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[ "- Downloaded the latest volume of \"Antiphospho...What?\"?\n- Checked out our links page?\n- Joined our online support forum?\n- Shopped in our Cafepress* and Zazzle* stores for APS, Lupus, Infant Loss (& many more!) awareness items?\n- Sent a family member or loved one flowers through our FlowerPetal* shop?\n- Watched the videos on our YouTube page?\n- Joined our mailing list to receive our newsletters and updates?\n- Read how you can help the APSFA?\n- Joined us on Facebook or Twitter?\n- Submitted your patient story for our quarterly newsletter?\n- Seen our segment on \"Mystery Diagnosis\"? You can buy it now on iTunes!\nThis brochure is available for download on our downloads page.\n- What is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?\n- APS Is an Autoimmune Disease\n- APS: The Statistics\n- Clinical Features of APS\n- How is APS Diagnosed?\n- APS Treatment\n- Doctors and Information on APS\n- Women & APS\n- Other Points to Consider\n- Safety When Traveling\n- Take Your Medication\n- Symptoms to Watch For\n- Coping with APS\n- Other Sources of Information on APS\n- How Can You Help?\nThis pamphlet is a layman’s terms summary of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). It covers such topics as diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, and coping. It is meant for patients newly diagnosed, however would also be good for informing friends and family about your disease.\nWhat is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?\nAntiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome or APS is an autoimmune disorder in which the body recognizes certain normal components of blood and/or cell membranes as foreign substances and produces antibodies against them. Patients with these antibodies may experience blood clots, including heart attacks and strokes, and miscarriages. APS may occur in people with systemic lupus erythematosus, other autoimmune diseases, or in otherwise healthy individuals.\nAPS is also known as APLS, APLA, Hughes Syndrome or \"Sticky Blood.\"\nAPS is an Autoimmune Disease\nOne way in which our immune system fights infections is by making antibodies. Antibodies are proteins in the blood and body fluids that bind to foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses and help the immune system destroy and remove them. Sometimes the immune system doesn’t function properly and makes antibodies against normal organs and tissues in the body. These self-reactive antibodies are called autoantibodies. The autoantibodies in APS were originally thought to recognize that recognize certain phospholipids, fatty molecules that make up part of normal cell membranes, hence the name “antiphospholipid” antibodies. It is now known that most of the autoantibodies in APS patients actually recognize certain blood proteins that bind to phospholipids, not the phospholipids themselves. Two blood proteins that are major targets of antiphospholipid antibodies are b2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin.\nAPS: The Statistics\n- 1-5% of the general population is believed to have APS.\n- 15-20% of all cases of blood clots in large veins (deep vein thrombosis), including blood clots that go to the lungs (pulmonary embolism) are due to APS.\n- 10-25% of women with recurrent miscarriages have APS.\n- One third of strokes occurring in younger people (under the age of 50) are due to APS.\n- APS is a major women’s health issue: 75-90% of those affected by APS are women.\n- 40-50% of patients with lupus also have APS.\nClinical Features of APS\nPeople with antiphospholipid antibodies have an increased risk of developing one or more of the following problems:\n- Blood clots in veins, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT)\n- Blood clots that go to the lungs (pulmonary embolism)\n- Blood clots in arteries\n- Miscarriages – these can occur at any stage of pregnancy but are most common in the late first trimester or early second trimester\n- Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, fetal growth retardation, premature delivery\n- Heart attacks, angina\n- Brief stroke-like episodes called transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), for example, loss of vision\n- Decreased levels of platelets (small blood cells involved in blood clotting)\n- Heart valve problems, sometimes requiring valve surgery or valve replacement\n- Persistent or transient blotchy, lacy bluish rash (livedo reticularis)\n- Skin ulcers, most commonly on the legs or feet\n- “Catastrophic” APS – a very rare, life-threatening syndrome in which clots form in small blood vessels of multiple organs (such as heart, lungs, brain, kidneys)\nOther features that might be associated with antiphospholipid antibodies include:\n- Problems with thinking clearly (loss of concentration, difficulty with reading comprehension and performing calculations, memory loss)\n- Neurological problems similar to multiple sclerosis.\n- Migraine headaches, sometimes with visual disturbances\n- Other neurological symptoms including episodes of partial or total vision loss, dizziness, vertigo, loss of balance, seizures, and other abnormal movements\nHow is APS Diagnosed?\nPhysicians use a combination of clinical symptoms (see above) and laboratory tests to diagnose APS. The common blood tests for antiphospholipid antibodies are as follows:\n- Anticardiolipin antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA)\n- Lupus anticoagulant – a panel of blood clotting tests that may include the dilute Russel Viper venom time (dRVVT), lupus aPTT, mixing studies, and hex phase phospholipid test, platelet neutralization procedure\n- Antibodies to b2-glycoprotein I (IgG, IgM, IgA)\nPanels of tests for antibodies to phospholipids other than cardiolipin are available but have not undergone the rigorous international standardization efforts applied to anticardiolipin assays. A number of experts in the field question the usefulness of these panels, which may be quite expensive.\nThere is no cure for APS, but there is treatment. The treatment of choice for patients with APS who have had a blood clot is anticoagulant therapy. This is usually successful in preventing further clots. For women with APS and recurrent miscarriages who have not had a prior blood clot, the use of anticoagulant therapy during the pregnancy significantly increases the likelihood of a successful outcome. Some individuals may have elevated antiphospholipid antibodies but have no clinical manifestations of the syndrome. These individuals are usually treated with aspirin. Aspirin reduces the risk of blood clots by making the platelets less sticky. Studies are ongoing to determine how helpful aspirin is and whether low doses of anticoagulants might be more effective.\nIn general patients who have had a blood clot (i.e., stroke, heart attack, DVT) and have persistently positive tests for antiphospholipid antibodies should be treated with anticoagulants indefinitely. Discontinuing treatment after a fixed period of time, such as six months, may be quite dangerous in such patients. In some patients with a history of blood clots, antiphospholipid antibodies may disappear after a certain period of time. It is not known whether it is safe to stop anticoagulation in this situation. Consultation with a doctor experienced in treating APS is recommended for such patients.\nDoctors and Information on APS\nAlthough APS is actually one of the more common autoimmune diseases, some primary care doctors remain uniformed about it. When their patients have symptoms of APS, these doctors may not test for antiphospholipid antibodies soon enough or at all. Unfortunately, many patients have had to see several physicians and specialists before getting the proper diagnosis and treatment.\nThe type of doctor a patient sees should be determined by the symptoms the individual patient is having, and any given patient may benefit from the input of several specialists. For patients with blood clots, a hematologist would be involved, often for management of anticoagulant therapy (blood thinner). For patients with recurrent miscarriages, a high-risk obstetrician should be consulted. For patients who also have rheumatologic symptoms, such as symptoms of lupus, a rheumatologist would be important to see. Of course, all patients would benefit from having a single physician identified as their primary care provider, to help coordinate all of their health care needs.\nWomen & APS\nAPS and Pregnancy Complications\nWomen with APS may have difficulties with pregnancy. During pregnancy, women are at higher risk of developing blood clots and preeclampsia. In APS, pregnancies are thought to be lost because blood clots form in the placenta and starve the baby of nutrition. Some women may have trouble getting pregnant, while others may experience repeated miscarriages. Blood clots that develop in the placenta can cause fetal growth problems, fetal distress, preterm birth, or pregnancy loss.\nExpert care and close monitoring of the pregnancy is essential by a doctor knowledgeable about APS. During pregnancy, physicians may recommend low doses of aspirin and daily injections of the blood thinning drug, heparin. This gives the fetus about an 80% chance of survival, a drastic improvement from the 1980's when fetal survival was around 20%. The therapy is started at the beginning of pregnancy and halted just before delivery to reduce the risk of bleeding during childbirth. Soon after birth, the treatment resumes for about six weeks because of an increased risk for clotting in the postpartum period. In a more serious case preeclampsia may set in towards the end of pregnancy and a planned premature birth may be necessary. Heparin can cause bone loss, so women may need to take additional calcium during pregnancy. In addition, women need to be monitored for development of a low platelet count.\nOver the long term, many doctors recommend women continue to take a low dose of aspirin to reduce the risk of developing dangerous blood clots. Many women with APS are unaware they have the condition, but it can be diagnosed with a blood test. Doctors may consider the diagnosis when a woman has repeated, unexplained pregnancy loss.\nIf you are trying to get pregnant or are pregnant it is very important to let your doctor know immediately. Continued use of warfarin may cause birth defects. The doctor will change your medication to a different blood thinner that is safe. Using proper treatment, women with APS have about the same risks as other women during pregnancy.\nAPS pregnancies are not normal. Normal pregnancy is 40 weeks. In APS, it is more common to deliver the baby between 30-35 weeks, and between 3-5 pounds. Heparin protects the placenta partially, but not fully so that the baby gets enough nutrition to survive longer in the mother. Once born, the babies do fine.\nMany women who have problems with APS during pregnancy are completely fine when not pregnant. Others do go on to develop problems with clotting. Currently there is no way of telling which women will be unlucky, until a clot actually occurs.\nInfertility has also been linked to antiphospholipid antibodies. Testing for these antibodies is becoming routine in infertility clinics.\nBirth Control Pills & Hormone Replacement Therapy\nWomen also need to avoid estrogen therapy (such as birth control or hormone replacement therapy) because estrogen predisposes patients to clotting.\nOther forms of contraception should be discussed with your doctor.\nProblems with Periods\nSome women taking warfarin experience problems with increased bleeding. It can lead to anemia. Tell your doctor about this problem. The doctor can recommend several options and prevent anemia. One example is: for women who have already given birth and are not actively trying to conceive, the Mirena® IUD has been successful in reducing period blood loss. As it only releases hormones to the uterus lining and is not absorbed into the blood stream, therefore, it is safe for women with APS to use.\nOther Points to Consider\nYou may notice you bruise more easily or little cuts will bleed longer when you are taking warfarin (Coumadin®). Injuries can be more serious when on anticoagulants and care should be taken during any activity that can result in injury. Contact sports are not recommended.\nIf, while on anticoagulants, you injure your head, go directly to the Emergency Room. Your brain is very sensitive to a bleeding while on anticoagulants.\nIf a serious injury does occur go directly to the Emergency Room and be sure they know you are taking anticoagulants and tell them what your most recent INR was.\nYou should have Medical Alert bracelet and wear it at all times. You can order one through Medic Alert at http://www.medicalert.org. A bracelet is the most visible, the easiest and the most recognized however, there are also necklaces and other types available.\nSafety When Traveling\nLong trips, especially by air, have some clotting risk even for non-APS people. It is important for people with APS to get up and walk around at least every couple of hours. On long car trip stop at least every two hours and walk. Drink plenty of water and wear compression stockings to help reduce your chance of DVT. If you plan to be away during the time of a periodic blood test, arrange for the blood test before you leave for the trip.\nTake Your Medication\nIt is very important to take your medicine every day. Try to take your the medicine at the same time each day for consistency. You may want to get a pillbox that holds at least one week’s supply of the pill(s) or to mark it on a calendar when you take your medicine. This will help you to know when you have taken your pills. Do not take two doses in one day if you have forgotten your dose.\nSymptoms to Watch For\nIf you test positive for APS Antibodies you should be aware of the symptoms caused by blood clots. If any of these symptoms occur, seek medical help immediately. Symptoms that could be caused by a blood clot include:Heart Attack\nChest discomfort or pain. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain. Generally becomes so bad that it may feel unbearable and relentless, but occasionally the pain can be milder.\n- Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.\n- Shortness of breath. This feeling often comes along with chest discomfort. But it can occur before the chest discomfort.\n- Other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or light-headedness.\nStrokes (Blood Clot in the brain) can be life threatening. Some stroke symptoms may last only minutes or a few hours and are called TIA’s. (Transient Ischemic Attack or mini stroke.) Rapid treatment (within three hours) is vital. Medical treatments that reverse the stroke damage is available—but only if you seek immediate treatment. Stroke symptoms are:\n- Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body.\n- Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech.\n- Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.\n- Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination.\n- Sudden, very severe headache with no known cause. Can also be very severe headache that lasts for days.\nClots in other locations\nMuscle pain, numbness, or tingling, pale color, weakness, muscle spasm in a leg or arm.\n- The arm or leg feels cold, hot or swollen to touch. May feel like a muscle strain.\n- Extreme pain without a cause, anywhere in the body.\n- Shortness of breath, or chest pain (under the breast bone or on one side of the chest) may radiate outward from the chest. (This could indicate a clot in the lungs or a heart attack.)\n- Sudden heavy cough especially if you cough up blood.\n- Rapid breathing.\nHeart attacks, strokes and other blood clots need immediate medical attention. Go immediately to Emergency Room.\nf you feel these warning signs, DIAL 911 IMMEDIATELY. Most people wait 2 or 3 hours before seeking care, yet by then the heart may suffer significant damage. Dial 911 within 5 minutes if you or someone you are with experiences these symptoms.\nCoping with APS\nAPS treatment is life long. Treatment of blood clots caused by APS outweighs the small side effects by treatment.\nMost of the time people with APS will appear on the outside just as they did before they were diagnosed. Because of this, it may be difficult for family and friends to understand that you have a life threatening illness and that you just can’t do some of the things that you could before. They can’t see what is going on with your body and this can become quite frustrating on both ends.\nIn some cases you may want a therapist to help you adjust. Any person with a life threatening disease is at risk of being depressed. In some cases this progresses to clinical depression. It is very important to discuss your mental health with your doctor as well as your physical health.\nThe APS Foundation of America, Inc has a place on the Internet where you can communicate with others who have this disease. You can find our support forum at http://www.apsforum.com. You are the only one who knows exactly how you feel. Others with the same disease are very understanding and support groups of some kind can make your life much fuller. Your immediate family and children should be told about your disease, how it affects you, what it means to them as well as what you may have to expect of them in support.\nThe good news is: many people with proper treatment live normal full lives. Others may find their lives changed forever due to APS, but a positive attitude will mean that life can still be worthwhile and fulfilling as the correct treatment prevents further problem.\nOther Sources for APS Information\n- The APS Foundation of America, Inc.\nFounded in June 2005, the APS Foundation of America, Inc. is dedicated to fostering and facilitating joint efforts in the areas of education, support, research, patient services and public awareness of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome in an effective and ethical manner.\n- The APS Friends and Support Forum\nThis is an open forum for people who have Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, friends, family and caregivers. Please feel free to participate in any of the discussions listed, browse around or post your own new discussion. We always welcome new members and returning members with open arms!\n- Antiphospholipid Syndrome Collaborative Registry (APSCORE)\nThe Antiphospholipid Syndrome Collaborative Registry (APSCORE), sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD). The purpose of this national registry is to collect and update clinical, demographic, and laboratory data on patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), as well as patients with antiphospholipid antibodies who do not have other symptoms commonly associated with APS. The registry also serves as a repository of blood samples from those enrolled in the registry.\n- Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network\nThe Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network was created to facilitate collaboration among experts in many different types of rare diseases. Our goal is to contribute to the research and treatment of rare diseases by working together to identify biomarkers for disease risk, disease severity and activity, and clinical outcome, while also encouraging development of new approaches to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.\n- Hospital for Specialized Surgery and Barbara Volker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease\n- Thrombosis Interest Group of Canada (T.I.G.C)\nThrombosis Interest Group of Canada (T.I.G.C) is dedicated to furthering education and research in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. The Thrombosis Interest Group of Canada consists of a group of 40 specialists in fields related to thrombosis who collaborate to write evidence-based or consensus-based clinical guides on the investigation, management, and diagnosis of thrombotic disorders.\nHow can you help?\nThere are many ways you can help the APS Foundation of America, Inc. You can volunteer your time & talents such as in the area of fundraising, advocacy, finance or support group experiences, donate money or purchase APS gear through our webpage at www.apsfa.org, through our CafePress store at http://www.cafepress.com/apsfoundation or through our Zazzle store at http://www.zazzle.com/apsfoundation.\nThe APS Foundation of America, Inc is a non-profit organization. Your donations are greatly needed to help us provide awareness, support, and education of this disease. We need your enthusiasm and monetary support to help our individuals, family, friends and caregivers battle the long-term consequences caused by APS. Thank you in advance for your support and time. Please contact us through our website or at 608-782-2626 for more information.\nPlease send donations to:\nof America, Inc\nPost Office Box 801\nLa Crosse, Wisconsin 54602-0801\nWe also accept PayPal donations via our website.\nWe thank you for your support!\nAPS Foundation of America, Inc. is not intended to replace standard doctor-patient visits, physical examination, and medical testing. Information given to members is only an opinion. All information should be confirmed with your personal doctor. Always seek the advice of a trained physician in person before seeking any new treatment regarding your medical diagnosis or condition. Any information received from APS Foundation of America, Inc is not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure. This brochure is for informational purposes only.\nIf you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately.\nA team of people contributed to this publication. Information was adapted from various website, books and other media sources. Please contact us through the website for a complete list of sources. This pamphlet was assessed at draft stage by doctors, allied health professionals, an education specialist and people with APS. A non-medical editor rewrote the text to make it easy to understand and an APS Foundation of America, Inc. medical editor is responsible for the content overall.\n©Copyright 2005, 2006. All rights reserved. All content in this pamphlet is protected by U.S. and international copyright laws and may not be reprinted, reposted, or otherwise reproduced wholly or in part without prior written permission from the APS Foundation of America, Inc. Bibliography available here.\nRevised October 2006\nPage last update: 11/13/10\nThe APS Foundation of America, Inc. website and forums are both volunteer run and funded by donations to the APSFA.\nWebsite hosted by Dreamhost. Website created and maintained by Heidi P.\nDISCLAIMER: APS Foundation of America, Inc. website is not intended to replace standard doctor-patient visits, physical examination, and medical testing. Information given to members is only an opinion. All information should be confirmed with your personal doctor. Always seek the advice of a trained physician in person before seeking any new treatment regarding your medical diagnosis or condition. Any information received from APS Foundation of America, Inc. website is not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure. This site is for informational purposes only. Please note that we will be listing all donor or purchaser's names on the Donor page of our foundation site. If you do not want your name listed, please contact us to opt out. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately." ]

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[ "By: Sadie Steffens, 4th year PhD candidate in the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program\nYou’d be hard-pressed to find anyone who hasn’t been affected by cancer in some way.\nSecond only to heart disease as the leading cause of death, many of us have friends or loved ones who have suffered from cancer. News reports with big claims about novel cancer treatments give us hope, and we have a strong desire to eradicate the disease. We want to believe that a cure is imminent, possibly even in our own lifetime.\nAlthough we don’t discuss it much as a society, cancer affects more than our emotions. We are all paying the financial costs of cancer, costs that are escalating so quickly that they will soon be unsustainable. I’m talking about the cost of cancer drugs.\nSloan-Kettering, a prestigious cancer hospital, brought this issue to the public eye when it decided in 2012 not to carry the drug Zaltrap because of its outrageous cost. When it comes to “winning the war on cancer”—a phrase often used in the cancer research community—we want to ward off death at all costs.\nZaltrap had been shown to extend the life expectancy of colon cancer patients by six weeks – a life-extension that came at a price of $11,000 per month, a price tag of roughly $75,000 for the seven months of treatment, on average, that patients received during clinical trials. This unprecedented decision caused the drug company Sanofi to cut the cost of Zaltrap in half.\nMore than $40 billion is spent each year on cancer drugs, and this number is growing at twice the rate of the rest of the pharmaceutical market. These rising costs are unsustainable and put a significant strain on the whole healthcare system. While cancer patients represent 20% of Medicare cases, they account for 40% of the Medicare drug budget.\nBefore you start berating “Big Pharma,” it is important to remember that bringing new drugs to the market is ridiculously expensive. Decades of research are required, and the vast majority of drugs will fail before they ever reach the market. This pushes the cost of creating a new drug into the billions–of-dollars range.\nThe real problem is that the research community has not been able to make the great leaps in cancer treatment that the public expects.\nInstead of “winning the war,” a better slogan might be “we’re getting our butts kicked, but not as badly as before.” For patients with solid tumors such as breast, brain, prostate, etc., we haven’t seen big benefits from new therapies.\nThe age-adjusted mortality rate from cancer is basically unchanged over the past fifty years, but this bad news has a silver lining.\nOver the past fifty years, deaths from cardiovascular disease have decreased by half, creating a paradox in which people who would have died from heart disease are now living long enough to die from cancer. In addition, cancer death rates under age 20 have decreased by half, and people under 40 have seen a mortality reduction of 20 percent.\nChemotherapy is expensive, largely ineffective, and toxic to patients, but some patients do respond well to treatment. Being human, we want to do everything we can to extend the lives of our friends and loved ones, and doctors also want the best chance of survival for their patients.\nBut the costs of cancer care have become too outrageous to not be considered when making treatment decisions. As a society and as individuals, we have to ask ourselves the hard questions. What price are we willing to pay to extend life by 6 weeks? 6 months? 6 years?\nSadie Steffens is a 4th year PhD candidate in the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program. She works with Sinisa Dovat, MD, PhD to study pediatric leukemia and to identify new drug targets for effective leukemia treatment. Sadie enjoys music, crafting, board games, and snuggling with her cats." ]

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[ "ABCs of Figuring Interest*\nAlthough Shakespeare cautioned\n\"neither a borrower nor a lender be,\" using and providing credit\nhas become a way of life for many individuals in today's economy. Examples\nof borrowing by individuals are numerous--home mortgages, car loans, credit\ncards, etc. While perhaps more commonly thought of as investing, many\nexamples of lending by individuals can be identified. By opening a savings\naccount, an individual makes a loan to the bank; by purchasing a savings\nbond, an individual makes a loan to the government.\nAs with goods and services\nthat an individual might buy or sell, the use or extension of credit has\na price attached to it, namely the interest paid or earned. And, just\nas consumers shop for the best price on a particular item of merchandise,\nso too should consumers \"comparison shop\" for credit--whether\nborrowing or lending. But comparing prices for credit can, at times, be\nconfusing. Although the price of credit is generally stated as a rate\nof interest, the amount of interest paid or earned depends on a number\nof other factors, including the method used to calculate interest.\nTwo federal laws have been\npassed to minimize some of the confusion consumers face when they borrow\nor lend money. The Truth in Lending Act, passed in 1968, has made it easier\nfor consumers to comparison shop when they borrow money. Similarly, the\npurpose of the Truth in Savings Act, passed in 1991, is to assist consumers\nin comparing deposit accounts offered by depository institutions.\nProvisions of the Truth in\nLending Act have been implemented through the Federal Reserve's Regulation\nZ, which defines creditor responsibilities. Most importantly, creditors\nare required to disclose both the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) and the\ntotal dollar Finance Charge to the borrowing consumer. Simply put, the\nAPR is the relative cost of credit expressed in percentage terms on the\nbasis of one year. Just as \"unit pricing\" gives the consumer\na basis for comparing prices of different-sized packages of the same product,\nthe APR enables the consumer to compare the prices of different loans\nregardless of the amount, maturity, or other terms.\nSimilarly, provisions of the\nTruth in Savings Act were implemented through the Federal Reserve's Regulation\nDD, effective June 1993. These provisions include a requirement that depository\ninstitutions disclose an annual percentage yield (APY) for interest-bearing\ndeposit accounts. Like the APR, an APY will provide a uniform basis for\ncomparison by indication, in percentage terms on the basis of one year,\nhow much interest a consumer receives on a deposit account.\nWhile federal laws make it\neasier to comparison shop for credit and deposit accounts, a variety of\nmethods continue to be used to calculate the amount of interest paid or\nearned by a consumer. To make an informed decision, it is useful to understand\nthe relationships between these different methods.\nInterest represents the price\nborrowers pay to lenders for credit over specified periods of time. The\namount of interest paid depends on a number of factors: the dollar amount\nlent or borrowed, the length of time involved in the transaction, the\nstated (or nominal) annual rate of interest, the repayment schedule, and\nthe method used to calculate interest.\nIf, for example, an individual\ndeposits $1,000 for one year in a bank paying 5 percent interest on savings,\nthen at the end of the year the depositor may receive interest of $50,\nor some other amount, depending on the way interest is calculated. Alternatively,\nan individual who borrows $1,000 for one year at 5 percent and repays\nthe loan in one payment at the end of a year may pay $50 in interest,\nor some other amount, again depending on the calculation method used.\nThe various methods used to\ncalculate interest are basically variations of the simple interest calculation\nThe basic concept underlying\nsimple interest is that interest is paid only on the original amount borrowed\nfor the length of time the borrower has use of the credit. The amount\nborrowed is referred to as the principal. In the simple interest calculation,\ninterest is computed only on that portion of the original principal still\nSuppose $1,000 is borrowed\nat 5 percent and repaid in one payment at the end of one year. Using the\nsimple interest calculation, the interest amount would be 5 percent of\n$1,000 for one year or $50 since the borrower had use of $1,000 for the\nWhen more than one payment\nis made on a simple interest loan, the method of computing interest is\nreferred to as \"interest on the declining balance.\" Since the\nborrower only pays interest on that amount of original principal that\nhas not yet been repaid, interest paid will be smaller the more frequent\nthe payments. At the same times, of course, the amount of credit at the\nborrower's disposal is also smaller.\nUsing simple interest on the\ndeclining balance to compute interest charges, a 5 percent, $1,000 loan\nrepaid in two payments--one at the end of the first half-year and another\nat the end of the second half-year--would accumulate total interest charges\nof $37.50. The first payment would be $500 plus $25 (5 percent of $1,000\nfor one-half year), or $525; the second payment would be $500 plus $12.50\n(5 percent of $500 for one half-year), or $512.50. The total amount paid\nwould be $525 plus $512.50, or $1037.50. Interest equals the difference\nbetween the amount repaid and the amount borrowed, or $37.50. If four\nquarterly payments of $250 plus interest were made, the interest amount\nwould be $31.25; if 12 monthly payments of $83.33 plus interest were made,\nthe interest amount would be $27.08\nWhen interest on the declining\nbalance method is applied to a 5 percent, $1,000 loan that is to be repaid\nin two equal payments, payments of $518.83 would be made\nat the end of the first half-year and at the end of the second half-year.\nInterest due at the end of the first half-year remains $25; therefore,\nwith the first payment the balance is reduced by $493.83 ($518.83 less\n$25), leaving the borrower $506.17 to use during the second half-year.\nThe interest for the second half-year is 5 percent of $506.17 for one-half\nyear, or $12.66. The final $518.83 payment, then, covers interest of $12.66\nplus the outstanding balance of $506.17. Total interest paid is $25 plus\n$12.66, or $37.66, slightly more than in Example 2.\nThis equal payment variation\nis commonly used with mortgage payment schedules. Each payment over the\nduration of the loan split into two parts. Part one is the interest due\nat the time the payment is made, and part two--the remainder--is applied\nto the balance or amount still owed. In addition to mortgage lenders,\ncredit unions typically use the simple interest/declining balance calculation\nmethod for computing interest on loans. A number of banks also offer personal\nloans using this method.\nOther Calculation Methods\nAdd-on interest, bank discount,\nand compound interest calculation methods differ from the simple interest\nmethod as to when, how, and on what balance interest is paid. The \"effective\nannual rate\" for these methods is that annual rate of interest which,\nwhen used in the simple interest rate formula, equals the amount of interest\npayable in these other calculation methods. For the declining balance\nmethod, the effective annual rate of interest is the stated or nominal\nannual rate of interest. For the methods described below, the effective\nannual rate of interest differs from the nominal rate.\nWhen the add-on interest method\nis used, interest is calculated on the full amount of the original principal.\nThe interest amount is immediately added to the original principal, and\npayments are determined by dividing principal plus interest by the number\nof payments to be made. When only one payment is involved, this method\nproduces the same effective interest rate as the simple interest method.\nWhen two or more payments are to be made, however, use of the add-on interest\nmethod results in an effective rate of interest that is greater than the\nnominal rate. True, the interest amount is calculated by applying the\nnominal rate to the total amount borrowed, but the borrower does not have\nuse of the total amount for the entire time period if two or more payments\nConsider, again, the two-payment\nloan in Example 3. Using the add-on interest method, interest of $50 (5\npercent of $1,000 for one year) is added to the $1,000 borrowed, giving\n$1,050 to be repaid; half (or $525) at the end of the first half-year\nand the other half at the end of the second half-year.\nRecall that in Example 3, where\nthe declining balance method was used, an effective rate of 5 percent\nmeant two equal payments of $518.83 were to be made. Now with the add-on\ninterest method each payment is $525. The effective rate of this 5 percent\nadd-on rate loan, then is greater than 5 percent. In fact, the corresponding\neffective rate is 6.631 percent. This rate takes into account the fact\nthat the borrower does not have use of $1,000 for the entire year, but\nrather use of $1,000 for the first half-year and use of about $500 for\nthe second half-year.\nTo see that a one-year, two\nequal payment, 5 percent add-on rate loan is equivalent to a one-year,\ntwo equal-payment, 6.631 percent declining balance loan, consider the\nfollowing. When the first $525 payment is made, $33.15 in interest is\ndue (6.631 percent of $1,000 for one-half year). Deducting the $33.15\nfrom $525 leaves $491.85 to be applied to the outstanding balance of $1,000,\nleaving the borrower with $508.15 to use during the second half-year.\nThe second $525 payment covers $16.85 in interest (6.631 percent of $508.15\nfor one-half year) and the $508.15 balance due.\nIn this particular example,\nusing the add-on interest method means that no matter how many payments\nare to be made, the interest will always be $50. As the number of payments\nincreases, the borrower has use of less and less credit over the year.\nFor example, if four quarterly payments of $262.50 are made, the borrower\nhas the use of $1,000 during the first quarter, around $750 during the\nsecond quarter, around $500 during the third quarter, and around $250\nduring the fourth and final quarter. Therefore, as the number of payments\nincreases, the effective rate of interest also increases. For instance,\nin the current example, if four quarterly payments are made, the effective\nrate of interest would be 7.9222 percent; if 12 monthly payments are made,\nthe effective interest rate would be 9.105 percent. The add-on interest\nmethod is sometimes used by finance companies and some banks in determining\ninterest on consumer loans.\nWhen the bank discount calculation\nmethod is used, interest is calculated on the amount to be paid back,\nand the borrower receives the difference between the amount to be paid\nback and the interest amount. The bank discount method is also referred\nto as the discount basis.\nConsider the loan in Example\n1 where a 5 percent, $1,000 loan is to be repaid at the end of one year.\nIf the bank discount method is used, the interest amount of $50 would\nbe deducted from the $1,000 leaving the borrower with $950 to use over\nthe year. At the end of the year, the borrower pays $1,000. The interest\namount of $50 is the same as in Example 1. The borrower in Example 1,\nhowever, had the use of $1,000 over the year. Thus the effective rate\nof interest here would be 5.263 percent--$50 divided by $950--compared\nto an effective rate of 5 percent in Example 1.\nForms of borrowing that use\nthe bank discount method often have no intermediate payments. For example,\nthe bank discount method is used for Treasury bills sold by the U.S. government\nand commercial paper issued by businesses. In addition, U.S. savings bonds\nare sold on a discount basis, i.e., at a price below their face value.\nHow Many Days in a Year?\nIn the above examples, a year\nwas assumed to be 365 days long. Historically, in order to simplify interest\ncalculations, lenders and borrowers often assume that each year had twelve\n30-day months, resulting in a 360-day year. For any given nominal rate\nof interest will be greater when a 360-day year is used in the interest\ncalculation than when a 365-day year is used.\nSuppose that a $1,000 loan\nis discounted at 5 percent and payable in 365 days. This is the situation\nin Example 5 where, based on a 365-day year, the effective rate of interest\nwas 5.263 percent. If the bank discount calculation assumes a 360-day\nyear, then the length of time is computed to be 365/360 or 1-1/72 years\ninstead of exactly one year; the interest deducted (the discount) equals\n$50.69 instead of $50; and the effective annual rate of interest is 5.34\npercent. Some of the examples cited earlier that use the bank discount\nmethod, namely treasury bills sold by the U. S. government and commercial\npaper issued by businesses, assume a 360-day year in calculating interest.\nWhen the compound interest\ncalculation is used, interest is calculated on the original principal\nplus all interest accrued to that point in time. Since interest is paid\non interest as well as on the amount borrowed, the effective interest\nrate is greater than the nominal interest rate. The compound interest\nrate method is often used by banks and savings institutions in determining\ninterest they pay on savings deposits \"loaned\" to the institutions\nby the depositors.\nSuppose $1,000 is deposited\nin a bank that pays a 5 percent nominal annual rate of interest, compounded\nsemiannually (twice a year). At the end of the first half-year, $25 in\ninterest (5 percent of $1,000 plus the $25 in interest already paid, so\nthat the second interest payment is $25.63 (5 percent of $1,025 for one-half\nyear). The interest amount payable for the year, then, is $25 plus $25.63,\nor $50.63. The effective rate of interest is 5.063 percent, which is greater\nthan the nominal 5 percent rate.\nThe more often interest is\ncompounded within a particular time period, the greater will be the effective\nrate of interest. In a year, a 5 percent nominal annual rate of interest\ncompounded four times (quarterly) results in an effective annual rate\nof 5.0945 percent; compounded 12 times (monthly), 5.1162 percent; and\ncompounded 365 times (daily), 5.1267 percent. When the interval of time\nbetween compoundings approaches zero (even shorter than a second), then\nthe method is known as continuous compounding. Five percent continuously\ncompounded for one year will result in an effective annual rate of 5.1271\nWhen Repayment Is Early\nIn the above examples, it was\nassumed that periodic loan payments were always made exactly when due.\nOften, however, a loan may be completely repaid before it is due. When\nthe declining balance method for calculating interest is used, the borrower\nis not penalized for prepayment since interest is paid only on the balance\noutstanding for the length of time that amount is owed. When the add-on\ninterest calculation is used, however, prepayment implies that the lender\nobtains some interest that is unearned. The borrower then is actually\npaying an even higher effective rate since the funds are not available\nfor the length of time of the original loan contract.\nSome loan contracts make provisions\nfor an interest rebate if the loan is prepaid. One method used in determining\nthe amount of the interest rebate is referred to as the \"Rule of\n78's.\" Application of the Rule of 78's yields the percentage of the\ntotal interest amount that is to be returned to the borrower in the event\nof prepayment. The percentage figure is arrived at by dividing the sum\nof the integer numbers (digits) from one to the number of payments remaining\nby the sum of the digits from one to the total number of payments specified\nin the original loan contract. For example, if a five-month loan is paid\noff by the end of the second month (i.e., there are three payments remaining),\nthe percentage of the interest that the lender would rebate is (1+2+3)/(1+2+3+4+5)=(6/15),\nor 40 percent. The name derives from the fact that 78 is the sum of the\ndigits from one to 12 and, therefore, is the denominator in calculating\ninterest rebate percentages for all 12-period loans.\nApplication of the Rule of\n78's results in the borrowers paying somewhat more interest than would\nhave been paid with a comparable declining balance loan. How much more\ndepends on the total number of payments specified in the original loan\ncontract and the effective rate of interest charged. The greater the specified\ntotal number of payments and the higher the effective rate of interest\ncharged, the more the amount of interest figured under the Rule of 78's\nexceeds that under the declining balance method.\nThe difference between the\nRule of 78's interest and the declining balance interest also varies depending\nupon when the prepayment occurs. This difference over the term of the\nloan tends to increase up to about the one-third point of the term and\nthen decrease after this point. For example, with a 12-month term, the\ndifference with prepayment occurring in the second month would be greater\nthan the difference that would occur with prepayment in the first month;\nthe third-month difference; the fourth month (being the one-third point)\nwould be greater than both the third month-difference and the fifth-month\ndifference. After the fifth month, each succeeding month's difference\nwould be less than the previous month's difference.\nSuppose that there are two\n$1,000 loans that are to be repaid over 12 months. Interest on the first\nloan is calculated using a 5 percent add-on method, which results in equal\npayments of $87.50 due at the end of each month ($1,000 plus $50 interest\ndivided by 12 months). The effective annual rate of interest for this\nloan is 9.105 percent. Any interest rebate due because of prepayment is\nto be determined by the Rule of 78's.\nInterest on the second loan\nis calculated using a declining balance method where the annual rate of\ninterest is the effective annual rate of interest form the first loan,\nor 9.105 percent. Equal payments of $87.50 are also due at the end of\neach month for the second loan.\nSuppose that repayment on both\nloans occurs after one-sixth of the term of the loan has passed, i.e.,\nat the end of the second month, with the regular first month's payment\nbeing made for both loans. The interest paid on the first loan will be\n$14.74, while the interest paid on the second loan will be $14.57, a difference\nof 17 cents. If the prepayment occurs at the one-third point, i.e., at\nthe end of the fourth month (regular payments having been made at the\nend of the first, second, and third months), interest of $26.92 is paid\non the first loan and interest of $26.69 on the second loan, a difference\nof 23 cents. If the prepayment occurs later, say at the three-fourths\npoint, i.e., at the end of the ninth month (regular payments having been\nmade at the end of the first through eighth months), $46.16 in interest\nis paid on the first loan and $46.07 in interest is paid on the second\nloan, a difference of but 9 cents.\nCharges Other than Interest\nIn addition to the interest\nthat must be paid, loan agreements often will include other provisions\nwhich must be satisfied. Two examples of these provisions are mortgage\npoints and required (compensating) deposit balances.\nMortgage lenders will sometimes\nrequire the borrower to pay a charge in addition to the interest. This\nextra charge is calculated as a percentage of the mortgage amount and\nis referred to as mortgage points. For example, if 2 points are charged\non a $100,000 mortgage, then 2 percent of $100,000, or $2,000, must be\npaid in addition to the stated interest. The borrower, therefore is paying\na higher price than if points were not charged-i.e., the effective rate\nof interest is increased. In order to determine what the effective rate\nof interest is when points are charged, it is necessary to deduct the\ndollar amount resulting from the point calculation from the mortgage amount\nand add it to the interest amount to be paid. The borrower is viewed as\nhaving use of the mortgage amount less the point charge amount rather\nthan the entire mortgage amount.\nSuppose that 2 points are charged\non a 20-year $100,000 mortgage where the rate of interest (declining balance\ncalculation) is 7 percent. The payments are to be $775.30 per month. Once\nthe borrower pays the $2,000 point charge, there is $98,000 to use. With\npayments of $775.30 a month over 20 years, the result of the 2-point charge\nis an effective rate of 7.262 percent.\nThe longer the time period\nof the mortgage, the lower will be the effective rate of interest when\npoints are charged because the point charge is spread out over more payments.\nIn the above example, if the mortgage had been for 30 years instead of\n20 years, the effective rate of interest would have been 7.201 percent.\nRequired (compensating) Deposit\nA bank may require that a borrower\nmaintain a certain percentage of the loan amount on deposit as a condition\nfor obtaining the loan. The borrower, then, does not have the use of the\nentire loan amount but rather the use of the loan amount less the amount\nthat must be kept on deposit. The effective rate of interest is greater\nthan it would be if no compensating deposit balance were required.\nSuppose that $1,000 is borrowed\nat 5 percent from a bank to be paid back at the end of one year. Suppose,\nfurther, that the lending bank requires that 10 percent of the loan amount\nbe kept on deposit. The borrower, therefore, has the use of only $900\n($1,000 less 10 percent) on which an interest amount of $50 (5 percent\nof $1,000 for one year) is charged. The effective rate of interest is,\ntherefore, 5.556 percent as opposed to 5 percent when no compensating\nbalance is required.\nAlthough not an exhaustive\nlist, the methods of calculating interest described here are some of the\nmore common methods in use. They indicate that the method of interest\ncalculation can substantially affect the amount of interest paid, and\nthat savers and borrowers should be aware not only of nominal interest\nrates but also of how nominal rates are used in calculating total interest\nThrough time, the level of\ninterest rates may fluctuate, but the method of calculation remains constant.\nThus, the concepts of figuring interest explained in this document apply\nregardless of whether the specific numerical examples used are representative\nof today's market rates.\nSource: The material\nin this document is from ABC's of Figuring Interest published by the Federal\nReserve Bank of Chicago.\n* Courtesy of The Federal Reserve\nBank of Chicago" ]

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[ "You may be setting your oven to 350 degrees, but that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s reaching that temperature. Perform these easy steps to calibrate your oven and make sure the temperature gauge is telling you the full story. Then, the next time you make some turkey or meatloaf, it will turn out perfectly instead of being burnt to a crisp!\nFind an oven thermometer. To get an accurate reading and avoid breaking your thermometer, it’s important that you use one that’s meant for ovens. You can purchase an oven thermometer for around $10. If you have one, but it’s a few years old, consider buying a new one – they can lose accuracy over time.\nPlace your thermometer in the oven. Position it as close to the center of the oven as possible (you may need to move some racks around) and make sure you can read it through the oven window.\nDetermine your oven’s temperature. Heat your oven to 350 degrees F. Once your oven is finished heating, take a reading from the thermometer and write it down. Do this four times, waiting 20 minutes between each reading. If the average of your four readings is between 325-375 degrees F, your oven is properly calibrated (oven temperatures fluctuate naturally within this range). If your average falls outside of this temperature range, it’s a good idea to calibrate your oven.\nCalibrate your oven. Calibration is different for every oven – sometimes it’s as easy as turning a screw, while other models require professional assistance. Take a look at your owner’s manual to learn how to calibrate your oven." ]

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[ "The headlines last week were frightening: DENGUE FEVER THREATENS CONTINENTAL U.S., FEDERAL OFFICIALS WARN OF DENGUE THREAT. And while the news is the result of research from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it hearkens back to the fallout from several years ago, when the West Nile virus threat was on the rise. Scary as mosquito-born diseases may be, it’s the country’s experience with West Nile that may prevent the next tropical viruses from taking hold.\n“I believe the money put into West Nile virus has not gone unmerited,” says Jorge Arias, the Pan American Health Organization’s former expert on dengue—a carrier-based disease reminiscent that travels faster in urban areas than, say, malaria. “Some of the developments we’ve gotten from West Nile virus research and surveillance is just fantastic. It’s shown us what can happen in the United States.”\nWhile Arias admits a dengue outbreak could occur, particularly in the South, he quickly insists that “the way we live does not encourage dengue.” While Americans' reliance upon air conditioning already minimizes chances of coming in contact with dengue, Arias says, the preventative steps are much as the same as for West Nile: insect repellent, water disposal to prevent mosquito breeding and the like.\nFor the unlucky few who may become infected with the disease, symptoms can range from flu-like to excruciating joint pain. While there is no vaccine—and the CDC says that it would take 5 to 10 years for one to become publicly available—conditions can usually be softened by giving victims fluids and electrolytes.\nIn the event of a dengue fever outbreak, Arias feels the U.S. health system is prepared:\"We’ll be able to respond a lot better to it because we have the infrastructure in place now.\"\nLikewise, the issue of preparedness has been raised concerning another potential threat: the bubonic plague. A report by Michael Begon and colleagues from the University of Liverpool details “a major shift in cases from Asia to Africa, with more than 90 percent of all cases and deaths in the last five years occurring in Madagascar, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).”\nExplanations for the distressing rise in infections rest heavily on “rural communities ... [living] in close proximity to rodents,” the report says. Other factors that allow for the bubonic plague to spread are ones that the AIDS crisis has already brought to light, such as “lack of money and distance from health facilities.”\n“Plague may not match the so-called ‘big three’ diseases—malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis,” the report concludes. “But in our opinion, plague should not be relegated to the sidelines. It remains a poorly understood threat that we cannot afford to ignore.”\nWhile the Center for Disease Control states that the “plague is widespread in wild rodents,” relegated mainly to New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and California, it would seem very unlikely that an outbreak of the Black Death could occur in the States. Living conditions around the country would have to break down significantly to allow for a large flea population and rat infestation.\n“Nobody expected West Nile to happen,” Arias says. “And when it came in, it just blew across the whole continent. You have to be aware of these things and say, ‘Do we have the tools for this situation?’” —Brian Lisi" ]

