-sided Thrush are also relatively easy to see at the forest edge. The song of the thrush can be heard through most of the day, whereas the kingfisher calls either early morning or late afternoon (often duetting with its raucous ch-whee call).\nThe Damar Flycatcher has been observed repeatedly along the forest edge in an area targeted for further conversion to garden plots (usually an area 50 m by 70 m is cleared). Spending time at forest edge scanning the rattan understorey and potential perches below 3 m is a good place to begin a search for this species. Damar Flycatcher is widespread here, and learning its sibilant whistle will greatly assist detection. Male birds are far easier to observe, females often present with males but skulking within dense rattan. There are no well-marked forest trails so it is necessary to follow hunter-guides who know the forest. Olive-headed Lorikeet Trichoglossus euteles (Nuri hijau) will be heard frequently flying rapidly over the canopy, the less common Blue-streaked Lory (Asturi, Nuri biru or Nur Mer-mer) occasionally so. While the canopy is full of forest pigeons, the understorey and subcanopy often seem empty of birds other than the ubiquitous Spectacled Monarch. However Golden Whistlers, White-bellied Whistlers, particularly the females, are often seen skulking low in bushes or even hopping along the forest floor. Orange-sided Thrush can be observed daily, but getting a view of Elegant Pitta Pitta elegans amongst the dense understorey will prove more difficult. Similarly, the Metallic Pigeon Columba vitiensis was recorded here several times but is not confiding.\nKumur area (Kwai Protection Forest)\nThe easiest place to observe Damar Flycatcher during the 2001 survey was the lush semi-evergreen forest south of Kumur, but actually owned by Kwai village. Kumur is an interesting 3 h (7 km) walk from Wulur, but taking a motor boat (1 h) costing c. $US 2 if public transport or c. $US 10 if a charter, is recommended. Kumur sits on the western side of the Ayerkota River (the largest on the island) with the village of Bebar Barat 100 m away on the opposite bank. The forest is accessed by walking from the village for about 3 km (1 h), much of this along the scenic Ayerkota valley. Habitat along the valley includes some secondary forest, relatively extensive dense canegrass along the river, and coconut and clove plantations. It appears to have potential for rails, warblers and waterbirds, although apart from Pacific Reef Egret none were observed during recent work. Good views can be obtained of forest on steep slopes along the length of the valley with Brahminy Kites and flocks of frigatebirds Fregata spp soaring above. Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeons glide down from the ridges and Olive-headed Lorikeet is very common in flowering coconuts. Birds are under lower hunting pressure here than Wulur (where there are many air rifles) with the Orange-footed Scrubfowl Megapodius reinwardt (Hibla manu) calling frequently from mangroves close to Kumur village.\nAnother garden lodge is a useful base for walks to the adjacent forest where Orange-sided Thrush, Emerald Dove, Rufous-sided Gerygone, Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis (Manu metan) and Green-cheeked Bronze Cuckoo are frequently observed. After entering forest Damar Flycatcher is often seen while walking along the well-marked forest trails, usually perched on lianas or saplings 12 m above ground, where they sit silently scanning the ground below and any bare surfaces for insects. When a prey item is observed they wing-flap in apparent excitement, then fly to ground and forage amongst litter, or glean insects from shrubs or tree trunks. Their weak whistled call can be widely heard throughout the forest. The Blue-streaked Lory (Kasturi) may be observed feeding on the flowers of the Salawaku tree or Jambu air (Syzygium sp), but more usually flying at speed over the canopy. Cinnamon-collared Kingfisher and Elegant Pitta may occasionally be seen. Barn Owl Tyto alba (Uru) screech at night from the garden camp where they hunt the abundant rats, Rattus argentiventer. After finishing with forest observations, more working of the modified habitats along the Ayerkota River valley is a likely area to add new species for the island.\nForest at Batumerah is best accessed by travelling in dugout canoes 3 km along the coast from the village to the mouth of the Awehnyo River, then following the river inland for about 1 km until primary forest is reached. Man-modified coastal habitats here include mangroves, beach forest, coconut plantation and riparian forest. The Barred-necked Cuckoo Dove Macropygia magna was recently recorded for the first time on Damar from degraded forest near the river mouth, however this habitat contains few other birds of special interest except for White-bellied Whistler, which is common, while Osprey Pandion haliaetus fish along the coast. Working from a base hut in a garden plot is a good way to explore the tall semi-evergreen forest along the river. In 2001 a male and female Damar Flycatcher were observed for several hours as they moved through the camp garden foraging for insects. They regularly perched on large logs and the garden fence and flew down to the ground to feed amongst litter, on bare rocks and in chilli bushes. They typically spent 12 h in the gardens each morning working an area of 0.2 ha, and then moved back into the surrounding forest. Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta is a common aerial species in forest gaps and over gardens. The Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus was newly recorded for Damar from this habitat.\nSpecialities in the Batumerah forest include Cinnamon-collared Kingfisher (likely to be observed perched above the river), Orange-sided Thrush, Elegant Pitta, Metallic Pigeon (they drink from the river in early morning), Black-banded Fruit Dove, Orange-footed Scrubfowl and perhaps Barred-necked Cuckoo Dove. Only a single individual of the latter was recorded in 2001, but it is likely to have been under-recorded. There are no marked forest trails but walking along the rocky river channel, or with a local hunter who knows the area is a good way to explore. Unfortunately, there is active forest conversion to agricultural plots, with several being created further upstream during the survey.\nTerbang Utara and Terbang Selatan\nTwo islets (56 km2 each) located about 10 km and 15 km south of Damar are of avifaunal interest they were birded for the first time in Sep 2001. Access is available through chartering a small motorboat from Wulur (c. $US 70100 for 23 days). It would be possible to visit both islands in one day. Both are covered in intact tropical dry forest (1025 m high) and coastal shrub, with extensive beaches, rocky shoreline and coral reefs. A total of 34 species was recorded on these islands, five unrecorded from the Damar mainland; migrating Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres and Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva, Beach Thick-knee Esacus neglectus, Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucos and an unconfirmed species of cuckoo (probably Pied Bronze Cuckoo Chrysococcyx crassirostris).\nGreen Turtle Chelonia mydas nest on the beaches at night and the nocturnal calls of the Turtle Bird (Urur Penu) or Beach Thick-knee are a sign for local people that turtles are nesting. Beach Thick-knee is common on both islands (perhaps 1030 individuals on each). It can be observed throughout the day foraging on beaches and exposed rock platforms, feeding on barnacles and molluscs. There is a roosting colony of Greater Frigatebird Fregata minor and Lesser Frigatebird F. ariel on Terbang Selatan said to sometimes number in the 1000s (about 100 individuals in 2001). In addition, the abundance of several species is much greater here than on Damar. The Orange-footed Scrubfowl is exceptionally abundant (35 pairs observed per hour), as are Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon, Black-banded Fruit Dove and Rose-crowned Fruit Dove, whereas White-tufted Honeyeater was surprisingly rare.\nDamar Island lies in a global biological hotspot, the Banda Sea Islands Endemic Bird Area (EBA 165: Stattersfield et al. 1998). This EBA harbours 18 endemic and 41 restricted-range bird species. Damar, supporting more restricted-range birds than Sumba (an island more than 50 times larger) is of high conservation interest with its single endemic Damar Flycatcher, near threatened Blue-streaked Lory and other globally restricted forest birds such as Orange-sided Thrush and Cinnamon-collared Kingfisher, demanding the greatest attention (see Table 1). With 70-80% (140-160 km2) of the island still covered in semi-evergreen and dry tropical forest there appears little threat to these species in the near future. However, small-scale logging carried out by local people, and increasing forest clearance for crops to feed a slowly rising human population will continue to place low-level pressure on the forest. As on the Sangihe and Talaud Islands (after Wardill and Riley 1999) showing that birds and forest are important in their right by visiting the island and paying local guides is one way that the Damarese can see tangible benefits of their forest stewardship. Understandably they find it difficult to believe why anyone would travel thousands of kilometres to see birds on their island.\nThree restricted-range species went unrecorded during the survey; Kai Cicadabird Coracina dispar, Black-bibbed Monarch Monarcha mundus and Tricolored Parrotfinch Erythrura tricolor. Any new information to assist our understanding of the status of these and other interesting species such as the newly reported Barred-necked Cuckoo Dove and Shining Starling Aplonis metallica would be useful. Research priorities for the Damar Flycatcher include a census to assess its population size and distribution, although it is now considered common and widespread in forest and under little threat of extinction.\n- Hartert, E. (1900) The birds of Dammer Island in the Banda sea. Novit Zool. 7:1224.\n- Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J, and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas of the World: priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.\n- Trainor, C. (2001 in prep) The status of forest birds on Damar Island, Lesser Sundas, Indonesia. Prepared for Forktail." ]

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[ "Cuckoo - Cuculus canorus\nFamily - Cuculidae\nAlso known as - Gowk\nPhoto ©2005 Bogbumper\nClick photo for a larger image\nCommon and widespread throughout the British Isles and mainland Europe to Scandinavia, the Mediterranean, Middle East and North Africa where it is confined to the North-West. A migratory bird, leaving Europe in late July and early September to winter in tropical Africa, returning during April and May. Found in a wide variety of habitats, in scrub and open woodland, forest edges and clearings, farmland, grassland, reed beds, marshes and moorland. Several subspecies occur differing slightly in size with small plumage differences. C. bangsi in the Iberian region and North-West Africa where females ♀ have a distinctly rufous breast and R. subtelephonus in Middle East.\nBoth sexes growing to about 33cm (13in), Adult males ♂ are generally grey above including the throat and breast, while the underside is white with close black bars similar to a Sparrowhawk. It has short legs and a non-hooked bill and a long graduated tail is black with white spots and very pointed wings which often droop when perched. The adult females are occasionally brown above and white below, and are barred black. Juvenile cuckoos are brown, barred, and have a white patch on the back of the neck.\nThe cuckoo has a well known call which differs between the sexes and is more often heard than seen. The males have an unmistakable \"coocoo\" call, while the females have a babbling call. Feeding mainly on insects and their larvae, Large White butterfly caterpillars are a favourite, notably on Gooseberry bushes. Hairy caterpillars, rejected by most birds, are taken by the Cuckoo who are not poisoned by the caterpillar because the cuckoo bites one end off the caterpillar, slicing it up using its beak and then shaking the insect until the toxic contents are removed.\nA brood parasite, the female Cuckoo lays one egg in the nest of another species mainly Reed Warbler, dunnock and Meadow Pipit. The eggs closely resemble the eggs of the host species and are either spotted or solid in colour, depending upon the colour of the host species. The Cuckoo egg is incubated for about 13 days and usually hatches before the host's eggs, the young cuckoo then ejects the other eggs or young so that it will receive all the food brought by the \"foster parents\". The young cuckoo brooded by the host for a further 20-25 days, usually growing much larger than the hosts. Cuckoos mostly live solitary lives, except during the breeding season when they also become noisier.\nSite design ©1999- Brickfields Country Park - Privacy -" ]

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[ "Mauritian Creole words that indicate people, beings, things, places, phenomena, qualities or ideas.\n- Category:Mauritian Creole proper nouns: Mauritian Creole nouns that indicate individual entities, such as names of persons, places or organizations.\nThis category has only the following subcategory.\n- ► Mauritian Creole proper nouns (0 c, 9 e)\nPages in category \"Mauritian Creole nouns\"\nRead in another language\nThis page is available in 2 languages" ]

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[ "Scandinavians tended to settle in groups or even form their own communities. This made it easier for them to preserve their culture and to get along in a new country amid strangers. To continue their traditions and religion, they would often find someone who had been trained in the Lutheran clergy to lead their religious meetings and who also was responsible for recording the vital records for them. This means you will want to search for church records, because you can expect them to be just as good as the ones found in Scandinavia. At times families also kept their own records of births, marriages, and deaths in a family Bible, so those can also be good sources for vital information.\nThe Scandinavians established their own newspapers in various places so they could keep up on the information that pertained to them especially. These ethnic newspapers contained much of the same types of information that can be found in American papers of that time period. They might also include other information, such as people looking for relatives, which can give clues to family relationships. The three main Scandinavian newspapers published in the United States were Decorah-Posten, Minneapolis Tidende, and Skandinaven, although there were several smaller ones that served the different communities.\nScandinavians generally took part in the American experience completely. Many were naturalized, so there are records from that process that can be obtained, and several fought for their new country. The Civil War was one in which there were whole units comprised of Scandinavians. Websites exist dedicated to these units, and most contain biographical information on the participants, which may include their place of origin in the homeland. One of these sites is http://www.15thwisconsin.net/index.html#Latest. The veteran records from these wars will also include information that will give more of the history of your ancestor and may include genealogical information.\nAnother place that could help in the search is town and county histories. If one exists for the place your ancestor settled, it would likely include biographies and histories of individuals and families who resided there, which may include your own.\nOne source that can be overlooked is old letters. It was important for Scandinavians to keep in touch with either those they left behind, or those who decided to settle in a place far from their own. Many of these letters still exist, whether in library archives, or in private hands. These letters can give clues to the everyday events or even to where they came from. Do not be surprised to find them written in Danish, Norwegian, or Swedish, for that is how they could communicate most easily. When trying to determine whether any exist, you will want to locate libraries that specialize in Scandinavian studies or history, or look to your family members, whether closely related or not. You may also want to consider any friends from the homeland which shared the emigration experience, and look to their descendants to see if any communications were exchanged between them; you may find clues as to who these friends may have been through letters that are in your own possession.\nIn addition to these sources, you will also want to look for old photographs, obituaries, probate records, land and property records, printed genealogies, civil vital records, passenger arrival lists, census records, and cemeteries. As you search you may want to consider the reason they immigrated and look for records generated by those organizations. As an example, there were many who came as members of the LDS church so you will want to search the records they may have. A good place to start there is the LDS Mission Index (FHL Fiche #6060482).\nThese sources and others can help you find your Scandinavian ancestor's origin. Their historical details can also provide the scenery for your journey along the road they pave across \"the pond.\"\nSource Information: GenWeekly, New Providence, NJ, USA: Genealogy Today LLC, 2005.\nThe views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Genealogy Today LLC.\n*Effective May 2010, GenWeekly articles that are more than five years old no longer require a subscription for full access.\nWould you like to browse through our collection of GenWeekly articles written exclusively for Genealogy Today? Yes, take me there Would you like to keep up-to-date with the latest releases from Genealogy Today, along with news from a variety of other sources by receiving The Genealogy News (a FREE service) by email? Yes, sign me up Would you like to become a Genealogy Today member and be able to manage your research experience, post messages to forums, add comments to resources and much more? Yes, show me how Would you like to tap into our community of over 85,000 members by posting a query and get assistance breaking down your most difficult brickwalls? Yes, show me how Would you like to go shopping in a marketplace of over 700 items, including charts, scrapbooking materials, books and a variety of unique gifts and supplies? Yes, take me there" ]

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[ "30 Points, How Science Has Changed Our Lives\nWe live in a highly sophisticated world where everything is almost achievable. Technological development likewise indirectly stimulates basic research in the field of science. Comprised of business, science and philanthropy leaders from around the country, the Fellows Advisory Committee provides strategic advice and helps build the network of financial support necessary to sustain and enrich the program.\nPast members of STCs may participate in this open competition only if the proposed research and education topics or themes are substantially different from those they pursued with prior NSF Center support. Funds allocated for research, education, broadening participation, and knowledge transfer areas must be discernible.\nBiographical sketches are required for all key participants (Center Director, Managing Director, Education Coordinator, Diversity Coordinator, Knowledge Transfer Coordinator, Research Coordinator, Research Group Leaders, and any faculty and staff members whose research, education, knowledge transfer, or broadening participation efforts will be supported by the Center).\nCollaboration that broaden participation in & and appreciation of science, technology, engineering & and mathematics (STEM). The College of Science and Technology (CoST) is the intellectual and academic core of STEM education, research, and discovery at North Carolina A&T State University.\nEdited by Dr. Leigh Winfrey, Fusion Science and Technology (FST) is the leading source of information on fusion plasma physics and plasma engineering, fusion plasma enabling science and technology, fusion nuclear technology and material science, fusion applications, fusion design and system studies. Jiao, an associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and associate director of the Center for Catalytic Science and Technology at UD, wasn’t always interested in water electrolysis, which uses electricity to reduce water into hydrogen gas and oxygen molecules.\nUnder strict rules, limited resources, and the guidance of volunteer mentors including engineers, teachers, business professionals, parents, alumni and more, teams of 25+ students build and program robots to perform challenging tasks against a field of competitors.\nThis is more than enough reason to implement National Economic Reform and it’s Science and Technology directives. This section provides several simple and educational articles for kids and high school students. The Water Science and Technology Board accepts donations from those who wish to support the board’s activities.\nFusion Science And Technology\nOur Sensing and Control Systems provide new insights and access to what is happening in harsh environments. Biographical Sketches are required for the Center Director and all faculty and staff members whose research, education, knowledge transfer, or broadening participation activities will be supported by the Center. Environmental technology is the application of environmental science and sustainable development, for the purpose of environmental conservation, by curbing negative impacts of human-environment interaction, and protecting the natural environment.\nWe also provide application management and development to support timely access to NOAA Fisheries data resources. The scientific approach to research is responsible for development of technology. The College of Science, Engineering, and Technology offers Bachelor’s degrees, Associate of Arts or Science degrees and Associate degrees in Applied Science.\nSuch outcomes include, but are not limited to: full participation of women, persons with disabilities, and underrepresented minorities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); improved STEM education and educator development at any level; increased public scientific literacy and public engagement with science and technology; improved well-being of individuals in society; development of a diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce; increased partnerships between academia, industry, and others; improved national security; increased economic competitiveness of the United States; and enhanced infrastructure for research and education.\nHenson School Of Science & Technology At Salisbury University\nOceanography, one of the important four branches of Earth Science , is the study of the oceans. The university’s Center for Academic Studies in Identify Science is the first and only National Intelligence Science and Technology CASIS in the United States. In some instances, however, NSF will employ additional criteria as required to highlight the specific objectives of certain programs and activities.\nDescribe the multidisciplinary or disciplinary research focus, goals for education and broadening participation, the integrative nature of the Center, and the knowledge transfer strategy of the Center. STC partner organizations work together with the lead institution as an integrated whole to achieve the shared research, education, broadening participation, and knowledge-transfer goals of the Center.\nLatest Developments In Science And Technology\nThe content standards presented in this chapter outline what students should know, understand, and be able to do in natural science. NSF expects STCs to demonstrate leadership in the involvement of groups traditionally underrepresented in science and engineering, at all levels (faculty, students, and postdoctoral researchers) within the Center. Science encompasses the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment, and technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.\nIn the fourth year of operation, the STC may submit a continuation proposal for five additional years of NSF support. Both the Office of Commercial Ventures and Intellectual Property (CVIP) and the Mass Technology Transfer Center (MTTC) operate modest gap†funds to which UMass faculty can apply for this type of assistants.\nNSF’s contribution to the national innovation ecosystem is to provide cutting-edge research under the guidance of the Nation’s most creative scientists and engineers." ]

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[ "What Is Functional Medicine And Why Do We Need It?\nFunctional Medicine is gaining more popularity and becoming easier to access thanks to medical practices like STAT Wellness, but what exactly is Functional Medicine and why is it critical for our health system?\nWhat Is Functional Medicine?\nAccording to the National Center for Biotechnology, Functional Medicine is a healthcare model less concerned with what we call the disease, and more focused on the dynamic processes that result in a person’s dysfunction. In essence this is referring to a long-term, root-cause approach to medicine that investigates the multiple variables leading to illness.\nIn functional medicine the goal of the provider is to understand what is causing the illness so they can treat the cause and not just the symptoms. Functional Medicine providers are trained in a whole-person approach when devising a treatment plan and work with patients to understand multiple body system challenges. Personalized medicine is at the core of Functional Medicine, every human body is different and having a treatment plan for your unique needs is essential to for long-term, positive health outcomes.\nWhy Do We Need Functional Medicine?\nA Functional Medicine approach provides a healthcare system that works to reverse illness, promote health, and optimize function by addressing underlying causes, symptoms, and imbalances in interconnected biological networks. Functional Medicine also addresses the social determinants of health, including the psychological, emotional, and spiritual aspects of wellness and disease. This holistic view designs care plans inclusive of challenges that influence a person’s health.\nOne study compared the patient satisfaction scores of care from a Functional Medicine practice and a traditional practice. The study found patients who had functional medicine care had higher satisfaction scores with their experience, even when asked 12 months after their initial visit.\nAs the incidence of chronic disease continues to rise along with healthcare related costs the Functional Medicine model of care provides a unique operating system to reverse poor health outcomes and set individuals on a trajectory for positive wellness.\nOur Functional Medicine Practitioners are trained through the Institute of Functional Medicine. This organization has a great graphic of how one condition can be related to many causes and how one cause can cause many conditions. See below.\nDuring our Functional Medicine visits, it is important to gather a full health timeline to understand variables that may be playing a role in your health. For example, if you were a c-section baby, on a ton of antibiotics for ear infections growing up, and now struggle with eczema and allergies- your gut microbiome is potentially your root cause. Another example could be if you had a super stressful childhood, started your menstrual cycle at 10 years old, struggled with heavy cycles your whole life and insomnia- your female hormones may be imbalanced related to adrenal dysfunction.\nReady to come in?\nOur new patient visits are 60 minutes and include a thorough health history, body composition scan, and lab draw (the actual labs are processed through insurance). Our passion is our membership which includes 5 Functional Medicine visits per year, unlimited health coaching, quarterly Dietitian consults, body composition scans, no lab draw fees, and 10% off all services + supplements. We believe the best results are seen when you utilize all members of the team and really take a holistic approach.\nWe are always here for you if you have any questions. We are here to help you feel your BEST!\nBook an appointment today!" ]

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[ "Winter Wonder: Rocket Icicles\nHow can a rocket engine that generates 5,000 degree steam and 13,800 lbs of thrust form icicles at the rim of its nozzle? It's cryogenic. The Common Extensible Cryogenic Engine, CECE for short, based on the design of the heritage Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne RL10 engine, has completed its third round of intensive testing. This technology development engine is fueled by a mixture of minus 297F liquid oxygen and minus 423F liquid hydrogen. The engine components are super-cooled to similar low temperatures. As the CECE burns its frigid fuels, gas composed of hot steam is produced and propelled out the nozzle creating thrust. This high speed, hot gas mixture is essential for propulsion. The steam is cooled by the cold engine nozzle, condensing and eventually freezing at the nozzle exit to form icicles. Using liquid hydrogen and oxygen in rockets will provide major advantages for landing astronauts on the moon. Hydrogen is very light but enables about 40 percent greater performance (force on the rocket per pound of propellant) than other rocket fuels. Therefore, NASA can use this weight savings to bring a bigger spacecraft with a greater payload to the moon than with the same amount of conventional propellants. CECE is a step forward in NASA's efforts to develop reliable, robust technologies to return to the moon -- and a winter wonder.\nImage credit: Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne\n> View large image" ]

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[ "Who invented the first car? If we're talking about the first modern automobile, then it's Karl Benz in 1886. But long before him, there were strange forerunners to the today's cars, including toys for emperors, steam-powered artillery carriers, and clanking, creaking British buses.\nHumans have possessed knowledge of the wheel for several thousand years, and we've been using animals as a source of transportation for nearly that long. So, in some sense, the earliest forerunners of the car date back to the earliest mists of our prehistory. But perhaps a more useful way of thinking of the car is anything that could reasonably be called an \"automobile\" - in other words, any vehicle capable of propelling itself. In that case, we're at most talking about 439 years of car history.\nThe Emperor's Toy\nThe very first car might well have been the invention of a Flemish missionary named Ferdinand Verbiest. Born in Flanders in 1623, Verbiest was an accomplished astronomer who left Europe for China in 1658. He helped to modernize the now outmoded Chinese astronomy using recent European innovations, and he was asked by the emperor to become the director of the newly refurbished Beijing Ancient Observatory. What's more, he spoke at least five languages fluently, wrote thirty books, was a skilled diplomat and mapmaker, and tutored the long-lived Kangxi Emperor in everything from mathematics to poetry. He was, even by the standards of the time, ridiculously accomplished.\nBut the reason why we're talking about Verbiest here is that he might - emphasis on might - have invented the world's first car. According to Verbiest's own text Astronomia Europea, he built a small, self-propelled vehicle. Steam technology was still in its infancy at the time, but Verbiest was able to build a rudimentary, ball-shaped boiler, which then forced steam towards a turbine that could turn the back wheels. Verbiest says the vehicle was meant to be a toy for the emperor.\nConsidering this is over 200 years before the construction of what's generally considered the first modern automobile, this is a remarkable achievement, but there are some pretty big caveats here. I said the car was small, and it was: about two feet long, far too tiny for any human to ride in it. It's also not at all clear whether the toy was ever built, or if it purely existed as a design in Verbiest's imagination.\nWe do know Verbiest's close relationship with the emperor gave him access to the finest metalworkers China had to offer, so it's not impossible that he built the toy. What we can say is this - Verbiest almost certainly designed what was effectively one of the earliest scale models of an automobile. (Although, if we're just talking about designs for cars, then Leonardo da Vinci has Verbiest beat by a good two hundred years. But Leonardo definitely didn't build his, so Verbiest has that on him.)\nThe First Engine\nTo some extent, 1672 might seem surprisingly recent for the first car ever. After all, we keep discovering far more ancient analogues for modern items, including everything from Babylonian museums to Roman fishtanks. So why haven't we discovered an ancient Egyptian car inside the pyramids, or even some medieval gadgetry that vaguely approximates an automobile?\nPart of the reason why it took until 1672 for anyone to even build a toy version of a car was that there was just no need for them, and it wasn't really the sort of thing one could invent in one fell swoop. In World History of the Automobile, Erik Eckermann explains the basic problem:\nThe wagon existed in its animal-drawn form for thousands of years before it was possible to make it self-propelled, literally \"auto-mobile.\" In the process, motorized vehicles were far removed from the center of scientific and mechanical inquiry. From the end of the seventeenth century, existing vehicular technology was more than adequate to meet societal demands. In the age of absolute monarchs and mercantilism, it was more important to solve other engineering challenges that were difficult or impossible to achieve with conventional energy sources such as muscle, wind, or water power.\nAnd what were these more important engineering challenges? As Eckermann explains, \"the fountains and water displays of baroque gardens\" were a higher priority for inventors and scholars than was the creation of a self-propelling vehicle. While no one was really tackling this subject directly, the legendary Dutch scientist Christian Huygens did take a crucial step towards the car in 1673, one year after Verbiest reputedly began work on his toy for the emperor of China.\nHuygens built upon previous experiments by other scientists to create a simple engine powered by, awesomely enough, gunpowder. By exploding the material inside a cylinder, Huygens was able to create a vacuum, which in turn forced a piston to move down the cylinder. This created work, making it effectively the earliest recognizable forerunner of the internal combustion engine. And, for his part, Huygens immediately recognized the engine's potential as a power source for land and water vehicles alike, but his engine was far too primitive to be of much use in that direction.\nThe 1700s were dominated by various inventors working to perfect the steam engine - Thomas Newcomen and James Watt are probably the most famous of these, but there were many more. But the first person to take a steam engine and place it on a full-sized vehicle was probably a Frenchman named Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, who between 1769 and 1771 built a steam-powered automobile more than thirty years before the railway's first steam locomotive.\nCugnot's design was, to put it mildly, unique. The contraption weighed about 2.5 tons, had two big wheels in the back and a single thick central wheel at the front, and could seat four people. The boiler was placed well out in the front, which made the vehicle even more fiendishly difficult to control. While its top speed was meant to be about five miles per hour, it never even got close to that fast in practice.\nOpinion is somewhat divided over how well the thing actually worked - in fairness, various government ministers were supposed to be impressed with the initial trials - although most agree that it had poor weight distribution and so was unable to handle even moderately rough terrain. Since its intended purpose was as a transport for heavy artillery on the battlefield, that has to be considered a drawback.\nOne story says that the second of Cugnot's two vehicles crashed into a wall in 1771, which might make it the first ever automobile accident. It's a good story, but unfortunately no one wrote about it until 1801, some thirty years later, which makes it rather more likely that this was just a bit of folklore. Either way, here's a rather awesome reconstruction of the crash, completely with ludicrously over-the-top reaction shots.\nThe Steam Buses\nAs France fell into the grips of revolution, Cugnot's work was largely forgotten, and the next big innovations in automobile technology came in Britain. Over the next several decades, various inventors worked on steam carriages, which resembled a cross between buses and rail locomotives. William Murdoch created a working model of one of these in 1784, but it wouldn't be until the beginning of the 19th century that Richard Trevithick was able to get a full-sized vehicle on the road.\nSteam-powered mass transit had some limited success in the opening years of the 1800s, but it wasn't until the 1820s and 1830s that steam buses began gaining some measure of popularity with the British public. Further technological innovations in this early form of road-based mass transit including better brakes, a more advanced transmission, and improved steering.\nBut, as Erik Eckermann explains, the drawbacks still far outweighed the advantages of this new technology:\nIt was apparent that the technology was not yet fully developed, and this new means of transportation did not yet enjoy favorable public opinion. Crankshafts snapped, lines leaked, chains broke, and boilers exploded. Engine vibrations (which, unlike stationary installations, could not be overcome by mounting on a solid foundation, the pungent odor of burnt oil, and flying soot and coal dust soon drove the traveling public back to the old standby, the horse-drawn stage, or another new invention, the railway and its rapidly growing network of track.\nThe steam buses proved to be something of a dead end, and engineers turned their attention to traction engines, which were slower, more stable machines that were basically just steam locomotives adapted for use on land. This was a move away from the line of innovation that would eventually lead to the car, but even these proved too raucous for the public at large. The Locomotive Act of 1865 said no land vehicle could travel faster than 4 miles per hour, and that all such vehicles had to be preceded by a man waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This was not, as you might imagine, the automotive industry's finest hour.\nThere were several other attempts to build self-propelled vehicles, but none of them ever quite made that big leap to become the first practical automobile. An American inventor named Oliver Evans built the \"Oruktor Amphibolis\", a steam-powered dredging device that became more powerful and elaborate with each subsequent retelling, in part because Evans felt he never got proper credit for his engineering prowess. At this point, it's difficult to say with certainty exactly what the Oruktor Amphibolis was actually capable of.\nRussian inventor Ivan Kulibin came other with a steam-powered vehicle in the 1780s, and it featured plenty of modern automotive hallmarks, including brakes, gearbox, flywheel, and bearing. The problem is that, though it did have a steam engine component, it still required human peddling to operate, so it can't really be considered an automobile.\nWhile steam remained the main focus of inventors in search of a practical automobile, the results remained difficult to control and incapable of reaching speeds much over about five miles per hour. (In fairness, subsequent innovations in the late 1800s and early 1900s did result in actually practical steam cars.) The internal combustion engine provided the pathway to the first modern automobiles, with Karl Benz generally getting the credit for the first successful invention in 1886.\nBut now we're starting to cross over into the modern history of automobiles, so this is where I will stop. Here's to all the crazy forerunners of our modern marvel, be they Flemish polymath toymakers, Frenchmen crashing into walls, Dutchmen building engines out of gunpowder, or Brits crowding themselves onto noisy, supremely dangerous steam buses. All these innovators offer a very clear lesson: if you're going to fail to invent the automobile, at least fail with style." ]

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[ "There are many highly effective ways to build your child’s Working Memory skills to help with reading, math, attention, and studying. However, it may be more important to know what, when, how, why, and where to apply these working memory skills than to have a pocket full of strategies. A metacognitive approach in which reflecting and considering how best to remember something can be the optimal first step. Whether you want to encourage your child to use sticky notes, keep an agenda, learn mnemonic strategies, or apply visualization techniques, get her to think about what method will work best in common situations at home and at school.\nTips to Build Your Child’s Working Memory Skills:\n1.) Learn the facts. Knowledge about what we mean by Working Memory generates the power to employ it. Parents and children should learn about what Working Memory is and how it is important in learning, why they should want to improve it, and how to have the motivation to make gains. Help your child to understand how working memory can assist her in following directions, remembering where her homework or favorite jeans are, and improving reading comprehension so she can remember something the first time she reads it.\n2.) Remember when you need to remember. It’s not enough to have strategies that build your child’s working-memory skills; you will need to teach her when to use them effectively. Show her how to recognize and anticipate situations when she will need to remember things and to employ her strategies. For example, teach her to take time to make a written list or to ask for one or two instructions at a time to help her remember when given a long list of items to complete. Help her to think about how she can use memory strategies when she needs to have a note or a permission slip in order to go on a school trip.\n3.) Understand the benefits. Ask how working memory helped your child in a favorite activity. Build her working-memory skills by helping her to see how working memory was important in a complicated but engaging activity such as building a model, designing an art project, or beating a difficult video game. She will be more likely to be able to reflect on using working-memory skills in other areas when she can identify how holding information in mind allowed her to be successful in something she enjoyed.\n4.) Use lists. Create lists of situations where working memory is needed. Discuss in advance a variety of situations where working-memory skills will be needed and then strategize about how to pay attention and recall the necessary information. Some children benefit from creating a visual list that could be constructed using a digital camera to provide both accessible digital representation and a hard copy that could be posted. List could include bedroom supplies for getting ready for school in the morning, equipment bags for sports or music practice, items needed for homework completion, and routine chores such as cleaning one’s bedroom or mowing the lawn.\n5.) Make the academic connection. Ask your child to consider why working memory and other memory skills help in school subjects. For example, long-term memory helps in recall about historical facts, short-term memory helps in remembering formulae, and working memory helps with reading comprehension and math word problems. However, recognizing how important memory is for learning at school is more important than understanding the differences amongst these types of memory." ]

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[ "What Happened To The Crew Of The Mary Celeste?\nIn 1860 the 103 foot brigantine merchant ship, Amazon,waslaunched from Nova Scotia. For ten years afterward she was involved in several unusual accidents. Because of these incidents, she was labeled as cursed, and after several owners gave up on her, she turned up at a New York salvage auction.\nThe ship was eventually purchased for a mere $3,000. The new owner made extensive repairs and the ship was put under American registry as the Mary Celeste.\nOn November 7, 1872 under her new captain, Benjamin Briggs, the infamous ship departed from New York harbor. Aboard were the captain, his wife and young daughter along with eight crew members. Also aboard were 1700 barrels of raw American alcohol. The ship was bound for Genoa, Italy. After the Mary Celeste left the harbor, those aboard were never seen again.\nThe ship was found in December 1872 with no one aboard. The Mary Celeste was fully seaworthy when it was found and was still under sail heading towards the Strait of Gibraltar.\nThere was also six month’s worth of food and water still on board. Her cargo was untouched, and all of the personal belongings of the crew and passengers were still in place, including their valuables.\nIn early 1873 two lifeboats were found grounded in Spain. One of the boats had an American flag in it, and the other held five decomposed bodies. It has never been proven that these unfortunate souls were from the Mary Celeste, as by the time the lifeboats were found, the bodies were unidentifiable.\nBecause the Mary Celeste was found derelict without any explanation as to what happened to the captain, his family, and the crew, her name as become synonymous with a ghost ship. No one has ever been able to determine what happened to the people who were aboard the ship." ]

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[ "There is a legend that in 1900 the English physicist Lord Kelvin said: “Now there is nothing new in physics. It remains only to make more and more accurate measurements.” Three decades later, quantum mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity revolutionized physics. Today, no physicist would dare to claim that humanity has found answers to all questions about the Universe and the world around us. It’s just the opposite. It seems that every new discovery opens a Pandora’s box and generates more and more riddles, which theoretical physicists have been struggling with for decades.\nEspecially for the International Day of Physics, we have compiled a brief overview of the biggest unsolved problems in physics. It is worth noting that the list did not include such unexplained and strange phenomena as dark matter, dark energy and black holes because we wrote about them in an article about the biggest mysteries of the Universe. But below you are waiting for other, no less intriguing riddles.\nIrreversibility of time and entropy\nOne of the most important properties of the Universe is the passage of time. Moreover, it moves only “forward” and this process is irreversible. It is also called “entropy”, familiar to us from the laws of thermodynamics. Entropy means that the level of chaos only increases over time and there is no way to reverse it. The fact that entropy increases is an unsolved question of physics: as things change, they tend to come into disarray. By the way, your room cleaning is a kind of “struggle with entropy”. But the main question here is, why was entropy so low in the past? In other words, why was the Universe so orderly at the beginning of its existence, when a huge amount of energy was concentrated in a small space?\nAstrophysical data suggest that spacetime may be “flat” rather than curved. Thus, it can be infinite. If this is the case, then the region of our visible Universe with a diameter of 93 billion light years is just one spot in an infinitely large multiverse. At the same time, the laws of quantum mechanics dictate that there are a finite number of possible configurations of particles within each cosmic region (10,000,000 000122 different variations). In the case of an infinite number of cosmic spots, the arrangement of particles inside them has to be repeated infinitely many times. This means that there are infinitely many parallel universes: cosmic areas exactly like ours, as well as areas that differ in the position of just one particle, and also areas that differ in the position of two particles, and so on up to the strangest Universes in which even the laws of physics are different.\nUnevenness of matter and antimatter\nThere is much more ordinary matter than its oppositely charged and rotating in opposite directions “twin” of antimatter. But why is that? The answer to this question will help explain why something exists in the Universe at all. In theory, an equal amount of matter and antimatter should have been formed at the time of the Big Bang. But if this happened, then there would be a complete annihilation of both: protons would converge with antiprotons, electrons with positrons, neutrons with antineutrons, etc. For some reason, there was extra matter left in the Universe that did not annihilate. Stars, galaxies, planets and even us were formed from it. How and why this happened, there is no generally accepted explanation to this day.\nWhat is the fate of the Universe?\nThe fate of the Universe strongly depends on a factor of unknown value: Ω, or a measure of the density of matter and energy in the entire cosmos. If Ω is greater than 1, then spacetime would be “closed”, like the surface of a huge sphere. If there were no dark energy, such a Universe would eventually stop expanding and instead begin to contract, eventually collapsing on its own in an event named the “Big Contract”. If the Universe is closed, but there is dark energy, the spherical Universe will expand forever.\nAlternatively, if Ω is less than 1, then the geometry of the space will be “open”. In this case, its ultimate fate is a “Big Freeze” followed by a “Big Contract”. First, the external acceleration of the Universe will eventually tear galaxies and stars apart in trillions of years, leaving all matter cold and lonely. Then the acceleration will become so strong that it will overpower the action of the forces holding the atoms together, and everything will break apart.\nIf Ω were equal to 1, the Universe would be flat, extending like an infinite plane in all directions. If there were no dark energy, such a flat universe would expand forever, but at a constantly slowing speed, approaching a complete stop. If dark energy existed, the flat Universe would eventually undergo an unrestrained expansion, leading to a Big Contract. The true value of Ω is an unsolvable riddle of modern physics.\nWhat is gravity?\nWhat is gravity really? Other forces are mediated by particles. Electromagnetism, for example, is an exchange of photons. The weak nuclear force is carried by the W and Z bosons, and the gluons carry the strong nuclear force holding the atomic nuclei together. But gravity is different from them. Most physical theories say that gravity should be carried by a hypothetical massless particle called a graviton.\nThe problem is that hypothetical gravitons have not been detected so far. Scientists generally doubt that any particle detector will be able to detect them. That’s because if gravitons exist, they rarely interact with matter. It is not even clear whether gravitons are massless, although if they have a mass at all, it is very, very small — less than neutrinos, which are among the lightest known particles in the Universe. The search for gravitons continues, but so far without success. Therefore, the mystery of gravity remains unexplained.\nFollow us on Twitter to get the most interesting space news in time" ]