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[ "Reading time: 11 minutes\nAllergies are a very common reaction which affects 1 in 5 people in some period of their lives. Like the causes, the symptoms are numerous too and can vary from mild, hardly noticeable, to possibly life threatening. But before we go into deeper analysis of the whole allergy process, we should answer a basic question.\nWhat is an allergy?\nAn allergy is our immune system’s response to a foreign substance that enters or comes into contact with the body and usually is not considered harmful. These unknown substances are called allergens, and they can include certain foods, pet dander, bee venom or pollen. However, anything can be an allergen if the immune system has an adverse reaction. An allergen can be something you ingest, inhale into your lungs, touch or inject into your body.\nWhen a person actually is allergic to a certain substance, their immune system reacts as a defence system and tries to destroy and remove it from the body. How does it work? Well, the immune system usually adapts to the environment. For example, when a body encounters pollen, it should realize it is harmless. But this is not the case with a 100% rate.\nThe immune system’s job is to save us from anything which puts our health in any kind of danger. Depending on the allergen, our body reacts in different ways – rash, hive, low blood pressure, asthma attacks, inflammation, sneezing, cough, sneezing, scratchy throat, runny nose and even death. The list of symptoms is quite long, but one thing is for sure – there is no cure for allergies. You can control them with prevention and treatment, but do not overlook it, as it is one of the world’s most common yet still neglected diseases which affects all generations. This leads us to our next question.\nWhy have I become allergic?\nHuman immune system is very much like our sensory system – it receives an input from the environment, processes it and sends an adaptive response. Its primary task is, as mentioned above, to recognize foreign organisms like bacteria and parasites in order to neutralize the possible infection and prevent a disease from further spreading by disposing of ill or malfunctional internal cells. This is done through a process in which millions of antibodies are produced to play a role of recognition agents that provoke an immune response. After these antibodies become activated through interaction process with an unknown organism, they are mass produced by immune cells and circulate our body in order to form an immunological ‘belt’. Vaccinations work on the same principle, as weakened components of microbes which cause a certain disease allow the body to make itself ready for launching a big immune response when the problem-causing microbe is faced in the future.\nWhen it comes to our immune system and its defensive role, we can distinguish two types of reactions – if it attacks our body, it is an autoimmune disorder, and if it attacks a harmless protein coming from our environment, it is an allergy.\nIt all starts in the early stages of life, as a normal course of childhood development, when early exposure to parasites and bacteria allow the immune system to develop regulatory mechanisms and keep everything under control. However, in environments lacking exposure to these organisms, this ‘adjustment’ fails to occur and children prone to allergies begin to develop an inflammatory response against normally harmless proteins from their environment.\nMoreover, there are some so-called risk factors which make you prone to developing an allergy:\n- – If allergies or asthma run in your family for generations, e.g. if one parent is allergic, a child has a 30-50% chance of inheriting the allergy, yet not necessarily the parent’s type. But if both parents are allergic, the children have a 60-80% likelihood of inheriting allergies.\n- – It is proven that the period of childhood is the most likely to develop an allergy.\n- – If you already have asthma, there is a high chance of suffering from an allergy.\n- – The environment also plays an important role in this process as it either protects you from developing an allergy or adapts you to it. Some exposures provoke certain allergies in individuals and their children (such as high consumption of junk food and cigarette smoke), but others, on the other hand, are protective (for example exposure to farm animals and high-fibre diets).\n- – Children who suffer from viral or bacterial infections of the upper respiratory system (throat, nose and bronchial tubes) during the first 6 months of their life have higher chances of developing allergies or asthma later in life.\nWhat is hygiene hypothesis?\nOver time experts in the field have developed the hygiene hypothesis for autoimmune and allergic diseases. According to the hypothesis, the decreasing rate of infections in western and other developing countries is the consequence of increasing incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases. The hypothesis itself is based on epidemiological data of exclusively migration studies, which show that subjects which migrate from a low-rate to high-rate country acquire the immune disorders at the first generation. The theory suggests that an individual children environment can be too ‘harmless’ to stimulate or challenge their immune system in order to respond to different threats in the childhood. After a child is born, the immune system must start to recognize antigens that may cause dangerous infections, but if the child’s environment is too ‘clean’, the immune system may not react in the right way when the child encounters viruses, fungi, bacteria or parasites, as well as other environmental triggers such as fungal spores, pollen or pet dander, which later in life leads to allergies, asthma and other immune-related complications.\nIn order to completely understand how the hygiene hypothesis is linked to high percentage of people suffering from asthma and other diseases such as multiple sclerosis or ulcerative colitis in developed countries, we must establish how the immune system develops, matures and regulates itself.\n- A stimulated immune system causes a certain amount of T cells, B cells, macrophages, eosinophils and killer cells to proliferate, causing some of them to attack infectious organism directly and others to produce cytokines and antibodies that cause these attacks.\n- The theory suggests that lacks or delays in exposure to normal bacteria in the body and disease-causing agents provoke a weaker reaction of immune system, thus causing a weaker ability of the immune system to suppress the inflammatory response when it is faced in the future.\nIt must be emphasized that the point of this hypothesis is not to suggest the parents to expose their infants and children to bacteria and other infectious organisms to stimulate their immune response. It is suggested, however, that both infants and children may be over-protected from other children and the environment in general, which affects the normal development of their immune system. Protection or isolation of different kinds (sterile foods, social isolation, lack of outdoor activities) possibly makes children prone to developing an immune-related diseases. The only thing left to do is to wait for future data which may reveal whether humans can be ‘too clean’ or not.\nHow does an allergy diagnosis process look like?\nAn allergy test is taken by specialist to determine whether a body has an allergic reaction to a certain substance or not. It can be in the form of a blood test, an elimination diet or a skin test. There are three main types of allergens: inhaled which come in contact with lungs, nostrils or throat, ingested that are present in certain foods and contact allergens which come in touch with your skin in order to provoke a reaction.\nAllergy tests are based on exposing an individual to a very small amount of a particular allergen and recording the reaction of his body. According to the World Allergy Organization, asthma is responsible for over 250 000 on annual basis. This statistics can be avoided with proper allergy care and testing which can help you in three aspects – to determine which particular allergens harm your body, to get proper medication in order to treat your allergies and to be able to avoid your allergy triggers.\nIn case you are planning to get yourself tested, make sure stop taking medications like antihistamines, heartburn treatment medications, antibody asthma treatments, benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants as they can affect the test results.\n|ALLERGY TESTING PROCESS|\n1) Skin tests:\n|Scratch test||Intradermal test||Patch test|\n|An allergen is placed in a liquid which is then put on a part of your skin with a specially designed tool that lightly punctures the allergen into the surface of the skin, followed by closed monitoring of how skin reacts to the foreign substance. In case the redness, swelling or itchiness appear, the test is positive to that allergen.||Requires an injection of a small amount of allergen into the dermis layer of the skin, all again monitored by the doctor.||Includes adhesive patches loaded with certain allergens and their placement on the skin. The patches remain on your body for after what they are reviewed after 48 and 96 hours after application.|\n2) Blood tests\nIn case there is a severe allergic reaction to a skin test, the doctor will have your blood tested in a laboratory for the presence of antibodies that fight potentially harmful allergens. The test is called ImmunoCAP and it has a high success rate when it comes to detecting antibodies to major allergens.\n3) Elimination diet\nTesting in a form of the elimination diet may help your doctor establish which foods are causing your allergic reaction. It involves removing certain foods from your nutrition and later adding them back in, thus helping to discover which food causes allergic reactions.\nOf course, there are few side effects of allergy testing. Apart from swelling, redness and mild itching, small bumps known as wheals may appear on the skin. Normally these symptoms disappear within few hours, but sometimes they last for a few days. In rarest cases allergy tests may produce reactions which require medical attention, so make sure to call your doctor if you develop a severe reaction right upon leaving his office.\nWhat are the most common allergic conditions?\n|Asthma||house dust mites, animal dander, molds, pollen and cockroach droppings, tobacco smoke, viral infections, exercise, stress||coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, trouble breathing|\n|Urticaria (hives)||food (peanuts, eggs, nuts and shellfish), antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa), insect stings or bites, latex, blood transfusions, bacterial and viral infections, pet dander, pollen, plants (poison oak and poison ivy)||itchy skin patches and bumps that are more red or pale than the surrounding skin|\n|Anaphylaxis||food (peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, cow’s milk and eggs), medicine, insect stings, latex||trouble breathing, swelling, tightness of the throat, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, fainting, rapid heart beat, cardiac arrest|\n|Eczema (atopic dermatitis)||dry skin, irritants (metals, cleansers, fragrances, etc.), stress, infections, sweating, pollen||dry and sensitive skin, red and inflamed skin, very bad itching, areas of swelling, oozing or crusting, scaly patches of skin, dark colored patches of skin|\n|Contact dermatitis||irritants (detergents, shampoos, nickel), antibiotic creams, plants (poison ivy and mango), spray insecticides||red rash, itching, dry and cracked skin, bumps and blisters, swelling, tenderness, burning|\nHow can I treat my allergies?\nAllergies can be treated with over-the-counter and prescription medications, but with allergy shots as well. In general, there is no cure for this disease, but there are several effective ‘helpers’ which can help ease and treat annoying symptoms.\n- β-glucans – group of biologically naturally-originated active polysaccharides which have a scientifically proven immunomodulation effect(1). β-glucans are one of the main active components of medicinal and edible mushrooms. These polysaccharides come in various forms, but the main one in fungi are known as 1-3, 1-6, also referred to as (1-3)(1-6)beta-d-glucans. They are most prescribed natural medication to fight and prevent allergies, and are often consumed on daily basis as an allergy prevention and immunity booster.\n- Antihistamines – help reduce general allergy symptoms and can be taken as liquid, nasal spray, pills or eyedrops (Clarinex, Astelin, Optivar, Tavist, Alavert, Cetirizine)\n- Decongestants – relieve congestion, for short-term purposes only as longer use can make symptoms worse (Sudafed, Afrin, Visine)\n- Combination allergy drugs – may raise blood pressure, some of them contain both an antihistamine and a decongestant to relieve multiple allergy symptoms (Allegra-D, Benadryl, Naphcon-A, Semprex-D, Dymista, Actifed)\n- Steroids – help reduce inflammation and swelling, must be taken daily to be beneficial for a human body (Beconase, Nasonex, Omnaris, Deltasone, Maxidrex)\n- Mast Cell Stabilizers – used to treat mild to moderate inflammation, also must be taken for a longer period in order to have an effect (Opticrom, Alomide, Alocril, Alamast)\n- Leukotriene Modifiers – relieve asthma and nasal allergies, available only with a doctor’s prescription (Singulair)\n- Immunotherapy – allergy shots are one of the most effective methods in case you suffer from an allergy for more than 3 months per year as you are exposed to gradually increasing levels of the allergen to help build up your immune system’s tolerance\nIt is safe to say that a high percentage of us, including older generations as well, stood no chance against developing a reaction on a certain allergen, and future generations are yet to face the same problem, but nowadays it is easier than ever to protect ourselves as modern medicine has come a long way in helping our immune system fight against all these ‘silent intruders’, so why not do our best and do our part in this battle too?" ]

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[ "Well over 140,000 miles of public paths criss-cross England and Wales. This network has evolved over centuries with many paths dating back to medieval times - or earlier! These paths link villages, hamlets, roads and towns – they describe how generations before us travelled to the pub, field or shops and reflect the changing patterns of human interaction with the landscape.\nTo this day, millions of people across our towns, cities and countryside, use this fantastic network. However, miles and miles of our public paths are unrecorded and if they are not put on the map by 1 January 2026, they will be lost for ever.\nDownload our guide below and get started on the hunt for lost rights of way in your area\nIn February 2020, we will be launching an online platform where you will be able to look at old maps, and highlight lost rights of way. This is a key step towards saving these paths by 2026.\nFor more information please contact [email protected]\nDon't Lose Your Way is generously supported by Ramblers Holidays Charitable Trust and players of People’s Postcode Lottery\nThe countdown to 2026. How long is left to save historic paths?" ]

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[ "Pressure Regulating Spray Heads\nNobody likes having too much pressure. Sprinkler systems don’t like it either!\nLandscape irrigation sprinklers are often installed at sites where the system pressure is higher than what is recommended for the sprinkler nozzle. Fixed-spray-head nozzles are the most common types of sprinkler heads out there, but they may throw large amounts of water up in the air as a mist. In addition to misting, these types of spray heads that have excessive pressure can lead to water losses, fogging and contribute to uneven watering.\nPressure-regulating spray heads are high efficiency and designed to regulate pressure for optimal sprinkler system performance.\nPressure-regulating spray heads include built-in regulators that maintain a more constant pressure. Typically for spray heads, 30 psi provides the best performance. For rotary heads the preferred operating pressure is 40-45 psi.\nCorrect nozzle pressure helps the nozzles distribute the water more evenly and reduces water waste caused by excessive high-water pressure. Changing to pressure regulating spray heads could save 10’s of gallons of water in one sprinkler run.\nOutdoor water use accounts for about 30 percent of average household water use nationwide. This number rises dramatically in hotter and drier parts of the country. Current estimates are that residential outdoor water use accounts for nearly 9 billion gallons of water each day, mainly for landscape irrigation.\nUpgrading your sprinkler heads to water conserving, high efficiency pressure regulating spray heads will reduce your water bill and water waste and keep your landscape healthy. These built-in pressure regulators are available as an option on many higher quality spray-type sprinklers. The cost to upgrade will be offset by the amount of water saved.\nIn order to determine your irrigation system’s pressure requirements, have your irrigation system audited. In addition, a seasonal or monthly check of your irrigation system will give you a chance to adjust watering to seasonal weather conditions and identify needed repairs.\nCall us to check your irrigation system to start saving!" ]

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[ "With magic spells and magic wand and magic hat and coat.\nA Master of Illusion, an Ambassador of Fate,\nThe famous, one and only, world-renowned Gadzooks the Great.\nBertie Badger has great fun visiting his grandpa at the Retirement Home for Elderly Magicians, and watching him do his magic tricks. But one day, Grandpa greets him at the door with terrible news: someone has stolen his special magical props. In fact, the thief has stolen everyone's magical props. And worse still, Grandpa's beloved magic bunny rabbit is missing, too. Bertie is determined to get to the bottom of things. Will he find all the missing props? And who is behind this disappearing act?\nFor Teachers and Librarians:\nLittle guys love magic, and Enigma: A Magical Mystery will be great fun for them. Older kids thrill in trying to solve mysteries, and Enigma is full of clues, hints, mystery, and code. As is usual in a Graeme Base book, have your students look closely at the colorful and detailed pictures for the hidden clues and interesting goings-on shoehorned into each and every page.\nThis is a great book to use with a mystery unit: have kids identify the components of a mystery story; let them keep detective booklets to keep track of all the possible clues they find within, both in text and pictures; have them create a list of questions to ask the theft victims, then let them play parts and act out their questioning; create a class chart to keep track of the clues they find on their own, discussing how they think the clues will or won't help solve the mystery; have them come up with possible solutions to the mystery and back up their positions. Use the letter at the end of the book to crack the code and discover the hiding places of each item.\nYou can use this book to fit curriculum in a variety of ways: reading genre (mystery), analytical thinking, math (code), deductive reasoning (figuring out the clues), poetry (the story is in verse), rhyming pairs and phonics, art appreciation (color schemes used in each scene, pictures hidden in the illustrations), components of magic shows (the various methods of magic performers employ)...and so much more.\nBut most of all, use this book to let your kids have fun with a story, and enjoy reading or having it read to them.\nFor Parents, Grandparents and Caregivers:\nEnigma: A Magical Mystery is the perfect book to get you and your kiddos involved in a sweet story, and have fun activities to do, as well. The story portrays a great example of how a kid can be helpful, shows a positive family relationship, provides a priceless opportunity for you and the kids to bend heads over the book and eagerly search for hidden pictures and clues, and will get you working together to break a code and solve a mystery. With beautiful illustrations, a fun story told in rhyme, and an opportunity for family togetherness, what's not to like?\nFor the Kids:\nDo you love finding clues and solving mysteries? Do you think it's fun to find hidden pictures and solve codes? Do you think magic is totally cool? If so, then Enigma: A Magical Mystery is the book for you! Bertie Badger's grandpa is a retired magician, but he still does shows for Bertie. One day, Grandpa's magical props go missing - and so does his magical bunny rabbit. Will Bertie be able to find them? Can he figure out who took everything? You will find clues in the pictures, and can help find the missing props by solving a secret code. The author and illustrator, Graeme Base, has even hidden little pictures within each big picture for you to have fun searching and finding! What are you waiting for? Go find this book!\nEnigma: A Magical Mystery is a warm and fuzzy story packed with magic, mystery, hidden pictures, and a secret code. It's a book sure to be a favorite with the kids, and a great addition to anyone's Graeme Base book collection.\nNote: To find out more about author and illustrator Graeme base, click here: Author Spotlight: Graeme Base\nTo read my review of another Graeme Base title, click here: Book Review: The Eleventh Hour: A Curious Mystery\nTitle: Enigma: A Magical Mystery\nAuthor and Illustrator: Graeme Base\nReading Level: Ages 4-8\nPublisher and Date: Abrams Books for Young Readers, September 1, 2008\nPublished In: United States" ]

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[ "July 19, 2010\nOn Chicago: It's a Job\nThere was an oppressive atmosphere of dull, stupid endurance, and the faces of most of the women were pitifully blank. There was abundant evidence of lack of opportunity for promotion, of ceaseless mechanical work, of colorless, uneventful lives, and all this with good physical conditions and fairly good wages. \"Girls are unreasonable,\" said the employer; \"what more can they want?\" They want an absence of fines for imperfect work for one thing, and the employer to furnish thread and needles for another. But he does not see the force of these old contentions. The buying of thread or needles or both is a constant source of irritation to the more intelligent workers of the needle trades in the West as in the East. In several Chicago establishments, this was found to amount to about $2 a week for those using one-needle machines, and it falls heavier on the two- and three-needle operators, who pay sometimes from $2.50 to $3 a week for their thread. It is the old, old story heard in various parts of the country, and filling the worker with a revolutionary spirit whenever it is told. The girls insist that the garment is sold with the thread, and the profit goes to the employer. An added grievance is that employees are required to buy thread from the firm. When questioned about this one girl smiled satirically and answered : \" Sure, that's the way they make their money. We could get it much cheaper at a store.\"\nFrom: Wage-Earning Women by Annie Marion MacLean Ph.D. (1910)\nAnnie Marion MacLean was a feminist and sociologist who spent 30 years teaching at the University of Chicago. She was only the second woman to receive a doctorate from that school (1900). Annie authored several books on women in the workplace and worked tirelessly for social reform.\nWomen's Labor History Links\nPosted by Chicagobookbabe\nLabels: working women" ]

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[ "Over the years with the exploitation of the Amerindians, establishment of tobacco and sugar plantations, the introduction of African enslaved labour and indentureship of East Indians and Chinese and the immigration of Syrians, Trinidad changed hands from the Spanish to the British monarchy where it was made a crown colony in the Caribbean. All of this created an ethnic fusion of a plurality of cultures and races restructuring the dynamic of colonial society.\nTavaco/Tobago, referring to the pipe in which the Amerindians smoked tobacco, was the original name of the island. It is purported that there were other Amerindian names for this island. However, the word ‘Tobago’ is synonymous with the word “tobaco”, being the Spanish word for tobacco, used by both Spanish and French settlers. At the time, Tobago was considered separate from Trinidad and was first mainly inhabited by Caribs and later experienced a similar socio-political history to that of Trinidad.\nTobago was a prosperous colony with a booming sugar industry, but as a result of riots, the abolition of the slave trade and emancipation, as well as other events, Tobago’s economy was unstable and the British saw it wise to amalgamate both colonies of Trinidad and Tobago in 1888.\nToday, we, as a twin island state, celebrate 56 years of independence, moving forward despite issues of national concern, basking in the blood, sweat and tears of our ancestors and celebrating all the joys and triumphs of our diversified culture among our Trinbagonian people.\n“God bless our nation\nOf many varied races\nMay we possess that common love\nThat binds and makes us One.\nLet it be known around the World\nThat we can boast of Unity\nAnd take a pride in Our Liberty.”" ]

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[ "1606 – The trial of Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators began. They were executed on January 31.\n1870 – Kappa Alpha Theta, the first women’s sorority, was founded at Indiana Asbury University (now DePauw University) in Greencastle, IN.\n1880 – Thomas Edison patented the electric incandescent lamp.\n1888 – The National Geographic Society was founded in Washington, DC.\n1900 – In China, foreign diplomats in Peking, fearing a revolt, demanded that the imperial government discipline the Boxer rebels.\n1926 – John Baird, a Scottish inventor, demonstrated a pictorial transmission machine called television.\n1927 – United Independent Broadcasters Inc. started a radio network with contracts with 16 stations. The company later became Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS).\n1931 – NBC radio debuted “Clara, Lu ’n’ Em” on its Blue network (later, ABC radio).\n1943 – During World War II, the first all American air raid against Germany took place when about 50 bombers attacked Wilhlemshaven.\n1944 – The Soviet Union announced that the two year German siege of Leningrad had come to an end.\n1945 – Soviet troops liberated the Nazi concentration camps Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland.\n1948 – Wire Recording Corporation of America announced the first magnetic tape recorder. The ‘Wireway’ machine with a built-in oscillator sold for $149.50.\n1951 – In the U.S., atomic testing in the Nevada desert began as an Air Force plane dropped a one-kiloton bomb on Frenchman Flats.\n1957 – The “CBS Radio Workshop” was heard for the first time.\n1967 – At Cape Kennedy, FL, astronauts Virgil I. “Gus” Grissom, Edward H. White and Roger B. Chaffee died in a flash fire during a test aboard their Apollo I spacecraft.\n1967 – More than 60 nations signed the Outer Space Treaty which banned the orbiting of nuclear weapons and placing weapons on celestial bodies or space stations.\n1973 – The Vietnam peace accords were signed in Paris.\n1977 – The Vatican reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church’s ban on female priests.\n1981 – U.S. President Reagan greeted the 52 former American hostages released by Iran at the White House.\n1984 – Carl Lewis beat his own two-year-old record by 9-1/4 inches when he set a new indoor world record with a long-jump mark of 28 feet, 10-1/4 inches.\n1984 – Wayne Gretzky set a National Hockey League (NHL) record for consecutive game scoring. He ended the streak at 51 games.\n1992 – Former world boxing champion Mike Tyson went on trial for allegedly raping an 18-year-old contestant in the 1991 Miss Black America Contest.\n1996 – Mahamane Ousmane, the first democratically elected president of Niger, was overthrown by a military coup. Colonel Ibrahim Bare Mainassara declared himself head of state.\n1997 – It was revealed that French national museums were holding nearly 2,000 works of art stolen from Jews by the Nazis during World War II.\n1998 – U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton appeared on NBC’s “Today” show. She charged that the allegations against her husband were the work of a “vast right-wing conspiracy.”\n1999 – The U.S. Senate blocked dismissal of the impeachment case against President Clinton and voted for new testimony from Monica Lewinsky and two other witnesses.\n2002 – A series of explosions occurred at a military dump in Lagos, Nigeria. More than 1,000 people were killed in the blast and in the attempt to escape.\n2003 – Altria Group, Inc. became the name of the parent company of Kraft Foods, Philip Morris USA, Philip Morris International and Philip Morris Capital Corporation.\n2010 – Steve Jobs unveiled the Apple iPad" ]

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[ "Chromatin remodelling in Pol I and III transcription\nCompaction of chromosomes in the eukaryotic cell is due to interactions between DNA and proteins and interactions between proteins. These two types of interaction form a dynamic structure, known as \"chromatin\". The condensation of chromatin must be carefully regulated, since the structure is an obstacle for factors that need access to the DNA. An extensive range of components, one group of which is the ATP-dependent chromatin remodel-ling complexes, controls the accessibility of DNA. These complexes have been studied in a variety of eukaryotic systems, and their functions in major events in the cell, such as replication, DNA-repair and transcription have been established, as have their roles in the assembly and maintenance of chromatin. All of the complexes contain a highly conserved ATPase, which belongs to the SWI2/SNF2 family of proteins, one group of which is known as the ISWI proteins. There are two forms of ISWI in human, known as \"SNF2h\" and \"SNF2l\".We have identified a human SNF2h-assembly, B-WICH, that consists of SNF2h, William’s syndrome transcription factor (WSTF), nuclear myosin (NM1), and a number of additional nuclear proteins including the Myb-binding protein 1a (Myb bp1a), SF3b155/SAP155, the RNA helicase II/Gu?, the proto-oncogene Dek, and the Cockayne Syndrome protein B (CSB). The 45S rRNA, 5S rRNA and 7SL RNA are all parts of the B-WICH assembly. The formation of B-WICH depends on active transcription, and is implicated in the regulation of both RNA transcription by both pol I and pol III. The B-WICH provides a link between RNA and the chromatin structure.\nSource Type:Doctoral Dissertation\nKeywords:NATURAL SCIENCES; Biology; Cell and molecular biology; Cell biology\nDate of Publication:01/01/2006" ]

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[ "These orations are selected from hundreds of similar addresses spoken in recent years by hundreds of students in American colleges. I believe it is not too bold to say that they represent the highest level of undergraduate thinking and speaking. They are worthy interpreters of the cause of peace, but they are, as well, noble illustrations of the type of intellectual and moral culture of American students. Whoever reads them will, I believe, become more optimistic, not only over the early fulfillment of the dreams of peace among nations, but also over the intellectual and ethical condition of academic life.\nFor the simple truth is that the cause of peace makes an appeal of peculiar force to the undergraduate. It appeals to his imagination. This imagination is at once historic and prophetic. War makes an appeal to the historic imagination of the student. His study of Greek and Roman history has been devoted too largely to the wars that these peoples waged. Marathon, Salamis, Carthage, are names altogether too familiar and significant. By contrast he sees what this history, which is written in blood, might have become. If the millions of men slain had been permitted to live, and if the uncounted treasure spent had been economically used, the results in the history of civilization would have been far richer and nobler. He notes, too, does this student, that if the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth had been free from wars in Europe, humanity would now have attained a far higher level of physical and intellectual strength. The historic imagination of the student pictures, as his reason interprets, such conditions. His prophetic imagination likewise exercises its creative function. The student sees nations to-day dwelling in armed truces and moving to and fro as a soldiery actual or possible. He realizes that war puts up what civilization puts down, and puts down what civilization elevates. He reads the lamented Robertson's great lecture on the poetry of war, but he knows also, as Robertson intimates, that \"peace is blessed; peace arises out of charity.\" The poetry of peace is more entrancing than the poetry of carnage. To this primary element in the mind of the undergraduate—the imagination—our great cause therefore makes an appeal of peculiar earnestness.\nTo the reason of the college man, also, the cause of peace makes a peculiar appeal through its simple logic. War is most illogical. It breaks the law of the proper interpretation of causality. When two nations of adjacent territory cannot agree over a boundary line, why should settlement be made in terms of physical force? When two nations fail to see eye to eye in adjusting the questions of certain fishing rights, why should they incarnadine the seas in seeking for the truth to be applied in settlement? In civil disputes, why, asks the student, should rifles be employed to discover truth and right? War is an intellectual anachronism, a breach of logic. Of course, one may reply, humanity is not logical in its reasoning any more than it is exact in its observing. Of course it is not; but the college is set to cast out the rule of no-reason and to bring in the reign of reason. Peace furnishes a motive and a method of such advancement. Peace is logic for the individual and for the nation.\nThe illogical character of war is also made evident by the contrast between the college man as a thinker and war itself. The college man who thinks sees truth broadly; war interprets life narrowly, at the point of the bayonet. The college man who thinks sees truth deeply; war makes its primary appeal to the superficial love of glory, of pomp, and of circumstance. The college man who thinks sees truth in its highest relations; war is hell. The college man who thinks sees truth in long ranges and in far-off horizons; war is emotional, and the warrior flings the years into the hours. The college man who thinks, thinks accurately, with logic, with reason; war does not think—it strikes. \"Strike,\" the college man may also say, \"but hear!\" he cries; \"yes, think.\" If the college can make the student think, it has created the greatest force for making the world and the age a world and an age of peace.\nIt is plain enough, too, that the economic side of war makes a tremendous appeal to the student. The cost of the battleship Indiana was practically $6,000,000; the total value of grounds and buildings of the colleges and universities in Indiana is slightly more than $7,000,000, and the productive funds are $4,000,000...." ]

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[ "The Basilica Cathedral of Maringá is the tallest cathedral in Latin America. Was inspired and conceived in the era of “Sputniks” (the word “poustinikki” means the pilgrim departs the world to become closer to God ). Its architecture is modern and bold, was designed by Dom Jaime Luiz Coelho and designed by architect José Augusto Bellucci. It is the 10th time the monument in the world and the first in South America. From conical shape, has a diameter of 50 meters and a single nave, circular, with an inner diameter of 38 meters. The cone has an outer height of 114 meters, supporting a cross 10 feet, making a total of 124 meters. Its capacity is 3,500 people, which can be divided into two superimposed internal galleries.\nSkirting the Cathedral are the mirrors of water, light sources with their fountain spouting water over 5 feet tall.\n- : Maringá\n- : Praça da Catedral, s/n\n- : Paraná\n- : Brazil" ]

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[ "Like other nations in the race for air supremacy, the Japanese army and\nnaval air forces underwent a drive toward modernization in the middle to late\n1930s. The Japanese produced some remarkable results - and got to show them off\nin their war with China against various Italian, American, and Russian aircraft\nin China (1937-41) and in Mongolia during the 1939 Russo-Japanese\nIncident. Nate (Nakajima Ki.27) and Claude (Mistubishsi A5M) were highly\nmaneuverable as well as fast (for their day). Many of these aircraft were still\nin action when Japan attacked the western powers in December 1941.\nIn general, the Japanese design paradigm was shaped by:\n- A need to produce light aircraft to stretch range (important to an island\n- A need stretch limited industrial capacity and material\n- A philosophic preference for maneuverability over speed\nThis section includes:\nThe aircraft represented by these ADCs (available in one 150 Kb PDF\nfile) were active 1936-1941. Most were withdrawn from frontline service\nafter the initial Japanese assault (Dec-41to Apr-42).\n- Nakajima Ki.27b (Nate) - Japanese Army Air Foprce's first monoplane\nfighter, introduced into combat over northern China in 1937. Very maneuverable\nand fast though lightly armed, the Ki.27 performed well against the Chinese\naircraft and against Russian biplane fighters. Still in use in 1941, Nates\nwere the fighters most encountered by the AVG in the beginning of the war\nbefore being supplanted by Ki.43 Oscars.\n- Mitsubishi Ki.30 (Ann) - JAAF light bomber similar in layout to the\nUS A-17 Nomad. Flew in China in 1940-41 and over the Philippines. Withdrawn\nfrom service in early 1942.\n- Nakajima Ki.51 (Sonia) army ground support bomber - Developed from\nKi.30, served through the war mostly in Asia.\n- Mitsubishi A5M4 (Claude) carrier-borne fighter - A5Ms were the Japanese\nNavy's first monoplane fighter, entering production a year behind the Ki.27.\nThe A5m was carrier-borne, and fought over China, SE Asia and Indonesia, and\nthe Philippines. In December, 1941, it was still the most numerous IJN carrier-borne\nThe Japanese were the most succcessful users of floatplane fighters, although\nmany Western navies had a few. In the Pacific, early in the war, floatplane\nfighters were used offensively, operating in forward areas before airfields\ncould be seized. This worked quite well until mid-'42 when better US and British\nequipment began to reach the area. Then, the tactical penalty of carrying around\na float no longer compensated for the (typically Japanese) extreme operational\nflexibility this form offered. This set\nof 4 ADCs (90 Kb) includes:\n- Nakajima A6M2-N (Rufe) - the famed Zero mounted on a float. Used\nin the Aleutians and the Solomons.\n- Kawanishi N1K1 Kyufo (Rex) - By the time this aircraft reached\nproduction, the Japanese had ceased the offensive actions it was designed\nto support. But it's potential was noticed, and production was halted in favor\nof a land-based (J) version - the Shiden.\n- Mistubishi F1M2 (Pete) - recon biplane used throughout the war, sometimes\nstood in as a fighter or fighter bomber.\n- Aichi M6A Seiran - Attack seaplane designed to be stored aboard\nsubmarines for surprise attacks.\nJapanese Recon Seaplanes\nThe Japanese also extensively used recon seaplanes from both land bases, and\nseaplane tenders and cruisers at sea - again, more aggressively and thoroughly\nthan in Western navies. However, by late 1942, the quality and quantity of US\nair strength made operation of these aircraft increasingly perilous. This set\nof 4 ADCs (102Kb) includes:\n- Kawanishi E7K2 (Alf) - Pre-war light recon seaplane still found on\nmany IJN cruisers into 1943.\n- Aichi E13A1 (Jake) - Light Recon seaplane used throughout the war\nfrom cruisers, battleships, seaplane tenders, and shore bases. Replacement\n- Yokosuka E14Y1 (Glen) - collapsible light recon seaplane flown form\nsubmarines. One bombed the continental US.\n- Aichi E16A1 (Paul) - Designed as a higher-speed, better armed replacement\nfor E13A1, the E16A1 was being phased into service during the last year of\nthe Pacific war.\nThe Japanese planners gave little thought to specialized night fighters\nuntil midway through the war, when there was little enough time to develop\nthem.. In almost all cases, Japanese nightfighters were variants on existing\naircraft - medium fighters or recon aircraft - their goal was to take an\nexisting platform that could carry heavy armament at good speed. And their\nopposition was tougher than the British or Germans faced - the Japanese tried\nto should down the powerful B-29 bomber.\nThe Japanese were behind in radar development all through the war, and\nfurthest behind in the development of airborne intercept radar. While they\ndeveloped a decent airborne surface search radar, they did not develop a\nproduction model AI during the war. The Japanese did pioneer the use of fixed,\nThis PDF file\n(160 Kb) contains:\n- Nakajima J1N1-S (Irving) - the first Japanese nightfighter first\nencountered Solomons. It was developed from a long-range recon aircraft.\n- Nakajima C6N1-S Saiun (Rex) - A few nightfighter versions\nwere devised from the C6N1 carrier-borne recon aircraft, taking advantage of\nits high speed.\n- Kawasaki Ki.45 KAIc Toryu (Nick) - IJAAF's first\nnightfighter, variant of a heavy fighter.\n- Mistubishi Ki.46 III KAI(Dinah) - Very fast recon aircraft with\nweaponry added to create a nightfighter.\n- Kawasaki Ki.102b (Randy) - Fast, heavy fighter developed from Ki.45\nin a (high-altitude fighter), b (heavy ground attack used on Okinawa), and c\n(nightfighter) variants. The nightfighter version was not quite in production\nwhen the war ended, but I included it for interest.\nThe Japanese did not develop what USA or RAF would consider heavy bombers.\nThey did fly a number of twin-engin medium bombers. The Japanese Army and Navy\nwere very uncooperative (for historical and political reasons) and developed\ncompletely separate sets of aircraft:\n- Japanese Naval bombers (165 Kb):\n- G3M Nell (2 ADCs) - First modern Japanese twin engine monoplane\nmedium bomber. Particularly noted for a surprising good range.\n- G4M Betty (2 ADCs) - Follow on to the G3M, this was the main\nJapanese Navy twin-engine bomber through out WW2.\n- P1Y1 Frances - A late war light bomber also used as a night fighter.\n- Japanese Army Bombers (159 Kb):\n- Ki.21 II Sally - JAAF's mainstay medium bomber through WW2.\n- Ki.48 Lilly (2 ADCs) - Twin engine light bomber that served through\n- Ki.49 Helen - Improved medium bomber that did not handle as well as\nKi.21 (and so never fully replaced it).\n- Ki.64 Peggy - Late war, improved medium bomber (but not available in\n- Bonus - MXY7 Ohka\nflying bomb! (24 Kb) (dropped from the G4M2e Betty)\nWW2 brought forth a selection of flying boats from all nations. While they\nfaought over all oceans and seas affected by the war, they were particularly\nactive in the Pacific (patrol, ASW, SAR, recon). The Japanese Navy produced\nsome of the best flying boats in the world. This\nset of ADCs (109\nKb) features the two major Japanese flying boats as well as some of those flown\nby their opponents:\n- Kawanishi H6K4 Mavis: 2nd longest ranged flying boat of the war.\nUsed 1941-1943, when it was replaced by...\n- Kawanishi H8K2 Emily: Best flying boat of the war: longest ranged,\n- Dornier Do24K-1: A Dutch-built licensed version of a Dornier\nproduct. Used by the NEIAF in 1941-42. Also flown by the Kreigsmarine.\n- Short Sunderland III: A large British flying boat, very tough. Used\nin all three oceans. Effective against U-boats, once armed with ASV radar in\nSo, where is the PBY-5A Catalina? JD did one for Origins, 2000. So I did not\nThe Japanese did try to develop more powerful aircraft throughout the war.\nNot having as robust or deep an industrial base as is opponents, stratregic\nbombing was effective enough to delay aircraft development, especially on toward\nthe end of the war.\nThese three ADCs (along with the C6N1 ADC in the Japanese night fighters) represent\nthe last team of carrier-borne aircraft, and the most innovative Japanese design\nof the period.\nThis PDF file (210 Kb) contains the following\n- Mitsubishi A7M2 Reppu (Sam) - This carrier-borne fighter was\nto replace the Zero, retaining the Zero's maneuverability while gaining the\nspeed, power, and hitting power to take on the US late-war designs.\n- Aichi B7A2 Tenzan (Grace) - Designed to take the place of\nboth the B6N and D4Y attack and dive bombers. The B7A did make combat from\n- Kyushu J7W1> Shinden - High-speed radical-design fighter.\nThis interesting looking aircraft showed promise. However, development was\ndelayed by US bombing so flight-testing was not begun until July, 1945 (four\nmonths late), and production tool up had not even started when the war ended.\n- Nakajima G8N1 Renzan (Rita) - This project was the development\nof a four-engine heavy bomber.\n- Nakajima Kikka - A Japanese jet attack bomber designed after\npictures and descriptions of the Me262, but little technical data. Flight\n- Mitsubishi Ki.83 - Japanese Army twin-engine interceptor of a particularly\nMissiles of the Pacific\nJust as the Germans worked to develop standoff weapons, so did the US and Japan,\nfor much the same reasons. As US aircraft technologically improved and multiplied,\nthe Japanese looked to technology as a force multiplier. However, the Japanese\ndid not have the breadth and depth of resources and facilities that the Germans\nor the US had and their progress was slow. Still, by 1944, they had produced\na couple promising designs.\nEven more advanced is the US design here, a fire-and-forget munition deployed\nduring the final months of the war.\nThis set of three ADCs includes:\n- ASM-2 Bat: A US-built glide bomb that was self-guided by an on-board\n- Ki.147 Igo-A-1: a large radio-guided missile designed to be launched\nfrom the Ki.67\n- Ki.148 Igo-B-2: A smaller, more successful radio-guided missile that\nwas selected for production, but at a low prioirity. Smaller than the Igo-A.\nDan Foxman has produced the following additional Japanese aircraft available\nin individual PDF files (no pictures):\nMore Information About...\nOther than the PDF files listed here, click here to request files, leave comments, or complaints.\nUncle Ted's main page" ]

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[ "The Battle of Mouquet Farm, which began on 5 August 1916, was part of the Battle of the Somme and followed the Battle of Pozières. The farm was eventually captured on 26 September by No. 16 Section of the 6th East Yorkshire Pioneers.\nMouquet Farm was located about 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) north-west of the high ground near Pozières. Following the fighting that had occurred around the village earlier in the year, the decision was made by the British to gain control of the ridge beyond the village in order to create a gap in the German lines, behind the salient that had developed around the German-held fortress of Thiepval. By capturing Mouquet Farm, the British hoped that it would destabilise the German position and enable subsequent gains.\nDuring the battle, the three Australian divisions of I Anzac Corps—the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions—advanced northwest along the Pozières ridge towards the German strongpoint of Mouquet Farm, with British divisions supporting on the left. The approach to the farm, however, was under observation from German artillery spotters who were able to call down barrages on the attackers from three sides of the salient that had developed in the lines. This resulted in heavy casualties amongst the attackers before they even reached the farm, however, over the course of August and into September, the Australian divisions managed to reach the farm three times, only to be forced back each time.\nI Anzac Corps suffered approximately 6,300 casualties and was so depleted that they had to be taken off the front for two months. As that battle dragged on, the Canadian Corps took over from the Australians, who were withdrawn on 5 September. However, by the time the battle concluded in mid-September, the German garrison still held out. The farm was eventually captured on 26 September following the general attack of the Battle of Thiepval Ridge.\nAerial photograph of Mouquet Farm and defences in June 1916 (North at top). Ruins of farmhouse buildings are rectangular area at lower centre. Trench across top right is the western end of \"Fabeck Graben\". Trench at top left heading NNW is \"Zollern Redoubt\". From lower centre a road no longer existing runs ENE to Courcelette; road at bottom heads SE towards Pozieres; road running WSW at bottom left connects with Thiepval-Pozieres road. The allies attacked from South to North, British on left and Australians in centre and right\nSame area in September after shelling. The original farm building area is today clear land and the farm buildings were rebuilt south of the road" ]

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[ "PZ Myers posted Entry 3106 on May 4, 2007 11:48 AM.\nTrackback URL: http://www.pandasthumb.org/cgi-bin/mt/mt-tb.fcgi/3096\nWay back in the early 19th century, Geoffroy St. Hilaire argued for a radical idea, that vertebrates and most invertebrates were inverted copies of each other. Vertebrates have a dorsal nerve cord and ventral heart, while an insect has a ventral nerve cord and dorsal heart. Could it be that there was a common plan, and that one difference is simply that one is upside down relative to the other? It was an interesting idea, but it didn't hold up at the time; critics could just enumerate the multitude of differences observable between arthropods and vertebrates and drown out an apparent similarity in a flood of documented differences. Picking out a few superficial similarities and proposing that something just looks like it ought to be so is not a persuasive argument in science.\nSomething has changed in the almost 200 years since Geoffroy made his suggestion, though: there has been a new flood of molecular data that shows that Geoffroy was right. We're finding that all animals seem to use the same early molecular signals to define the orientation of the body axis, and that the dorsal-ventral axis is defined by a molecule in the Bmp (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) family. In vertebrates, Bmp is high in concentration along the ventral side of the embryo, opposite the developing nervous system. In arthropods, Bmp (the homolog in insects is called decapentaplegic, or dpp) is high on the dorsal side, which is still opposite the nervous system. At this point, the question of whether the dorsal-ventral axis of the vertebrate and invertebrate body plans have a common origin and whether one is inverted relative to the other has been settled, and the answer is yes.\nThat raises more questions, of course. One is where the nervous system fits into this scheme.\nContinue reading \"We have the brains of worms\" (on Pharyngula)\nCommenters are responsible for the content of comments. The opinions expressed in articles, linked materials, and comments are not necessarily those of PandasThumb.org. See our full disclaimer." ]

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[ "The spectrum consists of colored lines, at least one of which (probably the brightest) is red.\n3.233 10−19 J; 2.018 eV\nν = 4.568 1014 s; λ = 656.3 nm; Energy mol−1 = 1.823 105 J mol−1; red\n(a) λ = 8.69 10−7 m; E = 2.29 10−19 J; (b) λ = 4.59 10−7 m; E = 4.33 10−19 J; The color of (a) is red; (b) is blue.\nE = 9.502 10−15 J; ν = 1.434 1019 s−1\nRed: 660 nm; 4.54 1014 Hz; 3.01 10−19 J. Green: 520 nm; 5.77 1014 Hz; 3.82 10−19 J. Blue: 440 nm; 6.81 1014 Hz; 4.51 10−19 J. Somewhat different numbers are also possible.\n5.49 1014 s−1; no\nQuantized energy means that the electrons can possess only certain discrete energy values; values between those quantized values are not permitted.\n−8.716 10−18 J\n−3.405 10−20 J\n1.471 10−17 J\nBoth involve a relatively heavy nucleus with electrons moving around it, although strictly speaking, the Bohr model works only for one-electron atoms or ions. According to classical mechanics, the Rutherford model predicts a miniature “solar system” with electrons moving about the nucleus in circular or elliptical orbits that are confined to planes. If the requirements of classical electromagnetic theory that electrons in such orbits would emit electromagnetic radiation are ignored, such atoms would be stable, having constant energy and angular momentum, but would not emit any visible light (contrary to observation). If classical electromagnetic theory is applied, then the Rutherford atom would emit electromagnetic radiation of continually increasing frequency (contrary to the observed discrete spectra), thereby losing energy until the atom collapsed in an absurdly short time (contrary to the observed long-term stability of atoms). The Bohr model retains the classical mechanics view of circular orbits confined to planes having constant energy and angular momentum, but restricts these to quantized values dependent on a single quantum number, n. The orbiting electron in Bohr’s model is assumed not to emit any electromagnetic radiation while moving about the nucleus in its stationary orbits, but the atom can emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation when the electron changes from one orbit to another. Because of the quantized orbits, such “quantum jumps” will produce discrete spectra, in agreement with observations.\nBoth models have a central positively charged nucleus with electrons moving about the nucleus in accordance with the Coulomb electrostatic potential. The Bohr model assumes that the electrons move in circular orbits that have quantized energies, angular momentum, and radii that are specified by a single quantum number, n = 1, 2, 3, …, but this quantization is an ad hoc assumption made by Bohr to incorporate quantization into an essentially classical mechanics description of the atom. Bohr also assumed that electrons orbiting the nucleus normally do not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation, but do so when the electron switches to a different orbit. In the quantum mechanical model, the electrons do not move in precise orbits (such orbits violate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle) and, instead, a probabilistic interpretation of the electron’s position at any given instant is used, with a mathematical function ψ called a wavefunction that can be used to determine the electron’s spatial probability distribution. These wavefunctions, or orbitals, are three-dimensional stationary waves that can be specified by three quantum numbers that arise naturally from their underlying mathematics (no ad hoc assumptions required): the principal quantum number, n (the same one used by Bohr), which specifies shells such that orbitals having the same n all have the same energy and approximately the same spatial extent; the angular momentum quantum number l, which is a measure of the orbital’s angular momentum and corresponds to the orbitals’ general shapes, as well as specifying subshells such that orbitals having the same l (and n) all have the same energy; and the orientation quantum number m, which is a measure of the z component of the angular momentum and corresponds to the orientations of the orbitals. The Bohr model gives the same expression for the energy as the quantum mechanical expression and, hence, both properly account for hydrogen’s discrete spectrum (an example of getting the right answers for the wrong reasons, something that many chemistry students can sympathize with), but gives the wrong expression for the angular momentum (Bohr orbits necessarily all have non-zero angular momentum, but some quantum orbitals [s orbitals] can have zero angular momentum).\nn determines the general range for the value of energy and the probable distances that the electron can be from the nucleus. l determines the shape of the orbital. m1 determines the orientation of the orbitals of the same l value with respect to one another. ms determines the spin of an electron.\n(a) 2p; (b) 4d; (c) 6s\n(a) 3d; (b) 1s; (c) 4f\n(a) x. 2, y. 2, z. 2; (b) x. 1, y. 3, z. 0; (c) x. 4 0 0 y. 2 1 0 z. 3 2 0 (d) x. 1, y. 2, z. 3; (e) x. l = 0, ml = 0, y. l = 1, ml = –1, 0, or +1, z. l = 2, ml = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2\nFor example, Na+: 1s22s22p6; Ca2+: 1s22s22p6; Sn2+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s2; F–: 1s22s22p6; O2–: 1s22s22p6; Cl–: 1s22s22p63s23p6.\n(a) 1s22s22p3; (b) 1s22s22p63s23p2; (c) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6; (d) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p4; (e) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f9\nThe charge on the ion.\nAlthough both (b) and (c) are correct, (e) encompasses both and is the best answer.\nCo has 27 protons, 27 electrons, and 33 neutrons: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7. I has 53 protons, 53 electrons, and 78 neutrons: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p5.\nRb < Li < N < F\nMg < Ca < Rb < Cs\nSi4+ < Al3+ < Ca2+ < K+\nMg2+ < K+ < Br– < As3–" ]

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[ "Revisiting the Rising: what Home Rule couldn’t have achieved\nOpinion: It is important for all Irish people to understand the ideals and motives of the 1916 Rising and its leaders so we will continue to preserve the sovereign independence of this State in its dealings with other nations\n‘The price of following the limited Home Rule option was that Irish people would have been obliged to fight every subsequent imperial war on Britain’s behalf. That John Redmond (above) believed this is clear from his Woodenbridge call to the Volunteers to enlist and to the involvement of his family members and supporters in the first World War.’ Photograph: Topical Press Agency/Getty Images\nThat the Easter Rising should have been unnecessary is true, but that the Easter Rising was the only way that the Irish people would achieve independence is sadly also true. The reason for this is that the British had no intention then or in the foreseeable future of granting Ireland full independence.\nJohn Bruton this week touts the Home Rule Bill’s passing as if this would have granted Ireland some form of Dominion status. The actual facts are that the Home Rule Bill would have given Ireland the type of status Wales now enjoys and much less than Scotland has already achieved 100 years on.\nHome Rule would have left all of the central powers of any state under Westminster control , including foreign affairs and the right to have our own army.\nThe entrenched resistance of the British establishment to democracy, self-determination and the rights of small nations to determine their own destiny became evident after the end of the first World War, which we are told was fought for that very same right.\nIts reaction to the general election of 1918 in Ireland, when the majority of elected representatives elected by the people democratically set up their own parliament, Dáil Éireann, was to immediately outlaw the Dáil.\nThat 1916 was fought to establish the right of this country to choose its own form of democratic government, without outside control, is clear from the proclamation of 1916, where it refers to the “establishment of a permanent National Government, representative of the whole people of Ireland and elected by the suffrages of all her men and women”.\nOnce-off eventIt is clear from this that the leaders of 1916 saw the Rising as a once-off event leading to an independent, free and democratic Ireland, where there would be no further need or justification for violence or war in Ireland.\nIt is also important to see the Rising in the context of its time, where war was widespread throughout Europe and further afield and where many Irish people were confronted, as they saw it, with fighting for Ireland at home or on the slaughter fields of continental Europe.\nBruton refers to the “successful non-violent parliamentary Home Rule path” as opposed to the “path of physical violence, initiated by the IRB and the Citizen Army in Easter week of 1916”.\nThe price of following the limited Home Rule option was that Irish people would have been obliged to fight every subsequent imperial war on Britain’s behalf. That John Redmond believed this is clear from his Woodenbridge call to the Volunteers to enlist and the involvement of his family members and supporters in the first World War.\nThat many more Irish people died in this imperial war than died in 1916 and the War of Independence combined is a matter of fact. That recruitment for the British army dried up in Ireland after the Rising is also a fact, thus saving many lives. If it had not been for the success of the Rising in awakening the Irish people, it is likely that Britain would have succeeded in imposing conscription in 1918, causing many more unnecessary deaths of Irish people\nFull independence has allowed Ireland in the intervening years to engage in international affairs and to lend its efforts internationally to peace keeping under the UN banner. It has kept us out of power wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya, to name but a few. Furthermore the countless lives saved during the second World War by Irish independence should not be overlooked.\nPoliticians often use historical events for current purposes. For that reason I believe it is important for all Irish people to understand the ideals and motives of the 1916 Rising and its leaders so we will continue to preserve the sovereign independence of this State in its dealings with other nations. Most importantly we must guard jealously against anything that would engage us in the geopolitical conflicts of the big powers in circumstances where such engagement is outside our control. Ireland’s role should be as a beacon of peace and reconciliation in the world.\nDifferent viewThat other politicians have a different view is becoming more obvious every day. Their view is of a United States of Europe with its own foreign affairs department and defence forces, of which the Irish Army would be a brigade, strutting the world stage and “protecting” its own interests.\nWe have seen this happen incrementally over the last number of years. I wonder do those such as John Bruton really think that this is the best destiny for this nation.\nÉamon Ó Cuív is a Fianna Fáil TD" ]

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[ "Elements of Artificial Intelligence course gives basic introduction to AI\nThe opportunities created by enhanced computing power, availability of data, and progress in algorithms, have made Artificial Intelligence (AI) the main technological revolution of our times. Artificial Intelligence represents an area of strategic importance and a key driver of economic development. With the help of Elements of AI, the groundbreaking online course made by Reaktor and the University of Helsinki, all EU citizens can acquire basic understanding of Artificial Intelligence.\nThe ambitious goal is to educate 1% of European citizens on Artificial Intelligence by 2021. The course will be made available in all the official EU languages. The language translation has been provided by the European Commission, more specifically by the Directorate-General for Translation in collaboration with the Directorate‑General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology.\nFollowing the Connect University Session on “Elements of AI” where the participants and the online viewers had the opportunity to discover the basics of Artificial Intelligence, Connect University acknowledged the importance of having the course available in all the EU languages. In this vein, with the help of the Directorate-General for Translation, the course was translated, and the first versions will start being published in early 2020. First published in 2018, the course is already available in English, Finnish, Swedish and Estonian. This initiative by the Finnish Presidency aims to respond to the challenges posed by the transformation of work and to reinforce the digital leadership of the EU.\nIn the Coordinated Plan on AI, Member States and Commission have agreed to work together and develop material to be used in awareness campaigns on the benefits of AI. Beyond 2020, the Commission proposes that the Union provides a total of EUR 700 million to support advanced skills (for AI, HPC and cybersecurity) as part of the Digital Europe Programme." ]

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[ "If you’re like me, you’ve probably spent countless hours staring at your pet turtle, trying to figure out its gender. The question of whether your yellow-bellied slider is male or female can be a confusing and perplexing one. Luckily, we’re here to help you solve this mystery once and for all.\nFirst, let’s start with some background information on yellow-bellied sliders. They are a species of freshwater turtles native to North America and are popular pets due to their small size and relatively easy care. However, determining their gender can be a challenge, as they don’t have easily distinguishable external genitalia.\nOne way to tell the gender of your yellow-bellied slider is by examining their physical characteristics. Males are typically smaller in size and have longer nails on their front feet. They also have thicker tails and a concave plastron (the bottom part of the shell) to accommodate for mating. Females, on the other hand, are usually larger and have shorter nails. They also have a flat plastron to provide space for egg-laying.\nAnother way to determine your turtle’s gender is by observing their behavior. During mating season, males will become more aggressive and territorial. They may also swim around their enclosure, puffing out their chest and trying to intimidate other turtles. Females, on the other hand, may become more reclusive and spend more time basking in the sun.\nIf you’re still unsure about your turtle’s gender, you can also perform a cloacal examination. This involves gently lifting your turtle’s tail and looking for a small slit near the base of the tail. Males will have a longer and more prominent slit, while females will have a shorter and less pronounced one.\nIf all else fails, you can also opt for DNA testing to determine your turtle’s gender. This involves taking a small blood sample or cheek swab and sending it off to a lab for analysis. However, this option can be expensive and may not be necessary for most pet owners.\nDetermining the gender of your yellow-bellied slider can be a challenging task, but with these tips, you should be able to solve the mystery once and for all. Remember to consider physical characteristics, behavior, and even DNA testing if necessary.\n- How old does my turtle have to be before I can determine its gender? A: It’s usually best to wait until your turtle is at least 3-4 years old before attempting to determine its gender.\n- Can a female turtle lay eggs without mating? A: Yes, female turtles can lay eggs without mating, but the eggs will be infertile.\n- Can I keep male and female turtles together in the same enclosure? A: It’s generally not recommended to keep male and female turtles together, as males can become aggressive during mating season.\n- Do male and female turtles have different dietary needs? A: No, male and female turtles have the same dietary needs and can eat the same foods.\n- Can I change my turtle’s gender? A: No, a turtle’s gender is determined by its genetics and cannot be changed." ]

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[ "Notes to broadcasters\nClimate change is often presented in the media as a horror story, a disaster waiting to happen. It’s true that most scientists agree that, even if the nations of the world manage to strongly cut emissions of greenhouse gases, the global climate is still going to change, in many ways for the worse. And small-scale African farmers are among those who will be most affected by these changes, both because they are dependent on the weather and because they are often poor. But African farmers have great strength and resilience. They are experienced at dealing with changes in the weather and have a rich heritage of methods to deal with these kinds of changes.\nSo African farmers can prepare for and adapt to the negative effects of climate change. But only if they understand it and know its impacts. While there is a great deal of information available on climate change, most is not aimed at a farming audience. When developing programs on climate change, the challenge for radio broadcasters is to ensure that their audience understands climate change messages, finds them relevant, and is encouraged to interact with the radio station and with their community to help adapt to climate changes.\nThis issue sheet begins with two stories about farmers and climate change. It then offers some background information on the science of climate change, and talks about how radio can help strengthen farmers’ response to climate change. Next, it suggests some starting points for creating locally relevant radio programs on adaptation to climate change. Finally, it points to various resources on climate change – radio programs, documents, and organizations.\nAugustine Yelfaanibe is a 36-year-old farmer in Nandom, a small town in the Upper West Region of Ghana. He remembers that when he was young, signs of rainy weather were obvious by mid-March. Most farmers prepared their land soon after the New Year. This ensured an early harvest, with enough food to survive the lean season.\nInsufficient rain used to be unusual. But over the past 20 years it has become increasingly difficult for farmers to predict when the rains will begin. When they start late, they are often more variable than before. Every year, says Mr. Yelfaanibe, farmers have one of two complaints: “I harvested less because the rains failed,” or, “My crops did not do well this year because the rains were too much.”\nIn 2007, rains were meager at the beginning of the rainy season. Most crops had almost died by the time the rains returned very heavily, causing serious floods. In 2008, most farmers planted their staple crops very late, at a time when beans are usually flowering and groundnut is normally harvested. According to Mr. Yelfaanibe, some year-round streams and ponds are drying up just a few months after the end of the rains. During the dry season, animals do not have enough water.\nBy the peak of the lean season, most households have exhausted their food supply and are barely hanging on for the new harvest. The lean season used to be relatively short. But for some households, it now begins as early as April and may continue until the middle of September.\nJoseph Kones is a 57-year-old farmer in Bomet District, western Kenya, with a wife and eight children. His main cash crops are maize and tea. Other crops include beans, peas, Irish potatoes and tomatoes, which he sells at the local market. He keeps dairy cows and goats for milk.\nJoseph remembers that there were regular rains when he was young, especially in April and November. But now it rains at any time of the year. This makes farm planning difficult. In 2008, the rains were late. When they came, they were very heavy and soils were waterlogged.\nFood production has decreased because people are not sure when to plant. Some people have been forced to rely on government donations of food, something that has not happened in Joseph’s lifetime.\nA few years ago, a drought caused a local river to dry up, something Joseph had never seen. In 2006, there were very heavy rains in the dry months. All the rivers were flooded, and there was heavy destruction of crops.\nJoseph is now a board member of the Mara River Water Organisation. This group is trying to stop the river from drying out due to changes in climate, and to help farmers regain fertile and moist soil. Joseph’s farm is used as a pilot project. The group has planted trees and built terraces to store water. Joseph believes that these skills in adapting to climate changes are essential for the future survival of his community.\nWhat is climate change? While the earth’s climate is always being modified by natural causes, the climate change we are talking about here is the result of human actions. Human-driven climate change is caused by producing “greenhouse gases” and releasing them into the atmosphere. The three most important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. They are called “greenhouse gases” because their presence in the earth’s atmosphere traps heat and makes the earth inhabitable. This is just like how a greenhouse captures the sun’s heat and keeps it from returning to the atmosphere, which heats the greenhouse. Without these greenhouse gases, the temperature on earth would be 30 degrees cooler, because all the energy from the sun would simply be reflected back into space.\nCarbon dioxide and the other gases are produced by actions such as burning fuels, transportation, industrial activities, oil flaring, farming activities, and felling of trees. Raising livestock is responsible for about one third of human emissions of methane and more than two thirds of human emissions of nitrous oxide. Methane is released as a natural by-product of animal digestion, and nitrous oxide is released when nitrogen fertilizer not taken up by plants is released as a gas.\nAs the world’s population has grown, so has human consumption of fossil fuels and other activities which produce greenhouse gases. As the levels of greenhouse gases rise in the atmosphere, they block more of the sun’s heat from leaving. Since the heat cannot leave, it continues to warm the earth. Over the next 100 years, it is predicted that world temperatures will rise between 1.4 and 5.8 degrees Celsius. Temperatures have already risen by 0.6 degrees since the early 1900s. When temperatures rise, moisture evaporates more quickly, drying air and soil. As the world warms, many things happen: glaciers melt, deserts expand, the weather becomes more unpredictable, pest and disease problems change, and natural disasters become more frequent.\nSmall-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are likely to be among those most strongly affected by climate change, due to their dependence on rain-fed agriculture and their lower capacity to adapt to climatic changes. The effects of climate change are already occurring in Africa and elsewhere. The rainy season is more unpredictable: late onsets, droughts in the middle of the season, and early cessation. When rains do come, they can be very intense. Unless actions are taken to adapt to these changes, intense rains can cause flooding, erosion and loss of soil and crops.\nIn already dry areas, decreased rain and higher temperatures will mean that less water is available. Soils will dry, and be more susceptible to erosion and loss of nutrients. All these changes will degrade the soil, and make growing crops and getting good yields more difficult. It is predicted that the combination of all of these factors means that crop and livestock yields will decrease. Higher temperatures may also increase the incidence of pests and diseases. For example, malaria has recently increased in the highlands of Rwanda and Tanzania.\nThere is hope, however, that farmers can adapt to the effects of climate change. Farmers, researchers and extension workers can share information about the many methods available to improve the current and future situation. In truth, Africa has the potential and the opportunity to not only satisfy its own needs, but to develop into a major agricultural contributor to the rest of the world.\nClimate Change in Africa:Scientists who study the earth’s climate find it difficult to predict exactly how climate change will affect the African continent. There simply isn’t enough information to make precise or reliable predictions. However, they are confident that with “business as usual”, the climate in Africa will become more variable and rainfall patterns will change. By 2020, yields from rain-fed farming could drop by 50% in some areas. By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people could experience increased water stress due to climate change. Over the next 50 years, it is likely to become drier in the northern and southern parts of the continent and wetter near the equator. But there will be large regional variations. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts and dust storms is expected to increase. By the end of the 21st century, sea-level rise is likely to affect low-lying coastal areas, causing erosion and flooding. Higher water levels and increased ocean temperatures will also have a negative impact on coastal fisheries.\nImportance of Communication and Information in Climate Change Adaptation: African farmers can prepare for and adapt to the negative effects of climate change. But only if they understand it and know its potential impacts. While many farmers already use strategies to cope with varying conditions, as weather becomes less predictable, some of these strategies may no longer work. Previously effective strategies may require additional information and modifications by individual farmers and communities in order to remain of value. Effective communication of useful information will be critical to help farmers adapt to climate change.\nRadio is the most effective way to reach African farmers and to allow them to share their knowledge and experience. African farmers are experienced at dealing with climatic variations and have a rich heritage of methods to deal with changes. There are no “magic bullets” to adapting to climate change. Simply, the more resilient a farming system, the more likely it is to adapt successfully to changes in climate.\nThere is a great deal of information available on climate change. But most is not aimed at a farming audience. The challenge for radio broadcasters is to ensure that their audience understands climate change messages and finds them relevant. For example, when researching a radio program on climate change, it may be more useful to ask a farmer about changing weather or how she has changed the crops she grows than to ask her how she is coping with climate change.\nRadio can encourage communities to assess local problems and identify local solutions to climate change. Communities can be encouraged to establish action plans to increase their resilience and reduce their vulnerability. Plenty of research in Africa, for example the Climate Change Adapatation in Africa (CCAA) research and capacity development program, a joint program of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada and the Department for International Development (DFID), U.K., is testing new approaches for farmers to adapt to climate change. Some research looks at the traditional approaches farmers have relied on for centuries, and other projects test new methods. Radio organizations can play an important role by publicizing these research results and transforming them into programs that their audiences can understand and use. And by interviewing local farmers, radio organizations can pass on information, including how farmers from different communities adapt to droughts, improve soil fertility, and select which crops to grow.\nRadio programs that talk to farmers about climate change can provide researchers with knowledge of what is happening at the field level and encourage communication between researchers and farmers. These discussions can then result in adaptation strategies that combine traditional and scientific knowledge.\nExamples of radio programs\nSeven radio programs in CTA’s Rural Resource Pack on Climate change and natural resource management can be accessed at http://ruralradio.cta.int/ClimateChange.htm, including:\n- Understanding leads to change – A senior agricultural extension officer for Matabeleland North province in Zimbabwe describes how the extension service is helping farmers to cope with less reliable rainfall.\n- Conserving soils and water – A coordinator for Zambia’s Programme Against Malnutrition explains methods of conservation farming which can help to conserve both soil moisture and nutrients in areas experiencing dry spells.\n- A clearer picture of change – A climate expert from the UK discusses how improved understanding and information about changing weather patterns in Africa should improve the response of governments and people.\n- Zimbabwe’s Dryland Research Station – A crops specialist and a livestock specialist from the Matopos research station describe technologies being developed to support smallholder farmers experiencing drought.\n- Adaptive farming to reduce risk – A researcher from an international crop research institute in Nairobi explains how new crop varieties are helping farmers to adapt what they plant to suit variable rainfall patterns.\n- Responding to drought in Malawi – A senior agricultural officer describes the steps being taken by the extension services in Malawi to enable farmers to overcome the challenge of drought.\n- Adapt or fail – the coffee experience – A report from northern Tanzania featuring staff of a coffee estate and smallholder farmers, who describe how they are either succeeding or failing to cope with reduced rainfall.\nThere are many ways to create radio programming on adaptation to climate change. Here are a few:\nInterview farming families whose food security and income have been threatened by climate change. Also interview farming families whose food security has been improved by making changes in their farming and livelihood system to adapt to a changing climate.\nWrite and produce a five-minute drama about a farmer who has made changes in the crops he or she grows, has begun to harvest water, has improved soil fertility, etc., in response to the changing climate. Contrast these farmers’ stories with a neighbouring farmer who has not adapted to the changing climate.\nInterview individual farmers or members in a farmers’ group about how they are coping with changing weather. These interviews might be best conducted in the field, but could be also done in the studio. Ask the farmers:\n- What changes have you noticed in the weather?\n- Have you made any changes to your farming and livelihood in response to changes in the weather?\n- Have you received advice from extension workers, farmers, or other people on how to adapt to the changing climate?\n- What are the barriers to adopting some of the changes that have been suggested?\nInterview an expert on adapting farming to climate change from a national or international agricultural research institute, an agricultural university, or an NGO. Questions to ask include:\n- What kinds of climate change adaptation have proven successful in your country, your region, or your community?\n- Are these approaches affordable and practical for small-scale farmers? If not, what barriers might prevent small-scale farmers from adopting them? How can these barriers be overcome?\n- How is information about successful adaptation approaches being communicated to farmers?\n- Are there successful indigenous or traditional methods for adapting to the changing climate?\n- Are there new varieties or new crops available in the area that might help farmers adapt to the shifting rainy season?\n- Are there soil or water management practices that might help farmers adapt to climate change?\nProduce a call-in or text-in program. Invite a climate change expert to the studio, and ask callers to call or text questions about how to adapt to the climate changes they experience. The expert could be, for example, a farmer, an academic researcher, or an extension agent.\nProduce 4-6 radio spots which explain the importance of adapting to the changing climate Each spot could start with the same “punchy” lead line and discuss one important element of an integrated approach, including:\n- using drought-tolerant or short-season crops and crop varieties\n- low-cost ways to improve soil fertility\n- low-cost ways to maximize the benefits of available water\n- ways to protect your crops and soil from damage by heavy rain or flooding\n- forming a farmers’ group to finance adaptation to the changing weather\nHost or chair a roundtable discussion on the changing weather in your community. Invite representatives from various groups: civic and traditional leaders, leaders of women’s groups, educators, health professionals, NGO representatives, and concerned citizens.\nBroadcast live from a community meeting in which community members discuss and make decisions on responding to the changing weather. Subsequent programs could provide updates on discussions or progress on solutions, produce and air public service announcements which mobilize community support for projects, and cover community celebrations that mark successful projects.\nInterview members of nearby (or distant) communities that have successfully addressed the changing climate. Follow up with a call-in or text-in program which considers whether these solutions would work for your community.\nHold a poetry contest: invite listeners to submit poems about adapting to climate change and offer a prize to the “best poem.” Read all the good submissions on the air.\n- James Fahn, 2009. Climate change: how to report the story of the century. http://www.scidev.net/en/practical-guides/climate-change-how-to-report-the-story-of-the-cent.html\n- PANOS London, 2006. Whatever the weather: media attitudes towards reporting climate change. Available for download at http://www.panos.org.uk/?lid=308\n- Practical Action, no date. Climate change diary: Sudan. http://uk.oneworld.net/external/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticalaction.org%2F%3Fid%3Dclimatechange_diarysudan\n- CTA Rural Radio Resource Packs: Climate change and natural resource management. Word document –Technical information, pack usage details, resources and full scripts. Available for download at http://ruralradio.cta.int/ClimateChange.htm.\n- International Trade Centre/WTO and Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), 2007. Organic farming and climate change. https://www.fibl-shop.org/shop/pdf/mb-1500-climate-change.pdf\n- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2009. Focus 16: Agriculture and Climate Change: An Agenda for Negotiation in Copenhagen. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/focus16_01.pdf\n- Via Campesina, no date. Small scale sustainable farmers are cooling down the earth: background paper. http://viacampesina.org/main_en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=457&Itemid=37\n- Kirsten Ulsrud, Linda Sygna and Karen O’Brien, 2008. More than Rain: Identifying Sustainable Pathways for Climate Adaptation and Poverty Reduction. http://www.utviklingsfondet.no/filestore/MoreThanRainwebsize.pdf\n- Stockholm Environment Institute, 2008. Climate change and adaptation in African agriculture. http://www.wikiadapt.org/filestore/Final_Rockefeller_Report4April08.pdf\n- Climate changes in ACP Nations, Part 1 and 2. http://ctaseminar2008.cta.int/video.html\n- Taking the heat. Canadian Foodgrains Bank, parts 1 and 2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IFBhKb6Kkk and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jA7JRfOGiU&feature=related\n- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) http://www.ipcc.ch/and supporting research institutions:\n- CSAG (Climate Systems Analysis Group) at University of Cape Town (UCT): http://www.csag.uct.ac.za/\n- ACMAD (Africa Centre for Meteorological Applications for Development), based in Niamey, Niger: http://www.acmad.ne/en/homepage.htm\n- IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC). ICPAC is a regional climate centre based in Nairobi, Kenya: http://www.icpac.net/\n- Global Climate Observing System (GCOS): http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php\n- SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute): http://www.sei.se/\n- START International (Global Change SysTem for Analysis, Research and Training): http://www.start.org/\n- NCAR (the National Center for Atmospheric Research): http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/\n- The Southern Africa Development Community Drought Monitoring Centre (SADC-DMC): http://www.sadc.int/dmc/\n- Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS): http://www.oss-online.org/index.php/en/\nInstitutions involved in adaptation initiatives:\n- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR): www.cifor.cgiar.org/\n- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT): http://www.icrisat.org/\n- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI): www.ifpri.org/\n- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI): www.ilri.org/\n- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF): www.worldagroforestry.org/\n- Environnement et développement du tiers monde (ENDA-TM), Dakar, Sénégal: www.enda.sn\n- Faculty of Natural Resources Management and Agriculture, Midland State University (Zimbabwe): www.university-directory.eu/\n- Family Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET): http://www.fews.net/Pages/default.aspx\n- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): http://www.fao.org/\n- Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA): www.fara-africa.org/\n- Initiatives pour un Développement Intégré et Durable (IDID_ONG), Bénin : http://www.ididong.org/\n- Innovations, Environnement Développement en Afrique (IED), Sénégal: http://www.iedafrique.org/\n- Institut de l’Environnement et des Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Burkina Faso : http://www.inera.bf/\n- Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA) at U. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: www.ira.udsm.ac.tz/\n- International Development Research Centre (IDRC)/Department for International Development (DfID) Climate Change Adaptation in Africa program: http://www.idrc.ca/ccaa/\n- Kenya Forest Research Institute (KEFRI): www.kefri.org\n- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI): http://www.kemri-wellcome.org/\n- Nigerian Environmental Study Action Team (NEST): www.nestinteractive.org/\n- Practical Action, Nairobi, Kenya: www.practicalaction.org/\n- SouthSouthNorth (SSN) operates both as a local NGO (SSN Africa) and as an international network (SSN group) with a central office in Cape Town, South Africa: http://www.southsouthnorth.org/\n- UNITAR – the ACCCA program: http://www.acccaproject.org/accca/\n- Universite Cheikh Anta Diop (Sénégal): www.ucad.sn\n- Université d’Antananarivo (Madagascar): www.univ-antananarivo.mg/\n- University of Benin: www.uniben.edu/\n- AfricaAdapt: http://www.africa-adapt.net. AfricaAdapt is a new platform for learning and sharing knowledge about climate change adaptation. It is a bilingual pan-African networking initiative, which includes collaborations from IDS, University of Sussex, FARA, ICPAC and ENDA. It is a space where broadcasters and others can add information, follow particular projects, and profile their work. You can join by following this link: http://www.africa-adapt.net/AA/JoinNetwork.aspx For more on AfricaAdapt, see: http://www.africa-adapt.net/AA/AboutUs.aspx Here is the link to their most recent English Newsletter: http://www.africa-adapt.net/aa/uploads/Resources/b0a26a2fcd624c5d9d2218bc93fd575d_AA_newsletter_1-EN.pdf\n- Joto Afrika is a new series of printed briefings and online resources about climate change adaptation in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the product of collaborations between AfricaAdapt, the Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN), and id21. The first volume deals with climate change as a threat to food security. Future issues will focus on: managing water resources; climate change and human health; and climate change and pastoralists. Volume one of Joto Afrika is posted (in French) on the AfricaAdapt homepage. An English version is available at http://www.africa-adapt.net/aa/Uploads/Resources/84e497d07d264a46bb152043666f8f29_Joto%20Afrika%20Issue%201.pdf\n- Contributed by: Vijay Cuddeford, managing editor, Farm Radio International\n- Reviewed by: John Stone, Adjunct Research Professor, Carleton University.\n- Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Climate Witness program. http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/people_at_risk/personal_stories/\n- Special thanks to the Climate Change Adaptation in Africa (CCAA) program, a joint initiative of Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), for supporting this script package on climate change adaptation." ]

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[ "“NOPLACIA was once my name,\nThat is, a place where no one goes.”\nThe white colour in the paintings of Mie Olise’s Between the Stratum and the Unstable is not only used to evoke arctic landscapes covered in snow, but also to make the white spots return to our maps.\nThe white spots enable us to leave the actual behind and to enter the possible. It sets us in a state of wonder. It is the locus for terra incognita, the geography of utopia.\nThe word “utopia” is compounded by the Greek words “ou”(non) and “topos”(place) to signify a place that does not exist.\nA non-site like utopia cannot be found in the present. It belongs to the past or the future and must therefore be located outside the borders of the actual.\nThroughout history utopia has been sought at various places in space as well as in time. Archaeologists have searched for utopia in the ruins of ancient times. Sailors and explorers have searched on distant islands and under the sea.\nUtopia has been described in detail in fictions as well as in philosophical principles and has been depicted by artists such as Pieter Bruegel and Hieronymus Bosch, but still it has not been found.\nThe philosopher Paul Ricœr claimed that we cannot imagine a society without utopias, since it would be a society without goal. It might therefore be a terrible mistake to abandon utopia simply because we cannot reach it.\nMaybe utopia is not meant to be reached.\nMie Olise do not depict utopia as a final destination, as the end of our journey, but rather as a point of departure for thoughts and imaginations.\nBetween the Stratum and the Unstable is a temporary harbour that borders to the unknown, where dazzle ships, canoes and pirate ships are being tied while waiting to continue their journeys. It is a harbour made of paintings, wooden sculptures and weavings that let distant places and times coincide.\nThe exhibition is a place where memories of the past and dreams of the future meet.\nText: Jens Soneryd" ]

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[ "Podiatrists, also known as doctors of podiatric medicine (DPMs), diagnose and treat disorders, diseases, and injuries of the foot and lower leg. Podiatrists treat corns, calluses, ingrown toenails, bunions, heel spurs, and arch problems; ankle and foot injuries, deformities, and infections; and foot complaints associated with diseases such as diabetes. To treat these problems, podiatrists prescribe drugs, order physical therapy, set fractures, and perform surgery. They also fit corrective inserts called orthotics, design plaster casts and strappings to correct deformities, and design custom-made shoes. Podiatrists may use a force plate or scanner to help design the orthotics: patients walk across a plate connected to a computer that “reads” their feet, picking up pressure points and weight distribution. From the computer readout, podiatrists order the correct design or recommend another kind of treatment.\nPrerequisites for admission to a college of podiatric medicine include the completion of at least 90 semester hours of undergraduate study, an acceptable grade point average, and suitable scores on the admissions exams. The science courses should be those designed for premedical students. Potential podiatric medical students also are evaluated on the basis of extracurricular and community activities, personal interviews, and letters of recommendation. About 95 percent of podiatric students have at least a bachelor’s degree.\n- Bioloy I & II\n- General Chemistry I & II\n- Organic Chemistry I & II\n- Physics I & II\nSome programs may also require:\nRequired Admissions Exam:\nMedical College Admission Test MCAT (some colleges also may accept the Dental Admission Test DAT or the Graduate Record Exam GRE)." ]

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[ "A rise in Cryptosporidium infections in Sweden has been attributed to contaminated salad by public health officials.\nThe Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten) said 101 cases of a certain type of Cryptosporidium parvum had been confirmed in 13 regions of the country.\nPatients fell ill from Sept. 25 to Oct. 15 this year and women were more affected than men. Cases range from 4 to 86 years old with an average age of 42.\nLink to salad\nThe agency added there are another 99 potential cases being investigated. The type of Cryptosporidium parvum involved is common so there could be several possible sources.\nLocal infection control units, the Swedish Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) and Folkhälsomyndigheten investigated the increase in infections to find a source.\nAnalysis of information from patients on what they had eaten before becoming ill shows they ate mixed or bagged salad more often than a control group.\nSalad has a short shelf life so health officials don’t think it is still available for sale but no products have been sampled.\nLivsmedelsverket has looked into possible producers and growers but has been unable to find the likely source of infection.\nAs reported cases of Cryptosporidium have decreased and are at similar levels to previous years, officials believe the outbreak is over.\nSalad was also linked to a national Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak that affected 102 people in September and October. Arugula, also known as rocket or rucola, and bagged salad mixes that included arugula were the likely source of infection.\nCryptosporidium in Finland\nIn October, health authorities in Finland also warned about a Cryptosporidium outbreak that was first noticed in Helsinki.\nThe Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) said those sick took part in an organized event at the end of September and since then there had been around 30 cases across the country.\nInvestigation work includes patient surveys, laboratory sampling, and food tracing. THL does not monitor the occurrence of cryptosporidiosis regularly so local health professionals play a key role in detecting and controlling outbreaks.\nCryptosporidium is a parasite that, if ingested, can cause cryptosporidiosis. Transmission occurs mainly through contact with contaminated water but can be via food or exposure to infected animals or water contaminated by the feces of infected animals. The risk of infection can be reduced by good hand hygiene.\nThe main symptom is watery diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe. It is often accompanied by stomach pain, nausea or vomiting, fever, and sometimes dehydration. Symptoms usually appear two to 10 days after infection and last one to two weeks.\n(To sign up for a free subscription to Food Safety News, click here.)" ]

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[ "Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000\nChemistry and Pharmacology\nEnergy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering\nAbstract Neutron activation analysis (NAA) methods have been developed for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in duplicate diets and individual food items. These include a cyclic instrumental NAA (CINAA) method for measuring Se content through its short-lived nuclide77mSe; epithermal INAA (EINAA) for I and As; conventional INAA for Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn and Zn; combination of EINAA and INAA for Al; radiochemical NAA (RNAA) for As, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Sb, Se and Zn; and preconcentration NAA (PNAA) for U and Th. Accuracy of measurements have been evaluated by analyzing a number of biological and diet reference materials. Multielement concentrations of diets and foods have been measured by these methods.\nType of Medium:" ]

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[ "In this section, you will find information relating to:\nHousehold leak detection for customers with inside meters, how to detect a toilet leak instructional video and other leak information in and around your home.\nConservation tips on saving water in the bathroom, kitchen, laundry, outside and links to the water usage chart.\nCan the grease public service announcements and instructional videos of what can happen when you do not can the grease. Brochures, presentations for public outreach available on this page.\nInspection support including homeowner information, procedures for scheduling long and short form inspections, emergency inspections,and regulations on plumbing work by homeowners\nA guide to winterizing your home, including an instructional video on how to prepare for winter, interactive breaks and leaks graph showing the relationship between water temperature and water main breaks.\nKnowing how and where to shut off your home’s main water supply is as important as knowing how and where to turn-off or reset an electric breaker or replace a fuse.\nWSSC Water encourages you to play it safe and know how to identify a WSSC Water employee\nYour toilet is not a garbage can. Use the trash can for trash; use the toilet for only the three Ps. What are they? Pee, poop and paper!" ]

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[ "The preservation of Coal Canyon was significant for many reasons. It marked the first time in state history, land was purchased for preservation of a wildlife corridor. It also marked the first time in state history, Caltrans removed the on and off ramps for a wildlife corridor. Since Coal Canyon was now saved from development, other connections were essential to protect the integrity of the Wildlife Corridor. CHSP, at over 14,100 acres is the largest anchor of the hillside system, but 4,000 acres had also been preserved in the Puente Hills. Lands between the Chino Hills and the Puente Hills needed to be acquired, this land is called the Missing Middle. The Missing Middle is comprised of two large parcels.\nThe first is owned by Shell-ExxonMobil, who plans to build 3,600 houses on its 3,000 acres. The property is situated between Harbor Blvd. in La Habra Heights and easterly across the hills past the 57 freeway near Brea and Diamond Bar. Aera Energy, the local representatives of Shell-ExxonMobil, have slowly been pushing their development plans through the Counties of Los Angeles and Orange. The development of the Shell-Aera parcel would sever the Wildlife Corridor and the lands west of the Missing Middle would slowly become devoid of the plants and animals.\nThe second property is owned by the City of Industry, who plans to build three large reservoirs with over a dozen saddle dams on its 6,000 acres. In addition, Industry plans to build a new freeway across the hills connecting the Inland Empire to the 57 freeway in Brea. The road or the dams would both sever the Corridor and place the existing investments at risk. Again, groups across the hills are working to complete the Wildlife Corridor by acquiring the Shell-Aera property and stopping the dam/freeway plans by the City of Industry.\nFollow this link to learn about the Park’s history." ]

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[ "Implementation of an algorithm aimed to diagnose pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis reduces the utilization of computed tomography (CT) scans, without affecting diagnostic accuracy, Mayo Clinic Children's Center researchers have found. The study was recently published in the journal Surgery.\nAcute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain in children. Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus. CT scans are often used to diagnose acute appendicitis because they are accurate, widely available and have the ability to provide clinicians with advanced information in appendicitis cases suspected of complications.\nHowever, CT scans are expensive and expose patients to ionizing radiation. \"This algorithm was developed by a multidisciplinary group of pediatric emergency room physicians, pediatric surgeons and radiologists to eliminate unnecessary exposure to radiation,\" explains Michael B. Ishitani, M.D., lead author of the study.\nThe study compared pediatric patients, under the age of 18, who underwent an appendectomy for acute appendicitis pre-algorithm implementation and post-implementation. Researchers studied 331 pediatric cases over the course of five years, and found that CT utilization decreased from 39 percent to 18 percent after the algorithm was in place.\nResearchers found that when the algorithm was implemented, use of CT scans in patients dropped by over 50 percent, without affecting diagnostic accuracy, proving that reducing the use of CT scans when evaluating patients for appendicitis is safe and cost-effective.\n\"Implementation of this algorithm across multiple centers is the ideal outcome of this study, followed by further evaluations over time to ensure that the low rate of CT scan use continues,\" says Dr. Ishitani." ]

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[ "A head injury can lead immune-system brain cells to go on “high alert” and overreact to later immune challenges by becoming excessively inflammatory – a condition linked with depressive complications, a new animal study suggests.\nThe findings could help explain some of the midlife mental-health issues suffered by individuals who experience multiple concussions as young adults, researchers say. And these depressive symptoms are likely inflammation-related, which means they may not respond to common antidepressants.\nAn added complication is that aging already increases brain inflammation. So on top of normal aging concerns, people who have had a traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience added inflammation caused by magnified immune responses to so-called “secondary challenges,” such as a second head injury, infections or other stressors." ]

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[ "There is not one mobile future, but 7 billion futures, said Intel Fellow and anthropologist Dr.\n\"Mobility technology has been transforming human society for centuries. Its future will be influenced not only by the shrinking size of computing technology due to Moore's Law, but also by global population growth,\" Bell said. \"Our inspiration should come not only from the invention of new technology ingredients, but also from the needs and desires of human beings. It's not one future we are shaping -- it's 7 billion futures, and counting.\"\nWhat people want in future mobility\nBell's work as an anthropologist at\nA \"smart clothing\" demonstration from\nThis single example represented each of the four themes of future mobile technology. The cyclist can enjoy the personal experience of riding and stay in the flow of the moment without worrying about controlling the jacket's functionality. The jacket also augments his body making him more visible and allowing him to safely pursue riding at all hours of the day or night.\nRequired technology building blocks\nBell emphasized that these human desires require that\n\"This global vision requires a constant interplay between what technology makes possible and what individuals desire,\" said Bell. \"\nTruly personal mobile experiences depend on low power\nBell discussed how the mobile future will require power consumption orders of magnitude lower than is available today. As devices begin to understand people better, this will require constant sensing at low power. Underscoring the possiblities,\n\"Low power is essential for the future of wearable devices and sensors in smart spaces, where frequent charging or power cables would be burdensome or even impossible,\" said\nImportance of context awareness\nMiddleware that helps devices understand the context in which their users are operating is another important ingredient for developers creating applications and services that offer truly personalized mobile experiences. In a demonstration of context awareness technology, a smartphone was able to detect when two individuals were in the vicinity of each other by continuously monitoring voices heard through their microphones. The information was used to create recommendations of nearby services such restaurant options -- recommendations which could be tailored to the pair or to groups of individuals. For example, different choices might be suggested for a person who was near friends, rather than his or her children or co-workers.\nIn another demonstration, Dr. Bell showed how context-awareness might help to balance security and personal convenience. As a smartphone monitored a person's walking patterns, it could recognize the person, and, based on this, open access to certain functions of the phone. Dr. Bell noted that this approach to security -- when safely under the control of its rightful owner -- is an interesting future security model for mobile devices.\nIn the conclusion of Dr. Bell's presentation,\nMost Popular Stories\n- Bipartisan Budget Deal Gets Key Support in House\n- TFA Recruiting DACA Recipients\n- Bitcoin Clones Lurch Onto Financial Scene\n- Clinton to Keynote Annual Simmons Leadership Conference\n- Scotch Whisky Sales Raise Distillers' Spirits\n- Holiday Shopping Off to a Slow Start This Season\n- Health Coverage Disparities Emerge Among States\n- Fake Deaf Interpreter Was Hallucinating, Has Schizophrenia\n- Tea Party Glum in Face of Bipartisan Budget Deal\n- Budget Deal Will Cut 220,000 Californians Out of Jobless Benefits" ]

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[ "Life-changing hacks to keep your cholesterol level and heart health in check\nCholesterol is a term familiar, but not everyone pays enough attention to what it really does to the body. For starters, it’s important to understand what cholesterol is and the role it plays in the body.\nCholesterol is a type of fat, a waxy substance, that is found in all of your cells and is essential for the body’s metabolic processes, including helping build the structure of cell membranes, producing hormones (including testosterones and estrogen), vitamin D, and bile acids, which help break down fats.\nIt is attached to proteins called lipoproteins and is carried through your bloodstream by two key transport systems, which include:\n– high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, known as the “good cholesterol,” removes excess or other forms of cholesterol from your bloodstream and transports them back to the liver for disposal.\n– low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the “bad cholesterol,” transports cholesterol into tissues and, oftentimes, leaves them there. When we have too many of the bad ones that cause clogging in the arteries, we become at risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke.\nTo make sure that we stay healthy, we need to keep our cholesterol levels in check. Below are a few simple lifestyle tips that can help us make sure of that:\n1. Monitor cholesterol levels regularly\nThe American Heart Association recommends that all adults 20 or older have their cholesterol and other traditional risk factors checked every four to six years.\nCholesterol test is used to measure the amount of HDL and LDL cholesterols in the blood along with other types of fats. The desirable test results should have: low levels of LDL cholesterol and high levels of HDL cholesterol, otherwise it means we are at risk of cardiovascular diseases.\nSome of us think that we don’t need to have this done regularly especially if we’re not experiencing any symptoms, but having regular checkups will help detect early signs of high cholesterol.\n2. Quit smoking\nDid you know that the tar and carbon monoxide compounds in cigarettes damage the arteries and increase the level of bad cholesterol in the bloodstream? Imagine an injured passageway holding a lot of blood clots—both can never be good for the heart so it is important to avoid smoking.\n3. Start exercising\nAccording to the American Heart Association (AHA), 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week significantly improves cardiovascular health.\nIf the schedule won’t permit frequent visits to the gym, make walking, using the stairs, and running a part of your daily routine to help manage cholesterol.\n4. Eat healthy\nThe body produces its own cholesterol, which is why consuming too much food high in cholesterol is bad for our health. To limit the amount of cholesterol that goes into our body, we must avoid eating food high in saturated fat and trans fat which are often found in fatty meats, poultry skin and dairy among others.\nInstead we should eat food high in omega-3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fats, and those rich in soluble fiber that can help manage our cholesterol levels. These helpful nutrients can be found in fish, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.\n5. Add plant sterols to your meals\nA total daily intake of 2 grams of plant sterols as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may help reduce the risk of heart disease.\nOne refreshing and convenient way to consume plant sterols is by drinking Del Monte Heart Smart. It’s the only juice with Reducol ®, a blend of plant sterols that’s proven to help manage cholesterol. According to a clinical study, taking two servings of Del Monte Heart Smart everyday may help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol in 8 weeks, together with a balanced diet.\nWhile some of these hacks are not always that easy to do, following these simple tips and lifestyle changes can go a long way in keeping our cholesterol levels in check.\nTo help you keep your cholesterol level and heart health in check, New Health Corp has created HeartSavior and Lipidshield. HeartSavior, developed by Doctors and scientific researchers, contains 6 Powerful all natural cholesterol lowering ingredients that attack high cholesterol in 6 distinct ways while also improving overall heart health. LipidShield is a proprietary blend of several well known ingredients that have been known for their cholesterol reducing characteristics and for overall heart health. After years of research by Doctors, this unique combination of ingredients has resulted in a revolutionary product that is an excellent non-prescription alternative for managing healthy cholesterol levels.\nEmata DV, Jimenez LM, Tamayo LM and Chan G. Efficacy of Plant Phytosterol Mixture\nContained in a Commercial Juice Blend in Reducing Cholesterol Levels among\nFilipinos 25 to 60 Years of Age: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind\nTrial. Phil Journ Int Med; 2011; 49(4); 223-233.\nRead more: https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/362124/life-changing-hacks-to-keep-your-cholesterol-level-and-heart-health-in-check/#ixzz6MB5UAOWg\nFollow us: @inquirerdotnet on Twitter | inquirerdotnet on Facebook" ]

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[ "The Co-operative Banking Group in the United Kingdom is part of The Co-operative Group, the UK’s largest consumer co-operative. The bank maintains a data center in Stockport, Manchester. The bank recently decided to ditch its battery powered Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and replace it with a system powered by compressed air.\nPnu Power’s Air-DRUPS system uses scroll generators that are powered by compressed air to generate electricity. The Air-DRUPS system provides a few seconds of backup power until the backup generator starts to work.\nPnu Power designed the compressed air batteries, which were chosen by Socomec, the company that powers the bank’s UPS systems. DC Environmental Services installed the compressed air system.\nInitially, compressed air systems are more expensive to install than lead acid batteries, but they require less maintenance than batteries. In general, compressed air systems only require an annual inspection.\n“The initial capital outlay is comparable to similar UPS systems although higher than those using batteries but the total cost over the lifetime of the product is much lower, making it highly attractive,” said Martyn Hulme, managing director for Co-operative Estates.\nOther advantages of compressed air energy storage include low toxicity, lack of hydrogen venting, higher reliability and predictable costs and runtime.\nThe battery structure operates on a compressed air supply that is regulated by an airflow controller. The power train, consisting of a scroll expander, generator and converter actually generates electricity. Standby losses are less than 100 watts and are confined to the operation of control electronics.\nThe runtime of a UPS is just a few minutes, but it’s generally enough to give data centers time to get a generator online.\nIn addition to powering data centers in the event of an outage or a voltage drop, UPS systems are often used in telecommunications, industrial processes and power switching applications. Pnu Power’s compressed air solution is compatible with both UK and U.S. power grids.\nEA Technology Group is an international distributor for Pnu Power. Neil Davies, the company’s international director, pointed to the example of last year’s earthquake in Japan as a sober reminder that UPS systems are needed for critical operations.\n“The failure of cooling systems in Japan’s nuclear plants is a dramatic reminder of the need for reliable and robust backup solutions in a wide range of industries,” said Davies.\nWant to learn more about the latest in communications and technology? Then be sure to attend ITEXPO West 2012, taking place Oct. 2-5, in Austin, TX. Stay in touch with everything happening at ITEXPO (News - Alert). Follow us on Twitter.\nEdited by Rachel Ramsey" ]