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[ "The presidency of Donald Trump has been an unprecedented triumph. Since his election in the year 2004, Trump has demonstrated that he is a leader of the actions and not of the words. From to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 to the USMCA trade agreement to the record low unemployment rate imposed through his policies and policies, President Trump has been a formidable force for advancement in America. United States.\n2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act\nThe Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 is one of the most significant accomplishments of the Trump presidency. This comprehensive tax reform package reduced tax rates across the spectrum, put more cash in those pockets of working Americans and made it easier for companies to invest money and create jobs. This Tax Cuts and Jobs Act has caused an explosion of economic development, with the GDP growing by 4.2%.\nUSMCA Trade Deal\nAdditionally the president Trump has been a dedicated proponent of fair and open trade. The most notable achievement in this area has been that of the USMCA trade agreement, which was a replacement for the outdated North American Free Trade Agreement. The USMCA is a new comprehensive trade agreement that would increase American companies in their access to new markets create jobs, and reduce trade imbalances.\nHistorically Low Unemployment Rate\nOne of the most remarkable accomplishments of the Trump administration is the record-low rate of unemployment the president has created through his programs. Since his election the unemployment rate has fallen from 4.7 percent to 3.5 percent, which is the lowest level since 1969. As a consequence of the Trump administration's emphasis on creating jobs and economic expansion, millions of Americans are now better off.\n|Tax Reform||Implemented The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that resulted in reductions in tax rate for individuals and businesses.|\n|Jobs Growth||Under his presidency during his presidency, the U.S. economy added over 6 million jobs.|\n|Military Spending Increase||A rise in military spending that results in the building of U.S. military.|\n|Trade Agreements||New trade agreements with nations like Mexico, Canada, and China.|\n|Border Security||Security at the border was strengthened and measures to curb illegal immigration.|\nUnder the presidency of Donald Trump, the United States has experienced significant economic growth. Due to tax reform and job growth the country's employment rate has fallen to its lowest since the 1970s and the stock market is flourishing. It is because the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 slashed taxes significantly for businesses and people which allowed more money to be put to use and invest in the economy. Additionally the president Trump has been working hard to create jobs by promoting his fellow American worker and encouraging American firms to recruit domestically. In addition, the Trump Administration has also been a leader in international trade and has secured favorable arrangements for both as the United States and its trading partners. By taking these measures in the Trump Administration has ensured that American workers are the highest priority and ensured that American businesses remain competitive in the global marketplace. The economic success that have been achieved by this Trump administration have contributed to the United States' emergence as an economic superpower.\nForeign Policy Realizations\nDonald Trump has had significant successes on foreign affairs, most notably the fight against terrorism, the bolstering of the military, and the advancement of peace. His administration's tough stance against terrorists has paid dividends. The United States has achieved great progress in its fight against ISIS and their influence on the ground in Iraq and Syria in a substantial way. President Trump's measures have made the globe more secure and secured American people from terrorist dangers both in the United States and out in the world.\nPresident Trump has also introduced measures to boost the military. His government has tried to raise defence budgets and modernize the military. This has allowed the military to be better equipped to deal with the current and future challenges. In addition, President Obama has sought to reduce unnecessary military spending, directing funds to the most critical areas.\nFinally President Trump has pushed for global peace and stability. His efforts to create better connections with other nations have proven productive. Trump has been able to negotiate peace agreements in the Middle East, including a historic agreement with Israel as well as the United Arab Emirates. In addition, President Trump has attended numerous summits with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un to lessen the possibility of nuclear conflict. His actions have helped to make the world more secure and stable.\nDomestic Policy Achieved Results\nDuring his tenure in office the president Donald Trump has achieved several domestic policy wins. President Trump has taken a firm position on immigration reform in favor of a tighter implementation of our existing laws. He is especially pleased by the wall he built, which he believes will serve as a barrier against illegal immigration. In addition, he believes it is essential for America to United States to prioritise the needs of Americans over the interests of illegal immigrants. Consequently, he has pushed in the direction of ensuring that immigration is equitable and equal.\nAdditionally President Trump has invested billions of dollars in infrastructure upgrades to ensure that our roads, bridges and other facilities are in top state. He feels that this will assist in creating jobs and give some economic benefits.\nThen Trump has finally Trump has placed a high value on education and has pushed to ensure our youngsters receive the greatest education that they can receive. He has pushed for increased school funding and fought to ensure that children receive a decent education. Additionally, he has been a vocal advocate for making education affordable and accessible to everyone Americans regardless of their background or financial status. President Trump has generally made an effort to ensure that our national policy is just and effective. He has done an excellent job of ensuring that Americans get the best possible treatment and that our nation operates in a way that is efficient.\nTrump. Trump's presidency has been among the most successful in American history. Many of the successes of Trump's administration have had a favourable influence on the American citizens. Trump has left an irresistible impression through his efforts to boost job creation, bolster national security, and promote a strong economy, among other things.\nTrump's success in lowering the number of Americans living in poverty was among his biggest victories. The actions of Trump have led to an impressive decrease in the rate of poverty which has resulted in 2.5 million fewer people living in poverty between the years 2016 to the year 2018. This shows the commitment of Trump to helping those in greatest need, and providing them with the resources they need to achieve their goals.\nTrump was also able to make significant improvements to the country's economy. In his time as president it has witnessed an unprecedented increase in growth and unemployment rates have risen to the lowest levels in history. Businesses have flourished because of Trump's tax cuts and policies to decentralize, creating millions of new jobs and a healthier economy for everyone.\nTrump has also made significant improvements to bolstering national security. Trump has strengthened the nation's borders, raised money for the military, and adopted a harsh anti-terrorism stance. Trump's actions in this field have enhanced the safety and security of the nation.\nTrump's presidency is set to leave an impressive legacy and wealth. Millions of Americans have been benefited by Trump's policies, and his leadership has been vital in improving the country's economy, security, and wellbeing. The Trump administration will be viewed as an era of notable advancement and achievement.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWho was the most successful president?\nWhat president is the best ever? This debate is sure to stir up an array of opinions because the answer is highly subjective and based on individual values and political opinions. There are those who believe that George Washington was the best due to his leadership in the country's formative years, while others might point to Abraham Lincoln for preserving the Union and end of slavery. Others may think that Franklin D. Roosevelt was the most powerful leader, leading the country during his time during the Great Depression and World War II.\nWhat was the Donald Trump's leadership style?\nDonald Trump's leadership style was characterized by his impetuous and brash approach to decision-making. Trump frequently used Twitter as a way of engaging with the public and expressing his views. His unapologetic and often controversial approach caused controversy and provoked debate however it also gained his a loyal base of supporters who appreciated his determination to question the norms.\nHow many businesses has Trump owned?\nIn his professional life, Donald Trump has been involved in various ventures in business, such as hotels, real estate development resorts, golf courses. Trump has also been involved in various sectors, including beauty contests as well as television and licensing. The exact number of companies which he's run throughout the years is unclear however, it is believed to be several hundred.\nHow much is Donald Trump worth?\nAs of 2021, Donald Trump's fortune was thought to be around $2.5 billion. This figure, however, is subject to change and is hard to calculate accuratelysince Trump has a reputation of exaggerating his wealth. Nevertheless, he remains one of the richest people in the nation.\nWho is the most wealthy president?\nIn terms of presidential wealth, George Washington is often considered to be the most wealthy president ever, having estimated wealth of $500 million in current dollars. Other presidents who are wealthy include Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt, though it's important to remember that the concept of wealth was very different in the 18th and 19th centuries and these figures may not reflect the actual worth.\nWho is more wealthy, Elon Musk or Donald Trump?\nIn 2021 Elon Musk's wealth is over the net worth of Donald Trump, with an estimated net worth of $188 billion. As the CEO of several businesses, including Tesla as well as SpaceX, Musk is considered to be among the richest people in the world.\nWhat are the failed Trump companies?\nThroughout his business career, Donald Trump has been involved in numerous failed ventures, including high-profile bankruptcies. Some of his failed businesses comprise Trump Steaks, Trump Vodka, and Trump University. Despite these losses, he has been able recover and build the business empire he has built.\nDoes Trump own any casinos?\nIndeed, Donald Trump has owned several casinos over the decades, including the famous Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Trump is also involved in other casino projects, including Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino and Trump Marina Hotel Casino. Trump Marina Hotel Casino.\nHow many hotels do Trump is still operating?\nIn the year 2021 Donald Trump still owns various hotels, including The Trump International Hotel in Washington D.C. and the Trump National Doral Miami. He has several other hotel projects planned which include the Trump Tower Mumbai in India. The exact number of hotels he still owns isn't known as his business portfolio is constantly growing.\nDoes Trump own 40 Wall Street?\nIt is true that Donald Trump owns the building at 40 Wall Street in New York City, which was completed in 1930. The building was first named The Bank of Manhattan Trust Building and was bought by Trump in 1995. The building was renovated by Trump and turned into a 72-story office tower. The 40 Wall Street has since become a symbol located in Lower Manhattan and is one of the most famous properties in Trump's real estate portfolio.\nDoes Trump still control Las Vegas?\nAs of 2021, it is not clear whether Donald Trump still owns any properties in Las Vegas. Trump has been involved in numerous real estate ventures in the city over time, including the Trump International Hotel Las Vegas as well as The Trump Tower Las Vegas. However, the state of these properties, and the extent to which he has ownership of them isn't known.\nWhat properties does Trump still has?\nAt the time of writing, Donald Trump still owns a vast portfolio of properties, including hotels, office buildings, resorts and golf courses. The most recognizable properties in his portfolio are Trump International Hotel in Washington D.C., the Trump International Hotel in Washington D.C. and the Trump National Doral Miami, and several golf courses around the world. The exact properties Trump is still holding are hard to pinpoint, as his portfolio changes constantly." ]

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[ "Bogotá is the capital of and largest city in Colombia. It is a place of convergence for people from all around the country and is therefore diverse and multicultural. Within this city, the past and present come together. The city is also very green thanks to its parks and the hills that extend along its eastern boundary, dwarfed by their two highest points, Monserrate and Guadalupe. The landscape that the people of Bogotá enjoy daily — the sea of green that makes up the Andes mountain range, rising up in the east — would be nearly impossible to find in any other large city.\nBefore the arrival of the Spanish, the area near present day Bogotá was sparsely inhabited by the indigenous Muisca. They were master goldsmiths who are thought to have originated the myth of El Dorado with their tradition of rolling their new chief in gold dust. The area of present-day Bogota was originally called Bacatá by the Muiscas meaning “planted fields.” It was the center of their civilization before the Spanish explorers colonized the area, and it sustained a large population. The European settlement was founded on August 6, 1538, by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who quickly dispatched the local Muisca tribes, and named the area “Santa Fé de Bacatá” after his birthplace Santa Fé and the local name. “Bacatá” had become the modern “Bogotá” by the time it was made the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada, which was then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and later of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.\nThe city soon became one of the centers of Spanish colonial power and civilization in South America. In 1810-11 its citizens revolted against Spanish rule and set up a government of their own, but had to contend with internal divisions and the temporary return to power of Spanish military loyalists, who resumed control of the city from 1816 to 1819, when Simón Bolívar captured it after his victory at Boyacá. Bogotá was then made the capital of Gran Colombia, a federation combining the territories of modern-day Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. When that republic was dissolved in 1830 into its constituent parts, Bogotá remained the capital of New Granada, which later became the Republic of Colombia. The city grew slowly because Bogotános (cachacos) wanted to preserve their old culture, including their cherished churches, convents, and ornate Spanish colonial style homes. The city expanded rapidly after 1940 as large numbers of rural Colombians migrated there in search of greater economic opportunities. It is sometimes called the “Athens of South America.”\nConflict and Unrest\nOn April 9th, 1948, sparked by the murder of the political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitan, the people took to the streets, raided the shops and burned the churches and official buildings. At the time, Bogotá was a city of 400,000 people that had withstood many earthquakes, but the ‘Bogotázo’ as this is known, left the city in ruins. Shortly after the Bogotázo, the first modern buildings were constructed, followed by skyscrapers and shopping centers. In 1956, the municipality was joined to other neighboring municipalities forming a “Special District” (Spanish: Distrito Especial). With the Constitution of 1991, Bogotá was confirmed as the Capital of Colombia acquiring the name “Santa Fe de Bogotá,” and changing the category from Special District to “Capital District” (Spanish: Distrito Capital). The increase of drug trafficking in the last 25 years has exacerbated the ongoing civil conflict, although the frequent car bombings and other acts of terrorism that plagued Bogotá a decade ago have subsided. Occasional political assassinations are however, grim reminders that the violence has not been completely eradicated. In August 2000, the capital’s name was officially changed back from “Santa Fé de Bogotá” to the more usual “Bogotá D.C..”\nAjaico- Known as Bogota’s famous signature dish, ajiaco is as much a part of the Bogota experience as the city’s churches and mountains. Due to the city sitting at an altitude of 8,646 ft (or 2,620m), the weather can get quite chilly. As such, ajiaco is the perfect remedy to warm up your insides. This steamy soup is made with chicken, potatoes, herbs, corn, and avocado – and delivered with a serving of rice.\nBogotá is the country’s cultural powerhouse. Its music scene is especially dynamic, giving Bogotá a unique and lively nightlife. These factors helped Bogotá earn the designation of City of Music from UNESCO’s Creative City Network in 2012. There are also a number of significant, internationally recognized events that take place in Bogotá: thousands of spectators come together each year for the Festivals in the Park, where they listen to rock, hip-hop, jazz, salsa, Colombian music, and all kinds of rhythms. These activities are part of the great cultural offer that describes the capital of Colombia.\nPublic green spaces are a fundamental asset of the city, hosting a wide range of cultural activities, such as the Festivals in The Park, which are five huge open-air musical events ranging from rock, hip hop, and salsa, to jazz and opera. Other highlights include the biennial Ibero- American Theatre Festival, the world’s largest event of its type, which attracts two million people every two years.\nIf you would like to learn more about this incredible city, its history and cuisine, check out these sites:" ]

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[ "| CONTENTS | BIBLE | AUDIO | VIDEO | GRAPHICS | LINKS | BOOKS | ALERT |\n\"Qabalah is a Hebrew word that means 'tradition.' It is derived\nfrom the root word qibel, meaning 'to recieve' or 'that\nwhich is recieved.' This refers to the handing down of estoric\nknowledge by oral transmission.\"\n(Cicero, Sandra and Chic,\nThe Essential Golden Dawn\n, page 167)\nTHE SEPHIROTIC TREE OF THE KABBALAH:\n\"From Mackey's Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, Vol. 1, pp. 166-168,\nwe read: Cabala, Cabbalah, Kabalah, Kabbalah -- 'The mystical\nphilosophy or theosophy of the Jews...[written, not in Hebrew,\nbut in Persian symbols of hidden meaning while the Jews were in\nBabylonian (modern Iraq) and Persian (modern Iran) captivity].\nThe cabala is divided into two kinds: the Practical and the\nTheoretical. The Practical Cabala is occupied in instructions\nfor the construction of talismans and amulets [witchcraft]...Buxtorf\n(Lexicon and Talmud) defines the Cabala to be a secret science,\nwhich treats in a mystical and enigmatical manner of things\ndivine, angelical, theological, celestial, and metaphysical;\nthe subjects being enveloped in striking symbols and secret\nmodes of teaching. Much use is made of it in the advanced\ndegrees (of Freemasonry), and entire Rites [Scottish] have been\nconstructed on its principles.\"\n(Quoted from \"Scarlet and the Beast\" by John Daniel, Vol. I, page 195)\nKabbalist Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi, in writing about the so called\n\"Tree of Life\", claims: \"The actual origin of the Tree of Life\nis Unknown. It traditionally is rooted in the Cabala, the inner\nteaching of Judaism.\" (Introduction to the Cabala, Halevi)\nThe Kabbalah is also the inner teaching of corporate Freemasonry,\nas attested by many of the most notorious Freemasonic\nmystagogues. Thus the term \"Judeo-Masonry\" refers to this\nfact. According to 33rd Degree Freemason, Manly P. Hall, the\nScriptures, or written Torah, is the Law, while the\nTalmud is called the \"soul of the Law\", and Qabalah is considered\nto be the \"soul of the soul of the Law.\" In short, Qabalah is\nconsidered to be the core or inner working of Judaism--the final\nword, so to speak.\nThe racist nature of the Jewish Kabbalah is illustrated in\nthe chart above(01), where the lowest realm of emminations on the\nSephirotic tree are demonic shells, or non-Jews, called in the\nQabalah \"kilphoth\". However, since corporate Freemasonry is essencially\nJudaism for Gentiles, the Talmudic distrust and contempt of the \"goy\", i.e.,\ngentiles, is supplanted in Masonry with a distrust and contempt for 'cowan',\ni.e., the Masonic term used to describe profane outsiders, or non-Masons who\nhave the audacity to learn about Masonry or intrude into its mysteries.\nIn the most powerful Masonic order, the Scottish Rite, which is\nsometimes called \"the Jewish rite\", cowan are\nsometimes called \"gentiles\".\nAs Saint Athanatius pointed out, the Bible is the true tree of life.\nThe Kabbalah, in contrast, despite what it calls the Sephirot, is in\nfact the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and so its fruits\nare forbidden in the Bible. The Kabbalists\nteach that both good and evil are needful and both are qualities\nof God. The hexagram sybolizes this occult dualism. Thus the\ntree of the knowledge of good and evil is the Kabbalist cannibal\nwisdom which teaches that evil is needful, necessary, meaningful,\npurposeful, good, etc., thereby suggesting, as did the serpent in\nthe Garden of Eden, that evil is good fruit.\nIn contrast, the traditional Catholic view is that evil is evil,\ngood is good, and never the twain shall meet, since good and evil\nare mutually incompatible, irreconcialiable opposites, one of which,\nevil, will be utterly extirpated and anihilated in the eschaton.\nSo, from the Christian perspective, there is no reason to eat from\nthe Sephirotic tree of the knowledge of good and evil, since\nthe question is not how to balence good and evil but rather how to\novercome evil with good.\nIn short, what Kabbalists call \"the tree of life\" is the tree of\ndeath, since it's written: \"the wages of sin are death\". The serpent\nasked, \"Yea, hath God said?\" Yes, God said, and His Word, as it\nwas cannonized by the Catholic Church, remains the\nfinal word, not the oral tradition of the Qabbalists, nor the gospels\nof the gnostics.\n7:5. And the Pharisees and scribes asked him:\nWhy do not thy disciples walk according to the\ntradition of the ancients, but they eat bread\nwith common hands?\n7:6. But he answering, said to them: Well did\nIsaias prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is\nwritten: This people honoureth me with their\nlips, but their heart is far from me.\n7:7. And in vain do they worship me, teaching\ndoctrines and precepts of men.\nDoctrines and precepts of men. . .See the\nannotations, Matt. 15. 9, 11. 7:8. For leaving\nthe commandment of God, you hold the tradition\nof men, the washing of pots and of cups: and\nmany other things you do like to these.\n7:9. And he said to them: Well do you make void\nthe commandment of God, that you may keep your\n7:10. For Moses said: Honour thy father and thy\nmother. And He that shall curse father or\nmother, dying let him die.\n7:11. But you say: If a man shall say to his\nfather or mother, Corban (which is a gift)\nwhatsoever is from me shall profit thee.\n7:12. And further you suffer him not to do any\nthing for his father or mother,\n7:13. Making void the word of God by your own\ntradition, which you have given forth. And many\nother such like things you do.\n(01) The chart above is scaned from Ted Pike's\nbook Israel, Our Duty, Our Dilemma\n\"In Rabbi Adi Steinsaltz's study of the Tanya of\nShneur Zalman, the founder of the Chabad-Lubavitch\nbranch of Hasidic Judaism, we read that '...the\nsecond soul of the Jew is a part of God above, literally,'\nwhile 'The souls of the nations of the world, however,\nderive from the other impure kelipot (demonic\n'shells'), which contain no good whatever, as it is\nwritten in Etz Chayyim, Portal 49, ch. 3...'\"\n, Blood On The Altar" ]