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[ "Observing social behavior and communication in wild elephants\nA trunk-to-mouth greeting ritual. Yes. We are talking about elephants here.\nDynamics of dominance hierarchies\nLast week we’ve put a great link on our Facebook page, to a blog post from the New York Times. In their ‘scientists at work’ section, world renowned elephant specialist Dr. Caitlin O’Connell-Rodwell writes about her study on the dynamics of dominance hierarchies in male elephants. Both engaging and intriguing, this post is ready worth a read. Check it out at: http://scientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/carrots-and-sticks-in-elephant-land/\nDr. O’Connell-Rodwell seems to be camping out at the Mushara drinking hole in Namibia for quite some time now, in her latest book ‘The Elephant Scientist’ you can read her research there started almost twenty years ago.\nFrom their research tower, she and her colleagues scan the horizon until the elephants appear and they can start observing and documenting their behavior on video and by live scoring (with The Observer XT). A trunk-to-mouth greeting, a displacement from a subordinate from the best drinking place, and affiliative behaviors such as a trunk wrap or some gentle sparring.\nHer research is not limited to social affiliative and aggressive behaviors though - she has also done some fascinating work on seismic communication between elephants. For example, she showed that elephants are able to produce vocalizations that couple with the ground and travel along the surface of the earth. If these are alarm calls, the seismic signals are recognized, and the elephants respond accordingly by getting closer together and changing their body orientation to a position perpendicular to the source of the signal. They also leave the drinking hole sooner.\nFurther study also showed that discriminate differences between seismic playbacks of the same call type made by different callers (unfamiliar vs familiar herds).\nMore about this research can be found here.\nOn our website you find more details on our solutions to score animal behavior.\nGet the latest blog posts delivered to your inbox - every 15th of the month" ]

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[ "Health warning: Wash and cook fiddleheads or risk illness, Toronto Public Health says\nExplore This Story\nFiddleheads can prove a delightful addition to any locavore’s diet, if, that is, the curled ferns are cooked properly.\nSeven cases of illness associated with eating fiddleheads have been reported by residents to Toronto Public Health since the beginning of May, spokeswoman Kris Scheuer said. One case involved a family of four.\nRaw or undercooked fiddleheads have been known to sporadically cause unpleasant symptoms of food poisoning since 1994, according to Health Canada. The symptoms typically last for less than a day.\nOnly a few people have been affected, but their temporary sickness serves as a reminder to the public to wash and cook the seasonal greens carefully and not to eat them raw, Scheuer said.\n“It’s not that you’ll always get ill, we just sent out the message to reduce the likelihood,” she said.\nThe growing season for the ostrich fern sprouts is short, lasting from about the end of April till mid-June. The ferns grow in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes and are typically picked from the wild.\nIt’s not known why the spiralled veggies, nicknamed after their violinlike appearance, can make people ill. Scientists haven’t been able to trace any particular toxin to fiddleheads, according to Health Canada, so it’s up to chefs to cook them properly.\nWhen done right, they’re delicious, healthy and popular among foodies. They taste similar to spinach or asparagus, and have twice as many antioxidants as blueberries, according to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada research.\nHealth Canada recommends washing fiddleheads several times in cold water and removing as much of the papery, brown husk as possible. Then, steam them for 10 to 12 minutes, or boil for 15.\nGet rid of the water afterward.\nsClick here to read more about Port Colborne’s fiddlehead farm, Norcliff Farms.\n- NEW Toronto terror suspect asks for defence lawyer who is guided by ‘holy book’\n- NEW City councillor Paul Ainslie's licence suspended after roadside check\n- Updated London hacking victim named; attackers 'previously investigated' in terror probe\n- Updated Tim Bosma homicide: Second suspect Mark Smich appears in court\n- Updated DiManno: No matter how it seems on Planet Ford, it’s over\n- Children’s Aid sued by siblings decades after being removed to Colombia\n- No charges as police identify woman who took purse from subway suicide\n- As world gawks at Rob Ford scandal, Toronto police wait and watch" ]

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[ "click to view map\nhide useful links\nhide transport infrastructure\nhide seismic lines\nclick to view column\nhide structural environment\nHELLENIC PETROLEUM (preferred bidder)\nBlock 10 is located in the offshore Western Peloponnese, specifically within the Kyparissiakos Gulf, lying between Strofades islets and Peloponnese.\nThe hydrocarbon shows in the area attracted the interest of oil companies and the Hellenic Government in 1938 and several shallow wells were drilled before the 2nd World War. During the next years, several seismic campaigns of poor quality were acquired, as well as geological and geophysical studies. The old legacy seismic data have a rather dense coverage to the east, but most of the lines lie outside the borders of the block. Within the block exists a very sparse network of legacy seismic lines that were acquired between 1979-1982.\nWestern Greece belongs to the Alpine orogenic system. In particular its southern branch includes the Apennines, the Southern Alps, the Dinarides, the Hellenides and the Taurides, delineating the northern margin of the East Mediterranean. This mountainous chain was formed as result of the closure of the Tethys Ocean due to the collision between the Eurasian continent in the north, with African (Apulian) plate in the south. Collision began in Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene times and continued throughout the Tertiary with westward prograding intercontinental deformation. The result of the Alpine orogenesis in the Tertiary was the so-called ‘External Hellenides’, representing a west verging fold-and-thrust belt consisting of NNW-SSE striking thrust sheets.\nThe Ionian zone is characterized by the predominance of pelagic facies for an extended time period; in particular from Middle Jurassic to early Miocene. Moreover, the Ionian zone changed its paleogeographic character from neritic to pelagic at the end of Early Jurassic, contrary to the neighbor isopic zones such pre-Apulian and Gavrovo, which remained shallow platforms during Mesozoic. The nature of the sediments below the evaporites remains unknown so far.\nSeveral oil and gas fields have been discovered in Albania, which belong to the same fold-and-thrust belt having the same geological characteristics. The presence of a working petroleum system in Western Greece is proven by the discovery of West Katakolo oilfield, situated very close to the block area." ]

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[ "We all know what the oldest profession is, but which do you think came first, baker or brewer?\nAccording to University of Pennsylvania Professor Patrick McGovern, who is known as the “Indiana Jones of Ancient Ales, Wines, and Extreme Beverages,” Neolithic farmers had developed the necessary skills to grow grains so they could brew beer thousands of years before anyone was baking bread.\nThis means Sexy Beasts were guzzling beer at least 9,000 years ago. I don’t find that surprising. I imagine hunting and gathering from dawn till dusk was thirsty work.\nNot only did man’s quest for beer help establish agriculture; it was beer that built the pyramids. The laborers who worked on the pyramids in ancient Egypt were paid in beer; 231,414,717 gallons of it for the pyramid at Giza alone. Anheuser-Busch eat your heart out.\nThis post is unedited material I’ve written for The Sexy Beast Diet. Constructive criticism is appreciated, after all everyone needs an editor. Just click the “Add Comments” link at the top right. Thanks!" ]

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[ "The areas of the brain that recall music and nurture singing are among the last to be affected by Alzheimer’s disease.\nMany people with Alzheimer’s can enjoy choral singing and gain health benefits from it well after other opportunities for creating, learning, and enjoying friends seem out of reach. Care partners benefit from singing as well.\nHere are some of the things researchers have learned about music and the brain:\nBrain scan images have shown that the dorsal medial pre-frontal cortex (associated with autobiographical memories and emotions) is highly stimulated during music activities. For people with Alzheimer’s, this area of the brain is one of the last to be affected.\nOne study demonstrated that while singing, memories are produced that contribute to self-discovery, self-understanding and identity.\nIn a study from Finland, memory and mood in people with dementia significantly improved when they took part in regular singing or listening to music.\nSinging has been shown to increase learning and retention of new verbal material in persons with Alzheimer’s disease, and to engage brain regions responsible for motor action, emotions and creativity." ]

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[ "A lot of us aren’t aware of the importance of sleep in our lives. It has always been thought of merely as a time to rest and dream. That’s partly true, but there is more to it than closing one’s eyes and waiting for morning. Have you ever wondered why the body feels so revived and energetic after a good night’s rest? Or that one feels haggard, unconditioned or depressed after a bad one? How a person feels when he wakes up will define what kind of day he’s going to have.\nIt’s a misconception to think that when a person goes to sleep, the body will also shut down. That’s not true. On the contrary, the body will still be hard at work in maintaining physical health and healthy brain functioning. Sleep is the time, especially for kids and teens, for development and growth.\nSleep deficiency can cause damage to an individual, not only physically but mentally as well. Constant lack of it can cause incidents that can be dangerous to one’s well-being. It will affect the reaction time, way of thinking, work, and social life. Furthermore, a prolonged deficiency can lead to more serious health problems.\nSleep Affects All the Aspects of Life\nSleep can promote emotional well-being as well as the healthy functioning of the brain. Sleep will give the brain time to prepare for the next day’s activities. It will form new pathways, and these will help one learn faster with comprehension and will help in remembering information.\nMany studies have been conducted on the importance of sleep. They have shown how a good night’s sleep can improve a person’s thought processes like decision making, creativity, and learning. On the other hand, sleep deficiency studies have been mostly negative. People who were sleep-deficient were poor in solving problems, decision making was easily irritated, and have a hard time coping with change.\nSleep plays a huge role in a person’s physical health. Continued deficiency in sleep can increase the chances of heart disease. The condition can also lead to kidney problems, diabetes, strokes, and high blood pressure. Many of those who are continuously deprived of sleep are usually obese, and this has something to do with hormone imbalances. Proper sleep can maintain the balance of hormones that can make one feel hungry or full. On the other hand, sleep deficiency will inevitably make one hungrier and thus will crave for food.\nBlood sugar levels can also be affected by the lack of sleep. The body’s deprivation of required rest can affect the behavior of insulin. This is the hormone that regulates the blood sugar levels in the blood. There will be a greater risk of contracting diabetes when the sugar levels are high.\nSleep also promotes healthy development and growth. When the body is in a state of deep sleep, it triggers the release of hormones which are responsible for normal development and growth, especially among those of younger years. The same hormones will contribute to the increase of muscle mass and the repair of damaged tissues and cells. In the case of children and teenagers, sleep will have its role to play during their puberty stage.\nThe immune system depends on sleep to maintain its health. It takes care of the body’s defense against foreign substances that enter the body. It’s important to keep this immune system healthy, and sleep is a big factor in keeping it so. Sleep deficiency may alter the way the immune system responds to its duties. For instance, one will have a more difficult time warding-off an infection like a common cold if he’s sleep-deficient.\nFinally, sleep also affects safety and daytime performance. Most of us have experienced that lousy feeling when we have been deprived of enough sleep. People become depressed, restless and can’t concentrate well. All these will have an impact on how one will function the whole day. People tend to become less productive when they’re at work, have slower reaction times and are prone to making errors. Some even show signs of aggression.\nLosing sleep for a few days will impair the abilities to function normally. The condition might lead to micro-sleeping. This refers to short moments of sleep when one is supposed to be normally awake and are not aware of it.\nThe dangers of sleep deficiency are real, and people need to be informed about their effects. Many might not even know that they are sleeping deficient and mistakenly think that those limited hours or poor-quality of sleep they get is normal. Sleep deprivation can cause large-scale damage. For instance, errors can be made by sleep-deficient people who work in aviation and nuclear reactors. Such mistakes can be disastrous.\nThe Important Benefits of Sleep\nIt’s always a joy to wake up in the morning after a really good night’s sleep. One will feel energized and ready to face the challenges of the day. But the effects go far beyond feeling good because enough sleep can benefit the weight, mind, heart, and can even banish those under-eye circles. Listed are the benefits that a good night sleep can give:\nMemory improvement. Surprisingly, the mind is still at work while one is snoozing. While sleeping, the mind can hone the skills and memories learned while awake through the process known as consolidation. Trying to learn a new concept or skill will be more appreciated after a good night’s snooze.\nPromotes longevity. Although studies are not yet conclusive if too little or too much sleep can affect lifespan, it has been shown that sleep deprivation is linked to a shorter lifespan. Sleep should not be taken for granted. Logically, those who sleep well are healthier and will live longer.\nHelps reduce inflammation. People who often have inflammations have higher risks of strokes, heart diseases, diabetes, premature aging, and arthritis. Studies have pointed to the lack of sleep as a cause of many of these disorders. Sleeping less than the recommended time can lead to higher inflammatory protein levels in the blood, and these can cause many body issues. The treatment of sleeping disorders can improve blood pressure and inflammations.\nEncourages creativity. This should be really good news for creative people, particularly those who are involved in the arts. A night of good rest can consolidate the memories one has learned and makes them stronger because the brain can restructure and reorganize such thoughts. Studies have proven that adequate and stress-free sleep can make the emotional components of memories stronger, which can help increase creativity.\nImproves attention. The lack of sleep may arouse different behaviors in adults and children. For adults, the deprivation can make them feel sleepy. Whereas in children, they tend to get more hyperactive and can result in ADHD-like symptoms.\nHelps one maintain a healthy weight. Diet is just a factor in controlling weight. Another one is adequate sleep time, and this too needs to be planned. Metabolism and sleep are controlled by the same part of the brain. When sleeping, certain hormones are released into the bloodstream, and these hormones can drive appetite.\nHelps lower stress levels. Both sleep and stress can contribute to our cardiovascular health either positively and negatively. Good sleep can reduce stress levels and consequently, better regulation of blood pressure. Lack of sleep can do the opposite. Furthermore, it’s believed that sleep does have some effects on cholesterol levels and has significant roles in heart health.\nHelps prevent accidents. Many car accidents have been caused by drivers who are tired due to sleep deficiency, and there have been more of these than those caused by alcohol. The problem of sleep deprivation has been underestimated in causing harm not only to individuals but those around them as well. Driving requires decision making and fast reaction time, both of which are dulled because of sleep deficiencies.\nMay reduce the risk of depression. A good night’s sleep can immensely improve one’s attitude and well-being. That feeling of rejuvenation makes the body ready to face the day’s activities and issues. Good quality sleep can make one emotionally stable. A lack of sleep, however, can make one very irritable and for many, may lead to depression. Also, be reminded that sleeping longer on the weekends doesn’t compensate for the sleep hours missed on weekdays. It doesn’t work that way. One must have adequate hours of sleep every day, and there’s no making up on those.\nSome Tips to Help You Sleep Better\nHealthy sleeping habits can make a whole lot of difference when it comes to the quality of life. Sleeping hygiene should be consistently followed. Here are some practices that can help anyone have a good night’s sleep.\n- Keep with a sleeping schedule. This applies to both bedtime and waking-up time and apply this to each day of the week. If a person lets his body get familiarized with the schedule, it would know when to sleep and remain asleep the whole night until waking time in the morning.\n- Create a bedtime ritual that’s relaxing. Before going to sleep, engage in some relaxing activity, conducted in the absence of bright lights. This routine can help separate the sleeping time from the activities that can make falling asleep or stay asleep difficult.\n- Avoid siestas if one has trouble sleeping. Afternoon naps could be good and relax but shun away if experiencing difficulties in sleeping at night. Some people find it more difficult sleeping at night if they indulge in siestas or catnaps.\n- Exercise daily. Hard impact exercises will benefit a person most, but low-impact ones are also good, much better than not exercising at all. Do the exercises at daytime and be sure not do it at the expense of the sleeping hours.\n- Think about the room. One may need to design his sleeping environment to comply with the conditions needed for sleep. For one, the room should be clean, cool, and away from any noise that could disturb the sleep. Also, use heavy curtains to minimize the amount of light. To help against these odds, consider eyeshades, humidifiers, earplugs, blackout curtains, fans, other devices.\n- Use a comfortable mattress and pillows. Choose a supportive and comfortable mattress and pillows to help with sleep. The choices should also be free from allergens that might cause skin issues.\n- Use a bright light to help regulate the circadian rhythms. This refers to something recurring naturally on a twenty-four-hour cycle, even in the absence of light fluctuations. Shun away from bright lights at night but get exposure to sunlight in the daytime. Doing so will keep the circadian rhythms well-balanced.\n- Stay away from alcohol, heavy meals, and cigarettes in the evening. Heavy meals and spicy foods can give you a hard time in catching a good night’s sleep and most often may cause discomfort and indigestion. If one needs to eat plenty, which is still unhealthy, do so three or four hours before going to bed. Of course, we all know what cigarettes and alcohol can do, so we leave that to your discretion.\n- Calm yourself down before going to sleep by doing some relaxing activity like reading a book or doing a crossword puzzle. Electronic devices would be distracting, so avoid them before bedtime or during sleep hours.\n- If it’s difficult to sleep, go into a different room and perform a relaxing activity until you feel tired. Relaxing here does not include computers, work materials, or television sets. On the contrary, it’s advised to take them out of the environment where one sleeps. For sleep, only the bed matters.\nIf a person is still having trouble sleeping, try to speak with a doctor or to find a sleep professional. No shame in consulting the doctor for sleeping troubles. A remedy can be in the works, and a doctor could know. To supplement the consultation, keep a “Sleeping Diary” to find issues or patterns for the sleeping difficulty.\nWhat Happens When You Don’t Get Enough Sleep?\nDoctors will always suggest that everybody should get adequate sleep and for all the good reasons. Short-changing oneself on sleeping hours will affect the health in different ways. Short-term issues which may arise because of sleep deprivation include:\n- A lack of concentration and alertness\n- Impaired memory\n- Stress in relationships\n- Poorer quality of life\n- Increased risk of car accidents\nThese are the effects of short-term sleeplessness. What more for the long-term ones? They should lead to more serious problems. Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to really serious conditions like high blood pressure, heart failure, heart attack, diabetes, and stroke. Potential problems can include being overweight, depression, and even the lowering of sex drives.\nIt’s a far-gone conclusion that chronic sleep deprivation will eventually affect a person’s appearance. We’ve seen the look of people who are deprived of sleep. They have prematurely aged and have bags and wrinkles around their eyes. When the body is deprived of sleep, it will increase the release of cortisol. This a stress hormone that breaks down the collagen in the body. Collagen is a type of protein that keeps the skin smooth, and its breaking down will result in aged skin. Although a lot of people don’t think of sleep as important, that’s far from true. Sleep is an essential part of health, and it’s also an essential part of life.\nWhat do you think?" ]

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[ "GLASGOW, Scotland -- HIV clinicians need to be aware that mental health affects every stage of HIV diagnosis and treatment, and manage issues just as they would any other comorbid condition, experts said here.\nThe prevalence of mental health issues, mostly depression, in people living with HIV may be higher than either the general population or even others with long-term chronic health issues, and clinicians need to be screening for these on a more regular basis.\nChloe Orkin, MD, of Royal London Hospital and chair of the British HIV Association (BHIVA), suggested that in addition to the well-known 90-90-90 AIDS targets, a new \"90\" needed to be added: 90% good health-related quality of life.\n\"Often, we see the physical and psychological as distinct, but we need to be aware of people's mental health,\" she said at HIV Glasgow: The International Congress on HIV Drug Therapy. \"As physicians, we need to become stigma-aware.\"\nFiona Lampe, MD, of University College London, went through a review of the literature on HIV and mental health issues. The results mainly focused on depression, because that was most frequently studied, she said.\nOne study examining undiagnosed depression via clinical interview found a prevalence of 21.2%. Yet a separate study found that only 8.5% of people living with HIV were receiving treatment for depression, Lampe said. In this study, more than a third of patients had evidence of depression, according to a symptom questionnaire, but 45% of them were not receiving treatment.\nThese mental health diagnoses often appeared to occur after patients were diagnosed with HIV, Lampe added, with one study finding this to be true in 70% of cases. Interestingly, when one study compared a group of HIV-positive individuals with an age-sex matched comparison cohort, there was a higher use of psychotropic drugs, as well as a higher prevalence of mental health problems in the HIV group, even prior to diagnosis.\nMoreover, people living with HIV compared unfavorably with those who had other long-term health conditions, such as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Several studies found a lower quality of life among people living with HIV, and those with HIV had the poorest mental health, even after adjustment for confounders.\n\"This gives some indication that HIV may have a different impact from other long-term health conditions in mental health, and factors such as stigma may be a big role here,\" Lampe said.\nShe also highlighted socioeconomic context as a potential factor, citing a more than fourfold increase in the prevalence of depression among \"financial hardship\" groups of people living with HIV in one study.\nOrkin then went through the BHIVA's \"mental health audit,\" which focused this year on whether or not clinics were asking patients about changes in mental health, as well as alcohol and recreational drug use, including chemsex among gay or bisexual men.\nFirst, they asked the clinics themselves about these procedures, and about three-quarters of clinics said that they asked all adults with HIV about their mental health or psychological well-being, and alcohol and recreational drug use, though only 30% asked about chemsex. However, only a quarter of clinics said they used a standardized assessment tool or questionnaire in their mental health assessment.\nThen the BHIVA examined 40 sets of notes from each clinic to see whether the pathways were actually working. Over the last 18 months, they found that 66% had asked about psychological well-being/mental health or documented this specifically. Among those asked, about 60% said they were \"coping well,\" with about 17% saying they \"had some need for info/support\" and 5% likely having a psychiatric illness.\nAbout half of HIV services had an identified clinical lead for psychological support, Orkin said, though she noted that these varied widely across clinics.\nShe closed the talk by reminding healthcare providers about stigma -- and pointing out that both mental health issues and HIV are two stigmatized conditions, and to be aware of language, as well as body language, around these patients.\n\"It's not an additive stigma, it's an exponential increase in stigma,\" Orkin said. \"It's really important as healthcare professionals to be part of the solution rather than exacerbating the problem.\"" ]

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[ "06.21.2017 A.I. laser targeting\n06.01.2017 Diagram of Lake Stratification on Mars\n03.21.2017 Break in Raised Tread on Curiosity Wheel\n02.27.2017 Swirling Dust in Gale Crater, Mars, Sol 1613\n02.27.2017 Dust Devil Passes Near Martian Sand Dune\n02.27.2017 Sand Moving Under Curiosity, One Day to Next\n12.13.2016 Now and Long Ago at Gale Crater, Mars\n12.13.2016 Where's Boron? Mars Rover Detects It\n10.03.2016 Curiosity Self-Portrait at 'Murray Buttes'\n10.03.2016 Butte 'M9a' in 'Murray Buttes' on Mars\n09.19.2016 Ribbon Cutting\n09.09.2016 Farewell to Murray Buttes (Image 5)\n09.09.2016 Farewell to Murray Buttes (Image 4)\n09.09.2016 Farewell to Murray Buttes (Image 3)\n09.09.2016 Farewell to Murray Buttes (Image 2)\n09.09.2016 Farewell to Murray Buttes (Image 1)\n08.26.2016 Out-of-this-World Records\n03.30.2016 Erisa Hines\n03.30.2016 Buzz Aldrin\n02.12.2016 Women in Science\n02.09.2016 Adam Steltzner, a JPL engineer\n01.27.2016 Night Close-up of Martian Sand Grains\n01.27.2016 Curiosity Self-Portrait at Martian Sand Dune\n12.17.2015 Alteration Effects at Gale and Gusev Craters\n12.17.2015 Full-Circle View Near 'Marias Pass' on Mars\nComparison of Some Radiation Exposures to Mars-Trip LevelThis graphic compares the radiation dose equivalent for several types of experiences, including a calculation for a trip from Earth to Mars based on measurements made by the Radiation Assessment Detector instrument shielded inside NASA's Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft during the flight from Earth to Mars in 2011 and 2012.\nThe vertical scale is logarithmic; each labeled value is 10 times greater than the next lowest one. The \"dose equivalent\" units are millisieverts, which are a unit that takes into account a factor for the energy absorption characteristics of biological tissue, as an adjustment from unmodified dose measurement units called \"grays\" or milligrays.\nSouthwest Research Institute, in San Antonio, Texas, and Boulder, Colo., supplied and operates the RAD instrument in collaboration with Germany's national aerospace research center, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project and the mission's Curiosity rover for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.\nImage Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI" ]

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[ "Gaebelein's Annotated Bible\nAnd the men of Ephraim said unto him, Why hast thou served us thus, that thou calledst us not, when thou wentest to fight with the Midianites? And they did chide with him sharply.CHAPTER 8 Internal Strife, Gideon’s Failure and End\n1. The strife (Judges 8:1-9)\n2. The complete deliverance (Judges 8:10-21)\n3. Gideon’s failure and end (Judges 8:22-32)\n4. Israel’s failure after Gideon (Judges 8:33-35)\nInternal strife follows. The two princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb, were slain (Judges 7:25). Oreb means “raven” and Zeeb means “wolf.” Oreb, the raven, is slain on the rock and Zeeb, the wolf, at the winepress. The raven, the bird which represents darkness and evil, is the type of corruption; the wolf is the destroyer of the sheep. The rock and the winepress typify the Lord Jesus Christ and His Cross. There the victory over both was won.\nThe internal strife was born in selfishness. Ephraim chided him sharply, because he had not called them to the fight. Gideon’s wise and gracious answer averted the threatening dissension. How beautifully it illustrates Philippians 2:1-5. All church strifes begin with self-seeking vain-glory. The remedy is “in lowliness of mind let each esteem the other better than themselves.”\nA greater victory follows after the internal strive had been overcome. The men of Succoth and of Peniel, Israelites, mocked Gideon and refused him help. They were really secret allies of Midian. After the victory these mocking, half-hearted Israelites were whipped by Gideon with the briers and thorns of the wilderness to teach them the needed lesson. How often we also in half-heartedness, world-bordering and being occupied too much with earthly things, need the thorns and briers, anxieties, disappointments and sufferings to bring us into line.\nWhen they wanted to make Gideon king he refused. But while he refused that honor he tries to grasp another, the priesthood. He gathers the gold to make a priestly ephod and put it in Ophrah. It became a snare for all Israel as well as for Gideon, for they went “a whoring after it.” The gold was taken from the enemy. It was a self-glorification of the victor Gideon. He and all Israel forgot that the glory belonged to Jehovah. Gideon claimed an honor which did not belong to him. Even so it has been done on Christian ground. A false priesthood with man in place of the Lord and His work, the instruments used in the power of the Spirit of God exalted instead of Him who furnished the instrument, these are the lessons which may be traced here in Gideon’s sad failure. How many a servant of Christ, forgetting 1Corinthians 4:7 : “And what hast thou that thou didst not receive? Now if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory, as if thou hadst not received it?” has fallen into the same snare, and as a result lost his power and blessing! The many wives of Gideon and the concubine of Shechem tell the other side. Amalek (the flesh) spoiled him. Like priest, like people. Israel went whoring after Baal and forgot once more Jehovah." ]

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[ "Most computers are designed with the adult in mind. Children can be prone to neck and back aches, numb or tingling hands, or stooped posture from working in awkward positions. Measures can be taken to avoid long-term repetitive strain injuries.\n- Feet should never dangle unsupported, but rest on the floor or a support such as stacked books.\n- Knees should be even with or higher than the hips.\n- The top of the monitor should be even with the child’s forehead to avoid neck extention.\n- Forearms should be parallel to the keyboard, or slightly above it.\n- The monitor should be 18-30” away from the user.\nTake a Break! Children need a 2 minute break at least every 30 minutes, ideally getting up and stretching." ]

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[ "(Continued from page 450)\nPhilistines discover the God of the Ark of the Covenant\nI Samuel, Chapter 5, tells how the Ark of God was taken from the battle site at Ebenezer to Ashdod (the Septuagint uses the name \"Azotus,\" which is mentioned in Acts 8:40), which was located about thirty miles west of Jerusalem near the Mediterranean sea, and was one of the five cities of the Philistines.8 In true henotheistic fashion they set up the Ark in the house of their god Dagon because, to them, the Ark was the God of the Israelites and they would worship it along with their god, Dagon. But God demonstrated very dramatically that He was not just another idol for, when the Philistines entered their temple the next morning, they found that Dagon had fallen on his face. They may have presumed that an earth tremor, or some other \"natural\" incident, had upended their God, so they simply set him up again. However, the next morning he had fallen on his face again and this time his head and the palms of his hands were cut off - it would be very difficult to explain these humiliating \"mutilations\" away and we learn (v54) that \"neither the priests of Dagon nor all who enter Dagon's house tread on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod to this day.\" The Hebrew language emphasizes a vivid progressive action in these verses so that it is made clear to the reader that it was as if the false god, Dagon, was caught in the process of bowing down before the ark! Following this dramatic display of His superiority over the lifeless demonic god, \"the hand of the Lord was heavy against the Ashdodites (Philistines) and He ravaged and smote them with tumours, both Ashdod and its territories,\" (v61).\nThus they discovered that the ark was not a mere trophy of victory, it was the symbol of the presence of the true God who is sovereign over all and the \"hand of the Lord\" shows that it is God Himself who is responsible for this punitive action. He destroyed them by afflicting them \"with plagues\" (emerods; Hebrew opel). The word is used for boils, abscesses, or swellings, and the Septuagint makes it clearer that it was an infection of boils or swellings in, or near, the belly, akin to the bubonic plague, with an outbreak of mice or rats associated with the bubonic plague (cf. 5:9; 6:1).9 After the incidents with the ark in the temple of Dagon, and now the plague, they could not fail to realise that the hand of the Lord was punishing them until, finally, they took counsel and said (v111): \"Send away the ark of the God of Israel, and let it go again to his own place, that it slay us not, and our people.\"\nThe decision of the council of the Lords of the Philistines was that the ark should be \"carried about unto Gath,\" another of the Philistine cities. However, when the ark came to Gath so did the punishing presence of God, and \"the hand of the Lord was against the city with a very great destruction\" and \"tumors broke out upon them\" (v9). When they determined to send the ark on to the third Philistine city, Ekron (v10-11), the Ekronites, having heard of the horrors associated with the ark, tried to send it back to its own place even before it arrived. Nevertheless, many died in Ekron as well, for the plague followed the ark.\nIn 1 Samuel 6:1-16 we read that the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners (Hebrew qasam), who had a great deal of influence in all ancient cultures. We can presume that, like the magicians in the court of Pharaoh (Exodus 8:18-19), they knew enough of the power of the One True God when they saw it, and their advice was to send the ark out with a trespass offering (Hebrew asham). This is the word used for sin offering in the Old Testament, but it is closely related to the whole idea of ransom money or the process of redemption, for it was the belief in most ancient religions that money could be paid to avoid divine punishment. The same Hebrew word is used in Isaiah 53:10 for the offering of the life of the Servant of God who would give His life to redeem His people, and Jesus quoted the passage (Mark 10:45) using the corresponding Greek word for ransom (lutron) to refer to the giving of His own life for us as a sin offering.9 The Philistines offering was to be five golden emerods, or tumors, and five golden mice, images which were symbolic of the plague and which represented the five cities and they therefore offered them with the clear idea that God would know what the ransom money was for and would heal them of the plague.\nWe know from the statement in 1 Samuel 6v5-64 that the priests and diviners of the Philistines were aware of the power of the Israelite God they had offended, for they stated:\n5 \"So you shall make likenesses of your tumors and likenesses of your mice that ravage the land, and you shall give glory to the God of Israel; perhaps He will ease His hand from you, your gods, and your land. 6 \"Why then do you harden your hearts as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When He had severely dealt with them, did they not allow the people to go, and they departed?\nAlthough they were superstitious followers of demons, they were not ignorant people and verses 5 and 6 show that they demonstrated a knowledge of the history of Israel, and a knowledge of theology as well as the power of the Hebrew God who was revealing Himself to the Philistines and others outside of Israel. They hitched two milch cows to the cart carrying the Ark and the box containing the golden mice and the likenesses of the tumors, and tested the effectiveness of their actions by shutting the calves up at home. Natural instinct would cause the cows to follow their calves which were to be led back to the farm just as the cows were turned loose. If the cows went on toward Bethshemesh, the nearest Israelite town, contrary to their natural instincts to follow their calves, then the Philistines reasoned that they could be sure that God had brought the plague upon them. Otherwise they would consider it was chance and a coincidental catastrophe. We read that their query to the Living God was answered, for the cows went straight to Beth-shemesh \"lowing as they went, and did not turn aside to the right or to the left.\"\nWhen the cart came into the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite there was a large stone there and they split the wood of the cart and offered the cows as a burnt offering to the Lord. Although we read that the people of Beth-shemesh were glad to see the ark (1 Samuel 6v13), this did not stop some foolhardy inhabitants looking into it and being struck down:\n\"And He struck down some of the men of Beth-shemesh because they had looked into the ark of the Lord. He struck down of all the people, 50,070 men, and the people mourned because the Lord had struck the people with a great slaughter. And the men of Beth-shemesh said, \"Who is able to stand before the Lord, this holy God? And to whom shall He go up from us?\" (v19-204).\nThey learnt the hard lesson that the ark was to impress the people with the holiness of God and looking at it, or into it, out of mere curiosity or irreverently was not permitted. The lesson of Numbers 4:20 was thus made crystal clear to the people of the city as they began to make the decision as to where the ark is to be taken. They finally decided upon the town of Kirjath-jearim, whose ancient name was Baale of Judah (II Samuel 6:2) and which was located ten miles west of Jerusalem on the road to Lydda, according to Eusebius, and near the modern village of Abu Ghosh.8,10\nThus the Philistines would be left in no doubt that the God of Israel had demonstrated His power over them by deliberately surrendering his Ark into their hands by His own choice, and now He had chosen to remove it from their presence. The whole point of this early part of Samuel is to show God judging His people and leading them back to Himself, and these final sacrifices and the coming of the Levites to perform this sacred task are the beginning of the restoration of order after the calamity of defeat and the destruction of Shiloh as a worship centre. The destruction of Shiloh by the Philistines is also testified to by the archaeological evidence which indicates that it was completely destroyed in the mid-eleventh century.11 Almost five hundred years later the prophet Jeremiah warned the people of Jerusalem not to think of the temple as a magical charm, reminding them of what Yahweh had done long before when their ancestors had made this same mistake (Jeremiah 7v12-141):\n12 But go ye now unto my place which was in Shiloh, where I set my name at the first, and see what I did to it for the wickedness of my people Israel. 13 And now, because ye have done all these works, saith the LORD, and I spake unto you, rising up early and speaking, but ye heard not; and I called you, but ye answered not; 14 Therefore will I do unto this house, which is called by my name, wherein ye trust, and unto the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh.\nThe Lord did not allow the Philistines to completely subjugate all of Israel, but virtually everything west of the Jordan from the southern Desert and much of Galilee was under their control10 and Israel was held in a stranglehold by a hand of iron (cf. I Samuel 13:19-221):\n19 Now there was no smith found throughout all the land of Israel: for the Philistines said, Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears: 20 But all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his (plough)share, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock. 21 Yet they had a file for the mattocks, and for the coulters, and for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen the goads. [Note - verse 21 of the NASB4 reads: \"And the charge was two-thirds of a shekel for the plowshares, the mattocks, the forks, and the axes, and to fix the hoes] 22 So it came to pass in the day of battle, that there was neither sword nor spear found in the hand of any of the people that were with Saul and Jonathan: but with Saul and with Jonathan his son was there found.\nIsrael was now seemingly toothless and, although the plague forced the Philistines to return the ark, her government and her centre of worship were seemingly obliterated. Human reasoning would expect that her religion was also gone, but the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob already had in place a faithful servant called Samuel who would bring a kind of revival.\n(Continued on page 452)" ]

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[ "It's time for our Monthly Flower Spotlight! This month we have chosen the beautiful Delphinium to highlight. This is a wonderful flower that has weaved its way through history and the hearts of some avid flower enthusiasts. Let's take a look at some names, some lore, and a little bit of interesting facts about the Delphinium.\nWhat is a Delphinium?\nDoes the name not ring a bell? That's because it has another name. According to the website Names of Flowers, the Delphinium is a genus name that refers to a large group of perennials. The delphinium is native to the North American hemisphere where it flourishes in the late spring and the summer and produces several different colors. I have even found it in the forests of East Texas. The Delphinium is normally seen in the traditional blue, but comes in a dark purple, red, white, and yellow also.\nThe Delphinium has some interesting folklore and myths attached to it. The flower was said to be sacred to Apollon, the god of light, healing, and poetry. Apollon is also the patron god of the city of Delphi, the city of the Oracle, and the Delphinium was known as Delphinium Apollo as it grew in the city. It is also said that goddess Persephone was gathering the flowers when she was abducted by the god of the underworld, Haides.\nFun Delphinium Facts\nLet's talk about some fun facts about the Delphinium. For one, did you know that it was the birth flower of the month of July? It symbolizes an open heart and has been said to offer protection against lightning and witches, it also was traditionally said to prevent eye diseases. Also, the name comes from the Greek delphis that means dolphin that steams from the curve of the flowers petals.\nHow do Florists Use Delphinium?\nSince delphinium are a tall flower (what we call a line flower,) they are primarily used in tall arrangements vs low round\narrangements. They can extend the lines of bouquets and enhance the visual elements. We use them daily for get well bouquets, birthday bouquets, and funeral flowers. Because of their common blue color, they are used often for flowers for men and patriotic flowers.\nIn addition, the delphinium have several delicate blooms along the tall stem. Those individual blooms can be plucked and used in corsages and bouquets for weddings and prom flowers.\nWhere to Order Blue Flowers?\nOur flower shop in Pasadena TX can create you a beautiful bouquet of blue flowers for delivery. We offer same day flower delivery in Houston and surrounding cities. Plus we have relationships with over 2000 florists across the country.\nAll in all, this is a beautiful flower that you do not want to miss putting in your bouquet. Contact us so we can arrange the perfect array of flowers that will brighten up any day. Call us, order your flowers online, or stop by our store located on Fairmont Parkway in Pasadena.\n4416 Fairmont #104\nPasadena, TX 77504\nFind us on:\nWe are located at:" ]

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[ "Let’s ask ourselves: “How do people find information about my Extension program? How do they find ways to participate?“ Plus the critical follow up: “How much do people like the interactions they have with my team?“\nDoing Extension work well is based on the answers to these fundamental questions. The answers inform how we plan any of our outreach and communication efforts.\nTo reach answers to the questions, everyone on your team must understand the essence of the experiences your constituents have.\nJourney mapping is an exercise we use to shed light on that.\nShine a bright light on any areas where your constituents’ feedback says they have a less-than-perfectly-delightful experience… and your team can make a plan to turn that around!\nWhat is a Constituent Journey Map?\nA journey map is a type of diagram. It’s a visual representation of an experience as viewed from the direct perspective of one constituent (or constituent group) with whom your Extension program interacts. The important piece is that everything in the diagram is meant to capture the experience of your constituents themselves. This is not about your program team’s perspective.\nWhile journey maps come in many different forms, commonly it is represented as a timeline of all the touchpoints between a constituent and your program—i.e. what they see from outreach efforts, materials they read, places they go, and people with whom they talk. This timeline contains information about all channels your constituents use to interact with you.\nA user journey map template. Image: NNGroup\nWhat are the parts of a journey map?\nA journey map facilitates analysis of a journey in elements like:\n- Persona – what are the characteristics of an average program participant or constituent\n- Stages — does the journey proceed through distinct phases of interaction?\n- Incremental steps — such as those that help complete a specific process\n- Touchpoints — how does the person come in contact with your program?\n- Technology used (if any)\n- Amount of effort — is the constituent passively receiving info or filling out a form (or other task), e.g.\nWhat design problems do journey maps help us solve?\nPrimarily, the goal is to visualize how a constituent interacts with our services and allows program design to occur in a way that takes a constituent’s point of view into account. The approach leads to:\n- Improved services to a specific audience\n- Helping discover ways to align audience’s experience with your program’s strategic priorities\n- Exploring potential problems that may have arisen in surveys or feedback\n- Planning for a transition or change in direction\nThis fosters a constituent-centric approach to designing our efforts, which ultimately leads to a better experience for them.\nExample of a completed constituent journey map\nThe seven steps to create a journey map\n1. Choose scope\nThe scope of the constituent journey map can vary from the high level showing complete, end-to-end experience to a more detailed map focusing on one particular engagement—for example, registering for a workshop.\n2. Create a persona\nWho is your constituent? In constituent-centered design and communication planning, personas are profiles of fictional characters created to represent the different types of Oregonians that have similar service needs. A persona should be created based on information you have about your audience(s). Having solid information about an audience will help prevent making false assumptions.\nTips for creating a persona:\n- Collaborate with team members who interact directly with this audience\n- Look for commonalities and patterns among various individuals\n- You may create multiple personas to represent different groups\n- Base your persona characteristics on data you have collected\n3. Define the constituent’s expectations\nIt is important to define what expectations the people in the specified audience may have about the interactions described in the journey map. For example, one scenario may be a person using a Google search to find information pertaining to a workshop. Here, the expectation may be that the workshop’s title will appear in the search results and the link will proceed to a page full of detailed information on the webpage.\nMeaning that in some cases, the expectation is fairly simple and straightforward. In other cases, more complexity is involved. The key is to be on the lookout for where things get more complicated. This can lead you to the source of frustration—one of the pain points mentioned below—some will feel when they’re trying to complete a task.\n4. List all the touchpoints\nTouchpoints are actions taken by the constituent and also interactions they have with your program. It is important to identify all main touchpoints to establish as much empathy as possible for how, where, and when your constituents add to the perception they have of your program and how it communicates out into the world.\n5. Take constituent intention into account\nWhat motivates your constituents to engage with your program, to view online content, or to sign up for newsletters? Another way to look at this is to ask what specific problems are people hoping to solve when they decide to reach out to you online? Different segments of your audience will have different reasons for engaging.\nLet’s use an average e-commerce website as an example. There is a difference between a shopper who is just browsing through many options and one who wants to arrive to the website to accomplish a specific purchase. The design choices on how to display information or options—such as a “buy now” button—would take the differences into account.\nFor each journey map, it’s vital to understand:\n- Motivation – why are they trying to do it?\n- Channels – where are interactions taking place\n- Actions – the actual behaviors and steps taken by people\n- Pain points – what challenges arise as people are trying to complete tasks\n6. Create a first draft of your journey map\nMark Kindred will work with you, guiding the process of filling in the components of your team’s journey map. Or simply start building your own map. Try to account for all the timeline elements that you can related to your program. This can be a fun exercise, and the idea is the results will have a positive effect on all the various types of communications you have with your audiences.\n7. Perform an assessment and refine the map\nIt is important to point out that journey maps should result in truthful narratives (or as close as you can get).\nYou should plan to use information from the Extension website’s content analytics dashboard as evidence that your journey map resembles real use cases. Gather and analyze information about your audiences on a regular basis. For example, participant feedback (do you send out online surveys?) is something that can be used to improve your team’s understanding of their experiences.\nYour journey map assessment yields:\n- Where are the opportunities to combine separate steps to produce a streamlined experience?\n- Which steps represent pain points people experience and how might those be changed to improve the experience?\n- Which steps require exerting the most effort and how might you reduce the effort?\n- Where do people encounter a “moment of truth” type of event that makes or breaks their experience or leads to different outcomes (perhaps different than intended)?\nThe most critical thing to remember is that the goal here is to create a journey map that helps everyone share the same vision for your program.\nYou may start collecting the parts of the map today and share them with your team or colleagues who are familiar with the audience you’re serving. Let them weigh in and make it more and more accurate.\nMake it possible for everyone on your team to examine the entire experience from the constituents’ point of view then leverage the information while designing various aspects of your program.\nExtension website updates.\n- The Extension web team is aware of recent incidents of website pages that may load more slowly than normal and is investigating the issue to get it resolved. An important point is slow load times seem to be isolated to Extension employees who are logged in to the website content management system at the time. The web team does not expect average visitors to be impacted by this issue. If you have any questions, please contact us via the support form.\n- Information about Content Teams and Web Groups has been updated on the Content Teams/Web Groups page. Please review the information for a content team or group with which you are involved for accuracy." ]

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[ "HIS MASTER'S VOICE\n\"The cartoon speaks not a varied but a vigorous language. That the 'master's voice' is potent in politics needs only a brief citation to demonstrate.\nThe saloonist's voice whispered in the ear of the Democratic politicians in New York, and two brewers and one distiller were dropped on the Democratic electoral ticket in this State. The voice had previously prompted the Republican legislators, and no improvement was made in the iniquities of the Raines law.\nThe master got in his siren's song in Ohio, and the g. o. p. sneezed whenever saloonist George B. Cox took snuff.\nThe 'master's voice' got in its fine persuasion in Washington, and the Hepburn-Dolliver bill was first emasculated in committee, and then laid over in the Congressional death-house.\"\n(from Prohibition Cartoons by D.F. Stewart and H.W. Wilbur, Defender Publishing Company, 1904)" ]

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[ "Brambles, in particular, protect and nourish young fruit trees, and on farms bramble clumps (blackberry or one of its related cultivars) can be used to exclude deer and cattle from newly set trees. As the trees (apple, quince, plum, citrus, fig) age, and the brambles are shaded out, hoofed animals come to eat fallen fruit, and the mature trees (7 plus years old) are sufficiently hardy to withstand browsing. Our forest ancestors may well have followed some such sequences for orchard evolution, assisted by indigenous birds and mammals.\nThe tragic reality is that very few sustainable systems are designed or applied by those who hold power, and the reason for this is obvious and simple: to let people arrange their own food, energy and shelter is to lose economic and political control over them. We should cease to look to power structures, hierarchical systems, or governments to help us, and devise ways to help ourselves.\nA great many film stars perched on unstable ravine edges in the canyon systems of Los Angeles will, like the cemeteries there, eventually slide down to join their unfortunate fellows in the canyon floors, with mud, cars, and embalmed or living film stars in one glorious muddy mass. We should not lend our talents to creating such spectacular catastrophes...\nThe greatest change we need to make is from consumption to production, even if on a small scale, in our own gardens. If only 10% of us do this, there is enough for everyone. Hence the futility of revolutionaries who have no gardens, who depend on the very system they attack, and who produce words and bullets, not food and shelter.\nPermaculture is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protracted and thoughtless labor; and of looking at plants and animals in all their functions, rather than treating any area as a single product system\nSitting at our back doorsteps, all we need to live a good life lies about us. Sun, wind, people, buildings, stones, sea, birds and plants surround us. Cooperation with all these things brings harmony, opposition to them brings disaster and chaos." ]

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[ "Energy load profiling is an essential part of any CHP project, from the initial feasibility study to system installation.\nThe simultaneous generation of electrical power and thermal energy from a single source such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP), when compared to energy consumption of electricity from the national grid and heating/hot water from conventional boilers, provides energy users with a means to significant energy savings and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.\nHowever, to achieve its maximum impact, a CHP system needs to operate for as many hours as possible with simultaneous power and heating demands. If the CHP is not running, it will not make savings, and as a result it will not provide the expected financial return on its initial investment. Probably the major cause of underperforming CHP is incorrect sizing.\n1. Why is the correct CHP size important?\nElectricity supplies and heating systems are normally sized to meet a site’s maximum or peak demand or load, and then operated at reduced levels for much of the time. It will be inefficient to operate CHP in this way since a CHP unit is much less electrically efficient when operating at part load than at maximum load, if the load is too low then the CHP unit will not operate at all.\nThe best performing CHP schemes are the ones that utilise both the generated power and heat simultaneously, the reason for this is that the value of the electricity generated by the CHP unit is approximately equal to the cost of the gas consumed and the operational and maintenance costs. Therefore it is the utilisation of the ‘free heat’ that ultimately drives CHP economics.\nFor example, oversized CHP that runs at part-load output will not operate for enough hours and reduce the savings while an oversized CHP that can’t use all of the outputs of the CHP may miss out on savings from green tax incentives available for highly efficient or ‘Good Quality’ CHP.\nIn contrast, undersized CHPs will operate at full output but will then miss out on potential savings because of a shortfall in energy demand that could have been supplied by a larger unit.\n2. Matching energy demands – load profiling\nThe optimal operating regime of CHP is therefore to find the best match for a site’s energy demands – exactly how much electricity and thermal energy does a site need and, of specific importance, when does it need it?\nEnergy consumption information (preferably half-hourly data) can be obtained from:\nExisting monitoring systems, e.g. BEMS.\nThis information is used to calculate the site’s energy load profiles. Plotting the data against time will produce a pattern of how and when energy is consumed – on a half-hourly, daily, weekly and monthly basis. This is extremely important as invariably there will be differences in energy demand at different times of the day, week, etc. The more accurate the data, the more accurate will be the sizing of the CHP system.\n3. Deciding on the best match\nCHP systems are often sized to meet the site’s minimum demand or baseload so to ensure maximum operating hours. The CHP operates as ‘lead boiler’ with secondary boilers supplying the energy at peak times.\nIt may also be worthwhile considering a larger CHP, especially if the extra heat energy produced could be utilised or thermally stored; otherwise it still may be economic to reject the heat energy into the atmosphere during the summer months.\nIt may also be economically viable to size CHP systems to:\nLoad follow or ‘track’ the site’s actual electrical or heat demand.\nOperate at a maximum electrical or head load output, exporting any surplus energy when required.\nPlotting a site’s specific levels of heat demand against the number of hours annually produces a ‘load duration curve’.\nFor example, it could be seen that multiple CHP units would be a possible solution, especially useful where energy needs to be cascaded, i.e. fluctuating loads.\nCHP systems for new schemes, such as building developments or district heating networks, where energy consumption data isn’t yet available, will need to be sized using comparison data from similar existing schemes or by using modelling software.\n4. Avoiding the pitfalls\nInaccurate energy data, if used for load profiling, will inevitably result in a poorly sized and underperforming CHP system. Probably one of the most common pitfalls is making decisions based on incorrect assumptions or out-of-date information. This is particularly prevalent where data has been gathered from meter readings etc. and then energy efficiency measures have been subsequently introduced that have then reduced the site’s electrical and/or thermal energy demands.\n5. Performance checks\nHistorical load profile data can be used to verify the CHP’s performance during the installation’s initial system commissioning, and throughout the first year’s operation, to check the system is matching the required demands.\nIt can also be used for regular ongoing checks to ensure optimal CHP system efficiency and to highlight if any changes have been made on site that could impact on the CHP’s output.\nA load profile gives the shape of the existing energy consumption pattern, which has to be considered prior to designing and installing a CHP system.\nThe important question is whether the consumption pattern is balanced and the timeframe between generation and consumption needs to be considered too.\nThe load profile can be calculated from a number of sources, or a model if the building or site hasn’t been constructed yet, but it must take into account seasonal variability.\nBe mindful of the three main pitfalls – planning, practicality and timing." ]

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[ "Perception is reality. More specifically, YOUR perception is YOUR reality.\nUnderstanding this is critical to how you view circumstances and your life in general. We do not interact directly with reality. We filter everything through our senses. We take the empirical evidence we see, hear, taste, smell and feel; then extract meaning from it. We determine that meaning based on our understanding of how the world works. This means our reality is largely created by combining what we sense with what we already understand. So, we take a limited sample of facts, blend it with our narrow story to create our perception of reality. This individualized recipe for reality explains why we have so many conflicting opinions. Conservative vs. liberal, Apple vs. Android, Yankees vs. Red Sox. If you listen to the arguments without having a bias yourself, the opposing viewpoints can sound convincing. At the same time, they present alternative realities that seem to be unable to coexist. When we recognize our perception of reality is based on the intersection of facts we know and the story we tell, we better understand how different people can have world views that are polar opposites.\nSo, the story you tell yourself has incredible power over your reality. You may be cast in your story as the victorious hero, the underdog against huge odds, the lovable fool, the helpful sidekick, an unlucky loser who can’t get a break, or even the villain. This story colors reality differently and affects how you see the world around you. By controlling the story you tell yourself, you gain power to influence the reality you experience.\nWe are pattern recognition “machines.”\nNo one has all the facts. We build the puzzle of reality with a small fraction of the actual puzzle pieces. The rest of the picture we fill in using the incredible human capacity for pattern recognition. For example – when you visit a hotel, you may find the toilet tissue has been folded. With just that bit of information, you fill in the gaps and create a story telling you the maid has been in the hotel room and has cleaned it since the last guest’s stay.\nAl Seckel’s Ted talk shows how this pattern recognition skill can lead to misinterpretations. If we can be so wrong about small things like a pattern in a vase or the size and shape of a table, then we could conceivably be wrong about significant things as well.\nOur perception of our lives could be misinterpreted just as easily. You may mistakenly think the world is out to get you when it would be much more helpful to believe others are cheering for your success. You may believe everything will fall apart if you’re not in control, but delegating to others would help you be more effective. Maybe you think pacifying someone who disagrees with you is your best option, but you would do better to stick to your guns even if it rocks the boat.\n“You are the storyteller of your own life, and you can create your own legend or not.”\n“Carpenters bend wood; fletchers bend arrows; wise men fashion themselves.”\n“Make your life itself a creative work of art.”\n—Mike Ray, The Highest Goal\nThe above quotes are from Tom Peter’s ebook, Radical Personal Development.\nSo, what do you do now?\n- Get other perspectives.\nFind trusted advisors in your life you can use as sounding boards. These should not be people who completely agree with your worldview. Be willing to hear and consider opinions that may be in complete opposition to your own. Look for solutions created in unrelated industries or markets. You may find innovative solutions that have been applied in other areas will help you with your application. By getting other perspectives, you can obtain a 3-dimensional view of reality instead of your 2-dimensional perception.\n- Step back.\nTake time to get some space from the work at hand. Spend some moments meditating and/or praying about your perception of things. Take a walk or visit an art gallery. Do something that engages your body, but leaves your mind idle. Your subconscious may tap into answers hidden in the corner of your mind. Open yourself up to alternate possibilities and see if you receive any new insight.\n- Craft the story you want your life to tell.\nAre you happy with the story your telling? If not, what do you want your story to be? Wrestle with this question and build an epic story worthy of your life’s work… because that’s exactly what it is. Your life’s work. In the end, if your story were a movie, you shouldn’t be left wanting a refund on your ticket.\nBy considering your perspective and adjusting your story, you may find that you have more power over reality than you realized. You can’t change facts so that you’re 5 inches taller or so your distant and rich uncle leaves you a million dollars tomorrow. But you can see yourself in a new way and realize that opportunities exist in every moment. At least, that’s the story I’m telling myself right now." ]

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[ "Symbolic Objects And Characters Of Hedda Gabler English Literature Essay\n|✅ Paper Type: Free Essay||✅ Subject: English Literature|\n|✅ Wordcount: 1482 words||✅ Published: 1st Jan 2015|\nThe two great playwrights of the 19th century, August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen played a significant role in the fruition of modern day naturalism/ realism. Both the playwrights were opponents so much so that Hedda Gabler was written by Ibsen as a comeback to Strindberg’s Miss Julie. Even though both plays finish with the suicide of the principal character, the conditions because of which they take place are poles apart.\nThe unchanged setting of “Hedda Gabler,” is symbolic of the household cage into which Hedda, as a woman and wife, had been limited to.\nThe struggle of Hedda as a obedient wife and affectionate mother can be made clear by her manly childhood and the physically powerful father figure that dictates her unconscious being even though there is no mention of him by her even once.\nThe pistols, which her father gives her, are symbols of masculine supremacy and antagonism, giving Hedda immense power, so much so that she uses it to harm people around her in the self-centred desire to make some sense of her life. They fear in Judge Brack when he initially visits Hedda, his nasty intentions signified by his using the back way. More significantly they are the tool through which Hedda can be in command of another “human being’s fate,” Lovborg’s. Paradoxically the pistol also leads to her downfall when Brack uses it to bring her under his control.\ndisturbed by Lovborg’s accidental death, her world of illusion is completely shattered and she reached out to the ultimate vision wherein she perpetrates an act, which she consider s brave, is that of shooting herself through the temple with the pistol for it was essential for her to achieve freedom .\nThe easy chair representing the throne, the seat of power is possessed by Hedda who sits in it, suggesting that she is powerful though in the domestic sphere. In her realtion with Tesman she is stronger for he is at her beck and call like a faithful appreciative husband –\n“It’s so jolly waiting on you, Hedda.” \nMoreover, when Brack first comes to call in Act 1, her behaviour\n“[lying back and reaching out her hand]” \nseem to suggest her majestic air.\nOne can see a shift in power as the play develops further when Brack’s later visits, Hedda she is again sitting on the chair but Brack through calculating means seizes the throne and gains control over Hedda. Overthrown and feeble Hedda is motivated to commit suicide.\nThe stove, being symbol of damage, a feature related to Hedda , comes to the forefront in the scene where Hedda selfishly burns the manuscript in the stove .The reader is left thinking that Hedda destroys Lovborg’s.\n“vision of the future,” \nHis hope of spiritual salvation and realization of his ideals. The ruthless murder of a child is unpardonable despite the independence of her bringing everything under control which leads her to commit such a crime.\nSuch a portrayal of a woman, her monstrous desires and her somewhat complicated psychological state cannot be effectively developed without these symbols.\nMiss Julie appears like a power game controlled by Jean and Julie, in which the male without doubt wins. Strindberg describes the character of Julie as a ‘half-woman’- for she is unaware of her position in society and makes every attempt to overpower a male.\nBelonging to an aristocratic family, she is socially superior to Jean who was her father’s servant. Right from the onset of the play .She tries to assert positively in her social status over Jean .It is through the animal imagery in Miss Julie that a glimpse is given of the society which believes in the lack of equality among people belonging to different social statures. At the same time it is also reflective of those belonging to the lower strata always vying to succeed and become a person of a higher status.\nIt is through the description given by Jean to Kristen that we are made aware as to the treatment meted out to ex-fiancé by miss Julie before the break-up.\n“Why, she was making him jump over her riding whip the way you teach a dog to jump.” \nA dogs unflinching loyalty is what makes it a man’s best friend . it is this comparison of the treating ones ex-fiancé as someone would do to a dog shows Miss Julies constrain to be the governing one or the master. Strindberg again reinforces Miss Julies pride in the superiority of her social status when Miss Julie says,\n“dog who wears my collar” \nto Jean equating their relationship to be that of a master and his dog.\nHowever the turning point occurs when later in the play Julie expresses her desires to be dominated break and that gives a platform to Jean to rise.\nBoth the pairs share with each other a dream which is almost prophetic. Julie in her dream perceives herself at the top, but and is unable to come down and she truly wishes to be on the ground. She reveals that she would “Want to sink lower, lower.” when she would reach the ground.\nAt the same time, Jean dreams of the image when he is resting in harmony with nature and his desire to be up in the air and be able to see the view. However the only difficulty being that the first branch is too far above the ground, but he says “I know if I can only reach it, I could shin up the rest like a ladder” .\nBy “First branch” Jean is of course hinting at Miss Julie. He sees Julie as a way of gaining his position into a higher social class. The dreams turn into reality, as Julie longs to be subjugated.\nBy the last part of the play, Jean has complete control over Julie and this relates to the dream he has had before which was corresponding with Miss Julie dream. The progression from a lackey to wine drinker parallels the progression in his life and heightens the power which is new to him. Furthermore the power that he has achieved is brought out by an event in the play when he has mental control over Julie to such an extent that she tries to convince him into having a physical relationship with her.\n“Help me. Give me orders; I’ll obey like a dog. One last service: Save my name, my honour. You know what I want to do, and can’t. Make me, will me to do it, order me.” .\nThis phrase reveals the opposition of the power which miss Julie had in the beginning but now it has been passed on to jean. Julie wants to save the respect of her name by slaughtering herself, but Julie is indecisive. She is forcibly made to realise that she is lower to Jean, which is a straight outcome of the author’s own attitude. Again the power which Jean has achieved had been augmented as Julie expresses her need for him to allow her to kill herself and it is to the level that she is grateful to him for having allowed her.\nStrindberg’s Miss Julie is a straight demonstration of his own idea. It exhibits the spectacular rise of Jean, a servant, and its parallel effects on “Her Ladyship” Miss Julie, a powerful lady in terms of her belonging to the higher strata of society, but reduced because of her femininity.\nThere are clearly implied similarities between Miss Julie and the female protagonist in Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler. Throughout the plays the protagonists, Hedda and Julie have constantly being suffering through many hindrances and oppression. Although the major difference is that Hedda does not allow herself to be manoeuvred by anyone and maintains it till the end with the belief that she is equal to the man. It could also be said that Ibsen wrote Hedda Gabler as a reaction to Strindberg’s portrayal of a sex war and hatred towards women in Miss Julie.\nCite This Work\nTo export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below:\nRelated ServicesView all\nDMCA / Removal Request\nIf you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please:" ]

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[ "Bicycle Footwear for Women in 1898\nWhen the second bicycle craze hit in the 1890s, so too did the controversy over what bicycle footwear was right for those females who rode bicycles. A transformation was taking place in the feminine bicycle boot, with extremes going from one to the other. “Mannish young women” had become all the rage and their choice of bicycle boots created a juxtaposition against low shoe or the Parisian bicycler with her French heel, “suggestive of tight corsets, over elaborate coiffures … and befrilled gowns.”\nDespite fears that riders might suffer from bicycle face, when women first took to wheeling, “instructors in the academies advised them to ride in high boots with heavy soles and low heels,” but after doing so, many women found such boots uncomfortable and some looked for a shoe instead. Experience soon taught feminine bicyclers that women’s legs came in all sorts, shapes, and sizes and what might be viewed as beautiful or practical on one woman’s foot was anything but beautiful or practical on another.\nFrench women thought their bicycle footwear was the best and claimed they had it all figured out with their boot. They noted:\n“The most fashionable bicycle boot is now made with a French heel — just like the slipper of a French court beauty. The girls who ride a wheel have been determined from the start that their leg and foot should look attractive, and the French heel is the outcome of much persistent effort on their part. The newest bicycle boot is three-quarter length. It is made of the softest kid, frequently patent leather trimmed, and has a high, pert little heel. It can be bought in many designs, plain or elaborate, but always the high is there if the latest model is selected.”\nGermans thought the answer to the perfect bicycle footwear was the boot they created for women, which they maintained was for the “average bicyclist.” An example of their vision is shown below. Although it was short in height, it also embraced the French heel and unlike the more rounded toes of the French boot, it ended in a pinching fine point at the toe. The German version was also created from two kinds of kid leather, “glazed kid and mat surface, both of the same color: the combination setting off the fanciful cut of the upper,” with the “deep goring” matching the leather.\nFor some people, neither the French or German versions were sufficient. They declared there was no perfect boot as all boots had no “one redeeming feature.” These wheelers cared more about comfortable and practicality than beauty. They argued against high boots in general and claimed they detested them because they were “uncomfortable” and “horrid.” Those that hated high boots insisted that if they were “laced tight enough to give the ankle and calf a trim appearance, they interfere[d] with any easy ankle motion and stop[ped] the circulation.” There were also complaints that high boots should be worn only during inclement weather as boots were so hot and uncomfortable during most seasons, but particularly in the summer when “riding [was] anything but a pleasure.”\nSome people also asserted that just as women’s legs and feet came in all different shapes and sizes, so too did women’s likes and dislikes. They argued that bicycle footwear should be based on a bicyclist’s preference, which meant bicyclists did not just need to wear boots, they could also wear low shoes. Nineteenth century feminine bicycle riders who liked high boots and purchased them regularly were said to be “the very stout and the very angular.” They claimed when wheeling about the countryside high boots held “the flesh firmly in place and [kept] it from jouncing up and down [unlike] … a thin lisle thread or silk stocking.” The women who preferred the thin stocking and low shoe asserted something entirely different:\n“The only comfortable footgear for the pedal pusher [was] a thin stocking and low shoe … [as] no work whatever is done with the foot. It merely rests on the pedal and the ankle does the rest.”\n- Boot and Shoe Recorder, Vol. 33, 1898, p.51.\n- Ibid., p. 95.\n- Ibid., p. 51.\n- Ibid. p. 29.\n- Ibid., p. 95.\n- Ibid.\n- Ibid.\n- Ibid.\n- Ibid.\nLeave a Comment" ]

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[ "Shanghai (& Seoul / globally), 29 October 2013\nRecent survey of the Chinese coastline by the conservation network ‘SBS in China’ supported by 15 waterbird experts from the international Spoon-billed Sandpiper (SBS) Task Force(1), including the Korean NGO Birds Korea(2), confirms the outstanding international importance of intertidal wetlands in Jiangsu Province.\nThe survey was conducted from October 15th-19th along 120km of coastline near Rudong, Jiangsu Province, China. At least 140 Spoon-billed Sandpiper, 1200 Nordmann’s Greenshank and ‘internationally important concentrations’ of several other waterbird species as defined by the intergovernmental Ramsar Convention on wetlands(3) were recorded.\nOnce found in flocks of hundreds in the Nakdong Estuary and in large numbers at Saemangeum, the fast-declining and Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpiper(4) now has an estimated world population of only 300 individuals, making it one of the world’s rarest migratory bird species. The 140 recorded during this survey is the highest number seen anywhere in the world since 185 were counted in Saemangeum in 1999, before seawall closure there. The survey also made the largest ever count of the globally Endangered Nordmann’s Greenshank. Both species depend on the most naturally-productive and healthy intertidal wetlands, during migration especially in the Yellow Sea.\nMany of the most important intertidal wetlands along the Jiangsu coast are still threatened by continuing reclamation for agricultural and industrial development. However, local and provincial authorities now recognise the international importance of the area and this month designated a protected area in Rudong for Spoon-billed Sandpiper, along with additional areas to conserve shellfish stocks.\nStated Jing Li (Coordinator of SBS in China), “Our surveys confirm the intertidal wetlands of Rudong as the most important remaining stopover site for the Spoon-billed Sandpiper during its entire 8000km long migration route. Protecting these remaining internationally important intertidal wetlands is vital for the sandpiper’s survival, and also for the maintenance of the shellfishery and other vital services provided by tidal-flats. We urgently need more conservation action in China and elsewhere in the Yellow Sea to prevent this and other tidal-flat species from going extinct.”\n“We now believe the entire world population of the adults of both Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Nordmannn’s Greenshank are staging at the highly productive intertidal flats on the coast of Rudong” added Dr Nigel Clark from BTO in the UK.\nThe survey was followed by a two-day workshop(5) hosted by the Rudong government. Workshop participants were encouraged by the commitment of local and provincial government to stop illegal hunting along the coast and to designate a protected area for the Spoon-billed Sandpiper.\n“This is a historic moment in the conservation of the species” stated Dr Christoph Zöckler of the SBS Task Force. Prof. Chang Qing, of Nanjing Normal University added: “We now hope to create a working group of local government and NGOs that involves all stakeholders in the future planning of wetland reserves and their management.”\nIn conclusion, Dr. Nial Moores (Director, Birds Korea) stated: “The Spoon-billed Sandpiper is Korea’s rarest migratory bird species. Reclamation at Saemangeum and along the coast has resulted in a massive population decline of the Spoon-billed Sandpiper and many other species. Their declines signal the loss of our nation’s most important tidal-flats – along with important fisheries and other ecological services. This year we counted only 20 or so Spoon-billed Sandpiper nationwide in Korea(6). The survey in Jiangsu shows that most of these fly from Korea to China as part of their migration. There is an urgent need, as called for by international conventions and agreements, to conserve the Yellow Sea’s remaining tidal-flats. We need tidal-flat restoration not reclamation. If not, the charismatic Spoon-billed Sandpiper will soon become extinct”.\n|Jing Li||SBS in [email protected]|\n|Dr. Christoph Zöckler||SBS Task Force [email protected]|\n|Kim Minseon||EAAFP Program [email protected]|\n|Dr. Nial Moores||Birds Korea (SBS Task Force NGO member in ROK) (English language)||[email protected]|\n|Park Meena||Birds Korea (SBS Task Force NGO member in ROK) (Korean language)||[email protected]|\nNotes to editors\n|(1)||The international Spoon-billed Sandpiper Task Force is set up under the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership to implement conservation measures to reverse the declines in the Critically Endangered Spoon-billed Sandpiper, a small sandpiper with a uniquely shaped bill that nests in the Russian Arctic, and migrates through Eastern Asia to winter in Southern and SE Asia http://www.eaaflyway.net/spoon-billed-sandpiper.php\nExperts in the survey team came from the Republic of Korea, Russia, Japan, Myanmar, the UK and the US.\n|(2)||Birds Korea is a legally-registered Korean NGO with an office in Busan. Birds Korea has been the SBS Task Force NGO member for the Republic of Korea since 2006.\n|(3)||The intergovernmental Ramsar Convention on Wetlands:\nRamsar criteria for identifying internationally important wetlands:\n|(4)||Critically Endangered: a Species “Facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future” (IUCN (2013): http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_2_3|\n|(5)||The survey and workshop was generously funded by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the German Manfred Hermsen Foundation as well as supported with donations collected at the Helgoland Bird Days in 2012. The workshop held immediately after the survey on 20-21 October in Rudong, was co-hosted with the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Jiangsu Province, and the Nantong and Rudong local governments.|\n|(6)||Between August-October 2013, Spoon-billed Sandpipers were recorded in the ROK at: Song Do, Incheon (1); Geum Estuary (12- 15); within Saemangeum reclamation area (4); and at the Nakdong Estuary (3).|" ]

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[ "Dog dentists could save lives\nPosted on October 7, 2009 under Pet Health & Safety\nExperts in the veterinary field have cautioned dog owners that poor dental health in their pets could case life-threatening diseases.\nA veterinary columnist for the Irish Independent recently published warnings and advice to dog owners that indicate the benefits of canine dental checkups far exceed a sparkling smile for the pup.\nThe writer indicates that complications such as abscesses in organs, kidney failure and endocarditis could begin with infections of the gums or oral cavity and ultimately deteriorate the pet’s health and shorten its life.\nDoctors Foster & Smith, a Wisconsin based operator of animal hospitals and pet supply cataloger, warns that the buildup of tartar under a dog’s gums may result in the accumulation of bacteria and eventually periodontal disease. According to their Pet Education website, \"As bacterial growth continues to increase, the bacteria may enter the bloodstream. This can cause infection of the heart valves, liver kidneys.\"\nThe pet experts say that treatment by veterinarians can stop the disease from developing further, and daily oral care at home with a regular human toothbrush can prevent the affliction at the start.\nDoctors Foster & Smith says dog owners should watch for bad breath, red or swollen gums, discolored teeth, or strange bumps as indications to visit a veterinarian." ]

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[ "Born in Hudson, Ohio in 1821, John Brown, Jr. was the oldest child of abolitionist John Brown and his first wife Diantha Lusk. During the Civil War, John Brown, Jr. served as Captain of Co. K of the Seventh Kansas Cavalry. In 1862 John Brown Jr. moved to Put-in-Bay, where he lived for the rest of his life, a well respected citizen. The 1880 Census lists John Brown, Jr. as a grape grower, living in Put-in-Bay with his wife Wealthy and children John and Edith. Edith would later marry Thomas B. Alexander, an actor and Mayor of Put-in-Bay for many years.\nJohn Brown, Jr. died on May 2, 1895. Funeral services were held under the auspices of Science Lodge, F. and A.M. Masonic ritual was adhered to throughout the entire service. Judge E. M. Colver gave the eulogy. Judge Colver paid a glowing tribute to Mr. Brown, stating that John Brown, Jr.’s “name was connected with the greatest pages of America’s history.” The judge continued, “He was a disciple of truth and his life exemplified that great truism, ‘an honest man is the noblest work of God’ ”\nSanduskian James M. French paid tribute to John Brown, Jr. on behalf of the people of color of Ohio. He spoke of the sacrificial spirit of the Brown family. “The lesson to be carried away is that we should have a renewed inspiration for progress and advancement in our civil and educational lives, to show our appreciation for what was done in our behalf.”\nActive pall bearers were appointed from the G.A.R. and the local Masonic lodges: H.G. Schumacher, T. F. Spencer, A. A. Magill, S. C. Wheeler, C. F. Steen, and S.R. Irvine. Honorary pall bearers were: Capt. John Stone, J. J. Stranahan, Jackson Jones, Home Ennis, Capt. George Brown, and D. P. Vroman\nLydia J. Ryall included a sketch of the life of John Brown, Jr. in her 1913 book Sketches and Stories of the Lake Erie Islands, available in the Archives Research Center of the Sandusky Library. An earlier edition of Ms. Ryall’s book, under the pen name Theresa Thorndale is found at Google Books. The papers of John Brown, Jr., including many letters, are found at the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center. The Genealogical Project of the Lake Erie Islands Historical Society features a page on its website dedicated to the Brown Family." ]

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[ "Data Manipulation Language (DML) triggers are special types of stored procedures that operate on tables and views in a SQL Server database. These triggers are invoked when data is inserted, updated, or deleted. There are two potential scopes for these DML triggers; INSTEAD-OF the operation or AFTER the operation. INSTEAD-OF triggers are typically used with views and happen (you guessed it) instead of the actual INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operation. AFTER triggers, what we'll be focusing on today, occur after the operation has occurred.\nIt is worth noting that of this writing, there is no such thing as a “BEFORE trigger” in the SQL Server world. It is my hopes that this is remedied in a future release.\nWhen an operation occurs on a table with an AFTER trigger attach to it, such as an INSERT statement, the following actions occur:\n1. Constraints are checked to ensure that the INSERT does not violate any defined rules.\n2. The record is added to the table.\n3. The trigger is invoked.\nThe AFTER trigger always occurs AFTER the original DML statement occurs. However, these triggers still execute in the context of the original transaction. So, you can roll these transactions back in your AFTER trigger but only after all of the work has been done by the DML statement.\nDML triggers have access to two special tables that store a copy of the data involved in the DML operation. Below is an outline of these tables.\nINSERTED - this pseudo table holds values for INSERT and UPDATE operations. The structure of this table ALWAYS mimics the table where the data was modified. For INSERT operations, this table holds the newly inserted values. For UPDATE operations, this table holds the new set of values: the values that the field(s) were updated to.\nDELETED - this pseudo table holds values for UPDATE and DELETE operations. The structure of this table ALWAYS mimics the table where the data was modified. For UPDATE operations, this table holds the old set of values: the values that the columns in the table held BEFORE the update occurred. For DELETE operations, this table holds the set of record(s) that were deleted.\nAnother MAJOR point with triggers is that the data you have access to in the trigger occurs at the BATCH level, and never EVER at the row level. There is absolutely no built-in functionality in SQL Server to handle records in a trigger row-by-row. To see how you can handle these situations, see my article here\nSo, lets take a look at how the INSERTED and DELETED tables are used when a DML statement occurs inside an AFTER trigger.\nFirst, I'll create a table and insert some data into it.\nNow I'll define an AFTER trigger on the TestTable table.\nCREATE TABLE TestTable\nID INT IDENTITY(1,1),\nValueField INT DEFAULT(1),\nNewGuid UNIQUEIDENTIFIER DEFAULT(NEWID())\nINSERT INTO TestTable DEFAULT VALUES\nThis trigger will be invoked whenever an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE occurs and simply outputs the values from the INSERTED and DELETED tables to the screen.\nNow that I have my trigger defined, I want to test it.\nCREATE TRIGGER TR_TestTable_IUD\nAFTER INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE\nSELECT 'INSERTED' AS TableName, * FROM INSERTED\nSELECT 'DELETED' AS TableName, * FROM DELETED\nIn the script below I'll insert a single value.\nINSERT INTO TestTable DEFAULT VALUES\nMy output from this statement is below.\nNotice that only the INSERTED table contains values. This is due to the fact that for an INSERT operation, this table contains the newly inserted values into the table.\nNow I'll delete a single record from the table.\n(Note: the following syntax for the DELETE and UPDATE operations will only work for SQL Server 2005 and later.)\nDELETE TOP(1) FROM TestTable\nThe output from the DELETE statement is below.\nNotice this time that only the DELETED table contains data.\nFinally, I'll run an UPDATE statement on the table to update a single record.\nUPDATE TOP(1) t\nSET ValueField = ValueField + 1\nFROM TestTable t\nAnd, here's the output.\nNotice this time that the INSERTED and DELETED tables both contain data. The INSERTED table contains the NEW values; the DELETED table, the OLD values.\nSo, that's how you can define a basic SQL Server AFTER trigger. To recap: we took a look at how you can define the trigger structure, how you can define the DML events that will invoke the trigger, and how the INSERTED and DELETE pseudo tables are populated based on the operation type." ]

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[ "Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville: An Analysis\n|✅ Paper Type: Free Essay||✅ Subject: English Language|\n|✅ Wordcount: 1213 words||✅ Published: 1st Sep 2017|\n“Bartleby the Scrivener” was written by Herman Melville in 1853. The book is about a scrivener named Bartleby, and he continuously answers people’s questions with “I would prefer not to” (Melville 9). In this short story, Melville is asking his readers what makes people stand out from the crowd, and what makes us individual, independent, and unique? Independence and individuality definitely both have a big role in this story. While being independent and unique are two great things to be, there is a point when you can take it too far, to the point where it starts to affect your life. Conflict often produces character and at times will reveal it.\nIf you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Essay Writing Service\nBartleby is an efficient copyist for a successful lawyer at an office building, but he is a quiet and anti-social man. Though he continues to work well as a copyist, he refuses to help or do any other tasks for the office people, and/or repeatedly says “I would prefer not to” (10). Bartleby is always in the office either working or looking out of “dim window” (19) in the sad, and dark world he lives in. The workers then find out that he lives at the office, and his refusal to do nothing but work grows at a much larger scale. As this problem grows, Bartleby announces that he will no longer work as a copyist, and then prefers to stay and live in the office building and do no work. Finally, he is strictly and firmly asked to leave by the lawyer and his workers, but, he still does not leave. Rather than taking more severe measures to get Bartleby out of the office, the lawyer moves his operation to a different office. After that, another practice moves into the building and they find out that Bartleby, the copyist from the previous practice is still living there. The new people complain, but the new people are told that Bartleby does not seem to be able to leave. After trying to deal with Bartleby staying there, they call the police to arrest him and bring him to prison. The story concludes with Bartleby refusing to do anything and not eat in prison, and Bartleby dies from starvation. To conclude things, the narrator/lawyer informs his readers/workers that Bartleby was previously a clerk in a dead letter office who sorted through the mail, leaving readers wondering if these dead letters somehow influenced Bartleby.\nIn the short story, the character’s attitudes towards Bartleby changes as Bartleby changes. In the beginning, the lawyer, Turkey, Nippers, and Ginger Nut do not really pay attention to him, but since he refuses to do other work for the office, they start to get mad. Except Turkey seems to have the same attitude towards Bartleby throughout the story, he is a drunk copyist who has an uncontrollable temper, and through the story, he continues to hate Bartleby and wants to get violent. Also, Nippers, like his coworker Turkey, is just an ambitious, discontent, irritated, non-morning person and exactly like Turkey, he stays this way through the entire short story. The lawyer says, “Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man of about five and twenty. I always deemed him the victim of two evil powers-ambition and indigestion” (7). Ginger Nut, does not have a pretty big role in the story, he is just a 12-year-old, the youngest worker, his biggest job/role is to get snacks and food for all the copyists. But there is the lawyer, and his attitude towards Bartleby is described in the next paragraph.\nThe lawyer’s attitude towards Bartleby changes throughout the book from kind, to angry, to firm, to caring. The lawyer at first is kind like a gentleman would be when he first meets and hires Bartleby. He pays more attention to his work in the beginning and knows he is doing good at his job, but then he notices Bartleby and gets concerned when he will not do any other office tasks, then he gets quite angry when he finds out that Bartleby is living there. After that, Bartleby says he will not work as a copyist anymore, but he stays and lives in the office anyway, and now the lawyer must make a decision whether to kick him out, or to be nice and think of something else. The lawyer decides to be nice and offer Bartleby a place in his home, but Bartleby does not take his offer. Then, the lawyer gets strict and firmly asks him to leave the office, but he says no, so the lawyer moves the whole operation to a different office. The lawyer and the workers move to a new office, but Bartleby stays there. Afterward, the new people at the building call the police on Bartleby and take him to prison where he does not want to do anything, eat, or talk to anyone. Lastly, the lawyer goes to visit him and try to talk to him but Bartleby does not want to talk to him, the lawyer tries to talk some sense into him but it does not work, Bartleby continues to not eat and he starves himself to death. The lawyer becomes very curious how this all started and he finds out what may have started all of this weird behavior from Bartleby.\nThe behavior of Bartleby is a mystery and it is kind of funny but in a weird way, but besides his seriousness and the level of his refusal, he does not change at all throughout the whole story. He starts off like a pretty normal guy, he does his work right, but then he refuses to do anything, eat, or leave the office. He dies and not much happens after that, the lawyer finds out that his previous job was working as clerk in a dead letter office sorting the letters for years. Possibly the dead letters influenced and changed his definition of life.\nOur academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.View our services\nBartleby symbolizes a dead letter because the Lawyer thinks that after reading all those letters that were supposed to go to someone who is now dead or gone must have influenced Bartleby’s perspective on life. Because Bartleby worked at a dead letter office for years, reading and sorting all of them, he is in the state of a dead man, like a dead letter that has never been opened. Bartleby also represents a dead letter because the narrator/lawyer is the sender of the letter, and he wishes to communicate with Bartleby but he can never get through him. This is one of the stronger explanations that explains Bartleby as a dead letter. The idea of undeliverable letters that “speed to death,” even when they go “on errands of life” (29).\nFinally, think about how conflict produces character and sometimes reveals it. There was some conflict between the lawyer and Bartleby, or between life and Bartleby. Because he feels like the lawyer possibly just added more stress in Bartleby’s position, making him feel dead, this was kind of an example of failure to communicate. Nearly everything that happened leading up to Bartleby’s death goes back to failure of communication or just more stress in the situation. This all revealed the character of Bartleby to the narrator since he found out that he worked in a dead letter office for years, reading and sorting letters, hundreds of failures to communicate entirely changed Bartleby’s perspective on life and the meaning of working hard.\nWord Count: 1266\nCite This Work\nTo export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below:\nRelated ServicesView all\nDMCA / Removal Request\nIf you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please:" ]

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[ "Wisdom Tooth Extraction\nWisdom tooth extraction is also known as third molar extraction. These teeth consist of the mandibular and maxillary third molars; they usually appear between the ages of 17 and 25.They are called wisdom teeth because they usually come in when a person is between age 17 and 25 or older – old enough to have supposedly gained some wisdom. Preventative extractions of them could prevent some potential dental problems later in life. The decision should be made between you and your dentist.\nSome of the guidelines to determine if or not you need to have them removed are:\n- They are partially or fully erupted that causes discomfort, pain or difficulty to keep them clean.\n- You are still young, say less than 25 years old.\n- There is some pathology associated with it (this needs to be determined by your dentist).\nThey can be left alone if:\n- They are not in your mouth at all\n- You are over 25 years of age.\n- They have never bothered you.\n- There is no pathology associated with it.\nMedical assessment before wisdom teeth extraction or any dental surgery in general\n(Adapted from Clinicial’s Manual of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 3rd Edition, by Paul H. Kwon and Daniel M. Lashin)\nBefore your dentist provides wisdom teeth extraction for you, he/she needs to do a preoperative medical evaluation. Particular attention should be paid to your heart, lung, liver, and kidney diseases if applicable. Blood clotting disorder is also important to be evaluated.\nTaking Blood Thinner: If you are put on blood thinner by your medical doctor such as daily dose of aspirin and Coumadin (warfarin), your dentist may need to check your ability to form blood clot because dental surgery will involve certain extent of bleeding. You will be sent for blood work to check an INR value. If that number is more than 4, your dentist may need to coordinate with your physician to adjust your medication prior to a dental surgery procedure.\nHigh Blood Pressure: If your blood pressure is more than 100 (in diastolic pressure), it is contra-indicative to proceed with wisdom teeth extraction. Your dentist will need to refer you for definitive medical management of the hypertensive disorder prior to any dental surgery.\nSteroid Therapy: If you are currently taking or has within the prior 2 years taken large dose of steroids, you may require supplemental administration of steroids prior to wisdom teeth extraction. Patients taking exogenous steroids may experience acute adrenal insufficiency when subject to the stress associated with dental surgery. A patient who is taking prescribed steroid therapy equivalent to 20mg/day or more of cortisol may not be able to respond appropriately with more endogenous steroid when stressed by the dental surgery. Steroid therapy is common among patients with autoimmune diseases such as Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.\nOrthopedic Joint Replacement: If you have total joint replacement in the past 2 years, your dentist may need to prescribe you antibiotic prophylaxis prior to teeth extraction or any dental procedure involving moderate bleeding. This should include regular hygiene appointments. On the other hand, antibiotic prophylaxis is not indicated for dental patients with pins, plates, or screws.\nAntibiotic Prophylaxis: Regimens: 4 caps of Amoxil 500mg 1hour prior to procedure or if you are allergic to penicillin, then 4 caps of Clindamycin 150mg. No second dose is recommended in any of these regimens. It is needed in heart Conditions such as prosthetic heart valves, previous bacterial endocarditis, complex cyanotic congenital heart disease, surgically constructed systemic pulmonary shunts, most congenital heart malformations, acquired valvular dysfunction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation (presented as heart murmur).\nPost-irradiation tooth extractions: If you have radiation therapy in the oral facial area before, make sure to let your dentist know. Because radiation may have caused decreased blood supply to the oral and dental tissues, healing after surgery can present a very difficult situation, with no satisfactory result. If teeth must be removed, antibiotics are recommended along with pre- and post-operative rinses with chlorhexidine mouthrinse. If available, hyperbaric oxygen administered pre- and post-extraction may help diminish the likelihood of osteoradionecrosis.\nCommon Complications for Wisdom Teeth Extraction\nAspiration of foreign objects: wisdom tooth are particularly vulnerable to being swallowed or aspirated. A gauze screen placed lightly in the oropharynx should be used during the procedure to minimize the risk.\nTemporomandibular Joint (TMJ) pain: post-operative TMJ pain is often caused by prolonged mouth opening, stretching, or pressure on the joint contralateral to the side where lower jaw surgery is performed. Stabilizing the joint with a mouth prop or providing intraoperative mandibular support will help minimize postoperative joint discomfort. If it happens, it can be managed with moist heat application to the affected side, a soft diet, resting the joint, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics such as advil, motrin or ibuprofen.\nTrismus (limited mouth opening): It can be caused by infection, muscle spasm, or from injection of a local anesthetic. If it is from infection, antibiotics should be administered. If it is due to muscle spasm, it can be managed similarly like TMJ pain described above.\nRoot Fracture: It is not necessary to regard all root fragments as foreign bodies. Vital root tips measuring 0.5mm or less can very often be left in place provided there is no associated pathosis: If large amounts of healthy bone must be sacrificed to gain access to the root fragment, it may be better to leave it in place.\nDisplaced Roots and Root Fragments into vital spaces such as submandibular space, mandibular canal, maxillary sinus etc.\nDry Socket: most often develops on the 2nd to the 5th postoperative day. Chief complaint is pain. Patient may also complain of odor or a bad taste." ]

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[ "A Bronze Age woman in an Anglo-Saxon village\nDuring the excavation of a late Anglo-Saxon settlement at Bishopstone, Sussex, UK, a crouched burial was unearthed. Carbon dating confirmed that this was a late Bronze Age burial (3260-3000 BP). The burial was found in close proximity to Anglo-Saxon burials that are part of a cemetery. Further, it was located between the trenches of two buildings dating to the Saxo-Norman period. The burial was interred in a crouch position laying on its right side oriented with the head to the north. This orientation clearly distinguishes it from the Saxon burials, which are in a supine position with their heads to the east. Skeletal analysis revealed that these were the remains of a 25-year-old woman. She showed no signs of trauma or disease with the exception of some osteoarthritis in the lower vertebrae. While this particular osteobiography would seem of limited value, this individual raises a variety of questions about not only its possible association with the Anglo-Saxon cemetery, but also with respect to the potential location for an as yet still unknown late Bronze Age settlement and cemetery in the area. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 135, Supplement 46: 188 (Abstract).\nLouise C. D. Schoss and Scott S. Legge (2008) A Bronze Age woman in an Anglo-Saxon village. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 135, Supplement 46: 188 (Abstract).\nThis document is currently not available here." ]

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[ "Sciatica is a medical term used to describe pain felt in the lower back, buttock and various parts of the leg and foot.\nSciatica is a medical term used to describe pain felt in the lower back, buttock and various parts of the leg and foot. In addition to pain, which is sometimes severe, there may be numbness, muscular weakness, pins and needles or tingling and difficulty in moving or controlling the leg (See reference 1). Sciatica is a symptom of another medical problem, not a medical condition on its own. Sciatica occurs when there is pressure or damage to the sciatic nerve or its component nerve roots. This nerve starts in the lower spine and runs down the back of each leg. This nerve controls the muscles of the back of the knee and lower leg and provides sensation to the back of the thigh, part of the lower leg, and the sole of the foot.\nBecause sciatica is a symptom of another medical condition, the underlying cause should be identified and treated. Sciatica may be caused by general compression or irritation of the spinal nerve roots that come together to make the sciatic nerve (this is also called a lumbar radiculopathy), or by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve itself. Some of the more common causes of sciatica are disc herniations, spinal joint inflammation, piriformis muscle irritation, or even just sitting on a large wallet in your back pocket (See reference 1).\nHow can sciatica be treated?\nDepending on the cause, sciatica can sometimes resolve on its own; however, some cases of sciatica may not resolve themselves if ignored. For many people with sciatica, there are treatments that can shorten the recovery time and reduce the likelihood that the pain will come back:\nManipulation can be a very effective therapy for many causes of sciatica!\nA 2011 review of medical research concluded that spinal manipulation can be effective for the treatment of some causes of sciatica (See reference 2).\nOne or more of the following steps can be taken to calm your symptoms and reduce inflammation.\n- Application of heat or ice to the painful area.\n- Maintaining specific pain-relieving postures\n- Stretching the affected muscles\n- Performing specific exercises\nA recent study found that 60% of people with a disk herniation causing sciatica benefited equally as well from manual therapy care as they would have from surgery (See reference 3).\n1. U.S. National Library of Medicine: PubMed Health: Sciatica. Retrieved September 18, 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001706/\n2. Leininger, B; Bronfort, G; Evans, R; Reiter, T (2011). Spinal Manipulation or Mobilization for Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 22 (1): 105–125.\n3. McMorland G, Suter E, Casha S, du Plessis SJ, Hurlbert RJ (2010). Manipulation or microdiskectomy for sciatica? A prospective randomized clinical study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 33(8):576-84." ]