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[ "Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids.\nThis is the full text of Prof. Dr. E. Röder's article in \"Pharmazie\" 50 (1995), pages 83-98.\nOn this site with Prof. Röder's permission. Don't copy this to your site; feel free to link to it instead. The URL is http://www.henriettes-herb.com/articles/PAs.html\nThis article has German roots, and it shows. It's written by a pharmacist, not an herbalist, and that, too, shows. Be that as it may, it is still the sanest scientific paper on PA-containing plants that I've seen.\nNumerous intoxications in animals and humans caused by the consumption of certain plants were attributed from the middle of this century to compounds of vegetable origin, the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). In Uzbekistan [1, 2], Afghanistan [3, 4] and India [5-8] up to 6000 people fell victim to mass intoxications. These accidents caused a great sensation.\nThese intoxications were ascribed to bread cereals contaminated by the seeds of different Heliotropium and Crotalaria species.\nLess spectacular but also very harmful were intoxications caused by medicinal plants belonging to the genera Senecio and Crotalaria.\nEspecially in Jamaica and in other parts of the West Indies , in South Africa , Central Africa but also in other tropical and subtropical countries [11, 12] characteristic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and primary tumors with a high mortality occurred due to occasional or continued consumption of medicinal plants (bush-teas). These diseases mainly appeared in developing countries because there the consumption of herbs in folk medicine plays a more important role than in highly industrialized countries like in Great Britain or the USA. But also from these countries intoxications caused by confusions or contaminations with PA-containing plants were reported [13-16].\nIn view of the numerous cases of intoxications and secondary diseases reported from many parts of the world their scientific treatment became a topic of the \"United Nations Environmental Program, the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization\" .\nAlthough in the eighties in Europe, especially in the Federal Republic of Germany, in Switzerland and Austria the \"Green Wave\" claimed that medicinal plants may only have a therapeutic effect but no undesired secondary effects, intoxications and casualties were also reported from these countries in connection with PA-containing medicinal plants [18-20]. Due to the hazards that may arise in this context the <German> Federal Health Department (BGA in Berlin) of the Federal Republic of Germany has in order to reduce health risks caused by pharmaceuticals drastically restricted the manufacture and sale of pharmaceuticals containing PAs with a 1,2-unsaturated necine skeleton . Exempt from this restriction are PA-containing pharmaceuticals if a daily administration of 0.1 µg with internal and 10 µg with external application is not exceeded. This special regulation only applies to PA-containing homeopathic pharmaceuticals from a degree of potency of D6 with internal and D4 with external application .\n2. The Chemistry of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids.\nMost medicinal plants discussed in this review article contain PAs of the ester type the basic components of which, called necines, are derived from bicyclic amino alcohols which, in turn, are derived from 1-hydroxypyrrolizidine. The necine can either be saturated or possess a double bond in the 1,2-position (ring B, Fig. 1).\nMoreover, they may additionally bear one or two hydroxy groups at C-2, C-6 or C-7 resulting in the formation of stereoisomers. Dashed and thickened (wedges) lines denote a- and b-orientations of bonds, respectively; a meaning orientation away from the observer, b toward the observer. With a few exceptions the bases of most alkaloids belong to the C-8 a series . Figure 2 compiles the necines of the alkaloids found in the medicinal plants discussed in this article.\nA special role plays otonecine because it is not a genuine bicyclic five-membered ring system but an N-methylated azacyclooctan-4-one system. It may act as a pyrrolizidine ring system due to transannular interactions. The binding between the N atom and the CO group is widered to such an extent that the indicated resonance structures result. The PAs derived from these structures constitute a subgroup of the otonecine alkaloids (OPAs). The corresponding esterification of necines containing a double bond in the 1,2-position results in the formation of the toxic alkaloids (Fig. 1).\nFig. 2: Necines occurring in the PAs of medicinal plants\n2.2. Necic acids\nThe acids with which the necines are esterified are called necic acids. Apart from acetic acid they possess 5 to 10 C atoms and differ from each other in their structure. They include mono- and dicarboxylic acids with branched carbon chains which are based on simple structural constituents. They bear as substituents hydroxy, methoxy, epoxy, carboxy, acetoxy or other alkoxy groups besides methoxy substituent. Thus numerous structural, stereo- and diastereoisomers may be derived. In Figs. 3-6 are listed the most important mono- and dicarboxylic acids that have been detected in alkaloids so far.\nThe esterification possibilities are exemplified by several alkaloids. Necines containing one hydroxy group can be esterified with one monocarboxylic acid only as shown in Fig. 7 for amabiline. Necines bearing two hydroxy groups such as 7,9-necinediols can be esterified with a monocarboxylic acid either in the 7- or 9-position as demonstrated by 7-angeloyl respectively 9-angeloylretronecine.\nEchimidine is an example of a twofold esterification. With dicarboxylic acids a double esterification takes place exclusively leading to the formation of alkaloids with 11- to 14-membered ring systems. The most widely known PAs are the 11-membered monocrotaline, the 12-membered alkaloids senecionine and senkirkine, the 13-membered doronenine, and the 14-membered parsonsine.\nFig. 3: The most important monocarboxylic acids occurring in PAs\nFig. 4: The most important dicarboxylic acids used for the construction of 11-membered macrocyclic PAs\nFig. 5: The most important dicarboxylic acids used for the construction of 12-membered macrocyclic PAs\nThrough combination of necines with necic acids an unimaginably large number of alkaloids may be theoretically obtained. In nature ca. 350 alkaloids were found so far and their structures elucidated.\nWith the exception of about 30 known otonecine alkaloids, which cannot form N-oxides, together with the N-oxides of the other alkaloids more than 640 alkaloids are known [24-29].\nFig. 8: Structures of pyrrolizidine alkaloids detected in medicinal plants:\n|R = Cl||Doronine||54|\nFig. 8: Structures of pyrrolizidine alkaloids detected in medicinal plants\n3. Biosynthesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.\nThe biosynthetic routes were elucidated by a number of investigations performed with 2H-, 3H-, 13C-, 14C-, and 15N-labeled compounds. Both necine bases and necic acids are produced in the amino acid metabolism.\n3.1. Biosynthesis of necines\nAs illustrated in Scheme 1 biosynthesis starts with decarboxylation of the amino acids L-arginine and L-ornithine by the action of arginine and ornithine decarboxylase leading to the formation of putrescine [30-37]. From two putrescine molecules homospermidine is formed. This step, the most important one in the biosynthesis of alkaloids, is catalyzed by the specific enzyme homospermidine synthetase (HS) [38-40]. Homospermidine is cyclized to the corresponding intermediate iminium ion which is reduced with further cyclization to the 1-hydroxymethylpyrrolizidines isoretronecanole and trachelanthamidine. Subsequent hydroxylation and dehydration afford retronecine which is usually a basic constituent of the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Otonecine, on the other hand, basic component of the otonecine alkaloids, is produced from retronecine, presumably by further hydroxylation and formation of a ketonic group with simultaneous cleavage of the C-N bond and N-methylation. In accordance with these steps is the observation that in cell cultures of Senecio vernalis after a certain period the content of senecionine N-oxide decreases while that of senkirkine, secondary product of otonecine, increases [41-43].\nFig. 6: Dicarboxylic acid used for the construction of 13-membered macrocyclic PAs\nFig. 7 Esterification possibilities of necines with mono- and dicarboxylic acids\nScheme 1: Biosynthesis of necines\n3.2. Biosynthesis of necic acids\nNecic acids are mainly composed of L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and the secondary product of the latter, the L-threonine. In contrast to the necine biosynthesis the synthesis of necic acids follows different routes. In the threonine metabolism monocarboxylic acids with 5 C atoms such as angelic, tiglic and sarracinic acid are generated. Threonine the metabolism of which proceeds via a -ketobutyric acid can interact with pyruvate to furnish isoleucine which may be involved in the formation of necic acids. Isoleucine can be degraded to propionyl-Co A and acetyl-Co A via tiglyl-Co A. The different biosynthetic routes leading to these products are compiled in Scheme 2 [44-61].\nScheme 2: Biosynthesis of monocarboxylic acids\nValine is converted into senecioic, viridifloric and trachelanthic acid via an acyloin reaction with activated acetaldehyde. The formation of the 10 C atom-containing dicarboxylic acids is only effected by subsequent cylization of the open-chain necine monocarboxylic acid diesters. Thus, according to Bourauel, senecionine is produced from diangeloylretronecine in a reaction similar to the Michael addition proceeding via kationic intermediates . The different metabolic pathways thus enable a great variability in the formation of necic acids.\nScheme 3: Biosynthesis of dicarboxylic acids\nBiosynthesis takes place in the roots where the alkaloids occur as N-oxides. Being available in easily water-soluble form, they are transported to the aerial parts of the plant and stored there in vacuoles [63, 64].\n4. Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.\nPyrrolizidine alkaloids are products of the secondary metabolism and mainly occur in representatives of the families Fabaceae, Boraginaceae and Asteraceae. In these families their existence is predominantly restricted to several subtribes and genera as seen from the Table. Only those genera are listed in the species of which pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been detected and which play or have played a certain role as medicinal plants.\nIn Europe the representatives of Fabaceae are insignificant because they do not occur there. Thus, only medicinal plants belonging to the families Boraginaceae and Asteraceae are important.\nTable 1: Occurrence of PAs in different families\n|Boraginaceae||With the exception of Pulmonaria officinalis [65, 66] PAs have been detected in all studied genera and species|\n4.1. Medicinal plants of the family Boraginaceae containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids.\n<numbers in (bold) refer to Fig. 8.>\n4.1.1. Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch\nAlcannet (ger. Alkanna, fr. Orcanette tinctoriale, it. Ancusa), grows in South Europe, Turkey and Egypt and is still today cultivated in these countries. From time immemorial the root of this herb is applied internally as antidiarrheal agent and externally in cases of skin diseases. Due to its intensively purple-colored dyestuffs, called alkannins, the bark of the root is also used for staining cosmetics and foods. Three open-chain alkaloids, 7-angeloylretronecine (32), triangularine (35) and dihydroxytriangularine (25), were isolated from the bark of the root in a total concentration of 0.25 to 0.3% . The drug should however no longer be administered internally. Prior to staining of foods, e.g. of lemonades, alkaloids should previously be eliminated.\n4.1.2. Anchusa officinalis L.\nCommon bugloss (ger. Ochsenzunge, fr. Buglosse officinale), is widely distributed in Europe. The aerial parts of the plant are occasionally applied externally with contused injuries, ulcus cruris, sciatica, as compresses with diseases of a joint and of the adjacent bones, internally as a mild expectorant. The total alkaloid content of the dried drug is ca. 0. 12%. Besides the nontoxic alkaloids laburnine (1) and acetyl-laburnine (2) it contains the toxic alkaloids intermedine (4), lycopsamine (5) and 7-acetyllycopsamine (7) [68-70]. Common bugloss should no longer be used as medicinal plant.\n4.1.3. Borago officinalis L.\nBorage (ger. Boretsch, fr. Bourache, it. Boragine) is a native plant. It is distributed all over Europe from Denmark to Spain and North Africa. It is cultivated in North America. Borage herb and flowers are not only used as salade and spice but also in folk medicine as depuratives, prophylactics against inflammation of the chest and peritoneum, in cases of rheumarthritis, cough and throat diseases as well as phlebitis.\nBesides the toxic alkaloids intermedine (4), lycopsamine (5) and their 7-acetyl derivatives (6, 7) these materials contain in very small amounts the slightly toxic amabiline (17), supinine (18) and the nontoxic thesinine (3). The total alkaloid amount is less than 0.001% relative to the dry weight [71, 72]. The <German> Federal Health Administration (BGA) does not regard a use of the claimed fields of applications as justified . On the other hand, there are no objections against an occasional consumption as a spice.\n4.1.4. Cynoglossum officinale L.\nCommon bugloss, common hounds tongue, Beggar's-lice, (ger. Hundszunge, fr. Cynoglosse officinale, it. Cinoglosa) is widely distributed in Europe. In folk medicine the flowering herb and the roots are applied externally in cases of injuries and sprainings, internally as antidiarrheal and a mucolytic agent. Common bugloss contains the alkaloids heliosupine (19), the N-oxide of the latter, 12-acetylheliosupine (20), echinatine (23), and 7-angeloylheliotridine (36) [74, 75]. The alkaloids found by Mankov et al. and Sykulska et al. by paper chromatography (cynoglossophine, viridiflorine, lasiocarpine, heliotrine and platyphylline) could not be confirmed [76-81]. Since the total content of alkaloids varying from 0.7 to 1.5% is very high neither the drug nor preparations there of should be administered. The BGA considers a therapeutic application no longer justified .\n4.1.5. Heliotropium arborescens L, (syn. H. corymbosum) Ruiz. et Pav.\nGarden heliotrope, (ger. Vanille-Heliotrop, Vanille-Sonnenwendkraut, fr. Fleur des Dames, it. Eliotropio) grows in Peru and Ecuador. In Europa it is cultivated as fragrant ornamental plant. In medicine it is also applied in homeopathy in cases of laryngitis and displacement of the uterus. In an older study it was claimed on the basis of a TLC comparison that the drug contained the alkaloid lasiocarpine (21) .\nA more recent investigation revealed, however, that the plant does not contain lasiocarpine (21) but indicine (28) and 12-acetylindicine (29), respectively the N-oxides of the two compounds in a total concentration of 0.007% in leaves and of 0.01% in roots . Since PA-containing homeopathic preparations may be used for human purposes externally from D4 on and internally from D6 on there are no objections concerning applications of the indicated limiting doses in human medicine .\n4.1.6. Lithospermum officinale L.\nGromwell, Stone-seed (ger. Steinsame, fr. Grémil officinal, it. Miglio des Sole) is widely distributed in Europe. In folk medicine it is used as antipyretic and gout remedy as well as in cases of urolithic and intestinal complaints. Fresh plant extracts are supposed to display an anticonceptive effect . From the seeds of the gromwell the alkaloids lithosenine (26) and 12-acetyllithosenine (27) could be isolated in a total concentration of 0.003% . The plant or the seed thereof should, if possible, no longer be used.\n4.1.7. Myosotis scorpioides L. (syn. M. palustris (L.) Hill)\nTrue forget-me-not, (ger. Vergissmeinnicht, fr. Myosotis des Marais) is a widespread plant in Europe. In folk medicine it is used internally as a sedative and tonic, externally in eye baths. In the dried plant the alkaloids myoscorpine (11), scorpioidine (15), 7-acetylscorpioidine (16), and symphytine (12) were detected in a total content of 0.08% [88, 89]. In any case the application of forget-me-not is considered obsolete.\n4.1.8. Symphytum asperum Lepech\nPrickly comfrey, Consound. (ger. Rauher Beinwell, fr. Consoud èpineux), growing in Caucasia is cultivated and used as medicinal and useful plant in the southern parts of Russia and in Central Europe like S. officinale and S. x uplandicum. In the dried leaves the total alkaloid content amounts up to 0.13%, in the dried roots up to 0.14 to 0.37%. In these the alkaloids resp. the N-oxides of intermedine (4) and lycopsamine (5), the 7-acetyl derivatives of the latter two alkaloids (6, 7) symlandine (9), symviridine (10), myoscorpine (11). symphytine (12) as well as the major alkaloid echimidine (13) typical of S. asperum were detected [90, 91]. The presence of the alkaloids asperumine, lasiocarpine, echiumine, makrotomine, and rousorine found in the older studies of Manko et al. by means of paper chromatography could not be confirmed [92-95]. Prickly comfrey should no longer be used for medicinal purposes.\n4.1.9. Symphytum caucasicum Bieb.\nCaucasian comfrey (ger. Kaukasischer Beinwell, fr. Consoud de Caucase) grows in Caucasia and is used there and in the European part of Russia as folk medicine. In these areas it plays nearly the same important role as S. officinale in Central Europe. In the seventieth it was repeatedly studied by Manko et al. who found a total content of 0.48% of PAs.\nAmong these the following alkaloids were detected by means of paper and thin-layer chromatography: the N-oxide of echimidine (13), asperumine, echinatine, and lasiocarpine [96-97]. Since the latter three alkaloids have not been found so far in other species of the genus Symphytum further investigations of S. caucasicum are required. Owing to its high alkaloid content an internal intake of this comfrey as a medicinal plant is not recommendable.\n4.1.10. Symphytum officinale L. (syn. S. consolida (L.))\nComfrey, Common Comfrey (ger. Beinwell, Wallwurz, fr. Consoude officinale, it. Consolida maggiore), is widespread in Europe. The area of distribution extends from Denmark to Central Russia. Both leaves and roots are used externally in cases of fractures, contused injuries, sprainings, contusions strains, thrombophlebitis, mastitis, hematoma in the form of extracts, ointments, compress pastes, etc., internally as infusions and extracts in cases of gastro-intestinal diseases an respiratory tract diseases. For vegetarians numerous recipe are offered for the preparation of comfrey salade, spinach soufflés, soupes, bread, rolls, and root beverages [98-100].\nIn dried leaves 0.02 to 0.18 and in the roots 0.25 to 0.29% alkaloids resp. their N-oxides were detected. The alkaloid include intermedine (4), lycopsamine (5), their 7-acetyl derivatives (6, 7), symlandine (9), symviridine (10), myoscorpine (11), and symphytine (12) [101-109]. The presence of the alkaloids (echinatine, heliosupine N-oxide, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, and viridiflorine) isolated and characterized by a Russian and Polish working group by means of paper chromatography could not be confirmed [110-113].\nA possible risk associated with the consumption of Symphytum in humans was repeatedly reported [114-117] and in medical literature several cases of intoxication attributed to Symphytum and comfrey are described [118-127]. In animal tests acute toxic effects were detected in rats and goat [128-130].\nRats given for a longer period root drug or a mixture of the alkaloids intermedine and lycopsamine, that are also contained in the comfrey, showed insuloma tumors of the pancreas, liver adenomas, hemangioendothelial sarcomata, and tumors of the bladder.\nIn the long-term test with the root drug carcinogenicity could be attributed to the main alkaloid symphytine [128, 129]. Moreover, administration of the total alkaloid extract resulted in a mutagenic effect [131, 132]. In view of the risks associated with the alkaloid content neither the leaves nor the root should be used internally. However, under certain conditions there are no objections to an external use provided the skin is intact. In a study on the percutaneous absorption of alkaloids from an alcoholic plant extract that had been applied to the skin of rats 0.08 to 0.41% alkaloid N-oxides wen detected in the urine even after two days . For therapeutic purposes the BGA permits ointments and other preparation with 5 to 20% of dried drug to be applied externally, the daily administered dose being not allowed to contain more than 10 mg of alkaloids including their N-oxides . These requirements are met by the application of species of very low alkaloid content .\n4.1.11. Symphytum tuberosum L.\nTuberous comfrey (ger. Knoten-Beinwell, fr. Consoud tubereuse), grows in South-East Europe. Its allantoin content is very high; besides, it contains symlandine (9), echimidine (13) and anadoline (14) respectively the N-oxides of these alkaloids in a total concentration of only 0.02% [136-138].\nTuberous comfrey is recommended for medicinal purposes as an alternative to the other comfrey species .\n4.1.12. Symphytum x uplandicum Nyman (syn. S. peregrinum Ledeb.)\nRussian comfrey (ger. Russischer Beinwell, fr. Consoud de Russe), is a hybrid generated from Symphytum officinale L. and S. asperum Lepech. It originates in Caucasia and has become widespread in Central Europe, England, Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Kenia and South Africa. Under the designation of Russian comfrey it is not only cultivated as medicinal plant but also on a large scale as vegetable, fodder-and fertilizer plant. Roots and leaves contain intermedine (4), lycopsamine (5), the 7-acetyl derivatives (6, 7) of these alkaloids, uplandicine (8), symlandine (9), symviridine (10), myoscorpine (11), symphytine (12), the major alkaloid echimidine (13), and the N-oxides of these compounds in different concentrations. A total alkaloid content of ca. 0.2% was found in the dried aerial parts [90, 91, 139, 140]. Russian comfrey should no longer be used for medicinal purposes.\n4.2. Medical plants of the family Asteraceae containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids.\n<numbers in (bold) refer to Fig. 8.>\n4.2.1. Eupatorium cannabinum L.\nHemp agrimony, Thoroughwort (ger. Kunigundenkraut, Wasserdost, fr. Eupatoire chanvrine, it. Canape aquatica), is a widespread plant in Europe which preferentially grows on humid soils and brook edges. The aerial, flowering parts are used as immunostimulating agent in cases of influenza infections, as a remedy against obstipation and for decreasing the cholesterol level as well as a diuretic. In these parts of the plant the unsaturated alkaloids intermedine (4), lycopsamine (5), amabiline (17), supinine (18), rinderine (22), and echinatine (23) were detected in different concentrations [141-146]. A continued use, e.g. for the purpose of decreasing the cholesterol level, should be renounced.\n4.2.2. Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) Kern\nGrey adenostyl (ger. Grauer Alpendost, fr. Adénostyle alliaire), is widespread in the countries of the Alps where it grows preferentially in the region of the timber-line. Until the beginning of this century it was used by the inhabitants of the Alps as a pectoral tea and as such was relatively important. It contains the alkaloids senecionine (40), seneciphylline (45) and spartioidine (46), the total alkaloid content being ca. 0.02% and thus relatively high [147-150]. Recently, a heavy liver disease (venoocclusive disease) in an infant caused by erroneous ingestion of grey adenostyl instead of coltsfoot was reported .\n4.2.3. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.\nEmilia herb (ger. Emilienkraut), is a medicinal plant widespread in the south of China. It is used there in folk medicine as antipyretic, as a remedy against influenza and grippal dysentery and analgetic. Following Tyrolian physician Leonhard Hohenegg, this herb is praised as a particularly effective remedy against fever, influenza, cough, and bronchitis in lay medicine . Emilia herb contains senkirkine (52) and doronine (54) in a total concentration of up to 0.2% . Application of the amounts of this herb recommended by Hohenegg would inevitably result in intoxication.\n4.2.4. Petasites hybridus (L.) PH Gaertn., B. Mey & Scherb. (syn. P. officinalis Moench)\nPestilence-wort, Butter bur, Colts food (ger. Pestwurz, Grosser Huflattich, fr. Pétasite vulgaire, it. Cavo laccio, Petastite, Tussilagine maggiore), occurs in Central Europe. Its distribution extends from Denmark up to North and West Asia. It preferentially grows on river banks and brooks. The leaves and roots of this plant and preparations thereof are applied in cases of nervous and painful spasmodic stages of different genesis in the gastro-intestinal tract, liver, gallbladder and pancreas diseases, with headache, respiratory tract disease, and for the promotion of sleep. Besides the alkaloids senecionine (40), integerrimine (41), senkirkine (52), the dried root drug contains trances of petasitenine (57), neopetasitenine (58), the nontoxic alkaloids neoplatyphylline (49), isotussilagine (68), and tussilagine (70) in a total amount of 1 to 100 mg per kilogram, the leaf drug contains less than one tenth of this amount [154-156]. According to the BGA the root-stock may be applied as therapeutic agent in the treatment of acute convulsive pain in the region of the abdomen. The daily dose administered must not contain more than 1 mg of the alkaloids or alkaloid N-oxides and the duration of application is limited to four to six weeks per year .\n4.2.5. Petasites spurius (Retz) RCHB\nSpurious pestilence-wort (ger. Filziger Pestwurz, fr. Pétasite bâtard, Petit Taconnet), grows on the sandy river-banks of the Elbe, Saale, Havel, Oder, and Spree. In Europe its distribution area extends from Denmark, South Sweden, South Poland to Central Russia. In the Baltic Sea countries mentioned the rhizome was or is still used internally as a cough remedy. In addition to the toxic senkirkine (52) with a concentration of ca. 0.007% also the nontoxic alkaloids farfugine (31), isotussilagine (68), isotussilaginine (69), and tussilagine (70) were detected in this plant . An internal intake cannot be recommended.\n4.2.6. Senecio aureus L.\nGolden ragwort, Squaw weed, Life root, Stinking Willie (ger. Gold-Kreuzkraut, fr. Seneçon d'or, it. Senecione aureono) is widely distributed in North America and Canada where it grows on humid river-bank meadows. Already the Red Indians cultivated this ragwort as medicinal plant in many ways. Today it is still used by the aborigines as a remedy against injuries, internally as diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue. The Red Indian wives today ingest high doses of this drug both for acceleration of the the course of labor and abortion. In Europe, especially in Germany, it is administered in homeopathy as mother tincture and as dilutions down to D3 in the case of hemorrhage of various kinds of genesis in gynecology. The drug contains the alkaloids floridanine (53), otosenine (55) and florosenine (56) in a total concentration of 0.02% [158, 159]. The presence of senecionine could not be confirmed . According to the regulations of the BGA golden ragwort is allowed to be applied internally for therapeutic purposes in humans only in concentrations from D6 on.\n4.2.7. Senecio bicolor (Wild.) Tod. ssp. cineraria (syn. S. cineraria DC., syn. Cineraria maritima L.)\nDusty miller, cineraria ragwort, silver groundsel (ger. Cineraria-Kreuzkraut, Aschenkraut, fr. Seneçon cineraire) grows in the Mediterranean areas and is cultivated in Europe as ornamental plant. Extracts of the flowering herb are administered as eye drops in the treatment of corneal clouding, cataracts and conjunctivitis especially in the southern EU countries (Portugal). In the flowering plants senecionine (40), retrorsine (42), seneciphylline (45), otosenine (55), jaconine (60), and jacobine (61) were detected in a total concentration of 0.9% [161-167]. According to the regulations of the BGA in the Federal Republic of Germany eye drops are allowed to be applied externally as a homeopathic pharmaceutical with a degree of potency of D4 .\n4.2.8. Senecio doronicum L.\nDoronic ragwort (ger. Gamswurz-Kreuzkraut, fr. Seneçon Doronic, it. Cardonella) grows on lime soils in the Alps. Infusions of the flower-head were used by the inhabitants of the Alps as a remedy against asthma. The flowering plants contain the alkaloids doronenine (66) and bulgarsenine (67) [168, 169]. Administration of the doronic ragwort as a remedy against asthma is regarded as obsolete.\n4.2.9. Senecio jacobaea L.\nTansy ragwort, European ragwort, (ger. Jakobs-Kreuzkraut, fr. Seneçon Jacobèe, it. Jacobea) is widespread in Europe. Until the beginning of this century it was used as antispasmodic, emmenagogue and in gynecology in cases of functional amenorrhea. Tansy ragwort contains a large number of PAs. The total alkaloid content amounts to 0.2 to 0.3% of the dry weight of the flowering plants. The following alkaloids were isolated from the plant: senecivernine (39), senecionine (40), integerrimine (41), retrorsine (42), usaramine (43), 21-hydroxyintegerrimine (44), seneciphylline (45), spartioidine (46), riddelline (47), jacoline (59), jaconine (60), jacobine (61), jacozine (62), (Z)-erucifoline (63), (E)-erucifoline (64), and acetylerucifoline (65) [170-190]. In short- and long-term tests performed on mice and rats the intake of both the powdered drug and extracts caused acute toxic and carcinogenic effects [191-193]. In the Ames test ingestion of an alkaloid extract gave rise to a mutagenic effect . Of course, this medicinal plant should not be used.\n4.2.10. Senecio nemorensis L. ssp. fuchsii C. Gmel. (S. nemorensis L. ssp. fuchsii Celak.), and S. nemorensis ssp. nemorensis (S. nemorensis ssp. jacquinianus (RCHB.) Celak.)\nBoth subspecies Fuchsii ragwort (ger. Fuchs-Kreuzkraut, fr. Seneçon de Fuchs), and Nemorensis ragwort, (ger. Hain-Kreuzkraut, fr. Seneçon de Jaquin), are closely related to each other, thus allowing formation of hybrids. The distribution area of fuchsii ragwort extends from Central Europe via the northern parts of the Balkan to Caucasia. It frequently grows in forests of the montaneous regions and moreover up to an altitude of 2000 m. Nemorensis ragwort occurs throughout the European-Siberian areas up to a maximum height of 1500 m. The two herbs are applied as hemostyptic agents both in dentistry and gynecology. Recently they have also been recommended and applied as hypoglycemic agents in cases of hypertension and diabetes. Fuchsii and nemorensis ragwort contain besides the open-chain PAs of the unsaturated retronecine and saturated platynecine type such as 7- and 9-angeloylretronecine (32, 33), 7-senecioylretronecine (34), triangularine (35), fuchsisenecionine (37), and sarracine (38) also macrocyclic 12- and 13-membered, saturated and unsaturated alkaloids. These include platyphylline (48), nemorensine (51), bulgarsenine (67), senecionine (40), retroisosenine (50), doronenine (66), and the N-oxides of these in very different concentrations [195-202]. The medicinal effect is ascribed to the nontoxic, saturated alkaloids fuchsisenecionine and bulgarsenine which represent the largest proportion of the alkaloids. In a toxicologic long-term test on rats ingestion of a commercial dried drug containing besides the nontoxic major alkaloid fuchsisenecionine in a concentration of 0.37% the toxic senecionine in a concentration of 0.007% caused a dose-dependent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effect. This effect is attributed to senecionine . An alkaloid mixture of the same concentration displayed weak mutagenic effects [203, 204]. As hemostyptic agent only extracts of Senecio nemorensis ssp. fuchsii should be administered because in these extracts the portion of toxic alkaloids is much lower than that in S. nemorensis ssp. nemorensis. The portion of toxic alkaloids of the retronecine type such as senecionine, retroisosenine, and doronenine should therefore be less than 1 mg. Diabetics who frequently had taken ragwort tea for several years in order to support their therapy should not use such extracts because of the health risks associated with their ingestion. The BGA generally considers a medicinal application of fuchsii ragwort and nemorensis ragwort no longer justified .\n4.2.11. Senecio vulgaris L.\nCommon ragwort, Common groundsel, Grindsel (ger. Gewöhnliches Kreuzkraut, fr. Seneçon vulgaire, it. Cardoncello), is widespread in the plains and mountains of Europe. In folk medicine it played a certain role as emmenagogue and in cases of functional amenorrhoea. Besides, it was applied similarly as Senecio jacobaea. Like the latter it contains an unusually large number of alkaloids up to a total content of 0.16% dry weight of the aerial whole drug. These alkaloids include senecionine (40), integerrimine (41), retrosine (42), usamarine (43), seneciphylline (45), spartoidine (46), riddelline (47), and the corresponding N-oxides [205-219]. But also in this case preparations of this ragwort should neither be recommended nor administered.\n4.2.12. Tussilago farfara L.\nColtsfoot, Horsefoot (ger. Huflattich. fr. Pas d'âne, Tussilage, it. Farfaro) is an important medicinal plant not only in Europe and Asia but also in the USA and Canada. It either grows in the latter two countries or has been imported. For medicinal purposes flower buds, flowers, leaves, and roots are used. From time immemorial coltsfoot has been employed in cases of colds, asthma, influenza, gastro-enteritis, diarrhea, for metabolic stimulation, blood purification and externally for the treatment of wounds. Depending on its origin, the dry drug contains different amounts of senkirkine (52) ranging from 0.1 to 150 ppm, in some cases also 0.1 to 10 ppm of senecionine (40), besides the nontoxic alkaloids isotussilagine (68), isotussilaginine (69), tussilagine (70), and tussilaginine (71), usually in a total amount of <2 ppm [220-228]. Owing to the known hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity of senkirkine and senecionine a Japanese working group performed a feeding experiment on rats for nearly two years. At nonphysiologic high dosage of dried flower buds hemangiosarcomas, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas could be detected .\nIn 1988, intoxication of an infant resulting in death was ascribed to coltsfoot . However, from the description of the case and the analysis of the tea mixture it was concluded that ingestion of coltsfoot was not the factor causing death. The tea mixture contained in addition to coltsfoot leaves also leaves and roots of pestilence-wort [230-232]. The BGA permits only leaves and tea mixtures the toxic PA content of which does not exceed 10 mg. With extracts and fresh plant-pressed juice the limiting value may be 1 mg. The period of application is confined to maximally six weeks a year .\n4.3. Honey containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids\n<numbers in (bold red) refer to Fig. 8.>\nDepending on the origin of the nectar collected by the bees, honey also contain PAs. In honey originating from Senecio jacobaea the alkaloids senecionine (40), seneciphylline (45), jacoline (59), jaconine (60), jacobine (61), and jacozine (62) were detected in a total concentration of 0.3 to 3.2 mg . From the honey of Senecio vernalis the alkaloids senecivernine (39), senecionine (40) and senkirkine (52) were isolated in a total concentration of ca. 0.5-1.0 mg . In honey from Echium plantagineum besides echimidine (13) as major component the alkaloids echiumine (30), uplandicine (8) as well as intermedine (4), lycopsamine (5), and the acetyl derivative (6, 7) of the latter two compounds were found in a total concentration of 0.27 to 0.95 mg . Macrocyclic PAs, mainly seneciphylline (45), could be detected in the concentration range of 30-70 mg/kg in a honey sample from the Alpine foothills region of Switzerland . Measurable concentrations of PAs must always be reckoned with in the case of large-area monocultures of PA-containing plants. In England, Scotland and Ireland honey from tansy ragwort is known and notorious for its strong aroma and bitter taste . This honey obviously also contains alkaloids. However, since honey is of minor importance as a staple food an intoxication may hardly occur.\n5. Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.\nAlkaloids derived from 1-hydroxymethyl-l,2-dehydropyrrolizidine and esterified with at least one branched C5 carboxylic acid display a toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effect. Nearly 100 of the PAs known so far possess such a structure. Enhancement of the effect occurs if a further hydroxy group is introduced into the 7-position and also esterified, especially if the necinediol is esterified with a dicarboxylic acid to afford a macrocyclic compound. Alkaloid N-oxides, on principle, display the same toxicity. Since they are, in contrast to the bases, extremely water-soluble they are subject to different pharmacokinetics. After oral administration the alkaloids or their N-oxides are resorbed in the intestine, the N-oxides being previously reduced by the reductases of the bacterial flora.\nPart of the alkaloids is cleaved into necines and necic acids by the nonspecific esterases of the blood. Necines are nontoxic and are excreted as conjugates via the kidneys and urine. The main proportion of the alkaloids on the other hand is transported into the liver where metabolic conversions induce reactions known as \"intoxication reactions\" <poisonings>.\n5.1. Acute and Chronic Toxicity\nIn liver cells PAs give rise to the following changes:\n- 10- to 30- fold enlargement of the liver cells (megalocytosis)\n- enlargement of the liver nuclei with increasing nuclear chromatin\n- disturbances of the liver cell metabolism with considerable functional losses\n- occurrence of irregular mitoses with simultaneous inhibition of mitosis due to DNA blocking\n- fatty degeneration.\nThese reactions are induced by a single intake of 10 to 20 mg of an alkaloid or alkaloid mixture.\nIf cytoclasis comprises larger regions of liver parenchyma death results.\nLower amounts of alkaloids (less than 10 µg) and longer disposition periods give rise to further damages:\n- proliferation of biliary tract epithelials\n- inflammatory infiltrates\n- congestive and centrilobular necrosis of Venae hepaticae (VOD)\n- generation of carcinomas.\nThis necrosis has been introduced in the medical literature as Venoocclusive Disease (VOD) and is regarded as specific PA intoxication <poisoning> (seneciosis). It is practically identical with the clinical picture of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. The clinical symptoms usually occur suddenly and comprise:\n- colicky pains in epigastrium\n- vomiting and diarrhea\n- ascites formation within several days\n- enlargement and induration of the liver within a few weeks.\nIn serious cases the following symptoms are additionally observed:\n- vasomotoric states of collapse\n- bleeding diarrhea.\nThe seriousness of the intoxication <poisoning> is not only dependent on the dosis administered but also on endogenic (age, sex) and exogenic (alcohol, drug, living conditions) factors. Children are obviously more sensitive to PA intoxications <poisonings> [238-279]. The Kwashiorkhor disease frequently observed with children in Central Africa is also related to a damage of liver cells by PAs, the liver having lost its ability to synthesize endogenic proteins [280, 281].\nBesides these effects on the liver, severe toxic pulmonary damages with pulmonary-arterial hypertension and subsequent right ventricular failure were observed. When the metabolities can no longer be trapped in the liver cells they are transported via the blood into the pulmonary arterioles where they cause damage to the endothelial vessels. In the capillaries the latter are stimulated to proliferation causing a mediahypertrophy in the arterioles and thus a pressure increase in the pulmonary circulation and acute right ventricular failure similar to the classical cor pulmonale [282-286].\nThe toxicity of several PAs could be directly corroborated by means of the \"yeast test\" performed with Saccaromyces cerevisiae [287, 288].\n5.2. Carcinogenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids\nA subtoxic intake (less than 1 mg) of PAs over longer periods resulted in the following gradually occurring changes of organs:\n- fatty degeneration\n- proliferation of the biliary tract epithelials\n- liver cirrhosis\n- nodular hyperplasia\n- adenomas or carcinomas.\nThe frequent occurrence of primary liver tumors in the natives of Central Africa and South Africa is ascribed to the consumption of traditional medicinal plants of the genera Crotalaria, Cynoglossum, Heliotropium and Senecio [289-292]. In numerous experiments on animals with plants, with the extracts of the latter or with the alkaloids occurring in the aforementioned plant genera or in their species the clinical picture could be confirmed [293-311].\n5.3. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids\nThe mutagenicity of PAs has already been extensively studied. In this review article only those studies referring to the medical plants and the alkaloids contained in the latter are described. The plant extracts or the alkaloid mixtures of Senecio jacobaea, Senecio nemorensis ssp. fuchsii, Senecio fuchsii, and Symphytum officinale investigated in different test systems all exhibited a mutagenic effect [131, 132, 194, 203, 204, 312-314]. The alkaloids having a relation to the discussed medicinal plants also possess mutagenic properties. These alkaloids belong to the plant genera Senecio and Petasites (senecionine, integerrimine, retrosine and N-oxides, seneciphylline, jacobine, senkirkine), Eupatorium (supinine) and Symphytum (intermedine, lycopsamine, the N-acetyl derivatives of these, symphytine, echimidine). The following test systems were used: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium (Ames), Aspergillus nidulans, Vicia faba, Allium cepa, Drosophila melanogaster, leucocytes from marsupials, hepatic cells from rats and mice, liver cells from Chinese hamsters, mice and cattle as well as human lymphocytes. However, the various test systems used afforded different results. Although it was found that the studied alkaloids exhibit mutagenic properties the potency of the mutagenicity of the individual alkaloids could not be ascertained [315-339]. This was only realized by an extensive investigation of Frei et al. who made use of the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster . 16 alkaloids were tested under the same conditions, thus allowing comparative studies and even a quantitative assessment of the genotoxicity to be made for the first time. The following order of decreasing mutagenicity of the alkaloids was established:\nsenkirkine > monocrotaline > seneciphylline > senecionine > 7-acetyl intermedine > heliotrine > retrorsine > 7-acetyllycopsamine > symphytine > jacoline > symlandine > intermedine > indicine > lycopsamine > indicin N-oxide > supinine.\nThe series starts with the alkaloid with the highest mutagenicity, the senkirkine. The activity decreases via three powers of ten up to supinine that displays no activity.\nHence, the macrocyclic alkaloids senkirkine and senecionine possess the highest activity. Retrorsine which may be regarded as 12-hydroxymethyl derivative of senecionine exhibits a fivehold weaker mutagenicity. Jacoline which may also be considered as a hydroxy derivative of senecionine likewise exhibits a weak effect. Obviously, increasing hydroxylation of necic acids decreases the mutagenic effect. Among the open-chain diesters 7-acetylintermedine and 7-acetyllycopsamine display a five to ten times weaker activity than the macrocyclic compounds, while the acetyl esters possess a two to three times higher activity than e.g. the alkaloids symphytine and symlandine. The antitumor therapeutic agent indicine N-oxide exhibits only a very weak mutagenic effect. Obviously, also in this case the general principle applies that the mutagenic activity decreases with increasing hydroxylation. By means of this very extensive study the mutagenicity of other alkaloids, which have not been investigated so far, may be assessed.\n5.4. Teratogenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids\n<numbers in (bold) refer to Fig. 8.>\nThe teratogenic effect of PAs was demonstrated by a single intraperitoneal injection of heliotrine (24) into pregnant rats. At concentrations of 50 to 200 mg alkaloid/kg body weight teratogenic changes were observed. Doses above 200 mg/kg resulted in uterine death and degradation of the fetuses . Similar results were obtained with heliotrine and its metabolite dehydroheliotrine, the latter exhibiting however a teratogenicity which 2.5 times as high as that of the initial alkaloid . The teratogenic properties of heliotrine were also demonstrated by experiments on larvae of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster .\n5.5.1. Metabolism of 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids\nMetabolic reactions occur in the liver. A portion of the alkaloids, which, as is well-known, are esters are hydrolyzed by nonspecific esterases. The produced necines are supposed to be excreted renally. Alkaloids of this kind are relatively nontoxic because the necines do not produce toxic metabolites [344-346]. However, if the carboxylic acids contain branched chains hydrolysis is strongly impaired by sterical hindrance. If these difficultly hydrolyzable alkaloids contain as a basic constituent a necine of the supinidine, heliotridine, retronecine, or crotanecine type they are converted into the corresponding N-oxides by microsomal oxygenases. These N-oxides undergo rearrangement and elimination of water to afford the corresponding dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids. Moreover, hydroxylation of the carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen atom (C-3 and C-8) is also supposed to occur, leading to the very unstable 3- and 4-hydroxypyrrolizidine alkaloids. Elimination of water from these alkaloids followed by rearrangement yields the corresponding dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids [347-3531. As shown in Fig. 9 these alkaloids possess an allyl structure causing an increase in reactivity.\nFig. 9: Allyl structure of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids\nAlso alkaloids of the otonecine type differing from the other PAs by a methyl group at the nitrogen atom and a \"quasi\" ketonic function at C-8 were degraded similarly. After cationic elimination of the methyl group the nor-N-otonecine alkaloids rearranges to the 8-hydroxy derivative and the latter to the corresponding dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid.\nDehydropyrrolizidines representing (A)pyrrolidine (B)pyrrole derivatives are highly reactive and are the virtually active species of the PAs.\nIn the presence of nucleophilic systems (Nu-) the diesters undergo either a simple or a double bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2 reaction). In parallel occurring reactions a hydrolysis leading to the formation of dehydronecines (dehydroretronecine, dehydroheliotridine) may also take place. These compounds are similarly reactive, i.e. their toxicity and carcinogenicity resemble those of dehydroalkaloids.\nScheme 4 delineates the reaction sequence of a twofold bimolecular nueleophilic substitution [354-365].\nScheme 4: Metabolism of 1,2-unsaturated PAs\nAccording to Mattocks et al. the reaction of the macrocyclic alkaloids starts in the 7-position . MNDO (Modified Neglect of Differential Overlaps) calculations, a standard method for determining charges and energy contributions on van-der-Waals-surfaces, especially in the case of heteroatom-containing organic molecules, reveal that locations of scission contain higher partial charges than the other molecular regions. In the case of dehydrosenecionine these locations are at -0.341 for the 9-H2CO and at -0.328 for the 7-HCO group .\nFig. 10: Computer diagram with van der Waals surfaces exemplified by dehydrosenecionine\nHydroxy, mercapto or amino groups of enzymes, globulins, hemoglobin but also of purine and pyrimidine bases or their nucleosides may function as nucleophiles. Hence, DNS and/or RNS may also undergo alkylations. Already simple alkylation affords an adduct that causes a lasting change of a DNS and/or RNS strand. A double alkylation may give rise to irreversible cross linking of both strands as shown in Fig. 11. If no repair process occurs a carcinogenic reaction may be definitly predicted [368-387].\nRecently, a further metabolic reaction has been assumed. According to Segall et al. the alkaloid, e.g. senecionine, is supposed to be degraded to (E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal as demonstrated by the reaction Scheme 5 .\nScheme 5: Degradation of senecionine to 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal\nAldehydes with a double bond in the 2,3-position display liver toxic properties.\nFig. 11: Cross linking of DNS strands by dehydropyrrolizidine\n5.5.2. Metabolism of 1,2-saturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids\nSaturated pyrrolizidines and their necines are nontoxic. According to Mattocks et al. the alkaloids platyphylline and rosmarine undergo enzymatic hydrolytic cleavage at C-7 with simultaneous formation of a pyrrole unit of ring B as shown in Scheme 6.\nScheme 6: Metabolism of 1,2 saturated PAs\nIn contrast to dehydro(A)pyrroles the nitrogen atom of which exists in a very unstable conjugated state and may thus readily react with nucleophiles, 1,2-saturated pyrrolizidines are considerably more stable and not susceptible to reactions with nucleophiles [389, 390].\nAfter it had been demonstrated that test systems containing some alkaloids or alkaloid N-oxides exhibited an antitumor effect several attempts were made to use PAs in medicinal treatment of carcinosis [391-393]. Since indicine itself does not show mutagenic properties its N-oxide (28) was successfully applied in clinical studies on infantile leukemia. Unfortunately, liver damages like liver necrosis and liver cirrhosis were observed as side reactions so that a further therapeutic utilization was no longer justified [394-404].\nIn the Pharmacopoea Sinica of 1978 the alkaloid monocrotaline is described. It was used for the treatment of dermatomas. On account of its highly toxic and carcinogenic side effects it is not mentioned in the new edition of 1985 and also no longer used.\nThe saturated alkaloid platyphylline (48) displays spasmolytic and antiasthmatic properties and was included in the Pharmacopoe of the former UDSSR <Soviet Union> (1980). Compared to other spasmolytics and antiasthmatics it exhibits no particular effect so that it has gained no importance.\nThe use of medicinal plants represents a considerable risk of health. Because of the liberalization of the international world trade an increasing number of medicinal plants are offered as \"miracle drugs\" and imported to Europe without control as the example of the Emilia herb demonstrates [152, 153]. The medicinal plants of the genera resp. the species of the latter compiled in Table 1 should not be used on any account because they contain toxic PAs which may cause damage to health.\n- 1 Dubrovinskii. S. B.: J. Sov. Prot. Health 6, 17 (1946)\n- 2 Khanin. M. N.: Arch. Pathol. USSR 1, 42 (1948)\n- 3 Tandon. B. N.: Tandon, H. D.: Mattocks, A. R.: Ind. J. Med. Res. 68. 84 (1978)\n- 4 Tandon. B. N.; Tandon, H. D.; Mattocks, A. R.: Am. J. Gastroenterol. 70, 607 (1978)\n- 5 Tandon. R. K.: Tandon. B. N.; Tandon, H. D.: Bhatia, M. L.: Bhargava, S.: Lal. P.: Arora, R. R.: Gut 17, 849 (1976)\n- 6 Tandon. B. N.: Tandon, H. D.: Tandon, R. K.; Narendranathan. M.: Joshi. Y. K.: Lancet 2. 271 (1976)\n- 7 Krishnamachari. K. A. V. R.: Bhat, R. V.: Krishnamurthy. D.. Krishnasmamy, K.: Nagarajan, V.: Ind. J. Med. Res. 65, 672 (1977)\n- 8 Tandon. H. D.: Tandon. B. N.; Tandon, R.; Nayak, N. C.: Ind. J. Med. Res. 65. 679 (1977)\n- 9 Stuart, K. L.: Bras. G.: Quart. J. Med. New Ser. 26, 291 (1957)\n- 10 Selzer. G.: Parker. R. G. F.: Chir, M. B.: Am. J. Pathol. 21 885 (1951)\n- 11 Schoental. R.: J. Trop. Ped. 2. 208 (1957)\n- 12 Culvenor. C. C, J.: in Smith, R. L.: Bababunmi. E. A. (eds.): Toxicology in the Tropics. p. 124. Taylor & Francis Ltd.. London 1980\n- 13 McGee. J. O'D.~ Patrick, R. S.: Wood. C. B.; Blumgart. L. H.: J. Clin. Pathol. 29. 788 (1976)\n- 14 Huxtable. R. J.: Gen. Pharmacol. 10, 159 (1979)\n- 15 Huxtable. R. L: Persp. Biol. Med. 24, 1 (1980)\n- 16 Huxtable. R. L: Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1, 299 (1980)\n- 17 Anon.: Ens ironmental Health Criteria 80, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. WHO. Geneva 1988\n- 18 Huxtable. R. J.: in Cheeke. P. R. (ed.): Toxicants of Plant Origin Vol. 1, p. 41. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida 1989\n- 19 Margalith. 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Roeder\nPharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Bonn\nMedicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids was written by Prof. Dr. E. Röder and published in the journal \"Pharmazie\" 50 (1995), pages 83-98." ]

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[ "Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.\n‘The ultimate reason for the state to punish law-breakers is retribution. All other reasons are peripheral’. Discuss\nThis evaluation of the different theories of punishment will be analysed first by explaining the four main theories of punishment. I will then look into Kant’s reasoning as to why the ultimate reason for the state to punish law-makers is retribution. I will explain how Kant believed criminals damage society and how he believes the only way for their damage to be repaired is through retribution. Then Kant’s accusation of the other theories of punishment being unjust will be explained. I conclude that Kant’s theory makes sense as long as you agree with him on a few points making all other reasons for punishment peripheral. Then I will go on to look into free will and its relationship with punishment. All four theories require free will which, shown through experiments by Libet and others does not exist. Finally, I will explain Caruso’s theory of punishment which is compatible with a free will sceptic view of the world concluding that retribution is not the ultimate reason for punishment and neither are the other four.\nThe belief that the ultimate reason for the state to punish criminals is retribution is called retributivism. This theory of punishment claims ‘that the primary justification for punishing a criminal is that the criminal deserves it.’ In other words the criminal is getting their desert, meaning they are getting what they deserve.\nThere are three other classical reasons for punishment which the statement we are discussing accuses of being peripheral; consequentialist, communicative, and restorative. A Consequentialist account of punishment is a forward-looking theory of punishment, meaning the punishment will be based on the consequences of itself rather than based on which crime has been committed. It argues ‘that if a punishment is good at all it is only so by virtue of some further happy state of affairs (such as less crime) that it tends to bring about.’ It can come in many forms such as imprisonment, reformation, and deterrence but as long as the punishment results in more good than bad it is a justified way of punishing criminals. Utilitarianism, the consequentialist moral philosophy which argues what we call good can be reduced to pleasure, is often coupled with a consequentialist view of punishment as it looks solely at the outcomes of the punishment however the two are not mutually exclusive. A communicative theory of punishment is both forward-looking and backward-looking because it punishes the criminal for the crime they committed but does so with the purpose of communicating to the criminal what they did wrong in an attempt to change their moral values, so they can be re-integrated with society. Restorative theories of punishment ‘suggest that, once the facts of a crime have been established, our priority should not be to punish the offender but (i) to meet the victim’s needs, and (ii) to ensure that the offender is fully aware of the damage they have caused to people and of their liability to repair that damage.’ This is often done through ‘face-face meetings between the victim and offender’ ran by the state who attempt to resolve the conflict through dialogue. The result of restorative punishment may result in the criminal giving a payment of some kind to the victim.\nOne argument for the only non-peripheral reason of punishment being retribution comes from Kant. He argues that retribution is the only theory of punishment that treats people as moral agents, respecting their moral autonomy. A criminal who brakes the law damages the state and in order to repair the damage done the criminal has to be punished in a way that restores the status quo. Kant’s idea is that criminal acts ‘push us all toward a lawless world, a “state of nature.”’ This is why Kant believes crime damages the state as it moves us further from a civil society where conflict can be solved without violence, to a lawless and animalistic state of nature. Kant says, ‘Whatever undeserved evil you inflict upon another within the people, you inflict upon yourself.’ In other words “an eye for an eye” so for the status quo to be restored in, for example a theft, something has to be taken from the criminal of equal value of that which was stolen.\nAfter setting out arguments as to why retribution is the ultimate reason for punishment Kant goes on to criticise the other theories of punishment’s use of people as means to an end rather than ends in themselves. Consequentialist theorists would justify imprisoning a criminal in an attempt to keep society safe but to Kant this ‘is incompatible with human dignity.’ Because it violates Kant’s human formulation; “one man ought never to be dealt with merely as a means subservient to the purpose of another.” Consequentialists would calculate which method of punishment would result in the most pleasurable result viewing the criminal as a number not a morally autonomous being. Rehabilitation may appear to treat criminals as ends in themselves however it ‘is actually no more than the attempt to mould people into what we think they should be.’ The state would be forcibly changing people ignoring their autonomy. A communicative punishment also would ignore a criminal’s autonomy as it would attempt to shame the criminal into accepting their wrongs which would not work if the criminal was proud of the damage they caused meaning the damage they caused to the state could not be repaired.\nOverall, I believe Kant offers strong arguments as to why retribution is the ultimate reason for the state to punish law-breakers. All other reasons are peripheral because they either ignore the human formulation which appears to be an intuitively good formulation or do not do enough to restore damage done to the state by the criminal. However, his theory does rely on us accepting the human formulation and his views on the state of nature but the strongest argument against Kant’s theory of punishment comes from its obsession with human autonomy, otherwise known as free will. It argues that we do not have free will so any theory of punishment which relies on free will is wrong.\nAll four of these theories of punishments rely on the metaphysical concept of free will. Free will is a metaphysical concept because all scientific experiments, which work purely on the physical, into free will show that it does not exist. One of the earliest experiments into free will was done by Libet in which he proves that ‘freely voluntary acts are preceded by a specific electrical change in the brain (the ‘readiness potential’, RP) that begins 550 ms before the act. Human subjects became aware of intention to act 350-400 ms after RP starts, but 200 ms before the motor act’ This experiment gave patients two buttons to choose between, they were told to press one of the buttons when a light in front of them turned on. Information about which button the patient chose was found in the brain before the patients were aware of their choice. A different laboratory ‘extended this work’ discovering two brain regions that contained information telling the scientists which button the patient would press a full ‘seven seconds prior to the subject’s decision.’ These experiment shows that there is no physical evidence of decisions appearing in the brain without any cause. This means that for someone to believe in free will they must except that something metaphysical exists. The belief in free will is therefore faith based and it seems ludicrous to argue that we should base theories of punishment on a faith on free will rather than objective facts.\nBefore going over why the theories outlined above require the illusion of free will it is first important to define free will. When talking about punishment free will is defined in terms of moral responsibility. Free will can therefore be defined through the Principle of Alternate Possibilities (PAP) ‘which requires that an agent be able to have acted otherwise if she is morally responsible for her action.’ This means that for someone to have free will they must have been able to act differently than they did. For example, going to the local shops and buying oranges instead of apples, for the person shopping to be free they must have been able to have chosen apples or something else instead of the oranges. The two experiments explained above show that the person choosing between the fruits was not free to pick as the decision would have been found in her brain before she was consciously aware of it. The decisions would have been physical caused by events in her brain.\nRetributivism is especially reliant on free will as it seeks to cause the offender pain in order to right the wrongs committed. This is the same as punishing an asthmatic person for coughing as, just has the asthmatic person had to cough, the offender had to commit the crime and could not have acted differently, they were just unlucky in having certain neuron patterns that day. Criminals are just as unlucky to be criminals as an asthmatic person is to be asthmatic so any theory of punishment that is backwards looking and aims to give the criminal their desert cannot be seen as moral.\nConsequentialist may argue that their theory is compatible with free will as punishment can still be used as a deterrence or as a method of protecting greater society. There are two problems with this though the first being that consequentialism attempts to increase the good in society, implying there is some sort of objective “goodness” but notions like this ‘seem to depend upon people being able to freely choose how to think and act.’ As what is right and wrong or good and evil, they appear just to be the result of neuronal patterns in the brain. The second issue of consequentialism is that it could justify incarcerating innocent people or giving criminals unproportioned punishments by saying it will deter others from committing these crimes.\nCommunicative punishment is reliant on free will because condemning and shaming a criminal for the crime they committed would otherwise be like condemning an asthmatic person for coughing which is massively unjustified. Restorative punishment is also just as reliant as the others as making a criminal pay back what they stole or damaged is the same as making someone who unknowingly spread a disease by coughing pay for another victim’s healthcare which we would never expect. Now we can see how all four theories of punishment rely on free will to be justified we can conclude that retribution is not the ultimate reason for punishment and that all three other theories cannot even be said to be peripheral as they are unjustified.\nCaruso has created a system of punishment which is combatable with reality. It is the ‘public health quarantine model’ it treats criminals as if they were Ebola patients, they have not done anything which justifies them receiving punishment but ‘for the safety of society’ they are quarantined. Criminals can be quarantined in order to protect society from them, but the quarantine should not be a hurtful environment and should be as ‘least restrictive as possible’ its purpose should ultimately be treatment and rehabilitation. As well as being compatible with reality Caruso’s system would fix many issues of the justice system because it would understand that criminals are just unlucky it would not treat a minority who grew up in poverty surrounded by crime as the same as a middle class person because it would take into account that one situation was more likely to lead to crime than the other. The only way punishment is compatible with free will is if we treat criminals like victims.\nIn conclusion despite Kant making a strong case for retribution being the ultimate reason to punish law-breakers the fact that free will does not exist collapses his system. All four classical theories of punishment that have been explained are completely unjust from a free will sceptic viewpoint and therefore none of them are the ultimate reason for punishment instead the ultimate reason for punishment is to protect society and rehabilitate law-breakers.\n- Bennett, C (2004). Punishment. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.\n- Berofksy, B (2011). Compatibilism Without Frankfurt: Dispositional Analyses of Free Will. In: Kane, R ed. The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 153-175.\n- Cardinal, D, Jones, G & Hayward, J (2015). AQA A2 Philosophy. London: Hodder Education.\n- Harris, S (2012). Free Will. New York: Free Press.\n- Haynes, J.D (2011). Decoding and predicting intentions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science.1224(1), pp. 9-21.\n- Johnstone, G (2002). Restorative Justice: Ideas, values, ideas. Devon: Willan Publishing\n- Kant, I (1996). The Metaphysics of Morals. (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n- Kant, I (1887). The Philosophy of Law. Edinburgh: T & T Clark.\nLibet, B 1999. Do We Have Free Will?. Journal of Consciousness Studies. 6(8), pp. 47-57.\nMurphy, J.G (2007). Legal moralism and retribution revisited. Criminal Law and Philosophy. 1(1), pp. 5-20.\n- Rachels, J (1995). The Elementals of Moral Philosophy. (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.\nUnited States v. Grayson, 438 U.S. 41 (1978)\nWarburton, N & Edmonds D (2016). Gregg Caruso on Freewill and Punishment [Pogcast] Philosophy Bites Avaliable at: https://hwcdn.libsyn.com/p/3/d/0/3d03c91745eb7419/Gregg_Caruson_on_Freewill_and_Punishment.mp3?c_id=11559593&cs_id=11559593&expiration=1547388257&hwt=ff0105c32f60d0391fb34b421eb37e28 [Accessed 10 Jan. 2018]\n Murphy, 2007, pp. 11\n Bennett, 2004, pp. 324\n Johnstone, 2002, pp. 1\n Johnstone, 2002, pp. 1\n Cardinal, Jones & Hayward, 2015, pp. 98\n Kant, 1996, pp. 224\n Rachels, 1995, pp. 136\n Kant, 1887, pp. 194\n Rachels, 1995, pp. 136\n Libet, 1999, pp. 47\n Harris, 2012, pp. 8\n Haynes, 2011, pp. 14\n Berofksy, 2011, pp. 155\n Harris, 2012, pp. 48\n Warburton & Edmonds, 2016\n Warburton & Edmonds, 2016\n Warburton & Edmonds, 2016\nIf you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Find out more\nCite This Work\nTo export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below:\nRelated ServicesView all\nDMCA / Removal Request\nIf you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the essay published on the UK Essays website then please:" ]

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[ "The colorful parts of the flower head are not petals; they are modified sepals. The flowers are tiny, inconspicuous and located in the middle of the four showy sepals. The hydrangeas which have large, showy sepals are called sterile flowers. The mophead or hortensia hydrangeas have huge round heads of sterile flowers. Another group, the lacecap hydrangeas, has a center cluster of small fertile flowers, which are not showy, surrounded by a ring or two of attractive sterile flowers.\nThe sepals start off greenish when young, then gradually expand and take on color as the flowers get ready to open. Eventually, the sepals begin to fade to a greenish color as they age, often with burgundy tints, in June or July.\nInterestingly, the color of the sepals is influenced by the availability of aluminum ions in the soil where the plant is growing. In acid soils, such as those on the north shore, free aluminum ions in the soil are absorbed by the plant and make the flower heads blue. In alkaline soils, such as those on the south shore, the aluminum ions are not available and flower heads tend to be pink.\nWhite hydrangeas do not have pigment in their sepals and are white regardless of the soil pH.\nTo make pink hydrangeas blue, treat the soil around the bushes with aluminum sulfate in March and again in October each year. If you want your blue hydrangeas to be pink, treat the soil around the bushes with lime following the same schedule. It may take a couple of years for the treatments to be fully effective. The intensity of the color (such as light pink, deep pink or rosy red) is controlled by genetics and depends on the cultivar you are growing." ]