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[ "Bio-based plastics: Feedstocks, Production and the UK Market\nWith the UK government poised to implement a greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 80% from 1995 levels by 2050, it is becoming important to source materials and fuels from renewable resources to reduce our environmental impact.\nBio-based plastics have been used in medicine for years and were also considered for automotive parts in the days of Henry Ford. However, with climate change on the minds of manufacturers, retailers and consumers alike, there is renewed interest in bio-based plastics.\nBio-based plastics can be used in a variety of applications to replace petroleum-based plastics (petroplastics). Most bio-based plastic materials used in Europe today are starch-based. In the UK these materials are currently used to manufacture refuse and carrier bags as well as food and consumer goods packaging. Other niche markets for bio-based plastics are under development including electronics and automotive parts.\nBio-based plastics can be manufactured from renewable plant materials such as starch, cellulose, oils (e.g. rapeseed oil), lignin (wood), proteins (e.g. maize zein) and polysaccharides (e.g. xylans). Recent technological developments have also proven that it is now possible to utilise organic waste materials and petroplastics (e.g. PET) to produce synthetic bio-based plastics (such as polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs).\nThe majority of bio-based plastics are currently manufactured using starch as a feedstock (c.a. 80% of current bio-based plastics). The current major sources of this starch are maize, potatoes and cassava. Other potential sources include arrowroot, barley, some varieties of liana, millet, oats, rice, sago, sorghum, sweet potato, taro and wheat.\nThere are several methods for extracting starches depending on the source crop. For wheat, starch is normally extracted using a dry grain milling processes(see figure 1.01a). For potatoes and cassava 'rasping' is used to pulverise cells and release the starch (see figure 1.01b). The extracted starch is then refined and purified further to remove proteins and fibre.\nSource; Deahan Group Company Limited, International Starch Institute\nFour fundamental factors determine the choice of starch for bio-based plastic manufacture;\nLocation of Source\nQuality / Purity\nKey to developing the production of starch-based plastics in the UK is the sourcing of reliable and relatively inexpensive starch. Starch-plastic companies can either choose to extract starch themselves, or buy starch from milling companies.\nStarch prices vary considerably depending on the type of starch, the availability of crop feedstocks for starch production in the country of origin, the ease by which starch can be extracted and the scale of starch production amongst other factors. For example, table 1. shows that cassava starch imported into the UK had the highest value (£986/tonne) whereas wheat starch exhibited the lowest value (£263/tonne) in 2007. In addition, figure 1.02. indicates the highly variable export value of different starches from different countries. It is clear that there is a complex relationship between the export value of starch and the abundance of the corresponding starch crop. For example; Ghana, the sixth largest producer of cassava starch in 2007 (9.65 million tonnes) had the highest value cassava starch exports ($1192/tonne). However, Thailand, the third largest producer of cassava starch in 2007 (26.41 million tonnes) exhibited relatively low export value cassava starch ($275/tonne).\nTable 1. UK starch import 2007\nTrade Volume [tonnes]\nImport Value [£/tonne]\nSource: UN Comrade\nStarch crops are grown in different geographic locations depending on the climate conditions required to grow each crop. For example, wheat is grown in Western Europe including the UK, France and Germany whereas cassava is grown in more equatorial climes such as Ghana, Nigeria and Thailand (see figure 1.02).\nFigure 1.02. Starch production 2007\nSource - UN Comtrade, CLICK HERE to see image in full size\nWhen choosing a starch for bio-based plastic manufacture, transport costs and the greenhouse gas (GHG, e.g. carbon dioxide) emissions generated by production and transportation must be considered.\nLife cycle analysis (LCA) is a means of auditing the GHG emissions (amongst other environmental aspects) throughout production and use of bio-based plastics. Figure 1.03 shows that the most energy intensive and, therefore, GHG emitting steps of the bio-based plastic bag life cycle are the manufacture of starch and bio-based plastic resin. Note that disposal options for bio-based plastic materials greatly influence the GHG output. In addition, for starch-based BioBags, landfill is the least favourable disposal option in terms of methane GHG (23 times more damaging than carbon dioxide) emissions. This, along with European legislative and monetary disincentives, indicates that landfill is not an option for bio-based plastic disposal.\nFigure 1.03. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of starch-based BioBags\n* Note: raw materials production includes crop production, starch extraction and transportation*\nSource – ITF Rapport: Life cycle assessment of BioBags used for collection of household waste.\nStarches can vary in quality depending on the source crop and the method of extraction and purification used. In Western Europe starches are extracted from maize, wheat and potatoes on a large scale to high purity. However, the quality of cassava starch can vary due to the fact that small ‘cottage’ industries in countries such as Nigeria, Vietnam and Thailand produce starch using different methods.\nDue to the nature of tuber and root crops, purity can be an issue if dirt is not properly removed prior to ‘rasping’. Storage is another factor to consider since tuber and root crops do not store well, are easily damaged and respire reducing the amount of useable starch available and producing heat. This is in contrast to grain (e.g. wheat) which, when sufficiently dry (13-14% moisture content), can be stored for months prior to use without too much deterioration in starch content.\nStarches are constructed of unbranched and branched polymers of glucose called amylose (see figure 1.04) and amylopectin, respectively.\nFigure 1.04. Starch amylose structure\nCLICK HERE to see image in full size.\nStarches from different sources possess different properties that may be useful for bio-based plastic manufacture. For instance, tuber and potato starches tend to have lower protein levels, but higher phosphate levels whereas cereal starches present the opposite characteristics. Bio-based plastics made from high-phosphate starches have been shown to biodegrade faster than plastics manufactured with low-phosphate starches.\nFor the production of synthetic bio-based plastics such as polylactic acid (PLA, see figure 1.05a a, b and c) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs such as PHB, see figure 1.06) it is important to choose an inexpensive starch that can be easily broken down (acid or enzyme hydrolysed) to its sugars for subsequent fermentation. The hydrolysis hierarchy for starches is as follows: wheat followed by maize, cassava and potatoes where wheat is easily broken down to glucose and potato starch is most resistant.\nOils from castor beans, soya beans and oilseed rape are used to manufacture bio-based plastics such as polyamides (nylon) and polyurethane for tubing and insulation products, respectively. However, these plastics are typically bio-based and non-biodegradable with very similar (if not identical) properties to their petroplastic counterparts.\nOils can be extracted from oilseeds by pressing, organic solvent (hexane) or enzyme treatment. The latter two processes produce higher yields. The resultant oil is then purified using various filtering and chemical treatments. Plant-oil polyols (1,3 propanediol and 1,4 butanediol) can be used in the manufacture of plastics such as polyurethane (PU) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).\nCellulose, a polymer of glucose and an integral plant cell structural component, has been used to make plastic for nearly 140 years. Common cellulose sources include wood, cotton and hemp. Cellulose-based plastics are usually made from chemically modified cellulose, the most common of which is cellulose acetate used in packaging film.\nLignin, a complex compound found in woody plants, is also used to manufacture bio-based plastics. Lignin is typically sourced from paper pulping waste.\nIn the 1920s Henry Ford experimented with the use of soy proteins in plastics. There is currently renewed interest in using both soy and maize proteins in the production of bio-based plastics for horticultural and medical uses. Waste animal products such as bloodmeal proteins can also be used as feedstock for bio-based plastics.\nXylans are complex compounds containing the sugar xylose. They can be isolated from the hulls and husks of cereal grains and are used to make polymer coatings for food packaging. Importantly, removal of xylans from wheat prior to fermentation for alcohol production may be beneficial in reducing the water and energy required during wheat processing for bioethanol manufacture." ]

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[ "Conservationists Push China on Pangolin Protection\nConservationists are pushing for higher protection status in China for the endangered pangolin, in an attempt to stop the illegal trade of the species before it becomes extinct.\nSome 180 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and individuals have signed a joint appeal for Chinese lawmakers to upgrade the legal protection of the mammal, according to Shao Wenjie of the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation.\nAdvocates have voiced concern over the wide use of pangolin scales in Chinese medicine — for which there is no scientifically supported evidence of benefit — and the popularity of pangolin dishes at some restaurants.\nThe use of animal parts in traditional Chinese medicines has driven other endangered species, such as some tigers, close to extinction in China and worldwide.\nOver the last few years, several Chinese citizens have lost their jobs or found themselves under investigation after posting photos on social media of them eating pangolin, which some wildlife experts say is the most-trafficked mammal in the world.\nChina is home to two of earth’s eight pangolin species — the Chinese and Malaysian varieties — which were commonly found in the south of the country until the 1980s, when their numbers began quickly dwindling due to poaching and loss of habitat.\n“Spotting pangolins in the wild is almost impossible now, a far cry from how it was back then,” Shao said.\nIn China, the pangolin is listed as a grade-two National Key Protected Species, the lower status in a two-level protection system. That means the use and trade of the pangolin is still legal with official approval. China allows 25 tons of pangolin scales to be used in medications per year, according to a document from the State Forestry and Grassland Administration.\nHowever, poaching is rampant, and more than 1 million pangolins were illegally trafficked globally between 2006 and 2015. One-tenth of those were smuggled into China, according to the International Fund for Animal Welfare.\nLive pangolins smuggled into China can be sold for 10,000 yuan ($1,570) apiece on the black market, according to a conservationist who has surveyed the illicit trade of the species.\nChina should bring itself in line with protection status for the pangolin adopted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which in 2013 raised the status for the Chinese and Malaysian species from endangered to critically endangered, just one notch from extinction in the wild, according to Sun Quanhui, a science advisor to World Animal Protection, an international NGO.\nTrade of the pangolin is also prohibited under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, a leading international treaty of which China is a signatory.\nContact reporter Li Rongde ([email protected])\n- 1In Depth: Solving China’s Soaring Youth Unemployment\n- 2Fugitive Billionaire Guo Wengui Arrested in New York\n- 3China Strengthens Communist Party Oversight of Financial Sector\n- 4Regulators Tighten Grip on China’s $2.9 Trillion Private Fund Industry\n- 5LONGi Green Energy to Build $600 Million Solar Panel Plant in U.S.\n- 1Power To The People: Pintec Serves A Booming Consumer Class\n- 2Largest hotel group in Europe accepts UnionPay\n- 3UnionPay mobile QuickPass debuts in Hong Kong\n- 4UnionPay International launches premium catering privilege U Dining Collection\n- 5UnionPay International’s U Plan has covered over 1600 stores overseas" ]

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[ "For some of us, it wouldn't be the holiday season without a live Christmas tree.\nBut tradition also brings a certain amount of danger.\nTwo trees, same size, same type, one can go up like a torch, while the other practically self extinguishes.\nThe secret fire departments use is buying fresh trees and keeping them fresh.\nGary Shumilch of the Irvington Fire Department says, \"Take your hand, rub the stems of the tree, if the needles fall into your hand, that's a tree that you definitely do not want to buy. “\nShumilch added, \"You want to cut off at least two inches at the bottom, uh just before you put it into the tree stand and that's going to allow it to suck up the water. The average six to eight foot tree will drink about a gallon of water every two days.\"" ]

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[ "educed monsoon rainfall and increased river flow are two extremes that new research has linked to man-made impacts on climate caused by air pollution. Two separate studies have confirmed the extent of human influence on climate change – and, for once, carbon dioxide is not the usual suspect.\nOne team has just found that air pollution dimmed the skies of northern Europe, reflected sunlight back into space, reduced evaporation, and increased river flow. The second group reports that similar aerosol pollution had a quite different effect on the Asian monsoons: in the second half of the 20th century, the darkening skies reduced temperatures and cut the summer monsoon rainfall by 10%.\nThe two seemingly contradictory findings underscore two clear conclusions. One is that climate science is complex. The other is that human activity clearly influences the climate in different ways.\nBoth studies are concerned with an era when there was, worldwide, more concern about choking smog, sulphuric aerosol discharges and acid rain than about man-made global warming. They also both match complex computer simulation with observed changes in climate during the second half of the 20th 0century\nNicola Gedney, a senior scientist at the UK’s Meteorological Office, and colleagues report in Nature Geoscience that she and colleagues looked at the growth in aerosol pollution, especially in the Oder river catchment area of central-eastern Europe, that followed the increased burning of sulphurous coal in Europe right up till the late 1970s.\nThe consequence of that burning was a reduction in sunlight over the hemisphere. But this began to reverse with clean air legislation and a widespread switch to cleaner fuels. River flows, which had been on the increase, were reduced.\n“We estimate that, in the most polluted central Europe river basin, this effect led to an increase in river flow of up to 25% when the aerosol levels were at their peak, around 1980,” Dr Gedney said. “With water shortages likely to be one of the biggest impacts of climate change in the future, these findings are important in making projections.”\nGet The Latest From InnerSelf\nMeanwhile, a group led by Debbie Polson, a researcher in the University of Edinburgh’s School of Geosciences, Scotland, focused on aerosol pollution and the Asian summer monsoons, which provide four-fifths of the annual rainfall of the Indian subcontinent.\nThey report in Geophysical Research Letters that they calculated annual summer rainfall between 1951 and 2005, used computer simulations to quantify the impact of increasing aerosol emissions and greenhouse gases during that time, and factored in natural variations, such as volcanic discharges.\nThey found that, overall, levels of rain during the monsoon fell by 10%, and this change could only be explained by the influence of aerosols from car and factory exhausts.\n“This study has shown for the first time that the drying of the monsoon over the past 50 years cannot be explained by natural climate variability, and that human activity has played a significant role in altering the seasonal monsoon rainfall on which billions of people depend,” Dr Polson said.\n– Climate News Network\nAbout the Author\nTim Radford is a freelance journalist. He worked for The Guardian for 32 years, becoming (among other things) letters editor, arts editor, literary editor and science editor. He won the Association of British Science Writers award for science writer of the year four times. He served on the UK committee for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. He has lectured about science and the media in dozens of British and foreign cities.\nBook by this Author:\nScience that Changed the World: The untold story of the other 1960s revolution\nby Tim Radford.\nYellowstone's Wildlife in Transition\nOver thirty experts detect worrying signs of a system under strain. They identify three overriding stressors: invasive species, private-sector development of unprotected lands, and a warming climate. Their concluding recommendations will shape the twenty-first-century discussion over how to confront these challenges, not only in American parks but for conservation areas worldwide. Highly readable and fully illustrated.\nThe Energy Glut: Climate Change and the Politics of Fatness\nby Ian Roberts. Expertly tells the story of energy in society, and places 'fatness' next to climate change as manifestations of the same fundamental planetary malaise. This exciting book argues that the pulse of fossil fuel energy not only started the process of catastrophic climate change, but also propelled the average human weight distribution upwards. It offers and appraises for the reader a set of personal and political de-carbonising strategies.\nLast Stand: Ted Turner's Quest to Save a Troubled Planet\nby Todd Wilkinson and Ted Turner. Entrepreneur and media mogul Ted Turner calls global warming the most dire threat facing humanity, and says that the tycoons of the future will be minted in the development of green, alternative renewable energy. Through Ted Turner's eyes, we consider another way of thinking about the environment, our obligations to help others in need, and the grave challenges threatening the survival of civilization." ]

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[ "Is there a limit to technological progress? - Clément Vidal\n- 563,941 Views\n- 7,544 Questions Answered\n- TEDEd Animation\nThe Kardashev scale was proposed back in 1964, and it doesn’t look a day older. Energy is necessary for everything we do, and we do consume more and more of it. However, exponential energy use is hard to sustain! Energy specialists have argued that we are on the verge of a solar, or heliocultural revolution. Energy has been central in previous human revolutions, such as the industrial revolution. Historically, such energy revolutions go in concert with other revolutions: in human consciousness, science, technology, economy and society. What will these be in the case of the solar revolution? It is our role today to think about and to shape this transition.\nBarrow’s scale was introduced in 1998, balancing the idea that only more energy matters for progress. Richard Feynman popularized the fact that small scales hold a great potential for future technologies, by giving a lecture entitled “there’s plenty of room at the bottom.”\nQuitting the boundary of the Earth, Dyson has proposed to extract stellar energy with solar panels, and educator Clément Vidal has argued that active energy extraction from stars may also be an option. For more details about his work in this area, see his website, his book, and a video about the big future.\nCreate and share a new lesson based on this one." ]

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[ "When you are considering investing in a company’s stock, you want to know what you are buying. That is, you need financial information about the company to decide if your investment is likely to grow in value or provide good income. Publicly traded companies must publish the financial information you need each year and update it periodically during the year.\nMost of the financial information an investor needs about a publicly traded company is continued in four annual financial statements required by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The balance sheet provides a summary of a company’s financial condition. The income statement details revenue and expenses for the year and how much net income the company earned. A statement of shareholders’ equity summarizes changes in equity due to net income and equity transactions like the sale of new shares. The cash flow statement describes changes in cash the company has on hand and the effect on the amount of cash available resulting from earnings, borrowing and investments.\nFinancial information for different companies can be difficult to compare directly, so, investors use a variety of financial ratios to make comparison. For example, a quick ratio is the ratio of cash plus receivables divided by current liabilities. The quick ratio tells you how many dollars of cash a company has for each dollar of short-term debt. Since the quick ratio is a proportion, not a dollar figure, you can easily compare different companies. Other financial ratios serve the same purpose; that is, they allow you to quickly compare one company to another.\nThe four major financial statements are included in each publicly traded company’s annual report, which is usually available for downloading from the company’s investor relations website. A company’s SEC document filings, financial statements and quarterly reports are often posted on the company website. If not, you can obtain them by accessing the SEC’s EDGAR database online. Financial ratios are often included with these documents or are available on finance websites. However, if you can’t find a particular ratio, you can find the required information in the four financial statements and calculate the ratio yourself.\nFinancial Analysis -- An Example\nUnderstanding a company’s financial circumstances doesn’t end with reading financial statements and calculating ratios. Bringing these pieces of information together is essential to getting a good picture of a company’s prospects. For example, suppose you want to know about a firm’s long-term growth prospects, so you look at a company’s return on equity. ROE is the percentage of the company’s net worth it earned in profit. If the company earned 12 percent of its equity, that’s considered good. You might think the company is likely to grow. But then you look at the company’s dividend yield, which is the percentage of a company’s net worth paid out in dividends. If a firm’s dividend yield is 10 percent, subtract that from the ROE and you see that in this example, the company only reinvests at a rate of 2 percent of its net worth. You might have a stock that provides good income from dividends, but it probably will grow slowly." ]

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[ "Social phobia is a type of anxiety disorder that makes a person feel self-conscious and anxious when in certain social situations. A person with social phobia may have difficulty speaking or eating in front of others because of fears of being judged, embarrassed, or watched too closely. Severe social phobias may cause a person to avoid others entirely, which can interfere with work and family. Social phobia, also called social anxiety disorder, affects about 15 million American adults. Follow the links below to find WebMD's comprehensive coverage about social phobia, what the symptoms are, how to treat it, and much more." ]

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[ "A nocturnal polygraphy, or sleep study, is used to study the way your body functions when you sleep and to diagnose potential, sleep-related breathing disorders such as sleep apnoea, snoring, upper respiratory tract congestion, or restless leg syndrome.\nDuring the study, your breathing, breathing movements, heart rate, sleeping position, blood oxygen level and feet movement are monitored. The study is conducted at home. You will need to place a small device with multiple sensors on your chest. The device allows you to sleep more or less normally, and you can move around freely during the study. Since a finger clip is used to measure blood oxygen level, you should not wear nail polish or artificial nails.\nYou should sleep as regularly as possible and avoid alcohol for a week before the study. Any prescription medication can be taken normally.\nMake an appointment for the study/to collect the test equipment with Suomen Neurolaboratorio. When you collect the test equipment, a nurse will provide you with instructions on how to use it, a sleep questionnaire for completion, and supplies and instructions for registration and for returning the equipment. It is recommended that you reserve around half an hour for collecting the equipment. Attach the device and sensors to your chest in good time before going to bed. In the morning, detach the device and return it to Neurolaboratorio.\nOur clinical neurophysiology specialists will provide a statement on the registered data." ]

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[ "Valleyview Elementary Start up Blog....\nJust so we are on the same page....\nA blog (a truncation of the expression weblog) is a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries (\"posts\") typically displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first). Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject. More recently \"multi-author blogs\" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other \"microblogging\" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.\nThe emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users. (Previously, a knowledge of such technologies as HTML and FTP had been required to publish content on the Web.)\nA majority are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via GUI widgets on the blogs, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, but also build social relations with their readers and other bloggers. There are high-readership blogs which do not allow comments, such as Daring Fireball.\nMany blogs provide commentary on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries; others function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual or company. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important contribution to the popularity of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or \"vlogs\"), music (MP3 blogs), and audio (podcasts). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as edublogs.\nOn 16 February 2011[update], there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. On 20 February 2014, there were around 172 million Tumblr and 75.8 million WordPress blogs in existence worldwide. According to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used today, however Blogger does not offer public statistics. Technorati has 1.3 million blogs as of February 22, 2014" ]

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[ "The special relationship between Scotland and France,\nacknowledged in the phrase 'The Auld Alliance', has formed a bond between the two peoples\nthat survives irritations and misunderstandings.\nIt was first and always a military alliance against the common enemy,\nEngland. Joan of Arc's personal standard was painted by a Scotsman, probably called James\nPolwarth, and Scots fought under her command when she relieved the siege of Orleans and at\nthe battles of Jargeau and Patay in 1429.\nAccording to the most complete account of The Auld Alliance,\nStephen Wood's book with that title, an un-named Scotsman, after returning to Scotland\nafter Joan's execution, continued the chronicler Fordun's manuscript Scotichronicon when a\nmonk in Dunfermline Abbey, and recorded how he had seen and accompanied 'the marvellous\nMaid' in her attempt to bring about the recovery of France'. By then the Alliance itself\nwas almost a century and a half old.\nIt may be credited to one of the least distinguished of our\nKings, John Balliol, known as Toom Tabard, who had become King of Scots in 1292, when\nEdward I of England was invited to determine who had the best claim to the vacant Scottish\nthrone. Edward compelled Balliol to accept him as his overlord. In fact Balliol, as a\ngreat landowner in England and France as well as Scotland, was already a vassal of both\nEdward and of Philip IV of France, though not, of course, in his new capacity as King of\nThese things were confused in the Middle Ages, for Edward of\nEngland himself held lands in France and so was a vassal of the French King, too. But in\n1294 he was, as King of England, at war with France and so the French King saw the\nadvantages of a Scottish ally.\nThat was to be the pattern of the alliance. The Scots helped\nFrance and the French helped the Scots. The French always had more benefit from the\nAlliance. This was partly because mediaeval wars between France and England always took\nthe form of an English invasion of France and partly because it was easier for the Scots\nto invade England than for the French.\nOur willingness to do so resulted in some disastrous defeats,\nfor instance Nevile's Cross, 1346 and Flodden, 1513.\nThe so called Hundred Years War, 1337-1453, between France\nand England cemented our relationship with France. It also gave numerous opportunities to\nadventurous Scots soldiers of fortune to carve out a career for themselves.\nTheir great period was the last stage of the long war,\nbeginning after the French catastrophe at Agincourt, 1415, when the Dauphin of France\n(heir to the throne) begged Scotland for help 'in our great want and necessity'. The\nScottish Parliament sent a force of 6,000 men, commanded by the Earl of Buchan, Archibald\nDouglas, Earl of Wigtown and Stewart Darnely. It was the Scots who gave the first check to\nthe hitherto all-conquering English when they defeated them at Beauge in 1421.\nSoon after this the Scots Bodyguard of the French king was\nformed and then Les Gendarmes Ecossaise a regiment of mounted knights. The most vivid\naccount of these Scots in French service is given by Walter Scott in Quentin Durward, far\nfrom the best of his mediaeval novels. It was at this time that the French coined a proverb:\n'fier comme un Ecossais' - 'proud as a Scotsman'.\nThe military alliance came to an end in the mid-16th century\nwhen the Reformation brought about a realignment of Scottish foreign policy. John Knox and\nother Protestant reformers favoured an alliance with Protestant England rather than\nCatholic France, even though the Queen of Scots, Mary, (herself for a couple of years also\nQueen of France as a result of her first marriage to Francis II) was herself half French\nand Roman Catholic - or indeed for that very reason. Even so, the Scots regiments remained\nin the service of the French king.\nIt is worth noting that the form of Protestantism that was\nestablished in Scotland followed the model set out by the Frenchman Calvin. So that most\nScottish of institutions, the Kirk, has French roots.\nIf militarily, the French got more from the Alliance than we\ndid, culturally the debt was the other way around. Most of the scholars of the 16th\ncentury Scots Renaissance studied in France. Moreover nothing shows the French influence\nmore clearly - than the Scots domestic architecture of the 16th and 17th centuries. The\nPalace of Holyroodhouse itself is more like a French palais than any English house of the\nsame period. The Union, making Scotland part of the United Kingdom, inevitably meant that\nScotland, inherited English traditions of foreign policy; and so throughout the 18th and\nearly 19th centuries, when Britain and France were locked in a struggle for empire, Scots\nfound themselves fighting their auld allies. But they might find themselves fighting\nfellow Scots at the same time, for there were still Scots in the French service and France\noffered a refuge for Jacobite exiles.\nThe Royal Ecossais remained a regiment of the French army.\nIndeed after the failure of the '45 Rising two other French regiments were formed from\nJacobite exiles. When in 1759, by capturing Quebec, General James Wolf won Canada for\nBritain, the French officer who surrendered was a certain Roche de Ramsays, descendant of\nScots Ramsays and the aide de camp was a certain Chevalier de Johnstone, who had fought\nfor Bonnie Prince Charlie at Culloden.\nLate, one of Napoleon's Marshals was Etienne Macdonald, son\nof a Jacobite from South Uist. Though the Alliance was chiefly military, the connection\nfor the last three centuries has been largely civil.\nA Scotsman, John Law of Laurieston, founded the Banque de\nFrance and attempted to put the French monarchy's chaotic finances on a stable basis in\nthe 1720's, but his Mississippi project resulted in one of the most spectacular of\nfinancial bubbles. Perhaps the peak of Scots influence on France came in the years after\nWaterloo in 1815. The sight of Scots soldiers in the Army of Occupation and the poems and\nnovels of Sir Walter Scott provoked a craze for tartan in Paris. The attractive and now\nimmensely popular school of Scottish painters know as the Scots Colourists were all\nFrancophiles and their art is inconceivable without the French example.\nAnd what do the French think of the relationship? Well, in\n1942 the greatest Frenchman of the 20th century, General Charles de Gaulle, then leader of\nthe Free French, visited Edinburgh and made a speech which he thought sufficiently\nimportant to quote in full in the first volume of his War Memoirs. He began by saying: 'I\ndo not think that a Frenchman could have come to Scotland at any time without being\nsensible of a special emotion - awareness of the thousand links, still living and\ncherished, of the Franco - Scottish Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world, leaps to\nHe recalled some moments of that alliance and then said: 'In\nevery combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were\nalways men of Scotland to fight side by side with men of France and when Frenchmen feel is\nthat no people has ever been more generous than yours with its friendship...'\nHe spoke of the 'mutual influence of French and Scottish\npoets' of the philosophy of Hume, of 'what is common the Presbyterian Church of Scotland\nand the doctrines of Calvin' of 'the influence which the great Walter Scott has exercised\nover the receptive mind of French youth' and of 'all the exchanges of ideas, feelings,\ncustoms and words so frequent between two peoples joined by a natural friendship'.\nBut, since it was wartime he returned to World War II on\nwhich we were then engaged and offered a most remarkable tribute: 'For my part, I can say\nthat the comradeship of arms, sealed on the battlefield of Abbeville in May-June 1940,\nbetween the French armoured division, which I had the honour to command, and the gallant\n51st Scottish Division under General Fortune, played its part in the decision which I made\nto continue the fight at the side of the Allies, to the end, come what may'. And he\nconcluded by quoting the old motto of the Compagnie Ecossaise: 'omni modo fidelis' -\n'faithful in every way'.\nNobody reading this speech can doubt the reality, and the\ndeep roots, of the natural and special friendship between Scotland and France." ]

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[ "The Skanda Purana\nby G. V. Tagare | 1950 | 2,545,880 words\nThis page describes Margashirsha-mahatmya which is section 5 of the English translation of the Skanda Purana, the largest of the eighteen Mahapuranas, preserving the ancient Indian society and Hindu traditions in an encyclopedic format, detailling on topics such as dharma (virtous lifestyle), cosmogony (creation of the universe), mythology (itihasa), genealogy (vamsha) etc.\nSection 5 - Mārgaśīrṣa-māhātmya\n- Sub-Contents: (+ / -)\nThe Mārgaśīrṣamāhātmya (Mārgaśīrṣa-māhātmya) has 17 chapters and is related to the Mathura Tirtha region.\nAs noted in KM (Kārttika-Māsa-Māhātmya, Ch. 1, Ftn. 1), Mārgaśīrṣa is Viṣṇu’s favourite month. But unlike KM this Māhātmya deals with the various details of Viṣṇu-worship (vide the titles of the chapters of the Mārgaśīrṣa-Māhātmya), the story element being practically absent." ]

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[ "Badal Mahal Museum: Promoting Vagad Cultural Heritage and Ecotourism\nDungarpur is in the southwestern part of Rajasthan, India. The region is also known as Vagad, where inhabitants are mostly tribal communities. Along with great cultural diversity, Vagad is also known for its natural beauty and traditional craftsmanship like stone sculpture, wooden dolls, and toy making. Communities like Sompura and Tirgar from Dungarpur and nearby areas have learned craftsmanship from their ancestors. Stone sculpture and wooden crafts by Sompura and Tirgar artists, respectively, are perceived as intangible cultural heritage of the region. Old palaces and heritage buildings like Badal Mahal Museum (BMM) are living relics of traditional stone architecture and sculptures.\nThe Municipal Corporation of Dungarpur has transformed the BMM building into a unique cultural display to preserve and promote tribal and rural lifestyle, history, and crafts. The museum has been designed by heritage expert Monish Paliwal and intangible cultural heritage researchers Lokesh Paliwal and Dinesh Kothari.\nAn open stone sculpture gallery including Mother Nature Park showcases a Sompura stone sculpture and features traditional and modern subjects. The scenes of rural and tribal kitchens and shrines explore the simple lifestyle of rural communities. BMM has set up a royal lifestyle on the top floor of the building, which includes a collection of weaponry, vessels, turbans, and other articles.\nAveraging a thousand visitors per month, BMM is helping to promote cultural heritage and ecotourism while providing exposure and a market for local arts and crafts, a significant contribution in a time when traditional heritage needs a larger role in public life." ]

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[ "Anthony Burns: The Defeat and Triumph of a Fugitive Slave (Laurel-leaf books)\nby Virginia Hamilton\nPublication Date: Jan 04, 1993\nList Price: $7.99\nFormat: Mass Market Paperback, 208 pages\nImprint: Laurel Leaf\nPublisher: Laurel Leaf\nParent Company: Laurel Leaf\nBorrow from Library\nNow in Laurel-Leaf, Virginia Hamilton’s powerful true account of the sensational trial of a fugitive slave.\nThe year is 1854, and Anthony Burns, a 20-year-old Virginia slave, has escaped to Boston. But according to the Fugitive Slave Act, a runaway can be captured in any free state, and Anthony is soon imprisoned. The antislavery forces in Massachusetts are outraged, but the federal government backs the Fugitive Slave Act, sparking riots in Boston and fueling the Abolitionist movement.\nWritten with all the novelistic skill that has won her every major award in children’s literature, Virginia Hamilton’s important work of nonfiction puts young readers into the mind of Burns himself.\nTell us what do you think about Anthony Burns: The Defeat and Triumph of a Fugitive Slave (Laurel-leaf books)." ]

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[ "Trashed: No Place for Waste\nCandida Brady 2013\nNarrated by British actor Jeremy Irons, the main theme of the new documentary Trashed: No Place for Waste is the major health danger posed by the 7 billion tons of garbage we discard every year. The film focuses primarily on dioxins, PCBs, phthalates, bisphenyl A, and other endocrine disruptors – particularly the role they play in a growing epidemic of cancer, autoimmune disease, infertility, and neurodegenerative disease. Thanks to a 2005 Center for Disease Control study, there’s growing international awareness that all human beings carry an average of 148 of these toxic chemicals circulating in their blood stream. However prior to seeing Trashed, I was unaware that landfills and waste incinerators were a primary source of these chemicals.\nHow Whales Become Hazardous Waste\nIrons focuses heavily on incinerators, which pose immense problems for the entire global population. The toxic chemicals they release concentrate in large fish (who eat lots of little fish) and sea mammals, particularly in colder regions. It was shocking to hear a marine biologist talk about whales and dolphins being discarded as hazardous waste because of their high toxic chemical load. At present most killer whales are unable to reproduce, owing to their heavy exposure to endocrine disruptors. Human couples are also having more and more difficulty conceiving, as evidenced by the growing demand for in vitro fertilization.\nBritish biochemist Paul Connett, a leading environmental health expert, features prominently in this part of the film. Author of The Case against Fluoride: How Hazardous Waste Ended Up in Our Drinker Water and the Bad Science and Power Politics That Keep It There, Connett’s a local hero here in New Plymouth. In 2011, he helped us persuade New Plymouth District Council to remove fluoride from our water supply.\nThe second half of the film addresses the tons of plastic filling up our oceans. The world produces 260 million tons of plastic every year. Plastic, which is manufactured from petroleum, consumes 8% of global oil production. Yet 30% of it is discarded within a year.\nAlthough it never totally degrades, it eventually breaks up into confetti-sized fragments. Studies reveal the oceans contain six times as much of this plastic soup as microscopic zoo-plankton, the basic food source at the bottom of the food chain.\nThe Ultimate Solution: Eliminate Packaging\nThe documentary ends on an optimistic note, with a tour of communities participating in the Zero Waste movement. According to Irons, the most desirable solution is to pressure corporations to dispense with plastic packaging in the first instance. Consumers also need to lean on supermarkets and other retailers to dispense more foods in bulk, as well as allowing shoppers to bring their own reusable containers to take them home. This will also greatly reduce food costs, given that packaging makes up more than half the sticker price.\nIn the mean time, a stronger commitment to recycling can go a long way towards keeping toxic chemicals out of our water and food and plastics out of the ocean. Waste analysts estimate that 90% of waste can be recycled at a potential savings of ₤6.4 billion ($US 9.9 billion) a year. Approximately 1.5 million jobs could be created in the process. By reusing these materials instead of replacing them, the reduction in climate pollution would be equivalent to taking half the world’s cars off the road.\nNew Zealand Premier\nThe New Plymouth Green Party is sponsoring the first New Zealand showing of Trashed on Thursday 24 October at 7:30 pm at St Mary’s Peace Hall ($10 admission).\nphoto credit: stuant63 via photopin cc\nReposted from Dissident Voice" ]

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[ "Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment loads, and changes in loads, in major rivers across the Chesapeake Bay watershed have been calculated using monitoring data from the Chesapeake Bay River Input Monitoring (RIM) Network stations for the period 1985 through 2021. Nutrient and suspended-sediment loads and changes in loads were determined by applying a weighted regression approach called WRTDS (Weighted Regression on Time, Discharge, and Season). The load results represent the total mass of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment that was exported from each of the RIM watersheds and were estimated using the WRTDS method with Kalman filtering. To determine the trend in loads, the annual load results are flow normalized to integrate out the year-to-year variability in river discharge. The trend in load is derived from the flow-normalized load timeseries and represents the change in load resulting from changes in sources, delays associated with storage or transport of historical inputs, and (or) implemented management actions. Four data tables are provided that describe nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment conditions across the RIM: (1) Annual Loads, (2) Monthly Loads, (3) Trends in Annual Loads, and (4) Average Yield (mass per unit area). Additionally, essential WRTDS Input and Output files are provided.\n|Title||Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment loads and trends measured at the Chesapeake Bay River Input Monitoring stations: Water years 1985-2021|\n|Authors||Christopher A Mason, Alexander M Soroka|\n|Product Type||Data Release|\n|Record Source||USGS Digital Object Identifier Catalog|\n|USGS Organization||Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center|" ]

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[ "Jefferson was fascinated by theology… and could talk about it for hours on end. A deeply personal project was the Jefferson Bible. He analyzed the New Testament and removed what he considered to be “so much untruth, charlatanism and imposture” along with any mention of miracles or the supernatural (always the scientist.) Jefferson was interested in the moral philosophy of Jesus. The Enlightenment taught Jefferson to seek the rational path to moral clarity.\n“The legitimate powers of government extend to such acts only as are injurious to others. But it does me no injury for my neighbour to say there are twenty gods, or no god. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg.” Notes on the State of Virginia 1782" ]

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[ "Syracuse (WSYR-TV) - A leading medical group is warning that chemicals meant to do good can actually pose a threat to the young.\nPesticides are chemicals that kill insects and rodents, and help control weeds, mildew, and germs.\nNow, saying “children encounter pesticides daily and have unique susceptibilities to their potential toxicity,” the American Academy of Pediatrics declares that children should have as little exposure to pesticides as possible.\nWriting in the journal “Pediatrics,” the group cites:\n- Household insecticides\n- Pet flea and tic products\n- Agricultural pesticides as hazards\nBut for many children, the statement says, their diet may be the most influential source.\nThe group says pediatricians have a poor track record for recognizing acute pesticide poisoning.\nBut even low levels of pesticide exposure can lead to pediatric cancers, lower cognitive functioning, and behavioral problems.\nThe authors say doctors should be vigilant for symptoms of pesticide exposure – and the government should improve regulation of labeling and marketing." ]

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[ "- The ‘materiality’ of history: Reconsidering the place of experience in referential writing\n- Experiencing past after the end of history: update as an emergent socio-historical concept\n- Reading experience of historical writing and social role of history\n- Digital Experience of History\n- The Visual Turn in Popular and Professional History\nThis round table reconsiders conventional ways of conceiving the connections between historical knowledge and experience. The challenges posed to history by the recent “turn” to experience call for a rethinking of historical practices, but they also require further consideration of history’s boundaries, including its connection to popular, vernacular ways of knowing and representing the past. We hope that consideration of the nature of history from this perspective can offer new insight into the use of historical sources and methods as well as key analytical categories and conceptual frameworks. Given the ambiguous place of historical research in broader talk about the past, we hope that this will also lead to detailed investigation of the complexity of the role(s) attributed to experience and the changes that this new-found, broader compass can suggest for historical research. To this end, our round table aims to draw attention to the relations between historiography, methods and experience in their full scope and complexity. Key questions to be discussed include: How do “historical experiences” impact our attitudes to the past as researchers and as popular consumers of the past? How can reflection on the role and function of historical studies aid in redefining the relations between historiography, experience, communication and truth? Is a teachable historical epistemology that focusses on how historians establish facts, interpret evidence and represent the past enough to resolve such problems? Or, can we assume, instead, that these issues can be better understood without (primarily) appealing to conventional epistemological practices? After all, much current “history-talk” seems to increasingly rely on some idea of experience in constituting our relation to the past." ]

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[ "Better Students Ask More Questions.\n\"jealousy is a very disructive emotion\" discuss with special reference to IagoIn the...\n3 Answers | add yours\nHigh School Teacher\nMost of Iago's actions in the play Othello are driven by jealousy. Iago attacks Othello's life because he is jealous of him. He doesn't think Othello deserves the position he has above him. Othello is respected and admired which only fuels Iago's jealousy. Cassio is promoted above Iago which only inflames Iago's jealous nature. Eventually, Iago's jealousy poisons his entire life and the lives of those around him. Jealousy is really the only motivation for Iago's actions. We know that his actions lead to the tragic endings inflicted on the other characters.\nPosted by wannam on November 22, 2011 at 4:15 AM (Answer #2)\nPsychologists often make a distinction between jealousy and envy. If you are jealous of another person, you want what he has. If you are envious of another person, you don't even want him to have what he has. Iago is almost more envious than jealous -- or, rather, he seems to suffer from both conditions.\nPosted by vangoghfan on November 24, 2011 at 9:41 AM (Answer #3)\nRelated QuestionsSee all »\nJoin to answer this question\nJoin a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students." ]

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[ "Man in the Maze\nThe figure known as the “Man in the Maze,” depicts a man entering or exiting a labyrinth. It is a theme seen on baskets from as far back as the nineteenth century and in Hopi silver art. Such depictions of labyrinths are also found in ancient petroglyphs (Native American rock art).\nThe symbol can represent a person’s journey through life. The maze contains many twists and turns, meant to represent choices made in life. The center is round and dark, so the journey can be from darkness to light or vice versa depending on which way you are headed!\n© 2010 Horsekeeping © Copyright Information\nSome interpret the center as a representation of a person’s dreams and goals. When you reach the center, you have reached your goals and the sun god there blesses you and helps you pass into the next world.\nAnother interpretation of this symbol is that the man represents the human seed and the maze is the womb. As the man enters the maze, he creates new life which represents reincarnation or eternal life.\nHopi Man in the Maze items range from bracelets to belt buckles to earrings and more. They are characterized by a cutout overlay of the pattern with a dark oxidized background that traditionally is textured with hashmarks.\nNavajo artists make Hopi style overlay pieces with the main difference being that the background is oxidized but not texturized." ]

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[ "Alzheimer's risk can be determined by Dementia Test!\nAbsence of memory is one of the most important problems in our time. Memory lapses experienced within daily life results in fear of suffering Alzheimer's. However, thanks to \"Dementia Test\" started to be performed in Anadolu Medical Center, it is possible to determine your risk of getting Alzheimer's in your following years.\nNeurology specialist Prof. Dr. Türker Şahiner mentioned that high levels of A Beta 42 protein in blood at young ages is a significant indicator of early stage Alzheimer's risk. Prof. Şahiner provided the following information on dementia test.\nTürker Şahiner, M.D. Professor of Neurology from Anadolu Medical Center provided the info about dementia test as;\nIndividuals with familial Alzheimer's history are in high risk group!\nIt's been well known that the accumulation of the protein referred as \"A Beta 42\"is highly associated with Alzheimer's disease, and severe damage in brain. The recent research done in 2008 had strengthened this argument by showing that individuals with first-degree relatives suffering from Alzheimer's tend to have higher levels of the protein. Therefore having this condition at early ages becomes the most significant sign of dementia risk.\nHow is A Beta 42 protein leading to Alzheimer's? Postmortem brain examinations of the patients with the disease showed structures that are resulted from accumulations of various proteins in brain which are called plaque. Among those proteins, A Beta 42 is commonly used by tissues, especially in brain and meninges. In time as all the protein structures and ratios change in brain. Cells can not utilize their constituents and accumulations occur. Eventually, cells die and this is what leads to Alzheimer's disease.\nIn Turkey as Anadolu Medical Center, we started to perform \"Dementia Test\" which measures A Beta 42 protein level in blood. The results provide serious information about the risks of getting Alzheimer's.\nHowever, it's important to point out that a relevantly high protein level result does not mean the individual will definitely suffer from the disease. In order to clear the test other techniques such as MRI, Pet-CT or EEG as well as neurological examination can be used. In the end the results might mean age-related memory decline too.\nWho should undergo this test?\nIndividuals with mild cognitive disorder may undergo this test. Even if the individuals are able to easily continue their daily life, perform all types of social activities and experience no problems in their social relations, dementia might still be a problem for them.\nThose individuals might repeat same action for many times due to early dementia symptoms. They continuously feel the necessity to note down tasks required to be done. Severity of dementia may vary among individuals. We may encounter many individuals with mild dementia around us.\nCan the disease be prevented if Alzheimer's risk is determined?\nUnfortunately, this disease cannot be avoided, even if test result indicates that the individual has Alzheimer's risk. However, it is possible to delay onset of the disease and mitigate progression of the disease by administrating various protective vitamins and medications. Individuals may previously condition themselves against the disease." ]

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[ "Cutting Calories and Carbohydrates\nExperts say in order to lose weight you must reduce your calorie intake by consuming a healthy diet and increase your energy expenditure by doing more physical activity.\nAs part of a weight loss or weight management plan, artificial sweeteners can provide low-calorie options for desserts and other treats instead of cutting them out completely.\nBy replacing sugar-sweetened drinks and sweet foods in your diet with versions that have been artificially sweetened, you can significantly reduce your calorie intake.\nThese sweeteners also do not have any carbohydrates and do not increase blood glucose levels. So if you have diabetes and a sweet tooth, using sugar substitutes in drinks and foods may be a good way to enjoy a sweet treat without raising blood glucose quite as much!\nYou still need to be careful! These sweeteners themselves do not contain any calories or carbs. However, they are often found in foods that are still high in calories.\nBelow are some examples of how artificially sweetened foods can help you cut calories and carbs:\n- You drink two regular 12-ounce sodas each day. Replace these with two diet sodas (diet sodas are usually sweetened with aspartame and acesulfame K) to save yourself about 300 calories and almost 80 grams of carbohydrate! Diet soda is a much better option. It has zero calories and zero carbohydrates.\n- You eat one 6-ounce cup of regular yogurt for breakfast each morning. Replace this with 6 ounces of artificially sweetened light yogurt to save yourself almost 100 calories and 15 grams of carbohydrate every day.\n- Every day you sweeten your coffee with 2 teaspoons of sugar. Use one packet of artificial sweetener each day for a zero-calorie and zero-carb cup of joe instead of adding the extra 32 calories and 10 grams of carbohydrate from just that little bit of sugar!\nYou should also know that some of these sweeteners have a bitter aftertaste. It varies from person to person, but some people are sensitive to this bitterness and do not tolerate certain sweeteners very well. This means you may have to try a few before finding one that you like, or you may not even notice a difference.\nGuides to Healthy Living\nSign up for our monthly Consumer Books enewsletter and be the first to know about our newest cookbooks and guides on meal planning, nutrition, weight control and self care.\nThank you for signing up!\nCheck out our parent mentor volunteer program full of parents just like you!\nBecome a Red Strider! Know someone with diabetes? Walk for them!\nEvery dollar you give can be doubled until May 15th to help Stop Diabetes!\nScroll through our calendar of EXPOs to find out when there will be one near you.\nDitch the chips! We've got recipes for eight healthy snacks you'll love to eat.\nLearn what BIG discounts on auto insurance may await you.\nGet motivated with our newly revised “I Hate to Exercise” book\nSubscribe to our blog! It’s the best way to see what we’re up to at the Association.\nIf you have diabetes, join us for the ride!\nOrder your Diabetes Forecast® today! 25 Tips to healthy living. Click here to start.\nCheck out our site full of vegetarian meal planning ideas!\nFind your local office to get involved in your community.\nA new tool to increase the convenience of portion management\nGet recipes, tips and more! Join the conversation!\nLearn more about Dribble to Stop Diabetes" ]