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[ "Hotchkiss was born in Watertown, Connecticut, and grew up in a family involved in machinery. His father and brother, both inventors, had established a business that manufactured their patented articles. In 1856 Hotchkiss designed arifle field gun that the Mexican government purchased. Along with his brother, Andrew, he came up with a projectile for rifled artillery. It had two sections (front and rear) made of cast iron that were joined by a band of lead, intended to fit into and take the shape of the grooves of the rifling in the gun. This created a much more accurate shell. Hotchkiss also helped his familyto develop a better percussion fuse, and, as a result, more Hotchkiss shellswere used for rifled cannon s during the American Civil War than any other munitions manufacturer in the country. His family was so closely associated with the Union cause that during the New York City draft riots of 1863, Hotchkiss had to ride through the streets of Manhattan concealed beneath a pile of cloth.\nSuccess followed Hotchkiss after the war. He traveled to Paris, where he invented an improved metallic cartridge case and made many improvements in hand-held firearms and cannons. Hotchkiss designed a revolving-barrel machine gun and created a revolving cannon that destroyed a boat during trials, having hitthe ship with 70 shots out of 119 fired. While aboard a train in 1875, he met a Romanian army officer who told him of the need for a magazine repeating rifle. In a half-hour, Hotchkiss sketched a design for such a weapon, which later proved to be superior to all others at the time.\nHotchkiss was reputed to be the world's best artillery engineer. By 1882, hisB.B. Hotchkiss Company had branches throughout Europe. Hotchkiss was workingon a new machine gun design when he died in 1885. His company perfected hisplans after his death, and brought out a gas-operated machine gun which was used extensively in World War I. The Hotchkiss machine gun remained in use bythe British army up until the late 1930s." ]

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[ "Stormwater pollution is one of New Jersey's greatest threats to clean and plentiful water, and that's why we're all doing something about it. By sharing the responsibility, making small, easy changes in our daily lives and adhering to stormwater regulations, we can keep common pollutants out of stormwater. It all adds up to cleaner water, and it saves the high cost of cleaning up polluted water.\nAs a resident of Mendham Township and of the state of New Jersey, it's important to take note of the easy things you can do every day to protect our water.\nLIMIT YOUR USE OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES\n- Perform a soil test to see if you need fertilizer.\n- Do not apply fertilizer if heavy rain is predicted.\n- Look into pesticide alternatives.\n- Maintain a small lawn and keep the rest of your property in a natural state.\n- Carefully follow all label instructions when using fertilizers or pesticides. Properly discard any unused portions.\nPROPERLY USE AND DISPOSE OF HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS\nHazardous products include: some household or commercial cleaning products, lawn and garden care products, motor oil, antifreeze and paints.\n- DO NOT pour hazardous products down storm drains; storm drains are connected to local water bodies.\n- If you have hazardous products, dispose of the properly. Check labels for guidance.\n- Use natural or less toxic alternatives, when available.\n- Recycle used motor oil.\n- Contact Mendham Township or the Morris County MUA for the locations and drop-off times of hazardous waste disposal facilities.\n- Place litter in trash cans.\n- RECYCLE. RECYCLE. RECYCLE.\n- Participate in community clean-ups.\nCURB YOUR PET\n- Follow local pet waste laws.\n- Pick up and properly dispose of pet waste.\n- NEVER discard pet waste in a storm drain.\nDON\"T FEED WILDLIFE\n- Do not feed wild fowl, such as ducks and geese.\nDISPOSE OF YARD WASTE PROPERLY\n- Keep leaves and grass out of storm drains.\n- Use leaves and grass clippings for compost.\n- Use a mulching mower to recycle grass clippings into the lawn." ]

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[ "Overcoming Financial Challenges\nDescription: In this episode, Melissa and Maribeth (from ADD Professionals) give a general tips for overcoming financial challenges.\nThis strategy is about common “financial challenges” and simple money management skills.\nIt’s important to remember that money has no intrinsic value. It is neither good nor bad. It just is. Money is simply a tool for obtaining the things you need and want in life. When you take away the emotional value you have placed on money, it can be much easier to deal with it.\nSome common challenges in our very busy culture are:\nDisorganization and clutter (maybe we can’t even find our bills)\nLittle expenses (like my daily coffee stop!)\nLate fees (leads to poor credit which then leads to high interest rates)\nThe good news is, is that money management skills can be learned and there are many effective strategies to manage your finances.\nHere are some effective strategies to managing your finances. Note, these are skills and skills take conscious practice.\nYou do have the ability to be successful at money management. Continue to ask yourself what works and what doesn’t. Practice these simple skills and you will reach your financial potential!\n- Most importantly, have a system!\n- Open bills immediately when they come in.\n- Store bills in a designated place – only bills are put there.\n- Designate bill pay days – put this appointment into your calendar.\n- Check your bank accounts before you pay your bills.\n- Track your spending. (keep your receipts in an envelope) – then put expenses on Excel & shred receipts.\n- Keep plastic cards to a minimum.\n- Debit cards are easier to use and keep track of your spending.\n- Use credit cards for urgent and big expenses.\n- Some people like pre-paid cards so they don’t spend money they don’t have.\n- Plan ahead before going to the store to avoid buying impulse items.\n- Some people like an accountability buddy. For example; I have this expense & I need to do this by this date – buddy will check in.\n- Get outside help – know when it is in your best interest. It could be a book keeper, a professional organizer, a coach or a virtual assistant-they could put your information into a quicken program.\n- Taxes – Add a tax day – mark it on your calendar and set it up early." ]

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[ "Alcohol epidemiology, monitoring, and information system\nAlcohol in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)\nThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015. Goal 3 of the SDGs is to Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Target 3.5 is: Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol. Within Target 3.5, there are the following two indicators: 3.5.1. Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders. 3.5.2. Harmful use of alcohol, defined according to the national context as alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol.\n- World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the SDGs\n- Annex A of World Health Statistics 2016\n- Annex A: Target 3.5: Substance abuse\nGlobal Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH)\nGlobal Status Report on Alcohol and Health\nGlobal Survey on Alcohol and Health\nWHO has been collecting data on alcohol consumption and alcohol control policies from its Member States since 1996. The current survey instrument entitled \"Global Survey on Alcohol and Health\" includes three sections, namely alcohol policy, alcohol consumption, and surveillance. The information provided is essential for the preparation of the Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health and regional publications, as well as for updating the Global Information Systems on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) and regional information systems, as requested by the World Health Assembly Resolution on Public health problems caused by harmful use of alcohol.\nInternational guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm, 2000\nTo provide guidance to WHO Member States on epidemiological monitoring of alcohol consumption and related harm, WHO has published the international guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm that in the longer term aims to improve the quality and comparability of alcohol-related data." ]

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[ "When airbags became required equipment on all U.S. automobiles in the 1990s, they represented a big leap ahead for vehicle safety. Prior to that, drivers and passengers had little more than their safety belts to restrain and protect them in the event of a collision. Today, airbags have reduced driver fatalities by 29 percent and passenger fatalities by 32 percent -- and are the reason more than 27,000 people have survived car crashes [source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety].\nWhile airbags save lives, they aren't perfect. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says nearly 300 people have died as result of airbag impacts since 1990. The majority of those were in cars equipped with early, overly sensitive airbag systems, and most of the deaths were children and infants.\nFor children and people of small stature, the impact of an airbag inflating at more than 200 mph can cause permanent or deadly head and spinal injuries. This is the reason that drivers are told to put smaller passengers in the back seat. It's a law in some states. But what if you are carrying several passengers in the backseat and have to put a child up front? What if you drive a two-seater car?\nFor that reason, car companies are now required to equip certain vehicles with Occupant Classification Systems (OCS) -- a system of sensors that detect who's sitting in the passenger seat. OCS eliminates the need for an on/off switch for airbags in most cases because it uses sophisticated computer technology to identify whether an adult or a child is in the seat.\nBefore we take a look at Occupant Classification Systems, let's review how the airbag itself works. In the event of a crash, a sensor triggers a nylon bag inside the steering wheel, door or dashboard to instantly fill with compressed nitrogen gas. The goal of this is to cushion the occupant from a powerful impact.\nIn this article, we'll explore the development and use of Occupant Classification Systems, and look at why airbags are still no replacement for safety belts." ]

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[ "|\"Mercury and Herse\", scene from The Loves of the Gods by Gian Giacomo Caraglio, showing Mercury, Herse, and Aglaulos|\nVoyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of watching other people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually considered to be of a private nature.\nThe term comes from the French voir which means \"to see\". A male voyeur is commonly labelled as \"Peeping Tom\" or a \"Jags\", a term which originates from the Lady Godiva legend. However, that term is usually applied to a male who observes somebody secretly and, generally, not in a public space.\n- 1 Medical issues\n- 2 Techniques\n- 3 Criminology\n- 4 Legal status\n- 5 Popular culture\n- 6 See also\n- 7 References\n- 8 External links\nThe American Psychiatric Association has classified certain voyeuristic fantasies, urges and behaviour patterns as a paraphilia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) if the person has acted on these urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. It is described as a disorder of sexual preference in the ICD-10. The DSM-IV defines voyeurism as the act of looking at \"unsuspecting individuals, usually strangers, who are naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity\". The diagnosis would not be given to people who experience typical sexual arousal simply by seeing nudity or sexual activity. In order to be diagnosed with voyeuristic disorder the symptoms must persist for over six months and the person in question must be over the age of 18.\nThere is relatively little academic research regarding voyeurism. When a review was published in 1976 there were only 15 available resources. Voyeurs were well-paying hole-lookers in especially Parisian brothels, a commercial innovation described as far back as 1857 but not gaining much notoriety until the 1880s, and not attracting formal medical-forensic recognition until the early 1890s. Society has accepted the use of the term voyeur as a description of anyone who views the intimate lives of others, even outside of a sexual context. This term is specifically used regarding reality television and other media which allow people to view the personal lives of others. This is a reversal from the historical perspective, moving from a term which describes a specific population in detail, to one which describes the general population vaguely.\nOne of the few historical theories on the causes of voyeurism comes from psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic theory proposes that voyeurism results from a failure to accept castration anxiety and as a result a failure to identify with the father.\nVoyeurism has high prevalence rates in most studied populations. Voyeurism was initially believed to only be present in a small portion of the population. This perception changed when Alfred Kinsey discovered that 30% of men prefer coitus with the lights on. This behaviour is not considered voyeurism by today's diagnostic standards, but there was little differentiation between normal and pathological behaviour at the time. Subsequent research showed that 65% of men had engaged in peeping, which suggests that this behaviour is widely spread throughout the population. Congruent with this, research found voyeurism to be the most common sexual law-breaking behaviour in both clinical and general populations. In the same study it was found that 42% of college males who had never been convicted of a crime had watched others in sexual situations. An earlier study indicates that 54% of men have voyeuristic fantasies, and that 42% have tried voyeurism. In a national study of Sweden it was found that 7.7% of the population (both men and women) had engaged in voyeurism at some point. It is also believed that voyeurism occurs up to 150 times more frequently than police reports indicate. This same study also indicates that there are high levels of co-occurrence between voyeurism and exhibitionism, finding that 63% of voyeurs also report exhibitionist behaviour.\nDue to the prevalence of voyeurism in society, the people who engage in voyeuristic behaviours are diverse. However, there are some trends regarding who is likely to engage in voyeurism. These statistics apply only to those who qualify as voyeurs under the definition of the DSM, and not the broader modern concept of voyeurism as discussed earlier in this article.\nEarly research indicated that voyeurs were more mentally healthy than other groups with paraphilias. Compared to the other groups studied, it was found that voyeurs were unlikely to be alcoholics or drug users. More recent research shows that, compared to the general population, voyeurs were moderately more likely to have psychological problems, use alcohol and drugs, and have higher sexual interest generally. This study also shows that voyeurs have a greater number of sexual partners per year, and are more likely to have had a same-sex partner than general populations. Both older and newer research found that voyeurs typically have a later age of first sexual intercourse. However, other research found no difference in sexual history between voyeurs and non-voyeurs. Voyeurs who are not also exhibitionists tend to be from a higher socioeconomic status than those who do show exhibitionist behaviour.\nResearch shows that, like almost all paraphilias, voyeurism is more common in men than in women. However, research has found that men and women both report roughly the same likelihood that they would hypothetically engage in voyeurism. There appears to be a greater gender difference when actually presented with the opportunity to perform voyeurism. There is very little research done on voyeurism in women, so very little is known on the subject. One of the few studies deals with a case study of a woman who also had schizophrenia. This limits the degree to which it can generalise to normal populations.\nLovemap theory suggests that voyeurism exists because looking at naked others shifts from an ancillary sexual behaviour, to a primary sexual act. This results in a displacement of sexual desire making the act of watching someone the primary means of sexual satisfaction.\nHistorically voyeurism has been treated in a variety of ways. Psychoanalytic, group psychotherapy and shock aversion approaches have all been attempted with limited success. There is some evidence that shows that pornography can be used as a form of treatment for voyeurism. This is based on the idea that countries with pornography censorship have high amounts of voyeurism. Additionally shifting voyeurs from voyeuristic behaviour, to looking at graphic pornography, to looking at the nudes in Playboy has been successfully used as a treatment. These studies show that pornography can be used as a means of satisfying voyeuristic desires without breaking the law.\nVoyeurism has also been successfully treated with a mix of anti-psychotics and antidepressants. However the patient in this case study had a multitude of other mental health problems. Intense pharmaceutical treatment may not be required for most voyeurs.\nThere has also been success in treating voyeurism through using treatment methods for obsessive compulsive disorder. There have been multiple instances of successful treatment of voyeurism through putting patients on fluoxetine and treating their voyeuristic behaviour as a compulsion.\nThe neutrality of this section is disputed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nAlthough small spy cameras had existed for decades, advances in miniaturisation and electronics since the 1950s have greatly aided the ability to conceal miniature cameras, and the quality and affordability of tiny cameras (often called \"spy cameras\" or subminiature cameras) has greatly increased. Some consumer digital cameras are now so small that in previous decades they would have qualified as \"spy cameras\", and digital cameras of twenty megapixels or more are now being embedded in some mobile camera phones. The vast majority of mobile phones in use are camera phones.\nCertain image capturing devices are capable of producing images through materials that are opaque to visible light, including clothing. These devices form images by using electromagnetic radiation outside the visible range. Infrared and terahertz-wave cameras are capable of creating images through clothing, though these images differ from what would be created with visible light.\nThe United States FBI assert that some individuals who engage in \"nuisance\" offences (such as voyeurism) may also have a propensity for violence based on behaviours of serious sex offenders. An FBI researcher has suggested that voyeurs are likely to demonstrate some characteristics that are common, but not universal, among serious sexual offenders who invest considerable time and effort in the capturing of a victim (or image of a victim); careful, methodical planning devoted to the selection and preparation of equipment; and often meticulous attention to detail.\nLittle to no research has been done into the demographics of voyeurs.\nVoyeurism is not a crime at common law. In common law countries it is only a crime if made so by legislation. In Canada, for example, voyeurism was not a crime when the case Frey v. Fedoruk et al. arose in 1947. In that case, in 1950, the Supreme Court of Canada held that courts could not criminalise voyeurism by classifying it as a breach of the peace and that Parliament would have to specifically outlaw it. On November 1, 2005, this was done when section 162 was added to the Canadian Criminal Code, declaring voyeurism to be a sexual offence.\nIn some countries voyeurism is considered to be a sex crime. In the United Kingdom, for example, non-consensual voyeurism became a criminal offence on May 1, 2004. In the English case of R v Turner (2006), the manager of a sports centre filmed four women taking showers. There was no indication that the footage had been shown to anyone else or distributed in any way. The defendant pleaded guilty. The Court of Appeal confirmed a sentence of nine months' imprisonment to reflect the seriousness of the abuse of trust and the traumatic effect on the victims.\nIn another English case in 2009, R v Wilkins (2010), a man who filmed his intercourse with five of his lovers for his own private viewing was sentenced to eight months in prison and ordered to sign onto the Sex Offender Register for ten years.\nIn a more recent English case in 2013, 40-year-old Mark Lancaster was found guilty of voyeurism and jailed for 16 months, after he tricked an 18-year-old student into traveling to a rented flat in Milton Keynes, where he filmed her with four secret cameras dressing up as a schoolgirl and posing for photographs before he had sex with her.\nIn the United States, video voyeurism is an offense in twelve states and may require the convicted person to register as a sex offender. The original case that led to the criminalisation of voyeurism has been made into a television movie called Video Voyeur and documents the criminalisation of secret photography. Criminal voyeurism statutes are related to invasion of privacy laws but are specific to unlawful surreptitious surveillance without consent and unlawful recordings including the broadcast, dissemination, publication, or selling of recordings involving places and times when a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy and a reasonable supposition they are not being photographed or filmed by \"any mechanical, digital or electronic viewing device, camera or any other instrument capable of recording, storing or transmitting visual images that can be utilised to observe a person.\"\nSaudi Arabia banned the sale of camera phones nationwide in April 2004, but reversed the ban in December 2004. Some countries, such as South Korea and Japan, require all camera phones sold in their country to make a clearly audible sound whenever a picture is being taken.\nIn 2013, the Indian Parliament made amendments to the Indian Penal Code, introducing voyeurism as a criminal offence. A man committing the offence of voyeurism would be liable for imprisonment not less than one year and which may extend up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment for not less than three years and which may extend up to seven years and with fine.\nVoyeurism is generally deemed illegal in Singapore. Singapore sentences technologically-enabled voyeurs to a maximum punishment of one year's jail and a fine under the context of insulting a woman's modesty. Recent cases in 2016 include the sentencing of church facility manager Kenneth Yeo Jia Chuan who filmed women in toilets by planting pinhole cameras in a handicapped toilet at the Church of Singapore (Bukit Timah) at Hindhede Road, and in the unisex toilet of the church's office at Bukit Timah Shopping Centre.\nSecret photography by law enforcement authorities is called surveillance and is not considered to be voyeurism, though it may be unlawful or regulated in some countries.\n- Voyeurism is a main theme in films such as The Secret Cinema (1968), Peepers (2010), and Sliver (1993), based on a book of the same name by Ira Levin.\n- Voyeurism is a common plot device in both:\n- Voyeuristic photography has been a central element of the mis-en-scene of films such as:\n- Pedro Almodovar's Kika (1993) deals with both sexual and media voyeurism.\n- The television movie Video Voyeur: The Susan Wilson Story (2002) is based on a true story about a woman who was secretly videotaped and subsequently helped to get laws against voyeurism passed in parts of the United States.\n- Voyeurism is a key plot device in the Japanese movie \"Love Exposure (Ai no Mukidashi)\". The main Character Yu Honda takes upskirt photos to find his 'Maria' to become a man and get his first taste of sexual stimulation.\n- In the light novel series Baka to Test to Shōkanjū, Kōta Tsuchiya is subject to voyeurism, explaining why he is referred to as \"Voyeur\".\n- \"Voyeur\", the second track on blink-182's Dude Ranch album, written by Tom DeLonge, features explicit references to the practice of Voyeurism.\n- \"Sirens\", also written by DeLonge, from Angels & Airwaves' album I-Empire is also about voyeurism, albeit in a more subtle way.\n- Clothed female, naked male\n- Clothed male, naked female\n- Courtship disorder\n- Frey v. Fedoruk et al.\n- Invasion of privacy\n- Scopophobia, the fear of being stared at\n- Sexual attraction\n- Hirschfeld, M. (1938). Sexual anomalies and perversions: Physical and psychological development, diagnosis and treatment (new and revised edition). London: Encyclopaedic Press.[page needed]\n- DNB 1890\n- \"BehaveNet Clinical Capsule: Voyeurism\". Behavenet.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2011-11-29.\n- \"ICD-10\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-09-13.\n- Metzl, Jonathan M. (2004). \"Voyeur Nation? Changing Definitions of Voyeurism, 1950–2004\". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 12 (2): 127–31. doi:10.1080/10673220490447245. PMID 15204808.\n- Staff, PsychCentral. \"Voyeuristic Disorder Symptoms\". PsychCentral. Retrieved April 16, 2015.\n- Smith, R. Spencer (1976). \"Voyeurism: A review of literature\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 5 (6): 585–608. doi:10.1007/BF01541221. PMID 795401.\n- Janssen, D.F. (2018). \"\"Voyeuristic Disorder\": Etymological and Historical Note\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (5): 1307–1311. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1199-2. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 29582266.\n- Metzl, Jonathan (2004). \"From scopophilia to Survivor: A brief history of voyeurism\". Textual Practice. 18 (3): 415–34. doi:10.1080/09502360410001732935.\n- \"The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Exhibitionism, Voyeurism, and Frotteurism\" (PDF). Niklas Langstrom. Retrieved 2013-04-04.\n- Templeman, Terrel L.; Stinnett, Ray D. (1991). \"Patterns of sexual arousal and history in a ?normal? Sample of young men\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 20 (2): 137–50. doi:10.1007/BF01541940. PMID 2064539.\n- Långström, Niklas; Seto, Michael C. (2006). \"Exhibitionistic and Voyeuristic Behavior in a Swedish National Population Survey\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (4): 427–35. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9042-6. PMID 16900414.\n- Rye, B. J.; Meaney, Glenn J. (2007). \"Voyeurism: It Is Good as Long as We Do Not Get Caught\". International Journal of Sexual Health. 19: 47–56. doi:10.1300/J514v19n01_06.\n- Hurlbert, David (1992). \"Voyeurism in an adult female with schizoid personality: A case report\". Journal of Sex Education & Therapy. 18: 17–21. doi:10.1080/01614576.1992.11074035.[page needed]\n- Abouesh, Ahmed; Clayton, Anita (1999). \"Compulsive voyeurism and exhibitionism: A clinical response to paroxetine\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 28 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1023/A:1018737504537. PMID 10097802.\n- Rincover, Arnold (January 13, 1990). \"Can Pornography Be Used as Treatment for Voyeurism?\". Toronto Star. p. H2.\n- Jackson, B (1969). \"A case of voyeurism treated by counterconditioning\". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 7 (1): 133–4. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90058-8. PMID 5767619.\n- Becirovic, E.; Arnautalic, A.; Softic, R.; Avdibegovic, E. (2008). \"Case of Successful treatment of voyeurism\". European Psychiatry. 23: S200. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.317.\n- \"New security camera can 'see' through clothes\". CNN. April 16, 2008.\n- Lugmayr, Luigi (Mar 9, 2008). \"ThruVision T5000 T-Ray Camera sees through Clothes\". I4U.\n- \"Sexual Violence: Definitions\". CDC.gov. Retrieved 17 October 2014.\n- \"Child Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet: For Parents, Teachers, and Other Caregivers\" (PDF). National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Retrieved 17 October 2014.\n- \"What Is Child Sexual Abuse?\" (PDF). National Sexual Violence Resource Center. Retrieved 17 October 2014.\n- Hazelwood, R.R.; Warren, J. (February 1989). \"The Serial Rapist: His Characteristics and Victims\". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: 18–25.\n- The Criminal Sexual Sadist Archived March 31, 2001, at the Wayback Machine\n- Branch, Legislative Services (2019-06-17). \"Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code\". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.\n- Section 67 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003; brought into force by the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (Commencement) Order 2004\n- (2006) All ER (D) 95 (Jan)\n- (2010) Inner London Crown Court, R v Wilkins.\n- \"BBC Radio producer jailed over sex tapes\". BBC. 4 March 2010.\n- Brown, Jonathan; Philby, Charlotte; Milmo, Cahal (2013-07-19). \"Computer consultant Mark Lancaster jailed for 16 months for voyeurism and trafficking after using 'sex for fees' website to dupe student into having sex with him\". The Independent. London.\n- Norman-Eady, Sandra. \"Voyeurism\". www.cga.ct.gov.\n- Peeping Tom Law & Legal Definition[failed verification]\n- \"Invasion of Privacy Law & Legal Definition\". Definitions.uslegal.com. Retrieved 2011-11-29.\n- \"Stephanie's Law\". Criminaljustice.state.ny.us. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-11-29.\n- \"Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013\" (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.\n- Chong, Elena. \"Marketing manager jailed 18 weeks for upskirt videos\". Straits Times. Retrieved 1 December 2015.\n- MOHAMED YUSOF, ZAIHAN. \"Marketing manager jailed 18 weeks for upskirt videos\". The New Paper. Retrieved 3 March 2016.\n- PAIGE CHELVAN, VANESSA. \"Ex-church staff jailed 20 months for secretly filming women in the toilet\". Today. Retrieved 3 March 2016.\n- \"Making Video Voyuerism a Crime\". CBS News.\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voyeurism.|\n- UK law on voyeurism\n- Proposed US Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2003\n- Video Voyeurism Laws\n- Expert: Technology fosters voyeurism" ]

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[ "Deerpark Court Tomb\nNorthwest Ireland | County Sligo\nDeerpark Court Tomb, also known as Magheraghanrush, is located in small forest park, just off the road no R278 about 1 km east of the village of Calry in County Sligo (8 km east from Sligo Town). This fine example of a central court tomb was built around 3000 BC. There is a hypothesis that it was once a simpler construction with open, U - shaped forecourt. The eastern part was probably added later, what could have been the result of merger of two social groups. The plan of the tomb gives the appearance of two single court tombs built face to face. The large oval court (15 m long) is placed in the center, with entrance from the south. The western part of the monument has one gallery with double chamber, while the eastern part has two parallel galleries (each with two chambers). Deerpark has never been subjected to scientific excavations, only several antiquarians excavated the tomb. Both, animal and human bones were discovered on the site. The human bones representing possibly as many as ten people, four adults, four children and two unspecified individuals. The only other find was a single flint flake.\n- OPENING HOURS AND TICKETS :\n- Freely accessible\n- CAR PARK :" ]

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[ "You could not attend the Thursday conference: “A scientific complex at Qumran: the stone disc, the clepsydra and the mismarot” by Friar Augustin TAVARDON, o.c.s.o.\nIn 1954 Fr. Roland de Vaux found at Qumran in locus 45 what he called “a stone disc”. The excavation sheet bears the number 1229. The object is now in the Israel Museum. It is a limestone disc with a diameter of 150 mm. The disc is characterised by a concave surface with concentric circles and grooves and a number of indented and solid marks….\nTo learn more about this mysterious complex : Replay here." ]

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[ "For my money, the best movie about life under the sea is Finding Nemo. Marlin is looking for Nemo. Dori lost her mind. And the sea gulls just want to get what was theirs. There’s a lot of moving parts in that story, but my big takeaway was “all drains lead to the ocean.”\nAnd it’s true. All drains do. Well, almost all of them. There is the odd inland sea or landlocked lake. But other than those few exceptions, drains have been moving water to the ocean for more than 5,000 years.\nBut in recent years and in some of those drains, the ocean is pushing back.\nMiami Beach calls it “Sunny Day Flooding.” The city’s Environment and Sustainability Director Elizabeth Wheaton says during the highest tides each month, low-lying neighborhoods are inundated with water as the Atlantic Ocean pushes Biscayne Bay back up the stormwater drainage system.\n“NOAA tide gauges at Key West and Virginia Key have shown a 3-inch rise in sea level since 1992.” Wheaton said, “As the level of the ocean and the bay rise, so does the groundwater and that means during the highest tides, bay and seawater pour out of the storm drains flooding the streets in our lowest communities.”\nWith the force of the ocean pushing up the drains, Miami Beach is countering the ocean with an equal and opposite force; money. Wheaton says it will take $400 million over 5 years. Some reports place the figure as high as $500 million. That is for a city of 90,000. This city is serious.\nMitigation in Miami Beach means major infrastructure improvements. Millions on massive pumps to move water back to the bay, backflow regulators to keep seawater out of the stormwater drainage system and raising streets and seawalls all around the city. Wheaton says there is “a will to action” in Miami Beach and the city is moving forward to do what it has to do to hold back the water.\nAccording to Wheaton, there is nearly $9 trillion in infrastructure in Miami-Dade County. “Miami Beach is a historic community and we’re looking into the ways we can protect and save our neighborhoods.” Wheaton said, “We know problems will have to be incrementally addressed, but when you consider a number that large, we cannot just abandon the area.”\nIt’s a massive task that demonstrates South Florida’s commitment to maintaining its residents’ quality of life and keeping its economy booming. The can-do attitude and significant financial commitment appears to be a recipe for success. But, there are those who caution that the task may be even bigger than Wheaton and the city envisions.\nDr. Harold R. Wanless, chairman of the department of geological sciences at the University of Miami, says there may be some areas where a cost-benefit analysis would be in order. “We may be putting money into mitigation that could be better spent on relocation.”\nWanless, who has an undergraduate degree from Princeton and a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins, is considered by many in South Florida to be the leading expert on these issues. He has documented the sediment in Biscayne Bay as rising sea levels have flooded the bay over the last 6,000 years.\nEssentially, evidence of freshwater deep in the sediment tells us the level of saltwater was much lower in the geologic past. This is confirmed by similar evidence all around the world. The layers of sediment confirm that sea levels have been rising for thousands of years. Tide gauges and super sensitive satellites confirm the increase continues and has actually accelerated in the last 100 years.\nWanless says that the rate of sea level rise is about 3.4 millimeters per year. Ice melt and the expansion of a warmer ocean over thousands of years account for the increased ocean volume. Projections by the federal government place global sea levels between 4.1 and 6.6 feet higher than their 1992 levels by the year 2100. Difficulty knowing exactly how the world’s remaining ice sheets will behave in a warmer climate accounts for the wide range of projections.\n“I think those projections are low.” Said Wanless, “Communities can use the 6.6 figure as a planning horizon, but realize sea level may rise much faster.” Evidence shows that global ice sheets have not gradually melted over thousands of years, but have incrementally failed resulting in sudden surges in sea level. According to Wanless, drown barrier islands and reefs on the continental shelf indicate past pulses of as much as a meter per decade.\nAnd it is not just high-profile Miami Beach that is looking at these tough decisions. In Brevard County, Satellite Beach is a barrier island city of about 10,000 residents. City Manager Courtney Barker said a survey of more than 500 residents showed an overwhelming majority saw sea level rise as one of the top three concerns facing the city.\n“From our perspective the city is already seeing coastal erosion.” Barker continues, “And areas of the city that have not flooded in the past during storms are now flooding regularly.” According to Barker, stormwater that used to simply drain into the river is now backing up during and after storms and covering major roads.\nThe city has been looking at the impact from sea level rise since 2009. They are planning for the ocean’s encroachment, but Barker said they did not want to invest in a 30-year piece of infrastructure and then have to change it in 10 years because it was not adequate. “The vulnerability analysis shows the biggest threat from sea level rise is flooding.”\nThe Climate Central’s Surging Seas: Risk Zone map below illustrates areas vulnerable to submersion by sea level rise. By 2100, sea level could rise as much as 6.6 feet (2 meters).\nIt seems like a lot of work for a couple beach towns, so you might be wondering “where is Tallahassee in all of this?” Barker said they do get support from staff in several key state agencies but that elected officials need to start paying close attention as well.\n“This is an environmental issue for the state of Florida,” said Barker. “But it is also an economic issue. People don’t want to be here if the environment is destroyed.”\nOne area politician, South Miami City Commissioner Walter Harris, is so anxious to create a statewide initiative that in 2014 he sponsored a city resolution creating the 51st state of South Florida.\n“We have to deal with the realities of sea level rise in South Florida,” Harris said. “With the urgency of the situation, it seemed like a perfect time.”\nJose Fernandez, president of the Florida Compass Group, a public affairs and finance firm, says this may not be a reasonable response. “The majority of Floridians live within a short distance to the coast. Commissioner Harris may be able to find more support for his cause by keeping Florida together,” said Fernandez.\nHe went on to say that like Spain and its trouble uniting 13 kingdoms under one flag, Florida has five kingdoms. He says the regions of South Florida, Jacksonville, East Central Florida, Tampa Bay and the Panhandle all have different challenges and needs.\n“The state acknowledges that there may be different issues focused in one region,” Fernandez said. “And different regions become frustrated because Tallahassee has reigns on the budget and may not be in tune to their needs.”\nIf succession isn’t a solution, what should low-lying regions of Florida do? According to Fernandez, Floridians are likely united, but the spark for comprehensive statewide action has not happened yet.\n“The turning point always comes down to economics and the ability of the state to grow,” he said. “Once we are no longer able to develop because of prohibitive infrastructure costs or limited access to drinking water the overarching issue will gain more prominence with the state.”\nClimate change – especially its possible causes – remains a controversial, sensitive topic when put in the context of what is happening right now, but many scientists point out it should be looked at in a broader context. They point out that, over geologic time it always has and it always will. At this moment, the sea level is rising. Easily measured in the recent past, more difficult to predict in the future.\nWhile state and national politicians continue to argue over why climate change may be happening. Local officials believe that such an argument misses the near-term point. The sea is coming in, and whatever the reason, there must be a response.\nIs the decision as simple as mitigate or move? All drains lead to the ocean and it is tough to hold back the most overwhelming force in nature; moving water. And Florida has a particular problem; the Florida Platforms is made up of thousands of feet of highly porous limestone.\nDikes and levees have held back rising water in other parts of the world (sometimes more effectively than others). But Florida is sitting on a rock sponge, attempting to wall off the water likely will simply result in it seeping up from under us, soaking our feet and destroying our freshwater aquifers.\nMiami Beach plans to spend $400 million to $500 million dollars over five years to prepare for sea level rise. Some say those costs are prohibitive and raise questions about whether it can succeed everywhere the city hopes. Wheaton (the environmental and sustainability director) says that “all is lost” is not the dialogue they’re having on the ground. The city knows it has big challenges ahead, but officials believe they can lead on the changes the community will have to make in the face of sea level rise.\n“We can envision what our future will look like,” Wheaton said “We cannot abandon the area; the only way is to move forward, make plans and good decisions.”" ]