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[ "Historic Preservation Design Guidelines\nDesign Guidelines help establish a general understanding of preservation design principles and standards concerning our built environment. They serve to promote and protect neighborhood character and high quality of life.\nPurposes and Goals of the Historic Design Guidelines Project\nThe Guidelines are intended to be used by the public, project sponsors, design and planning professionals, neighborhood groups, City staff, and decision-makers such as the Historic Preservation Commission, Planning Commission, and the Board of Supervisors.\nThe overarching goal is to install procedures consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards that also address preservation goals and approaches consistent with San Francisco's Preservation Element, which establishes the preservation expectations of the City at a policy level. The guidelines will help institute a common directive as to how to treat historic resources, define a clear set of design principles, and identify a range of appropriate design solutions.\nThe guidelines will be directive, not prescriptive. They will advise the design and assessment of all preservation projects subject to review, and will work in concert with San Francisco's General Plan, the Secretary of the Interior Standards, and all other Building Code and Planning Department requirements.\nThe goals of the Historic Design Guidelines include:\n- Consistency: Provide a common understanding to inform projects and are applied equally to all properties with like circumstances.\n- Predictability: Well-defined, focused, and accessible using non-technical language help ensure a level of predictability. Clear expectations provide users a collective understanding, allowing a project to move through each step of its respective approval process(es) smoothly.\n- Flexibility: Encourage innovative and original approach as to help ensure that design will reflect evolving community values and expectations, and can influence the ways in which they are applied over time.\nThe guidelines will be directive, not prescriptive. They will inform the design and assessment of all preservation projects subject to review and will work in concert with San Francisco's General Plan, the Secretary of the Interior Standards, and all other Building Code and Planning Department requirements.\nIn the late 1960s,the National Park Service, serving under the Department of the Interior, developed the Secretary of the Interior Standards (SOIS) for assessing the treatment of individual historic structures and structures within national historic districts.\nCurrently, the majority of preservation programs across the country, including San Francisco, rely on these federal Standards as a foundation for project review at the local level. Most of these programs supplement the SOIS with locally established guidelines.\nWhile the SOIS have generally well served San Francisco, their use as the primary approval criteria has two primary deficiencies:\n- They are broad, and thus subject to varying levels of interpretation; and\n- They don’t provide direction specific to San Francisco’s unique urban and historic environment.\nFor these reasons, San Francisco Planning has developed design guidelines for historic structures and districts specific to San Francisco.\nDevelop content from all existing policies and guidelines.\n- Summer – winter 2018: Broad Public Engagement\nMeet with neighborhood and community organizations to identify new guidelines to reflect goals and topics that require clarification. Outreach will consist of individual meetings with neighborhood groups and workshops.\n- Winter 2018 – 2019: Incorporate Public Comments #1\nAddress public comment received to date through correspondence, meetings, and workshops.\nThe Historic Preservation Design Guidelines effort is currently on hold. Sign up for updates to learn when we resume.\nWhere do they apply?\n- Article 10 Historic Districts\n- Article 11 Historic Districts\n- Known Historic Resources (“A” properties)\n- Secretary of the Interior Standards for Rehabilitation\nThe Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties promote responsible preservation practices for historic and cultural resources. Recommended treatments apply to individual buildings, districts, landscapes, and archeological components.\n- Preservation Bulletins\nThe Planning Department has compiled procedures, definitions, and surveys to further explain the review process of historic resources in San Francisco.\n- San Francisco Preservation Element of the Comprehensive Plan\nThe Preservation Element establishes the policy goals and purposes pertaining to Preservation throughout the City.\n- SOIS Preservation Briefs\nPreservation Briefs provide guidance on preserving, rehabilitating, and restoring historic buildings. These National Park Service publications provide technical information for owners and designers to resolve common issues in regular scopes of work.\n- NPS Incentive Program\nThe Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentive program encourages private sector investment in the rehabilitation and re-use of historic buildings.\n- Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines on Sustainability\nThe illustrated guidelines on sustainability focus on the related efforts between preservation and sustainable practices in the building environment by providing information concerning professional methods and techniques in preservation projects." ]

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[ "Steve Irwin Day\nInspiring people all over the world to get more interested in the animals that occupy their lands, Steve Irwin was known as The Crocodile Hunter. This Australian animal lover and conservationist who established Wildlife Warriors to care for and support animals who might be at risk or in danger in Australia as well as all over the world.\nHistory of Steve Irwin Day\nEstablished by Australia Zoo in 2007, the year following Steve’s death, Steve Irwin Day is meant to honor and celebrate this man’s legacy. Since the Irwin family was instrumental in founding the zoo, he is close to their hearts. In 1970, when Steve was only eight years old, his family moved to Queensland where they opened a reptile park that would eventually become Australia Zoo.\nToday, the Wildlife Warriors program that was started by Steve and his wife Terri in 2002 continues to support and keep alive the dream of taking care of as many animals as possible.\nSteven Irwin Day falls on November 15 which is not his own birthday, but it is the day that celebrates the birth of one of Irwin’s favorite animals – Harriet, the Galapagos land tortoise who lived to be a whopping 175 years old.\nHow to Celebrate Steve Irwin Day\nCelebrating this day in honor of Steve Irwin comes with all sorts of possibilities. Take this opportunity to consider wildlife, show support, and raise awareness for the needs of animals and wild places with some of these ideas:\nWatch The Crocodile Hunter Shows\nSteve Irwin’s show, The Crocodile Hunter, ran for almost eleven years, from 1997-2004, making 64 episodes of the television series. This wildlife documentary series featuring Steve and Terri ran on Animal Planet and was the network’s highest rated series at that time.\nIn addition to the episodes from the original series, other television spin-offs include Croc Files and The Crocodile Hunter Diaries. Not only that, but one feature film was also made in 2002, called The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course.\nPlus, Steve and Terri’s daughter, Bindi, has also been in her own show in 2009, called Bindi, the Jungle Girl. She also won Dancing with the Stars in 2015.\nMake a Donation to Wildlife Warriors\nIn honor of Steve Irwin Day, consider making a donation to the Wildlife Warriors program that is sponsored by Australia Zoo. Fighting for the important cause of protecting wildlife and wild places, each donation to the cause helps to save lives. The invitation to join the global force of Wildlife Warriors helps with conservation projects and building a new ward to host vulnerable wildlife who need care.\nHead Over to the Zoo\nGet even more connected with wildlife by taking a trip to the local zoo in celebration of Steve Irwin Day! While enjoying animals of all shapes and species is fun, be sure not to miss the reptile house that features animals like snakes, crocodiles, bullfrogs, turtles and so many other interesting and unique animals." ]

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[ "[Dino] is back with another installment of his Hack a Week series, and in this episode he is taking on what he promises will be the last transistor-based project – at least for a little while.\nIn the video embedded below, he shows off a homemade voltage detector circuit that he constructed using a trio of BC547 NPN transistors. The circuit is pretty simple though very useful all the same. At one end, the device has a small copper strip, which is connected to the base of the first transistor. The emitter of that transistor is daisy chained to the base of the second transistor and so on, until reaching the indicator LED.\nAs noted by one of [Dino’s] viewers, the circuit functions as follows:\n“The front end copper strip forms one side of a capacitor, and then when you bring it near a voltage potential a super tiny current flows between air dielectric of the “cap”. This is mega amplified with the high gain BC547′s and viola, the LED lights up.”\nSince the small bit of current is amplified many times over, the LED lights up even when very small voltages are present. While we might not necessarily trust our lives to [Dino’s] voltage detector, we’re sure it would come in handy now and again." ]

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[ "There is a path to replace TCP in the datacenter\nForty years in, a protocol that's over the hill and under the gun, at least for the majors\nOne of the most entrenched standards of the last forty years, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), might be seeing the end of the line, at least for applications in some of the world's largest datacenters.\nFor the rest of the world though, the hassle factor of a shift might be too heavy to bear, even if 100X faster message delivery capabilities are within reach.\nBut what's good for the hyperscalers can be a win for mid-sized IT. Eventually, anyway.\nFour decades ago, TCP, with its focus on networks with maybe one thousand geographically distributed nodes, often hundreds of miles apart, was truly bleeding edge. It could do the then-critical job of streaming big chunks of data over long distances and even today remains the default basis for almost every web-based technology.\nThe datacenter of today is, of course, wildly different. Now, we're dealing with hundreds of machines in close proximity, communicating at short time intervals. TCP was designed for a world of millisecond packet delivery from one end of the network to another, but in a datacenter this job is done in a microsecond.\n\"The problem with TCP is that it doesn't let us take advantage of the power of datacenter networks, the kind that make it possible to send really short messages back and forth between machines at these fine time scales,\" John Ousterhout, Professor of Computer Science at Stanford, told The Register. \"With TCP you can't do that, the protocol was designed in so many ways that make it hard to do that.\"\nIt's not like the realization of TCP's limitations is anything new. There has been progress to bust through some of the biggest problems, including in congestion control to solve the problem of machines sending to the same target at the same time, causing a backup through the network. But these are incremental tweaks to something that is inherently not suitable, especially for the largest datacenter applications (think Google and others).\n\"Every design decision in TCP is wrong for the datacenter and the problem is, there's no one thing you can do to make it better, it has to change in almost every way, including the API, the very interface people use to send and receive data. It all has to change,\" he opined.\nOf course, that's all far easier said than done. \"Entrenched\" doesn't begin to describe TCP. Nearly all software depends on it and in very specific ways, no less.\nBut Ousterhout is one of those folks in systems research who can look at an intractable problem like this and see a path forward, no rose-colored glasses necessary.\n- After 40 years in tech, I see every innovation contains its dark opposite\n- RISC OS: 35-year-old original Arm operating system is alive and well\n- IETF publishes HTTP/3 RFC to take the web from TCP to UDP\n- SmartNICs power the cloud, are enterprise datacenters next?\nWhile his current Stanford tenure is focused on distributed systems and software, but if his name sounds familiar it's because he created technologies meant to displace things that no longer fit the times. For instance, the high-level Tcl (Tool Command Language) scripting language over three decades ago.\nThis led him to a career at Sun to further build that effort, then into his own Tcl support and tooling company, Scriptics. The theme running throughout his patents and research has consistently been pulling legacy tech out by the roots and replacing it with something easier and more tuned to modern systems.\nHis answer to the TCP time-trap is called \"Homa\" [PDF] and he already has an implementation of it for the Linux kernel that he says is production ready. The challenge is how to switch applications over so they can use his new interface. The grander, more distant issue is that there are millions of applications dependent on TCP.\nThe starting point is among the hyperscalers where this kind of fix is going to be most welcome. Most of the large-scale datacenter applications running at Google and Amazon or Azure tend to never program directly to the TCP socket interface, choosing instead to use libraries that implement remote procedure calls, where a program sends a short message to some other machine to ask it to do a task then gets a short response back.\nThe largest datacenter folks have frameworks that make it easier to issue those remote procedure calls (RPCs) and these are often internal tools like Google's gRPC. In Ousterhout's view, if a Google would modify its frameworks to support Homa alongside gRPC the applications that use those should only require a one-line change.\n\"That's the best hope for making the transition away from TCP,\" he tells us. \"If we do that, many of the most interesting datacenter applications can take advantage of the new protocol.\" He adds that older applications based around TCP would keep working well but for the largest datacenter applications, the shift to Homa plus their own customized RPC tooling could mean up to 100x faster message deliver—a big deal at large scale.\nThere's an exhaustive list of everything that's wrong with TCP for the modern datacenter, along with some context on what it takes to start making the shift, if only conceptually. ®" ]

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[ "Xi Jinping’s Great Leap: A Technological Revolution\nIn 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the “Great Leap Forward”, an ambitious plan to transform China’s economy and society through technology. The goal was to make China a global leader in technology and innovation, and to create a more prosperous and equitable society. Over the past five years, the Chinese government has invested heavily in research and development, and has made huge strides in building the infrastructure and support needed for a technological revolution.\nInvestment in R&D and Infrastructure\nThe Chinese government has invested heavily in research and development (R&D) over the past five years. It has doubled its investment in R&D to over $200 billion, making it the second-largest investor in R&D in the world. It has also invested heavily in the construction of infrastructure such as 5G networks, AI-driven robots, and autonomous vehicles. These investments have allowed China to build a strong foundation for its technological revolution.\nFocus on Innovation and Technology\nThe Chinese government has also focused on improving the innovation and technology landscape in the country. It has created several programs to encourage innovation, such as the “Made in China 2025” initiative, which aims to make China a global leader in advanced manufacturing. The government has also created incubators and accelerators to help startups bring their ideas to market, as well as venture capital funds to help these startups get off the ground.\nThe Chinese government has also taken steps to encourage entrepreneurship and the creation of new businesses. It has established a “Startup China” program to provide financial and mentoring support to entrepreneurs. It has also implemented tax incentives and other measures to make it easier for entrepreneurs to start businesses. These measures have helped create an environment that is conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship.\nPromoting Technological Education\nThe Chinese government has also sought to promote technological education. It has increased its spending on science and technology education, and has launched initiatives such as the “Internet Plus” program, which aims to make the internet more accessible to students and teachers. The government has also established universities focused on technology and innovation, such as the Beijing Institute of Technology.\nBuilding a Global Presence\nThe Chinese government has also sought to build a global presence for its technology and innovation. It has invested heavily in overseas markets, and has made a number of strategic partnerships with foreign companies. It has also been a leader in the field of artificial intelligence, investing heavily in research and development, and building a strong presence in the global AI market.\nThe Impact of the Great Leap\nThe Great Leap has had a profound impact on China’s economy and society. It has helped spur innovation, create new industries, and build a strong foundation for a more prosperous and equitable society. It has also helped China become a global leader in technology and innovation, and has enabled the country to compete on a global stage.\nXi Jinping’s Great Leap has been a major success for China. It has helped to transform the country’s economy and society, and has enabled the country to become a global leader in technology and innovation. The Chinese government’s commitment to investing in R&D, promoting innovation, encouraging entrepreneurship, and building a global presence has been key to the success of the program." ]

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[ "The paramount invention that led to human society was sharing…\n(Morton Fried, The Evolution of Political Society, 106)\nIt is of interest to note that members of primitive societies had neither states nor our idea of pre-eminence.”\n(Eli Sagan, At the Dawn of Tyranny, 7)\nWe tend today to obsess over our own cultural, political, and philosophical presuppositions. We presume that our worldview — including how things should work — is (or should be) a universal human conception. Most recently, and especially in the West, we believe this so strongly that we attempt to overlay our worldview, like a template, on the rest of the human community, and expect everything to work according to our taken-for-granted assumptions, no matter how well or ill they might fit. We tend to believe that our point of view, our values, and only our values, are correct… even natural. And we bandy about the concepts of freedom, democracy, individual rights, self-determination, as if the individual person — a relatively modern concept of self as sufficient-unto-itself and independent of the world — is of paramount importance, the measure of all things good and real.\nBut was such a conception always the case? If not, when did it emerge? Furthermore, we take it for granted that the socio-political construct of the State is a natural organizing principle for human community (“Being-with”). And so we tend to view hierarchy — control over one another (the citizenry) — as an adjunct to some God-given right to exercise control over nature — itself conceived of as wholly separate entity from human existence. These are common presuppositions.\nWe fail to note that nation states — and hierarchies — did not emerge until rather late in the human story. In fact, history (the story of civilized humanity) and hierarchy emerged simultaneously only about 6,000 years ago, while modern humanity has existed for at least 30,000 years, Homo sapiens, 200,000 years, and the Homo genus, over 2,000,000 years. And all of that pre-history was without States, without formal hierarchies, and without competition for ‘resources’. Indeed, even the big distinction between nature and culture did not emerge until that fateful social transformation which accompanied the development of plow agriculture. And when did the conception of the individual, as the repository of rights and privileges, including the right to the ownership of private property emerge? And what does this all mean about our current predicament, where our State has the right of pre-eminence over all natural resources, and our imperialistic hegemony seeks to extend its control over the entire globe?\nOur earliest of forebears lived simply by foraging and hunting. Skill in this regard grew naturally from their engagement within the territory they roamed. There developed a feeling for the land, reflecting a special modality of being-in-the-world — a pre-objective and intuitive dwelling. As Timothy Ingold noted:\nIn a recent study of reindeer herders and hunters in the Taimyr region of northern Siberia, David Anderson (2000: 116-17) writes that in their relation with animals and… the environment, these people operate with a sentient ecology. (Ingold, The Perception of the Environment, 25)\nThe world was not an objective fact, not an object out there to be measured, but an Other to be understood, solicited, and engaged. The territory was alive with energy. Martin Heidegger understood this as well; our modern idea of pure extension and duration, and so our commonsense notion of space/time, represented abstractions, transformations, perversions of a more primal and overwhelming experience of being — perhaps what the Pacific Islanders referred to as “mana.” For the Islanders, there was no such thing as empty space or simple, objective material extension, as was the documented case among many other pre-urban tribes and hunter-gatherer societies; their world was filled with living, animate, sentient and powerful subjectivities lurking everywhere and residing almost anywhere – in the wind, the water, the stone, or the bush. We first-worlders call it, condescendingly, animism.\nPreliterate humanity seemingly made no distinctions between experiencing the world as living, having a power and motility shared with all sentient beings and even with what we would call inanimate nature. It is for this reason that pre-historic consciousness may be called participatory consciousness according to Owen Barfield (Saving the Appearances); tribal members actually could fuse with their totem animal, for example – intertwining with their environment – because from their perspective there was no substantive difference between them and the totem: they were essentially of one substance or consubstantial.\nWe must not be confused here. It is not as if they thought like us, only with incorrect judgments; they did not think the way we do at all. It was qualitatively a different mode of perceiving and experiencing all together. They did not see things from a detached objective perspective; indeed, we cannot say that they saw any “things” at all in the sense that we speak of things today in space. Rather they participated things. The way they experienced their world was different naturally from he way we configure the world.\nEven within the tribe or clan, the phenomenon of ‘Being-with-the-other’ was not an exploitive, manipulative affair. Not only food and water were shared, but so to were sexual favors (Sex At Dawn) ~ a communal affair, not so possessive as it has become today. The life of the tribe/clan was characterized by such communitas, each participating the lives of one another. And together, participating in the larger dance of life, of being. The tribe itself, understood as a part of, and a participation in, the ‘natural environment.’\nAs Fried summarizes:\nThe paramount invention that led to the development of human society was sharing.. Of almost equal importance was the concomitant reduction in the significance of individual dominance in a hierarchical arrangement within the community. In part the structural possibility for such hierarchy was undermined by the demands of sharing. (106)\nSo the issues characterizing and haunting our contemporary scene ~ rabid capitalism, conspicuous consumption, competition for resources, private property (and its protection), a political class, standing armies and warfare (to protect private assets of the state while stealing more), the charge to pre-eminence (imperialism), and manipulation or abuse of the environment (now understood as a mere objects); these issues can only be addressed by relooking at the role of sharing. Again, what Sagan penned in 1985 is wholly relevant today,\nWe who live in the midst of [a new] cold war — that latest evolution of Western politics — assume that the determination of which state is pre-eminent is an important matter in people’s lives. It is of interest to note that members of primitive societies had neither states nor our idea of pre-eminence. (7)\nWe desperately need to rethink the nature of community today, and the meaning of the terms ~ communism, socialism, and tribalism. But, I’m afraid it is far too late for that!" ]

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[ "BOOKS: BIBLICAL STUDIES (1500BC-AD70) / EARLY CHRISTIAN PRETERISM (AD50-1000) / FREE ONLINE BOOKS (AD1000-2008)\nJosephus' Wars of the Jews Archive | Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, CH 16 | Dissertations on The Destruction of Jerusalem | Scientific Date for the Destruction of Herod's Temple in AD70 | The Destruction of Jerusalem | The Jewish War and Destruction of Jerusalem | Jerusalem, the Harlot | The Destruction of Jerusalem | Why Was the Second Temple Destroyed? | The Harlot City | Stone Piles that Memorialize Jerusalem's Destruction | The Effects of the Fall of Jerusalem on Christianity | Images of the Temple | Ancient Maps of Jerusalem | First Century Jerusalem | Ancient coins from the first Jewish revolt | Before A.D. 71 - A.D. 71-1099 | 1415 | Cornelius Tacitus - Histories, Book V. A.D.70\n\"Three great monotheistic religions deem it sacred, yet no city has a comparable history of carnage, destruction, and strife\" (NY Times. Dec. 8, 1996, p. 13)\nSECOND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY\nThe Destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.\nJesus' words or warning to Jerusalem written below were fulfilled exactly in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.:\nFrom the crest of Olivet, Jesus looked upon Jerusalem. Fair and peaceful was the scene spread out before Him. It was the season of the Passover, and from all lands the children of Jacob had gathered there to celebrate the great national festival. In the midst of gardens and vineyards, and green slopes studded with pilgrims' tents, rose the terraced hills, the stately palaces, and massive bulwarks of Israel's capital. The daughter of Zion seemed in her pride to say, I sit a queen and shall see no sorrow; as lovely then, and deeming herself as secure in Heaven's favor, as when, ages before, the royal minstrel sang: \"Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion, . . . the city of the great King.\" Psalm 48:2. In full view were the magnificent buildings of the temple. The rays of the setting sun lighted up the snowy whiteness of its marble walls and gleamed from golden gate and tower and pinnacle. \"The perfection of beauty\" it stood, the pride of the Jewish nation. What child of Israel could gaze upon the scene without a thrill of joy and admiration! But far other thoughts occupied the mind of Jesus. \"When He was come near, He beheld the city, and wept over it.\" Luke 19:41. Amid the universal rejoicing of the triumphal entry, while palm branches waved, while glad hosannas awoke the echoes of the hills, and thousands of voices declared Him king, the world's Redeemer was overwhelmed with a sudden and mysterious sorrow. He, the Son of God, the Promised One of Israel, whose power had conquered death and called its captives from the grave, was in tears, not of ordinary grief, but of intense, irrepressible agony.\nHis tears were not for Himself, though He well knew whither His feet were tending. Before Him lay Gethsemane, the scene of His approaching agony. The sheepgate also was in sight, through which for centuries the victims for sacrifice had been led, and which was to open for Him when He should be \"brought as a lamb to the slaughter.\" Isaiah 53:7. Not far distant was Calvary, the place of crucifixion. Upon the path which Christ was soon to tread must fall the horror of great darkness as He should make His soul an offering for sin. Yet it was not the contemplation of these scenes that cast the shadow upon Him in this hour of gladness. No foreboding of His own superhuman anguish clouded that unselfish spirit. He wept for the doomed thousands of Jerusalem--because of the blindness and impenitence of those whom He came to bless and to save.\nThe history of more than a thousand years of God's special favor and guardian care, manifested to the chosen people, was open to the eye of Jesus. There was Mount Moriah, where the son of promise, an unresisting victim, had been bound to the altar--emblem of the offering of the Son of God. There the covenant of blessing, the glorious Messianic promise, had been confirmed to the father of the faithful. Genesis 22:9, 16-18. There the flames of the sacrifice ascending to heaven from the threshing floor of Ornan had turned aside the sword of the destroying angel (1 Chronicles 21)-- fitting symbol of the Saviour's sacrifice and mediation for guilty men. Jerusalem had been honored of God above all the earth. The Lord had \"chosen Zion,\" He had \"desired it for His habitation.\" Psalm 132:13. There, for ages, holy prophets had uttered their messages of warning. There priests had waved their censers, and the cloud of incense, with the prayers of the worshipers, had ascended before God. There daily the blood of slain lambs had been offered, pointing forward to the Lamb of God. There Jehovah had revealed His presence in the cloud of glory above the mercy seat. There rested the base of that mystic ladder connecting earth with heaven (Genesis 28:12; John 1:51)--that ladder upon which angels of God descended and ascended, and which opened to the world the way into the holiest of all. Had Israel as a nation preserved her allegiance to Heaven, Jerusalem would have stood forever, the elect of God. Jeremiah 17:21-25. But the history of that favored people was a record of backsliding and rebellion. They had resisted Heaven's grace, abused their privileges, and slighted their opportunities.\nAlthough Israel had \"mocked the messengers of God, and despised His words, and misused His prophets\" (2 Chronicles 36:16), He had still manifested Himself to them, as \"the Lord God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth\" (Exodus 34:6); notwithstanding repeated rejections, His mercy had continued its pleadings. With more than a father's pitying love for the son of his care, God had \"sent to them by His messengers, rising up betimes, and sending; because He had compassion on His people, and on His dwelling place.\" 2 Chronicles 36:15. When remonstrance, entreaty, and rebuke had failed, He sent to them the best gift of heaven; nay, He poured out all heaven in that one Gift.\nThe Son of God Himself was sent to plead with the impenitent city. It was Christ that had brought Israel as a goodly vine out of Egypt. Psalm 80:8. His own hand had cast out the heathen before it. He had planted it \"in a very fruitful hill.\" His guardian care had hedged it about. His servants had been sent to nurture it. \"What could have been done more to My vineyard,\" He exclaims, \"that I have not done in it?\" Isaiah 5:1-4. Though when He looked that it should bring forth grapes, it brought forth wild grapes, yet with a still yearning hope of fruitfulness He came in person to His vineyard, if haply it might be saved from destruction. He digged about His vine; He pruned and cherished it. He was unwearied in His efforts to save this vine of His own planting.\nFor three years the Lord of light and glory had gone in and out among His people. He \"went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil,\" binding up the brokenhearted, setting at liberty them that were bound, restoring sight to the blind, causing the lame to walk and the deaf to hear, cleansing the lepers, raising the dead, and preaching the gospel to the poor. Acts 10:38; Luke 4:18; Matthew 11:5. To all classes alike was addressed the gracious call: \"Come unto Me, all ye that labor and are heavy-laden, and I will give you rest.\" Matthew 11:28.\nThough rewarded with evil for good, and hatred for His love (Psalm 109:5), He had steadfastly pursued His mission of mercy. Never were those repelled that sought His grace. A homeless wanderer, reproach and penury His daily lot, He lived to minister to the needs and lighten the woes of men, to plead with them to accept the gift of life. The waves of mercy, beaten back by those stubborn hearts, returned in a stronger tide of pitying, inexpressible love. But Israel had turned from her best Friend and only Helper. The pleadings of His love had been despised, His counsels spurned, His warnings ridiculed.\nThe hour of hope and pardon was fast passing; the cup of God's long-deferred wrath was almost full. The cloud that had been gathering through ages of apostasy and rebellion, now black with woe, was about to burst upon a guilty people; and He who alone could save them from their impending fate had been slighted, abused, rejected, and was soon to be crucified. When Christ should hang upon the cross of Calvary, Israel's day as a nation favored and blessed of God would be ended. The loss of even one soul is a calamity infinitely outweighing the gains and treasures of a world; but as Christ looked upon Jerusalem, the doom of a whole city, a whole nation, was before Him--that city, that nation, which had once been the chosen of God, His peculiar treasure.\nProphets had wept over the apostasy of Israel and the terrible desolations by which their sins were visited. Jeremiah wished that his eyes were a fountain of tears, that he might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of his people, for the Lord's flock that was carried away captive. Jeremiah 9:1; 13:17. What, then, was the grief of Him whose prophetic glance took in, not years, but ages! He beheld the destroying angel with sword uplifted against the city which had so long been Jehovah's dwelling place. From the ridge of Olivet, the very spot afterward occupied by Titus and his army, He looked across the valley upon the sacred courts and porticoes, and with tear-dimmed eyes He saw, in awful perspective, the walls surrounded by alien hosts. He heard the tread of armies marshaling for war. He heard the voice of mothers and children crying for bread in the besieged city. He saw her holy and beautiful house, her palaces and towers, given to the flames, and where once they stood, only a heap of smoldering ruins.\nLooking down the ages, He saw the covenant people scattered in every land, \"like wrecks on a desert shore.\" In the temporal retribution about to fall upon her children, He saw but the first draft from that cup of wrath which at the final judgment she must drain to its dregs. Divine pity, yearning love, found utterance in the mournful words: \"O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not!\" O that thou, a nation favored above every other, hadst known the time of thy visitation, and the things that belong unto thy peace! I have stayed the angel of justice, I have called thee to repentance, but in vain. It is not merely servants, delegates, and prophets, whom thou hast refused and rejected, but the Holy One of Israel, thy Redeemer. If thou art destroyed, thou alone art responsible. \"Ye will not come to Me, that ye might have life.\" Matthew 23:37; John 5:40.\nChrist saw in Jerusalem a symbol of the world hardened in unbelief and rebellion, and hastening on to meet the retributive judgments of God. The woes of a fallen race, pressing upon His soul, forced from His lips that exceeding bitter cry. He saw the record of sin traced in human misery, tears, and blood; His heart was moved with infinite pity for the afflicted and suffering ones of earth; He yearned to relieve them all. But even His hand might not turn back the tide of human woe; few would seek their only Source of help. He was willing to pour out His soul unto death, to bring salvation within their reach; but few would come to Him that they might have life.\nThe Majesty of heaven in tears! the Son of the infinite God troubled in spirit, bowed down with anguish! The scene filled all heaven with wonder. That scene reveals to us the exceeding sinfulness of sin; it shows how hard a task it is, even for Infinite Power, to save the guilty from the consequences of transgressing the law of God. Jesus, looking down to the last generation, saw the world involved in a deception similar to that which caused the destruction of Jerusalem. The great sin of the Jews was their rejection of Christ; the great sin of the Christian world would be their rejection of the law of God, the foundation of His government in heaven and earth. The precepts of Jehovah would be despised and set at nought. Millions in bondage to sin, slaves of Satan, doomed to suffer the second death, would refuse to listen to the words of truth in their day of visitation. Terrible blindness! strange infatuation!\nTwo days before the Passover, when Christ had for the last time departed from the temple, after denouncing the hypocrisy of the Jewish rulers, He again went out with His disciples to the Mount of Olives and seated Himself with them upon the grassy slope overlooking the city. Once more He gazed upon its walls, its towers, and its palaces. Once more He beheld the temple in its dazzling splendor, a diadem of beauty crowning the sacred mount.\nA thousand years before, the psalmist had magnified God's favor to Israel in making her holy house His dwelling place: \"In Salem also is His tabernacle, and His dwelling place in Zion.\" He \"chose the tribe of Judah, the Mount Zion which He loved. And He built His sanctuary like high palaces.\" Psalms 76:2; 78:68, 69. The first temple had been erected during the most prosperous period of Israel's history. Vast stores of treasure for this purpose had been collected by King David, and the plans for its construction were made by divine inspiration. 1 Chronicles 28:12, 19. Solomon, the wisest of Israel's monarchs, had completed the work. This temple was the most magnificent building which the world ever saw. Yet the Lord had declared by the prophet Haggai, concerning the second temple: \"The glory of this latter house shall be greater than of the former.\" \"I will shake all nations, and the Desire of all nations shall come: and I will fill this house with glory, saith the Lord of hosts.\" Haggai 2:9, 7.\nAfter the destruction of the temple by Nebuchadnezzar it was rebuilt about five hundred years before the birth of Christ by a people who from a lifelong captivity had returned to a wasted and almost deserted country. There were then among them aged men who had seen the glory of Solomon's temple, and who wept at the foundation of the new building, that it must be so inferior to the former. The feeling that prevailed is forcibly described by the prophet: \"Who is left among you that saw this house in her first glory? and how do ye see it now? is it not in your eyes in comparison of it as nothing?\" Haggai 2:3; Ezra 3:12. Then was given the promise that the glory of this latter house should be greater than that of the former.\nBut the second temple had not equaled the first in magnificence; nor was it hallowed by those visible tokens of the divine presence which pertained to the first temple. There was no manifestation of supernatural power to mark its dedication. No cloud of glory was seen to fill the newly erected sanctuary. No fire from heaven descended to consume the sacrifice upon its altar. The Shekinah no longer abode between the cherubim in the most holy place; the ark, the mercy seat, and the tables of the testimony were not to be found therein. No voice sounded from heaven to make known to the inquiring priest the will of Jehovah.\nFor centuries the Jews had vainly endeavored to show wherein the promise of God given by Haggai had been fulfilled; yet pride and unbelief blinded their minds to the true meaning of the prophet's words. The second temple was not honored with the cloud of Jehovah's glory, but with the living presence of One in whom dwelt the fullness of the Godhead bodily--who was God Himself manifest in the flesh. The \"Desire of all nations\" had indeed come to His temple when the Man of Nazareth taught and healed in the sacred courts. In the presence of Christ, and in this only, did the second temple exceed the first in glory. But Israel had put from her the proffered Gift of heaven. With the humble Teacher who had that day passed out from its golden gate, the glory had forever departed from the temple. Already were the Saviour's words fulfilled: \"Your house is left unto you desolate.\" Matthew 23:38.\nThe disciples had been filled with awe and wonder at Christ's prediction of the overthrow of the temple, and they desired to understand more fully the meaning of His words. Wealth, labor, and architectural skill had for more than forty years been freely expended to enhance its splendors. Herod the Great had lavished upon it both Roman wealth and Jewish treasure, and even the emperor of the world had enriched it with his gifts. Massive blocks of white marble, of almost fabulous size, forwarded from Rome for this purpose, formed a part of its structure; and to these the disciples had called the attention of their Master, saying: \"See what manner of stones and what buildings are here!\" Mark 13:1.\nTo these words, Jesus made the solemn and startling reply: \"Verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down.\" Matthew 24:2.\nWith the overthrow of Jerusalem the disciples associated the events of Christ's personal coming in temporal glory to take the throne of universal empire, to punish the impenitent Jews, and to break from off the nation the Roman yoke. The Lord had told them that He would come the second time. Hence at the mention of judgments upon Jerusalem, their minds reverted to that coming; and as they were gathered about the Saviour upon the Mount of Olives, they asked: \"When shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of Thy coming, and of the end of the world?\" Verse 3.\nThe future was mercifully veiled from the disciples. Had they at that time fully comprehend the two awful facts-- the Redeemer's sufferings and death, and the destruction of their city and temple--they would have been overwhelmed with horror. Christ presented before them an outline of the prominent events to take place before the close of time. His words were not then fully understood; but their meaning was to be unfolded as His people should need the instruction therein given. The prophecy which He uttered was twofold in its meaning; while foreshadowing the destruction of Jerusalem, it prefigured also the terrors of the last great day.\nJesus declared to the listening disciples the judgments that were to fall upon apostate Israel, and especially the retributive vengeance that would come upon them for their rejection and crucifixion of the Messiah. Unmistakable signs would precede the awful climax. The dreaded hour would come suddenly and swiftly. And the Saviour warned His followers: \"When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand:) then let them which be in Judea flee into the mountains.\" Matthew 24:15, 16; Luke 21:20, 21. When the idolatrous standards of the Romans should be set up in the holy ground, which extended some furlongs outside the city walls, then the followers of Christ were to find safety in flight. When the warning sign should be seen, those who would escape must make no delay. Throughout the land of Judea, as well as in Jerusalem itself, the signal for flight must be immediately obeyed. He who chanced to be upon the housetop must not go down into his house, even to save his most valued treasures. Those who were working in the fields or vineyards must not take time to return for the outer garment laid aside while they should be toiling in the heat of the day. They must not hesitate a moment, lest they be involved in the general destruction.\nIn the reign of Herod, Jerusalem had not only been greatly beautified, but by the erection of towers, walls, and fortresses, adding to the natural strength of its situation, it had been rendered apparently impregnable. He who would at this time have foretold publicly its destruction, would, like Noah in his day, have been called a crazed alarmist. But Christ had said: \"Heaven and earth shall pass away, but My words shall not pass away.\" Matthew 24:35. Because of her sins, wrath had been denounced against Jerusalem, and her stubborn unbelief rendered her doom certain.\nThe Lord had declared by the prophet Micah: \"Hear this, I pray you, ye heads of the house of Jacob, and princes of the house of Israel, that abhor judgment, and pervert all equity. They build up Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity. The heads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach for hire, and the prophets thereof divine for money: yet will they lean upon the Lord, and say, Is not the Lord among us? none evil can come upon us.\" Micah 3:9-11.\nThese words faithfully described the corrupt and self-righteous inhabitants of Jerusalem. While claiming to observe rigidly the precepts of God's law, they were transgressing all its principles. They hated Christ because His purity and holiness revealed their iniquity; and they accused Him of being the cause of all the troubles which had come upon them in consequence of their sins. Though they knew Him to be sinless, they had declared that His death was necessary to their safety as a nation. \"If we let Him thus alone,\" said the Jewish leaders, \"all men will believe on Him: and the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation.\" John 11:48. If Christ were sacrificed, they might once more become a strong, united people. Thus they reasoned, and they concurred in the decision of their high priest, that it would be better for one man to die than for the whole nation to perish.\nThus the Jewish leaders had built up \"Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity.\" Micah 3:10. And yet, while they slew their Saviour because He reproved their sins, such was their self-righteousness that they regarded themselves as God's favored people and expected the Lord to deliver them from their enemies. \"Therefore,\" continued the prophet, \"shall Zion for your sake be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of the forest.\" Verse 12.\nFor nearly forty years after the doom of Jerusalem had been pronounced by Christ Himself, the Lord delayed His judgments upon the city and the nation. Wonderful was the long-suffering of God toward the rejectors of His gospel and the murderers of His Son. The parable of the unfruitful tree represented God's dealings with the Jewish nation. The command had gone forth, \"Cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground?\" (Luke 13:7) but divine mercy had spared it yet a little longer. There were still many among the Jews who were ignorant of the character and the work of Christ. And the children had not enjoyed the opportunities or received the light which their parents had spurned. Through the preaching of the apostles and their associates, God would cause light to shine upon them; they would be permitted to see how prophecy had been fulfilled, not only in the birth and life of Christ, but in His death and resurrection. The children were not condemned for the sins of the parents; but when, with a knowledge of all the light given to their parents, the children rejected the additional light granted to themselves, they became partakers of the parents' sins, and filled up the measure of their iniquity.\nThe long-suffering of God toward Jerusalem only confirmed the Jews in their stubborn impenitence. In their hatred and cruelty toward the disciples of Jesus they rejected the last offer of mercy. Then God withdrew His protection from them and removed His restraining power from Satan and his angels, and the nation was left to the control of the leader she had chosen. Her children had spurned the grace of Christ, which would have enabled them to subdue their evil impulses, and now these became the conquerors. Satan aroused the fiercest and most debased passions of the soul. Men did not reason; they were beyond reason--controlled by impulse and blind rage. They became satanic in their cruelty. In the family and in the nation, among the highest and the lowest classes alike, there was suspicion, envy, hatred, strife, rebellion, murder. There was no safety anywhere. Friends and kindred betrayed one another. Parents slew their children, and children their parents. The rulers of the people had no power to rule themselves. Uncontrolled passions made them tyrants. The Jews had accepted false testimony to condemn the innocent Son of God. Now false accusations made their own lives uncertain. By their actions they had long been saying: \"Cause the Holy One of Israel to cease from before us.\" Isaiah 30:11. Now their desire was granted. The fear of God no longer disturbed them. Satan was at the head of the nation, and the highest civil and religious authorities were under his sway.\nThe leaders of the opposing factions at times united to plunder and torture their wretched victims, and again they fell upon each other's forces and slaughtered without mercy. Even the sanctity of the temple could not restrain their horrible ferocity. The worshipers were stricken down before the altar, and the sanctuary was polluted with the bodies of the slain. Yet in their blind and blasphemous presumption the instigators of this hellish work publicly declared that they had no fear that Jerusalem would be destroyed, for it was God's own city. To establish their power more firmly, they bribed false prophets to proclaim, even while Roman legions were besieging the temple, that the people were to wait for deliverance from God. To the last, multitudes held fast to the belief that the Most High would interpose for the defeat of their adversaries. But Israel had spurned the divine protection, and now she had no defense. Unhappy Jerusalem! rent by internal dissensions, the blood of her children slain by one another's hands crimsoning her streets, while alien armies beat down her fortifications and slew her men of war!\nAll the predictions given by Christ concerning the destruction of Jerusalem were fulfilled to the letter. The Jews experienced the truth of His words of warning: \"With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.\" Matthew 7:2.\nSigns and wonders appeared, foreboding disaster and doom. In the midst of the night an unnatural light shone over the temple and the altar. Upon the clouds at sunset were pictured chariots and men of war gathering for battle. The priests ministering by night in the sanctuary were terrified by mysterious sounds; the earth trembled, and a multitude of voices were heard crying: \"Let us depart hence.\" The great eastern gate, which was so heavy that it could hardly be shut by a score of men, and which was secured by immense bars of iron fastened deep in the pavement of solid stone, opened at midnight, without visible agency.(According to Milman, The History of the Jews, book 13.)\nFor seven years a man continued to go up and down the streets of Jerusalem, declaring the woes that were to come upon the city. By day and by night he chanted the wild dirge: \"A voice from the east! a voice from the west! a voice from the four winds! a voice against Jerusalem and against the temple! a voice against the bridegrooms and the brides! a voice against the whole people!\"-- Ibid . This strange being was imprisoned and scourged, but no complaint escaped his lips. To insult and abuse he answered only: \"Woe, woe to Jerusalem!\" \"woe, woe to the inhabitants thereof!\" His warning cry ceased not until he was slain in the siege he had foretold.\nNot one Christian perished in the destruction of Jerusalem. Christ had given His disciples warning, and all who believed His words watched for the promised sign. \"When ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies,\" said Jesus, \"then know that the desolation thereof is nigh. Then let them which are in Judea flee to the mountains; and let them which are in the midst of it depart out.\" Luke 21:20, 21. After the Romans under Cestius had surrounded the city, they unexpectedly abandoned the siege when everything seemed favorable for an immediate attack. The besieged, despairing of successful resistance, were on the point of surrender, when the Roman general withdrew his forces without the least apparent reason. But God's merciful providence was directing events for the good of His own people. The promised sign had been given to the waiting Christians, and now an opportunity was offered for all who would, to obey the Saviour's warning. Events were so overruled that neither Jews nor Romans should hinder the flight of the Christians. Upon the retreat of Cestius, the Jews, sallying from Jerusalem, pursued after his retiring army; and while both forces were thus fully engaged, the Christians had an opportunity to leave the city. At this time the country also had been cleared of enemies who might have endeavored to intercept them. At the time of the siege, the Jews were assembled at Jerusalem to keep the Feast of Tabernacles, and thus the Christians throughout the land were able to make their escape unmolested. Without delay they fled to a place of safety--the city of Pella, in the land of Perea, beyond Jordan.\nThe Jewish forces, pursuing after Cestius and his army, fell upon their rear with such fierceness as to threaten them with total destruction. It was with great difficulty that the Romans succeeded in making their retreat. The Jews escaped almost without loss, and with their spoils returned in triumph to Jerusalem. Yet this apparent success brought them only evil. It inspired them with that spirit of stubborn resistance to the Romans which speedily brought unutterable woe upon the doomed city.\nTerrible were the calamities that fell upon Jerusalem when the siege was resumed by Titus. The city was invested at the time of the Passover, when millions of Jews were assembled within its walls. Their stores of provision, which if carefully preserved would have supplied the inhabitants for years, had previously been destroyed through the jealousy and revenge of the contending factions, and now all the horrors of starvation were experienced. A measure of wheat was sold for a talent. So fierce were the pangs of hunger that men would gnaw the leather of their belts and sandals and the covering of their shields. Great numbers of the people would steal out at night to gather wild plants growing outside the city walls, though many were seized and put to death with cruel torture, and often those who returned in safety were robbed of what they had gleaned at so great peril. The most inhuman tortures were inflicted by those in power, to force from the want-stricken people the last scanty supplies which they might have concealed. And these cruelties were not infrequently practiced by men who were themselves well fed, and who were merely desirous of laying up a store of provision for the future. Thousands perished from famine and pestilence. Natural affection seemed to have been destroyed. Husbands robbed their wives, and wives their husbands. Children would be seen snatching the food from the mouths of their aged parents. The question of the prophet, \"Can a woman forget her sucking child?\" received the answer within the walls of that doomed city: \"The hands of the pitiful women have sodden their own children: they were their meat in the destruction of the daughter of my people.\" Isaiah 49:15; Lamentations 4:10. Again was fulfilled the warning prophecy given fourteen centuries before: \"The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter, . . . and toward her children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy gates.\" Deuteronomy 28:56, 57.\nThe Roman leaders endeavored to strike terror to the Jews and thus cause them to surrender. Those prisoners who resisted when taken, were scourged, tortured, and crucified before the wall of the city. Hundreds were daily put to death in this manner, and the dreadful work continued until, along the Valley of Jehoshaphat and at Calvary, crosses were erected in so great numbers that there was scarcely room to move among them. So terribly was visited that awful imprecation uttered before the judgment seat of Pilate: \"His blood be on us, and on our children.\" Matthew 27:25.\nTitus would willingly have put an end to the fearful scene, and thus have spared Jerusalem the full measure of her doom. He was filled with horror as he saw the bodies of the dead lying in heaps in the valleys. Like one entranced, he looked from the crest of Olivet upon the magnificent temple and gave command that not one stone of it be touched. Before attempting to gain possession of this stronghold, he made an earnest appeal to the Jewish leaders not to force him to defile the sacred place with blood. If they would come forth and fight in any other place, no Roman should violate the sanctity of the temple. Josephus himself, in a most eloquent appeal, entreated them to surrender, to save themselves, their city, and their place of worship. But his words were answered with bitter curses. Darts were hurled at him, their last human mediator, as he stood pleading with them. The Jews had rejected the entreaties of the Son of God, and now expostulation and entreaty only made them more determined to resist to the last. In vain were the efforts of Titus to save the temple; One greater than he had declared that not one stone was to be left upon another.\nThe blind obstinacy of the Jewish leaders, and the detestable crimes perpetrated within the besieged city, excited the horror and indignation of the Romans, and Titus at last decided to take the temple by storm. He determined, however, that if possible it should be saved from destruction. But his commands were disregarded. After he had retired to his tent at night, the Jews, sallying from the temple, attacked the soldiers without. In the struggle, a firebrand was flung by a soldier through an opening in the porch, and immediately the cedar-lined chambers about the holy house were in a blaze. Titus rushed to the place, followed by his generals and legionaries, and commanded the soldiers to quench the flames. His words were unheeded. In their fury the soldiers hurled blazing brands into the chambers adjoining the temple, and then with their swords they slaughtered in great numbers those who had found shelter there. Blood flowed down the temple steps like water. Thousands upon thousands of Jews perished. Above the sound of battle, voices were heard shouting: \"Ichabod!\"--the glory is departed.\n\"Titus found it impossible to check the rage of the soldiery; he entered with his officers, and surveyed the interior of the sacred edifice. The splendor filled them with wonder; and as the flames had not yet penetrated to the holy place, he made a last effort to save it, and springing forth, again exhorted the soldiers to stay the progress of the conflagration. The centurion Liberalis endeavored to force obedience with his staff of office; but even respect for the emperor gave way to the furious animosity against the Jews, to the fierce excitement of battle, and to the insatiable hope of plunder. The soldiers saw everything around them radiant with gold, which shone dazzlingly in the wild light of the flames; they supposed that incalculable treasures were laid up in the sanctuary. A soldier, unperceived, thrust a lighted torch between the hinges of the door: the whole building was in flames in an instant. The blinding smoke and fire forced the officers to retreat, and the noble edifice was left to its fate.\nIt was an appalling spectacle to the Roman--what was it to the Jew? The whole summit of the hill which commanded the city, blazed like a volcano. One after another the buildings fell in, with a tremendous crash, and were swallowed up in the fiery abyss. The roofs of cedar were like sheets of flame; the gilded pinnacles shone like spikes of red light; the gate towers sent up tall columns of flame and smoke. The neighboring hills were lighted up; and dark groups of people were seen watching in horrible anxiety the progress of the destruction: the walls and heights of the upper city were crowded with faces, some pale with the agony of despair, others scowling unavailing vengeance. The shouts of the Roman soldiery as they ran to and fro, and the howlings of the insurgents who were perishing in the flames, mingled with the roaring of the conflagration and the thundering sound of falling timbers. The echoes of the mountains replied or brought back the shrieks of the people on the heights; all along the walls resounded screams and wailings; men who were expiring with famine rallied their remaining strength to utter a cry of anguish and desolation.\nAfter the destruction of the temple, the whole city soon fell into the hands of the Romans. The leaders of the Jews forsook their impregnable towers, and Titus found them solitary. He gazed upon them with amazement, and declared that God had given them into his hands; for no engines, however powerful, could have prevailed against those stupendous battlements. Both the city and the temple were razed to their foundations, and the ground upon which the holy house had stood was \"plowed like a field.\" Jeremiah 26:18. In the siege and the slaughter that followed, more than a million of the people perished; the survivors were carried away as captives, sold as slaves, dragged to Rome to grace the conqueror's triumph, thrown to wild beasts in the amphitheaters, or scattered as homeless wanderers throughout the earth.\nThe Jews had forged their own fetters; they had filled for themselves the cup of vengeance. In the utter destruction that befell them as a nation, and in all the woes that followed them in their dispersion, they were but reaping the harvest which their own hands had sown. Says the prophet: \"O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself;\" \"for thou hast fallen by thine iniquity.\" Hosea 13:9; 14:1. Their sufferings are often represented as a punishment visited upon them by the direct decree of God. It is thus that the great deceiver seeks to conceal his own work. By stubborn rejection of divine love and mercy, the Jews had caused the protection of God to be withdrawn from them, and Satan was permitted to rule them according to his will. The horrible cruelties enacted in the destruction of Jerusalem are a demonstration of Satan's vindictive power over those who yield to his control.\nWe cannot know how much we owe to Christ for the peace and protection which we enjoy. It is the restraining power of God that prevents mankind from passing fully under the control of Satan. The disobedient and unthankful have great reason for gratitude for God's mercy and long-suffering in holding in check the cruel, malignant power of the evil one. But when men pass the limits of divine forbearance, that restraint is removed. God does not stand toward the sinner as an executioner of the sentence against transgression; but He leaves the rejectors of His mercy to themselves, to reap that which they have sown. Every ray of light rejected, every warning despised or unheeded, every passion indulged, every transgression of the law of God, is a seed sown which yields its unfailing harvest. The Spirit of God, persistently resisted, is at last withdrawn from the sinner, and then there is left no power to control the evil passions of the soul, and no protection from the malice and enmity of Satan. The destruction of Jerusalem is a fearful and solemn warning to all who are trifling with the offers of divine grace and resisting the pleadings of divine mercy. Never was there given a more decisive testimony to God's hatred of sin and to the certain punishment that will fall upon the guilty.\nThe Saviour's prophecy concerning the visitation of judgments upon Jerusalem is to have another fulfillment, of which that terrible desolation was but a faint shadow. In the fate of the chosen city we may behold the doom of a world that has rejected God's mercy and trampled upon His law. Dark are the records of human misery that earth has witnessed during its long centuries of crime. The heart sickens, and the mind grows faint in contemplation. Terrible have been the results of rejecting the authority of Heaven. But a scene yet darker is presented in the revelations of the future. The records of the past,--the long procession of tumults, conflicts, and revolutions, the \"battle of the warrior . . . with confused noise, and garments rolled in blood\" (Isaiah 9:5),-- what are these, in contrast with the terrors of that day when the restraining Spirit of God shall be wholly withdrawn from the wicked, no longer to hold in check the outburst of human passion and satanic wrath! The world will then behold, as never before, the results of Satan's rule.\nBut in that day, as in the time of Jerusalem's destruction, God's people will be delivered, everyone that shall be found written among the living. Isaiah 4:3. Christ has declared that He will come the second time to gather His faithful ones to Himself: \"Then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. And He shall send His angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together His elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.\" Matthew 24:30, 31. Then shall they that obey not the gospel be consumed with the spirit of His mouth and be destroyed with the brightness of His coming. 2 Thessalonians 2:8. Like Israel of old the wicked destroy themselves; they fall by their iniquity. By a life of sin, they have placed themselves so out of harmony with God, their natures have become so debased with evil, that the manifestation of His glory is to them a consuming fire.\nLet men beware lest they neglect the lesson conveyed to them in the words of Christ. As He warned His disciples of Jerusalem's destruction, giving them a sign of the approaching ruin, that they might make their escape; so He has warned the world of the day of final destruction and has given them tokens of its approach, that all who will may flee from the wrath to come. Jesus declares: \"There shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations.\" Luke 21:25; Matthew 24:29; Mark 13:24-26; Revelation 6:12-17. Those who behold these harbingers of His coming are to \"know that it is near, even at the doors.\" Matthew 24:33. \"Watch ye therefore,\" are His words of admonition. Mark 13:35. They that heed the warning shall not be left in darkness, that that day should overtake them unawares. But to them that will not watch, \"the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night.\" 1 Thessalonians 5:2-5.\nThe world is no more ready to credit the message for this time than were the Jews to receive the Saviour's warning concerning Jerusalem. Come when it may, the day of God will come unawares to the ungodly. When life is going on in its unvarying round; when men are absorbed in pleasure, in business, in traffic, in money-making; when religious leaders are magnifying the world's progress and enlightenment, and the people are lulled in a false security--then, as the midnight thief steals within the unguarded dwelling, so shall sudden destruction come upon the careless and ungodly, \"and they shall not escape.\" Verse 3.\nIf I forget thee O Jerusalem, let my right hand lose her cunning. If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I set not Jerusalem above my chiefest joy. [Psalms 137:5-6]\nMaps contribute greatly to the understanding of history by providing an essential spatial context for events. They are commonly regarded as scientific documents that objectively portray geographic reality. There are several reasons why this may not be the case. Mapmaking requires a deliberate selection of the information to be included (and excluded) and the manner in which it is depicted. This is a subjective process reflecting, in addition to geographic knowledge and technical expertise, the cultural background, convictions, and biases of the mapmaker. Such considerations assume more than usual importance in the case of Jerusalem because of its special status as a sacred city and the strong feelings that it evokes.\nThe maps and plans displayed here illustrate some significant events and periods in the history of Jerusalem. Most of these images were created long after the events and periods they purport to illustrate, by makers who had never visited Jerusalem. They were based on secondary sources such as the Bible and early historical accounts, sometimes supplemented by eyewitness reports of travelers, and almost always by a liberal dose of imagination. Sites regarded as important for religious or historical reasons were depicted, often on a disproportionately large scale, to the exclusion of those deemed less important. Landmarks and holy sites whose correct locations were unknown or speculative were confidently placed in their imputed or \"traditional\" positions. Time was often \"telescoped\" to create multiepochal portrayals in which places and events from various eras were depicted as though they were contemporaneous; e.g., Solomon's Temple and the Crucifixion. Despite their faults, these documents provide fascinating and informative insights into the history of Jerusalem.\nIt will be noted that some of the maps are designed with east or west at the top, instead of north. Eastern orientation was customary on early maps before the modern convention of placing north at the top was adopted. Furthermore, pilgrims usually reached Jerusalem by traveling eastward from Mediterranean ports, so that their first view of the city was toward the east. The opposite view, toward the west from the Mount of Olives, was favored by artists and tourists because it afforded a panorama of the old city and its principal holy sites; in addition, the Mount of Olives was believed to be the traditional site from which Jesus viewed the city [Luke 19:41]. (Source: http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/exhibit1)\n\"'...when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies...'\nNumber in Scripture\nThe sieges of Jerusalem have been 27 in number, or three times nine, and they are stamped with the number of Divine completenss (3) and the number of judgment (9). As the significance of other numbers is involved and illustrated in these 27, we give a complete list of all Jerusalem's sieges.\n1. By the children of Judah against the Jebusites (Judg 1:8) about 1425 BC, and as this is the first, we may note the solemn words which so vividly stamp, from the first, what was to be the after history of the city,--\"Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, and had taken it,and smitten it with the edge of the sword, and set the city on fire.\" This was about 1400 BC, or 700 years before Rome was founded. This siege was only partial, for in David's reign we still find the Jebusites occupying the citadel.\n2. By David against the Jebusites (2 Sam 5:6-10; 1 Chron 12:23-39), about 1046 BC.\n3. By Shishak, king of Egypt, against Rehoboam (2 Chron 12:9; 1 Kings 14:25,26), about 971 BC. To this there was only a feeble resistance, and the Temple was plundered.\n4. By the Philistines, Arabians, and Ethiopians against Jehoram (2 Chron 21:16), about 887 BC. In this siege the royal palace was sacked, and the Temple again plundered.\n5. By Jehoash, king of Israel, against Amaziah, king of Judah (2 Kings 14:13,14), about 826 BC. The wall was broken down and the city and Temple pillaged.\n6. Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel, against Ahaz (2 Chron 28), about 841 BC. The city held out, but Ahaz sought the aid of Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, who stripped the Temple.\n7. By Sennacherib, king of Assyria, against Hezekiah (2 Chron 32), about 713 BC. In this case the siege was raised by a Divine interposition, as foretold by Isaiah the prophet.\n8. Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, against Jehoiakim (2 Chron 36:7), about 606 BC, when the Temple was partly pillaged.\n9. By Nebuchadnezzar again, against Jehoiachin (2 Chron 36:10), about 599 BC, when the pillage of the Temple was completed and 10,000 people carried away.\n10. By Nebuchadnezzar, BC 590-585, against Zedekiah (2 Chron 36:17-20), when the overthrow was complete, the Temple burnt with fire, * and the city lay desolate for 50 years. After some 58 years, it was again besieged.\n11. By Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, against the Jews (320 BC). More than 100,000 captives were taken to Egypt.\n12. By Antiochus the Great, about 203 BC.\n13. By Scopus, a general of Alexander, about 199 BC, who left a garrison.\n14. By Antiochus again, 168 BC, the worst siege since No. 10. The whole city was pillaged, 10,000 captives taken, the walls were destroyed, the altar was defiled, ancient manuscripts perished, the finest buildings were burned, and the Jews were forbidden to worship there. This was the Preteritist fulfilment of Daniel's prophecy (9 and 11), and a foreshadowing example of what the Futurist fulfilment will yet be.\n15. By Antiochus again, about 162 BC, against Judas Maccabaeus. This time honourable terms were made, and certain privileges were secured.\n16. By Antiochus Sidetes, king of Syria, against John Hyrcanus, about 135 BC.\n17. By Hyrcanus (son of Alex. Jannaeus) and the Priest Aristobulus. The siege was raised by Scaurus, one of Pompey's lieutenants, about 65 BC.\n18. By Pompey, against Aristobulus, about 63 BC. The machines were moved on the Sabbath, when the Jews made no resistance. Only thus was it then reduced; 12,000 Jews were slain.\n19. * Herod with a Roman army besieged the city in 39 BC for five months.\n20. By Titus AD 70. At this memorable siege the conquest was complete. The Second Temple (Herod's) was burnt (in spite of Titus' orders). The tenth legion was left to carry out the work of destruction, and for another 50 years the city again disappears from history, as it did after the tenth siege.\n21. The Romans had again to besiege the city in 135 AD against the false Messiah, Bar-Cochebas, who had acquired possession of the ruins. Not much is known of this, perhaps the most awful of all the sieges. So great and severe was the struggle, that Hadrian, in announcing to the Roman Senate the conclusion of the war, refrained from using the usual congratulatory phrase. The city was now obliterated. Its very name was changed, and it was renamed Aelia Capitolinus. A Temple was erected to Jupiter, and a statue of Hadrian placed on the site of the Holy of Holies. For 200 years the city passed out of history, no Jews being permitted to approach it.\n22. After 400 years of so-called Christian colonization, Chosroes the Persian (about 559 AD) swept through the country; thousands were massacred, and the church of the Holy Sepulchre was destroyed. The Emperor Heraclius afterwards defeated him, and restored the city and the church.\n23. The Caliph Omar, in 636-7 AD, besieged the city against Heraclius, and after a feeble resistance, followed by capitulation on favourable terms, the city passed into the hands of the Turks, thus marking one of the most important events connected with it and with chronology.\n24. Afdal, the Vizier of the Caliph of Egypt, besieged the two rival factions of Moslems, and pillaged the city in 1098.\n25. In 1099 it was besieged by the army of the first Crusade.\n26. In 1187 it was besieged by Saladin for seven weeks.\n27. The wild Kharezmian hordes, in 1244, captured and plundered the city, slaughtering the monks and priests.\nIt seemed necessary to give this brief outline, because of several points which arise out of it. The list was made, in the first instance, without any reference whatever to \"Number in Scripture.\" It was not till some time after, in considering the number nine as the number of judgment, that we noted the fact, that the number of these sieges was 27, or three times nine, and thus we saw the significance of the number.\nThen, without looking at the list, we anticipated that there would be something peculiar about the numbers 10 and 20, ten being the number of ordinal perfection, and marking some cycle of completeness. So it proved on examination, for both the tenth and twentieth sieges were marked by the destruction of the Temple by fire! The tenth witnessed the destruction of Solomon's Temple by Nebuchadnezzar; the twentieth saw the destruction of Herod's Temple under Titus!\nIt was next felt that seven being the number of spiritual perfection, there would be something to mark off the seventh, fourteenth, and twenty-first sieges from all the others, and to connect them in some way with the perfection of Divine Revelation. So it proved on examination. These three were each the subject of Divine Prophecy! The seventh in 2 Chronicles 32; the Fourteenth in Daniel 11; the twenty-first in Luke 19:43, 44. And there is a siege yet future--a twenty-eighth siege--which is also foretold in Scripture (see Zech 14, etc.). These four form an epanodos, the first corresponding to the fourth (the first and fourth sieges in each case being raised by Divine interposition); while the second corresponds to the third in the terrible character of each, thus:\nUrban Myth: Hep! Hep! Hurrah\"\nJerusalem Historical Society\nDr. John Thomas\nJERUSALEM was taken by Titus A.D. 70, when 1,100,000 Jews perished, and 97,000 were carried away captive.\nA. D. 132, it was taken by Barchochab, who rebelled against the Romans, and claiming to be the Messiah, had 300,000 followers, and committed great slaughter.\nIn the year 135 it was re-taken by the Emperor Adrian, who destroyed 50 castles, 800 cities, and slew 530,000 Jews.\nConstantine built many churches in Jerusalem, and favored it highly.\nJulian favored the Jews, and commenced to rebuild the Temple, setting 10,000 men at work to clear Mount Moriah, intending to make it a rival of Mount Calvary; but his projects failed by special interposition of God, the workmen being driven from the foundation by balls of fire issuing therefrom and soon after, he died.\nChosroes, king of Persia, in the year 614, aided by 24,000 Jews, sacked the city, killing 90,000 Christians.\nHeraclius recovered it by treaty, after defeating the king of Persia, year 628, and it remained under Roman and Christian control till the rise of the Arabian impostures.\nIn 637 it was taken by the Kalif Omar, who by treaty allowed the Christians a right to the holy sepulchre, and built the splendid Mosque of Omar on Mount Moriah, on the site of Solomon's Temple.\nAchmet, a Turk, took it in 868.\nThe Kalif of Bagdad took it in 906.\nHakem of Egypt took it and burnt the church of the holy sepulchre, 1009.\nSoon after, Mohammed Isched, a Seljukian Turk, conquered it.\nOrtok took it in the same century.\nMalek Shah next, 1076.\nThe successors of Ortok recovered it soon after.\nThe Fatimites of Egypt soon after recovered it, and burnt the Church of the holy sepulchre, which was soon rebuilt.\nThe Crusaders took it in 1099, slew 70,000 Mohammedans, and elected Baldwin king.\nIn 1187, Saladin, the Turkish sultan of Egypt, took it.\nIn 1192, Richard of England defeated Saladin in several great battles, with immense slaughter, and by treaty recovered the freedom of Jerusalem for the Christians.\nMelek Moadin of Damascus demolished the city's walls in 1219.\nIn 1229, Frederick II, Emperor of Germany, with an army of 40,000 entered Jerusalem in triumph, and by treaty secured it to the Christians.\nToleration was secured for the Mohammedans in the mosque of Omar, and for the Christians in the church of El-Alsa. But this treaty was soon violated by the Turks; for David of Kerac destroyed the city and slew the most of the people; and when the Earl of Cornwall arrived, the Christians were in great oppression; but by his energy they were reinstated, by treaty, in the enjoyment of their rights, 1243.\nThe Sultans of the Carismains took it in 1244.\nIt was recovered in 1247.\nIt was surrendered to Bibars of Egypt, a Mameluke conquerer of Antioch, at which time he slew 40,000 and carried away captive 100,000. He besieged Acre with an army of 200,000 sacked it, and ended the kingdom of the Crusaders in Palestine.\nJerusalem was taken in 1382 by the Tartars, and yielded to Tamerlane about 1400. It soon fell under the Mamelukes of Egypt, and the Othmans took it in 1517, under Selim I. The present walls were built by his successor, Solymon the Magnificent, in 1542. The church of the holy sepulchre was burnt in 1808, and the present one built in 1810.\nIn 1832, Mehemet took possession of it without war, but in 1832 it revolted, in the general insurrection of Palestine, but was soon brought into subjection. In 1842 he was deprived of all his Syrian possession, and since that it has been under the Sultan of Turkey,--Russia, France and England having rights it.\nAlmost all nations of Europe, Asia, and Africa, have trodden Jerusalem under foot. How true the great prophecy of Christ!\nWhat do YOU think ?\nDate: 17 May 2007\nEmail PreteristArchive.com's Sole Developer and Curator, Todd Dennis\n(todd @ preteristarchive.com)\nOpened in 1996" ]