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[ "Indian Muslims, in the 73rd year of Independence.\nArticle By : Journalist, Rehan Ansari.\nMohandas Gandhi, the father of the nation, said, in 1931, \"A Nation's Greatness is measured by\nhow it treats its weakest members and shows compassion to those who can't protect and fend for\nthemselves.\" At a time when India is to celebrate 73 rd years of its independence, it will be\nimportant to understand where the Indian Muslims stand.\nThis report is based on the lecture of Christophe Jaffrelot, a French Political Scientist\nspecializing in South Asia especially, India and Pakistan, Author of many books, who talked\nextensively on the conditions of Indian Muslims and the way forward in a webinar.\nHe had dealt with two questions in his lecture organized by the BASE, West Bengal. With,\ngovernment and his research data; he broke the Myth that Congress has pampered Indian\nMuslims. He also addressed the question that what kind of difference, the rise of BJP made to the\nMuslims in India?\nDid Congress pamper Indian Muslims?\nHe started analyzing the “Pampering of Muslim” with the Urdu Language as an entry point,\ninterestingly, when Urdu, as mother tongue, is not included in the “New Education Policy” by\nthe BJP government.\nUrdu as an Official Language.\nAfter Independence, Urdu, being recognized as an Official Language, in different states of North\nIndia, UP, Bihar, MP, and Rajasthan. However, Hindu Traditionalist- Right Wing leaders of the\nCongress, who ruled these states, did not support Urdu to an extent that the central government\nhad to investigate and appoint commissions. He said,\n\"Urdu speakers declined in UP and Bihar when the Muslims population rose.\" The gap between\nthe Muslim population and Urdu speakers is nearly 10%. However, South Indian states like\nAndhra Pradesh recognized Urdu and now there is a little difference between Muslims and Urdu\nspeakers. He noted, \"Map of Urdu Speakers, shows that the language born in North India, has\nbecome a South Indian language.\"\nWhere were Muslims in the state apparatus during Congress Rule?\nDuring 1951-2016, Muslim IPS officers never crossed 4% of the total IPS officers, despite\nincreasing in the Muslim Population observed Christophe Jaffrelotte. It has resulted in the\nincreasing gap between the Muslim Population and its representation in this elite cadre.\nThe situation will be worst if you remove the data of Jammu &Kashmir, the only Muslim\nmajority state (the status has been changed and J&K is now divided into 3 UTs).\nThe situation is the same in IAS officers, the other elite government officers of Indian.\nBetween the periods of 1978 to 2014, Muslims, representation never crossed 5% of the total IAS\nofficers. “There should be overrepresentation if Muslims are pampered even if they are not able\nto qualify” question Christophe Jaffrelotte. He noted, “Under Representation of Muslims in this\nelite group is Constant with some ups and downs.”\nMajor Contribution of “Sachar Committee Report”\nIt's the first report that paid a lot of attention to the jobs Muslims were doing and it is based on\nthe data available mainly of the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, Christophe Jaffrelotte said.\n8% of Urban Muslims belong to the salaried class when the national average is 21%.\n61% of Muslims are Self Employed as artisans, traders, much more than the Hindus.\nChristophe Jaffrelotte noted, “It's not only that they are not very well represented in the salaried\npeople but they are particularly excluded from Public Sector Undertakings.”\nOnly 5% of Muslims are part of the regular salaried Non-agricultural sector against almost 20%\nIn contrast, in the private sector, 19.70% of Muslims are part of the salaried people whereas\nHindus are 22.16%” he said while presenting the data.\n“Data reveals that Private Sector does not discriminate as much as Public Sector” he\nThat is another indication that the Congress government did not pamper Muslims. On the\ncontrary, Muslims are excluded from salaried class from and by the Public Sector including\nThat is why Muslims are more represented in the informal sector than Hindus.\nMuslims OBCs are less paid than their equivalent, Hindu OBCs, who also get the benefit of\nreservations among the Hindus, for the same kind of work in the public and private sector.\nStatus of Indian Muslims in Education.\nChristophe Jaffrelotte said \"According to Census of India-2001, Muslims lag behind all the other\nreligious categories in terms of education. However, the last census is not so bad but the gap is\nNegating the stereotypes that Muslim women are the most suppressed he said, “It’s not\nbecause of Muslim women. Incidentally, 50% literacy rates among Muslim women are not\nVery much below 53% Hindu Women.”\nThis is because of the gap on the side of Muslim Men. 59.1 % among Muslim men are literate\naccording to the 2001 census against 65.1% Hindus. This has been explained by the dropout rate\nin the Sachar committee report.\nUp to the primary level, Muslims send their kids to school more than any other community\n65.31% against 54.91% for Hindus.\n“Dropout rates at Secondary and Senior Secondary level, gradually but in- exorbitantly\nmakes the Muslims, the last” he noted. Only 4.53% of Muslim Boys & Girls are in the senior\nsecondary schools. At graduation level, the situation is disastrous Muslims represent only 3.6%\nof total graduating students.\nAs a result, Muslims living Below the Poverty Line are substantial. In most of the cases in most\nof the communities, the percentage of people BPL is higher in the villages than towns and cities.\nBut Muslims are the only ones where there are more poor people in urban Indian than\nrural areas; this has prompted us to work on the book \"Muslims in Indian Cities \". This book\nexplains that there is \"A specific pattern of ghettoization among Indian Muslims in many cities.\nTill 2005, Muslims used to have per capita income that was above the Dalits and not far behind\nHindu OBCs but Muslims are the last ones till 2011-12 in terms of per capita income.\nMuslims are not Homogenous in India, Situation differs from state to state, he concluded.\nKarnataka, UP & Bihar are the only states where Muslims per capita income is higher than\nWhat difference the Rise of BJP made to Indian Muslims, in the Socio Economical terms.\nAlthough he felt, there are many issues, however, he chose to deal with two questions of the\nMarginalisation of Muslims in Assemblies and Discrimination of Muslims by the police in\nThe marginalization of Muslims in Parliament and Assemblies.\nSince the 1980s Muslim Representations in Lok Sabha are constantly declining. Quoting from\nthe data he said, \"In 1980 when Muslims were 11% of the society, 49 MPs were elected that is\n9% of total Lok Sabha seats. It has been reduced to its lowest in 2014 when BJP won majority\nseats and form the government. 21 Muslim MPs i.e. below 4% of total Lok Sabha got elected,\nbecause, the BJP did not have a single MP.\nThe first time in Indian history the party who won the National election does not have a\nsingle Muslim MP. However, in 2019, Muslim MPs won 25 seats, a marginal increase from 21\nto 25 but remain below 5% of total Lok Sabha seats.\nWhat is true at the Lok Sabha level is equally true to the state assemblies.\nGujarat with 9.1 % Muslim population has only 1.6% of the Muslim MLAs. It used to be 6% in\nthe early 80s.\nOnly 3.1% Muslim MLAs in Karnataka with 12.2% Muslim population, in the late 70s they were\nmore than 7%.\nMadhya Pradesh, with 6.4% of Muslim Population has only 0.4% of Muslims in the Assembly.\nChristophe Jaffrelotte said, in fact, only one MLA is Muslim. In the early 1970s, it used to be\nMaharashtra, the Muslim population is more than 10% but only 3.1% of MLAs are Muslims.\nThey used to be 9% in the mid-80s.\nOrissa only 2% of Muslim population Muslim MLAs are only 0.7%. They were 2.7% in the mid-\nRajasthan 1% MLAs are Muslim they used to be 5% in the early 80s.\nUP is the most interesting case. He said, “Before 2017, till the BJP won, 16.9% MLAs were\nMuslims with 18.5% Muslim population.” In 2017 the Muslim MLAs reduced to only 5.7% of\nThe only exception to this trend is the West Bengal. “It is atypical, it’s increasing,\"\nChristophe Jaffrelotte said. With 25.2% Muslim Population, Muslim MLAs are 20%. In\n1985 only 2.9% MLAs we're Muslims.\nThat's the most obvious impact of the rise of BJP is the declining Muslim representations in Lok\nSabha and State Assemblies.\nDiscrimination of Muslims by the police in different states.\nThe other impact he focused upon is what he drew from a survey report of CSDS in 2019, that\n\"the police was seen by the Muslims as biased\".\nMuslims are more fearful of police than any other group; Dalits came second, after that.\nWhen asked why? It was usually said that \"Police often implicate Muslims under forced\nterrorism charges. There are cases when young Muslims who have been jailed and spent years in\njail for this reason.\"\nChristophe Jaffrelotte quoted last NCRB report released in 2015 that stated 21% of inmates in\njail are Muslims, an over-representation in terms of their share of 14.5% in the total\nHe compared it with the blacks in American Jail. He said, “This over-representation is somewhat\nproportionate to the over-representation of \"the Blacks\" in American Jail.”\nIt is more interesting to know when you look at those, who are sentenced and not under trial,\nthen the rate drops to 15.8% from 21%, directly proportionate to their population in India.\nIt means that, indeed, many Muslims have gone to jail because the Police suspected wrongly that\nwere implicated in some crime. When the judiciary could look at the files they were made free.\nChristophe Jaffrelotte concluded, “That is certainly another recent development that goes with\nthe new Dispensation in Indian politics.\nHe also assumes that it is the reflection of the Muslims’ underrepresentation in the Indian Police.\nThe fact of the matter is that Muslims have not been pampered by Congress since 1947. If it\nwould, then we would have different Socio Political profile of Indian Muslims.\nHe said, that the data, I have used suggest, “The fact, Muslim situation has deteriorated since the\n1990s to 2000s and even more in the subsequent years. That is of course in parallel to the rise of\nthe BJP that has not nominated Muslim candidates.”\nNext Challenges and Way Forward for Indian Muslims.\nChristophe Jaffrelot feels that CAA-NRC will be a challenge for Indian Muslims, in the short\nterm and Education in the mid and long run. He said, \"Muslims are among the social categories\nalong with SCs STs OBCs, where you don't find Birth Certificate of children under 5. It will be\nvery difficult to prove Citizenship. It will be a challenge primarily in Assam then Elsewhere.”\nThe international community, in February 2020, for the first time, UNO has reacted to the\ntransformation of rules to access Indian Citizenship. Whether it will have an impact or not\nremain to be seen.\nEducation, in the mid-term and long run, is the major challenge for Indian Muslims, opined\nChristophe Jaffrelot. What is troubling is the educated and elite Muslims are shrinking very\nquickly in India, noted Christophe Jaffrelot. He said, “Every community needs elite, young\neducated elites. They can somewhat change the course of history, the trajectory of the\ncommunity because they are better placed than anybody to take care of these issues.”\nStating data he said, only 14% Muslim youth have done graduation in 2017-18 as against 18%\nfor Dalits and 25% Hindu OBCs and 37% of the Hindu upper casts.\nMore worrying is, he said, “31% Muslim youths who are between the age group of 15 and 24\nneither have access to education nor in jobs.” That is more than any other group and almost one-\nthird of Muslim youths who are jobless and without any access to higher education.\nHindutva Politics in India.\nWhen asked that all the political parties have abandoned Muslims as Hindutva become the\nideological baseline of politics. He said, \"This is exactly the Israeli Trajectory. In the past, there\nwas a Labor Party, a leader Mr. Yitzak Rabin, the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, who was for\npeace and equality between Israelites. It was to be the dominant party, secular and progressive\nbut gradually receded in the background. Gradually under Ariel Sharon especially, \"the fear of\nthe other\" Of Muslims, of Arabs, of neighboring countries, fear of Iran has become so strong that\nthere was No Room Left for Peace between Communities.\nThe Dominant Discourse became Mediterranean Discourse. A Security Oriented Discourse.\nPolitics played a role and Polarisation became the strategy of the Likud party. Likud set the tone.\nYou became illegitimate if you wanted to speak to Palestinians.\nIt may happen in India. There may be a time when nobody will dare to say that \"Hindutva is not\nHinduism\" Hindu Nationalism is not Indian Nationalism, because the fear of the other has\nbecome so Pervasive, The fear of Pakistan, the fear of Islam is the Only Game in Town for the\nHindutva Politics and if you don't indulge in this discourse then you will be illegitimate.\nWe have seen this in many other countries, where National Populism is taking over. You\ndelegitimize other and they can't compete anymore. So there is only way out is to become Like a\nDominant Party of course the soft version of it but it is only a Variant of it. That may be the\nTrajectory of India.\nThe alternative will be to shift from the Identity Politics to the Socio-Economic issues, to\nchange the words and the Parameters, to shift Identity Politics to Interest-based Politics.\nWith the crisis that India is in now will result in this shift? it's too early to say. But if identity\npolitics will be the order of the day, it will be very difficult to have an alternative discourse to\nAccording to Christophe Jaffrelot, Electoral competition led to this “Otherisation of\nMuslims.” How do you polarize? By making the other, a threat to your identity, he said.\nCertainly, there is a psychological dimension. Certainly, there is the traditional sense of\nvulnerability among Hindus and that was exasperated at the turn of the 20th century and\nthe Khilafat Movement resulting in the making of RSS. Then everything gained\nmomentum after many decades later when it became Electoral Instrument.\nWhen the BJP could mobilize voters by polarizing they will. They could polarise in many\ndifferent ways. To mobilize people on Ayodhya issue was one of them, to figure Riots is another\none. In whatever way, they operated, whatever issue they raised, was primarily the Electoral\nStrategy and they made it worked.\nLinguistic Nationalism does not need to be enshrined only in the SC, ST, OBC Muslims. It's a\nreality that will certainly make the expansion of BJP, complicated, in some part of the country. It\nmay work in Tamilnadu, Kerala, etc. But the way Hindutva had become a new identity for so\nmany people, including former communists are fascinating. It shows that even W. Bengal,\nKerala, can be conquered by this ideology. So linguistic nationalism may not be sufficient to stop\nIndia is a de facto ethnic democracy.\nWhy Christophe Jaffrelot does not feel that India is an Ethnic Democracy because the\nConstitution of India is still secular, unlike Israel which is a Jews State by its constitution.\nHe has used Lok Sabha and state Assembly Data to prove the process of discrimination,\nmarginalization and exclusion of Muslims. No mainstream parties are prepared to give tickets for\nelections to Muslims today. He concluded, “At best, we can say that India is going in that\ndirection and has become a De facto Ethnic Democracy and not De Jure.”\nThe rise of Muslim Parties like AIMIM & AIUDF.\nIn Maharashtra, Asaduddin Owaisi led AIMIM and Dalit leader Prakash Ambedkar caused 20 to\n25 seats to Congress and NCP in the recent state election. Muslims do not consider that Congress\nrepresents them well but if they move to Muslim parties then they will further weaken Congress.\n\"That is the Dilemma,\" he said. This dilemma can only be solved if you look at the state level\nand constituency level and that your priority has to be clear. If your priority is to defeat the BJP\ncandidate then you have to find out who is the stronger candidate to defeat and it may not be\nfrom the Muslim party.\nPolitical Alliance of Dalit & Muslims.\nIt is possible if Socio-Economic issues staged a comeback in the national arena, and they may,\nbecause the situation is very bad economically, for the moment they are not.\nHowever, now, Dalits and Muslims are not so close politically because of the two things. He\nsaid. “One because BJP was very good at using Sanskritsation mechanism for attracting Dalits\nand second the Reservations is the paradoxical mechanism.” In most of the states, few Dalit sub\ncasts have cornered most of the quotas. For example, Jatavs have cornered most of the SC\nquotas. Alienating small Dalit Jatis, Valmikis, and Khatiks and so on. BJP has been very good at\nattracting these groups which are so resentful vis-a-vis BSP, vis-a-vis party representing the\nwinners of reservations.\nIt is a very important point that the poorest Dalits are behind the BJP today. To ally with the\nMuslims are not in their Agenda at the Moment” he added. So there are many reasons why in\nterms of Identity but also in terms of Interest, many Dalits will not turn to Muslims.\nThe new middle class in Muslims.\nCAA agitation for Christophe Jaffrelot was very revealing. The emergence, crystallization, of the\nmiddle class, that had been rather Apolitical till then. Executives, salaried people had not\nindulged in politics so far to some extent. He said, “The CAA agitations showed that they were\nprepared to demonstrate, to go the street and that is probably the most important development.\nAmong them, women, have played an amazing part. In this anti CAA movement, we have seen\nmany Muslim women at the forefront, not only young but all kinds of women. He appreciated\nthe fact that \"the education level of Muslim women is not bad at all and it is in stark contrast to\nthat of the stereotype of Muslim women.”\nRise of the Middle class is a ray of hope and the Politicisation of Muslim Middle class may help\nnot only politically but also socially. He said, “Unity among all kinds of lines among Muslims,\nclass, casts, and sects is the key. It may become much more obvious because there is hardly any\nway out at this juncture.\nThere are people in the community who wrongly think they will get away with it. They look at\nthe poor as real casualties. Unity between Minorities will certainly help for Self Help. Unity\nbetween Casts, Class and Sectarian Groups. Shias, Bohras and Again khanis may think that they\nare not Muslims but they are not seeing like this from outside.\nInternationalization of Indian Muslim issues.\nOn the question of pleading in the international court, Christophe Jaffrelot said,\n“Internationalization of Indian Muslims is far- fetched. He said, “We have to follow closely the\nsteps that have already been taken.”\nMichelle Bachelet Jeria, UN Human Rights Commissioner is looking at this issue. It is not a UN\ncourt it's a UN commission. She is more approachable than any court and a much more realistic\nForeign countries are also watching developments in India closely. US Congress has started to\nstudy, every year, what kind of freedom of religion was available in India. The report that made\nto Congress is every year, more disturbing. So never underestimate the role of US Congress in\nThen the European Union, especially the European Parliament is following what's going on in\nIndia, very closely.\nMuslim countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE. Interestingly, Modiji tried to get closer to these\ncountries, of course, to get business and investment from there and secondarily to divide Pakistan\nfrom these countries. However, that is Boomeranging. UAE, IOC protesting against the way the\nJammu & Kashmir issue has been dealt with.\nInternational media is very active. New York Times, Washington Post, the Economist, they do a\nChristophe Jaffrelot is a senior research fellow at CERI-Sciences Po/CNRS, Paris, professor of\nIndian Politics and Sociology at King's India Institute, London, and non-resident scholar at the\nCarnegie Endowment for International Peace. He offers valuable insights on South Asian\npolitics, particularly the methods and motivations of the Hindu right in India.\nComments are closed." ]

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[ "Can you name the world cities from their names in other languages?\n- Click any empty City Name or in English... to answer for that location\n- Different languages call different places different things. This can get a bit confusing. Do you know your Kischinews from your Olisipos? (That's Chisinau in German, and Lisbon in Latin.)\n- This quiz has not been verified by Sporcle\nWorld Cities: Different Languages Quiz\n- Created Dec 21, 2010 in Geography\n- Game Plays 345\nGo to the Sporcle.com Mobile Site →" ]

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[ "How secure are we every time we turn our computers on and start browning the Internet, doing online shopping or visit website pages in order to search for some information? Some people like not to think about this matter, as it only seems to frustrate them and cause more panic than they believe it is required. They avoid headaches and back pain problems by choosing to ignore that issue of hackers and their imminent attacks – until that X day when it is eventually going to happen to them.\nThe good news is that we no longer need a professional institute to guide our steps towards the right kind of online safety information we are looking for. There are plenty of e-books that clearly explain all the Internet threats we are all submitted to every time we go online – if you happen to come across such a free book, make sure you instantly download it and start reading it. As a side note, web sites and adds that suggest you click on them in order to freely download and get some books, magazines, or other product of some sort (movies, music) are some of the main tricks that hackers use in order to violate your personal data, install Trojans and start messing with your computer and important data.\nThink of these hackers’ attacks as a virtual car accident that can have some life-long repercussions on you, especially if the integrity of your credit or debit card has been completely compromised. The main explanation that comes to shed the light on hackers’ ability to penetrate our computers and online accounts is sadly given by the security mistakes that enable their access to office and computer systems.\nThese security mistakes refer to a great deal of things, and one of them is the fact that online users tend to be much more trusting than they should be. Folks get easily distracted and the major issue here is that hackers usually do not need to wait for a second chance to hack into a system and do their thing when this occurs. Home PC users and large, SEO companies, for instance, no longer seem to care about their security. Purchasing a top antivirus or other similar online protection products is a resource-consuming process, which does not truly generate any money. Hence, it tends to be overlooked by a lot of people.\nUsing the same password and username no matter if you are accessing a public library or a social media platform and your PayPal account is never a good omen. Hackers solely need the smallest opportunity to easily breach into the system and start using your data. Also, putting one’s trust into public Wi-Fi networks is unadvisable. Using a laptop instead of a mobile phone in order to use a public network is recommended because of the presence of the browser that can send out warnings in case of any potential security violations." ]

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[ "(Lessons 31 - 45) Practice Cards (in MS Word .doc format)\nSLEEP-[Variation: sleepy, related concept: \"over-sleep,\" related\nline of work)\ncard, variation: \"bank\"-check)\nResponse vocabulary: “WAVE NO”\nConversation negotiation vocabulary: IT IS YOUR TURN.\nPractice sheet 32.A\n01. YOU DREAM ABOUT WHAT?\n02. TOPIC YOU INTERESTED WHAT?\n03. YOU FALL-IN-LOVE EASY YOU?\n04. YOU GO DENTIST PULL-TOOTH BEFORE YOU?\n05. DURING YOU STUDY, PERSON INTERRUPT YOU MOST WHO?\nPractice sheet 32.B\n06. WEEK WEEK EMAIL YOU SEND HOW-MANY? (How many emails do you send\n07. CAR YOU PUSH BEFORE YOU?\n08. YOU TAKE-UP ASL CLASS, what-REASON?\n09. ASL TEACHER TELL STUDENT SHUT-UP, WHY?\n10. PAST NIGHT YOU SLEEP\nPractice sheet 32.C\n11. COMPUTER, YOU SHUT-OFF WHEN?\n12. YOU UPSET EASY?\n13. MOVIE YOU WON'T WATCH WHAT-KIND?\n14. PAST-[former] BOY-FRIEND / GIRL-FRIEND PICTURE, YOU THROW-AWAY YOU?\n15. FUNNY-[comic] BOOK, YOU LIKE TRADE?\nPractice sheet 32.D\n16. YOU THINK TEACHER EAT\n17. EAT FINISH, YOU LIKE SHORT-[duration] SLEEP?\n18. RESTAURANT YOU THINK SERVICE LOUSY, what-NAME?\n19. FOR DATE, YOU LIKE DO-what?\n20. THIS CLASS, STUDENT WON’T EAT MEAT WHO?\nYou can add the PERSON-(agent) sign to \"SERVICE\"\nto mean \"waiter.\"\nEVERY-AFTERNOON: The sign \"every-AFTERNOON\"\nis similar to the sign \"afternoon\" except that the dominant hand\nmakes a horizontal (sideways) sweep.\"\nGO-WITH / accompany: Use the sign WITH, but move it forward at an\nangle to your right (or left) toward your \"destination.\"\nSELF-[think-self, myself, yourself, himself, themselves]. The sign\n\"self\" can be modified to indicate various pronouns or to tell\nsomeone to \"Think for yourself.\" (\"It is up to you.\") See the\n\"ACCOMPANY\" entry on the \"WITH\nadvanced discussion\" page.\ntends to use an “S” handshape.\nWHICH tends to use an “A” handshape or a modified \"A\" handshape\nwherein the thumbs stick out.\nEASY is generally done with a double movement.\nis done with a single movement.\nTHAN: The sign\nTHAN is done with both hands palm down.\nTAKE: The version of \"take\" labeled as \"TAKE-up\"\n(or \"ADOPT\") is used for “taking a class, adopt, or evaporate.”\nTAKE-from is used to mean acquire from some other person or\nAssociation of the Deaf\nTITLES or titles of address: When\nsigning in the Deaf community we rarely use the \"title\" \"Dr.\" as in \"Dr.\nVicars.\" We tend to just use the person's name\nsign and are much less concerned with \"titles.\" Also, we\nonly use the DOCTOR sign when\nreferring to \"medical doctors.\" On those limited occasions when we do\nrefer to people who hold \"doctor of philosophy\" or \"doctor of education\"\ndegrees (such as introducing them at a conference) we fingerspell \"D-R.\"\nIn college environments, when sending email to instructors who hold\ndoctorate degrees students should indeed type \"Dr.\" But in everyday\nconversations in the hallway, meetings, or classes it is generally\nstandard to just use the person's name sign (without adding the title\n\"Dr.\"). During formal meetings in academic settings involving\nmixed cultural groups (Deaf and Hearing or instructors and students) you\nmay notice that when professional interpreters see a name sign they tend\nto voice the title \"Dr.\" along with the last name of the person being\nreferenced. That is because such interpreters are skilled at jockeying\nbetween cultures. It is their job to recognize and bridge the\ncultural differences. If the meeting is a small faculty meeting\nwith no students involved then the interpreter is much more likely to\nvoice just the first name of the person being referenced with a name\nsign. Again, that is because the interpreter is aware of the setting and\ninterprets in a culturally appropriate manner." ]

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[ "Critical reading skills play an important role in the success of a student. A student who has excellent critical reading skills is able to evaluate a piece of writing as he or she reads. Also, a critical reader asks questions about the validity of facts in a written piece. In short, a critical reader is the opposite of a passive reader. Critical reading skills help students to figure out the meaning behind a piece of writing. This skill can be especially helpful to a student when answering essay questions on an exam. The following takes a closer look at what students can do to improve critical reading skills.\nHow to Improve Critical Reading Skills\nA large part of developing critical reading skills involves learning how to ask questions about a piece of writing. For instance, someone teaching critical reading skills to a group of students asks them to read a newspaper story about a candidate for a political office. A student who is working on developing critical reading skills creates questions as he or she reads. For instance, the student may ask if the author has any motives for writing the article. If so, the author may be presenting biased information about the candidate. Another question may concern the validity of the facts within the article. Can they be verified by other sources? After answering these questions and others, a student is able to determine whether the newspaper story is factual as well as objective. A student who is developing critical reading skills learns not to automatically accept the information in piece of writing.\nA student who is trying to improve critical reading skills looks at whether the conclusions in a written piece are logical. Does the author put forth facts to support his or her theories? A piece of writing that is full of illogical ideas shouldn’t hold much credibility with readers. A student who is working on improving critical reading skills must learn how to determine whether the information in a piece of writing is logical.\nReceive your Free Copy of\n“7 Secrets to Boost Grades”\nOftentimes, one of the main points of an instructor who is teaching critical reading skills involves researching the credibility of an author. Someone teaching critical reading skills may ask students to look at some other writing done by the author. Does he or she appear to have a bias about a particular subject? The process of improving critical reading skills requires that students question the motives of an author. After determining an author’s level of objectivity, a student who is trying to improve critical reading skills can look at the substance of the writing.\nFinally, students interested in improving critical reading skills can be helped by the MCS3 program created by EduNova. The experts at EduNova can help students in middle school, high school, or even college learn how to improve critical reading skills. Their MCS3 program works in stages to teach students the critical reading skills they need for greater academic success!\nFor more information on how to improve critical reading skills, please visit:" ]

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[ "Sticks and Stones: Four causes for name-calling and four critical interventions\nIn this article, I encourage you to think differently. What if I told you it is completely impossible to stop name-calling? What if I said there are specific purposes and underlying causes for name-calling, and that we must understand each of them in order to teach new skills? Sound revolutionary? Good, because we need a change in paradigm if we are to tackle the increasing frequency and severity of name-calling and bullying.\nUsing this frame of thinking along with volumes of developmental and brain research, I see four types of name-calling, and four ways to effectively transform them into higher-level social and emotional skills. The four causes behind name-calling are adult modeling, inability to manage emotions, bonding, and aggression.\nCause: There is absolutely no doubt, based on both research and common sense, that children learn name-calling from us. This happens mainly through our direct interactions with children and/or the interactions children observe between us and other adults.\nOur direct interactions include explicitly and implicitly name-calling our own children. We sometimes label them with statements like “You’re being mean,” “Don’t be rude,” or “Your laziness has to stop!” We sometimes imply name-calling with statements like “You should know better,” “What should you be doing?” or “Where should you be?” Such language implies the child is stupid for not knowing the appropriate behavior.\nOur interactions with others greatly color children’s perceptions as well. We often feel frustration, anger, and disappointment when the world is not going our way. Imagine driving to the store with three children, all buckled in and physically safe. As you are waiting for a parking space, another car slips in just before you. You begin to rant, “You selfish, inconsiderate @#$!” In that moment, you have taught the children in the car that when the world doesn’t go their way, the guilty party deserves to be put-down, name-called, and devalued. Later in the store, all three children ask for candy. You reply, “No.” From their point of view, you have just taken their parking spot. The world is not going their way, and you are the guilty party. The children call you names, which you label “disrespectful back talk.” A power struggle ensues.\nSolution: The first step in our no-name calling campaign is to learn another way of handling our own frustrations and disappointments. (This is why I named my signature program “Conscious Discipline.” We, as adults, must first become conscious of the ways we sabotage our efforts to guide children’s development.) We must begin with transforming our own behavior before we can hope to change our children’s behavior. The first step in this process is starting a “Be a S.T.A.R.” program. When the world does not go your way, talk out loud for your children, using the following processes:\n- Be a S.T.A.R.: Smile, Take a deep breath, And Relax. Three deep breaths help to shut down the stress response in the body. Breathe deeply to take a moment to be conscious of your reaction.\n- Then state something like, “Wow, I was hoping that would go differently. I’m going to take a moment to breathe, wish the other person well, and solve this problem.” In the parking spot example, you might say, “Bummer! That was frustrating! I wanted that spot so we wouldn’t have to walk so far. Okay kids, looks like some exercise for all of us!”\nInability to manage emotions\nCause: Sometimes, due to developmental age, past modeling, basic temperament, or other reasons, children may resort to using hurtful language and name-calling as a way to express themselves. We can choose to see these children as “being mean,” or we can choose to see them as lacking the self-control and skills necessary to express themselves appropriately. After we change our own reactions by using the modeling solutions above, it is much easier to help children successfully change theirs.\nSolution: The following formula will get you started in a new direction. To help children manage strong emotions, it is essential to assist them in recognizing their feelings and their desired outcome, to offer empathy, and to teach a new skill. The words to use are:\n“You seem ________(feeling word).”\n“You wanted ______ (state desire).” or “You were hoping ____(state desire).”\n“It’s hard when that happens. You can handle it. Breathe with me.”\nThen help the child solve the problem by teaching an appropriate skill or problem solving, as appropriate.\nFor example, your son wants his friend, Avery, to visit for a sleepover. Avery asks his mom, who says it’s not a good time. When Avery relays this message, your son says, “She’s is a witch! An ugly old witch!” Take a deep breath and consciously approach your child, saying, “You seem frustrated. You really wanted Avery to stay over tonight. It’s hard when your friend can’t stay over. Breathe with me. You can handle this. Once you’re calm, maybe you could ask if Avery could stay over next weekend.”\nWhen you repeat this new language pattern again and again, your child will ultimately learn to express his disappointment in a different, healthier way. Eventually, you’ll hear, “Man I feel so mad! I was hoping Avery could come over tonight. Bummer. Do you think we could ask him for next weekend?”\nCause: We usually think of name-calling as strictly hurtful, but sometimes it can be a bonding tool used to build camaraderie and belonging. Children may label themselves jocks or geeks, much like politicians label themselves republican or democratic. These labels create instant belonging for their members. Often this labeling is also turned outward, and the name-calling labels “them” negatively and “us” positively. This type of name-calling can be extremely hurtful, and is very prevalent in middle and high school as children jostle for status and belonging. It is also seen more with girls than with boys, as girls tend to use relational aggression. When bonding and belonging is the goal behind name-calling, we can significantly reduce it by changing the culture of our schools, homes, and institutions.\nSolution: We cannot change the climate of our schools, homes, and institutions unless we work on the strategies mentioned above first (adult modeling and helping children learn to regulate their emotions). In my new book, Creating the School Family: Bully-proofing through emotional intelligence (due in March 2011), I address the issue of school and classroom climate extensively.\nTo begin the shift to an all-inclusive classroom, school, or home, we must address how we discipline and guide our children. If discipline is about external rewards and punishments, we will always create a system based on the categories of “good” and “bad,” that is based on the judgments of others. Once we split the world into these two camps, we also create two value systems. Good children deserve to be treated one way, and bad children deserve to be treated another. When we shift our discipline system away from rewards, punishments, good guys and bad guys, to one based on safety, connection, and problem solving, we will help children develop the internal motivation to cooperate. Bullying and name-calling will effectively disappear in favor of this inclusive, cooperative climate.\nCause: The last function name-calling serves is to intentionally hurt another. In this case, name-calling takes the place of the higher-level skill of conflict resolution. Of the four name-calling causes, sadly, this is the only one given significant attention. I say “sadly” because unless we address issues one through three above, we cannot be effective in transforming aggressive name-calling into effective problem solving.\nSolution: Why are some children able to let name-calling roll off their backs while others take it to heart with deep pain? At the core, if the name-calling seems bizarre or ridiculous, we can laugh if off and see the aggressor as just trying to get attention. If, on the other hand, we believe the label could be true about ourselves, we feel hurt. This is vital for parents to understand. If children are deeply hurt by a particular label, then they believe they are less worthy than others in some way. From this understanding, we can work to reassure the hurting children, be more conscious of how we talk to them, and provide opportunities for them to heal their own negative labeling of themselves.\nThe first step in transforming aggressive name-calling is to change our perception. We often see the victim and the aggressor in two different lights. The victim is the innocent one and the aggressor is a bully. I strongly encourage you to let go of both of these labels, and start seeing the name-calling as a call for help from both parties. The “victim” is calling for help in the sense that he does not know how to handle such aggression and needs to learn to be assertive and stand up for himself. The “aggressor” is calling for help in the sense that she does not know a better way to resolve conflict. Both children are missing essential social skills needed for the rest of their lives.\nTo help both children learn from the interaction and change it from a hurtful exchange into a helpful communication, do the following:\n- Speak to the victim first: Often, we are quick to seek out the “guilty” party for punishment. By going to the victim first, you are stating that you, your family and/or your classroom value healing over hurting.\n- State what happened and ask the victim, “Did you like it?” Adult: “Madison, Marcos just called you a name. Did you like it?”\n- Listen carefully to the victim’s response. Does she respond with an assertive “no,” a passive whimper or an aggressive yell? To empower the victim, we must teach the child to use an assertive voice. Passive and aggressive tones will both invite more aggression. Assertiveness will dissipate it.\n- Give the victim the exact words and tone to express herself. Adult: “Madison, tell Marcos, ‘I don’t like it when you call me names.’”\n- Then, coach the child to tell the aggressor how she wants to be treated. Adult: “What would you like Marcos to call you?” Child: “By my name.” Adult: “Then, tell Marcos, ‘Please call me Madison, that is my name.’”\nAfter teaching this new skill to the victim, you can turn to the aggressor and say, “Marcos, you wanted to let Madison know something is bothering you.” Then facilitate the resolution of the underlying problem between the two.\nName-calling is a systemic issue in our society. Whether a child’s name-calling stems from adult modeling, an inability to manage emotions, efforts to bond, aggression or a combination of these factors, adults can take real and tangible steps to teach children a better way to express themselves. My hope is that we will move past our attempts at quick fixes and consciously do the work required to transform name-calling into healthy, social-emotional skills. As with any major change, the change begins within us and extends outward to those in our care." ]

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[ "There is an old saying about educational assessment: “If you want to fatten a pig, it doesn’t help to weigh it more often.”\nTo be fair, it may actually help to weigh pigs more often, so the farmer knows whether they are gaining weight at the expected levels. Then they can do something in time if this is not the case.\nIt is surely correct that weighing pigs does no good in itself, but it may serve a diagnostic purpose. What matters is not the weighing, but rather what the farmer or veterinarian does based on the information provided by the weighing.\nThis blog is not, however, about porcine policy, but educational policy. In schools, districts, and even whole states, most American children take “benchmark assessments” roughly three to six times a year. These assessments are intended to tell teachers, principals, and other school leaders how students are doing, especially in reading and math. Ideally, benchmark assessments are closely aligned with state accountability tests, making it possible for school leaders to predict how whole grade levels are likely to do on the state tests early enough in the year to enable them to provide additional assistance in areas of need. The information might be as detailed as “fourth graders need help in fractions” or “English learners need help in vocabulary.”\nBenchmark assessments are only useful if they improve scores on state accountability tests. Other types of intervention may be beneficial even if they do not make any difference in state test scores, but it is hard to see why benchmark assessments would be valuable if they do not in fact have any impact on state tests, or other standardized tests.\nSo here is the bad news: Research finds that benchmark assessments do not make any difference in achievement.\nHigh-quality, large scale randomized evaluations of benchmark assessments are relatively easy to do. Many have in fact been done. Use of benchmark assessments have been evaluated in elementary reading and math (see www.bestevidence.org). Here is a summary of the findings.\n|Number of Studies||Mean Effect Size|\nIn a rational world, these findings would put an end to benchmark assessments, at least as they are used now. The average outcomes are not just small, they are zero. They use up a lot of student time and district money.\nIn our accountability-obsessed educational culture, how could use of benchmark assessments make no difference at all on the only measure they are intended to improve? I would suggest several possibilities.\nFirst, perhaps the most likely, is that teachers and schools do not do much with the information from benchmark assessments. If you are trying to lose weight, you likely weigh yourself every day. But if you then make no systematic effort to change your diet or increase your exercise, then all those weighings are of little value. In education, the situation is much worse than in weight reduction, because teachers are each responsible for 20-30 students. Results of benchmark assessments are different for each student, so a school staff that learns that its fourth graders need improvement in fractions finds it difficult to act on this information. Some fourth graders in every school are excelling in fractions, some just need a little help, and some are struggling in fractions because they missed the prerequisite skills. “Teach more fractions” is not a likely solution except for some of that middle group, yet differentiating instruction for all students is difficult to do well.\nAnother problem is that it takes time to score and return benchmark assessments, so by the time a team of teachers decides how to respond to benchmark information, the situation has moved on.\nThird, benchmark assessments may add little because teachers and principals already know a lot more about their students than any test can tell them. Imagine a principal receiving the information that her English learners need help in vocabulary. I’m going to guess that she already knows that. But more than that, she and her teachers know which English learners need what kind of vocabulary, and they have other measures and means of finding out. Teachers already give a lot of brief, targeted curriculum-linked assessments, and they always have. Further, wise teachers stroll around and listen in on students working in cooperative groups, or look at their tests or seatwork or progress on computer curriculum, to get a sophisticated understanding of why some students are having trouble, and ideas for what to do about it. For example, it is possible that English learners are lacking school-specific vocabulary, such as that related to science or social studies, and this observation may suggest solutions (e.g., teach more science and social studies). But what if some English learners are afraid or unwilling to express themselves in class, but sit quietly and never volunteer answers? A completely different set of solutions might be appropriate in this case, such as using cooperative learning or tutoring strategies to give students safe spaces in which to use the vocabulary they have, and gain motivation and opportunities to learn and use more.\nBenchmark assessments fall into the enormous category of educational solutions that are simple, compelling, and wrong. Yes, teachers need to know what students are learning and what is needed to improve it, but they have available many more tools that are far more sensitive, useful, timely, and tied to actions teachers can take.\nEliminating benchmark assessments would save schools a lot of money. Perhaps that money could be redirected to professional development to help teachers use approaches actually proven to work. I know, that’s crazy talk. But perhaps if we looked at what students are actually doing and learning in class, we could stop weighing pigs and start improving teaching for all children.\nThis blog was developed with support from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the Foundation." ]

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[ "E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.\nDramatic Unities (The thrée).\nOne catastrophe, one locality, one day. These are Aristotles rules for tragedy, and the French plays strictly follow them.\nThe French have added a fourth, one style. Hence comedy must not be mixed with tragedy. Addisons Cato is a good example. Unity of style is called the Unity of Uniformity. Shakespeare disregards all these canons." ]

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[ "Egyptian blue was a synthetic pigment used in Egypt, starting around 3rd millennium BC, to imitate turquoise and lapis lazuli. Blue was an important color to the Egyptians and natural gemstones possessing a vivid blue color were very rare in the region. Staggering amounts of Egyptian blue were needed to make all the beads, seals, icons, decorative displays and objects that were composed with the use of the color blue. As best as we can reconstruct, Egyptian blue was composed of quartz sand, copper, calcium carbonate and plant ash or natron. These were melted together resulting in the creation of synthetic cuprorivaite - Egyptian blue." ]

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[ "Swedish researchers report that the vaccine against the H1N1 \"swine flu\" strain of influenza doesn't seem to have a link to birth defects.\nOne obstetrician who reviewed the research said the findings should ease concerns women might have about the vaccine.\n\"This year's flu vaccine includes protection against an H1N1-like virus,\" noted Dr Jennifer Wu, an ob/gyn with Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.\nShe pointed out that the H1N1 strain made headlines in 2009-2010 as \"swine flu\" reached pandemic levels in the United States.\nRead: Pregnant mothers' flu shots helps their new borns too\nBut the new Swedish study \"indicates that first trimester administration of H1N1 vaccine does not seem to increase congenital birth defects,\" Wu said.\nCurrent recommendations from the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention advise all pregnant women to receive a seasonal flu vaccine since they are especially vulnerable to complications from influenza.\nThe new study was led by Dr Jonas Ludvigsson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. His team looked at the risk of birth defects – overall and in terms of congenital heart disease, cleft palate and limb abnormalities – in more than 40,000 children of mothers who were exposed to the H1N1 vaccine, Pandemrix.\nEmbryo especially vulnerable\nThe researchers compared these children to their siblings as well as to the general population.\nLudvigsson's team found no sign that maternal vaccination boosted the overall risk of birth defects in babies.\nRead: Flu shot during pregnancy protects newborns for 8 weeks\nThe study wasn't able to completely rule out a connection between the vaccine and any specific type of birth defect, however.\nWu pointed out that examining risks for vaccines given in the first trimester of pregnancy is important, since this is when the early organ development occurs \"and the embryo is especially vulnerable\" to agents that could cause a birth defect.\nDr Leonard Krilov is chair of paediatrics at Winthrop-University Hospital in Mineola, New York. He agreed with Wu that the study \"provides evidence that there was no increased risk of congenital malformations in infants born to [vaccinated] pregnant mothers\".\nKrilov believes that the flu vaccine remains very safe.\n\"The bulk of the influenza vaccine supply is inactivated and purified,\" he explained. \"You cannot get the flu from the vaccine and reactions are primarily to local pain at the site of injection and low-grade fever.\"\nThe new study was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.\nWhat is flu?\nCauses of flu\nSymptoms of flu" ]

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[ "25% of SIDS Deaths Actually Caused By Suffocation\nOctober is SIDS, Infant & Pregnancy Loss Awareness month. An unfortunate, but important campaign to offer support and education from those parents, who have lived through it, to parents, who never should have to. The campaign also includes infant and pregnancy loss because the loss of a child is painful, no matter how it occurs. Possibly the only silver lining is that a tragedy can often serve as a lesson for those who might be listening.\nMany fatalities, once considered SIDS-related, are being properly investigated and more accurately identified as non-SIDs deaths. SIDS is no longer the first claim of why a child died. Doctors and medical examiners are now stating that such deaths were often misdiagnosed in the past; and a medical condition or a crib bumper was the culprit. For example, medical examiners working out of the Maryland Coroner’s Office, actually initiated the push to ban traditional crib bumpers becasue they were tired of seeing so many fatalities caused by traditional crib bumpers being misidentified as SIDs.\nCurrently, 3500 children die from SIDs annually in the United States. However, 25% of that number actually includes accidental suffocation and strangulation within the crib or bed. That is 875 infant deaths that are NOT undiagnosed. This number is also rising while reported real undiagnosed SIDs deaths are decreasing. The fact that we are getting smarter about safe sleep environments means that we are getting smarter about SIDS. But we are NOT getting smarter about crib bumpers, if the number of crib bumper deaths has gone up while the number of SIDs deaths has gone down. Let’s not let these babies die in vain. Let’s learn the lesson. The more we uncover the truth, the less lives lost." ]

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[ "One of the best places to put a telescope is in the Atacama Desert, which is on the boarder of Chile and Peru – currently there are around 20 telescopes (both radio and optical) functioning in the area.\nThe Alma telescope\nIn the last few days, the world’s largest radio telescope, the Alma telescope, has began to function. Currently the telescope is made up of around 20 massive antenna dishes, which work in harmony to produce amazingly detailed pictures of outer space.\nThe project has input from all around the world, with Europe, North America, East Asia and the Republic of Chile forming a partnership, all doing their bit to add more antenna dishes and improve the telescope.\nWhen the project is completed, (hopefully within the next 20 years if all goes to plan) the telescope will have a whopping 66 dishes at its disposal, all of which it can use to gaze at the stars in fantastic detail!\nWhy the Atacama Desert?\nYou are probably wondering why the Atacama Desert is such a hotspot for telescope activity. Well there are a number of reasons, but the main ones are that it has clear skies almost all the time, in addition to very dry air – meaning that its hard for humans to breath there due to low oxygen levels, but for the telescopes, that means very little interference from anything in the space above.\nFurthermore, the desert has many high flat areas, meaning that telescopes can be closer to the atmosphere, meaning even less interference. In addition to this, because the Atacama is a desert, it has virtually no light pollution. Basically it is an astronomer’s dream location!\nIs it working?\nThe project has only been live for less than a week now, but already some stunning high detailed pictures of space area already beginning to emerge. Below is one of these great pictures:\nBecause the light we can see here on earth is often millions, if not billions of years old, we are able to see into the past when looking up at the sky, using super powerful telescopes like the Alma one.\nScientists believe that we will be able to see events that happened just 400 million years after the big bang, due to the light delay, hence enabling us to understand better than ever before the formation of the early universe.\nThe Alma telescope is just one small cog in our planets fascinating scientific road of discovery, however one thing’s for sure: this ‘small cog’ should be able to help us understand a lot more about the universe than ever before!" ]