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[ "13 Reasons To Avoid Dehydration\n‘Dehydration is the loss of water and salts essential for normal body function’\nStaying hydrated is always very important, especially in the summer when the temperature goes up and environment is unbearably hot. During the summer sweating increases to maintain the body’s internal temperature. Our body loses water naturally through the urine, stool, skin and lungs. During physical activities sweating as well as breathing further increases water loss. Therefore, adequate hydration and body fluid level correction is very important to maintain our normal physiology.\n13 Reasons To Avoid Dehydration Include:\n- Feeling thirsty\n- Dry lips and dry mouth\n- Concentrated yellowish urine with strong smell\n- Increased heart rate\n- Low blood pressure\n- Heat cramps\n- Heat exhaustion\n- Heat stroke\nThe last three symptoms are severe and heat stroke can be a fatal condition.\nWays To Remain Hydrated In The Summer:\n1. Drink A Lot Of Water:\nDon’t forget to drink water. Ignoring dehydration symptoms may lead to chronic dehydration and increase the risk of developing heat stroke, which requires medical treatment. Frequently taking a break to drink water will help you to stay hydrated.\nThe American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends drinking:\n- 16 – 20 ounces of water two hours before moderate-intensity summer exercise,\n- 8 -12 ounces 10 – 15 minutes before going out in the heat, and\n- 3 – 8 ounces every 15 – 20 minutes during activity when active for less than 60 minutes,\n- 3 – 8 ounces of a sports beverage every 15 – 20 minutes when exercising greater than 60 minutes.\nAnd the amount should increases during the summer. If you are not an athlete you should also follow the rule.\n2. Monitor your fluid balance:\nCheck your fluid loss by the color of your urine and searching for any previously mentioned dehydration symptoms.\n3. Avoid alcohol:\nAlcohol may increase your urination frequency and cause you to be dehydrated.\n4. Supplement With Electrolytes:\nAny time you do activities or exercise in high temperature for more than one hour, supplementation of water with a sports drink or oral re-hydration saline, which contain electrolytes and few amount of carbohydrates which is necessary to prevent low blood sodium level or hyponatremia, a life threatening electrolyte imbalance.\n5. Drink Recurrent Fluids:\nYou can consider all kinds of fluids, including tea, coffee, juices, milk and soups for your rehydration. But exclude alcohol, which is extremely dehydrating and coffee and tea also have slight diuretic effects. So, fruit juice or other beverages maybe a better choice. Water is the best fluid because it does not contain sugar or calories.\n6. Eat fruits and vegetables:\nEat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. They contain vitamins and minerals as well as various amounts of water. They are also helpful to maintain your electrolyte balance as they are a rich source of potassium. If you are not able to eat vegetables daily, then consider taking a vitamin for the same benefits.\n7. Additional Advice To Follow:\n- Try to avoid exercising and labored work in the heat or at least avoid being outside during the hottest times of day.\n- If you don’t feel well take a break and try to go to a cooler area and drink adequately.\n- Wear lightweight clothing cotton and sweat-wicking fabrics will be the most comfortable.\n- Use hats and helmets while outside but take them off during times of rest or breaks because they trap heat. It is better to choose helmets and hats with vents which will help heat to escape.\n- Always remember that you have to drink more fluids when you are active and during hot weather." ]

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[ "The crescent moon will appear close to the well-known Pleiades star cluster tonight (March 10) for skywatchers graced with clear skies.\nDuring its 29 1/2-day orbit around the Earth, the moon appears to pass close to many skywatching targets. The list includes all of the solar systems planets, several bright stars, and quite a few deep sky objects.\nDeep sky objects are objects other than stars beyond the solar system: clusters of stars, clouds of gas and dust, and distant galaxies. The Pleiades star cluster is a group of 800 stars, formed about a hundred million years ago and located 410 light-years away in the constellation Taurus.\nThe Pleiades is one of the closest star clusters to the sun. Only the Hyades and the Coma Cluster are closer, at distances of 150 light-years and 300 light-years respectively.\nSince it is a very young cluster, the stars in the Pleiades are still very close together, which makes the Pleiades by far the brightest star cluster in the sky. The Hyades is actually brighter overall, but its stars are spread out over a larger area, so it doesn't seem anywhere near as bright as the Pleiades.\nThis sky map of the cresent moon and Pleiades shows were to look to spot the cosmic sight.\nSpotting the Pleiades star cluster\nIf you have a clear, dark sky tonight, look for the moon in the western sky, and then look just above the moon to spot the Pleiades. The Hyades cluster is a bit farther away to the left, close to the red giant star Aldebaran.\nHow many stars can you see in the Pleiades? This star cluster has been known from ancient times, and one of its many names is the \"Seven Sisters.\"\nDespite this name, most people can see only \"six stars with their naked eye, though sharp-eyed observers may see more. The Japanese call this cluster \"Subaru,\" and the logo of the Subaru automobile manufacturer depicts this star cluster.\nNot a constellation\nMany people mistake the Pleiades for the Little Dipper.\nWhile its six main stars form a tiny dipper shape, it is much smaller and located far from the northern location of the real Little Dipper, the constellation Ursa Minor. In Australia, the Pleiades is popularly called \"the Shopping Cart\"!\nIn binoculars or a small telescope, the Pleiades is one of the most glorious sights in the whole sky.\nHundreds more stars become visible, and, if the night is very dark, you may catch a glimpse of a faint wisp of nebulosity around the brighter stars. This is not a remnant of the gaseous nebula from which the Pleiades formed, but rather a nebula through which the cluster happens to be passing at present.\nThis article was provided to SPACE.com by Starry Night Education, the leader in space science curriculum solutions." ]

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[ "|Phonemic representation:||ʃ / s|\n|Position in alphabet:||21|\n|Numerical (Gematria/Abjad) value:||300|\n(c.1050 – 200 BCE)\n(400 BCE – present)\n(200 BCE – present)\n(400 CE – present)\nShin (also spelled Šin (šīn) or Sheen) literally means \"sharp\"; It is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 𐤔, Aramaic/Hebrew ש, and Arabic ش (in abjadi order, 13th in modern order). Its sound value is a voiceless sibilant, [ʃ] or [s].\nThe Phoenician šin letter expressed the continuants of two Proto-Semitic phonemes, and may have been based on a pictogram of a tooth (in modern Hebrew shen). The Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1972, records that it originally represented a composite bow.\nThe history of the letters expressing sibilants in the various Semitic alphabets is a bit complicated, due to different mergers between Proto-Semitic phonemes. As usually reconstructed, there are five Proto-Semitic phonemes that evolved into various voiceless sibilants in daughter languages, as follows:\n|ś||s̠||ش||š||š||שׂ||s||שׂ or ס||s||ሠ||ś|\nHebrew Shin / Sin\n|Various Print Fonts||Cursive\nHebrew spelling: שִׁין\nThe Hebrew /s/ version according to the reconstruction shown above is descended from Proto-Semitic *ś, a phoneme thought to correspond to a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, similar to Welsh Ll in \"Llandudno\".\nSin and Shin Dot\n|Sin and Shin dot|\n|English example||sought, shot|\n|The word Israel in Hebrew, Yisrael. The upper left hand dot on the Sin is a Sin dot.|\n|The Hebrew word yesh, there is. The upper right hand dot on the Shin is a Shin dot.|\n|Shva · Hiriq · Zeire · Segol · Patach · Kamatz · Holam · Dagesh · Mappiq · Shuruk · Kubutz · Rafe · Sin/Shin Dot|\nThe Hebrew letter represents two different phonemes: a sibilant /s/, like English sour, and a /ʃ/, like English shoe. The two are distinguished by a dot above the left-hand side of the letter for /s/ and above the right-hand side for /ʃ/. In the biblical name Issachar (Hebrew: יִשָּׂשכָר) only, the second sin/shin letter is always written without any dot, even in fully vocalized texts.\n|Sin dot (left)||שׂ||/s/||s||sour|\n|Shin dot (right)||שׁ||/ʃ/||sh||shop|\nIn gematria, Shin represents the number 300.\nShin, as a prefix, bears the same meaning as the relative pronouns \"that\", \"which\" and \"who\" in English. In colloquial Hebrew, Kaph and Shin together have the meaning of \"when\". This is a contraction of כּאשר, ka'asher (as, when).\nAccording to Judges 12:6, the tribe of Ephraim could not differentiate between Shin and Samekh; when the Gileadites were at war with the Ephraimites, they would ask suspected Ephraimites to say the word shibolet; an Ephraimite would say sibolet and thus be exposed. From this episode we get the English word Shibboleth.\nShin also stands for the word Shaddai, a name for God. Because of this, a kohen (priest) forms the letter Shin with his hands as he recites the Priestly Blessing. In the mid 1960s, actor Leonard Nimoy used a single-handed version of this gesture to create the Vulcan hand salute for his character, Mr. Spock, on Star Trek.\nThe letter Shin is often inscribed on the case containing a mezuzah, a scroll of parchment with Biblical text written on it. The text contained in the mezuzah is the Shema Yisrael prayer, which calls the Israelites to love their God with all their heart, soul and strength. The mezuzah is situated upon all the doorframes in a home or establishment. Sometimes the whole word Shaddai will be written.\nThe Shema Yisrael prayer also commands the Israelites to write God's commandments on their hearts (Deut. 6:6); the shape of the letter Shin mimics the structure of the human heart: the lower, larger left ventricle (which supplies the full body) and the smaller right ventricle (which supplies the lungs) are positioned like the lines of the letter Shin.\nA religious significance has been applied to the fact that there are three valleys which comprise the city of Jerusalem's geography: the Valley of Ben Hinnom, Tyropoeon Valley, and Kidron Valley, and that these valleys converge to also form the shape of the letter shin, and that the Temple in Jerusalem is located where the dagesh (horizontal line) is. This is seen as a fulfillment of passages such as Deuteronomy 16:2 that instructs Jews to celebrate the Pasach at \"the place the LORD will choose as a dwelling for his Name\" (NIV).\nIn the Sefer Yetzirah the letter Shin is King over Fire, Formed Heaven in the Universe, Hot in the Year, and the Head in the Soul.\nSayings with Shin\nA Shin-Shin Clash is Israeli military parlance for a battle between two tank divisions (\"armour\" in Hebrew is שִׁרְיוֹן - shiryon).\nSh'at haShin (The Shin Hour) is the last possible moment for any action, usually military. Corresponds to the English expression the eleventh hour.\nIn Modern Standard Arabic, initial sīn-fatḥa (though, normally diacritics are omitted) (سَـ, pronounced /sa-/) is used as a prefix to imperfective verbs to indicate the future tense. Arab grammarians generally consider this prefix to be an abbreviation of سوف sawfa, meaning (in this sense) \"will.\" Thus سَـ sa- prefixed to يكتب yaktub (\"he writes\") becomes سيكتب sayaktub (\"he will write\").\nsīn represents /s/. It is the 12th letter of the modern alphabet order and is written thus:\n|Position in word:||Isolated||Final||Medial||Initial|\nšīn represents /ʃ/, and is the 13th letter of the modern alphabet order and is written thus:\n|Position in word:||Isolated||Final||Medial||Initial|\nThe Arabic letter shin was an acronym for \"something\" meaning the unknown in algebraic equations. In the transcription into Spanish, the Greek letter chi (χ) was used which was later transcribed into Latin x. According to some sources, this is the origin of <x> used for the unknown in the equations.\nIn Aramaic, where the use of shin is well-determined, the orthography of sin was never fully resolved.\nTo express an etymological /ś/, a number of dialects chose either sin or samek exclusively, where other dialects switch freely between them (often 'leaning' more often towards one or the other). For example:\n|Old Aramaic||Imperial Aramaic||Middle Aramaic||Palestinian Aramaic||Babylonian Aramaic|\n|עשר||Syrian Inscriptions||Idumaean Ostraca, Egyptian, Egyptian-Persian, Ezra||Qumran||Galilean||Gaonic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic|\n|עסר||Tell Halaf||(none recorded)||Palmyrene, Syriac||Zoar, Christian Palestinian Aramaic||Mandaic|\n|both||(none recorded)||(none recorded)||(none recorded)||Targum Jehonathan, Original Manuscript Archival Texts, Palestinian Targum (Genizah), Samaritan||Late Jewish Literary Aramaic|\nRegardless of how it is written, /ś/ in spoken Aramaic seems to have universally resolved to /s/.\n|Unicode name||HEBREW LETTER SHIN||ARABIC LETTER SEEN||ARABIC LETTER SHEEN||SYRIAC LETTER SHIN|\n|UTF-8||215 169||D7 A9||216 179||D8 B3||216 180||D8 B4||220 171||DC AB|\n|Numeric character reference||ש||ש||س||س||ش||ش||ܫ||ܫ|\n|Unicode name||SAMARITAN LETTER SHAN||IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER SHIN||PHOENICIAN LETTER SHIN|\n|UTF-8||224 160 148||E0 A0 94||240 144 161 148||F0 90 A1 94||240 144 164 148||F0 90 A4 94|\n|UTF-16||2068||0814||55298 56404||D802 DC54||55298 56596||D802 DD14|\n|Numeric character reference||ࠔ||ࠔ||𐡔||𐡔||𐤔||𐤔|\nAlbright, W. F., \"The Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Sinai and their Decipherment,\" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 110 (1948): 6-22.\n|The Northwest Semitic abjad|\n|History • Phoenician • Aramaic • Hebrew • Syriac • Arabic|" ]

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[ "In Ancient Roman times, the year ended with February and the new year began on March 1, which was also the first day of spring (primo vere). March 8 was one of the first of the springtime festae, a day sacred to Ariadne, whom Thesius had abandoned on the Island of Naxos after promising to marry her if she helped him slay her father's pet Minotaur. Seduced and abandoned, she was a prototype for ancient Mediterranean womanhood.\nBefore the Second World War, Women's Day had been celebrated on different days in early March in several Italian cities. In 1945, the Union of Italian Women decided to hold all celebrations and commemorations on March 8. However appropriate it would have been, they didn't have Ariadne in mind. In fact they were memorializing two events outside of Italy: a March 8, 1857, strike by women garment workers in New York, which led to the formation two years later of the first women's union in the United States, and a strike by Russian women calling for \"bread and peace\" on March 8, 1917 (February 23 on the old Russian calendar but March 8 in the rest of the world).\nAuthorities don't agree how or why, but the custom started in Italy - some sources say in Rome in 1946 - of men giving their wives, mothers, daughters, and other women friends sprigs of bright yellow Mimosa flowers on March 8. Women have since also started to give Mimosa to each other. The flowers are intended as a sign of respect for the women and also an expression of solidarity with the women in their support for oppressed women worldwide. Other yellow flowers also carry the sentiment, if you Mimosa is out of reach." ]

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[ "A study by Princeton researchers presents evidence for a long-sought phenomenon — first theorized in the 1960s and predicted to be found in crystals in 1983 — called the “chiral anomaly” in a metallic compound of sodium and bismuth. The additional finding of an increase in conductivity in the material may suggest ways to improve electrical conductance and minimize energy consumption in future electronic devices.\n“Our research fulfills a famous prediction in physics for which confirmation seemed unattainable,” says N. Phuan Ong, Princeton’s Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics, who co-led the research with Robert Cava, Princeton’s Russell Wellman Moore Professor of Chemistry. “The increase in conductivity in the crystal and its dramatic appearance under the right conditions left little doubt that we had observed the long-sought chiral anomaly.”\nThe study was published online in the most recent issue of Science.\nThe chiral anomaly — which describes how elementary particles can switch their orientation in the presence of electric and magnetic fields — stems from the observation that right- and left-handedness (or “chirality” after the Greek word for hand) is ubiquitous in nature. For example, most chemical structures and many elementary particles come in right- and left-handed forms that are mirror images of each other.\nEarly research leading up to the discovery of the anomaly goes back to the 1940s, when Hermann Weyl at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and others, discovered that all elementary particles that have zero mass (including neutrinos, despite their having an extremely small mass) strictly segregate into left- and right-handed populations that never intermix.\nA few decades later, theorists discovered that the presence of electric and magnetic fields ruins the segregation of these particles, causing the two populations to transform into each other with observable consequences.\nThis field-induced mixing, which became known as the chiral anomaly, was first encountered in 1969 in work by Stephen Adler of the Institute for Advanced Study, John Bell of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and Roman Jackiw of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who successfully explained why certain elementary particles, called neutral pions, decay much faster — by a factor of 300 million — than their charged cousins. Over the decades the anomaly has played an important if perplexing role in the grand quest to unify the four fundamental forces of nature.\nThe prediction that the chiral anomaly could also be observed in crystals came in 1983 from physicists Holger Bech Nielsen of the University of Copenhagen and Masao Ninomiya of the Okayama Institute for Quantum Physics. They suggested that it may be possible to detect the anomaly in a laboratory setting, which would enable researchers to apply intense magnetic fields to test predictions under conditions that would be impossible in high-energy particle colliders.\nRecent progress in the development of certain kinds of crystals known as “topological” materials has paved the way toward realizing this prediction, Ong said. In the crystal of Na3Bi, which is a topological material known as a Dirac semi-metal, electrons occupy quantum states which mimic massless particles that segregate into left- and right-handed populations.\nTo see if they could observe the anomaly in Na3Bi, Jun Xiong, a graduate student in physics advised by Ong, cooled a crystal of Na3Bi grown by Satya Kushwaha, a postdoctoral research associate in chemistry who works with Cava, to cryogenic temperatures in the presence of a strong magnetic field that can be rotated relative to the direction of the applied electrical current in the crystal. When the magnetic field was aligned parallel to the current, the two chiral populations intermixed to produce a novel increase in conductivity, which the researchers call the “axial current plume.” The experiment confirmed the existence of the chiral anomaly in a crystal.\n“One of the key findings in the experiment is that the intermixing leads to a charge current, or axial current, that resists depletion caused by scattering from impurities,” Ong says. “Understanding how to minimize the scattering of current-carrying electrons by impurities — which causes electronic devices to lose energy as heat — is important for realizing future electronic devices that are more energy-efficient. While these are early days, experiments on the long-lived axial current may help us to develop low-dissipation devices.”\nThe research was supported by the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\nRelease Date: September 3, 2015\nSource: Princeton University" ]

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[ "LIGHTNING LINE ON THE PRAIRIE: LINCOLN’S USE OF TELEGRAPHY\nA reminiscence of Charles A. Tinker, first published in\nDavid Homer Bates’s Lincoln and the Telegraph\nOffice in 1907 and repeated as recently as 2006 in Tom\nWheeler’s Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails, suggests that Abraham\nLincoln’s first encounter with telegraphy came in 1857, more\nthan a decade after its introduction. As the story goes, while\non the legal circuit in Pekin, Illinois, Lincoln wandered into\nthe telegraph office housed in the Tazewell House hotel and\nasked Tinker, the young telegraph operator, how the new\ntechnology worked. Tinker observed that Lincoln “seemed\nto be greatly interested in his explanation, and asked pertinent\nquestions showing an observing mind already well furnished\nwith knowledge of collateral facts and natural phenomena;\nand that he comprehended quite readily the operation of the\ntelegraph, which at that time was a comparatively new feature\nin business and social intercourse; for it should be\nremembered that before that time wires had been extended\nwest of the Allegheny Mountains only five or six years.”1\nActually, Lincoln’s comprehension of telegraphy\ncame from what was, by 1857, eight years of firsthand\nexperience. The telegraph reached Springfield, Illinois, by\n1848, and correspondence assembled by the Papers of\nLondon Sept 4, 1864.\nEditor of the Leader enclose copy of letter of Prof. Newman to Mr\nanswd—Oct. 7. 649\n1 Donaldson Jordan and Edwin J. Pratt, Europe and the American\nCivil War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931), 94.\n2 George Jacob Holyoake, b. 13 April 1817 in Birmingham, England;\nd. 22 January 1906, in Brighton, England. Finding Aid of the George\nJacob Holyoake Papers, located at Bishopsgate Institute, London,\n3 Francis William Newman, b. 27 June 1805, in London, England; d.\n7 October 1897, in Weston-super-Mare, England. Newman was a\nscholar and writer who taught at several British universities from\n1830 to 1863. He was a prolific writer on religion and the classics\nand was the brother of the famous English Cardinal John Henry\nNewman. Newman watched the American Civil War with interest\nand, in 1863, gave a lecture entitled “The Good Cause of President\nLincoln” and published The Character of the Southern States of\nAmerica. John Clark Ridpath, ed., The Ridpath Library of Universal\nLiterature (New York: The Globe Publishing Co., 1898); “Francis\nWilliam Newman,” Encyclopedia Britannica (New York: Britannica,\n4 Jordan and Pratt, Europe and the American Civil War, 154, 180.\nOn October 7, 1864, John Hay responded to\nHolyoake’s letter to Lincoln, writing: “The President directs\nme to acknowledge the receipt of your kind letter of the 4th\nof September and to assure you of his grateful appreciation\nof the generous terms in which you have been pleased to\nspeak of him.”10\nStacy Pratt McDermott, Assistant Editor\n5 Francis William Newman to George Jacob Holyoake, published in\nthe English Leader, c. September 1864; clipping enclosed with\nGeorge Jacob Holyoake to Abraham Lincoln, 4 September 1864,\nRobert Todd Lincoln Collection of Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library\nof Congress, Washington, DC.\n6 Jay Monaghan, Diplomat in Carpet Slippers: Abraham Lincoln\nDeals with Foreign Affairs (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company,\n1945), 280; Jordan and Pratt, Europe and the American Civil War,\n94, 141-42; Francis William Newman, “The Good Cause of President\nLincoln,” (London: Emancipation Society, ).\n7 George Jacob Holyoake to Abraham Lincoln, 4 September 1864.\n8 John Bright, b. 16 November 1811, in Rochdale, Lancashire,\nEngland; d. 27 March 1889, in Rochdale, Lancashire, England. Bright\nwas a Quaker and liberal member of Parliament from 1843 until his\ndeath in 1889. C. A. Vince, John Bright (Chicago: Herbert S. Stone\n& Co., 1898), 9, 12-13, 204.\n9 This endorsement is in the hand of John Hay.\n10 John Hay to George Jacob Holyoake, 7 October 1864, Robert\nTodd Lincoln Collection of Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of\nCongress, Washington, DC.\nAbraham Lincoln shows that Lincoln commenced receiving\nand sending telegrams within a year.\nSamuel Morse sent the first telegraphic message in\nthe United States on May 24, 1844. Between 1844 and\n1846, the only forty miles of wire in the country ran between\nWashington, D.C. and Baltimore. After 1848, however,\ntelegraph mileage exploded in the United States, largely in\nconcert with the expansion of railroad lines. By 1848, the\ncountry had more than 2,000 miles of telegraph wire; by\n1850, 12,000; and by 1852 almost 24,000.2\nIn a letter printed in the Illinois State Journal in\nJanuary 1848, Elihu Washburne wrote from St. Louis, “The\nline from the Atlantic seaboard to this place…has already\nbeen completed, and they are now setting the posts up to\nAlton, on the line between this and Chicago, via Springfield\nand Peoria.”3 Springfield was connected to the growing\ntelegraphic network by June 1848. David Davis wrote his\nwife from that city on June 9: “The wonder workings of the\nTelegraph are past comprehension. The wires are in\ncommunication from this place direct with Phild & New York,\nand two or three hours after anything is done in those cities,\nit is known here. These old succers who go into the Telegraph\nClick tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections." ]

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[ "IEC 61000-4-5 (Surge Testing)\nThis test measures the ability of equipment to withstand transients which can be classified into two major categories, Switching and Lightning.\nSystem switching transients can be separated into transients associated with:\na) major power system switching disturbances, such as capacitor bank switching.\nb) minor switching activity near instrumentation or load changes in the power supply\nc) resonating circuits associated with switching devices, such as thyristors.\nd) various system faults such as short circuits and arcing faults to the earthing system\nof the installation.\nThe major mechanisms by which lightning produces surge voltages are the following:\na) direct lightning strike to an external circuit (outdoor) injecting high currents\nproducing voltages by either flowing through earth resistance or flowing through the\nimpedance of the external circuit.\nb) an indirect lightning strike (strike between or within clouds or to nearby objects\nwhich produces electromagnetic fields) that induces voltages/currents on the\nconductors outside and/or inside a building.\nc) lightning earth current flow resulting from nearby direct to earth discharges\ncoupling into common earth paths of the earthing system of the installation.\nThe rapid change of voltage and flow of current which may occur when a protector is excited may couple into internal circuits.\nUse the sidebar on the right of the page to contact us for your needs." ]

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[ "Take action to reduce water consumption\nMIDLAND – Water levels have been on a downward trend over the last decade. Recently, local politicians met with Environment Minister Peter Kent to speak of the issue.\nWe should consider the larger implications of local abnormalities in water levels, and their role as indicators of a larger crisis to come. In order to address water distribution and accessibility issues on local and global levels, both political and individual action is required.\nIt is essential that we consider the causes and nature of these challenges in order to develop and enact plausible solutions. Since human interference has affected the Simcoe watershed’s natural systems, we have an obligation to attempt to reverse the damage.\nThe total precipitation from May-August in Midland this year was 136.8 millimetres, 60 per cent lower than the historical average of 316.4 millimetres. As a result, water restrictions were put into place in July, with a 10 per cent reduction in water usage enforced.\nOn average, Canadians use 343 litres of domestic water per capita, plus the surprising 3,496 litres of “virtual water” used to produce the food we eat every day, ranking us second for water usage per capita among developed countries. This excess consumption is not sustainable.\nLet’s each strive to reduce our individual water footprints. Ultimately, we’ll need to shift our entire view of water, but small changes like installing low-flow fixtures, eating less water-intensive meat, and using a rain barrel are good starting points.\nIf we “think globally and act locally,” we can enact positive change to improve the environment and quality of life for ourselves and others.\nKristen Perry, Midland" ]

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[ "The most commonly cause of a cataract is biological aging and over exposure to ultraviolet light. Seeing through a cataract is similar to looking through a foggy window. People with cataracts commonly experience difficulty in appreciating colors and changes in contrast, driving, reading, recognizing faces, and coping with glare from bright lights.\nWhile there is no way guaranteed way to avoid a cataract, wearing everyday eyewear and sunglasses that block 100 percent of UVA and UVB rays can slow the onset, as well as decreasing exposure to direct sunlight.\nCataracts do not need to interfere with your lifestyle. If you are concerned you may be suffering from a cataract, call our office today to schedule an eye health evaluation.\nIf you have questions regarding cataracts, call our office or ask Dr. Mike or Dr. Gail at your next appointment. Make sure you are scheduling yearly eye exams to look for potential symptoms and risk factors of cataracts and other threats to your vision." ]

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[ "Carter Glass (January 4, 1858 – May 28, 1946) was an American newspaper publisher and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia. He represented Virginia in both houses of Congress and served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Woodrow Wilson. He played a major role in the establishment of the U.S. financial regulatory system, helping to establish the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.\nAfter working as a newspaper editor and publisher, Glass won election to the Senate of Virginia in 1899. He was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902, where he was an influential advocate of both progressive and segregationist policies. Glass won election to the United States House of Representatives in 1902 and became Chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency in 1913. Working with President Wilson, he passed the Federal Reserve Act, which established a central banking system for the United States. Glass served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1918 until 1920, when he accepted an appointment to represent Virginia in the United States Senate. Glass was a favorite son candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention.\nGlass served in the Senate from 1920 until his death in 1946, becoming Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee in 1933. He also served as president pro tempore of the Senate from 1941 to 1945. He co-sponsored the 1933 Banking Act, also known as the Glass–Steagall Act, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and enforced the separation of investment banking firms and commercial banks. An ardent supporter of states’ rights, Glass opposed much of the New Deal and clashed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt over the control of federal appointments in Virginia." ]

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