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[ "Plant trees to beat the heat\nMost people do understand the ecology that a tree sustains but simply turn a blind eye when they read reports of thousands of trees likely to be felled down in name of development project\nIt is getting closer. This week the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has sounded an unequivocal warning saying that there is a 50:50 per cent probability that the benchmark 1.5 degree temperature rise will happen in the next four years. \"Increasing temperatures mean more melting ice, higher sea levels, more heat waves and other extreme weather, and greater impacts on food security, health, the environment and sustainable development\"\nThe scorching heat wave has forced us all inside. While studies show that the habit of having a cup of tea outside your home with your friends has already reduced the business by an estimated 30 per cent, rising temperatures have for all purposes eaten up the spring season. We jumped straight from the usually cold winters to searing hot summers this year, missing the spring season in between.\nFor the standing crops, and that includes fruits, vegetables and flowers, the sudden spike in temperatures has hastened maturity and in some cases resulted in dropping of tiny fruits and hit flowering. For staple food crops, the sweltering heat wave has resulted in shrivelled grains and thereby causing a significant drop in yield. Everyone agrees that the unprecedented heat wave – right from the crop fields of Argentina to parts of Mexico, Texas in the United States and to north India and Pakistan in South Asia – has its roots in the extreme weather changes resulting from the destructive global climate change phenomenon that the world is in a deadly grip of.\nNo one is willing to take a closer look to see how he or she may knowingly (and unknowingly in some cases) be responsible for this unprecedented heat wave, which some say is the worst in 122 years. Why I said knowingly is because a majority knows what it means to cut down a tree, and still keeps quiet. Most people do understand the ecology and economy that a tree sustains but simply turn a blind eye when they read news reports of tens and hundreds of thousands of trees likely to be felled down in the name of a development project. Anyone who dares to question is swept by a wave of right-wing trolls which invariably blames him or her for the lack of development that continues to keep the country in a backward state. These are the people who are depriving the country to move fast on a growth trajectory, an emerging economy needs to build superior infrastructure to attract investments and unleash development, goes the usual refrain.\nUnlike the largely uneducated women folk of the Pauri-Garhwal region who gave us the famed Chipko movement, by hugging trees to protect them from being axed, the educated and that includes the elite from some of the best institutions in India and abroad, remain just as remotely unconcerned as possible, at the way trees are being mercilessly cut down. They don't even realise that cutting down trees is what actually has led to extreme heat wave conditions across the continents. Blaming the climate change for the extraordinary heat wave sweeping across is so easy, but it takes a lot of courage to point the needle of suspicion to you.\nA 13-year-old Indian climate activist, Aarav Seth, tweeted the other day with a picture of a fully grown tree and the message: \"Dear human, please don't destroy me. I will give you shelter, food, water and oxygen.\" With the tree cover disappearing at a fast pace, the bald surface is exposed to the red-hot sun. In another message, Dr QU Dongyu, the Director General of the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) tweeted about the Argan tree that grows in the semi-arid regions and forms the frontline defence against desertification: \"The tree and its habitat are ecologically indispensable for culture, agriculture, food security, rural livelihoods and climate change mitigation.\"\nOn other words, you can't miss the forests for the trees. But regardless, thousands of fully grown trees continue to being logged down without any remorse and that too in the name of development. A cover story in the magazine Down to Earth (Feb 16-28, 2022) talked of 25.87 million hectares of forests in India that is missing from the latest assessment of the forest cover. Internationally, the Global Forest Resource Assessment Remote Sensing Survey 2020 (released in early May, 2022) tells us that ever since the beginning of this century, which means in the past two decades, the world has lost tropical forests in an area almost equal to the size of Europe. With deforestation of this magnitude and scale, what do you expect will happen to temperatures?\nHeat wave will only worsen. It will literally be like living in an oven. When we cut down a tree, we actually end up destroying its natural ecosystem. Just to illustrate, when you are standing under a neem tree and that too in scorching sun, the temperature difference is as much as ten degrees. This is not the only role trees play, and as someone rightly said and we must acknowledge that trees are humanity's bank accounts. Even in economic terms, we have perhaps forgotten that a Supreme Court constituted team of experts had valued a tree, with an average lifespan of 100 years, to be worth Rs 72-lakh. This is based on the economic value that has been ascribed for the immense ecological services trees provide to mankind and nature.\nDeforestation in the Amazon forests, the green lungs of the planet, this year was 418 per cent higher than last year. In the name of economic growth, pristine forests are being felled at a pace that is now resulting in less carbon being absorbed thereby taking us closer to a tipping point. While the international community has largely kept quiet, preserving forests seem to have been left to a miniscule percentage in the society, comprising activists, environmentalists and some concerned fellow citizens. For years, a small section of the society has always stood up for the sake of protecting the tree cover, even if it ended in vain. I see this happening now at various points in the Char Dham project in Uttarakhand and also at the Hasdeo forests in Chhattisgarh. While thousands of trees are being logged down, the tribals and locals standing up face the ire of security forces, primarily put into action to safeguard corporate interests.\nWe must applaud these few, the environmentally-conscious brave people. At least, they stepped out. But by keeping mum, we actually help the process that exacerbates climate change, and the resulting extreme heat waves should tell us that our silence comes with a heavy price. It has pushed the humanity fast towards a climate emergency. Don't forget, any harm we inflict on nature will eventually return to haunt us. And when that happens, I don't think any amount of technological prowess and economic development can save us from facing a catastrophe.\nIt is getting closer. This week the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has sounded an unequivocal warning saying that there is a 50:50 per cent probability that the benchmark 1.5 degree temperature rise will happen in the next four years. \"Increasing temperatures mean more melting ice, higher sea levels, more heat waves and other extreme weather, and greater impacts on food security, health, the environment and sustainable development.\"\n(The author is a noted food policy analyst and an expert on issues related to the agriculture sector. He writes on food, agriculture and hunger)" ]

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[ "According to a Jan.26, 2012 news item written by Emil Venere at Purdue University and posted on Nanowerk, researchers have found a new way to recharge batteries in new medical sensors that could be implanted in individuals stricken with aneurysms or bladder incontinence due to paralysis. From the news item,\n“You would only need to do this for a couple of minutes every hour or so to monitor either blood pressure or pressure of urine in the bladder,” Ziaie [Babak Ziaie, a Purdue University professor of electrical and computer engineering and biomedical engineering] said. “It doesn’t take long to do the measurement.”\nFindings are detailed in a paper (“A Novel Electromechanical Interrogation Scheme for Implantable Passive Transponders”) to be presented during the IEEE [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers] MEMS [Micro Electro Mechanical Systems] 2012 conference, which will be Jan. 29 to Feb. 2 in Paris. The paper was written by doctoral student Albert Kim, research scientist Teimour Maleki and Ziaie.\n“This paper demonstrates the feasibility of the concept,” he said.\nAs you may have guessed from that last line, this hasn’t been tried on people. According to the news item, the concept was tested using a water-filled balloon.\nI checked out Venere’s Jan. 26, 2012 news release on the Purdue University website and am excerpting a few details about how these medical sensors work,\nThe sensor is capable of monitoring pressure in the urinary bladder and in the sack of a blood vessel damaged by an aneurism. Such a technology could be used in a system for treating incontinence in people with paralysis by checking bladder pressure and stimulating the spinal cord to close the sphincter that controls urine flow from the bladder. More immediately, it could be used to diagnose incontinence. The conventional diagnostic method now is to insert a probe with a catheter, which must be in place for several hours while the patient remains at the hospital.\nThe writer goes on to describe some of the reasons for why this new technology is being pursued,\n“A wireless implantable device could be inserted and left in place, allowing the patient to go home while the pressure is monitored,” Ziaie said.\nThe new technology offers potential benefits over conventional implantable devices, which either use batteries or receive power through a property called inductance, which uses coils on the device and an external transmitter. Both approaches have downsides. Batteries have to be replaced periodically, and data are difficult to retrieve from devices that use inductance; coils on the implanted device and an external receiver must be lined up precisely, and they can only be about a centimeter apart.\nThe following image is the researchers’ new sensor, balanced on a coin,\nI found the description of how the cantilever works and can be recharged quite interesting,\nThe heart of the sensor is a vibrating cantilever, a thin beam attached at one end like a miniature diving board. Music within a certain range of frequencies, from 200-500 hertz, causes the cantilever to vibrate, generating electricity and storing a charge in a capacitor …\nThe cantilever beam is made from a ceramic material called lead zirconate titanate, or PZT, which is piezoelectric, meaning it generates electricity when compressed. The sensor is about 2 centimeters long …\nA receiver that picks up the data from the sensor could be placed several inches from the patient. Playing tones within a certain frequency range also can be used instead of music.\n“But a plain tone is a very annoying sound,” Ziaie said. “We thought it would be novel and also more aesthetically pleasing to use music.”\nResearchers experimented with four types of music: rap, blues, jazz and rock.\n“Rap is the best because it contains a lot of low frequency sound, notably the bass,” Ziaie said.\n“The music reaches the correct frequency only at certain times, for example, when there is a strong bass component,” he said. “The acoustic energy from the music can pass through body tissue, causing the cantilever to vibrate.”\nWhen the frequency falls outside of the proper range, the cantilever stops vibrating, automatically sending the electrical charge to the sensor, which takes a pressure reading and transmits data as radio signals. Because the frequency is continually changing according to the rhythm of a musical composition, the sensor can be induced to repeatedly alternate intervals of storing charge and transmitting data.\n“You would only need to do this for a couple of minutes every hour or so to monitor either blood pressure or pressure of urine in the bladder,” Ziaie said. “It doesn’t take long to do the measurement.”\nIt’s usually a long time from testing a concept (in this case, on a water balloon) to bringing a product to the marketplace. In the meantime, I wonder if this concept will work in the ‘wild’ where people are exposed to rap music accidentally or they like to listen to it themselves, all day long, or they loathe rap music and don’t want to listen for a few minutes every hour.\nFinally, I have some special appreciation for Venere as he very neatly explained terms I’ve seen many times but for which I’ve only been able to find complicated definitions. Thank you, Mr. Venere and for a very clear description of this technology." ]

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[ "When a sentence begins with there is/here, the subject and verb are reversed. After everything you`ve already learned, there`s no doubt you`ll find this topic relatively easy! VERB RULE OF THE SUBJECT #1 Two or more singular (or plural) subjects connected by a pluralistic subject, which act as a plural subject and take a plural verb (singular + singular = plural). 4. In the case of compound subjects related by or nor, the verb corresponds to the subject that is closer to it. A singular subject with attached sentences, introduced by with or like or thus, followed by a singular verb. In these constructions (called expansionist constructions), the subject follows the verb, but always determines the number of the verb. As in this example, the subject is the singular book, the verb must also be singular. 3. Look for the real subject of sentences and choose a verb that matches that. 41K expressions as with, with, including, accompanied by, in addition or do not change the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is also. Note the difference in meaning and therefore in the chosen verb (singular or plural) between the two uses of the ics subnun statistic. With the word couple, it is sometimes necessary to use a plural verb, even if the two people who form the couple act in harmony.\nHowever, if it is considered a couple, a singular verb is used. However, there are some guidelines for deciding which form of verb (singular or plural) should be used with one of these nouns as a subject in a sentence. That is why there are three rules of correspondence of important subjects that must be remembered when a group subject is used as a subject: verbs in the present tense for third-person subjects, the singular (he, she, her, and everything these words may represent) have s endings. Other verbs do not add endings S. Note: Two or more plural subjects connected by or (or) would obviously need a plural verblage to agree. Anyone who uses a plural bural with a collective must be precise – and consistent too. This should not be done recklessly. The following is the kind of defective sentence that is often seen and heard nowadays: 1. The group noun can be considered a unit and therefore adopts a singular verb. . . ." ]

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[ "(Once Upon A Time is suitable for kids with ages 3-12)\nAssalamu Alaykum dear Muslim parent and reader:\nDid you know storytelling is important for your child’s mental growth?\nStories play a vital role in the growth and development of a child.\nReading books aloud stimulates their imagination, enhances their listening skills, expands their understanding of the world and boosts their confidence levels with ease.\nJust as computer simulations help us get to grips with complex problems like flying a plane or forecasting the weather, so does novels, stories and dramas help us understand the complexities of social life. (Source: Dr. Keith Oatley, Ph.D.)\nMeet Once Upon A Time: Your Child’s New Formula To Understand The Hurdles of Social Life\nOnce Upon A Time is a thrilling storytelling show created by an exciting channel providing entertainment for the Muslim family without compromising principles or values called Eman.\nThe stories are short, powerful, and dramatic, averaging around 6 minutes per episode, making the show exhilarating and gripping throughout.\nAdditionally, Once Upon A Time currently has over 40+ episodes with a different Muslim personality reading out a different story each episode – your child will surely enjoy every second of it.\nCharacters: The Show’s Storytellers\nThe Once Upon A Time show has several characters [or storytellers]\nEach character with his own story to tell, and a lesson to teach your child.\nHere are the three characters that appeared in most episodes:\nThe reality is that in order for a child to listen and focus on a story – the stories need to be presented in a compelling and fascinating manner.\nThis is exactly what Omar does…\n…he uses his dramatic light-hearted voice to inspire and encourage children to listen to his wonderful stories of Elma (An animated character in the stories)\nFrom imitating the animated voices in the stories to capturing your little one’s attention.\nOmar has it all.\nLikewise, Naif is also a remarkable storyteller.\nThe stories he shares are wondrous with valuable lessons for your child.\nWith his calm presence, and great storytelling skills, Naif will truly capture your child’s attention.\nFeatured in over 10 episodes in the show.\nUsman is an excellent storyteller, sometimes he uses props, other times he moves around, and other times he stays still.\nOther characters and storytellers that noticeably appeared in few of the episodes include Hesham Bellaand Jamil Choudhury\nTo Which Age Group Is Once Upon A Time Aimed At?\nFrom babyhood to the early teens, children love to hear a good story.\nOnce Upon A Time targets kids with ages 3-12. At this age, children tap into their imaginative minds and provide their own imagery, therefore, storytelling presents certain literary devices in a demonstrative and memorable way.\nStories at this age develop the inner world of imagination and creative thinking of your child.\nThe stories we hear as children shape our view of the world.\nMost children live their lives in quite a limited environment…\n…therefore, bringing stories into your little one’s life can show them far-flung places, extraordinary people, and eye-opening situations to expand and enrich their world.\nBlog readers qualify for a 50% discount on their first month.\nWhat are you waiting for?\nInvest in your child’s literacy by signing up for a 7-day free trial, and get instant access to all stories from Once Upon A Time Show." ]

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[ "Introduction to MultiplicationIf your child can grasp the concept of multiplication at a young age, they're off to a good start.\nMultiplication is adding a number to itself multiple times. Just visualising that concept could stop anyone in their tracks! An easy way to explain this to kids is by showing them ‘groups of’ a number of objects, and referring to it the same way. For example – there are 4 groups of 2 apples (that is, 4 lots of 2 apples).\nOur introduction to multiplication worksheets give children the opportunity to identify the number of groups of objects in very simple examples.\nThis introduction to multiplication worksheet shows groups of bright, familiar shapes. Help your child to count the number of groups, and the number of shapes within each group.\nThis worksheet gives your child a hands-on opportunity to identify the number of groups according to the statement by circling the correct number of items.\nMore Multiplication Resources\nTimes Tables Chart – try the 1-5 Times Tables Chart as aid for teaching the times tables. Move on to the 1-10 Times Tables Chart once the first chart is mastered.\nMultiplication Chart – use our Multiplication Chart 1-100 to cover the all the times tables up to ten.\nMultiplication Flash Cards – Flash cards are a great tool for memorization. Use these printable multiplication flash cards to help your child with recalling their multiplication facts.\nMultiplication Worksheets – use the Multiplication Worksheets to cover the all the times tables up to ten." ]

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[ "So much is at stake in writing a conclusion. This is, after all, your last chance to persuade your readers to your point of view, to impress yourself upon them as a writer and thinker. And the impression you create in your conclusion will shape the impression that stays with your readers after they've finished the essay.\nThe end of an essay should therefore convey a sense of completeness and closure as well as a sense of the lingering possibilities of the topic, its larger meaning, its implications: the final paragraph should close the discussion without closing it off.\nTo establish a sense of closure, you might do one or more of the following:\n- Conclude by linking the last paragraph to the first, perhaps by reiterating a word or phrase you used at the beginning.\n- Conclude with a sentence composed mainly of one-syllable words. Simple language can help create an effect of understated drama.\n- Conclude with a sentence that's compound or parallel in structure; such sentences can establish a sense of balance or order that may feel just right at the end of a complex discussion.\nTo close the discussion without closing it off, you might do one or more of the following:\n- Conclude with a quotation from or reference to a primary or secondary source, one that amplifies your main point or puts it in a different perspective. A quotation from, say, the novel or poem you're writing about can add texture and specificity to your discussion; a critic or scholar can help confirm or complicate your final point. For example, you might conclude an essay on the idea of home in James Joyce's short story collection, Dubliners, with information about Joyce's own complex feelings towards Dublin, his home. Or you might end with a biographer's statement about Joyce's attitude toward Dublin, which could illuminate his characters' responses to the city. Just be cautious, especially about using secondary material: make sure that you get the last word.\n- Conclude by setting your discussion into a different, perhaps larger, context. For example, you might end an essay on nineteenth-century muckraking journalism by linking it to a current news magazine program like 60 Minutes.\n- Conclude by redefining one of the key terms of your argument. For example, an essay on Marx's treatment of the conflict between wage labor and capital might begin with Marx's claim that the \"capitalist economy is . . . a gigantic enterprise ofdehumanization\"; the essay might end by suggesting that Marxist analysis is itself dehumanizing because it construes everything in economic -- rather than moral or ethical-- terms.\n- Conclude by considering the implications of your argument (or analysis or discussion). What does your argument imply, or involve, or suggest? For example, an essay on the novel Ambiguous Adventure, by the Senegalese writer Cheikh Hamidou Kane, might open with the idea that the protagonist's development suggests Kane's belief in the need to integrate Western materialism and Sufi spirituality in modern Senegal. The conclusion might make the new but related point that the novel on the whole suggests that such an integration is (or isn't) possible.\nFinally, some advice on how not to end an essay:\n- Don't simply summarize your essay. A brief summary of your argument may be useful, especially if your essay is long--more than ten pages or so. But shorter essays tend not to require a restatement of your main ideas.\n- Avoid phrases like \"in conclusion,\" \"to conclude,\" \"in summary,\" and \"to sum up.\" These phrases can be useful--even welcome--in oral presentations. But readers can see, by the tell-tale compression of the pages, when an essay is about to end. You'll irritate your audience if you belabor the obvious.\n- Resist the urge to apologize. If you've immersed yourself in your subject, you now know a good deal more about it than you can possibly include in a five- or ten- or 20-page essay. As a result, by the time you've finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you've produced. (And if you haven't immersed yourself in your subject, you may be feeling even more doubtful about your essay as you approach the conclusion.) Repress those doubts. Don't undercut your authority by saying things like, \"this is just one approach to the subject; there may be other, better approaches. . .\"\nCopyright 1998, Pat Bellanca, for the Writing Center at Harvard University" ]

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[ "What is in this article?:\n- South American palm weevil discovered in Valley, coastal Texas\n- Several palms threatened\n- Texas coastal palms at risk from weevil.\n- Palms in Texas may be in trouble now thanks to the introduction of the South American palm weevil.\n- Origin of weevil unknown.\nSoutheast Texas wouldn’t be the same without its tall pines. The mighty oak stands proud across the Hill Country and can be found far and wide across Central Texas and other parts of the state. But in the Rio Grande Valley and up the long coastline of Texas the palm rules, a reminder that parts of the state cross the invisible sub tropic longitude where these swaying palms dance constantly to the trade winds of the warm, salty Gulf.\nBut many types of palms in Texas may be in trouble now thanks to the introduction of the South American palm weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum) in the Valley. First detected in May, the insect is a risky pest that has the potential to decimate oil and coconut palms in the Valley and others parts of the state where palms are found.\n“We have been watching for the arrival of two potentially dangerous weevils to South Texas, the South American weevil and the red palm, or Asian, weevil. Using some 40 traps spread from South Padre Island to the Upper Valley, we discovered two South American weevils about a mile apart near Alamo in the early summer months,” reports Dr. Raul Villanueva, an entomologist at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Weslaco.\nOf the two weevil varieties, Villanueva says the South American palm weevil (SAPW) presents the greatest problem because it can deliver two methods of destruction.\n“Starting at the crown of a palm tree, the weevil will eat its way to the trunk, laying eggs along the way. As these eggs hatch, more weevils eat the tree from the inside, and worse, the South American weevil is known to carry a nematode (Radinaphelenchus cocophilus) that will deliver a deadly fungus to the palm. At this point there is no cure, the tree will die,” he said.\nVillanueva says spraying the trees with specific insecticides will work, but it is costly, and by the time the first signs of damage are visible, it is too late for a chemical solution.\nWhile the presence of the South American weevil in South Texas is cause for alarm, the entomologist says so far only the two weevils have been detected.\n“Shortly after we discovered these weevils earlier this year, USDA dispatched a team of about 20 entomologists and technicians who established a much larger network of traps across the Valley, and after 4 to 5 months of comprehensive collection, no other weevils have been found. This is encouraging,” he added." ]

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[ "A study shows that stimulating the production of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), one of the cytokines released by cells of the immune system, can be an effective strategy for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, considered one of the six most important parasitic diseases affecting humans.\nThe principal investigator in this research is João Santana da Silva, Full Professor at the University of São Paulo's Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP-USP).According to the article, increased levels of IL-17A in an infected organism not only help to reduce parasite load but also protect organs against the lesions caused by an exacerbated inflammatory response, which is common in such cases.\n\"These findings pave the way to new therapeutic strategies,\" Santana da Silva explained. \"Drugs can be developed to stimulate production of IL-17A directly and also to neutralize the action of interleukin-27 [IL-27], another cytokine that is released by defense cells that inhibits synthesis of IL-17A.\"\nIn the study, the group used parasites of the species Leishmania infantum, which are transmitted to humans by insect bites, and especially those of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis.\n\"As soon as the parasite enters the organism, the host responds with a surge of cytokines,\" Santana da Silva said. \"Successful control of the infection depends on which substances are produced by the immune system. Some individuals are more resilient, others more susceptible. Even the former may develop lesions in their organs as a result of their inflammatory response.\"\nIn susceptible individuals, the protozoan spreads to the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes, causing these organs to swell and become inflamed and also leading to anemia, fever and immunosuppression. Without treatment, the disease is fatal in more than 90% of cases.\nThe new findings of the research group at FMRP-USP show that if IL-17A is produced in appropriate amounts in addition to IFNγ, the parasite can be eliminated without causing damage to the organism's tissues. This is because IL-17A attracts neutrophils to the site of the infection. Neutrophils are defense cells capable of phagocytizing pathogens and diseased cells. When the parasite load decreases, so does the production of cytokines, such as IFNγ, that can damage tissue.\n\"In this study, we set out to understand what modulates the release of IL-17A,\" Santana da Silva said. \"We suspected one of the regulatory factors was IL-27, and this hypothesis proved correct. In experiments with mice, we investigated which receptors recognize the parasite and then produce IL-27, which ends up inducing a cascade of reactions that leads to the inhibition of IL-17A.\"\nIn one of the experiments, a group of mice was genetically modified to silence the gene that codes for Ebi3, a key protein for the functioning of IL-27 as well as another cytokine, called interleukin-35 (IL-35). Hence, IL-27 and IL-35 were inactive in these genetically modified (GM) mice.\nThe researchers then compared the response of these animals without Ebi3 to infection by L. infantum with the response of wild-type (not genetically modified) mice. The former produced more IL-17A and less IFNγ. In other words, the group of GM mice controlled infection better and did not develop lesions in their organs. Flow cytometry analysis showed twice as many neutrophils in the spleen and liver of the mice without Ebi3.\n\"Next, we repeated the same experiment, except that this time, we administered an antibody to neutralize IL-17A in the group without Ebi3,\" Santana da Silva said. \"We found that the two groups had a very similar immune response when this cytokine was neutralized. Parasite load and organ inflammation were equivalent in both groups, and the number of neutrophils in the organs of the group without Ebi3 didn't double. This result confirmed the importance of IL-17A.\"\nAccording to Santana da Silva, strategies based on stimulating production of this cytokine should also be studied for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by L. amazonensis, L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis. The vector in this case is also the sandfly L. longipalpis, but the lesions resulting from the host organism's inflammatory response affect the skin and can cause deformations.\nTo further investigate the genetic factors that determine the progression of visceral leishmaniasis, the researchers have sequenced the genomes of resistant and susceptible patients and are currently performing comparative analyses in a search for differently expressed genes.\nThey are also investigating the bacteria present in acute lesions to see whether these bacteria influence the immune system's response in any way.\nBesides L. infantum, visceral leishmaniasis can also be caused by L. donovani. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 300,000 new cases and about 20,000 deaths occur per year worldwide.\nProvided by: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo\nFrom: Medical Xpress" ]

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[ "Fires giving utilities vast new powers\nFrom the ashes of last year’s huge fires in Butte, Shasta, Lake and Los Angeles counties, this state’s utilities have suddenly acquired vast new powers to control and influence the lives of millions of Californians.\nThe new reality is that no one living near a potential fire area — and that includes wide swaths of this state — now can be sure when the lights will go off and come back on.\nIt’s all because California’s big utility companies have accepted blame for contributing to the start of several multi-billion-dollar fires and want no part of anything similar in the future. So anytime they deem wind and weather sufficiently threatening, they’re shutting down power to prevent arcing and sparking on their lines, whether or not they’ve been maintained.\nThis would be fine if standards existed for what constitutes fire danger from power lines, which helped start and spread fires from San Diego to Paradise, from Simi Valley to the Sierra Nevada in 2017 and 2018. There are no such standards.\nSo when Pacific Gas & Electric Co. announced it would undertake the year’s first power shutdown in early June because of possible record-setting temperatures and high winds in Napa, Solano and Yolo counties, anyone without immediate access to newspapers and electronic media had no way to know their lights, TVs and appliances would go dead for an unpredictable time.\nThat exercise, also affecting parts of Butte and Yuba counties, affected “only” about 21,000 electricity customers. No one knows how many had electric-powered oxygen supplies, CPAPs for sleep apnea or other medical devices. No one knows how many had independent power supplies, whether solar or from generators. But a lot of people and businesses were suddenly imperiled.\nPG&E figured fire risks outweighed all others. “The safety of our customers and the communities we serve is our most important responsibility,” said one company vice president. Too bad PG&E hadn’t realized that before last year’s Paradise Fire, or before the Wine County fires of 2017, both admittedly at least partly the products of corporate negligence.\nOne thing for sure: Before this year’s just-opened fire season is over, PG&E, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric (along with several municipal utilities) will be doing the same kind of thing to many, many more people, with the same kind of notice under the same whimsical standard.\nThe lack of predictability here is the problem. Certain temperatures, wind directions and speeds must soon be written into firm standards for when deliberate power cutoffs can occur. Given sufficient notice via printed inserts in electricity bills, customers could know what to expect and when. Now they don’t. Which leaves some folks as vulnerable to power company judgments as they are to actual fires.\nIt also puts great power in the hands of power companies that have repeatedly proven themselves irresponsible.\nThe real question here is why state regulators, principally the Public Utilities Commission — now many months after the last big wave of fires — still have not yet developed firm guidelines for utilities to live by.\nThis leaves many customers vulnerable to chancy, unreliable weather forecasts and the will of utility executives.\nLast fall, when PG&E staged its first modern-era fire-prevention power cutoff, one reader near Nevada City called the move “blatant terrorism,” which was exacerbated when winds in the area turned out never to exceed a paltry 7 mph. He called it a form of blackmail, designed to accustom consumers to accepting the will of the utility.\nThe PUC already allows utilities to dun customers steadily for maintenance: they took in more than $6 billion in such funding over the last four decades without accounting for most of it. The new charges are for tree-cutting (often done against the will of tree owners) and other long-neglected fire prevention tactics.\nSo far, it’s all random, chancy stuff. Utilities and the public need rules for the companies to live by, giving millions of Californians some ability to predict when their power will be turned off, just in case they can’t or don’t want to read or listen to the news 24 hours a day.\nEmail Thomas Elias at [email protected]." ]

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[ "Lewis had little training yet she overcame numerous obstacles to become a respected artist in history redefining the 19th-century definition of sculpting.\nMore about this\nShe attended Oberlin College in Ohio where her life almost came to a disastrous halt when she was falsely accused of poisoning two white classmates.\nShe was kidnapped, beaten by a white mob and left to die. The strong-willed battered Lewis, who was already a talented artist struggled to recover from serious injuries.\nWhen she was acquitted of the charges leveled against her, she moved to Boston, Massachusetts.\nThe audacious Lewis did not want to be anything other than to be an artist at the time when it sounded impossible for a free woman of color to pursue such a career, especially the use of marble as a medium.\nWhile in Boston, Lewis befriended abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and sculptor Edward A. Brackett. The latter taught Lewis sculpture and aided her to set up her own studio.\nShe gained success commercially by the early 1860s for her clay and plaster medallions of Garrison, John Brown and other abolitionist leaders.\nIn 1864, Lewis created her most famous work to date and the money she earned from the sale of copies of the bust allowed her to move to Rome. It was a bust of Colonel Robert Shaw, a Civil War hero who had died leading the all-black 54th Massachusetts Regiment.\n“Some praise me because I am a colored girl, and I don’t want that kind of praise, I had rather you would point out my defects, for that will teach me something,” she said.\nNarrating her ordeal to the Times, she said: “I was practically driven to Rome, in order to obtain the opportunities for art culture and to find a social atmosphere where I was not constantly reminded of my color. The land of liberty had no room for a colored sculptor.”\nLewis continued to work as an artist in Italy and her work illustrated African American themes as well as subjects influenced by her devout Catholicism.\nOne of her most prized works was “Forever Free” (1867), a sculpture depicting a black man and woman emerging from the bonds of slavery. Another piece, “The Arrow Maker” (1866), draws on her Native American roots and shows a father teaching his young daughter how to make an arrow.\nShe invested over four years into her largest and most powerful work which was a depiction of the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra, titled “The Death of Cleopatra“. The work showed the legendary queen of ancient Egypt on her throne in her lifeless body with head tilting back and arms.\nLewis shipped the 3,000-pound sculpture to Philadelphia to be considered by the committee selecting works for the Centennial Exhibition and the panel ordered its placement in Gallery K of Memorial Hall.\nBut strangely after the exhibition, the sculpture disappeared for over a hundred years until in the 1980s, it was handed over to the Forest Park Historical Society, and art historian Marilyn Richardson.\nIn the early 1990s, the historical society donated the sculpture to the Smithsonian, and a Chicago conservator was hired to return it to its original form based on a single surviving photograph.\nAccording to Smithsonian Magazine, the details of Lewis’s death were unknown until recently, when Richardson found her death notice, indicating that she died in London on Sept. 17, 1907. The cause was Bright’s disease, an inflammation of the kidneys. Her age was listed as 42, though she would have been about 63." ]

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[ "FMD is a highly infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, caused by the virus Aphthae epizooticae. It’s not to be confused with hand, foot and mouth disease which is a human disease caused by a different virus. The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) tells us why FMD is a notifiable disease in Britain. Why, twelve years ago, our farming industry was devastated by a mass cull of livestock infected by A. epizooticae. Here’s a list of notifiable diseases affecting livestock in Britain.\nBut there’s already a vaccine! It’s made by attenuating the live virus. That means that the vaccine is alive, and it triggers the animal’s immune response, but it almost never causes disease. You can scroll down the UAR page to see a map of where that vaccine is being used in the world. Mostly in developing countries, not in rich countries.\nWhen I discuss FMD in Britain a question often comes up: why not vaccinate? Here’s why. With the existing vaccine, you can’t tell a vaccinated cow, sheep or pig from one that’s infecting other animals. Other countries in Europe didn’t want to accept livestock imports from Britain while we had FMD. Therefore, farmers couldn’t export livestock as usual.\nSoon the new vaccine might make that debate redundant. The new vaccine is a modified version of the protein which forms the viral ‘coat’. Due to the modification, this isn’t a live virus and it can’t cause disease as the existing vaccine occasionally can. The new vaccine isn’t yet approved for use here in Britain or anywhere else, but we can hope.\nHere’s an article from a North American news outlet, Fox News, about progress in developing the new vaccine." ]

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[ "The graphic below depicts a simple single line drawing of the circular geometry components that relate to most bending applications. When\nspecifying and detailing curved steel, there are a minimum number of components of this circular geometry that must be dimensionally specified. These\ncomponents can be specified in different minimum combinations that will allow the bender to generate other required information for processing. Some\nexamples of the combinations are as follows:\nRadius and Arc: The most basic information required for a bender-roller to curve steel.\nChord and Rise: Both dimensions, taken from the same work points, allow the bender-roller to calculate radius and arc.\nRadius and Degree/Angle: Degree/angle, in conjunction with bend radius, allows the bender-roller to calculate arc.\nRadius and Chord: Both dimensions, taken from the same work points, allow the bender-roller to calculate degree/angle or arc.\nRadius and Rise: Both dimensions, taken from the same work points, allow the bender-roller to calculate degree/angle or arc.\n*Additional information for bending may be required for processing depending on fabricated member requirements. For example, if tangents are required, the\nlength of tangents needs to be provided separately from other dimensional components.\nProduce to Customer Specifications\nAbility to produce from customer supplied samples, drawings, fixtures or templates.\nHow to Order:\nSpecify tolerances to be held on part shape\nSend drawings or print samples, if available\nMaterial, including alloy or temper\nOutside diameter (OD) and wall thickness (WT)\nCenterline radius (CLR)\nMinimum straight bend between tangent points (ST)\nMaximum bend angle (BA)\nFormula to determine material required:\nDegree of bend x radius of bend x .01745 + all straight material\n90 degree bend, 6\" radius, with 12\" tangent on each end,\n90 x 6 x .01745 = 9.423\" + 24\" = 33.423\" total material length\n*Distortion estimates and samples provided upon request to eliminate any uncertainty." ]

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[ "Abstract: What's New at Machu Picchu\nLecturer: James Kus\nSince its discovery a century ago by Yale professor and explorer Hiram Bingham, Machu Picchu has become the premier tourist attraction in Peru, and perhaps all of South America. It was recently ranked as one the “Seven Wonders of the World” in internet balloting and is listed as a UNESCO “World Heritage Site.” Yet, from the very beginning, controversy has swirled around the site – questions about who built it, why it was built, and why it was built in that particular location were the focus of much debate during the first half of the Twentieth Century. In recent years, however, the focus has shifted as research has provided answers to these basic questions. Today, the two most important unresolved issues associated with Machu Picchu are: 1) the future status of artifacts removed from Peru by Hiram Bingham and 2) how best to protect the site in the face of ever increasing tourist numbers and competing commercial interests.\nAfter Hiram Bingham’s last work at Machu Picchu, he sent a large number of artifacts to Yale University with the promise to return them within 18 months. They still reside in New Haven, however, although tentative agreements for their return have been worked out. But as we approach the centenary of Bingham’s discovery, the issue of the artifacts remains a “hot potato” political issue in Peru. Another controversy surrounds the very high end hotel adjacent to the site – should it remain? And what about the conflicting interests of the people of the nearby town of Aguas Caliente (now being called Machu Picchu Pueblo)? They argue that the do not receive their fair share of revenues from the site, although tourists visiting Machu Picchu spend large amounts of money in their town.\nNote: Dr. Kus has visited Machu Picchu more than twenty times since 1970 and has been involved in efforts to return the artifacts to Peru. This has been his most popular AIA lecture in recent years." ]

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[ "The Importance of Good Positioning on Canine Hip X-rays\nNotes from the Tufts Genetics Breeders Conference\n- September 27th-29th, 2013\nChronology of Hip Dysplasia Development in a Cohort of 48 Labrador Retrievers Followed for Life\n- another article on the subject\nI would like to thank Dr. Jane Brakken for help with my dogs and\nallowing me the use of her x-ray room to take these photos.\nThe purpose of this article is to teach the average dog owner how to determine if a hip x-ray is done properly on their dog’s hips. The article will demonstrate correct positioning and poor positioning. It will show 2 different sets of x-rays done on the same dog on the same day. One set has good positioning, the second set has poor positioning. You will see that with poor positioning, a dogs hips can look worse than they actually are. You will also see that no matter what you do with positioning you can never make a bad hip into a good hip.\nThe photo of the hip x-ray above (labeled good positioning) was done on a 10 month old German Shepherd from my kennel. While the dog is slightly angled on the x-ray plate, the positioning for the hips is pretty good. The photo below (the same photo as above) shows the various points on an x-ray to look at to determine if the dog was positioned properly.\nBecause this article is directed to the general public, I will not attempt to use the proper medical names for a lot of the terminology in this article.\nThe first thing to look at in an x-ray is to see if the legs come straight down from the hips with the knee caps square and looking alike. We don't want to see one leg straight and the other going off at an angle.\nThe above photo has 3 sets of colored arrows (green, yellow and red).\nThe green arrows above point to the bone that the hip socket is built into. These bones almost look like wings. You will notice that you can see more of the wing on the right than the wing on the left. When the position is 100% perfect, both wings will look exactly alike.\nThe yellow arrows point to holes in the bone structure. When the body positioning is correct the 2 holes on the left side are the same shape and size as the holes on the right side. The positioning is good on this dog, but not 100% perfect. That's why the holes on the right are slightly different than the left. This is most noticeable in the lower right hole being smaller than the left side lower hole.\nThe red arrows above are the first things I look at when examining an x-ray. They point to the amount of pelvis bone that is covered by the leg bones on the x-ray. If you look at the pelvis, you can see that with the legs fully extended straight down, the legs overlay the very corners or tips of the pelvis. You can see the overlap through the leg bone. The picture above shows an even amount of overlap on both sides of the pelvis. The photo below shows a much larger overlap on the left of the screen than on the right of the screen. This is poor positioning.\nThe photo above is the same dog only a different x-ray than the first one. This second x-ray has poor positioning. Notice how much more the pelvic overlaps the leg bone (the green arrows) on the left than on the right. The result is the hip is pulled further out of the socket (the single red arrow) because of poor positioning.\nThe x-ray above is an example of poor positioning. Again this is the same dog as the good x-rays above. The dog is rotated. You can see the upper right hole through the body cavity is noticeably smaller on the right than the left. The pelvic wing under the leg is noticeably larger on the left than the right.\nThis photo graphically shows the results of poor positioning. This photo shows the same hip joint on the same dog x rayed on the same day. The hip in the red circle is a much deeper seated ball in the socket than the picture in the yellow box (which had poor positioning to produce this results).\nSome people ask how the difference can be so dramatic. My feeling is that these are young dogs. They have loose ligaments (just like a young child). If I took some of the falls that my eleven year old does I would have numerous broken bones. It’s the same with our dogs. As they get older their ligaments are not as loose and they will probably not stretch as much. There may not be as much of a difference in older dogs. But at a young age positioning is critical.\nThe importance on positioning is often over looked by the vet that is shooting the films. There may be a number of reasons for this:\n- It could be lack of experience doing hip x-rays.\n- It could be a money issue with him. To shoot another x-ray because he made a mistake costs him money.\n- It could be that by the time the x-ray is developed and he realizes the position wasn't that good, the animal is gone or awake from being knocked out.\nIn my opinion, none of these are good reasons. To get good x-rays you have to have a good vet. I have a couple of local vets that are very good with x-rays. If they make a mistake they re shoot it at their expense. We just recently started to see the OFA send x-rays back to the vets because of poor positioning. When this starts to happen on a consistent basis, we will start to see much better x-rays of the dogs.\nOver the years I have seen some absolutely terrible jobs of x-raying dogs. As time goes by I will continue to add poor x-rays to this article so people can learn what to look for.\nThere are several operations that are being done today to correct a bad hip and allow the dog to live a normal life. The x-ray below is an example of what a hip can look like after the operation. This operation needs to be done at an early age.\nThis is a photo of a very bad set of hips. It's questionable if surgery could even correct this dog’s problem. These are hips from an 8-month old German Shepherd that came from a back yard breeder. A dog with hips like this should be put down. It is facing a life of pain.\nThe 2 x-rays above are of the same dog (a Border Collie). The top x-ray was taken at 8 months of age. The lower x-ray was taken at 4 years of age. This can give you an idea of what will happen to bad hips over time. Notice the thickening of the neck of the joint. The ball also shows signs of arthritis. This dog is living as a house dog where her exercise is monitored. When the pain gets bad she is given Rymadil and this seems to make her comfortable.\nSame Dog 9 Months Apart\nHere are photos of 2 different x-rays taken of the same dog taken 9 months apart. The first x-ray showed the dog having bad hips. If you look closely you will see the positioning is not correct. It's not that bad but it is also not perfect.\nTaken Sept. 2002\nThe second photo below shows the dog with good hips. The positioning has been improved and this has made a big difference in how the x-rays look.\nTaken June 2003\nMy advice to anyone would be to not accept incorrect positioning of any kind. Discuss this with the vet before the x-ray. Show him this article if he has any questions. I personally will not pay for a bad x-ray.\nI recently had a similar situation with a young dog that I x rayed at 6 months. The picture did not look that good but the rest of the litter was good. So I redid the X-ray at 9 months and saw an entirely different x-ray. The dog will pass OFA if the x-ray stays the same.\nI would also recommend swimming a dog to build muscle mass if there is any question on the hips. The better condition a dog is in the better chance of a good x-ray. I have a friend who has watched the OFA on a yearly basis. She has noticed that there are more bad hips in the winter months than summer months.\nFor me this translates into dogs not being in as good physical condition in the winter months as the summer. In the future I will not be x-raying dogs in the winter. I will also make sure that my dogs are in excellent condition when the x-rays are taken.\nPoor Hip Positioning vs. Correct Hip Positioning\nThese x-rays are of the same dog taken with poor hip positioning on the left and correct hip positioning on that right taken just several days apart.\nPoor Hip Positioning\n|Good Hip Positioning\nWhile this dog does not have perfect hips, if you look at the positioning of the x-ray on the left, the hip positioning makes the dog's hips look much worse than they really are. This was confirmed when the dog's owner took this article back to her vet and asked the vet to re-do the x-ray with correct positioning.\nThe Following are 3 x-rays of the same dog done\nat different times.\nJanuary - 2003\nPositioning still not correct - look\nat right hip\nMay 2003 Better but not perfect. Look\nat the right hip in all three shots.\nThis is the worst case of hip positioning\nthat I have ever seen. The Vet that took them and gave them to\nthe customer should get out of the business.\nWhat you can do to prevent bad hips\nWith all this said - if you are reading\nthis article and are asking yourself what you can do to make sure\nyour dog has healthy hips? The SV in Germany (the German Shepherd\nDog Club of Germany) has proven that genetics is only responsible\nfor about 25% of the bad hips in dogs. This means that 70% to 75%\nof the bad hips are caused by environmental issues.\nThere are things that help:\n1- Keep your dog thin - when I say thin I mean you need to see\na definition between the ribs and loins of your dog. I cannot stress\nthis enough. The more weight a dog carries the more pressure on\nthe hips. This is extremely important when the dog is growing (between\n8 weeks and 18 months)\n2- Do not over exercise your young dog. DO NOT TAKE A PUPPY JOGGING\n!!! Not until its older than one year of age. Over exercise is\nthe fastest way to destroy hips.\n3- Feed a quality all-natural\nyou don’t want to\nfeed a raw diet at least feed it an all-natural commercial diet.\nI have an article on the various commercial kibble - we also sell\none of the best called \"Honest\nKitchen\" We have fed this\nfor years and feel that it's the best we can find.\nWe stress the diet with our puppy customers and it has made a\n4- If you have a question about subluxation in a young dog - SWIM\nthe dog!! Take the dog swimming every day for 3 or 4 months before\nyou have x-rays taken. Swimming is the best exercise you can do\nfor a dog. It is way better than jogging the dog. When you stop\nand think that subluxation means the head of the femur is loose\nin the socket - does it not make sense to exercise the dog so the\nmuscles and ligaments tighten up the dog as much as possible.\n5- We give our dogs 99% Glucosamine supplements - we\nalso sell it to customers click here for details. The fact is I take the\nsame product myself (in orange juice)\nThe fact is you can do all of the things\nmentioned above and still get bad hips. That’s the sad\nthing. I have bred over 350 litters in 30 years, the dogs I breed\nhave good hips 6 to 10 generations\nand we will occasionally get a bad hip. I will say that the percentage\nof hip problems in our kennel is much much less than breeders who\ndo not follow this protocol.\nTHE WORST POSITIONED HIPS I HAVE SEEN\nThe x-rays above were sent to me in Feb. 2006.\nThey are the worst example of hip positioning I have ever seen.\nThe Vet that took these should give up his day job and seek another\nThe above 2 pictures are of awful\npositioning. The hips are bad however, and no matter how they were\npositioned it would not have made them look any better.\nRead our Q&A on Hip Positioning." ]

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[ "Conventional Farming - Disease: Increased Occurence\nHarmful residuesPesticides may kill weeds and pests, but they also end up as residues on our food. In 1995 and again in 2002, the USDA found that of the 12 most commonly eaten produce items and wheat samples, 73%-90% were contaminated by pesticides, even after washing and peeling.\nThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services have determined that of the 25 most commonly used agricultural pesticides:\n- 5 are toxic to the nervous system.\n- 18 are harmful to the skin, eyes and lungs.\n- About half are comprised of cancer-causing chemicals.\n- 17 cause genetic damage.\n- 10 are harmful to reproductive organs.\n- 6 disrupt normal functions of hormones.\nIn other scientific journals and publications, pesticides have been linked with an astounding number of cases of cancer, birth defects, allergies, and other disorders of the nervous, neurological, behavioral, hormone, reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems.\nAntibiotics creating \"superbugs\"The World Health Organization (WHO) have also shown that when humans eat antibiotically-treated foods, they are more susceptible to contracting infections that are typically treated by a similar antibiotic.\nThe WHO believes using antibiotics in our meat supply \"enables microbes to build up defenses against ... drugs, jump up the food chain, and attack human immune systems.\" Essentially, the prevalence of antibiotics in meat is causing human \"super-bugs\" that can no longer be treated with the same medicines.\nIn agriculture, genetic-engineering often requires the use of antibiotic \"marker genes\", so these negative health effects also apply to some conventionally-grown produce.\nOrganic alternativeOrganic farming, on the other hand, produces minimal residues and is a benefit, not determinant, to your health.\nConventional Farming - Water Contamination\nOrganics - Health & Safety" ]

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[ "Flowers and More! – A Guide to Composting for Kids!\nComposting involves recycling and reusing organic materials such as food waste, grass and even coffee grounds in order to produce compost. It is the decaying or decomposing of the materials over time that creates the compost. Invertebrates (such as earthworms) and micro-organisms (which can’t be seen without using a microscope) are an important part of the decomposition process. They help to break down the organic materials. Compost is full of nutrients and enriches the soil. It helps plants to grow and thrive. Compost can be used in several ways. It can be used as mulch (which is a protective cover that surrounds plants to keep moisture from evaporating, weeds from growing and roots from freezing). Compost is beneficial for plants when mixed into the soil in planting holes in the ground. It helps the plant grow big and strong. Compost helps sandy soil better retain moisture and nutrients. It also makes clay soil better for planting. Compost can be used in potting soil for plants that you put in containers. Potting soil can be made by combining compost with a little sand.\nA variety of materials (ingredients) are combined to create the most nutrient rich compost. The greater your variety of materials, the greater the variety of microorganism types that will help to recycle plant parts. The microorganisms need both brown materials (dried, dead parts of plants such as leaves) and green materials (living plant parts that are fresh such as grass clippings) to nibble on. The brown materials tend to be high in carbon while the green materials tend to be high in nitrogen. You want to try to balance the carbon to nitrogen ratio. Additional examples of brown materials which are high in carbon include: pine needles, newspaper and sawdust. Additional examples of green materials which are high in nitrogen include: food scraps, coffee grounds and horse manure. Composting also requires both air (oxygen) and water in order for the microorganisms to work and to live.\nPhoto by Leon Roberts\nComposting is a fun and easy activity to do which is also environmentally-friendly. The first thing to do is to choose a spot to set up your compost bin. Try to put it in an area that is convenient for you to access. You also need room to be able to work in. Try to avoid high-traffic areas. Being close to a water source can be very helpful. Begin your compost bin with an approximately six-inch layer of brown materials such as pine needles or dead leaves. Your next layer should be comprised of green materials such as grass clippings. Make this layer several inches thick. It is beneficial to mix the two layers up a little. In order to add some microorganisms to the bin, next sprinkle some soil or compost. After you create each layer, add water to it to wet all the ingredients in it. You continue to add these same layers of ingredients until your bin is full. Let the decomposition begin!\nMicro-organisms are an important part of the composting process. They help to break down organic matter, and produce things such as carbon dioxide, heat, water and the end product of compost called humus. Different phases involve different temperatures which occur throughout the process of producing compost. Different micro-organisms thrive during each of the various stages. Bacteria is one type of micro-organism that can be found when creating compost. These bacterium are all single-celled, and many can move using their own power. They are the smallest living organisms as well as the most abundant in compost. Bacteria are the biggest contributor in terms of heat generation and decomposition. They utilize a lot of different enzymes to break down the various organic materials.\nActinomycetes are another type of micro-organism that can be found in compost. They look similar to spider webs with long, thread-like branched filaments throughout the compost. They resemble fungi but are actually filamentous bacteria. They do not have a nuclei but grow multicellular filaments similar to fungi.\nActinomycetes contain powerful enzymes that help them to break down tougher debris such as bark and newspaper.\nFungi is also a micro-organism often assisting in the decomposition process. Fungi includes both yeasts and molds. They produce many filaments and cells which means that they grow rapidly. When organic residues are too dry, acidic or low in nitrogen for bacterial decomposition, fungi is able to step in and attack. The majority of fungi are considered saprophytes because they reside on dying or already dead material. They are able to break down organic matter in both dead plants and animals in order to obtain energy. Fungi often live in the outer compost layer when the temperature is high." ]

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[ "Our climate is changing, and we’re already experiencing the effects. Hotter, drier, smokier summers. Longer wildfire seasons. Warmer winters and more spring flooding. More variability from one year to the next. These are a few of the changes we can expect in Missoula County in the coming decades, according to locally-specific climate projections.\nSo how do we prepare? Around the world, communities are stepping up to build local resiliency, and Missoula is, too. We’ve been a part of a core team from Missoula County, the City of Missoula, and Climate Smart Missoula to shepherd Climate Ready Missoula through an 18-month process, and this week we were excited to release the draft plan and take an important step toward a more resilient Missoula County.\nThe word “resiliency” is thrown around a lot these days, but what exactly does it mean? It’s about being ready for these changes and prepared to bounce back from the disruptions that climate change will bring.\nBut it’s more than that. It also means making sure no one is left behind, and that we “bounce forward” to create a more equitable and just Missoula County. And it doesn’t stop there. Resiliency also requires us to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change.\nFor more than a year, we’ve been working with hundreds of stakeholders representing diverse sectors and gathering their input to make this plan a reality. Our draft plan includes guiding principles to navigate the implementation process and address inherent tradeoffs, locally-specific climate projections, the risks they pose for the county, and proposed strategies to address those risks.\nWe know that climate change will impact all of us, and we’ve developed goals and strategies across eight topic areas (wildfire smoke, heat, and health; buildings and land use; water; ecosystems and wildlife; agriculture; emergency preparedness and response; business, tourism, and recreation; and energy) that will help us become climate ready.\nThe plan is organized by sectors, but we know building resiliency will require us to break out of our silos and collaborate in new ways. As mentioned in this Current article, the draft Climate Ready Missoula plan highlights these intersections, and the accompanying website provides an interactive tool to show how the vulnerabilities that one sector faces will require action from many different parts of our community.\nSo what would a resilient Missoula County look like? According to the Climate Ready Missoula plan, it’s a place in which we consider the likelihood of wildfires and floods when making decisions about where and how we build, shifting new development away from high risk areas and retrofitting existing structures where necessary.\nIt’s a place where all buildings — homes, businesses and public spaces — will provide clean and cool air during extended wildfire seasons, ensuring that every community member has a place to breathe safely. These buildings will also be more energy efficient and powered by a clean, reliable, and affordable energy system.\nClimate change will inform our infrastructure and business decisions. Stormwater will be managed with more “green infrastructure” to enhance ecosystems and reduce energy consumption in the face of increased flooding. Roads, bridges, and telecommunication systems will be designed for resilience in the face of increased disruption from major storms. The tourism and recreation industries will be more agile in adapting to changing conditions, adjusting the timing and location of activities where necessary.\nWe’ll have a food system where farmers have the information they need to produce food in a changing climate, the connections they need to weather those transitions, and the infrastructure in place to increase the public’s access to local foods.\nAquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are crucial, too, and need to be protected and prepared so they can remain healthy as our climate changes. And of course, a resilient Missoula County includes our trees, flowers, shrubs, fish and wildlife.\nBuilding a resilient Missoula County will take all of us. Please take a look at the draft plan and let us know what you think. You can provide comments online at climatereadymissoula.org or in person at one of three drop-in style open houses hosted by Missoula County, the City, and Climate Smart Missoula:\n- Wednesday January 22, 11:30-1:30pm, County Courthouse (Sophie Moiese Room)\n- Wednesday, January 22, 4-6pm, County Courthouse (Sophie Moiese Room)\n- Friday, January 24, 11:30-1:30, City Council Chambers\nClimate change will impact all of us. Let’s get climate ready, Missoula.\nLearn more and get involved at climatereadymissoula.org.\nDiana Maneta is the energy conservation and sustainability coordinator for Missoula County; Caroline Lauer is the program director at Climate Smart Missoula; Amy Cilimburg is the executive director of Climate Smart Missoula; Chase Jones is the energy conservation and climate action coordinator for the City of Missoula.\nUpcoming Sustainability Events\nEvery Friday. Missoula Friday Climate Strike. Noon – 1pm. Join us at the Missoula County Courthouse as we stand in solidarity with climate strikers around the world. Watch this space for strikes in other locations as well! More here.\nNow through January. Dear Tomorrow Missoula letter writing project, sponsored by Climate Smart Missoula and Families for a Livable Climate. Dear Tomorrow is a global storytelling project focused on sharing personal messages about climate change to inspire action. Details here.\nNow through January. 2020 Clear the Air Challenge all month. It’s not too late to sign up!\nJanuary 23. UM’s Seeking Sustainability Lecture Series continues. Meets Thursdays 7 – 8:30 pm Jan 16 – May 7 in Gallagher Business Building room 122. Open to the public. Learn how UM, local government, nonprofits and businesses are working together to create a more sustainable community and how you can help. See the weekly schedule here.\nJanuary 27. 350 Montana’s Annual Meeting. 5:30 p.m. at the Union Club upstairs. All welcome.\nJanuary 28. “Love, Despair, and Hope: Working Through Climate Change Grief into Action for our World.” The first of a monthly spring series hosted by Faith & Climate Action. All are welcome. First United Methodist Church, 300 E. Main St, 6-8pm.\nJanuary 30. Earth Day Organizing Meeting, 4 – 5:30 pm. Missoula Public Library. Join Missoula-area youth and families to begin organizing for Earth Day 2020. Event info here. RSVPs appreciated via Facebook or email. Co-hosted by Sunrise Movement Missoula and Families for a Livable Climate.\nFebruary 22. Running Up for Air endurance event sponsored by the Runner’s Edge and in support of Climate Smart Missoula. 3, 6, or 12 hour up and down event on Mt Sentinel. Join us by signing up to participate or pledging to support runners!" ]

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[ "The rising number of houses built near national parks, forests and wilderness areas may severely limit the conservation values those properties were set aside to protect, a federal study has found.\nExamining detailed housing growth data from the last 70 years and projections for the next two decades, researchers found that housing development in the United States may sharply restrict the ability of protected areas to function as a modern Noah's ark and safeguard biodiversity.\nProtected areas are crucial because they provide safe havens for species threatened by land-use change and resulting habitat loss, the researchers said. But the areas are only effective when they protect habitat within their boundaries and are connected via corridors to other wild areas.\nNew homes near protected areas have created a patchwork quilt of land use that has shrunk the impact of public lands, the study shows. Housing development blocks travel corridors for some animals and alters habitat for others.\nResearchers compiled spatially detailed housing growth data from 1940 to 2030 and quantified growth for each wilderness area, national park and forest in the continental United States.\nBetween 1940 and 2000, 28 million housing units were built within 50 kilometers of protected areas, and 940,000 were built within national forests, the researchers found. During the last three decades, the rate of housing growth near the areas has accelerated at the rate of about 20 percent a decade.\nSince the 1990s, the growth of housing within a single kilometer of protected areas has far outpaced the national average of new housing units, they said.\nIf long-term trends continue, another 17 million housing units will be built within 50 kilometers of protected areas by 2030, of which 1 million will be within a kilometer, \"greatly diminishing their conservation value,\" the researchers said.\nThe study did not look at potential impacts on individual species, but focused on how the housing growth has changed the landscape.\nU.S. protected areas are increasingly isolated, and nearby housing development is decreasing their effective size, the researchers found. National forests are threatened by habitat loss even within their administrative boundaries, they added.\n\"Protected areas in the United States are thus threatened similarly to those in developing countries,\" the study says. \"However, housing growth poses the main threat to protected areas in the United States whereas deforestation is the main threat in developing countries.\"\nResults of the study are being published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\nFunding for the study was provided by the Forest Service. Also participating in the study were researchers from the University of Wisconsin, the Forest Service's Northern Research Station and Rocky Mountain Research Station.\nRoger Hammer, an Oregon State University demographer and a co-author of the study, said protected areas have become an amenity that attracts housing development.\n\"Housing is a convenient gauge because it is something that is easily measured and can be traced back to the 1940s,\" he said. \"In essence, it serves as a proxy for human development impacts that include everything from roads to strip malls.\"\nThe growth of telecommuting and seasonal homes has been a factor in the proliferation of housing, Hammer said, and the issue won't go away, given population trends.\n\"The largest cohort of baby boomers was born in the mid-1950s, and they're just beginning to hit Social Security age,\" he said. \"Retirement has been a key factor in the increase of housing near protected areas -- and that probably won't change.\"\nClick here to read the study." ]

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[ "Major* Patrick Ferguson\nThe Sharp Shooter Who Almost Won the War for the British\nby Donald Norman Moran\nThere has long been a story about a British Major of Sharp Shooters, Patrick Ferguson, and his having had a chance to shoot George Washington. A lot of circumstantial evidence has been gathered making the whole seem plausible, but one missing piece, the identification of a \"French Hussar\" with him in September of 1777 - before the French were involved. But one eminent scholar has recently noted that in late August of 1777 that Count Casimir Pulaski was temporarily assigned to General Washington as an Aide-de-Camp. Congresses purpose was to famarilize him with the American Army system, before granting him a cavalry command as the first Brigadier General of Cavalry. Here is his story:\nOne of the most fascinating aspects of historical research is how one obscure statement can open up into a major, although little known incident, with vast implications. While reading John Andrew's 1786 multi-volume work, \"The History of the Late War\" he alludes to Major Patrick Ferguson taking aim at an American General Officer and his escort, an officer of Hussars. The senior officer is thought to have been none other then General George Washington.\nColonel Mark Boatner in his \"Encyclopedia of the American Revolution\" also makes brief mention of the incident. Both authors in their brevity leave many questions unanswered. Was it really George Washington in Major Fergusons' sights? Who was Patrick Ferguson? The reference to an officer of Hussars doesn't ring true - there were no Hussars in the American Army, and certainly a professional soldier such as Ferguson could distinguish between a Dragoon and a resplendently attired cavalry type known as a Hussar. Was this another myth? I believe the findings in this article will make interesting reading and prove it really happened.\nFirst, Patrick Ferguson would have been a \"hero\" of the Revolutionary War, had the British won! He was born in 1744, the son of James Ferguson, an illustrious Scottish jurist. He was educated in the London Military Academy and was given a commission in the famed Scottish cavalry regiment, the Scots Greys. He became interested in musketry and invented a superior weapon to the standard \"Brown Bess\" musket. His was breech loading and weighed a mere 7.5 pounds (compared with the Brown Bess's 14 pounds). He demonstrated his rifle's capabilities to the British Senior Generals by firing at a rate of 4 rounds per minute at a target 300 yards away. He increased the rate of fire to six rounds a minute at a target 100 yards off.\nHe so impressed his Majesty, King George III, that he was sent to North America with orders for Sir William Howe, Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, to establish a \"Sharp Shooters Corps\" to be commanded by Major Ferguson. Unfortunately for we Americans, Ferguson was good. On several occasions his small force was the deciding factor in an engagement.\nIn the immense collections of the Public Record Office in London is correspondence from Colonel Ferguson. In one of these letters he describes, in some detail, the encounter with General Washington, yet in another he admits he did not know it was Washington at the time.\nFerguson wrote that he and three of his Sharp Shooters were scouting the American lines near Chadd's Ford, along Brandywine Creek (hence the name of the ensuing battle). He and his men heard the approach of two horsemen. The first was a brilliantly clad Hussar and the second rider, a few paces behind, was wearing the traditional blue and buff uniform of an American Senior Officer, mounted on a bay horse and wearing \"a remarkably large cocked hat\". He also noted that the Officer was of \"exceptional distinction\". It is obvious that if Ferguson had indeed recognized General Washington he would have said so, and not take the time to describe him as he did. It is important to note that in the 18th century, there were few likenesses published, so Ferguson would have had to have met or at least seen Washington to have recognized him.\nFerguson continued: His first thought was to cut the two riders down where they sat, so he ordered his men \"to steal near to them and fire at them\". He then changed his mind and signaled his men to hold their fire. He thought his first impulse was \"disgusting\". He then stepped from his place of concealment and ordered the Hussar, the closest of the two, to step down from his mount. The hussar shouted an alarm. Wahington whirled his horse, Nelson, around and galloped off. Ferguson wrote \"As I was with the distance, at which in the quickest firing, I could have lodged a half dozen balls in or about him before he was out of my reach, I had only to determine, but it was not pleasant to fire at the back of an unoffending individual who was acquitting himself coolly of his duty, and so I let him alone.\"\nFour days later, the Battle of Brandywine took place. Major Patrick Ferguson fell when a musket ball struck his right elbow. He would never regain full use of the arm, but continued on active duty and actually learned to load his rifle with one hand!\nWhile in the field hospital recovering from his wound he wrote (obviously with his left hand and with great difficulty) \"One of the surgeons who had been dressing the wounded rebel officers came in and told me that they had been informed that General Washington was all that day, (7 September 1777) with the light troops and only attended by a French Officer in Hussar Dress, he himself, dressed and mounted in every point as described.\"\nThis letter reaffirms the theory that Ferguson did not know it was Washington he challenged. But, if he had known it was Washington himself, would he have cut him down? This writer thinks not. Shooting down enemy officers in cold blood was looked upon as dishonorable in the 18th century. Major Ferguson was a professional soldier, and an honorable one. He proved that when he and his Sharp Shooters were assigned to support the occupation of the South. In 1779 at Charlestown, South Carolina, Ferguson heard screaming from a \"rebel\" house. He rushed in immediately and found several of Colonel Banastre Tarleton's Dragoons molesting the women who lived there. He ordered the Dragoons arrested and hung! Tarleton intervened on their behalf and informed Ferguson that the men were entitled to a trial. No record has been found as to who prevailed.\nWe now turn our attention to confirming the letters of Major Ferguson. None of George Washington's biographers mention the Brandywine incident. Washington did not record the event, which is not surprising, as General Washington had no way of knowing how close to death he had been. However, in the Bicentennial Edition of \"The Writings of George Washington\" (1933) Volume. IX, Page 195, a letter from Washington's Aide-de-Camp, Robert Harrison, to the President of Congress, John Hancock, states: \"Sir; His Excellency being out reconnoitring and busily engaged in the affairs of the Army, I have the honor of acknowledging his receipt of your letter of the 6th\", dated on September 7th, 1777. This confirms that Washington was indeed out on a scouting mission.\nThe Count de Pulaski, a refugee from the Polish Army, was in Paris, France when it was suggested that he serve in the American Army against Britain, which he accepted. Armed with a letter from Benjamin Franklin and a cash advance from Silas Deane he sailed for America. In July of 1777, the 29 year old was accepted by the Congress and was assigned to General Washington as an Aide-de-Camp. We know Pulaski wore the uniform of a Hussar, but no detailed description has survived, we also know he was with Washington in late August and early September. It may well have been Pulaski that Ferguson saw with Washington that eventful day.\nCasimir Pulaski went on to command a cavalry unit with great distinction. He was mortally wounded while leading a gallant, but foolhardy, cavalry charge at Savannah, Georgia on October 9th, 1779.\nThis article would not be complete without offering a word of praise about a gallant fallen enemy, Major Patrick Ferguson, whose code of honor spared the life of the Father of our Country. Patrick Ferguson was killed in action at the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 7th, 1780.\n*At the time of the Battle of Brandywine, Ferguson held the rank of Captain. At the time of his death at Kings Mountain he was a Major, and his brevet to Lieutenant Colonel was in transit when he died. Since his name appears on the official rolls with the higher rank, most historians make reference to him as Colonel Ferguson, hence the seeming confusion between various commentators.\nThe foregoing article drew the following addendum from a historian in Scotland, Dr. Marianne Gilchrist\nI am a Scottish historian, writer and researcher. I have read Pat Ferguson's letter in which he describes the incident with Washington at Brandywine. It is archived in Edinburgh University Library, thanks to whom I quote from it. It was dictated, but signed and dated by himself (left-handedly), and concludes:\n\"I am not Sorry that I did not know all the time who it was\nfurther this deponent saith not, as his bones were broke a few minutes after\nI am yr most truely\nJan: 31 1778\"\nThe identification of the \"Huzzar\" with Pulaski would make sense of the version of the story which was passed on at second or third hand in 19C which claimed that it was Pulaski, not Washington, whom Pat did not shoot. Pat's own comments make it perfectly clear that Mr. Moran is right in stating that he would not have shot him even if he had known his identity. He was, above all, a professional soldier and an honourable young gentleman.\nPat is not well-known here in his own country, save to a few weaponry-experts, but to those of us who have discovered him, he is a genuine hero. There are two other letters by him in Edinburgh University Library, written in his own handwriting after Brandywine, and detailing his four-month struggle to keep his right arm. The writing is heartbreakingly variable in quality and legibility, but the content shows his indomitable courage and wit, while facing suffering and the threat of amputation. He overcame his disability, only to fall gallantly at King's Mountain aged only 36.\nI am deeply touched by the fine tribute paid to his memory by the descendants of former enemies. I hope to write an article or two to make him better known at home.\nMarianne McLeod Gilchrist, M.A. Hons, Ph.D.\nreturn to Scholar's Showcase" ]

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[ "Mangoverde :: World Bird Guide :: Loons :: Common Loon\nCommon Loon Gavia immer\nDescribed by: Bruennich (1764)\nAlternate common name(s): Great Northern Loon, Great Northern Diver, Black-billed Loon, Polar Loon\nOld scientific name(s): None known by website authors\nSelect thumbnail to view larger image - Place cursor over image for image information\nSelect additional thumbnail page to view 9 more images.\nRangeNearctic; Ex. nw and ne. Palearctic;\nBreeds mainly between 48° N and the Arctic Circle; Alaska (w. Aleutians, Seward Peninsula and s. of the Brooks Range) through Canada from the n. Yukon, Northwest Territories (nw. and s. Mackenzie, c. Keewatin), n. Manitoba, n. Ontario, along the s. and e. shores of Hudson Bay to s. Baffin Is., Labrador, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland s. to the n. border states of the United States from coastal Oregon, Nevada, nw. Montana, nw. Wyoming (Yellowstone), n. North Dakota, n. Iowa, n. Illinois, n. Indiana, n. Ohio, n. Pennsylvania, n. New York and s. New England and coastal Greenland, Iceland and Bear Is. (n. of Norway).\nWinter: Alaska (Aleutians) along the Pacific coast of Canada (British Columbia) through the United States to n. Mexico (Baja and Sonora) and along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coast from Newfoundland to Texas. In the Palearctic, primarily Iceland, but a few reach Ireland, Scotland, Norway, England, n. France, Belgium, w. Netherlands, w. Denmark and rarely Portugal and n. and Mediterranean Spain.\nNorth America n. of Mexican border\nSummer: mainly between 48°N and the Arctic Circle. ALK (w. Aleutians, Seward Peninsula and s. of the Brooks Range), n. YUK, NWT, (nw. and s. MAC, Mackenzie Delta, Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes to c. KEE), BCO, s. ALB, s. SAS, n. MAN, n. ONT (along the s. and e. shores of Hudson Bay), QUE (to se. Baffin Is.), LAB, NFD, NBR, PEI, NSC, Greenland s. to ne. WAS, coastal ORG, n. IDH, nw. MON, nw. WYO (Yellowstone), n. NDK, ne. MIN, c. WIS, n. IWA, n. ILL, n. IND, MIC, n. OHO, n. PEN, n. NYK, c. VMT, c. NHP, s. MAE;\nWinter: coastal ALK, BCO, WAS, ORG, CAL, w. ARZ, Great Lakes (rare), NFD, NSC, PEI, NBR, MAE, NHP, MAS, RID, CNT, NYK, NJY, MYD, DEL, VIR, NCA, SCA, GEO, FLA, ALA, MIS, LOU, TEX.\nNo videos are available for this species\nLocation unknown - Date unknown Source: USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center\nLocation unknown - Date unknown Source: NatureSound Studio\nLocation unknown - Date unknown Source: ETI BioInformatics\nClements, James F. Birds of the World: A Checklist. Vista, CA: Ibis Publishing Company, 2000.\nComments/ErrorsPlease email with errors/comments on this page or to donate photos.\nIf there is no family list to the left, you may have arrived at this page from a direct link.\nPlease select \"Mangoverde World Bird Guide\" to view the entire bird site." ]

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[ "The Essence of Play\nA Practice Companion for Professionals Working with Children and Young People\nRoutledge – 2013 – 156 pages\nA unique companion to professional play practice!\nAll play professionals are united in their belief that play is important for children’s development – and there are inherent characteristics of play that underpin professional play practice across contexts. Providing an overarching concept of play, drawing together the evidence base across disciplines and linking theory to practice, The Essence of Play is the ideal handbook for all those working with children.\nPlay acts as a natural resource for children to meet physical, intellectual and emotional challenges and this book, unusually, considers play from the perspectives of children rather than adults. It provides a baseline of shared knowledge for all play professionals, exploring the fundamental value of play rather than a ‘how to’ approach to practice. It considers:\nThis text is designed for students and practitioners working with children across the helping professions, including early years education, play therapy, playwork, childcare, social care, nursing and allied health. Each chapter provides directed reading and small reflective tasks to encourage readers to digest key issues.\n'This is an important book. Based on new ground-breaking research into children's perspectives on play, Howard & McInnes present revolutionary guidelines for play practice. This book has the potential to transform understandings about children's playfulness, and, in particular, about how this vital ingredient in the growth of learning and well-being can be practically supported and nurtured within educational, recreational and therapeutic settings.' – Dr David Whitebread, Senior Lecturer in Developmental Psychology & Early Childhood Education, University of Cambridge, UK.\nForeword David Whitebread Introduction 1. Theoretical Perspectives on Play 2. Exploring Play and Child Development 3. Playfulness 4. The Role of Adults in Children's Play 5. The Play Environment 6. Inclusive Play Practice 7. Observation and Assessment through Play 8. Professional Practice Issues Conclusion\nJustine Howard is Postgraduate Programmes Manager and Senior Lecturer at the College of Human and Health Sciences at Swansea University, UK. She is a Chartered Psychologist and specialist in developmental and therapeutic play.\nKaren McInnes is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of Glamorgan, UK. As a trained primary school teacher and speech therapist, she previously lectured in Early Years at Bath Spa University, UK." ]

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[ "Around 2010, the deep waters of Utah’s Great Salt Lake contained high levels of toxic methylmercury. Mercury measurements in waterfowl surrounding the lake led to a rare human consumption advisory for ducks.\nBut by 2015, 90 percent of the deep mercury was gone.\nThe disappearance of the mercury was not due to aggressive environmental policies or a wide-ranging cleanup effort. Instead, it’s part of a story involving a large-scale unplanned chemistry experiment, a sometimes-stinky lake, and ducks – in which the mercury did not disappear. The story is told in a paper published in Environmental Science & Technology.\nA Union Pacific railway line crosses the lake, dividing it into a smaller north arm and a larger south arm, with the line drawn right at the base of the bunny-ear-like northern extensions of the lake. Because the north arm has no major river inflow, it’s much saltier than the south arm. Two culverts in the railroad line allowed briny north arm water to flow into the south arm and, because of its higher density, sink to the bottom of the south arm.\nThe difference in density between the deep and shallow waters prevented mixing, says geology and geophysics professor William Johnson, and kept fresh oxygen from infiltrating into the deeper water layers. Decaying organic matter on the lake floor sucked all the oxygen out of the briny layer, forcing microorganisms to find something else to “breathe.” Without oxygen, some bacteria turn to nitrate to fuel the chemical processes of life. When the nitrate is gone, they turn to iron, manganese, and finally sulfate. Residents of the Salt Lake Valley may have noticed a byproduct of the sulfate-breathing bacteria – sulfide, a stinky rotten egg smell emanating from the lake. In another side effect, the bacteria turn elemental mercury into toxic methylmercury.\n“Mercury’s really tricky,” Johnson says. “It changes form.” Elemental mercury, like the kind found in old thermometers, evaporates readily and circulates through the atmosphere. It can attach to dust particles and rain out of the sky, in a process called atmospheric deposition. With the Great Salt Lake’s large surface area, it receives a lot of mercury. The toxic form of the element is methylmercury, which is toxic to the nervous system and can move up the food chain as higher organisms accumulate the methylmercury present in their prey.\nWhen wildlife officials began noticing elevated mercury levels in waterfowl in the lake’s wetlands, at around the same time geoscientists found highly elevated mercury in the depths of the lake, they all thought a connection between the ducks and the deep brine layer was likely.\n“That created this expectation that there’s a link between these high concentrations of methylmercury down in the deep brine layer and the elevated concentrations in waterfowl in the wetlands adjacent to the lake,” Johnson says.\nThen, in 2013, Union Pacific closed off the railway culverts for repair, sealing off the flow of salty water from the north arm to the south arm. When Johnson and his colleagues, Frank Black at Westminster College and Blair Stringham at the Utah Department of Natural Resources, took samples of the deep brine layer and lake-bottom sediments in 2015, they found that methylmercury, in both the water and the sediment, had decreased by 88 percent.\n“It seems clear that the deep brine layer was a cap,” Johnson says. Without the constant inflow of north arm water, the deep brine layer finally mixed with the overlying water, bringing oxygen and driving the methylmercury into other forms, possibly elemental mercury, which would evaporate away into the atmosphere.\nAnd the ducks? Waterfowl carcasses collected both before and after the culvert closure showed no significant change in mercury levels. “If there’s a direct connection between the environment at the bottom of the lake and the Hg in the ducks, you’d think you’d see a corresponding reduction of Hg in biota,” Johnson says. “We didn’t see that.”\nThe source of methylmercury in wetlands is still unknown, as is the exact mechanism by which the deep lake mercury disappeared. But Johnson, Black and now the US Geological Survey aren’t done with the lake yet. In December 2016, Union Pacific opened a new breach in the causeway, linking once again the north and south arms of the Great Salt Lake. The breach is wider than the old culverts, and researchers are now waiting to see whether the anoxic deep brine layer re-establishes itself, and whether another “methylmercury factory will lurk at the bottom of the lake” Johnson says.\nThe study was funded by the Utah Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands (FFSL) of the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Jordan River/Farmington Bay Water Quality Council, Central Davis Sewer District and the iUTAH project.\nFind the full study here." ]

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[ "If it were a reality show, they might call it “The Ultimate Head Count.” But while forecasting global population might never make for compelling cable, the problem has fascinated scholars for more than 300 years. And it seems they’re getting better at calculating credible numbers.\nEven before Thomas Malthus warned in 1798 that humankind faced “gigantic inevitable famine,” an English civil servant named Gregory King had already made the earliest-known prediction. In 1695, he tallied births and deaths and figured that there would be 780 million people on Earth in 2050—a mere 7 to 10 billion below current estimates.\nSince then, demographers have learned there is more to forecasting population than just life and death. They also must take into account wealth, urbanization, education levels, access to birth control, and even natural disasters and war. How has this more-sophisticated calculus fared?\nMuch better, concludes a four-volume 2005 tome titled Demography: Analysis and Synthesis. (1) It looks back at 20 efforts, dating from 1924 to 1980, to project Earth’s population in the year 2000—which turned out to be about 6.1 billion. In general, the earliest estimates were too low by half, while a few from the late 1960s were a bit too high—“perhaps due to apocalyptical talk of the time on the population explosion.” By the 1990s, however, the most-widely used projections produced by the United Nations were off by less than one percent, concludes a 2001 study in Demographic Research.\nNow, demographers are focused on 2050. Their best guess for world population then is 9.1 billion—but it will be another 41 years before we know whether their numbers are right. ❧\n1. Caselli G., J. Vallin, and G. Wunsch (eds.). 2006. Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, volumes 1–4: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts." ]

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[ "\"Like\" us to connect with other students, watch videos, see job offers and even get special discounts.\nRate TEFL Language\nAre you interested in Rate TEFL Language?\nCheck out Tesolcourse.com about Rate TEFL Language and apply today to be certified to teach English abroad.\nYou could also be interested in:\nThis is how our TEFL graduates feel they have gained from their course, and how they plan to put into action what they learned:\nRole of the teacherSchools are one of the first places where kid?s behaviour and future educational success is shape. Teachers are carriers of either positive or negative behaviour toward students. The reason why the first years of school are so critical is because kids learn the base of their educational life. In my opinion, teachers are the second mothers for the students because students spend a lot of time with their teachers. The teacher must create a warm and protective environment but at the same time professional. If students feel secure in the classroom the result will be shown in the academic progress. Thus, teacher should be a role model for students. There are lots of different types of reading and listening activities. Of course, for these various types of activities the teacher?s behaviour will be different. For example in presentation, the teacher was in firm control. Then we can say that the role of the teacher changes depending on the function he performs in different activities. 1) Teacher as Controller When the teacher is in complete charge of class activities he or she acts as controller. The teacher controls what the students do," ]

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[ "JAPANESE companies making VHS home video recorders have finally agreed a standard for technology which allows people to tape high-quality digital stereo sound along with the pictures. This comes after two years of discussions and technical tests. The difficulty has been in finding a system which can squeeze over 2.5 million bits of digital code onto tape each second, without affecting either the picture signals or the analogue sound which must still be recorded to maintain compatibility with existing VHS machines.\nThe technology is an extension of that already used to record analogue stereo. At present, recording heads on the rapidly rotating video drum lay down a two-layer sandwich of magnetic signal on the tape, video picture on top and sound beneath. Now extra heads will be used to add a third layer, digital sound, to the recording.\nThe new system will only work with the upgraded version of VHS ...\nTo continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content." ]

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[ "occasional meanderings in physics' brave new world\n- Name: Kea\n- Location: New Zealand\nMarni D. Sheppeard\nThursday, January 08, 2009\nA simple way to express a cardinal number $n$ as a dimension is to write $n$ as the $n$ dimensional identity matrix. In this case, the natural way to express prime factorizations is in terms of embedded identity matrices. For example, since $6 = 2 \\times 3$ there are two ways to write down a circulant permutation such that in the first case $C^3 = 1$ and in the second case $C^2 = 1$. In other words, the factorization of the number 6 results in roots of unity of order less than 6. In general, one embeds identities into the basic Fourier circulant $(234...n1)$. Since matrix elements are noncommutative, one would not dream of using classical geometry to study categorified arithmetic." ]

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[ "MGS MOC Release No. MOC2-312, 7 May 2002\n3-D anaglyph; red/blue glasses required\nSmall view (1.3 MBytes)\nFull-size (3.4 MBytes)\nMGS MOC Extended Mission operations have included several hundred opportunities for the spacecraft to be rolled off-nadir (i.e., at an angle other than \"straight down\") to take pictures that repeat earlier MOC coverage. These repeat images, because they are taken from a different angle, can be combined with the original picture to produce a stereoscopic (\"3-D\") view.\nThe image shown here is a composite of two pictures, the first taken October 23, 2000, the second acquired by pointing the spacecraft off-nadir on May 15, 2001. This view shows four buttes and a pinnacle (near left-center) composed of eroded, layered rock. The four buttes are each capped by the remains of a single layer of rock that is harder than the materials beneath it. It is the presence of this caprock that has permitted these buttes to remain standing after surrounding materials were eroded away. Like the buttes of Monument Valley in the Navajo Nation on the Arizona/Utah border, these are believed to consist of sedimentary rocks, perhaps deposited in water or by wind, though some scientists have speculated that they could be made of thick accumulations of volcanic ash. The image covers an area approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) across and is illuminated by sunlight from the left. To see the image in 3-D, red (left-eye) and blue (right-eye) \"3-D\" glasses are required.\nMalin Space Science Systems and the California Institute of Technology built the MOC using spare hardware from the Mars Observer mission. MSSS operates the camera from its facilities in San Diego, CA. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Mars Surveyor Operations Project operates the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft with its industrial partner, Lockheed Martin Astronautics, from facilities in Pasadena, CA and Denver, CO.\nTo MSSS Home Page" ]

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[ "While both psychologists and psychiatrists treat patients who have emotional or mental disorders, psychologists must rely primarily on psychotherapy, while psychiatrists are licensed to prescribe medication. While some psychologists practice with only a master's degree, psychiatrists need a medical degree to practice. Psychiatrists tend to make more money than psychologists.\nSchool and Clinical Psychologists\nAs of 2011, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that school, counseling and clinical psychologists earned an average of $73,090 a year. Those employed at outpatient centers averaged $69,300 per year, while school psychologists averaged $71,510 per year. Psychologists and counselors employed by state governments reported an average annual income of $79,550. Those who worked for independent practices reported an average salary of $83,650 per year.\nPsychologists employed by the federal government work for a variety of agencies, and tend to make somewhat more than school and counseling psychologists. According to the San Diego State University Department of Psychology, the majority of federal psychologists are employed by the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Psychologists are also employed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. According to the BLS, psychologists employed by the federal government earned an average of $87,980 per year as of 2011.\nIndustrial-organizational psychologists use their psychological training to better organize industry and businesses. They tend to make significantly more than clinical and counseling psychologists, but still not as much as psychiatrists. As of 2011, the BLS reports $124,160 as the average salary of an industrial-organizational psychologist. Those who work for state governments or colleges report income closer to other types of psychologists, ranging between $75,000 and $80,000 per year. However, those employed by consulting services reported a very high average salary of $163,080.\nPsychiatrists tend to make significantly more money than most psychologists. The average salary of a psychiatrist in the United States was $174,170 as of 2011, and half of all psychiatrists reportedly made more than $170,350 per year. Some of the highest paid were those employed by state governments, who averaged $198,730 per year, and those employed in outpatient care centers, who averaged $194,610 per year. Those employed by psychiatric hospitals averaged $175,390, and those who worked in physicians' offices reported an average income of $171,410 a year.\n2018 Salary Information for Psychologists\nPsychologists earned a median annual salary of $79,010 in May 2018, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. On the low end, psychologists earned a 10th percentile salary of $56,390, meaning 90 percent earned more than this amount. The 90th percentile salary is $97,780, meaning 10 percent earn more. In 2018, 181,700 people were employed in the U.S. as psychologists.\n- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Psychologists\n- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: May 2011 Wages for Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists\n- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: May 2011 Wages for Industrial-Organizational Psychologists\n- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: May 2011 Wages for Psychiatrists\n- San Diego State University Department of Psychology: Graduate School Planning and Information\n- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: May 2011 Wages for Psychologists, All Others\n- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook: Psychologists\n- Career Trend: Psychologists\n- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images" ]

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[ "11. Eremogone macradenia (S. Watson) Ikonnikov, Novosti Syst. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 140. 1973.\nArenaria macradenia S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 367. 1882\nPlants tufted, green, not glaucous, with woody base. Stems erect, (10-)20-40(-70) cm, glabrous to stipitate-glandular. Leaves: basal leaves sparse or absent; cauline leaves usually in 5-12+ pairs, not significantly reduced; basal blades ascending to arcuate-spreading or recurved, needlelike or narrowly linear, (0.7-)2-6(-7) cm × 0.8-2 mm, ± rigid, herbaceous to subsucculent, apex blunt to spinose, glabrous, not glaucous. Inflorescences 3-20(-30)-flowered, ± compact cymes; branches ascending to erect. Pedicels 3-45 mm, glabrous or stipitate-glandular. Flowers: sepals 1-3-veined, ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, 4.5-7.2 mm, to 8 mm in fruit, margins narrow to broad, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous to sparsely stipitate-glandular; petals white or yellowish, oblanceolate to spatulate, 6-11 mm, 1-2 times as long as sepals, apex entire or erose; nectaries thickened, molarlike, apically 2-lobed, 1-1.5 mm, or narrowly longitudinally rectangular, truncate, 0.7-0.8 mm, densely minutely pubescent with erect to spreading hairs. Capsules 6-8 mm, glabrous. Seeds greenish or reddish brown to blackish, suborbicular to pyriform or ovoid, 1.3-3.2 mm, tuberculate, sometimes echinate on abaxial ridge; tubercles low, rounded to conic.\nVarieties 2 (2 in the flora): North America.\nEremogone macradenia is in the Center for Plant Conservation's National Collection of Endangered Plants." ]

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[ "Founding Father Thomas Paine frequently remarked how trade promotes peace.\nIn 1796 he published, in answer to Thomas Paine, an Apology for the Bible, perhaps the best known of his numerous writings.\nThe code was replaced by the Paine Law of 1909, which provided for a board of control (something like that under the \"federal plan\" in Cleveland, Columbus and Toledo) of three members: the mayor and the directors (appointed and removable by the mayor) of two municipal departments - public service and public safety, the former including public works and parks, and the latter police, fire, charities, correction and buildings.\nDrew had begun to meditate a greater attempt before he wrote his Remarks on Paine; and, encouraged by the antiquary John Whitaker, he published his Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul in 1802.\nHe lodged with Thomas Paine, and listened to the debates in the Convention." ]

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[ "Collectivization of Agriculture, and Upheaval | Hopes for Liberalization, and the Murder of Kirov | Crackdown within the Communist Party I Show Trials and Purges, 1936-38 | Hysteria, More Purges and German Tricks | Great Purge conclusion.\nWhile the capitalist West was suffering from economic depression, the Soviet Union was pursuing planned growth in basic manufacturing – for the sake of industry rather than public consumption. The Soviet Union had a \"command economy,\" without unemployment and with as much invested in economic growth as the government could muster. Soviet manufacturing was not advancing in production efficiency, but it was advancing in volume produced. In percentage of the world's share in manufacturing the Soviet Union had surpassed France, Great Britain and Germany. The United States had a 33 percent share of the world's manufacturing. The Soviet Union had 13 percent, and Germany was third at 11 percent.\nDuring the Depression, unemployment in capitalist nations enabled the Soviet Union to import thousands of engineers. And others came, running from unemployment and eager to help build socialism. Not receiving wages high enough to consume much of anything except subsistence food, building socialism had to be an incentive too for Soviet citizens. And they were told that they were sacrificing for the Revolution and for the future.\nSoviet portrait of Stalin\nNikolai Bukharin, a Bolshevik gradualist and ally of Stalin, executed during the purges of 1938. A party dedicated to social engineering and a set ideology eventually crushed those who did not fall in line. And old revolutionaries were not as awed by Stalin as was the younger generation of patriotic Communists.\nMeanwhile, the so-called class war in agriculture during the late twenties had extended into the thirties. The rationing of food in cities was combined with a gigantic police operation to collectivize agriculture. All over the Soviet Union, peasants resisted collectivization. They burned their crops, destroyed their tools and their livestock. This was seen in cities as criminal sabotage. In places, peasant resistance became uprisings that were crushed by forces sent by Moscow. Police and army units surrounded rebellious peasant communities, burned homes and shot into crowds. A million peasants are believed to have died in 1932. By 1933 the Soviet Union had lost forty-five percent of its cattle, two-thirds of its sheep and goats and half its horses, and 1933 was a year of famine, the worst areas of the famine being the grain producing regions in the Ukraine and the southern Urals. Starving people invaded cities, banging on doors and rummaging through garbage cans. And while peasants and their children were dying of starvation, the government was exporting millions of tons of grain to earn foreign currency for industrialization.\nAn estimated three million peasant households had been expropriated. According to Soviet statistics the number of so-called rich peasants – the Kulaks – had dropped from 5.5 million to 150,000. The homes, barns, land and tools of rebellious peasants had been turned over to the new collective farms. Trainloads of peasants, including children and old people, had been transported to remote areas, some to labor camps or to colonies in Russia's far north or in Siberia. Arrested peasants made up new labor battalions that worked at building railways, cutting timber and building the canal between the White and Baltic seas.\nThe inhumanity of the force employed against the peasants increased tensions among Bolshevik strategists, and it increased Bolshevik fears of opposition to their revolution. More intellectuals stood trial in 1930, and more Mensheviks (Social Democrats) were persecuted in 1931. In 1931 Stalin spoke of his programs in terms of the need to protect the Revolution against its enemies. \"We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries,\" he said. \"We must catch up in ten years, or they will crush us.\"\nExtending the battle to the home front, there were to be no more diverse schools of thought. Supervision of literature had begun, and Stalin himself intervened in the studies of philosophy and history. Ideological battle erupted in the Comintern. Lenin's approval of Communists working with reformers was reversed. Communist parties outside the Soviet Union conformed to Stalin's policies and pulled their membership out of reformist unions and other organizations. Communist organizers began organizing alone, hoping to benefit from increased visibility and by putting themselves at the forefront of the assault against capitalism. Bukharin and his followers, past supporters of peasant free enterprise, were persecuted. And Stalin's wife committed suicide with the pistol she had been given for self-protection.\nCalm returned to the countryside in 1933. A good harvest that year brought relief to the nation and the Bolsheviks. With Hitler in power and winning adulation from the German public, the Bolsheviks decided to bolster adulation for their regime. And it worked. The dead had been buried, dissident peasants were out-of-sight in distant work camps, and in the cities the persecuted remained a small minority. While many people in the United States were feeling despair, many people in the Soviet Union had a sense of direction.\nA new breed of Soviet citizen was developing. Young adults were grateful for the opportunities that had been denied their poor parents: opportunities at occupations such as teaching, medicine and engineering. For many of them Stalin was a symbol of unity, and they believed that unity was necessary in the face of a world hostile to their nation. Many believed they were building a new society. Foreigners noted that workers were putting pictures of Bolsheviks on their walls – pictures of Stalin, Molotov, Kalinin and Kirov. And peasants on collectives had icon-like pictures of Lenin and Stalin in their homes. How much all of this was adulation and how much was a demonstration of conformity is hard to measure, but foreign observers did see a good amount of the old Russian tradition of adulation for those in power.\nDuring 1934, H.G. Wells came again to the Soviet Union, and he was impressed by what he saw. He visited Stalin, and, amid all that they talked about, Stalin pointed out that Wells was proceeding from the assumption that all people are good. \"But,\" he said, \"I do not forget that many people are evil.\"\nOther well-meaning and intelligent people visited the Soviet Union, among them the American singer, actor and human rights advocate Paul Robeson. In an interview that he gave in Moscow to a correspondent for New York's Daily Worker, Robeson said that wherever he turned in Moscow he found happiness and \"bounding life, the feeling of safety and abundance of freedom.\" Commenting on recent trials and executions, Robeson said that from what he had seen of the workings of the Soviet Government, \"anybody who lifts his hand against it ought to be shot!\" note44\nCopyright © 1998-2014 by Frank E. Smitha. All rights reserved." ]

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[ "English to English\n1. a principle that limits the extent of something\nI am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements\n2. an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation)\n3. the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary)\nthe restriction of the infection to a focal area\n4. The act of restricting, or state of being restricted; confinement within limits or bounds." ]

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[ "What are infant plans of safe care and some examples of state responses to infants affected by substance abuse?\nWhile the prevalence of infants with prenatal substance exposure in the child welfare caseload is difficult to quantify given states’ variation in identification and reporting practices, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2016):\nThe graphs below, developed by the National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare (2017), highlight these trends:4\n*Percentages are applied to the almost 4 million infants born in 2016 (Source: National Vital Statistics Report, 2017)\n**Includes nine categories of illicit drug use: use of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens and inhalants, as well as the non-medical use of prescription-type pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives (Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH, Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014.\nSource: National Vital Statistics Report, 2014\nNote: Estimates based on all children who entered foster care during Fiscal Year.\nSource: AFCARS Data, 2016\nLegislative and policy context\nThe plan of safe care for infants requires a state that receives Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) grants to (1) address the health and substance use disorder treatment needs of the affected infant and family or caregiver, and (2) specify a system for monitoring the local provision services in accordance with these state requirements.5\nThe Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) of 2016 built on previous legislation in 2003 and 2010 to provide the framework for comprehensively addressing the opioid epidemic, including planning for the safe care of infants born with substance use disorders or showing withdrawal symptoms. CARA addresses six areas that are necessary for a coordinated response: prevention, treatment, recovery, law enforcement, criminal justice reform, and overdose reversal.\nThe following section summarizes the original 2003 federal legislation, which established requirements for states to create plans of safe care for infants affected by substance abuse or withdrawal symptoms, as well as the subsequent amendments to this legislation in 2010 and 2016.\nThe Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 created new conditions for states to receive grant allocations under the Child Abuse and Prevention Treatment Act (CAPTA). The grant conditions were intended to provide needed services and support for infants, their mothers, and their families, and to ensure a comprehensive response to the effects of prenatal drug exposure. The legislation required that governors of states receiving a CAPTA grant assure the federal government that they have policies and procedures for the following:\n- Appropriate referrals to child protection service systems and for other appropriate services, to address the needs of infants born with and identified as affected by illegal substance abuse or withdrawal symptoms resulting from prenatal drug exposure.\n- A requirement that health care providers involved in the delivery or care of such infants notify the child protective services system of the occurrence of such condition except that such notification shall not be construed to establish a definition under federal law of what constitutes child abuse or require prosecution for any illegal action.\n- A Plan of Safe Care for the infant born with and identified as being affected by illegal substance abuse or withdrawal symptoms.\n- Immediate screening, risk and safety assessment, and prompt investigation of such reports.\nThe CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010 made further changes related to prenatal exposure issues. The Act specifically required the identification of infants affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and a requirement for the development of Plans of Safe Care for infants affected by FASD. It also added the following reporting requirements to the Annual Progress and Services Report related to the number of children:\n- Referred to a child protective services system born with and identified as being affected by illegal substance abuse or withdrawal symptoms resulting from prenatal drug exposure or FASD.\n- Involved in a substantiated case of abuse or neglect determined to be eligible for referral, and the number referred to agencies providing early intervention services under Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.\nThe Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) of 2016 went into effect July 22, 2016, including Title V, Section 503 – “Infant Plan of Safe Care.” The 2016 changes to CAPTA were made in the context of attention generated by the nation’s prescription drug and opioid epidemic. Changes include:\n- Removes the term “illegal” when discussing substance abuse.\n- Requires that Plans of Safe Care address the needs of both the infant and the affected family or caregiver.\n- Specifies data reporting on affected infants and Plans of Safe Care, including the number of infants: (a) identified as being affected by substance abuse, withdrawal symptoms resulting from prenatal drug exposure, or FASD; (b) With a Plan of Safe Care; and (c) Receiving referrals for appropriate services — including services for the affected family or caregiver.\n- Requires that states develop and implement monitoring systems for Plans of Safe Care to determine whether and in what manner local entities are providing, in accordance with state requirements, referrals to and delivery of appropriate services for the infant and affected family or caregiver.\nThe Administration for Children and Families has provided the following additional guidance to jurisdictions on implementing this legislation:\nProgram Instruction (PI) 1603 (2016) offers updates to the CAPTA state plan requirement on Services to Substance-Exposed Newborns.6\nInformation Memorandum (2016) informs states of the enactment of CARA and provides basic information on the resulting changes in CAPTA for child abuse or neglect prevention and treatment programs.7\nProgram Instruction 1702 (2017) guides states on implementing provisions in CAPTA, as amended by CARA, relating to infants affected by substance abuse.8\nKey implementation considerations\nThe National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare (NCSACW) provides national expertise and technical assistance to support states in making policy and practice changes that improve outcomes for children and families affected by substance use disorders. NCSACW has worked intensively with states on developing Infant Plans for Safe Care,9 and recommends jurisdictions consider and address the following components:\n- Cross-system partnerships: The successful development and implementation of Plans of Safe Care requires the active engagement of multiple service systems in collaboration with child welfare, such as obstetricians and pediatricians; substance use, mental health and medication-assisted treatment; public health and maternal health; and, early intervention providers and others.\n- Governor’s office support: Since there are many systems involved and no single entity is ultimately responsible, the governor’s office has a critical role to play in leading and driving the state collaboration and ensuring that infants and families’ needs are being met, often through the creation of a state-level task force.\n- Clear guidance: Plans of Safe Care are often confused with child welfare safety plans. In addition, the notification requirements are not the same as a report to the child hotline. Clarification on the purpose and extent of each of these documents is necessary for successful use and implementation, as is the distinction between notification and a report of child abuse or neglect. CAPTA requires health care providers notify child protective services of all infants born and identified as affected by substance abuse, withdrawal symptoms resulting from prenatal drug exposure, or a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, but it is ultimately the child protection agency’s responsibility to assess level of risk and determine whether the circumstance constitutes child abuse or neglect under state law.10\n- Local implementation teams: Community-based teams are effective vehicles for the implementation of a task force’s recommendations and selected strategies.\nA single system does not have sufficient resources, information, or influence to adequately serve pregnant women with opioid use disorders and their infants and families. Strong leadership, however, can facilitate the coordination and collaboration of multiple systems, however, and create cross-system linkages that coordinate services from prevention to intervention to treatment. The NCSACW contends that jurisdictional leaders can improve services that address needs created by opioid disorders by focusing on three key elements: (1) strong leadership, (2) interagency and interdisciplinary collaboration, and (3) conscientious reliance on data.\nJurisdictional initiatives: examples from the field\nSome jurisdictions have begun to find modest improvements resulting from their implementation of new and enhanced interventions that support families affected by substance use disorders. These interventions include building collaborative teams and developing programs and services that address various points of intervention.\nBuilding collaborative teams\nCross-system collaboration presents challenges that can be effectively addressed by building and fostering a collaborative team that includes a steering committee, core team, and work groups. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provides guidance and tools for building a collaborative team11 that reflect the four basic planning steps and related questions to aid the development of the team:\n1. Set the stage for collaboration\n- What practices and policies are in place in each team member’s service system and in the other service systems?\n- What partner mandates and priorities are likely to affect, and possibly limit, their level of involvement?\n- What is the terminology that each team\nmember’s organization uses most frequently\nand how do the organizations define these terms (e.g., “treatment”)?\n- What are the baseline resources, resource gaps, and barriers in each system?\n- What needs to be addressed and improved, particularly from the perspective of mothers, children, and family members, to provide the necessary care?\n2. Engage key stakeholders and establish work groups\n- Who is currently working on the issue being tackled?\n- What do each of\n- these individuals or organizations contribute?\n- Which key stakeholders are missing from the conversation?\n3. Define shared goals\n- What is each represented agency’s role in achieving shared priorities and outcomes? (e.g., How does child welfare services support parent recovery? How do treatment providers for parents support child safety and permanency and family well-being?)\n- What does each team member believe about the nature of substance use and substance use disorders?\n- Do team members agree on the markers of effective practice and service delivery? What are those markers?\n- How is “best interest” defined for infants? For mothers? For families? Do mothers have sufficient input in determining this?\n- What do team members or policy leaders believe about the use of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding?\n- What do team members believe constitutes recovery?\n4. Identify strategies and jointly monitor outcomes\n- What are the desired outcomes for each system and how is success defined and measured? What are baseline levels for clients, and are there better (or additional) indicators available to demonstrate progress?\n- What are the metrics (e.g., number of pregnant women treated with MAT) that need to be developed and tracked to effectively measure success over time?\n- What is the preferred method for communicating progress related to key indicators (e.g., a report card or dashboard) to ensure transparency and promote accountability for results?\n- What is the plan for sustaining change and how will the team document, maintain, and build on the collaboration’s institutional knowledge?\nAdditional suggestions for strengthening collaboration between systems working with pregnant women with opioid and other substance use disorders can be found in the September 2017 webinar, Supporting Families Affected by Opioids and Other Substance Use Disorders.\nPoints of intervention\nJurisdictions are updating their policies and practices to include evidence-informed services that address various points of intervention: pre-pregnancy, prenatal, at birth, post-partum, and at infancy and beyond (see flow chart12 provided below).\nJurisdictional initiatives have focused on four core areas:\n- Screening, identification, and referral of pregnant women with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)\n- Developing guidelines for working with pregnant women and their infants\n- Establishing hospital standards and discharge plans for infants and mothers\n- Creating state strategies for CAPTA compliance and Plans of Safe Care\nThe following table provides examples of these strategies, including sample Plan of Safe Care and CAPTA implementation protocols, forms gathered from publicly available documents or shared by jurisdictional partners,13 and projects implemented by six states recipients of NCSACW’s In-Depth Technical Assistance.14\nThis NCSACW project marked Connecticut’s first attempt to coordinate an inter-agency effort to address substance exposure among infants related to FASD and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), implementing a statewide infrastructure development program to address FASD/NAS that includes a financial mapping component to identify opportunities for financial support for workforce development, policy, and practices recommended by the inter-agency collaboration during the planning process. Connecticut seeks to strengthen the existing Recovery Specialist Voluntary Program (RSVP) collaboration and its linkages across child welfare, addiction treatment, and family courts to improve outcomes for substance exposed infants and their families. The program focuses on the following goals:\n- Goal 1: Assessing the state’s capacities and needs related to FASD/NAS to: 1) Identify data infrastructure strengths and challenges; 2) Establish policy and develop infrastructure for prevention and intervention services including workforce development; 3) Develop recommendations for improving the state’s data infrastructure to collect data on prenatal exposure.\n- Goal 2: Developing a statewide plan to address FASD and NAS in a coordinated fashion and to offer a continuum of services to vulnerable families, including prevention, education about services and supports, early intervention, and intensive intervention.\n- Goal 3: Conducting financial and asset mapping to identify, coordinate, and maximize fiscal resources to support ongoing FASD/NAS efforts.\nDelaware’s Child Protection Accountability Commission has a sub-committee on Substance Exposed Infants working to develop a template for Plans of Safe Care. The template borrows information used by other states and is under review by the team that is providing Delaware with in-depth technical assistance through the NCSACW. The template’s first part is an assessment of the mother, father, and other affected caregivers, while the second part outlines services that will be in place for the infant and family, such as home visiting, substance abuse treatment, etc. Delaware plans to pilot this process in two of six birthing hospitals before rolling it out statewide by the beginning of 2018. Delaware is currently in the process of transitioning to a new SACWIS, so there will be some additional challenges with the necessary reporting elements.\nGeorgia has had a Plan of Safe Care (POSC) process in place since 2013 that it updated in 2017 to include the provisions enacted by the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA).\nKentucky is moving toward a “system of care” to address the concerns surrounding substance use prior to pregnancy through post-delivery and beyond by developing policies and implementing coordinated services that intervene at any of the five stages of intervention: pre-pregnancy, prenatal, birth, neonatal, and during child development. Kentucky has a two-pronged approach: providing expanded prevention services to women of child bearing age, both prior to and during pregnancy; expanding treatment services to include universal screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment services (SBIRT) as a routine part of pre-natal care; and expanding the availability of treatment, including MAT, and support services to women at any of the five stages of intervention. Kentucky’s NCSACW project is focusing on the following goals:\n- Goal 1: Developing a comprehensive system to address needs of infants experiencing NAS while providing an integration of supportive services for pregnant and parenting mothers and their babies.\n- Goal 2: Developing and implementing a statewide protocol for ensuring comprehensive assessment and Infant Plans for Safe Care.\n- Goal 3: Establishing guidelines for hospital protocol.\nMaryland’s 2011 Policy Directive requires local departments of social services (LDSS) to identify a coordinator who will implement the Substance Exposed Infant Care Plan within their agency. Coordinators will form teams of staff who have experience working with families with alcohol and drug abuse problems and who have a working knowledge of child protective services, including investigation, continuing services, and foster care services.\nAt the same time, coordinators will form teams with partnering agencies, including hospital(s), the health department’s divisions of maternal and child health and of addictions and mental health, treatment providers, and other agencies who share these clients. This team will meet regularly to coordinate services for substance exposed infants, their mothers, and families, and to identify resources, barriers to care, and gaps in services. The team’s goal is to streamline services so that agencies do not duplicate services or work at cross purposes.\nMinnesota is working with tribal nations to improve communication across systems and employ a unified response to the opioid crisis, which has resulted in a significant increase of babies being born with NAS. Minnesota’s NCSACW project has focused on the following goals:\n- Goal 1: Screening and assessing pregnant women, substance exposed infants, and their families to ensure that they are identified in a consistent, uniform, and timely manner across all systems.\n- Goal 2: Improving joint accountability and shared outcomes by working with partners to develop a collaborative approach to serving substance exposed infants and their families.\n- Goal 3: Providing services for pregnant women, substance exposed infants, and their family using evidence-based practices and programs that meet the needs of the target populations and have processes in place for monitoring use and effectiveness of these programs.\nNew Jersey participated in SAMHSA’s Prescription Drug Abuse Policy Academy and is receiving technical assistance to align and coordinate the numerous initiatives that are underway to address prescription drug abuse. To that end, the state is developing a comprehensive, unified plan where each initiative supports and enhances the other and that will include a focus on NAS and Substance Exposed Infants (SEI), with an emphasis on addressing the entire spectrum of SEI needs and improve collaboration to address the multiple SEI intervention opportunities. New Jersey’s NCSACW project has focused on the following goals:\n- Goal 1: Increasing perinatal SEI screening at multiple intervention points (health system, SUD/MH system).\n- Goal 2: Leveraging existing programs and policy mechanisms to collaboratively increase the rate at which women screening positive on the 4p’s Plus get connected for a comprehensive assessment such as through establishing formal warm-handoffs and other safety net measures.\n- Goal 3: Leveraging existing programs and policy mechanisms to collaboratively increase the rate at which women delivering SEIs and their babies and any other eligible children receive early support services for which they are eligible.\nVirginia passed legislation in 2017 to bring it into alignment with the CARA and CAPTA changes from 2016. A part of that legislation addressed Substance Exposed Infants, requiring a Plan of Safe Care to be developed for any substance exposed infant Virginia works with. Virginia has developed a sample Plan of Safe Care that it is providing as part of the CPS guidance manual along with training and education about Plans of Safe Care. The NCSACW project focuses on evaluating current efforts, developing strategies to better respond as a system to substance exposed infants, and implementing recommendations from the interagency workgroup plan. Virginia focused on the following goals:\n- Goal 1: State agencies will adopt a shared vision and coordinated systems approach that includes outreach, referral, medical care, behavioral health, and child welfare treatment services.\n- Goal 2: Virginia will evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of state laws that address perinatal substance use, and identify needed updates and changes as well as strategies to improve their implementation.\n- Goal 3: Virginia will develop a system of care, e.g., medical, home visiting, behavioral health and child welfare, that ensures that all women of childbearing age receive screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment services for behavioral health risks.\nWashington’s Department of Children and Families Services Policy requires all DCFS staff to: Complete a Plan of Safe Care DSHS 15-491 with the family as required by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) when a newborn:\n- Is identified as substance affected by a medical practitioner. Substances are defined as alcohol, marijuana, and any drug with abuse potential, including prescription medications.\n- Is born to a dependent youth.\nThe form includes a plan and person responsible for medical care, safe housing, safe sleep, routine child care, emergency child care, parenting support, crisis planning, service referrals, and referrals to resources.\nThe overarching goals of this NCSACW project are to achieve healthy, drug-free beginnings for newborns, improved health and recovery outcomes for mothers and children, and fewer future substance-exposed births. Partners are working together to integrate multiple systems of care for pregnant women and their families across the state, with the goal of improving pregnancy and birth outcomes and enhancing the long-term health and development of children.\nWest Virginia focused on the following goals:\n- Goal 1: Decrease the negative effects of prenatal substance exposure on neonates.\n- Goal 2: Reduce stigma associated with receiving behavioral health and recovery-related supportive services.\n- Goal 3: Promote consistent screening and interventions among physicians and other health providers.\nWest Virginia seeks to develop the following strategies, policies and practices which, when implemented, will strengthen the system of care for moms and babies throughout the state: (1) Provide prevention, intervention of FASD and NAS training for physicians, educators, criminal justice system, and social service providers; (2) Partner with key stakeholders to coordinate all related programs statewide; (3) Fund “moms and babies programs” that achieve proven health and recovery outcomes for mothers and children and prevent future substance-exposed pregnancies; and (4) Block legislation or other state policies that might increase service barriers or offer punitive responses for women seeking services.\n1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2016). Information memorandum: NEW LEGISLATION- Public Law 114-198, the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/policy-guidance/im-16-05\n2 Carpenter, L., Gresham, J., Green, M.,& Terplan, M. (2016). Developing a plan of safe care for infants with prenatal substance exposure, their mothers and caregivers: Collaborative approaches learned in a six site initiative. http://www.cwla.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SuperSession_SEI_Part1_Final.pdf\n3 National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare. (2017). Child welfare and treatment statistics.\n5 Children & Family Futures. (2016). The Role of Plans of Safe Care in Ensuring the Safety and Well-Being of Infants with Prenatal Exposure, Their Mothers and Families: A Discussion Draft in Development of a Technical Assistance White Paper. Retrieved from http://www.cffutures.org/files/Plans%20of%20Safe%20Care%20Draft_100416.pdf\n6 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2016). Program Instruction 1603. Retrieved from: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/policy-guidance/pi-16-03target=”_blank” rel=”noopener noreferrer”>\n7 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2016). Information memorandum: NEW LEGISLATION- Public Law 114-198, the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/policy-guidance/im-16-05\n8 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2017). Program Instruction 1702. Retrieved from: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/policy-guidance/pi-17-02 target=”_blank” rel=”noopener noreferrer”>\n9 Carpenter, L., Gresham, J., Green, M., & Terplan, M. (2016). Developing a Plan of Safe Care for Infants with Prenatal Substance Exposure, their Mothers and Caregivers: Collaborative Approaches Learned in a Six Site Initiative. CWLA 2016 National Conference, August 1, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.cwla.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SuperSession_SEI_Part1_Final.pdf\n10 Carpenter, L., Gresham, J., Green, M., & Terplan, M. (2016). Developing a Plan of Safe Care for Infants with Prenatal Substance Exposure, their Mothers and Caregivers: Collaborative Approaches Learned in a Six Site Initiative Part Two. CWLA 2016 National Conference, August 1, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.cwla.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SuperSession_SEI_Part2_Final.pdf\n11 National Center on Substance Abuse & Child Welfare. (2017). Substance Exposed Infants In-Depth Technical Assistance (SEI-IDTA). Retrieved from https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/technical/idta.aspx12 National Center on Substance Abuse & Child Welfare. (2017). Summary 2017 Policy Academy: Improving Outcomes for Pregnant and Postpartum Women with Opioid Use Disorders and Their Infants, Families and Caregivers. Retrieved from https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/files/Policy_Academy_Dissemination_Brief.pdf\n13 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration for Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. Child Welfare Policy Manual. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cwpm/public_html/programs/cb/laws_policies/laws/cwpm/index.jsp\n14 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). A Collaborative Approach to the Treatment of Pregnant Women with Opioid Use Disorders. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 16-4978. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/files/Collaborative_Approach_508.pdf\nFor a national overview of state efforts to develop Infant Plans of Safe Care and their associated challenges, please review the January 2018 GAO report, SUBSTANCE AFFECTED INFANTS: Additional Guidance Would Help States Better Implement Protections for Children.\n15 Slide from: http://www.cwla.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SuperSession_SEI_Part1_Final.pdf\n16 AR, DE, MD and WA were created prior to the 2016 changes in federal legislation.\n17 The National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare (NCSACW) is providing in-depth technical assistance to strengthen the capacity of states and local jurisdictions to improve the safety, health, and well-being of substance exposed infants, and the recovery of pregnant and parenting women and their families. The 18-month initiative, funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), supports six state efforts to strengthen collaboration and linkages across child welfare, addiction treatment, medical providers, early child care and education systems. For more information, please see: https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/technical/idta.aspx" ]

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[ "For a creature that is only 5 percent solid matter and doesn’t have a brain, jellyfish still manage keep surfers on edge. In our research into the science behind their remedy we found that…well, it depends. There are close to 200 species of jellyfish in the world, each with their own flavor of venom, each with their own recommended treatment.\nSo don’t let this be an end-all resource for How To Survive a Jellyfish Sting, but rather a testimonial about treatment of non-tropical jellyfish encounters.\nTerry McDermott, a veteran Australian lifeguard, said they sometimes deal with hundreds of stings in one day at Bondi Beach in Sydney, and thousands in a season. “There are several creatures that sting along Australia’s east coast, and Bondi faces south so an onshore wind blows Bluebottles in, also known as Portuguese Man-of-War.” This species of jelly is similar to the type you’ll find in more moderate temperatures of water, like on the east and west coast of the U.S." ]

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[ "Due Process -- What's the order of events?\n1. The request for a due process hearing is submitted to your state's education agency and to the school and cooperative or interlocal simultaneously and details what the issues of contention are and what the proposed resolutions are, to the extent known by the parent.\n2. Your state's education agency assigns an independent hearing officer (IHO) to your case from a rotating list.\n3. The IHO will contact the school and your attorney to set up a time for a prehearing conference. (To learn what happens at the prehearing conference, see the memo entitled “What Happens During a Prehearing Conference?”\n4. Both parties (the school and parents) will prepare their case for hearing. I will give you “homework assignments” to help me prepare your case for hearing. This is helpful to me and also helps keep your legal fees lower. Before we go to hearing, I will share with you my due process trial plan so that you have a roadmap as to where we’re going and how the hearing will be conducted. We’ll also talk (or email) frequently while we’re preparing your case for hearing. Generally, I also meet with the family the night before the case begins to go over any last-minute questions you might have.\n5. Sometimes the parties go to a mediation before a hearing, and if you believe there’s a chance of resolving your case with the school, I would highly encourage an attempt at mediation. The school has to pay the cost of the mediation, and generally the parties go to the mediation without their attorneys, who are on call via phone for questions.\n6. The hearing will be conducted according to the plan devised at the prehearing conference.\n7. If we are the ones who requested the hearing, we go first during the hearing, which means we will do our opening statement first, followed by the school’s opening statement, then put on our witnesses, then the school will put on its witnesses. Then we’ll either do verbal closing arguments, written closing arguments or closing briefs. I generally prefer to do verbal closing arguments in order to keep the legal fees down and because the hearing officers in this state are very well-versed in the laws, arguments and different areas of disabilities. However, sometimes the schools insist on doing written closing arguments or closing briefs, and I will ask you if you want me to do a verbal closing or to match them on the written closing or brief.\n8. At the end of the hearing, the IHO will state when the decision will be made and mailed to the attorneys for both sides. He or she also will ask if you want an electronic or printed-out copy of the transcript. Electronic versions are easier to use/copy/email to others. However, if you decide you want a printed version later, it’s pretty tough on your printer to print out what can be more than a thousand pages of transcript.\n9. Each party has a right to appeal the decision of the IHO. In Texas and Indiana, appeals can be taken directly to state or federal court. If someone is not happy with the results of that appeal, it can be taken to the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals (for Indiana cases) or the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals (for Texas cases).\n10. If there is no appeal to the BSEA and no agreement from the school on the payment of your attorney fees, I would have to file a suit for fees in federal or your local court. In this suit for fees, we have to show that we prevailed on some substantial issue and that the hourly rate and hours expended on your case were reasonable. (I haven’t had anyone argue that the hourly rate or hours expended weren’t reasonable yet. Usually the argument is did we prevail on a substantial issue, and our definition of substantial can vary from the school’s definition. Then the court will get to decide.)\nWhat happens during a prehearing conference?\nThe prehearing conference is a conference call that includes all the parties involved in the due process matter. This includes the parent(s), school’s representative(s), school’s attorney, your own attorney and the independent hearing officer (IHO).\nThe IHO is in charge of the conduct of the prehearing conference, which is almost always tape recorded.\nPurposes of the Prehearing Conference\n1. Generally the purposes of this prehearing telephone conference are to handle all the details of making the hearing happen. We are NOT going to argue the merits of our case, and the hearing officer will make NO decisions about the outcome of the case at this point, though he might form general impressions of the parties during the prehearing.\n2. Choose dates for hearing.\n3. Solidify the issues (which we will have already listed in our due process request letter, although someone might have a question about some detail).\n4. Decide if the hearing will be open or closed.\nA. Open means anyone who is not a witness can come in and observe the proceedings. The advantage to this is that you can invite your supporters out there in the community, family members, church members or even the news media. Another advantage to an open hearing is that if you have a witness of your own testify, once he or she is released from testifying, he or she can attend the rest of the hearing and observe the proceedings. The disadvantage to an open hearing is that school employees who are not testifying can come in and observe, and sometimes this makes the parents uncomfortable.\nB. Closed means that no one besides the parties and any witness who is testifying currently can be in the room. Advantages to this: You can keep nosy folks out. Disadvantage: You can’t invite your own supporters.\nParents ask me which I, as their attorney, prefer. I truly do not care one way or the other as to whether your hearing is open or closed. Do what you feel most comfortable with.\n5. Establish deadlines for discovery. This deadline is generally five days or more before the first day of the hearing. We have to give the school’s attorney AND the hearing officer a copy of all the documents/tapes any other tangible evidence that we intend to introduce, as well as our witness list and a list of our exhibits. The school must provide the same thing to us. If we do not do this, then we might have any undisclosed witnesses or evidence excluded.\n6. Decide if we need any special accommodations, such as wheelchair access, speaker phone use, other needs.\n7. We’ll also choose a location. Generally the hearings are held in an administration building or a co-op/interlocal building. However, if you would like to have the hearing held at a neutral location, such as a hotel or community center or library, for example, we can request that. This is an example of an expense of litigation that the school is responsible for paying. Again, I personally have no preference as to location.\nCan the parents speak during the prehearing?\nYes, in fact, I would encourage you to jump in and answer questions that you would more readily know the answers to off the top of your head. For example, if the hearing officer asks the age of your child, you’ll be able to answer that question more quickly than I will.\nCertainly if you hear something that you believe is a misstatement or something that needs to be clarified, you can feel free to jump in and correct the statement.\nTop of Page" ]

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[ "How many jumbled words can you spell correctly that are associated with Arbor Day? Vocabulary words include: apple, ash, bark, birch, cherry, cyprus, evergreen, leaf, limb, branch, maple, olive, palm, pear, pecan, pine, plant, roots, trunk and willow.\nI look little....but I PRINT\nClick the worksheet printer icon that says \"Full Page Print\" for a high quality\nprintable worksheet. All word jumbles are interactive. You can type in the answer online or print them out to solve offline.\n|Interactive Printable Word Jumbles - Arbor Day Word Jumble Worksheet" ]

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